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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Cleveland Past and Present, by Maurice Joblin
+
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+Title: Cleveland Past and Present
+       Its Representative Men, etc.
+
+Author: Maurice Joblin
+
+Release Date: November, 2005 [EBook #9328]
+[Yes, we are more than one year ahead of schedule]
+[This file was first posted on September 23, 2003]
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+Edition: 10
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+Language: English
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+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CLEVELAND PAST AND PRESENT ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Distributed Proofreaders
+
+
+
+
+CLEVELAND PAST AND PRESENT
+
+Its Representative Men
+
+Comprising Biographical Sketches of Pioneer Settlers and Prominent
+Citizens
+
+With a History of the City and Historical Sketches of Its Commerce,
+Manufactures, Ship Building, Railroads, Telegraphy, Schools, Churches,
+Etc., Profusely Illustrated with Photographic Views and Portraits
+
+1869
+
+Photographically Illustrated by E. Decker
+
+
+
+
+Preface.
+
+
+
+In many ways the story of the survey and first settlement of Cleveland has
+been made familiar to the public. It has been told at pioneer gatherings,
+reproduced in newspapers and periodicals, enlarged upon in directory
+prefaces and condensed for works of topographical reference. Within a
+short time Col. Charles Whittlesey has gathered up, collected, and
+arranged the abundant materials for the Early History of Cleveland in a
+handsome volume bearing that title.
+
+But Col. Whittlesy's volume closes with the war of 1812, when Cleveland
+was still a pioneer settlement with but a few families. The history of the
+growth of that settlement to a village, its development into a commercial
+port, and then into a large and flourishing city, with a busy population
+of a hundred thousand persons, remained mostly unwritten, and no part of
+it existing in permanent form. The whole period is covered by the active
+lives of men yet with us who have grown up with the place, and with whose
+history that of the city is inseparably connected. It occurred to the
+projector of this work that a history of Cleveland could be written in the
+individual histories of its representative men, that such a volume would
+not only be a reliable account of the growth of the city in its general
+features and in the development of its several branches of industry, but
+would possess the additional advantage of the interest attaching to
+personal narrative. This idea has been faithfully worked out in the
+following pages, not without much labor and difficulty in the collection
+and arrangement of the materials. Besides the personal narratives, an
+introductory sketch to each of the departments of business into which the
+biographical sketches are grouped gives a brief account of the rise and
+present position of that particular industry; these, taken together,
+forming a full and accurate business and professional history of the city.
+An introductory sketch of the general history of Cleveland gives
+completeness to the whole, whilst the numerous illustrations and portraits
+add greatly to the interest and value of the work.
+
+Numerous as are the sketches, it is not, of course, claimed that all are
+represented in the volume who deserve a place in it. This would be
+impossible in a work of ordinary dimensions, even were it convenient, or
+even possible, to obtain the necessary materials. The aim has been to
+sketch sufficient of the representative men in each leading business and
+professional department to give a fair idea of the nature and extent of
+that department. It is not a complete biographical dictionary of
+Cleveland, but a volume of biographical selections, made, as the lawyers
+say, "without prejudice."
+
+
+
+
+History of Cleveland.
+
+
+
+For the records of the first sixteen or seventeen years of the history of
+Cleveland, what may be styled its pioneer history, the local historian
+will hereafter be indebted to the work of Col. Whittlesey, where every
+known and reliable fact connected with that period of Cleveland's history
+is carefully preserved.
+
+The city was originally comprised in lands purchased by the "Connecticut
+Land Company," and formed a portion of what is termed the Western Reserve.
+This company was organized in 1795, and in the month of May of the
+following year, it commissioned General Moses Cleaveland to superintend
+the survey of their lands, with a staff of forty-eight assistants. On the
+22d of July, 1796, General Cleaveland, accompanied by Augustus Porter, the
+principal of the surveying department, and several others, entered the
+mouth of the Cuyahoga from the lake. Job P. Stiles and his wife are
+supposed to have been with the party. General Cleaveland continued his
+progress to Sandusky Bay, leaving enough men to put up a storehouse for
+the supplies, and a cabin for the accommodation of the surveyors. These
+were located a short distance south of St. Clair street, west of Union
+lane, at a spring in the side-hill, in rear of Scott's warehouse. During
+the season a cabin was put up for Stiles, on lot 53, east side of Bank
+street, north of the Herald Building, where Morgan & Root's block now
+stands. This was the first building for permanent settlement erected on
+the site of the city, although huts for temporary occupancy had been
+previously built in the neighborhood.
+
+Upon the return of the party from Sandusky, Mr. Porter prepared the
+outlines of the city. He says: "I surveyed a piece of land designed for a
+town--its dimensions I do not recollect--probably equal to about a mile
+square, bounding west on the river, and north on the lake. I made a plot
+of this ground, and laid it off into streets and lots. Most or all the
+streets I surveyed myself, when I left it in charge of Mr. Holley to
+complete the survey of the lots."
+
+The survey of the city was commenced on the 16th of September, and
+completed about the 1st of October, 1796. Holley's notes state that on
+Monday, October 17th, he "finished surveying in New Connecticut; weather
+rainy," and on the following day he records: "We left Cuyahoga at 3
+o'clock 17 minutes, for home. We left at Cuyahoga, Job Stiles and wife,
+and Joseph Landon, with provisions for the Winter." Landon soon abandoned
+the spot and his place was taken by Edward Paine, who had arrived from the
+State of New York, for the purpose of trading with the Indians, and who
+may be considered the first mercantile man who transacted business in
+Cleveland. Thus, during the Winter of 1796-7, the population of the city
+consisted of three inhabitants. During the Winter a child is reputed to
+have been born in the cabin, which had only squaws for nurses.
+
+Early in the Spring of 1797, James Kingsbury and family, from New England,
+with Elijah Gunn, one of the surveying party, all of whom had continued
+during the Winter at Conneaut, where they had endured incredible
+hardships, removed to Cleveland. His first cabin was put up on the site of
+the Case Block, east of the Public Square, but he subsequently removed to
+a point east of the present city limits, somewhere on a line with Kinsman
+Street. Here he remained until his death.
+
+The next families who were attracted to this settlement were those of
+Major Lorenzo Carter and Ezekiel Hawley, who came from Kirtland, Vermont,
+the family of the Major being accompanied by Miss Cloe Inches. In the
+Spring of the following year, (1798,) the former gentleman sowed two acres
+of corn on the west side of Water street. He was also the first person who
+erected a frame building in the city, which he completed in 1802; but an
+unfortunate casualty proved fatal to the enterprise, for when he was about
+to occupy the residence it was totally destroyed by fire. In 1803,
+however, he erected another house on the site of the destroyed building,
+but on this occasion he confined himself to hewn logs.
+
+The fourth addition of the season was that of Nathan Chapman and his
+family, who, like the patriarchs of yore, traveled with his herd, and
+marched into the Forest City at the head of two yoke of oxen and four
+milch cows, which were the first neat stock that fed from the rich
+pasturage on the banks of the Cuyahoga.
+
+In the Summer of 1797, the surveying party returned to the Western Reserve
+and resumed their labors, with Cleveland as a head-quarters. It was a very
+sickly season and three of the number died, one of whom was David
+Eldridge, whose remains were interred in a piece of ground chosen as a
+cemetery, at the corner of Prospect and Ontario streets. This funeral
+occurred on the 3d of June, 1797, and is the first recorded in the city.
+Recently, while making some improvements to the buildings now occupying
+that location, some human bones were discovered.
+
+Less than one month after the first funeral, occurred the first wedding.
+On the 1st of July, 1797, the marriage was solemnized of William Clement,
+of Erie, to Miss Cloe Inches, who had come to this city with the family of
+Major Lorenzo Carter. The ceremony was performed by Mr. Seth Hart, who was
+regarded by the surveying party as their chaplain.
+
+In the beginning of the following year, (1798,) the population had
+increased to fifteen. No other immigration is recorded until that of
+Rodolphus Edwards and Nathaniel Doane and their families, in 1799, the
+latter consisting of nine persons. They journeyed from Chatham,
+Connecticut, and were occupied ninety-two days in their transit--a longer
+period than is now allowed to accomplish a voyage to the East Indies.
+
+In 1799, the Land Company caused a road to be surveyed and partially
+worked, from Cleveland to the Pennsylvania line, about ten miles from the
+lake, which was the first road opened through the Reserve. In the Spring
+of that year Wheeler W. Williams, from Norwich, Connecticut, and Major
+Wyatt, erected a grist mill at the falls at Newburgh, and in 1800 a saw
+mill was also built by them; a substantial proof that sufficient corn and
+wheat were grown and lumber required to warrant the speculation.
+
+The desire of moral culture and education did not relax in this lonely
+region, and in 1800, a township school was organized, and the children
+were taught by Sarah Doane. The site of the school house was near
+Kingsbury's, on the ridge road.
+
+Cleveland received two additions in 1800, in the persons of David Clarke
+and Amos Spafford, the former of whom erected a house on Water street. The
+first sermon preached in Cleveland, was delivered in that year by the Rev.
+Joseph Badger, an agent of the Connecticut Missionary Society.
+
+The years of 1798, 1799 and 1800, were remarkable for the early
+commencement of genial weather. Pinks were in bloom in February, and the
+peach trees were also in full blossom in March.
+
+In 1801, the first distillery was erected by David Bryant. The memorable
+4th of July of the same year was celebrated by the first ball in
+Cleveland. It took place at Major Carter's log house, on the slope from
+Superior street to the harbor, and was attended by thirty of both sexes.
+
+The first village school was held in Major Carter's house in 1802, and the
+children were taught by Anna Spafford.
+
+In 1803, Elisha Norton arrived in Cleveland with a stock of goods
+principally adapted to the Indian trade, which he exhibited for sale in
+Major Carter's house. The State of Ohio was this year admitted into the
+Union, and the first election was held at James Kingsbury's.
+
+The first Post Office was established here in 1804, when letters were
+received and transmitted every seven days.
+
+In 1805, the harbor was made a port of entry, and classed within the Erie
+district. In the same year the territory on the west side of Cuyahoga was
+ceded to the State by treaty. During the negotiations for that treaty, one
+of the commissioners, Hon. Gideon Granger, distinguished for talents,
+enterprise and forethought, uttered to his astonished associates this
+bold, and what was then deemed, extraordinary prediction: "Within fifty
+years an extensive city will occupy these grounds, and vessels will sail
+directly from this port into the Atlantic Ocean." The prediction has been
+fulfilled, though the latter portion of it required an extension of time,
+of a year or two to make the fulfilment literal.
+
+In 1806, Nathan Perry and family and Judge Walworth removed to Cleveland
+the latter from Painesville. In the same year the first militia training
+occurred. The place of rendezvous was Doane's corner, and the muster
+amounted to about fifty men.
+
+In 1809, the county of Cuyahoga was formed, Cleveland chosen as the county
+seat, and Amos Spafford was elected representative. The same year Abraham
+Hickox commenced business as a blacksmith, under the euphonious cognomen
+of "Uncle Abram."
+
+On the 5th of June, 1810, the first Court of Record was held in a frame
+building erected by Elias and Harvey Murray, on the north side of Superior
+Street, of which Judge Ruggles was President, assisted by three Associate
+Judges. George Wallis and family arrived this year and opened a tavern.
+Samuel and Matthew Williamson began business as tanners. Dr. David Long
+commenced practice as a physician, and Alfred Kelley as the first attorney
+in Cleveland. Elias and Harvey Murray opened a store this year in Union
+lane, and may be termed the first general merchants.
+
+In 1812, was the first trial for murder and the execution in Cleveland,
+that of the Indian O'Mic, for the murder of two white trappers near
+Sandusky City. In the same year the court house was built.
+
+The first brick house erected in the city was that of J. E. and I. Kelley,
+in Superior Street. It was built in 1814; but the bricks were very unlike
+those of the present day, being more than twice their size. They were made
+in Cleveland. This edifice was soon succeeded by another of the same
+material, built by Alfred Kelley, in Water street.
+
+In 1815, Cleveland was incorporated by the Legislature with a village
+charter and Alfred Kelley was the first President.
+
+In 1816, the first bank was established in the city, under the title
+of the Commercial Bank of Lake Erie, of which Leonard Case took the
+management. In that year the number of vessels enrolled as hailing
+from the port of Cleveland, was but seven, and their aggregate
+burthen 430 tons.
+
+In 1817, the first church was organized, which was the Episcopal church of
+Trinity; but it was not until 1828 that the edifice was erected on the
+corner of St. Clair and Seneca streets.
+
+On the 31st of July, 1818, the first newspaper was printed in this city,
+"The Cleveland Gazette and Commercial Register." On the 1st of September in
+the same year, the first steam vessel entered the harbor, the
+"Walk-in-the-Water," commanded by Captain Fish, from Buffalo, putting in
+on its way to Detroit. It was 300 tons burthen, had accommodations for one
+hundred cabin and a greater number of steerage passengers, and was
+propelled at eight or ten miles an hour. Its arrival and departure were
+greeted with several rounds of artillery, and many persons accompanied her
+to Detroit.
+
+In 1819, Mr. Barber built a log hut on the west side of the harbor, and
+may be considered the first permanent settler in Ohio City.
+
+In 1830, was established a stage conveyance to Columbus, and in the autumn
+a second proceeded to Norwalk. In 1821, these efforts were followed by
+others, and two additional wagons were started, one for Pittsburgh and
+another for Buffalo.
+
+In 1825, an appropriation was made by Government for the improvement of
+the harbor, being the first Government aid received for that purpose. The
+water in the river was frequently so shallow that it was customary for
+vessels to lie off in the lake and transfer passengers and freight by
+boats. On the 4th of July in that year ground was broken at Licking Summit
+for the Ohio canal, to connect the waters of Lake Erie at Cleveland with
+those of the Ohio river at Portsmouth.
+
+In 1827, Mr. Walworth, the harbor-master and Government agent, proceeded
+to Washington, and after the most strenuous exertions, succeeded in
+obtaining a further grant of $10,000 for the improvement of the harbor. In
+the same year the Ohio canal was opened to Akron, and the first
+importation of coal to Cleveland made.
+
+In 1828, a new court-house was erected on the Public Square.
+
+The light-house, on the bluff at the end of Water street, was built
+in 1830, the lantern being one hundred and thirty-five feet above
+water level.
+
+In 1832, the Ohio canal was finished and communication between the lake
+and the Ohio river opened. In the same year a new jail was built on
+Champlain street.
+
+In 1834, some of the streets were graded, and the village assumed such
+importance that application for a city charter began to be talked of.
+
+The population of the city had grown in 1835 to 5,080, having more than
+doubled in two years. There was at this time an immense rush of people to
+the West. Steamers ran from Buffalo to Detroit crowded with passengers at
+a fare of eight dollars, the number on board what would now be called
+small boats, sometimes reaching from five hundred to six hundred persons.
+The line hired steamers and fined them a hundred dollars if the round trip
+was not made in eight days. The slower boats, not being able to make that
+time with any certainty, frequently stopped at Cleveland, discharged their
+passengers, and put back to Buffalo. It sometimes chanced that the shore
+accommodations were insufficient for the great crowd of emigrants stopping
+over at this port, and the steamers were hired to lie off the port all
+night, that the passengers might have sleeping accommodations. In that
+year fire destroyed a large part of the business portion of Cleveland. At
+the same period James S. Clark built, at his own expense, the old Columbus
+street bridge, connecting Cleveland with Brooklyn township, and donated it
+to the city. Two years later this bridge was the occasion and scene of the
+famous "battle of the bridge," to be noticed in its proper place.
+
+In 1836, Cleveland was granted a charter as a city. Greatly to the
+mortification of many of the citizens, the people across the river had
+received their charter for the organization of Ohio City before that for
+the city of Cleveland came to hand, and Ohio City, therefore, took
+precedence on point of age. This tended to embitter the jealous rivalry
+between the two cities, and it was only after long years that this feeling
+between the dwellers on the two sides of the river died out.
+
+The settlement on the west side of the river had been made originally by
+Josiah Barber and Richard Lord. Soon after Alonzo Carter purchased on
+that side of the river and kept tavern in the "Red House," opposite
+Superior street. In 1831, the Buffalo Company purchased the Carter farm
+which covered the low land towards the mouth of the river, and the
+overlooking bluffs. They covered the low ground with warehouses, and the
+bluffs with stores and residences. Hotels were erected and preparations
+made for the building up of a city that should far eclipse the older
+settlement on the east side of the river. The company excavated a short
+ship canal from the Cuyahoga to the old river bed, at the east end, and
+the waters being high, a steamboat passed into the lake, through a
+natural channel at the west end.
+
+When it was proposed to get a city charter for Cleveland, negotiations
+were entered into between the leading men on both sides of the river with
+the purpose of either consolidating the two villages into one city, or at
+least acting in harmony. The parties could agree neither on terms of
+consolidation nor on boundaries. The negotiations were broken off, and
+each side started its deputation to Columbus to procure a city charter,
+with the result we have already noticed.
+
+Ohio City was ambitions to have a harbor of its own, entirely independent
+of Cleveland and to the advantages of which that city could lay no claim.
+The old river bed was to be deepened and the channel to the lake at the
+west end re-opened. As a preliminary to this ignoring of the Cleveland
+harbor entrance of the Cuyahoga, a canal was cut through the marsh, from
+opposite the entrance to the Ohio canal to the old river bed, which was
+thus to be made the terminus of the Ohio canal.
+
+In 1837, city rivalry ran so high that it resulted in the "battle of the
+bridge." Both sides claimed jurisdiction over the Columbus street bridge
+built by Mr. Clark and donated for public use. Armed men turned out on
+either side to take possession of the disputed structure. A field piece
+was posted on the low ground on the Cleveland side, to rake the bridge.
+Guns, pistols, crowbars, clubs and stones were freely used on both sides.
+Men were wounded of both parties, three of them seriously. The draw was
+cut away, the middle pier and the western abutment partially blown down,
+and the field piece spiked by the west siders. But the sheriff and the
+city marshal of Cleveland appeared on the scene, gained possession of the
+dilapidated bridge, which had been given to the city of Cleveland, and
+lodged some of the rioters in thee county jail. This removed the bridge
+question from the camp and battle-field to the more peaceful locality of
+the courts.
+
+In 1840, the population had increased to 6071, so that, notwithstanding
+that the city had been suffering from depression, there was an influx of a
+thousand persons in the last five years.
+
+In 1841, the Pennsylvania and Ohio Canal was completed, Connecting the
+Ohio Canal at Akron with the Ohio river at Beaver, Pennsylvania, and thus
+forming a water communication with Pittsburgh.
+
+The United States Marine Hospital, pleasantly situated on the banks of the
+lake, was commenced in 1844 and not completed until 1852. It is surrounded
+by eight acres of ground, and is designed to accommodate one hundred and
+forty patients.
+
+In 1845, the city voted to loan its credit for $200,000 towards the
+construction of a railroad from Cleveland to Columbus and Cincinnati, and
+subsequently the credit of the city was pledged for the loan of $100,000
+towards the completion of the Cleveland and Erie or Lake Shore line.
+
+In 1851, the 23d of February, the Cleveland, Columbus and Cincinnati
+Railroad was opened for travel; and on the same day forty miles of the
+Cleveland and Pittsburgh Railroad was likewise completed. These
+circumstances produced great rejoicings, for during the period of their
+construction the city had been almost daily adding to the number of its
+inhabitants, so that it had nearly doubled in the last six years, its
+population being now 21,140, and in the following year (1852) it added
+eighty-seven persons per week to its numbers, being then 25,670.
+
+In 1858, the new court house was built and the old court house on the
+Public Square was taken down.
+
+We have thus glanced at a few of the leading incidents in the history of
+the city. A more full and exact account will be found in the historical
+sketches prefacing each department in the body of the work, and still
+further details will be found in the biographical sketches. There only
+remains to be added here a few data in regard to the population,
+government, and officials of the city.
+
+The population of Cleveland commenced in 1796, with four persons. Next
+year the number increased to fifteen, but in 1800, had fallen back to
+seven. The subsequent figures are: 1810, 57; 1820, about 150; 1825, about
+500; 1830, United States census, 1,075; 1832, about 1,500; 1833, about
+1,900; 1834, city census, 6,071, or with Ohio City, 7,648; 1845, 9,573, or
+with Ohio City, 12,035; 1846, Cleveland 10,135; 1850, United States
+census, 17,034, or with Ohio City, 20,984; 1851, city census, 21,140;
+1852, 25,670; 1860, United States census for combined city, 43,838; 1866,
+67,500; 1869, not less than 100,000.
+
+The village of Cleveland was incorporated in 1814, and the first president
+of the village, elected in 1815, was Alfred Kelley. Twelve votes were cast
+at the election. In the following year he resigned his position, and his
+father, Daniel Kelley, was elected by the same number of votes, retaining
+his position until 1820, when Horace Perry was made president. In the
+following year he was succeeded by Reuben Wood. From the year 1821 to
+1825, Leonard Case was regularly elected president of the corporation, but
+neglecting to qualify in the latter year, the recorder, E. Waterman,
+became president, ex-officio. Here the records are defective until the
+year 1828, when it appears Mr. Waterman received the double office of
+president and recorder. On account of ill-health he resigned, and on the
+30th of May the trustees appointed Oirson Cathan as president. At the
+annual election in June, 1829, Dr. David Long was elected president, and
+during his presidency a fire-engine was purchased. Forty-eight votes were
+cast at this election. For the years 1830 and 1831, Richard Hilliard was
+president, and for the following year John W. Allen was chosen, and
+retained the position until 1835, one hundred and six votes being cast at
+the last named election.
+
+The mayors of Ohio City, up to the time of the consolidation, were as
+follows; 1836, Josiah Barber; 1837, Francis A. Burrows; 1838-9, Norman C.
+Baldwin; 1840-41, Needham M. Standart; 1842, Francis A. Burrows; 1843,
+Richard Lord; 1844-5-6, D. H. Lamb; 1847, David Griffith; 1848, John
+Beverlin; 1849, Thomas Burnham; 1850-51-52, Benjamin Sheldon; 1853, Wm.
+B. Castle.
+
+The first mayor of the city of Cleveland was John W. Willey, who held the
+office for two terms, namely, for the years 1836 and 1837, the term under
+the old constitution being but for one year. In 1858, the term was
+extended to two years, Abner C. Brownell being re-elected for the first
+two-year term. Under that mayoralty the consolidation of the two cities
+was effected, and the next mayor, according to the understanding, was
+taken from the late municipality of Ohio City, William B. Castle being
+elected for the term of 1855-6.
+
+When Cleveland was raised to the dignity of a city, in 1836, it was
+divided into three wards, each ward represented by three councilmen and
+one alderman. In 1851, a fourth ward was added, the increased population
+rendering the re-arrangement necessary. In 1853, under the operation of
+the new constitution, the aldermen were dispensed with; the wards had
+previously been restricted to two trustees, or councilmen, each. In 1854,
+the two cities of Cleveland and Ohio City having been united, the
+consolidated city was divided into eleven wards. This number remained
+until 1868, when, by the annexation of additional territory, a re-division
+was necessitated, and the city districted into fifteen wards.
+
+As an interesting and valuable contribution to the municipal history of
+the city we give the following complete record of the executive and
+legislative government of Cleveland since its organization as a city:
+
+1836. Mayor--John W. Willey. President of the Council--Sherlock J.
+Andrews. Aldermen--Richard Hilliard, Joshua Mills, Nicholas Dockstader.
+Councilmen--1st Ward--Morris Hepburn, John R. St. John, William V. Craw.
+2d Ward--Sherlock J. Andrews, Henry L. Noble, Edward Baldwin. 3d
+Ward--Aaron T. Strickland, Horace Canfield, Archibald M. C. Smith.
+
+1837. Mayor--John W. Willey. President of the Council--Joshua Mills.
+Aldermen--Joshua Mills, Nicholas Dockstader, Jonathan Williams.
+Councilmen--1st Ward--George B. Merwin, Horace Canfield, Alfred Hall. 2d
+Ward--Edward Baldwin, Samuel Cook, Henry L. Noble. 3d Ward--Samuel
+Starkweather, Joseph K. Miller, Thomas Colahan.
+
+1838. Mayor--Joshua Mills. President of the Council--Nicholas Dockstader.
+Aldermen--Nicholas Dockstader, Alfred Hall, Benjamin Harrington.
+Councilmen--1st Ward--George C. Dodge, Moses A. Eldridge, Herrick Childs.
+2d Ward--Benjamin Andrews, Leonard Case, Henry Blair. 3d Ward--Melancthon
+Barnett, Thomas Colahan, Tom Lemen.
+
+1839. Mayor--Joshua Mills. President of the Council--John A. Foot.
+Aldermen--Harvey Rice, Edward Baldwin, Richard Hilliard. Councilmen--1st
+Ward--George Mendenhall, Timothy P. Spencer, Moses Ross. 2d Ward--John A.
+Foot, Charles M. Giddings, Jefferson Thomas. 3d Ward--Thomas Bolton, Tom
+Lemen, John A. Vincent.
+
+1840. Mayor--Nicholas Dockstader. President of the Council--William
+Milford. Aldermen--William Milford, William Lemen, Josiah A. Harris.
+Councilmen--1st Ward--Ashbel W. Walworth, David Hersch, John Barr. 2d
+Ward--David Allen, John A. Foot, Thomas M. Kelley. 3d Ward--Stephen Clary,
+Charles Bardburn, John A. Vincent.
+
+1841. Mayor--John W. Allen. President of the Council--Thomas Bolton.
+Aldermen--William Milford, Thomas Bolton, Newton E. Crittenden.
+Councilmen--1st Ward--Nelson Hayward, Herrick Childs, George B. Tibbets.
+2d Ward--Moses Kelly, W. J. Warner, M. C. Younglove. 3d Ward--Philo
+Scovill, Benj. Harrington, Miller M. Spangler.
+
+1842. Mayor--Joshua Mills. President of the Council--Benjamin Harrington.
+Aldermen--Nelson Hayward, William Smyth, Benjamin Harrington.
+Councilmen--1st Ward--William D. Nott, Robert Bailey, Henry Morgan. 2d
+Ward--George Mendenhall, George Witherell, Jefferson Thomas. 3d
+Ward--William T. Goodwin, George Kirk, Levi Johnson.
+
+1843. Mayor--Nelson Hayward. President of the Council--George A. Benedict.
+Aldermen--William D. Nott, Samuel Cook, Samuel Starkweather.
+Councilmen--1st Ward--Robert Bailey, John B. Wigman, James Church, Jr. 2d
+Ward--Stephen Clary, Alanson H. Lacy, George A. Benedict. 3d Ward--William
+T. Goodwin, John Wills, Alexander S. Cramer.
+
+1844. Mayor--Samuel Starkweather. President of the Council--Melancthon
+Barnett. Aldermen--Leander M. Hubby, Stephen Clary, William T. Goodwin.
+Councilmen--1st Ward--Thomas Mell, George F. Marshall, E. St. John Bemis.
+2d Ward--Charles Stetson, Jacob Lowman, John Outhwaite. 3d Ward--William
+F. Allen, Melancthon Barnett, John F. Warner.
+
+1845. Mayor--Samuel Starkweather. President of the Council--Flavel W.
+Bingham. Aldermen--Charles W. Heard, George Witherell, L. O. Mathews.
+Councilmen--1st Ward--Flavel W. Bingham, Peter Caul, Samuel C. Ives. 2d
+Ward--James Gardner, Ellery G. Williams, David L. Wood. 3d Ward--Arthur
+Hughes, John A. Wheeler, Orville Gurley.
+
+1846. Mayor--George Hoadley. President of the Council--Leander M. Hubby.
+Aldermen--Leander M. Hubby, John H. Gorham, Josiah A. Harris.
+Councilmen--1st Ward--E. St. John Bemis. John F. Chamberlain, John Gill.
+2d Ward--William Case, William Bingham, John A. Wheeler. 3d Ward--William
+K. Adams Marshall Carson, Liakim L. Lyon.
+
+1847. Mayor--Josiah A. Harris. President of the Council--Flavel W.
+Bingham. Aldermen--Flavel W. Bingham, William Case, Pierre A. Mathivet.
+Councilmen--1st Ward--David Clark Doan, Henry Everett, John Gill. 2d
+Ward--John Erwin, Charles Hickox, Henry B. Payne. 3d Ward--Alexander
+Seymour, Alexander S. Cramer, Orville Gurley.
+
+1848. Mayor--Lorenzo A. Kelsey. President of the Council--Flavel W.
+Bingham. Aldermen--Flavel W. Bingham, William Case, Alexander Seymour.
+Councilmen--1st Ward--Richard Norton, John Gill, Charles M. Read. 2d
+Ward--Henry B. Payne, Leander M. Hubby, Thomas C. Floyd. 3d Ward--Samuel
+Starkweather, Robert Parks, William J. Gordon.
+
+1849. Mayor--Flavel W. Bingham. President of the Council--William Case.
+Aldermen--William Case, Alexander Seymour, John Gill. Councilmen--1st
+Ward--David W. Cross, Richard Norton, Henry Everett. 2d Ward--Alexander
+McIntosh, John G. Mack, James Calyer. 3d Ward--Arthur Hughes, Abner C.
+Brownell Christopher Mollen.
+
+1850. Mayor--William Case. President of the Council--Alexander Seymour.
+Aldermen--Alexander Seymour, John Gill, Leander M. Hubby. Councilmen--1st
+Ward--William Given, George Whitelaw, Buckley Stedman. 2d Ward--Alexander
+McIntosh, William Bingham, Samuel Williamson. 3d Ward--Arthur Hughes,
+Abner C. Brownell, Levi Johnson.
+
+1851. Mayor--William Case. President of the Council--John Gill,
+Aldermen--John Gill, Leander M. Hubby, Abner C. Brownell, Buckley Stedman.
+Council-men--1st Ward--Jabez W. Fitch, George Whitelaw. 2d Ward--Alexander
+McIntosh, Thomas C. Floyd. 3d Ward--Stoughton Bliss, Miller M. Spangler.
+4th Ward--Marshall S. Castle, James B. Wilbur.
+
+1853. Mayor--Abner C. Brownell. President of the Council--Leander M,
+Hubby. Aldermen--John B. Wigman, Leander M. Hubby, Basil L. Spangler,
+Buckley Stedman. Councilmen--1st Ward--Henry Morgan, Aaron Merchant. 2d
+Ward--William H. Shell, Robert B. Bailey. 3d Ward--Stoughton Bliss, John
+B. Smith. 4th Ward--Admiral N. Gray, Henry Howe.
+
+1853. Mayor--Abner C. Brownell. President of the Council--William H.
+Shell. Trustees--1st Ward--John B, Wigman, George F. Marshall. 2d
+Ward--William H. Shell, James Gardner. 3d Ward--William J. Gordon, Robert
+Reilley. 4th Ward--Henry Everett, Richard C. Parsons.
+
+1854. Abner C. Brownell. President of the Council--Richard C. Parsons.
+Trustees--1st Ward--John B. Wigman, Charles Bradburn. 2d Ward--William H.
+Sholl, James Gardner. 3d Ward--Christopher Mollen, Robert Reilley. 4th
+Ward--Henry Everett, Richard C. Parsons. 5th Ward--Chauncey Tice, Mathew
+S. Cotterell. 6th Ward--Bolivar Butts, John A. Bishop. 7th Ward--W. C. B.
+Richardson, George W. Morrill. 8th Ward--A. C. Messenger, Charles W.
+Palmer. 9th Ward--Wells Porter, Albert Powell. 10th Ward--Plimmon C.
+Bennett, I. U. Masters. 11th Ward--Edward Russell, Frederick Sillbers.
+
+1855. Mayor--William B. Castle. President of the Council--Charles
+Bradburn. Trustees--1st Ward--Charles Bradburn, E. A. Brock. 2d
+Ward--William H. Sholl, William T. Smith. 3d Ward--Christopher Mollen,
+Thomas S. Paddock. 4th Ward--William H. Stanley, Rensselaer R. Horrick.
+5th Ward--Chauncey Tice, Irad L. Beardsley. 6th Ward--Bolivar Butts, John
+A. Bishop. 7th Ward--W. C. B. Richardson, George W. Morrill. 8th
+Ward--Charles W. Palmer, S. W. Johnson. 9th Ward--Albert Powell, William A.
+Wood. 10th Ward--I. U. Masters, Charles A. Crum. 11th Ward Edward Russell,
+S. Buhrer.
+
+1856. Mayor--William B. Castle. President of the Council--Charles W.
+Palmer. Trustees--1st Ward--E. A. Brock, A. P. Winslow. 2d Ward--Wm. T.
+Smith, O. M. Oviatt. 8d Ward--T. S. Paddock, C. Mollen. 4th Ward--R. R.
+Herrick, C. S. Ransom. 5th Ward--C. Tice, F. T. Wallace. 6th Ward--J. A.
+Bishop, Harvey Rice. 7th Ward--G. W. Morrill, E. S. Willard. 8th Ward--S.
+W. Johnson, R. G. Hunt. 9th Ward--Sanford J. Lewis, Charles W. Palmer.
+10th Ward--Charles A. Crum, I. U. Masters. 11th Ward--S. Buhrer, John
+Kirkpatrick.
+
+1857. Mayor--Samuel Starkweather. President of the Council--Reuben G.
+Hunt. Trustees--1st Ward--A. P. Winslow, L. J. Rider. 2d Ward--O. M.
+Oviatt, Charles D. Williams. 3d Ward--C. Mollen, Charles Patrick 4th
+Ward--C. S. Ransom, R. R. Herrick. 5th Ward--F. T. Wallace, W. B. Rezner.
+6th Ward--Harvey Rice, Jacob Mueller. 7th Ward--E. S. Willard, John A.
+Weber. 8th Ward--R. G. Hunt, B. G. Sweet. 9th Ward--C. W. Palmer, J. M.
+Coffinberry. 10th Ward--I. U. Masters, Charles A. Crum. 11th Ward--John
+Kirkpatrick, Daniel Stephan.
+
+1858. Mayor--Samuel Starkweather. President of the Council--James M.
+Coffinberry. Trustees--1st Ward--L. J. Rider, George B. Senter. 2d
+Ward--Chas. D. Williams, O. M. Oviatt. 3d Ward--Levi Johnson, Randall
+Crawford. 4th Ward--R. R. Herrick, C. S. Ransom. 5th Ward--Wm. B. Rezner,
+G. H. Detmer. 6th Ward--Jacob Mueller, L. D. Thayer. 7th Ward--J. A. Weber,
+Thos. Thompson. 8th Ward--B. G. Sweet, Charles Winslow. 9th Ward--J. M.
+Coffinberry, John N. Ford. 10th Ward--A. G. Hopkinson, I. U. Masters. 11th
+Ward--Daniel Stephan, Alexander McLane.
+
+1859. Mayor--George B. Senter. President of the Council--I. U. Masters.
+Trustees--1st Ward--L. J. Rider, James Christian. 2d Ward--O. M. Oviatt,
+Wm. H. Hayward. 3d Ward--Randall Crawford, Louis Heckman. 4th Ward--C. S.
+Ransom, Isaac H. Marshall. 5th Ward--G. H. Detmer, Jacob Hovey. 6th
+Ward--L. C. Thayer, Jared H. Clark. 7th Ward--Thos. Thompson, James R.
+Worswick. 8th Ward--Charles Winslow, C. L. Russell. 9th Ward--John H.
+Sargeant, E. H. Lewis. 10th Ward--I. U. Masters, A. G. Hopkinson. 11th
+Ward--A. McLane, Thomas Dixon.
+
+1860. Mayor--George B. Senter. President of the Council--I. U. Masters
+Trustees--1st Ward--James Christian, Thomas Quayle. 2d Ward--W. H.
+Hayward, .M. Oviatt. 3d Ward--Louis Heckman, H. S. Stevens. 4th
+Ward--I. H. Marshall, E. Thomas. 5th Ward--Jacob Hovey, W. B. Rezner. 6th
+Ward--Jared H. Clark, C. J. Ballard. 7th. Ward--Jas. R. Worswick, E. S.
+Willard. 8th Ward--C. L. Russell, J. Dwight Palmer. 9th Ward--E. H.
+Lewis, Wm. Sabin. 10th Ward--A. G. Hopkinson, I. U. Masters. 11th
+Ward--Thos. Dixon, Daniel Stephan.
+
+1861. Mayor--Edward S. Flint. President of the Council--Henry S. Stevens.
+Trustees--1st Ward--Thomas Quayle, J. J. Benton. 2d Ward--O. M. Oviatt,
+T. N. Bond. 3d Ward--Henry S. Stevens, A. C. Keating. 4th Ward--E. Thomas,
+Henry Blair. 5th Ward--W. B. Rezner, Joseph Sturges. 6th Ward--C. J.
+Ballard, William Meyer. 7th Ward--E. S. Willard, P. M. Freese. 8th
+Ward--J. Dwight Palmer, Solon Corning. 9th Ward--Wm. Sabin, A. Anthony.
+10th Ward--I. U. Masters, Wm. Wellhouse. 11th Ward--J. Coonrad, Thos.
+Dixon.
+
+1862. Mayor--Edward S. Flint. President of the Council--I. U. Masters.
+Trustees--1st Ward--J. J. Benton, C. C. Rogers. 2d Ward--T. N. Bond. A.
+Roberts. 3d Ward--A. C. Keating, H. S. Stevens. 4th Ward--Henry Blair, E.
+Thomas. 5th Ward--Joseph Sturges, N. P. Payne. 6th Ward--Wm. Meyer, Jno.
+Huntington. 7th Ward--P. M. Freese, E. S. Willard. 8th Ward--Solon Corning,
+J. Dwight Palmer. 9th Ward--A. Anthony, A. T. Van Tassel. 10th Ward--Wm.
+Wellhouse, I. U. Masters. 11th Ward--Thos. Dixon, J. Coonrad.
+
+1863. Mayor--Irvine U. Masters. President of the Council--H. S. Stevens.
+Trustees--1st Ward--C. C. Rogers, Thos. Jones, Jr. 2d Ward--A. Roberts,
+T. N. Bond. 3d Ward--H. S. Stevens, A. C. Keating. 4th Ward--E. Thomas,
+Henry Blair. 5th Ward--N. P. Payne, Joseph Sturges. 6th Ward--John
+Huntington, Geo. W. Gardner. 7th Ward--E. S. Willard, Peter Goldrick.
+8th Ward--J. D. Palmer, Jos. Ransom. 9th Ward--A. T. Van Tassel, Percival
+Upton. 10th Ward--H. N. Bissett, George Presley. 11th Ward--J. Coonrad,
+Stephen Buhrer.
+
+1864. Mayor--Irvine U. Masters. Mayor--George B. Senter, President of the
+Council--Thomas Jones, Jr. Trustees--1st Ward--Thomas Jones, Jr., Chas. C.
+Rogers. 2d Ward--T. N. Bond, Ansel Roberts. 3d Ward--A. C. Keating, Amos
+Townsend. 4th Ward--Henry Blair, David A. Dangler. 5th Ward--Joseph
+Sturges, B. P. Bowers. 6th Ward--George W. Gardner, John Huntington. 7th
+Ward--Peter Goldrick, E. S. Willard. 8th Ward--Joseph Randerson, Wm. H.
+Truscott. 9th Ward--Percival Upton, John Martin. 10th Ward--George
+Presley, Michael Crapser. 11th Ward--Stephen Buhrer, Edward Russell.
+
+1865. Mayor--Herman M. Chapin. President of the Council--Thomas Jones, Jr.
+Trustees--1st Ward--Charles C. Rogers, Thomas Jones, Jr. 2d Ward--Ansel
+Roberts, Henry K. Raynolds. 3d Ward--Amos Townsend, Randall Crawford. 4th
+Ward--David A Dangler, Simson Thorman. 5th Ward--B. P. Bower, Joseph
+Sturges. 6th Ward--John Huntington, George W. Calkins. 7th Ward--E. S.
+Willard, Charles Pettingill. 8th Ward--William H. Truscott, Joseph
+Randerson. 9th Ward--John Martin, Fredrick W. Pelton. 10th Ward--John J.
+Weideman, George Presley. 11th Ward--Edward Russell, Stephen Buhrer.
+
+1866. Mayor--Herman M. Chapin. President of the Council--P. W. Pelton.
+Trustees--1st Ward--Thos. Jones, Jr., Charles C. Rogers. 2d Ward--H. K.
+Raynolds, Ansel Roberts. 3d Ward--Randall Crawford, Amos Townsend. 4th
+Ward--Simson Thorman, Maurice H. Clark. 5th Ward--Joseph Sturges, Wm.
+Heisley. 6th Ward--George W. Calkins, John Huntington. 7th Ward--Charles
+B. Pettingill, Christopher Weigel. 8th Ward--Joseph Randerson, William H.
+Trascott. 9th Ward--Frederick W. Pelton, John Martin. 10th Ward--George
+Presley, Reuben H. Becker. 11th Ward--Stephen Buhrer, Robert Larnder.
+
+1867. Mayor--Stephen Buhrer. President of the Council--Amos Townsend.
+Trustees--1st Ward--Charles C. Rogers, Silas Merchant. 2d Ward--Ansel
+Roberts, Peter Diemer. 3d Ward--Amos Townsend, J. C. Shields. 4th
+Ward--Maurice B. Clark, Proctor Thayer. 5th Ward--William Heisley, Thomas
+Purcell. 6th Ward--John Huntington, Edward Hart. 7th Ward--Christopher
+Weigel, Charles B. Pettingill. 8th Ward--William H. Truscott, Joseph
+Houstain. 9th Ward--John Martin, F. W. Pelton. 10th Ward--Reuben H. Becker,
+William Wellhouse. 11th Ward--Robert Larnder, Charles E. Gehring.
+
+1868. Mayor--Stephen Buhrer. President of the Council--Amos Townsend.
+Trustees--1st Ward--Silas Merchant, C. C. Rogers. 2d Ward--Peter Diemer, H.
+G. Cleveland. 3d Ward--J. C. Shields, Amos Townsend. 4th Ward--Proctor
+Thayer, Maurice B. Clark. 5th Ward--Thos. Purcell, Nathan P. Payne. 6th
+Ward--Edwin Hart, John Huntington. 7th Ward--Charles B. Pettingill, George
+Angell. 8th Ward--Joseph Houstain, Patrick Carr. 9th Ward--F. W. Pelton,
+John Martin. 10th Ward--William Wellhouse, John J. Weideman 11th Ward
+--Charles E. Gehring, George L. Hurtnell. 13th Ward--E. C. Gaeckley, Benj.
+R. Beavis. 13th Ward--George Rettberg, Major Collins. 14th Ward--John
+Jokus, A. E. Massey. 15th Ward--B. Lied, John A. Ensign.
+
+1869. Mayor--Stephen Buhrer. President of the Council--Amos Townsend.
+Trustee--1st Ward--C. C. Rogers, Silas Merchant. 2d Ward--H. G. Cleveland,
+Peter Diemer. 3d Ward--Amos Townsend, Charles Coates. 4th Ward--R. R.
+Herrick, Proctor Thayer. 5th Ward--Nathan P. Payne, Thomas Purcell. 6th
+Ward--John Huntington, W. P. Horton. 7th Ward--George Angell, Horace
+Fuller. 8th Ward--Patrick Carr, Patrick Smith. 9th Ward--John Martin, L.
+L. M. Coe. 10th Ward--John J. Weideman, Wm. Wellhouse. 11th Ward--George L.
+Hartnell, John G. Vetter. 12th Ward--Benj. R. Beavis, Eugene C. Gaeckley.
+13th Ward--Major Collins, J. H. Slosson. 14th Ward--A. E. Massey, A. A.
+Jewett, 15th Ward--John A. Ensign, C. W. Coates.
+
+[Illustration: With Respect, Levi Johnson]
+
+
+
+
+Trade and Commerce.
+
+
+
+The commercial history of the early years of Cleveland does not differ
+from that of most western settlements. When the white population numbered
+from a few dozen to a few hundred, it is difficult to define what was
+commerce and what mere barter for individual accommodation. Every man did
+a little trading on his own account. The carpenter, the tailor, the judge
+and the preacher were alike ready to vary their customary occupations by a
+dicker whenever an opportunity offered. The craftsman purchased what
+necessities or comforts he needed, and paid in the work of his hands. The
+possessor of one article of daily use traded his superfluity for another
+article, and for all articles furs and skins were legal tender, as they
+could be sent east and converted into money or merchandise.
+
+The first strictly commercial transactions were with the Indians. They
+needed powder and lead for hunting, blankets for their comfort, beads for
+the adornment of the squaws, and the two great luxuries--or
+necessities--of frontier life, salt and whisky. In payment for these they
+brought game, to supply the settlers with fresh provisions, and skins, the
+currency of the West. In course of time the opening up of the country
+beyond made a new market for the salt, whisky, and salt provisions
+collected at Cleveland, and with these staples went occasionally a few
+articles of eastern made goods for the use of the frontiermen's wives. As
+the country became more settled the commercial importance of Cleveland
+increased, until it divided with Detroit and Buffalo the honors and
+profits of the commerce of the lakes.
+
+Cleveland was settled in 1796. PFiveyears later the first commercial
+movement was made by the erection of a distillery for the purpose of
+providing an adequate supply of the basis of early western
+commerce--whisky. The trade operations were of a promiscuous and desultory
+character until about the year 1810, when a log warehouse was built by
+Major Carter, on the bank of the lake, between Meadow and Spring streets,
+and this was speedily followed by another, built by Elias and Harvey
+Murray, which became the centre of business and gossip for the village
+and the country round about. Of course a full supply of the great
+staple--whisky--was kept.
+
+In 1813 Cleveland became a lively and prosperous place, it having been
+chosen as a depot of supplies and rendezvous for troops engaged in the
+war. A good business was done in selling to the army, in exchanging with
+the quartermasters, and in transporting troops and supplies. This was a
+flourishing time for Cleveland, and its inhabitants in many cases made
+small fortunes, realizing several hundred dollars in hard cash.
+
+The close of the war brought the usual reaction, and the commerce of the
+embryo city lagged, but gradually improved under the stimulus of
+increasing emigration to the West. In 1816 it had reached such a point
+that a bank was deemed necessary to the proper transaction of trade, and
+the Commercial Bank of Lake Erie was opened, with Leonard Case as
+president. It had the misfortune of being born too soon, and its life
+consequently was not long. At the same time, the projectors of the bank
+were not wholly without warrant for their anticipations of success, for
+Cleveland was doing a good business and owned an extensive lake marine of
+seven craft, measuring in the aggregate four hundred and thirty tons.
+
+The harbor facilities of Cleveland at this time were very few. The river
+mouth, to the westward of the present entrance, was frequently choked with
+sand, and sometimes to such an extent that persons could cross dry shod.
+Vessels of any considerable size--and a size then called "considerable"
+would now be held in very slight estimation--made no attempt to enter the
+river, but came to anchor outside, and were unloaded by lighters. In 1807
+a scheme was set on foot for opening a line of communication for trading
+purposes between Lake Erie and the Ohio river, by cleaning out the
+channels of the Cuyahoga and Tuscarawas riverspretentiousssage of boats
+and batteaux; a wagon road, seven miles long, from Old Portage to New
+Portage, making the connection between the two rivers. It was supposed
+that twelve thousand dollars would suffice for the purpose, and the
+Legislature authorized a lottery by which the funds were to be raised.
+There were to be twelve thousand eight hundred tickets at five dollars
+each, with prizes aggregating sixty-four thousand dollars, from which a
+deduction of twelve and a half per cent, was to be made. The drawing never
+came off, and the money paid for the tickets was refunded some years
+afterwards, without interest. In 1816 an attempt was made to improve the
+entrance to the harbor by means of a pier into the lake. A company was
+organized for the purpose, a charter obtained from the Legislature, and
+something done towards building the pier, but the storms soon washed the
+slight construction away.
+
+Ten years later, the work of improving the harbor under the direction of
+the National Government was begun, the first appropriation being of five
+thousand dollars. A new channel was cut, piers commenced, and the work
+entered upon which has been carried on with varying energy to the present
+time. The opening of the river gave considerable impetus to the commerce
+of the place, which was then carried on wholly by lake.
+
+The opening of the Ohio canal was the first grand starting point in the
+commercial history of Cleveland. It brought into connection with the lake
+highway to market a rich country rapidly filling up with industrious
+settlers, and the products of dairies, grain farms, and grazing lands were
+brought in great quantity to Cleveland, where they were exchanged for New
+York State salt, lake fish, and eastern merchandise. Two years after the
+opening of the canal, which was completed in 1832, the receipts amounted
+to over half a million bushels of wheat, a hundred thousand barrels of
+flour, a million pounds of butter and nearly seventy thousand pounds of
+cheese, with other articles in proportion. Business went on increasing
+with great rapidity; every one was getting rich, in pocket or on paper,
+and Cleveland was racing with its then rival, but now a part of itself,
+Ohio City, for the distinction of being the great commercial centre of the
+West. At that moment, in the year 1837, the great crash came and business
+of all kinds was paralyzed.
+
+Cleveland was one of the first places in the West to recover. Its basis
+was good, and as the interior of Ohio became more peopled the trade of the
+canal increased and, of course, Cleveland was so much the more benefited.
+The opening of the Pennsylvania and Ohio canal, in 1841, opened
+communication with Pittsburgh and added a trade in iron, nails, and glass
+to the other branches of business. In 1844 the commerce of Cleveland by
+lake had reached an aggregate of twenty millions for the year.
+
+The opening of the railroad to Columbus in 1851 marked the second step in
+the business history of the city. The canals brought business from the
+south-east, and by a slow and uncertain route from Cincinnati. The
+completion of the railroad gave direct and speedy connection with
+Cincinnati, with the rich valleys of the Miami, and with lands hitherto
+undeveloped or seeking other markets for their produce. Other railroads
+were rapidly built, and developed new avenues of commerce and new sources
+of wealth. The population increased rapidly. The streets were extended and
+lined with new buildings. Additional stores were opened and all
+departments felt the rush of new life. The lake commerce of the port, in
+spite of the business drawn off by competing railroads, increased in 1853
+to a total of eighty-seven million dollars, more than four times the
+amount reached nine years before, after the canal System had been
+completed and was in full operation. The grain trade which once was the
+foundation of the commerce of the city, had fallen away owing the gradual
+removal of the wheat producing territory westward. It was asserted, and
+generally believed, that the canals had done all they could for the
+prosperity of the city, and that unless something new turned up for its
+benefit, Cleveland would remain at a stand-still, or increase only by very
+slow degrees. Business was extremely dull, the prospect looked dubious,
+many business men moved to other cities and more were preparing to follow.
+Just then two things occurred. The war broke out, and the Atlantic and
+Great Western railway was extended to Cleveland. The latter event opened a
+new market for trade in north-western Pennsylvania, and soon after, by
+sending a large proportion of the product of the oil regions to this point
+for refining or shipment, built up an immense and lucrative department of
+manufacture and commerce, whose effect was felt in all classes of
+business. The war stimulated manufactures, and by a sudden bound Cleveland
+set out on the path of permanent prosperity long pointed out by some
+far-seeing men, but until the time referred to strangely neglected. In a
+very few years the population more than doubled the existing facilities
+for business were found totally inadequate for the suddenly increased
+demands, and the most strenuous exertions of the builders failed to meet
+the call for new stores. Manufactory after manufactory came into
+existence, and with each there was an influx of population and a
+consequent increase in all departments of trade. And the work still goes
+on, every manufactory started creating some need hitherto unfelt, and thus
+rendering other manufactories necessary to supply the need.
+
+A careful census of population and business, made towards the close of
+1868, in compliance with a request from one department of the Government
+at Washington, showed that the population had increased to ninety
+thousand; the value of real estate was valued at fifty millions of
+dollars, and of personal property at thirty millions. The commerce,
+including receipts and shipments by lake, canal, and railroad, was taken
+at eight hundred and sixty-five millions of dollars; the value of
+manufactures for the year at nearly fifty millions; the lake arrivals and
+clearances at ten thousand, with an aggregate tonnage of over three
+millions of tons; and the number of vessels and canal boats owned here at
+nearly four hundred. Seventy years ago Major Carter resided here in lonely
+state with his family, being the only white family in the limits of what
+is now the city of Cleveland. The cash value of the entire trade of
+Cleveland at that time would not pay a very cheap clerk's salary
+now-a-days.
+
+
+
+
+Levi Johnson
+
+
+
+The biography of Levi Johnson is, in effect, the history of Cleveland, and
+a sketch of the more active period of his life involves the narrative of
+life in Cleveland during the earlier years of its existence. It is,
+therefore, of more than ordinary interest.
+
+Mr. Johnson is a native of Herkimer county, New York, having been born in
+that county April 25th, 1786. He commenced life in a time and place that
+admitted of no idlers, young or old, and in his tenth year it was his
+weekly task to make and dip out a barrel of potash, he being too young to
+be employed with the others in wood-chopping. Until his fourteenth year he
+lived with an uncle, working on a farm, and laboring hard. At that age he
+determined to be a carpenter and joiner, and entered the shop of Ephraim
+Derrick, with whom he remained four years. At eighteen, he changed masters
+and worked with Laflet Remington, and at twenty-one changed again to
+Stephen Remington, with whom he worked at barn building one year.
+
+It was whilst he was with Stephen Remington that an event occurred that
+shaped Levi Johnson's future life. Considerable interest had been excited
+in regard to Ohio, towards which emigrants were frequently seen taking
+their way. A brother of Stephen Remington was sent west to spy out the
+land and report on its desirableness as a home. This committee of one, on
+lands, came to Newburgh, and was so strongly impressed with the advantages
+of the place from which Cleveland was afterwards said to be but six miles
+distant, that he allowed his imagination to run away with his veracity. He
+wrote back that he had struck the richest country in the world; that the
+soil was marvelously fertile, and that corn grew so tall and strong that
+the raccoons ran up the stems and lodged on the ears out of the way of the
+dogs. Great was the excitement in Herkimer county when this report was
+received. Such wonderful growth of corn was never known in York State, but
+Ohio was a _terra incognita_, and Munchausen himself would have had a
+chance of being believed had he located his adventures in what was then
+the Far West. Stephen Remington quit barn-building, shut up his shop,
+packed up his tools and started in the Fall of 1807 for the new Eden, on
+Lake Erie. In the succeeding Spring, Johnson followed in his footsteps as
+far as East Bloomfield, near Canandaigua, where he worked during that
+Summer, building a meeting-house.
+
+In the Fall of 1808, he shouldered his pack and set out on foot for the
+West. At Buffalo he found work and wintered there until February, when his
+uncle came along, bound also for the land of promise. There was room in
+the sleigh for Levi, and he was not loth to avail himself of the
+opportunity of making his journey quicker and easier than on foot. On the
+10th of March, 1809, the sleigh and its load entered Cleveland.
+
+By that time it had come to be hard sledding, so the sleigh was abandoned
+and the two travelers, determining to put farther west, mounted the horses
+and continued their journey to Huron county. Here they fell in with Judge
+Wright and Ruggles, who were surveying the Fire Lands. They wanted a
+saw-mill, and Johnson's uncle contracted to build one at the town of
+Jessup, now known as Wakeman. Levi turned back to Cleveland, and was
+fortunate in finding a home in the family of Judge Walworth. The Judge
+wanted an office built, and Johnson undertook to make it. Hitherto, all
+the houses were of logs; but the Judge, having a carpenter boarding in his
+family, aspired to something more pretentions. The building was to be
+frame. At that time Euclid was a flourishing settlement, and rejoiced in
+that important feature--a saw-mill. The lumber was brought from Euclid,
+the frame set up on Superior street, about where the American House now
+stands, and every day the gossips of the little settlement gathered to
+watch and discuss the progress of the first frame building in Cleveland.
+The work occupied forty days, and when it was completed, there was great
+pride in this new feature of Cleveland architecture. The erection of the
+first frame building marked the commencement of a new era.
+
+That job done, Levi turned back to Huron to fulfill the contract made by
+his uncle for the erection of a saw-mill. This was a heavy job for so
+small a force, and between three and four months were spent in it.
+Slinging his kit of tools on his back, he then turned once more towards
+Cleveland, in which he settled down for the remainder of his life, the
+next two or three years being spent in building houses and barns in
+Cleveland, and in the more flourishing village of Newburgh. A saw-mill
+also was put up on Tinker's creek.
+
+When Mr. Johnson was building the saw-mill at Jessup, he fell in with a
+young lady, Miss Montier, who enjoyed the distinction of being the first
+white girl that landed in Huron, where she lived with a family named
+Hawley. The young carpenter fell in love with the only pretty girl to be
+found in the neighborhood, and she was not unkindly disposed to the young
+man. When he returned to Cleveland she was induced to come also, and lived
+with Judge Walworth, at that time the great landed owner, and consequently
+prominent man in the thriving village of sixty inhabitants. In 1811, the
+couple were married.
+
+In the Fall of 1812, Johnson made a contract with the County
+Commissioners, Messrs. Wright, Ruggles and Miles, to build a Court House
+and Jail on the Public Square, opposite where the First Presbyterian
+Church now stands. The material was to be logs, laid end-wise for greater
+security. The work was pushed forward rapidly the next Summer, and towards
+noon of September 12th, Johnson and his men were just putting the
+finishing touches to the building, when they were startled by what seemed
+the roar of distant thunder. On looking out of the windows not a cloud
+could be seen in the sky, but the reverberations continued, and at once
+the conviction that the noise was of cannons seized them. Throwing down
+their tools they ran to the bank of the lake, where nearly all the
+villagers at home to the number of about thirty, were already gathered,
+stretching their eyes to the westward, whence the sounds came. Now the
+reports of the cannon could be plainly distinguished. They knew that
+Perry's fleet had passed up the lake, and that, consequently, a battle
+could be at any moment expected. The louder reports told when the
+Americans fired, for their guns were of heavier caliber than the English.
+At last the firing ceased for a while. Then three loud reports, evidently
+American, were heard, and the little crowd, convinced that their side had
+won, gave three hearty cheers for Perry.
+
+About two days afterwards, Johnson and a man named Rumidge picked up a
+large flat-boat that had been built by General Jessup for the conveyance
+of troops, and then abandoned. Each of the finders purchased a hundred
+bushels of potatoes, took them to the army at Put-in-Bay, quadrupling the
+money invested, and giving Johnson his first financial start in life.
+
+As General Jessup needed the boat to transfer his troops to Malden, he
+retained it, taking Rumidge also into service, and leaving Johnson to
+return to Cleveland on the gunboat Somers, of which he was made pilot for
+the voyage. Shortly afterwards Rumidge returned with the boat and brought
+news that the American forces had fought a battle with the British at
+Moravian Town. Johnson resumed command of the flat-boat, and with his
+associate freighted it with supplies for the army at Detroit. The
+speculation was successful, and Johnson engaged with the quartermaster of
+the post to bring a cargo of clothing from Cleveland to Detroit. The
+season was far advanced, and the voyage was cut short by the ice in the
+upper part of the lake, so that the boat was headed for Huron, where the
+cargo was landed and the freight for that distance paid.
+
+Johnson was now a man of means, the successful transactions with the army
+having given him more money than he had ever possessed at one time before.
+His voyages and trading success had given him a taste for similar
+occupations in the future, and his first step was to build a vessel for
+himself. His first essay in ship-building was something novel. The keel
+was laid for a ship of thirty-five tons, to be named the Pilot. There was
+no iron for spikes, but wooden pins supplied their place. Other devices of
+similar primitiveness were resorted to in the course of the work, and at
+last she was finished. Now came the question of launching, and it was not
+lightly to be answered. Modern builders sometimes meet with a difficulty
+owing to the ship sticking on the "ways," but this early ship-builder of
+Cleveland had a greater obstacle than this to overcome. He had built his
+ship with very slight reference to the lake on which she was to float. For
+convenience in getting timber, and other reasons, he had made his
+ship-yard about half a mile from the water, near where St. Paul's Church
+now stands on Euclid avenue, and the greasing of the "ways" and knocking
+out of the blocks would not ensure a successful launch. Here was a
+dilemma. Johnson pondered and then resolved. An appeal for aid was
+promptly responded to. The farmers from Euclid and Newburgh came in with
+twenty-eight yoke of cattle. The ship was hoisted on wheels and drawn in
+triumph down the main street to the foot of Superior street hill, where
+she was launched into the river amid the cheers of the assembled crowd.
+
+This was not the first of Cleveland ship-building. About the year 1808,
+Major Carter built the Zephyr, used in bringing goods, salt, &c., from
+Buffalo. After good service she was laid up in a creek, a little below
+Black Rock, where she was found by the British during the war and burned.
+In 1810, the firm of Bixby & Murray built the Ohio, an important craft of
+somewhere about sixty tons burden, the ship-yard being lower down the
+river than the point from which Johnson's craft was subsequently
+launched. Towards the close of the war she was laid up at Buffalo, when
+the Government purchased her, cut her down, and converted her into a
+pilot boat.
+
+Whilst Johnson was building his vessel another was under construction on
+the flats near the present location of the works of J. G. Hussey & Co. This
+craft, the Lady of the Lake, about thirty tons, was built by Mr. Gaylord,
+brother of the late Mrs. Leonard Case, and was sailed by Captain Stowe,
+between Detroit and Buffalo.
+
+Johnson was now literally embarked on a sea of success. His little ship
+was in immediate requisition for army purposes. Cargoes of army stores
+were transported between Buffalo and Detroit. Two loads of soldiers were
+taken from Buffalo to the command of Major Camp, at Detroit, and on one of
+the return voyages the guns left by Harrison at Maumee were taken to Erie.
+The absconding of a quarter-master with the funds in his possession, among
+other sums three hundred dollars belonging to Johnson, was a serious
+drawback in the Summer's operations.
+
+In the Spring of 1815, he recommenced carrying stores to Malden, reaching
+there on his first trip March 20th, and on this voyage Irad Kelley was a
+passenger. His second trip was made to Detroit. When passing Malden he was
+hailed from the fort, but as he paid no attention, Major Putoff fired a
+shot to make the vessel heave-to and leave the mail. The shot passed
+through the foresail, but was not heeded. A second shot was fired and then
+Johnson considered it prudent to heave-to and go ashore. He was sternly
+questioned as to his inattention to the first orders to heave to, and
+replied that being a young sailor he did not understand how to heave-to.
+The officer told him to bring the mail ashore, but was met with a refusal,
+it being contrary to instructions. Johnson started back to his craft and
+was followed by a party of men from the fort, who manned a boat and gave
+chase. Johnson, on boarding his vessel, spread sail, and being favored
+with a good breeze, drew away from his pursuers and reached Detroit, where
+he placed the mail in the post-office.
+
+During the early part of the war, whilst Johnson was building his vessel
+and in other ways kept busy, he was chosen coroner of Cuyahoga, being the
+first to hold that office in the county. The sparseness of the population
+rendered his duties light, the only inquest during his term of office
+being over the body of an old man frozen to death in Euclid.
+
+Samuel Baldwin was the first sheriff of the county, and Johnson was his
+first deputy. His first experience in office was noticeable. Major
+Jessup, in command of the troops, had brought to Cleveland from
+Pittsburgh a Mr. Robins, who built from thirty to forty flat bottomed
+boats, or batteaux, to be used in the transportation of the troops. The
+Major ran short of funds and left a balance unpaid in the cost of
+construction. Robins brought suit, and the Major, thinking the deputy
+sheriff probably had some unpleasant business for him, studiously avoided
+an interview with Johnson, and whenever they met by chance, pulled out
+his pistols and warned Johnson to keep his distance. It so happened,
+however, that no legal documents had been put in his hands for execution,
+so that the Major was alarmed without cause.
+
+But the groundless scare of the impecunious Major was a trifling affair
+compared with the grand scare that overtook the whole people along the
+lake in the autumn of 1812, at the time of Hull's surrender One day a
+fleet of vessels was seen bearing down upon the coast. It was first
+noticed in the vicinity of Huron by a woman. No sooner had she seen the
+vessels bearing down towards the coast from the westward, than she rushed
+into the house, emptied her feather bed and placed the tick on a horse as
+a pack-saddle; then catching up one child before her and another behind,
+she rode at the top of the animal's speed, thinking torture and death lay
+behind her. Whenever she passed a house she raised an alarm, and at two
+o'clock in the morning, more dead than alive with terror and fatigue, she
+urged her jaded horse into the village of Cleveland, screaming at the top
+of her voice, "The British and Indians are coming! The British and Indians
+are coming!" Men slept lightly at that time, with their senses attent to
+every sound of danger. The shrieks of the woman and the dreaded notice of
+the approach of the merciless foe awoke the whole village and curdled the
+blood of the villagers with horror. In that brief announcement, "The
+British and Indians are coming," were concentrated possibilities of
+frightful outrage, carnage and devastation. Wild with the terror of her
+long and agonized night ride, the woman reiterated her piercing warning
+again and again, filling the air with her shouts. A chorus of voices, from
+the childish treble to the deep bass of the men, swelled the volume of
+sound and added to the confusion and alarm. In a few minutes every house
+was empty, and the entire population of the village swarmed around the
+exhausted woman and heard her brief story, broken by gasps for breath and
+by hysterical sobs. She insisted that a fleet was bearing down upon the
+coast with the purpose of spreading carnage and devastation along the
+whole lake frontier, that the vessels were crowded with British troops and
+merciless savages, and that before long the musket bail, the torch and the
+scalping knife would seek their victims among the inhabitants of
+Cleveland.
+
+At once all was hurry; the entire population prepared for speedy flight.
+The greater part took to the woods in the direction of Euclid, the women
+and children being guarded by some of the men, the others remaining to
+reconnoiter, and, if possible, defend their property. As soon as the
+non-fighting portion of the settlement was cared for, a picked force of
+twenty-five men, contributed by Cleveland, Euclid and Newburgh, marched to
+the mouth of the river and kept guard. It was evening when this little
+army reached the river, and for hours after dark they patrolled the banks,
+listening intently for the approach of the enemy. About two o'clock in the
+morning a vessel was heard entering the river; the guards hastily gathered
+for the attack, but before firing, hailed the supposed foe; an answering
+hail was returned. "Who are you, and what have you on board?" shouted the
+river guards. "An American vessel loaded with Hull's troops!" was the
+reply. The astounded guard burst into laughter at their absurd scare. The
+alarm spread with greater swiftness than the report of the facts, and for
+days armed men came pouring into Cleveland from so far as Pittsburgh,
+prepared to beat back the enemy that existed only in their imagination.
+
+It was during this year that the Indian, Omic, was hung for participating
+in the murder of the trappers, Gibbs and Wood, near Sandusky, in return
+for the shelter given by the trappers to their two murderers. After
+committing the murder, the Indians set fire to the hut, and the flames
+became the instrument of their capture, for some boys returning from Cold
+Creek Mill saw the fire, went to it, and discovered the partly consumed
+bodies of the murdered men. The murderers were demanded from the Indians,
+and Omic was captured by them and surrendered.
+
+The prisoner was lodged in Major Carter's house until the trial which was
+held under a cherry tree at the corner of Water and Superior streets.
+Alfred Kelly prosecuted for the State, and Johnson was one of the jury.
+Omic was convicted and sentenced to be hung. Johnson, who sat on the jury
+that condemned him, was now employed to build the gallows to hang the
+criminal. When Omic was led out by Sheriff Baldwin to execution, he
+remarked that the gallows was too high. He then called for whisky and
+drank half a pint, which loosened his tongue, and he talked rapidly and
+incoherently, threatening to return in two days and wreak his revenge on
+all the pale-faces. More liquor was given him, and he asked for more, but
+Judge Walworth denounced the giving him more, that he might die drunk, as
+an outrage, and his supply of liquor was therefore stopped.
+
+Time being up, Sheriff Baldwin was about to cut the drop-rope, when he
+saw that the condemned man had clutched the rope over his head to save
+his neck from being broken. The Sheriff dismounted from his horse,
+climbed up the gallows and tied the prisoner's hands more firmly behind
+his back. The gallows was braced, and Omic contrived to clutch one of
+the braces with his hands, fastened behind his back as they were, as he
+fell when the drop-rope was cut. He hung in that position for some time,
+until his strength gave way and he swung off. When he had hung
+sufficiently long, the by-standers drew him to the cross-beam of the
+gallows, when the rope broke and the body of the wretched murderer fell
+into his open grave beneath.
+
+In the same year Mr. Johnson was path-master of Cleveland, and he retains
+in his possession the list of names of those who did work on the roads in
+that year, armed with good and sufficient shovels according to law.
+
+Mr. Johnson's success as a ship-builder encouraged him to persevere in
+that business. In the autumn of 1815, he laid down the lines of the
+schooner Neptune, sixty-five tons burden, not far below the neighborhood
+of the Central market. In the following Spring she was launched, and run
+on Lake Erie, her first trip being to Buffalo, whence she returned with a
+cargo of merchandise for Jonathan Williamson, of Detroit. In the Fall of
+that year a half interest in the Neptune was sold to Richard H. Blinn,
+Seth Doan, and Dr. Long. In 1817, she made a trip to Mackinac, for the
+American Fur Company, and remained in that trade until the Fall of 1819.
+
+In the Summer of 1818, Major Edwards, Paymaster Smith, and another army
+officer came to Mackinac on the Tiger, and engaged Mr. Johnson to take
+them to Green Bay, agreeing to pay him three hundred dollars for the trip.
+The same vessel, under Johnson's command, took the first load of troops
+from Green Bay to Chicago, after the massacre, Major Whistler engaging the
+ship for the purpose.
+
+In 1824, Johnson left the Neptune, and in company with Turhooven &
+Brothers, built the steamer Enterprise, about two hundred and twenty
+tons burden. This was the first steam vessel built in Cleveland, and her
+hull was made near the site of the Winslow warehouse. The engine, of
+sixty to seventy horse power, was brought from Pittsburgh. Johnson ran
+her between Buffalo and Detroit until 1828, when hard times coming on
+and business threatening to be unprofitable, he sold his interest in
+her, and left the lakes. In company with Goodman and Wilkeson, he built
+the Commodore, on the Chagrin river, in the year 1830, and that closed
+his ship-building career.
+
+By this time he had accumulated about thirty thousand dollars, a
+respectable fortune in those days, with which he invested largely in real
+estate, and waited the course of events to make his investments
+profitable.
+
+In 1831, he contracted with the Government officers to build the
+light-house on Water street. In 1836, he built a light-house at Sandusky.
+In the following year he constructed seven hundred feet of the stone pier
+on the east side of the Cuyahoga river mouth. The first thing done in the
+latter work was the driving of spiles. Mr. Johnson became dissatisfied
+with the old system of driving spiles by horse-power, and purchased a
+steam engine for four hundred dollars. Making a large wooden wheel he
+rigged it after the style of the present spile-drivers, and in the course
+of two or three weeks, had the satisfaction of seeing the spiles driven
+with greatly increased speed and effect by steam-power.
+
+About 1839, he took his new spile-driver to Maumee Bay and drove about
+nine hundred feet of spiling around Turtle Island, filling the enclosed
+space with earth to the height of three feet, to protect the light-house.
+In 1840, he built the Saginaw light-house, sixty-five feet high, with the
+adjoining dwelling. In 1842-3, he built the light-house on the Western
+Sister Island, at the west end of Lake Erie. In 1847, he completed his
+light-house work by building the Portage River light-house.
+
+Besides his light-house building, Mr. Johnson erected in 1842 his stone
+residence on Water street, and in 1845, the Johnson House hotel on
+Superior street. The stone for the former was brought from Kingston,
+Canada West. In 1853, he built the Johnson Block, on Bank street, and in
+1858, he put up the Marine Block at the mouth of the river. This completed
+his active work.
+
+Since 1858, Mr. Johnson's sole occupation has been the care of his
+property and occasional speculations in real estate. By a long life of
+activity and prudence, and by the steady rise in real estate, he is now
+possessed of personal and landed property to the value of about six
+hundred thousand dollars, having come to the city with no other capital
+than his kit of tools, a strong arm, and an energetic purpose. Though
+eighty-three years of age, his health is good, his memory remarkably
+active, and all his faculties unimpaired. He has two sons and one daughter
+yet living, having lost two children. He has had nine grandchildren, and
+five great-grandchildren.
+
+
+
+
+Noble H. Merwin.
+
+
+
+In classifying the early commercial men of Cleveland, the name of Noble H.
+Merwin is justly entitled to stand among the first on the list. In fact he
+was the founder and father of her commerce, and a man not only noble in
+name, but noble in character.
+
+He was born in New Milford, Ct., in 1782, received a good common school
+education, and married Minerva Buckingham, of that town. Soon after the
+war of 1812, he went to Georgia and there engaged in mercantile pursuits,
+having established a store at Savannah and also at Milledgeville. He came
+to Cleveland in 1815. His family rejoined him at Cleveland in February,
+1816. In coming from Georgia they crossed the Alleghanies, and were six
+weeks in accomplishing the journey, having traveled all the way in wagons.
+The two elder children were born at New Milford, the other four at
+Cleveland. The oldest son, George B. Merwin, of Rockport, is now the only
+surviving member of the family.
+
+After the family arrived at Cleveland, Mr. Merwin engaged in keeping a
+public house or tavern, as it was then designated, on the corner of
+Superior street and Vineyard lane, and about the same time established a
+warehouse at the foot of Superior street and commenced his career in the
+commerce of the lakes. He built the schooner Minerva, which was the first
+vessel registered at Washington, from the District of Cuyahoga, under the
+U. S. Revenue Laws. For many years Mr. Merwin, under contracts with the
+Government, furnished the supplies required at the U. S. Garrisons on the
+western frontiers, at Fort Gratiot, Mackinaw, Sault St. Marie, Green Bay
+and Chicago, as well as the Hudson Bay Company at the Sault St. Marie.
+
+In a commercial point of view his business became extensive for those
+times, and he enjoyed the entire confidence of the Government and of
+business men generally throughout the lake country. He succeeded in
+accumulating a handsome fortune, which consisted mostly in vessel stocks
+and in lands. He owned a large breadth of lands, extending from the south
+side of Superior street to the river, which, since his time, has become
+exceedingly valuable.
+
+But owing mainly to over-work in the various departments of his
+increasing business, while he was yet in the noon of manhood, his
+health became seriously impaired, and with a view to recruit it he
+sailed for the West Indies in 1829, and on the 3d day of November, of
+that year, died of consumption, at the Island of St. Thomas, in the 47th
+year of his age. He was a gentleman of fine personal appearance,
+measuring six feet and four inches in height, erect and well
+proportioned. In a word, he was a man of heart, and of generous
+impulses, honest, frank and cordial. In the circle in winch he moved, he
+was the friend of everybody and everybody was his friend.
+
+
+
+
+John Blair.
+
+
+
+The race of men who remember Cleveland in the day of its small beginnings,
+is fast passing away. Of those who were residents of the little village on
+the Cuyahoga fifty years ago, only about half a dozen now live in the
+flourishing city that occupies its site and inherits its name. One of
+these is John Blair, well known to all the Clevelanders of ante-railroad
+days, but who is probably a mere name to a large proportion of those who
+have crowded into the city of late years. Mr. Blair is one of the few
+remaining links that connect the rude village in the forest with the
+modern Forest City.
+
+John Blair was born in Maryland on the 18th of December, 1793. His early
+years were spent in farming, but at the age of twenty-three he dropped the
+hoe and turned his back to the plow, resolving to come west and seek his
+fortune. From the time that he shook from his feet the dirt of the
+Maryland farm, he says, he has never done a whole day's work, at one time,
+at manual labor.
+
+In 1819, he reached Cleveland, then an insignificant village of about a
+hundred and fifty inhabitants, who dwelt mostly in log houses, grouped at
+the foot of Superior street. At the corner of Water street and what is now
+Union lane, stood the pioneer hotel of Cleveland, the tavern of Major
+Carter, where good accommodations for man and beast were always to be
+found. The young Maryland adventurer was not overburdened with wealth when
+he landed in his future home, his entire cash capital being three dollars.
+But it was no discredit in those days to be poor, and three dollars was a
+fine capital to start business upon. In fact sonic of the then "old
+settlers," would have been glad to possess so much capital in ready money
+as a reserve fund.
+
+But even in those days of primitive simplicity, three dollars would not
+support a man for any great length of time if there were no other sources
+of supply. Mr. Blair recognized the fact that no time must be wasted, and
+at once turned his attention to a chance for speculation. An opportunity
+immediately offered itself. An old Quaker, with speculation in his eye,
+entered Cleveland with two hundred and fifty fat hogs, expecting to find a
+good market. In this he was mistaken, and as hogs on foot were expensive
+to hold over for a better market, he determined to convert them into salt
+pork. Mr. Blair offered to turn pork-packer for a proper consideration;
+the offer was accepted, and this was Mr. Blair's first step in business.
+
+Pork-packing, as a steady business, offered but little inducement, so Mr.
+Blair decided on establishing himself on the river as produce dealer and
+commission merchant. The capital required was small, and the work not
+exhaustive, for the facilities for shipping were slight and the amount to
+be shipped small; warehouses were of the most modest dimensions, and
+docks existed only in imagination. When the shipping merchant had a
+consignment to put on board one of the diminutive vessels that at
+intervals found their way into the port, the stuff was put on a flat boat
+and poled or rowed to the vessel's side, Business was conducted in a very
+leisurely manner, there being no occasion for hurry, and everybody
+concerned being willing to make the most of what little business there
+was. The slow moving Pennsylvania Dutch who had formed settlements in
+northeastern Ohio, and drove their wide wheeled wagons along the
+sometimes seemingly bottomless roads to Cleveland, plowed through the mud
+on the river bank in search of "de John Blair vat kips de white fishes,"
+and after much chaffer, unloaded the flour and wheat from their wagons,
+and loaded up with fish and salt, sometimes giving three barrels of flour
+for one barrel of salt.
+
+In 1827, the Ohio Canal was partially opened to Cleveland, and a
+revolution in trade was effected. The interior of the State was soon
+brought into communication with the enterprising merchants on Lake Erie
+and the Ohio river. Mr. Blair was prompt to avail himself of the
+opportunity to increase his trade. He built the first canal boat
+constructed in Cleveland, and launched her in 1828, near the site of the
+present Stone Mill, amid the plaudits of all the people of the village,
+who had turned out to witness the launching. As soon as the craft settled
+herself proudly on the bosom of the canal, Mr. Blair invited the
+spectators of the launch to come on board, and, with a good team of horses
+for motive power, the party were treated to an excursion as far as Eight
+Mile Lock and return, the whole day being consumed in the journey.
+Subsequently Mr. Blair became interested, with others, in a line of twelve
+boats, employing nearly one hundred horses to work them.
+
+From this time Cleveland continued to grow and prosper. The products of
+the interior were brought in a steadily increasing stream to Cleveland by
+the canal, and shipped to Detroit, then the great mart of the western
+lakes. A strong tide of emigration had set towards Northern Michigan, and
+those seeking homes there had to be fed mainly by Ohio produce, for which
+Michigan fish and furs were given in exchange. But the opening of the
+Erie Canal placed a new market within reach, and Mr. Blair was among the
+first to take Ohio flour to New York, selling it there at fourteen
+dollars the barrel.
+
+In 1845, Mr. Blair, then in the prime of his vigor, being but fifty-two
+years old, resolved to quit a business in which he had been uniformly
+successful, and spend the remainder of his life in enjoying what he had
+acquired by diligence and enterprise. He was then the oldest merchant in
+the city, having been in business over a quarter of a century. For the
+past twenty-four years he has taken life easy, which he has been able to
+do from the sensible step he adopted of quitting active business before it
+wore him out. At the age of seventy-five he is still hale, hearty and
+vigorous, looking younger than his actual years, and possessing that great
+desideratum, a sound mind in a sound body.
+
+
+
+
+Philo Scovill.
+
+
+
+Familiar as is the name of Philo Scovill, but few of our citizens are
+aware that he was one of Cleveland's earliest merchants. It appears that
+circumstances, not altogether the choice of Mr. Scovill, induced him to
+come to Cleveland with a stock of drugs and groceries. His father was a
+millwright, and had brought up his son to the use of tools. He had no
+taste for his new calling, and so worked out of the store-keeping as
+speedily as possible, and commenced the erection of dwellings and stores
+in the then new country, being only second in the trade here to Levi
+Johnson. He continued in the building business until 1826, when he erected
+the Franklin House, on Superior street, on the next lot but one to the
+site of the Johnson House. Mr. Scovill at once became the landlord, and
+continued as such for twenty-three years, excepting an interval of a five
+years' lease.
+
+About 1849, he left the hotel business to attend to his real estate
+interests. He was successful in his hotel business; and from time to time
+invested his surplus capital in lands adjacent to the city, which, within
+the last few years have become exceedingly valuable. Streets have been
+laid out upon his property, and inducements offered to settlers that
+insured a ready sale, and materially aided the growth of the city.
+
+Mr. Scovill, as a man, has enjoyed the confidence of his fellow citizens
+to an unusual degree. He was hardworking, resolute, and exactly fitted by
+nature for the pioneer life of his choice, a life that, though toilsome,
+has left him still hale and vigorous, with the exception of the fruits of
+overwork, and perhaps exposure, in the form of rheumatism.
+
+Mr. Scovill was born in Salisbury, Ct., November 30, 1791. He lived at
+that place until he was nine years of age, when his father moved to
+Cornwall, in the same county; thence to Shenango county, and from thence
+to Seneca county, N. Y. Here he lived on the banks of Seneca Lake nine
+years. After that he lived in Buffalo one year, from which point he came
+to Cleveland, as before stated.
+
+Mr. Scovill was married February 16, 1819, to Miss Jemima Beebe. Mrs. S.
+is still living and enjoying excellent health.
+
+
+
+
+Melancthon Barnett.
+
+
+
+He who has had occasion to traverse Bank street many times, or to pass
+along Superior at the head of Bank, must have become familiar with the
+figure of a hale old gentleman, to be seen frequently on sunny days,
+standing on the steps of the Merchants Bank, or passing along Bank street
+between the bank and his residence, beyond Lake street. His clothes are
+not of showy material or fashionable cut, one hand is generally employed
+in holding a clay pipe, from which he draws comfort and inspiration, and
+which rarely leaves his lips when on the street, except to utter some bit
+of dry humor, in which he especially delights. That is Melancthon Barnett,
+one of the "oldest inhabitants" of the Forest City, and whose well known
+figure and quaint jokes will be missed by his many friends out of doors,
+as will his wise counsels within the bank parlor, when death shall at
+length summon him to leave his wonted haunts.
+
+Mr. Barnett was born in Amenia, Dutchess county, New York, in 1789. At six
+years old he was taken with the remainder of the family to Oneida county,
+where he remained until 1812, when he removed to New Hartford, near Utica,
+and remained two years as clerk in a store. From that place he went to
+Cherry Valley, Otsego County, where he went as partner in the mercantile
+business, and continued there until 1825. In that year Mr. May came west
+to Cleveland for the purpose of opening a store, and Mr. Barnett came with
+him as clerk. In course of time he was advanced to the position of
+partner, and continued in business until 1834, when May and Barnett wound
+up their affairs as merchants, and became speculators in land. Their real
+estate business was carried on successfully for many years, the steady
+growth of the town making their investments profitable.
+
+In 1843, Mr. Barnett was elected Treasurer of Cuyahoga county, and proved
+himself one of the most capable and scrupulously honest officers the
+county has ever had. He held the position six years, and the business not
+occupying his entire time, he also filled the office of Justice of the
+Peace, continuing his real estate transactions at the same time.
+
+At the close of his career as a public officer he was elected Director of
+the City Bank, with which he has remained to the present time, rarely, if
+ever, being absent during the business hours of the bank.
+
+Mr. Barnett was married May 15, 1815, to Miss Mary Clark, at Cherry
+Valley. Mrs. Barnett died April 21, 1840, in Cleveland, having borne five
+children. Only two of these yet live, the oldest, Augustus, being in the
+leather business at Watertown, Wisconsin, and the younger, James, in the
+hardware business in Cleveland. The latter is well known for his brilliant
+services at the head of the Ohio Artillery during the war, in Western
+Virginia and Tennessee, and no name is cherished with greater pride in
+Cleveland than that of General James Barnett.
+
+
+
+
+Joel Scranton.
+
+
+
+Joel Scranton, whose name is associated with much of the history of
+Cleveland, during the period when it grew from a small village to a city
+well on the way to permanent prosperity, was born in Belchertown, Mass.,
+April 5, 1792. Whilst yet a child his parents removed with him to Otsego
+county, N. Y., where a considerable portion of his early life was spent.
+About the year 1820 he removed to Cleveland, where he engaged in business
+and remained until his death, of apoplexy, on the 9th of April, 1858,
+having just completed his sixty-sixth year.
+
+In the later years of the village of Cleveland and the early days of the
+city, Mr. Scranton's leather and dry goods store, at the corner of
+Superior and Water streets, was a well known business landmark. In the
+prosecution of his business he succeeded in saving a comfortable
+competence, which was increased by his judicious investments in real
+estate. These last have, by the rapid growth of the city, and increase in
+value since his death, become highly valuable property.
+
+Mr. Scranton was industrious, economical, and judicious in business
+transactions; of strong mind and well balanced judgment; a kind parent and
+a firm friend.
+
+
+
+
+Orlando Cutter.
+
+
+
+Orlando Cutter first beheld the harbor and city of Cleveland on the 30th
+of June, 1818, having spent nine dismal days on the schooner Ben Franklin,
+in the passage from Black Rock. He was landed in a yawl, at the mouth of
+the river, near a bluff that stood where the Toledo Railroad Machine Shops
+have since been built, about seventy-five rods west of the present
+entrance to the harbor. In those days the river entrance was of a very
+unreliable character, being sometimes entirely blocked up with sand, so
+that people walked across. It was no uncommon thing for people to ride
+over, or jump the outlet with the help of a pole.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Mr. Cutter walked along the beach and on the old road to Water street,
+and thence in a broiling sun to the frame tavern of Noble H. Merwin, on
+Vineyard lane, near Superior street. Here he was first introduced to Philo
+Scovill, a robust young carpenter, who was hewing timber for Merwin's new
+brick tavern, afterwards called the Mansion House.
+
+Mr. Cutter had experienced what our city boys would regard as a rough
+beginning in life. At sixteen he went into a store at Royalton,
+Massachusetts, at a salary of _four dollars a month_ and board; and at the
+end of a year had saved one dollar and a half. His pay being increased to
+one hundred dollars for the next year, he ventured upon the luxury of a
+pair of boots. In September, 1815, having proven his mettle as an active,
+capable and honest young man, he was translated to a large jobbing house,
+on Cornhill, Boston, the salary being board and clothing. Having been born
+at Jeffrey, New Hampshire, June 5, 1797, at the end of three years
+apprenticeship in the Boston establishment, he arrived at the age of
+twenty-one, and became his own master. The firm offered him a credit for
+dry goods to the amount of $10,000, with which to go west and seek his
+fortune, but before accepting the offer he concluded to go and see if he
+could find a suitable place for trade, but as he had no money, it was
+necessary to borrow $400 for the expenses of the trip. With a pair of well
+filled saddlebags as an outfit, he started, and in due time arrived at
+Black Rock, and from thence proceeded, as above narrated, to Cleveland, on
+a tour of examination.
+
+Cleveland had then about two hundred inhabitants, and four stores. Water
+street was cleared out sufficiently for the purposes of travel to the
+lake. It was also prepared for a race course--for which purpose it was
+used for a number of years.
+
+Twenty or thirty German teams from Pennsylvania, Stark, Wayne and other
+counties, laden with flour, each team having from four to six horses,
+encamped in Superior street at night, and gave Cleveland such a business
+appearance that Mr. Cutter took a fancy to it.
+
+After two weeks, Mr. Cutter set sail in the schooner Wasp for Sandusky,
+where there was a natural harbor, and from thence in the Fire Fly, for
+Detroit. But his thoughts reverted to Cleveland, and forming a partnership
+with Messrs. Mack & Conant, of Detroit, the firm purchased twenty
+thousand dollars worth of dry goods, groceries, and a general assortment
+for an extensive establishment here.
+
+In February, 1820, he married Miss Phelps, of Painesville, Ohio, who died
+in 1829, two of whose children are now living. His competitors in business
+were Nathan Perry, J. R. & I. Kelly, S. S. Dudley and Dr. David Long. It
+was only about a year after he opened in Cleveland when Mack & Conant
+failed, throwing the Cleveland purchase entirely upon him. After ten years
+of hard work, and close application, he paid off the whole, but at the
+close it left him only five hundred dollars in old goods. Ohio currency
+was not exactly money in those days. It was at a discount of twenty-five
+to thirty per cent. for eastern funds. There was, moreover, little of it,
+and there were stay laws, and the appraisal of personal, as well as real
+estate, under execution, rendering collections almost impossible. To
+illustrate: a man in Middleburg, Cuyahoga county, Ohio, owed Mr. Cutter
+seventy-five dollars. He went to attend the constable's sale, and found
+among the effects a dog appraised at ten dollars; rails ten cents each,
+and a watch worth five dollars valued at twenty dollars, so he left the
+place in disgust and hurried home, through the woods, in no placid frame
+of mind. Of four new shoes put on his horse that morning, three had been
+torn off by the mud, roots, and corduroy between Cleveland and Middleburg.
+
+After closing up the old business, he posted books or turned his hand
+to whatever employment presented itself. Inactivity and despondency
+formed no part of his character. About 1827, there was a temporary
+business connection between himself and Thos. M. Kelly, after which he
+started again alone, adding the auction and commission business to that
+of a merchant.
+
+Mr. Cutter, in November, 1832, was married to Miss Hilliard, sister of the
+late Richard Hilliard. Of this marriage there are seven children now
+living, most of them settled in the city. William L. is cashier of the
+Merchants National Bank; Edwin succeeded his father two years since at the
+old auction store in Bank street, and R. H. is the principal partner of
+Cutter & Co., upholsterers.
+
+Going east in the Fall of 1821, Mr. Cutter, on his return, preferred the
+staunch steamer Walk-in-the-Water, to the Wasps, Fire Flies and Franklins,
+on board of which he had experienced so many buffetings. George Williams
+and John S. Strong were also of the same mind. These three old settlers,
+and about seventy others, went on board at Black Rock, in the afternoon.
+Eight yoke of oxen were required to assist the engines in getting her over
+the rapids into the open lake. In the night a furious gale arose, Capt.
+Rogers put back, but not being able to get into Buffalo Creek, came to
+anchor near its mouth. Being awfully sea sick, Mr. Cutter lay below,
+little caring where the Walk-in-the-Water went to. Her anchor, however,
+parted before morning, and she went ashore sidewise, on an easy sand
+beach, without loss of life.
+
+This year completes his semi-centennial as a citizen of Cleveland, yet he
+is still hale and vigorous. He has gone through revulsions, and has
+enjoyed prosperity with equal equanimity, never indulging in idleness or
+ease, and has now come to a ripe old age possessed of an ample competence.
+
+
+
+
+Peter Martin Weddell.
+
+
+
+One of the most noted historical and topographical landmarks of Cleveland
+is the Weddell House. Its builder was one of the most valuable citizens of
+the Forest City.
+
+Mr. P. M. Weddell was born in Westmoreland county, Pennsylvania, in 1788.
+His father died before his birth, and his mother, marrying again, removed
+to Paris, Bourbon county, Kentucky, the State at that time deserving its
+sobriquet of the "dark and bloody ground," as the contest with the native
+savages was carried on with relentless fury on both sides. Under such
+circumstances it may well be supposed that he grew up with few educational
+or other advantages, and that his youth was one of vicissitudes and
+hardships.
+
+At the age of fourteen he applied at a store for employment, what surplus
+clothing and effects he then possessed being carelessly flung over his
+shoulders. He promised to do any work they were pleased to set him at, and
+he thought he could satisfy them. This broad pledge was so well kept that
+at the age of nineteen he was made a partner. This partnership was soon
+closed by the death of the old member.
+
+Young Weddell, with a vigorous body, good habits, a clear judgment, and
+some money, removed to Newark, Ohio, during the war of 1812. While he was
+successfully trading there, Miss Sophia Perry, of Cleveland, was sent to
+her friends at Newark for greater safety, and to acquire an education.
+She was but little past fifteen when she consented to be Mrs. Weddell, and
+they were married in November, 1815.
+
+In 1820, Mr. Weddell removed from Newark to Cleveland and established
+himself in business on Superior street, taking a stand at once among the
+leading merchants of the place, a position he retained as long as he
+continued in business.
+
+In 1823, Mrs. Weddell died, leaving three children, of whom H. P. Weddell
+is the only survivor. A portrait of her, by Peale, still remains in the
+family house, which confirms the remembrances of her friends that she
+possessed many charms both of person and of disposition. In the
+following year Mr. Weddell married Mrs. Eliza A. Bell, of Newark, who is
+still living, and whom every old citizen of Cleveland well knows and
+sincerely respects.
+
+In 1825, he formed a partnership with Mr. Edmund Clade, from Buffalo, and
+retired from active participation in business. In 1828, the partnership
+was dissolved. Three years afterwards he took into partnership with him
+his two clerks, Greenup C. Woods, his half brother, and Dudley Baldwin,
+the firm name being P. M. Weddell & Co. The firm lasted but four years,
+when Mr. Woods established himself in Newark, and Messrs. Weddell and
+Baldwin continued the business together until 1845.
+
+When Mr. Weddell commenced his mercantile life it was no child's play.
+At that time there were no canals or railroads to facilitate
+commerce--scarcely were there any roads at all--specie was the only
+currency west of the mountains, and that had to be carried across the
+mountains from Pittsburgh on the backs of mules, and the merchandise
+returned in the same way. Long after, when traveling over the
+Alleghanies with a friend, Mr. Weddell frequently pointed to places on
+the road which he remembered, and of which he related interesting
+anecdotes. Several merchants would travel together and sometimes they
+would have guards, as the lonely uninhabited mountains were not
+altogether safe even in those days.
+
+In 1823, Mr. Weddell built what was regarded as a princely brick residence
+and store on the corner of Superior and Bank streets, afterwards the site
+of the Weddell House. His surplus funds were invested in real estate,
+which soon began to increase in value at an astonishing rate, as the city
+grew in population and importance. On one of his lots upon Euclid street
+he built the stone cottage which he designed as a country retreat, and
+after his taking his clerks into partnership, he left the store mainly to
+their management, devoting his attention to the purchase and improvement
+of real estate, being generally regarded as a gentleman of wealth.
+
+In the Spring of 1845 he began work upon the Weddell House, tearing away
+the store and mansion, where his fortune had been made. It was finished in
+two years. He then made a journey to New York to purchase furniture. On
+the way home he was attacked by typhoid fever, and in three weeks was in
+his grave.
+
+As a merchant, Mr. Weddell had few superiors. His urbanity, industry,
+and care made him popular, successful, and safe, while his integrity and
+his liberality were well known to his correspondents and to all the
+religious and benevolent institutions of the times.
+
+He was always willing and ready to aid and assist his young men; when he
+found one correct and capable he never refused a helping hand. Very few of
+his day were so liberal in this respect, or could point to so many who
+became prominent merchants by their aid as could Mr. Weddell.
+
+At his death, Mr. Weddell was a man of such personal energy and business
+capacity, that he had promise of twenty more years of active life. Soon
+after the Rev. S. G. Aiken became pastor of the old Stone Church, Mr.
+Weddell became a communicant, and he died in the Christian faith. He
+bequeathed to the American Board of Foreign Missions the sum of five
+thousand dollars; to the Home Missionary Society five thousand dollars,
+and several other bequests amounting to some thousands to other benevolent
+institutions.
+
+
+
+
+Dudley Baldwin
+
+
+
+In 1819, Dudley Baldwin came to Cleveland from Ballston, New York, having
+as his principal capital a fair common school education. In course of time
+be found employment in the mercantile store of Mr. Weddell, and became one
+of his trusted clerks, being, after a few years, taken into partnership.
+The death of Mr. Weddell in 1847, terminated a connection that had existed
+pleasantly for over twenty years.
+
+For the next few years Mr. Baldwin was chiefly engaged in closing up the
+affairs of Mr. Weddell, after which he engaged for a time in the
+manufacture of agricultural implements, until, from ill heath, he was
+compelled to relinquish business and seek restoration of health by travel
+and in quiet retirement.
+
+Mr. Baldwin was identified with the Cleveland and Mahoning Railroad from
+its inception, and during the darkest days of the undertaking he stood
+firmly by it, in connection with the other directors, never losing faith
+in its ultimate success--a success he has lived to see perfected. He has
+also, for a number of years, been a director of the Commercial Bank of
+Cleveland.
+
+In religious principles Mr. Baldwin is a Presbyterian, and has long
+been connected with the Euclid street Presbyterian Church. He is known
+to all his acquaintances as a man of quiet unassuming manners, and of
+sterling worth.
+
+
+
+
+Norman C. Baldwin.
+
+
+
+Very many of those who settled on the Western Reserve, in the early days
+of its history, came from Connecticut, and the fact of so many Connecticut
+families being already here induced considerable emigration from that
+State long after the first rush was over. Among others of Connecticut
+birth who found their way eventually to Cleveland, was Norman C. Baldwin,
+born at Litchfield, July 29th, 1802, and spending his early years in the
+struggles which so many of the New England families of limited resources
+had to pass through in the early portion of the present century.
+
+Whilst yet but a mere child he assisted his father in the work of the
+farm, but being left fatherless at the age of eight, he was sent two years
+afterwards to work in his cousin's store, where he remained four years. In
+his fourteenth year he left Litchfield for New Haven, where he found
+employment for a year with a provision packer.
+
+At that time his mother joined the stream of emigration setting towards
+the Ohio, and with her came her children. Stopping at Hudson, Summit
+county, young Baldwin commenced trading on his own account, and built up
+a good business, which he managed alone for eighteen months and then
+formed a partnership with two of his brothers, the partnership lasting
+eight years. Then the firm was dissolved and Norman C. came to
+Cleveland, where he formed a partnership with Noble H. Merwin in the
+general produce business.
+
+In 1830, the firm of Giddings, Baldwin & Co., which had succeeded that of
+Merwin & Baldwin, contained seven partners, of whom Mr. Baldwin is the
+only survivor. The business was mainly forwarding and commission, the
+forwarding being mostly by canal. The firm was one of the most important
+on the lakes, owning a line of boats, the Troy and Erie, from Portsmouth,
+on the Ohio river, to New York In those days the canal lines carried
+passengers as well as freight, the boats usually taking about thirty
+passengers and one thousand bushels of wheat. For emigrants, of whom many
+were pouring into the West, special boats were fitted up with
+accommodations, such as they were, for about a hundred and fifty
+passengers. In 1836, Mr. Baldwin left the mercantile business altogether,
+and thereafter devoted his attention to operations in real estate.
+
+As illustrating the growth of the city and the consequent increasing value
+of city property, Mr. Baldwin relates having purchased in 1833 three
+parcels of land, neither of which cost over two thousand dollars, which
+are now estimated to be worth half a million of dollars each. In 1831, he
+was offered, in the course of his operations, a strip of land fronting on
+Superior street and running back to the canal, with a comfortable frame
+house thereon, for one thousand dollars. The price looked high and Mr.
+Baldwin, distrusting his own judgment, consulted 'Squire Cowles, then a
+prominent attorney. Mr. Cowles hesitated, thought the investment somewhat
+risky, although they might live to see the land worth thirty dollars a
+foot front. Heeding his own fears, which were not abated by the doubtful
+opinion of his adviser, Mr. Baldwin refused to purchase. That same land is
+worth now not merely thirty dollars a foot, but equivalent to three or
+four thousand dollars a foot front.
+
+As showing the condition of the roads around Cleveland, and the mode of
+traveling in the early days of its history, it is narrated by Mr. Baldwin,
+that when living in Hudson he was fond of good horses and kept a team of
+which he was proud. The distance between Hudson and Cleveland was but
+twenty-four miles, but that distance had never been done in one day by any
+team. Mr. Baldwin thought the time had come for performing the feat, and
+accordingly set out on the journey. Just at tea time he drew rein in front
+of Merwin's tavern, at the corner of Superior street and Vineyard lane,
+and shouted to the landlord. The guests had just seated themselves to tea
+when Mr. Merwin rushed into the room in a state of great excitement,
+exclaiming, "For God's sake, gentlemen, come out and see a team that has
+been driven from Hudson to-day!" The guests left the table in a hurry and
+rushed to the door, scarcely crediting their own eyes.
+
+Mr. Baldwin was married in 1829, and lost his wife in the Spring of 1867.
+Of this marriage there are now six children living and three dead. One
+son, Norman A., is engaged in agriculture in the neighborhood of the city.
+
+
+
+
+Leverett Alcott.
+
+
+
+Leverett Alcott was born in Walcott, New Haven county, Connecticut, in
+1820. From early boyhood his taste was for mercantile pursuits. At the age
+of seventeen he obtained a position in an extensive country store at
+Bristol Basin, on the Farmington Canal, (now Plainville.) By diligence and
+perseverance, he was soon promoted from the duties of errand boy to a
+responsible position, and in course of time stood at the head of all the
+clerks in the establishment.
+
+For the benefit of neophytes in commercial life, it may not be
+uninteresting to state how boys were made merchants in those days, and the
+remuneration they received for services. They were not (as is too often
+the case at the present time) transformed in a few months from crude green
+boys to merchants, but were obliged to learn the business by actual
+experience. An arrangement was made in this case for three years, on the
+following conditions: fifty dollars for the first year, seventy-five
+dollars for the second year, and one hundred dollars for the third and
+last year, with board in his employer's family. With this modest salary it
+required the utmost care and rigid economy to clothe and keep himself; but
+where there's a will there's a way, and the economy thus practiced in
+early life was no detriment in laying the foundation for a sound business
+career in after life. After having fulfilled his engagement with his
+employer, he spent some three years of mercantile life at the South, but
+the customs of the country, and the barbarous system of slavery were so
+repulsive to his feelings that he abandoned that field for the more
+congenial and prospectively profitable activities of the West, and in
+December, 1842, landed at Medina, in this State. In the Spring of 1845, a
+mercantile copartnership was formed with Mr. Augustus W. North, under the
+firm name of North & Alcott. During the subsequent Fall he married Miss
+Mary A. Williams, with the view of permanently settling at that place, but
+the mercantile prospects, and the growth of the town not appearing
+satisfactory to his views, the firm of North & Alcott was dissolved and
+the business discontinued, to be reconstructed and opened in a wider field
+and on a broader basis. Accordingly, in the Spring of 1849, (just twenty
+years ago,) a business arrangement was entered into with his present
+partner, Mr. Burrett W. Horton, a former school mate, under the firm name
+of Alcott & Horton. The business was to be the retailing of dry goods, and
+located at 177 Superior street, in Harrington's Block. The beginning was a
+moderate one, with a very limited capital, but what was lacking in capital
+was made up in energy, industry and perseverance. At first a retail trade
+only was contemplated, which was continued some four years, when the rapid
+growth of the city and increase of business induced them to open a
+wholesale department in the lofts of their store. Subsequently they closed
+their retail business and occupied the whole building for their jobbing
+trade; but their apartments were soon found to be too strait for their
+rapidly growing trade, and in August, 1855, they removed to the large new
+store, No. 141, in Clark's Block.
+
+Mr. Alcott has a knowledge of human nature that imparts a keen perception
+of the character and motives of men, and hence, almost instinctively knows
+whom to trust. He is also quick in forming his judgment, ready in the
+adaptation of means to secure an end, vigorously prosecutes his plans, and
+seldom fails of a successful issue.
+
+In a young and vigorous country like the United States, where so many
+opportunities are offered to ambition and laudable enterprise, and where
+too often, everything else but gold is lost sight of, it is refreshing to
+find some among our heaviest merchants, who recognize the fact, that man
+"cannot live by bread alone." Mr. Alcott, through all his active life has
+found time to attend to his religious duties. He has been for a long time
+connected with the Second Presbyterian Church, and for many years one of
+its elders. He was formerly President of the Young Men's Christian
+Association; actively engaged in missionary Sunday School work in the
+city--taking a lively interest in all Christian labor; a ready and willing
+giver toward public improvements, and all benevolent enterprises.
+
+
+
+
+Richard Winslow.
+
+
+
+On the evening of Sunday, August 9th, 1857, died, at nearly the ripe age
+of eighty-eight, Richard Winslow, the father of the Winslow family that
+have filled so important a place in the commercial and shipping history of
+Cleveland.
+
+Mr. Winslow was born in Falmouth, Maine, September 6th, 1769, being
+descended in a direct line from Knelm Winslow, brother of Governor Edward
+Winslow, who played so important a part in the early history of Plymouth
+colony. In 1812, Mr. Winslow removed to North Carolina, where he lived
+for fourteen years, at Ocracoke, becoming largely interested in commerce,
+both internal and marine. Soon after his removal to that State, he
+married Miss Mary Nash Grandy, of Camden, N. C., who became the mother of
+eleven children, of whom but four, N. C., H. J., R. K., and Edward, are now
+alive. Mrs. Winslow died October, 1858, having survived her husband a
+little over one year.
+
+In 1830, he decided to leave North Carolina and try his fortune in the
+West. A preliminary tour of observation brought him to Cleveland, then
+lively with business, and more lively still with expectancy of business to
+come from the completion of the canal, then in partial operation. Like
+many who preceded, and more who followed him, Mr. Winslow was struck with
+the natural advantages of Cleveland and concluded to try his fortunes
+here. The site of what is now known as the "Winslow warehouse," on the
+river, was owned by C. M. Giddings and Captain Belden, and a building was
+then in course of erection on it. Mr. Winslow purchased the property. He
+had strong faith in the growth of the city, but others did not have it to
+the same extent, and he was strongly urged not to attempt business so far
+down the river, where it was impossible that trade would ever reach him.
+
+Immediately on concluding his purchase, he went to the eastern cities,
+where he purchased a large stock of teas and groceries, which he sent with
+his son, N. C., to Cleveland in the Fall. The stock arrived in December and
+was at once opened on Superior street, opposite Union lane. In the
+following May, Mr. Winslow followed with his family, purchased a lot on
+the south-east corner of the Public Square, and contracted with Levi
+Johnson for the erection of the house that was occupied by the Winslow
+family until the death of Mr. Winslow.
+
+Unlike most of the early settlers in Cleveland, Mr. Winslow came with
+capital to invest at once in business, and by prudent management and far
+seeing enterprise that capital rapidly increased. He soon became agent for
+a line of vessels between Buffalo and Cleveland, and also of a line of
+canal boats. The first step toward his own shipping interests here, which
+subsequently assumed such proportions, was commenced by building the brig
+North Carolina. A few years later he was interested in building the
+steamer Bunker Hill, of 456 tons, which at that time was considered a very
+large size. To these were added, by himself and his sons, so many other
+lake craft that the family ranked among the foremost, if not the very
+foremost ship-owners on the chain of lakes, their sail vessels, propellers
+and steam-tugs being found everywhere on the western lake waters.
+
+In 1854, Mr. Winslow retired from business, leaving his interest to be
+carried on by his sons, who inherited their father's business qualities.
+In his retirement, as in his active business life, he enjoyed the
+friendship of a very large social circle, to whom his frank, generous
+manners, warm attachments, and spotless honor commended him. He was a
+favorable specimen of the old school gentleman, warm and impulsive in his
+nature, quick to conceive and prompt to act, cordial in his greeting,
+strong in his attachments, and courteous to all.
+
+His death was accelerated by an accident which seriously injured a leg he
+had badly injured several years before. To the last he preserved his
+faculties and his cheerfulness, and but for the injuries he had received
+would probably have lived for many years longer.
+
+He was no politician, never sought office, but at the same time took a
+keen interest in public affairs, and did not neglect his duties or
+privileges as a citizen.
+
+The three brothers in active conduct of the large marine interests known
+as the Winslows', are distributed as follows: N. C. at Buffalo, H. J. at
+New York, and R. K. at Cleveland, all of whom have been eminently
+successful.
+
+
+
+
+Richard Hilliard.
+
+
+
+Amongst Cleveland's earliest merchants who have already passed away, none
+deserve more honorable mention than Richard Hilliard. Like nearly all our
+men of mark, in early life he was obliged to sail against wind and tide.
+He was born at Chatham, New York, July 3, 1797. His father, David
+Hilliard, died when Richard was 14 years of age, he being at the time
+serving an apprenticeship with a hatter named Dore, at Albany. He was a
+lad of superior organization, and so, although obedient and obliging, had
+an extreme distaste for drudgery. A son of Mr. Dore one day threw down a
+pair of boots, saying, "Clean those boots Dick," when the lad concluded he
+would not do it, and at once prepared to leave for parts unknown. None of
+his friends knew of his whereabouts for several months, but at length
+learned he was at Skaneateles, with an older brother. Here he remained
+until he was about 18 years of age, being employed at clerking and school
+teaching, and ever mindful of his widowed mother and fatherless sisters.
+
+From Skaneateles he removed to Black Rock and engaged himself as clerk to
+Mr. John Daly, a general merchant at that place. The young man soon gained
+the confidence of his employer and was admitted as a partner without
+capital. After a year or two, the firm moved to Cleveland, as a place of
+greater promise for trade. This occurred in 1824. They at once commenced
+business in the same line here on the site of the present Atwater Block,
+in a frame building of two compartments, one of which was used for dry
+goods, and the other for groceries. Mr. Daly was not an active partner in
+the business here, having given the entire management to Mr. Hilliard.
+
+In 1827, Mr. Hilliard purchased Mr. Daly's entire interest, and continued
+alone for several years, till at length the demands of trade making it
+desirable to have a resident partner in New York to make purchases, he
+associated with himself Mr. William Hays, of that city. This partnership
+existed till the close of Mr. Hilliard's life.
+
+As soon as business prospects warranted the investment, Mr. Hilliard
+secured a lot on Water street, and erected the block now occupied by
+Raymond & Lowe, and on taking possession of the new place of business,
+commenced the wholesale branch, and continued the same until 1856, when,
+being on his way home from New York, he took a severe cold, which was soon
+followed by congestion, and after one week's illness, died, deeply
+regretted by all who knew him.
+
+He was a man of great business ability, and of strict integrity. He was
+not always appreciated, because his accurate foresight led him to advocate
+projects which the public generally were not ready to adopt. He labored
+most indefatigably for the construction of our Water Works, because he saw
+what the future wants of the city would be. The scheme was strongly
+opposed by many on account of the debt it would involve. But it was
+finally accomplished, and we are more indebted to Richard Hilliard for its
+achievement than to any other man.
+
+Shortly after coming to Cleveland he became engaged to Miss Mary Merwin,
+daughter of Noble H. Merwin, who died before the marriage. He then brought
+his sister Sarah A. (now Mrs. O. Cutter) to live with him. In about a year
+from this time he was married to Miss Catharine Hays, of New York, who
+died about four years before Mr. Hilliard, leaving seven children.
+
+
+
+
+S. H. Sheldon.
+
+
+
+The lumber trade has grown to be a very important branch of the commerce
+of Cleveland, and some of its best and most enterprising citizens have
+been, or are now, engaged in it. Among these the name of Mr. Sheldon holds
+honorable prominence as one of the earliest in the trade, and who has
+always held place among the foremost engaged in it.
+
+Mr. Sheldon's birth place was in Clinton, Oneida county, N. Y., where he
+was born August 12th, 1813. His early days were not passed among thornless
+roses. His father, a hard working farmer, died when the future lumber
+merchant was but eight years old. Young Sheldon remained on the homestead
+until he was sixteen years old, working hard, as did the others of the
+fatherless family, and snatching such crumbs of knowledge as could be
+obtained in the winter days, when time could be spared for schooling. On
+nearly reaching his sixteenth year, he went to Troy, N. Y., where he was
+received as an apprentice to the drug business, and served seven years in
+that capacity. As soon as his term of apprenticeship expired he set his
+face westward in search of fortune, as so many hundreds had done before
+him, and hundreds of thousands have done since.
+
+In the year 1835, he reached Cleveland and at once started in trade as a
+druggist on Detroit Street, then in Ohio City, but now the West Side of
+Cleveland. At that time the West, generally, was enjoying seeming
+prosperity; everything was inflated and everyone was growing rich, on
+paper. Ohio City was then the city of the future, and fortune smiled on
+all its residents, and particularly on those who held real estate within
+its borders.
+
+Four years later the commercial earthquake came and toppled over the whole
+fabric of trade and commerce in the West, reducing it to ruins. The entire
+West was devastated, and Ohio City received a blow from which, as a
+separate municipality, it never recovered. Among the others who suffered
+greatly by the disaster was Mr. Sheldon.
+
+In 1842, he sold out his drug business, and went into the employ of
+another firm as an accountant, continuing in that position about two
+years. From this he went into business on his own account once more, this
+time dealing in groceries and provisions, which he continued to trade in
+until 1846, when he was attracted to the lumber trade, which he entered,
+in partnership with S. H. Fox. Four years later he disposed of his
+interest in the firm, and operated in lumber on his own account, not
+keeping a yard, but buying and selling by the cargo. In 1852, the firm of
+Sheldon & French was formed, a lumber yard opened, and the firm continued
+until the failure of the health of Mr. C. French. For a year after this
+event Mr. Sheldon carried on his business alone, and then took into
+partnership his son, Edward P. Sheldon, the firm becoming Sheldon & Son.
+
+In April, 1869, the firm of Sheldon & Son merged into that of S. H.
+Sheldon & Co., being comprised of S. H. Sheldon & Son, and Sears &
+Holland, of East Saginaw, Mich.
+
+The lumber trade of the city has been, generally, one of steady growth,
+and Mr. Sheldon's share in it has been of that character. It developed
+gradually, as the city grew in size and importance, and as the demand from
+the interior increased with the growth of towns and villages on the lines
+of canal and railroads. The beginning was small, and the earlier years of
+its progress full of difficulties, but in the end the trade reached large
+and lucrative proportions. Its highest point of prosperity was during the
+war, when the establishment of permanent camps through the State created a
+sudden and extensive demand for lumber, to build the numerous camp
+buildings. At that time the only perplexity of the lumber dealer was to
+find a supply sufficient for the demands pressing in from all quarters,
+for certain qualities.
+
+[Illustration: Yours Truly, S. H. Sheldon]
+
+From lumber to ship building is an easy transition, and Mr. Sheldon, five
+or six years since, became interested in lake craft, and added a fine
+three masted schooner to the lake marine. With the growth of manufactures
+in the city, he became interested in that direction also, connecting
+himself with the Etna Iron and Nail Works enterprise. He also took a deep
+interest in the formation of the People's Gas Company, for the supply of
+the West Side with gas, being one of the original supporters of the
+organization, and at present one of its directors.
+
+In all his undertakings Mr. Sheldon has kept steadily in view the
+necessity of industry and economy, and it is the practice of these two
+mercantile virtues that has brought about his success. One trait of his
+business character is peculiar. He has, so far as possible, avoided
+recourse to law, holding the doctrine that, in most cases, when a debt
+could not be collected without the aid of a lawyer, it was not worth
+spending money for. In religious principles Mr. Sheldon is a
+Congregationalist, and has been connected for more than thirty years with
+the First Congregational Church, and during most of this time has
+discharged the duties of deacon, serving the church with fidelity and
+acceptance, in this official position. He has been identified with Sabbath
+school labors, as teacher and superintendent, and to his zeal and
+liberality the Detroit street Mission Sabbathe school largely owes its
+prosperity, and its present commodious chapel. In every Christian
+enterprise Deacon Sheldon has been among the foremost. No benevolent
+cause, whether local or general, has appealed to him in vain for pecuniary
+support, or Christian sympathy and countenance.
+
+In 1836, Mr. Sheldon was married to Miss Cordelia H. Buxton, of Cleveland,
+a descendent of the English Buxtons, of philanthropic memory. Of the
+family of six children, one, the eldest, Henry A. Sheldon, died in 1842.
+The only surviving son became a partner with his father in 1866.
+
+
+
+
+Charles Hickox.
+
+
+
+Whether the conversion of wheat into flour can more properly be classed
+among manufactures or trade and commerce is a question for casuists to
+determine. There can be no question, however, that Charles Hickox takes
+his place, by right, among the merchants and commercial men of Cleveland,
+whether the grinding of wheat be a manufacture or not, for it is not alone
+by the milling business that Mr. Hickox has identified himself with the
+commerce of the city. He has gone through all the phases of Cleveland
+commercial life, having been connected with the produce and commission
+trade, owned lake vessels, and otherwise qualified himself for a place
+among the merchants and "river men," aside from the business in which he
+is widely known--that of an extensive mill owner.
+
+Mr. Hickox came to Cleveland in 1837, from the state of New York, making
+his debut in the Forest City in the year of its greatest depression. For
+the first two years he engaged as clerk, and served his employers
+faithfully. Then, gaining confidence, and seeing an opening he struck out
+boldly for himself, setting up, as was usual in those days, in the
+commission and produce business. The constantly growing commerce of the
+place increased his business and made it lucrative. With far-seeing
+enterprise Mr. Hickox pushed his operations so that his trade rapidly
+increased and his consignments steadily grew in number and quantity. To
+accommodate it he purchased interests in shipping on the lake, and
+eventually became a large ship owner.
+
+Seeing his opportunity, Mr. Hickox turned his attention to milling, and
+commenced operations at a mill in Akron, which he soon made known to the
+commercial world by the excellence and reliability of its brand. To this
+was, in time, added the water mill, on the canal, in Cleveland, near the
+weigh lock, which he held for five years and then sold. After the sale of
+the latter mill, he purchased the Cleveland Steam Mills on Merwin street,
+with a capacity of about three hundred and fifty barrels per day, and in
+1867, he added the National Steam Mills, with a capacity of from five
+hundred to six hundred barrels daily. Whilst a large capital is invested
+in these mills, the number of men employed is less than in establishments
+where labor saving machinery has not been brought to such a pitch of
+perfection. About fifty men are directly employed in the mills, and a
+large number additional in the manufacture of barrels and sacks. A very
+large proportion of the flour from these mills is sold in sacks, from the
+fact that the entire product is sold in the home market, which speaks well
+for the estimation in which the brands are held. Mr. Charles W. Coe is in
+active partnership with Mr. Hickox, in the milling interests, the firm
+name being Coe & Hickox.
+
+Mr. Hickox has taken deep interest in the railroad affairs of the city,
+and has been for some time a director of the Cleveland, Columbus &
+Cincinnati Railroad Company. He is still as active and energetic as ever,
+well preserved in body and mind, and making his positive influence felt in
+all departments of business in which he becomes interested. He never tires
+of work, and, as he says of himself, he "holds his own well, at
+fifty-five."
+
+
+
+
+Alexander Sackettt.
+
+
+
+Alexander Sackett, son of Augustus Sackett, of Sackett's Harbor, N. Y.,
+was born August 17th, 1814. He received a good mercantile education in New
+York City, and came from thence to Cleveland in 1835, and at once engaged
+in the wholesale and retail dry goods line, in the old block of Mr.
+Weddell, on Superior street. He continued with success in this business
+until 1854, when he went into commercial business on the river, and in
+which he remained until 1868, when he retired from trade circles to devote
+his whole attention to his real estate interests.
+
+Mr. Sackett was married in 1836, to Harriet, daughter of Levi Johnson,
+Esq., of this city. They have five children living, and have lost two. The
+eldest daughter is the wife of Mr. Virgil T. Taylor, of this city, and the
+son is in his father's office.
+
+Mr. Sackett is still hale, and may reasonably expect, without accident, to
+long enjoy the fruit of his labor.
+
+
+
+
+George Mygatt.
+
+
+
+Mr. Mygatt is a genuine pioneer of the Western Reserve, having come with
+his father, Comfort S. Mygatt, at the age of ten years, to the new
+settlement at Canfield, Mahoning county, Ohio, in the year 1807. He was
+born at Danbury, Ct., on 14th of June, 1797, when that village had not
+recovered from its conflagration by the British, during the Revolution.
+There were then visible, and for many years during his boyhood, buildings
+which were charred by fires kindled by English soldiers.
+
+Mr. Mygatt's father was a merchant and farmer, at Canfield. He was an
+active, honest and successful man. The year previous to his emigration,
+his daughter, Polly, was married, at Danbury, to the late Elisha
+Whittlesey, who removed at once to Canfield, Ohio. Mr. Whittlesey, his
+son-in-law, took the contract to clear a piece of ground for Mr. Mygatt,
+laboring on the job with his axe and team.
+
+At Danbury, George had as good an opportunity in school as any Connecticut
+lad could have, under the age of ten years. At Canfield there was little
+opportunity for gaining book knowledge. He was engaged with his father as
+clerk and general helper, until he was twenty years old. In 1818, he
+became clerk in the Western Reserve Bank, at Warren, and remained in that
+position two years, when he engaged in mercantile business in connection
+with his father-in-law, Mr. A. Adams. This partnership lasted five years,
+after which he carried on the business alone until 1833.
+
+From 1829 to 1833, he was sheriff of Trumbull county, and had the
+disagreeable office of executing the murderer, Gardner.
+
+In 1834, Mr. Mygatt became a financier, which may be said to be his
+profession. He was then appointed cashier of the Bank of Norwalk, Ohio. In
+1836, he was appointed cashier of the Bank of Geauga, at Painesville,
+Ohio; and in 1846 he became President of the City Bank of Cleveland,
+holding the last named office until 1850. The firm of Mygatt & Brown was
+then formed, for private banking, and continued until 1857.
+
+In 1855, he was elected a member of the House of Representatives, from
+Cuyahoga county, serving two sesssion.
+
+[Illustration: Very Respectfully, George Mygatt]
+
+The Merchants Bank of Cleveland, in 1857, became deeply involved, by the
+failure of the Ohio Life and Trust Company, of Cincinnati. Mr. Mygatt was
+appointed cashier at this time, when a memorable panic in finances was
+sweeping over the country. The bank sank a large part of its stock, but
+maintained its integrity, and continued to redeem its notes.
+
+In 1861, he retired from active business, but, with his long habits of
+employment, it soon became irksome to him to be out of work, and in 1865
+he became Secretary of the Cleveland and Mahoning Railroad Company, a
+position he still retains, for the sake of being employed.
+
+A large portion of Mr. Mygatt's time and means have always been devoted to
+benevolent purposes; Sunday schools, the annual contributions for the
+poor, the church, industrial schools, and, in fact, all charitable
+movements have found in him a ready response; he will long be remembered
+for his work's sake.
+
+As a business man he was characterized by the strictest integrity, always
+preserving a quiet, considerate policy, and by incessant industry
+accomplished a great deal. For one who has reached the age of seventy-two,
+he possesses remarkable vigor, and we should judge, from the position he
+occupies, that his mental faculties are little impaired.
+
+Mr. Mygatt was married in March, 1820, to Miss Eliza Freeman, of Warren,
+who is still living. Of their six children, four of whom arrived at mature
+age, and were married, only Mrs. F. T. Backus now survives.
+
+
+
+
+Martin B. Scott.
+
+
+
+Among the names of those who have done business on the river during the
+past quarter of a century, that of M. B. Scott, until his retirement a few
+years since, held a foremost place. Mr. Scott is a native of New York,
+having been born at Deerfield, near Utica, in that State, in March, 1801.
+
+Mr. Scott is of Quaker stock; a lineal descendent in the sixth generation
+from the first American Quaker, (Richard Scott, one of the first settlers
+of Providence, R. I.,) and in the nineteenth generation from William
+Baliol Scott, of Scotts-Hall, Kent, England, in the line of Edward I. His
+Quaker ancestors suffered persecution at the hands of the Boston Puritans
+in 1658. The daughters of Richard Scott were cast into prison by Endicott,
+for avowing their Quaker faith, and his wife Katharine (_ne_ Marbury,
+youngest sister of the famous Mrs. Anne Hutchinson) was publicly scourged
+in Boston by order of court, for visiting and sympathizing with her Quaker
+brethren in prison.
+
+One of the maxims of Mr. Scott's life, was to despise no honest
+employment, however laborious; if he failed to obtain such business as he
+desired, he took the next best opportunity that offered, a principle that
+might be profitably practiced by many young men of the present day.
+Deprived of a liberal education, by the pecuniary embarrassments of his
+father, who had a large family to support, he left the Utica Academy in
+1820, and made an effort to learn a mechanical trade, with only partial
+success. He, for a time, alternately taught a country school in winter,
+and was engaged for the remainder of the year in internal commerce, as
+master of a boat, or as forwarding clerk, in the then prominent houses of
+De Graff, Walton & Co., and Cary & Dows, on the Mohawk river and Erie
+canal. This early training in the elements of commerce and navigation was
+the nucleus of his subsequent pursuits, and the foundation of his
+commercial success, although his operations were not on the gigantic scale
+of many others, who either amassed great fortunes, or sank into
+bankruptcy; he managed his affairs with such prudence, sagacity and
+integrity, that he never had occasion to compound with his creditors, or
+even ask for an extension.
+
+Mr. Scott was interested in the first line of canal boats that ran through
+from Utica to New York. In the outset of Erie canal operations it was
+supposed that canal boats could not sail down the Hudson, and the freight
+was consequently transhipped at Albany. Experiment proved the fallacy of
+this belief, and thenceforward canal boats ran through to New York. A new
+line of steam tow-boats on the North river, called the Albany & Canal
+Tow-Boat Company, was formed, and Mr. Scott was appointed principal
+manager, first at Albany and then at New York.
+
+In 1836, his health failed, owing to his close application to business,
+and under medical advice he performed a horseback journey through
+Michigan, Indiana, Illinois and Wisconsin. On his way westward he stopped
+at Cleveland and was favorably impressed with what was then a small but
+flourishing town. In 1837, he returned from his western journey and
+resumed business, but again his health failed, and he was ordered to
+permanently abandon Albany and seek a more favorable climate. Remembering
+the advantages of Cleveland both for business and residence, he concluded
+to remove to that point.
+
+Here he continued his connection with the forwarding business by opening
+an agency for the American Transportation Line of canal boats on the Erie
+canal, his office being at the foot of Superior street. In 1841, he
+engaged in the purchase and shipment of staves, the markets for which
+were Albany and New York. This branch of business he continued for about
+five years.
+
+In 1844, he built a steam elevator on River street, near his old stand, it
+being the first brick building erected on the river front. With the
+completion of this building he turned his attention more particularly to
+grain, receiving it by canal from the interior. On the opening of the
+Cleveland, Columbus and Cincinnati railroad, his elevator was easily
+connected with that line, and the first load of railroad wheat stored in
+Cleveland was received into his elevator.
+
+About the year 1840, Mr. Scott became interested in the lake marine by
+the purchase of the brig Amazon, of 220 tons, then considered a craft of
+good size. At the time of the purchase, the West was flooded with wild-cat
+money, and specie was very scarce. The brig was sold by order of the
+Chancellor of Michigan, and specie demanded from the purchaser, a
+condition that made buyers shy. In 1842, Mr. Scott purchased the schooner
+John Grant, of 100 tons, and in the following three years added to his
+little fleet the schooner Panama, of 100 tons, and the brig Isabella, of
+over 300 tons, the latter being something highly respectable in the way of
+lake shipping.
+
+Prudence, foresight, and careful enterprise made all his ventures
+reasonably successful. In 1865, he resolved to quit business and enjoy the
+competence he had acquired, first in foreign travel, to free himself more
+thoroughly from business cares, and then in lettered ease at home. In
+pursuance of this purpose he spent six months in Europe, returning with
+recruited energies to the enjoyment of the well stocked library of rare
+volumes collected during his years of active business, and largely added
+to during his foreign travels.
+
+A few facts in Mr. Scott's life, exhibiting his thorough confidence in the
+Government and the cause of the Union, should not be passed over. The
+first investment in the original War Loan taken in Cleveland, if not in
+Ohio, was made by Mr. Scott, August 12th, 1861. He still retains and
+exhibits with justifiable pride, a certificate from the Acting Secretary
+of the Treasury, dated August 29th, 1861, stating that five thousand
+dollars had been received from him on account of the three years'
+treasury notes, and promising that they should be sent him as soon as
+prepared. From that time to the present he has invested freely in
+Government securities, being fully convinced of their safety.
+
+Since his retirement from business and return from European travel, he has
+employed his leisure in literary pursuits, especially in genealogical and
+historical studies, and has frequently contributed to the journals of the
+day curious and interesting facts relating to the early settlers in New
+England, in correction of erroneous beliefs regarding them.
+
+In 1840, Mr. Scott was married to Miss Mary Williamson, by whom he has had
+seven children, of whom three still live.
+
+
+
+
+J. P. Robison.
+
+
+
+Among the soldiers present at Braddock's defeat at Fort Duquesne, near
+Pittsburgh, was John Decker Robison, an American of Scotch descent, who
+also did good service during the Revolutionary war. When the war was over
+he married a Hollander living on the North River, and when a young family
+grew up about him, moved to western New York, where, building the first
+house in Canandaigua, he received a patent of six hundred acres of land and
+settled down as a farmer in Vienna, N. Y. One of his family was a boy,
+Peter Robison, who stuck to the farm until the ex-Revolutionary soldier
+had gone down to the tomb, and until he himself had reached several years
+beyond the meridian of life, when he obeyed the general law of American
+human nature, and moved toward the setting sun. Years before this step was
+taken he had married Miss Hetty H. Havens, of Lyons, N. Y., and raised a
+family of children, among them J. P. Robison, the subject of this sketch,
+who was born in Ontario county, on the 23rd of January, 1811.
+
+Like his father, young Robison spent the earlier years of his life in
+working on the farm, and it was not until his sixteenth year that it was
+decided to give him a good education. He was then sent to Niffing's High
+School, at Vienna, N. Y., where he attained considerable proficiency in
+his studies, including Latin and Mathematics. Having developed a taste for
+medical studies he was admitted as a private pupil of Professer Woodward,
+of the Vermont College of Medicine, and graduated in November, 1831.
+Immediately on the completion of his studies he moved into Ohio and
+commenced practice in Bedford, Cuyahoga county, in February, 1832. He soon
+succeeded in building up a good practice, and for eleven years continued
+in the exercise of his profession.
+
+[Illustration: Yours Truly, J. P. Robison]
+
+Then Dr. Robison concluded to change his business. In company with W. B.
+Hillman he engaged in mercantile business at Bedford, opening a store and
+at the same time carrying on other descriptions of trade, such as milling,
+packing provisions, dealing in land, and other operations such as the
+speculative American is always ready to engage in. Among other things he
+started a chair factory and a tannery, and his active mind was always
+revolving projects for the increase of business, and, of course, of
+business profits.
+
+But, whilst his hands were full of all kinds of business enterprises, Dr.
+Robison found abundant leisure for a different kind of occupation. He was
+an intimate friend and associate of Alexander Campbell, the leader of the
+Disciple movement, and organized a congregation of this faith in Bedford,
+which he preached to for sixteen years. When he commenced his ministerial
+labors in Bedford, (from whom, at no time, did he receive fee or reward,)
+his congregation numbered less than a dozen, but when he closed his term
+of service as a voluntary minister he left for his successor a
+congregation numbering four hundred and forty, showing conclusively that
+his ministering had not been in vain. Nor was his zeal for the faith as
+understood by the Disciples content with preaching during this long term
+of service. His purse was always ready for the calls of the church, and,
+in company with Alexander Campbell, he traveled from place to place
+throughout a great part of Ohio, addressing the vast concourses called
+together by the fame of the Disciple leader, then in the plenitude of his
+power and influence as a preacher and teacher. In these gatherings and in
+such company Dr. Robison enriched his mind and developed a great talent
+for extemporaneous address and discussion. Of a positive nature he brought
+strong earnestness and unflagging energy to the work in which he was
+engaged, and carried his hearers with him, as he himself was frequently
+borne away by the enthusiasm of his subject. The same earnestness and
+energy which made him so successful as a preacher served to make him
+popular and effective on the political platform, and in the cause of the
+soldiers of the Union in recent years. During the war he was active in
+procuring volunteers for the Union army, and whenever an effort was made
+to aid the cause of the Union Dr. Robison was among the foremost in the
+work. In politics Dr. Robison was an old Clay Whig. After the demolition
+of that party he voted with the Democrats. In 1861, he was chosen to the
+State Senate by the union of the War Democrats and Republicans, receiving
+the largest vote for any senator from this county. Since that time he has
+voted with the Republican party. His Senatorial career was highly
+honorable to himself and of value to his constituents, who found in him a
+faithful, active and intelligent representative.
+
+It is as a packer of provisions that Dr. Robison has been for many years
+chiefly known. For twenty-five years he had been associated with General
+O. M. Oviatt in the packing business at Cleveland, and the brand of the
+firm had grown to be recognized everywhere as thoroughly reliable. In
+1865, this partnership was dissolved, and Dr. Robison continued the
+business at first alone and afterwards in company with Archibald Baxter of
+New York. The scarcity of fat cattle in this vicinity compelled him in
+1866 to remove his principal packing house to Chicago, where he continues
+to operate heavily, the amount paid out for cattle during the last season
+being over $300,000. In addition to the Chicago packing he has continued
+the work in Cleveland, and also for several years did something in that
+line at Lafayette, Indiana. The firm's brand, "The Buckeye", is well known
+and highly esteemed both in the United States and England, to which
+provisions bearing that mark are largely shipped.
+
+Had Dr. Robison continued his practice as a physician he would undoubtedly
+have attained eminence in his profession, a leading physician having
+frequently borne testimony to his extraordinary skill in diagnosing
+disease, and urged him to devote his entire attention to his profession.
+But he preferred curing beef and pork to curing human bodies, and, so far
+as financial results are concerned, probably made a wise choice, though
+the judgment of human nature and insight into men's motives to which he
+attributes his success, would have served him in good stead in either
+line. At the age of fifty-eight, Dr. Robison is found in possession of a
+handsome competency, although he has all through life dealt with marked
+liberality toward all worthy objects of charity and patriotism. He is
+still in possession of much of the vigor that has characterized his
+business career, and we trust his life of usefulness may yet be long.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: Yours Truly, T. P. Handy]
+
+Truman P. Handy.
+
+
+
+The oldest banker in Cleveland, and probably the oldest active banker in
+the State, is Truman P. Handy, now president of the Merchants National
+Bank. He has been identified with the banking business of Cleveland from
+his first arrival in the city, thirty-seven years ago, and throughout the
+whole time has been a successful financier, managing the institutions
+under his charge with unvarying skill and good fortune.
+
+Mr. Handy was born in Paris, Oneida county, New York, January 17th, 1807.
+He had the advantage of a good academical education, and made preparation
+for entering college, which, however, he did not do, and at the close of
+his school term, spent the remaining time, until his eighteenth year,
+upon his father's farm, with the exception of two winters in which he
+taught school.
+
+On reaching his eighteenth year it was decided that he should enter on a
+commercial life, and a year or two were spent in stores in Utica and New
+Hartford, N. Y., leaving the latter place in October, 1826, to take a
+position in the Bank of Geneva, Ontario county, N. Y., of which the Kev. H.
+Dwight was president. With this commenced Mr. Handy's long banking career.
+Five years were spent in this bank and then he accepted an invitation to
+remove to Buffalo, for the purpose of assisting in the organization of the
+Bank of Buffalo, of which he was made teller, and remained one year in
+that position. In March, 1832, the young banker married Miss Harriet N.
+Hall, of Geneva, and with his bride set out on the wedding tour, which was
+also one of business, to Cleveland.
+
+Under other circumstances the journey would scarcely be deemed a pleasant
+one. It was in early Spring, and the weather was still inclement. The
+roads were bad, and the lumbering stage floundered heavily through mud,
+and amid obstructions that made the way one of discomfort, not unmixed
+with peril, for six weary days, between Geneva and Cleveland. But in
+addition to the fact that it was a bridal tour, the young couple were
+cheered by the prospect before them. The charter of the old Commercial
+Bank of Lake Erie, established in 1816, and which had gone under, had been
+purchased by the Hon. George Bancroft and his family in Massachusetts, and
+it was designed to resuscitate it under better auspices. Mr. Handy had
+been invited to become the cashier, and in pursuance of his acceptance of
+the invitation, was, with his bride, on his way to Cleveland.
+
+The bank was organized on his arrival and commenced business on the lot
+now occupied by the Merchants National Bank, at the corner of Superior
+and Bank streets, the bank lot running back to the present site of the
+Herald building. Leonard Case, the president of the old Bank of Lake
+Erie, was president of the resuscitated bank, with T. P. Handy as cashier.
+It did a thriving business until 1842, when the term of its charter
+expired, and the Legislature refused to renew it, compelling the bank to
+go into liquidation. When the great crash of 1837 occurred, the bank had
+been compelled to take real estate in settlement of the liabilities of
+its involved customers, and thus the corporation became one of the
+greatest landholders of the city. Had the property been retained by the
+bank owners, it would by this time have been worth to them many millions
+of dollars.
+
+The close of the bank and the winding up of its affairs necessitated the
+disposal of the real estate for the purpose of dividing the assets among
+the stockholders. Messrs. T. P. Handy, H. B. Payne, and Dudley Baldwin were
+appointed commissioners to close up the affairs of the bank and discharge
+its liabilities. This being done, the remaining cash and real estate were
+divided among the stockholders, who appointed Mr. Handy their trustee to
+dispose of the property. This was accomplished in 1845, when Mr. Handy
+made his final settlement. During the time subsequent to the close of the
+bank, he had been carrying on a private banking business under the name of
+T. P. Handy & Co.
+
+In the Winter of 1845, the State Legislature passed a law authorizing the
+establishment of the State Bank of Ohio, and of independent banks. In
+November of that year, Mr. Handy organized the Commercial Branch of the
+State Bank of Ohio, with a capital of one hundred and seventy-five
+thousand dollars, and took position in it as cashier, the president being
+William A. Otis, and the directors, additional to Messrs. Otis and Handy,
+being John M. Woolsey, N. C. Winslow, and Jonathan Gillett. Mr. Handy was
+the acting manager of the institution, and so successful was his conduct
+of its affairs that the stockholders received an average of nearly twenty
+per cent. on their investment through nearly the whole time until the
+termination of its charter in 1865, a period of twenty years. His policy
+was liberal, but with remarkable judgment he avoided hazardous risks, and
+whilst the bank always had as much business as it could possibly
+accommodate, the tightest times never affected its credit.
+
+Whilst the Commercial Branch Bank was having such uninterrupted success,
+the Merchants Branch of the State Bank of Ohio, on the same street, was
+experiencing a run of bad fortune. The failure of the Ohio Life and Trust
+Company embarrassed it for a time, and other causes conspired with this to
+cripple its resources. In 1861, the stockholders invited Mr. Handy to take
+charge of its affairs as president, and he accepted the trust. His usual
+success followed him to his new position, and the affairs of the bank were
+suddenly and permanently improved.
+
+In February, 1865, in common with most of the State banking institutions,
+the Merchants Branch Bank stockholders decided to wind up the concern as a
+State institution, and avail themselves of the provisions of the National
+Banking Act. The Merchants National Bank was organized with an authorized
+capital of one million of dollars, of which six hundred thousand dollars
+was paid in, Mr. Handy assuming the presidency, and having associated
+with him in the management, Messrs. T. M. Kelley, M. Barnett, William
+Collins, James F. Clark, Samuel L. Mather, and William Bingham. Under this
+management the bank has thus far had an uninterrupted tide of prosperity,
+with every prospect of its continuance.
+
+It is not alone as a banker that Mr. Handy has made himself prominent
+among the citizens of Cleveland, He has been intimately connected with
+other enterprises tending to increase the prosperity of the city, and it
+is remarkable that all the undertakings he has been connected with have
+proved profitable, to himself to a greater or less extent, as might be
+expected, but in a far greater degree to others, the stockholders, for
+whose interests he was laboring. Few, if any, men in Cleveland have made
+more money for others than has Mr. Handy.
+
+In addition to his banking duties, he filled the position from 1850 to
+1860, of treasurer of the Cleveland, Columbus and Cincinnati railroad, and
+managed its finances with that skill and ability which were peculiarly
+needed in the earlier portion of that period, when the road was an
+experiment, carried on under the heaviest difficulties. In 1860, he
+resigned his position as treasurer, and is now a director in that company.
+He has also been interested in other railroads centering in Cleveland.
+
+In 1856, a Cleveland built schooner left the lakes for the ocean, and
+crossed the Atlantic to Liverpool, thus commencing the direct trade
+between the lakes and European ports. In 1857, another Cleveland built
+vessel was sent across, loaded with staves and lumber, and returned with
+crockery and iron. The success of these Tentures attracted the attention
+of the enterprising business men of the lakes, and in the Spring of 1858,
+a fleet of ten vessels left Cleveland, all but one loaded with staves and
+lumber, for European ports. Their departure was marked by demonstrations
+on the part of the authorities and leading men of business, and with a
+fair breeze and good wishes the fleet bore away for salt water. Of the ten
+vessels, three were sent by Mr. Handy, the R. H. Harmon, bound for
+Liverpool, the D. B. Sexton, for London, and the J. F. Warner, for Glasgow.
+All of the vessels made quick and profitable trips, and the trade thus
+begun has been carried on with profit to the present time, although at the
+breaking out of the war American vessels were compelled to withdraw from
+it, leaving the enterprise wholly in the hands of English parties, who
+purchased vessels for the trade.
+
+Whilst his vessels were in Europe, Mr. Handy availed himself of the
+opportunity to visit Great Britain and the Continent, to attend to his
+interests, and at the same time to study some of the institutions of the
+old world, especially the financial, religious and educational. In
+educational matters he had always taken a deep interest, having watched
+with a careful eye the growth of the public schools of Cleveland, and for
+some time was associated with Mr. Charles Bradburn in their management, as
+members of the Board of Education. And this, which was wholly a labor of
+love, with no remuneration but the consciousness of having done some good
+by hard work, was the only public office ever held by Mr. Handy, or ever
+desired by him. At the same time he was deeply interested in the growth
+and management of the Sunday schools of the city, and for many years has
+taken a leading part in all movements calculated to extend their field of
+usefulness and increase their efficiency. In Great Britain he visited the
+Sunday schools and was warmly welcomed by teachers and scholars, who were
+greatly interested in his account of the working of Sunday schools here,
+whilst the narration of his experiences on that side of the Atlantic
+frequently delighted the scholars at home on his return.
+
+Although rapidly approaching the period allotted by the psalmist to man as
+his term of life, Mr. Handy is still as full of vigor and business energy
+as much younger men, and is as earnest as of old in managing large
+financial undertakings, or in teaching his class in Sunday school. His
+heart is as young at sixty-two, as at twenty-seven, and the secret of his
+continued health and vigor undoubtedly lies in his temperate and upright
+life, his kindly disposition, and that simple cheerfulness of spirit that
+makes him thoroughly at home in the society of children, who, in their
+turn, are thoroughly at home with him. One of the most energetic and
+successful of business men, he has never allowed business to so engross
+his time and attention as to leave no opportunity for religions or social
+duties or enjoyments. In this way he has won the confidence and esteem of
+all classes of citizens as a successful financier, a good citizen, a man
+of the strictest probity, a warm friend, and a genial acquaintance.
+
+Mr. Handy has but one child living, a daughter, now the wife of Mr. John
+S. Newberry, of Detroit. His only other child, a boy, died in infancy.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: C. Bradburn]
+
+
+Charles Bradburn.
+
+
+
+That Charles Bradburn is a merchant long and honorably known in the
+commercial history of Cleveland, and that he still retains a prominent
+place in the business circles which he entered thirty-three years ago, are
+undeniable facts. And yet, the great feature of Mr. Bradburn's busy life,
+and that of which he is justly most proud, is not his business successes,
+but his connection with the public schools of this city. His money, made
+by anxious care in his warehouse and among business men, was freely spent
+to promote the cause of education, and the labor, solicitude and anxiety
+with which he prosecuted his business, great as they necessarily were,
+must be counted small compared with his sacrifices of time and labor in
+the effort to extend and improve the school system and make the school
+houses of the city a source of gratulation and pride to the citizens. But
+whilst his hardest labor was in the service of the schools, it was purely
+a labor of love, whilst his work on the river was a labor of business, and
+therefore he must, in this record of Cleveland's noted men, take rank
+among his commercial brethren.
+
+Mr. Bradburn was born at Attleborough, Massachusetts, July 16th, 1808. His
+father was a cotton manufacturer when that great industrial interest was
+in its infancy. The first manufacture in this country of several articles
+of twilled fabrics was in his factory.
+
+At the age of seven years Charles Bradburn had the misfortune to lose his
+mother, a lady highly esteemed by all who knew her. This loss was a
+serious one, as it left him almost entirely to his own resources. When
+sixteen years old he entered the Lowell machine shop as an apprentice, and
+after a service of three years, graduated with a diploma from the
+Middlesex Mechanics Association. He served as a journeyman for two years,
+when, feeling that his education was not adequate to his wants, he left
+the mechanic's bench for the student's desk, entering the classical school
+of Professor Coffin at Ashfield, in the western part of the same State.
+Subsequently he resumed his mechanical labors, which he continued until
+1833, part of the time as a journeyman, but during the greater part as a
+manufacturer on his own account. At that date he changed his business from
+manufacturing to commerce, opening a store in Lowell.
+
+In 1836, he decided to remove to the West, and in that year brought his
+family to Cleveland, where he commenced the wholesale and retail grocery
+business in the wooden building now standing, adjoining the old City
+Buildings, which were not then finished. The next year he rented the two
+stores adjoining in the then new City Buildings, of which but a portion
+now remains. In 1840, he built the warehouse now standing at the foot of
+St. Clair street and moved his business to that place, abandoning the
+retail branch. At the same time he established a distillery on what was
+then known as "the island," on the west side of the river. In 1854, he
+removed to the spacious warehouses, 58 and 60 River street, now occupied
+by him and his partners under the same name, "C. Bradburn & Co.," that
+graced the walls of the City Buildings in 1836. During his long
+commercial life Mr. Bradburn has enjoyed largly theturnpikesnce and esteem
+of the commercial community and is now one of the most energetic business
+men of the city.
+
+But it is in his devotion to the cause of knowledge and popular education
+that Mr. Bradburn appears especially as a representative man. He was one
+of the first officers of the Mercantile Library Association, and in its
+early history took much interest in its prosperity. His great work,
+however, lay in the schools. In a letter to a friend recently written, he,
+with characteristic modesty, writes: "After a life almost as long as is
+allotted to man, the only thing I find to glory in is having been able to
+render some service to the cause of popular education; to be called by so
+many of our ablest educators the father of our public schools, was glory
+enough, and ample compensation for many years of hard labor and the
+expenditure of much money in the cause."
+
+Mr. Bradburn was in 1839 elected to the City Council from the Third ward.
+As chairman of the Committee on Fire and Water he reorganized the Fire
+Department, which was then in a wretched condition, and, with the
+assistance of Mr. J. L. Weatherly, who was made Chief Engineer, and the
+aid of new laws, made it one of the most efficient of any at that time
+existing in the country. As chairman of the Committee on Streets, at that
+time an office of much responsibility and labor, he rendered the city
+valuable service.
+
+In 1841, he was elected a member and made chairman of the Board of School
+Managers. This body was merged into the Board of Education, and for
+several years he filled the office of president. For thirteen consecutive
+years he served as member of the Board of School Managers and of the Board
+of Education, during much of which time he had almost unaided control of
+the educational affairs of the city. Mr. Bradburn succeeded in getting
+through the Legislature a bill authorizing the establishment of a High
+School, the first institution of the kind, connected with the public
+schools, in the State of Ohio. A school of this character was started in
+June, 1846, and maintained in spite of fierce opposition. But there was no
+building to receive it, and its earlier years were spent in the basement
+of a church on Prospect street, the room being fitted up by Mr. Bradburn
+and rented by the city for fifty dollars per annum.
+
+Feeling strongly that he could render better service to the cause of
+popular education in the City Council than he could in the Board of
+Education, in 1853 he resigned his seat in the latter body and was elected
+to the City Council. When Ohio City was united with Cleveland, he was
+chosen president of the united Councils.
+
+Having, on taking his seat in the Council, been appointed to a position on
+the Committee on Schools, his first and continuous efforts were directed
+to bringing the Council to provide suitable buildings, not only for the
+High School, but for all the schools of the city. In consequence of his
+earnest and persistent labors an ordinance was passed authorizing a loan
+for school purposes of $30,000. The loan was negotiated at par without
+expense to the city. Mr. Bradburn, and the Building Committee, of which he
+was chairman, immediately made plans for the Central High School, and the
+Mayflower, Eagle and Alabama street Grammar schools, all of which were put
+under contract without delay, and finished under their supervision to the
+entire satisfaction of the Council and Board of Education. The teachers
+of the public schools in gratitude for his services in the cause of
+education, induced Mr. Bradburn to sit to Allen Smith, Jr., for his
+picture, which was then hung in the hall of the Central High School. At a
+subsequent date the High School teachers presented him with a massive
+gold-headed cane, engraved with a complimentary inscription, but this
+highly prized token was unfortunately lost, together with a number of
+other cherished mementoes and all the family pictures, in a fire which
+destroyed his residence in February, 1868. In the fire also perished a
+valuable library of over four hundred volumes, the result of a lifetime's
+collection, and Mr. Bradburn barely escaped with his own life from a third
+story window, being badly injured in the descent.
+
+In public matters he has done but little during the past few years,
+devoting himself entirely to his business, but he may be seen on all
+occasions where the cause of popular education can be benefited by his
+presence. In 1848, he was the Whig candidate for Mayor, but, being ill at
+the time, gave the canvass no personal attention, and was defeated by a
+few votes, the opponents of the High School, of whatever party, voting
+against him.
+
+To Mr. Bradburn the credit belongs of procuring, after a hard battle
+against parsimony and prejudice, the establishment of the first free High
+School in the West.
+
+
+
+
+Samuel Raymond.
+
+
+
+Samuel Raymond was born in Bethlem, Connecticut, March 19, 1805. Like most
+of the sons of New England, his boyhood was passed in plowing among the
+rocks on one of the stony farms of that rocky and hilly State. At the age
+of sixteen he commenced teaching the village school, and continued
+teaching for six years, a portion of that time being spent in New York
+State, in one of the many pretty towns that are scattered along on either
+side of the Hudson. Returning to Connecticut at the end of his six years'
+trial of teaching, he was employed to keep the books of the old and
+wealthy firm of Messrs. A. & C. Day, dry goods commission merchants, at
+Hartford. The late Governor Morgan, of New York, was, at the same time, a
+salesman in the house.
+
+In 1833, Mr. Raymond married Mary North, daughter of James North, of New
+Britain, Conn.
+
+In the Spring of 1835, he determined to try his fortune in the Far West,
+away out in Ohio. With Kansas as the present geographical centre of the
+Union, it is difficult for us to conceive of the New Englanders' idea of
+the West at that time. It was something of an undertaking. It was a
+journey of weeks, not a ride of twenty-three hours in a sleeping coach or
+palace car. It meant long and tedious days of staging--a monotonous ride
+along the Erie canal from Schenectady to some point a little farther west,
+and finally, when the lake was not frozen over, the perils of lake
+navigation. In 1835, Cleveland, Erie and Sandusky were all struggling for
+supremacy. When Mr. Raymond got as far west as Erie, he thought that might
+be a good place for him "to drive a stake," but the number of newly made
+graves suggested to him, on second thought, the propriety of getting out
+of the place as speedily as possible. Cleveland at that time was beginning
+to put on city airs--Kellogg's great hotel (the American) was slowly going
+up. The only vacant store to be had by Mr. R. was a little wooden building
+on the site of the present Rouse block--a location at that time about as
+far out of town as it would be safe for a prudent merchant to venture.
+Henry W. and Marvin Clark were associated with him in business, under the
+firm name of Raymond & Clark.
+
+Mr. Raymond was a merchant of more than ordinary business ability, a man
+of scrupulous exactness in his business dealings. His extreme conservatism
+in business management carried him safely through every commercial crisis.
+
+Like most business men Mr. Raymond had but little time to devote to
+political discussions. He voted the Whig ticket as long as the old Whig
+party had an existence. In religions principles he was a Presbyterian, and
+united with the First Presbyterian Church in 1840, at that time under the
+pastoral charge of Rev. Dr. S. C. Aiken.
+
+In the Winter of 1866, in compliance with his physician's advice, he took
+a journey south for the benefit of his health, which had been impaired by
+his unremitting devotion to business. In company with a party of friends
+from Cincinnati, he and his wife left Louisville for Havana, in January.
+On the 2d of February a telegram was received by the remaining members of
+his family in Cleveland, informing them that Mr. Raymond was among the
+missing on the ill-fated steamer Carter, which was burned when within a
+few miles of Vicksburg.
+
+When the alarm was given, Mr. Raymond and his wife were asleep. Hastily
+dressing themselves and providing themselves with life-preservers, they
+jumped through the cabin window, Mr. Raymond having a state-room door
+which he had wrenched from its hinges. Mrs. Raymond clung to a floating
+bale of hay and was saved after an hour of peril and suffering in the icy
+water. Nothing was seen of Mr. Raymond after he floated away from the
+wreck, clinging to the door. His death was mourned by a large circle of
+friends who appreciated his worth.
+
+By diligence and economy he accumulated a valuable estate, leaving to his
+family property valued at two hundred and fifty thousand dollars.
+
+
+
+
+Richard T. Lyon.
+
+
+
+The first secretary of the Cleveland Board of Trade, and its president for
+the year 1869, Richard T. Lyon, is probably the oldest established
+merchant now doing business on the river. He arrived here in 1823, when
+there were but a few hundred people in the village, and for some time
+resided with his father-in-law, Noble H. Merwin, on the lot now occupied
+by Bishop's Block, about where M. Heisel's confectionary store now stands.
+In 1838, he entered as clerk in the forwarding house of Griffith, Standart
+& Co., at the foot of Superior street, continuing in that position until
+the Spring of 1841, when he formed a partnership with I. L. Hewitt, and
+carried on a forwarding and commission business on River street, under the
+firm name of Hewitt & Lyon. The partnership continued until 1847, when Mr.
+Hewitt retired, and Mr. Lyon continued the business in his own name at 67
+Merwin street, where he has remained until the present time. In the Spring
+of 1868, his son, R. S. Lyon, was taken into partnership, the firm name
+being changed to R. T. Lyon & Son. For a number of years Mr. Lyon has been
+the largest dealer of salt in the city, having had the agency of the salt
+works in western New York.
+
+Mr. Lyon has held, from his first entry into commercial life to the
+present time, the esteem and confidence of the business men of Cleveland,
+and that confidence has been shown by the fact, that for many years he was
+the treasurer of the Board of Trade, having been elected to that position
+on the organisation of the Board; was subsequently made vice-president,
+and in the Spring of 1869, was elected president. This compliment was well
+merited, for he is now one of the very few remaining members of the Board
+who took part in its organization, and has never flagged in his interest
+in its affairs.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: Yours Truly, H. M. Chapin]
+
+
+H. M. Chapin.
+
+
+
+In the commercial, political, patriotic, and literary history of Cleveland
+for the past fifteen or twenty years, the name of H. M. Chapin will always
+have honorable prominence. In all these departments his persistent energy
+and unshaken faith, even in the darkest hours, have been potent for good.
+
+Mr. Chapin was born in Walpole, N. H., July 29th, 1823, and received a good
+common school education. When fifteen years old, he removed to Boston, and
+entered a dry goods importing house, in which he remained nearly ten
+years. In the Spring of 1848, he left Boston for Cleveland, where he
+became a partner in the wholesale grocery warehouse of Charles Bradburn &
+Co., with whom he remained four years. In 1852, he commenced business as a
+provision dealer and packer of pork and beef. For a time it was up-hill
+work, but his native perseverance overcame all difficulties, and in the
+season of 1862-3, his business had grown to seven hundred and fifty
+thousand dollars. From that time there was a steady decline in the amount
+of packing done in Cleveland, the supply of cattle and hogs decreasing
+until but a very small quantity, in proportion to the facilities for
+packing, could be depended on. The slaughter-houses of Chicago arrested
+the great stream of live stock, and what escaped them went forward to the
+Atlantic cities for immediate consumption. In the Winter of 1867-8, Mr.
+Chapin, therefore, resolved to remove his packing business to Chicago, and
+commenced operations there with gratifying success. He intended abandoning
+Cleveland altogether as a packing point, but, contrary to his
+expectations, he has been able to resume the business here to a moderate
+extent. From 1862 to 1867, he carried on, in connection with the packing
+business, a very extensive coopering establishment, employing about fifty
+men, besides a large amount of machinery. Over a hundred and twenty-five
+men were at the same time employed in slaughtering and packing.
+
+In addition to his ordinary business, and partly in connection with it,
+Mr. Chapin turned his attention to the question of insurance. It was a
+favorite maxim with him that the West was able to do its own insurance,
+and with this idea ever present, he was favorable to the establishment of
+home insurance companies. Of the Sun Fire Insurance Company, of
+Cleveland, he was for some years the vice-president, and labored earnestly
+for its success. Being a thorough believer in the principles of
+Homoeopathy, as well as an enthusiast on the subject of western insurance,
+he was a willing co-worker with a number of prominent citizens engaged in
+the organization of the Hahnemann Life Insurance Company, of Cleveland.
+The novel character of this company--it being the first of the kind in the
+United States--is sufficient warrant for a brief statement of its history.
+It was established in 1865, and numbered among its stockholders such
+leading business men and substantial capitalists as Wm. A. Otis, George
+Worthington, William Bingham, Stillman Witt, Selah Chamberlain, Dudley
+Baldwin, D. P. Eells, M. G. Younglove, and the Hon. B. F. Wade. The
+leading feature was the offer to insure those whose medical belief and
+practice were exclusively Homoeopathic, at lower rates than those
+subjecting themselves to Allopathic treatment. The theory on which this
+offer is based is, that all the evidence goes to show a lower rate of
+mortality under Homoeopathic than under Allopathic treatment. The
+Honorable William Baines, Insurance Commissioner of New York, in speaking
+of this company in his report, says: "The Hahnemann Life Insurance
+Company, of Cleveland, Ohio, is the first western company admitted into
+this State. It starts with a paid up capital of $200,000, one-half of
+which is deposited with the State Treasurer of Ohio, for the protection of
+policy holders. The company is organized on a basis of strength and
+capital, even larger than that required of New York corporations; it
+reduces the rate of premium to Homoeopathic members."
+
+Of this company Mr. Chapin was made president, and in the management of
+this, as in everything which he undertakes, he infused a large amount of
+his energy, and made the company a complete success. During the present
+year his almost undivided attention has been given to the company's
+affairs, with marked effect on its rapidly increasing business.
+
+In 1865, Mr. Chapin was elected Mayor of the city of Cleveland. The honor
+was not only unsought, but he was in entire ignorance of the whole affair
+until after his election. His name had not been mentioned in connection
+with that or any other office when he left the city on a business trip
+that kept him absent for several days. In the meantime the nominating
+convention of the Union Republican party was held, and there was some
+difficulty as to a choice between the persons named for the nomination as
+Mayor. In casting around for a way out of the difficulty, the name of Mr.
+Chapin was mentioned and instantly met with favor. He was nominated,
+elected by a strong majority, and the first intimation he received of the
+movement was reading the election returns in the Cleveland Herald, on his
+homeward journey.
+
+He accepted the office in the spirit in which it had been conferred upon
+him. He understood that the people believed he was disposed and able to
+manage the affairs of the city vigorously and honestly, and he was not
+disposed to evade the responsibilities of the office. His time was devoted
+to the duties of his position, the different departments under his charge
+were carefully scrutinized, and whilst his strictness and vigorous
+execution of the laws made the offenders complain of his severity, there
+was no question raised as to his ability, integrity, or honest zeal for
+the city's interest. He discharged the duties of his office with
+scrupulous exactness, and he endeavored to make others do the same. During
+his administration it was no longer a reproach that the ordinances of the
+city stood
+
+  "Like the forfeits in a barbers shop,
+  As much in mock as mark."
+
+At the breaking out of the war, Mr. Chapin took an early and active part
+in stirring up the people to defend the Government of the Union. Wherever
+his money, influence, or active energy could be made serviceable, there he
+was always to be found. Having obtained the appropriation for the
+Twenty-Ninth Regiment, he worked diligently in raising, equipping, and
+sending it to the field, and spent much of his own time at the front in
+various capacities. The ladies who worked diligently for the comfort of
+the soldiers and the care of the sick and wounded, through the medium of
+the Ladies' Aid Association, found in Mr. Chapin an indefatigable
+assistant. He was ever ready with suggestion, active aid, and money,
+laboring day and night, either at the front, in the hospitals, or at
+home, in behalf of the soldier.
+
+The Cleveland Library Association was another field in which Mr. Chapin's
+energy and business tact were manifested. In 1854, he was elected
+president of the Association, which had struggled along, a feeble
+organization, contending against numerous difficulties. Under his vigorous
+management the Association was brought to a higher degree of prosperity
+then it had ever witnessed; the income was largely increased, the number
+of books increased one-half, and a lively interest excited in the public
+mind concerning it. Mr. Chapin retired at the close of his term of office,
+and the affairs of the Association gradually lapsed into their former
+unsatisfactory condition. In 1858, an attempt was made to save it by
+revolutionizing its constitution and management. A new constitution was
+adopted, and under it Mr. Chapin was again elected president. The result
+was even more marked than in the previous instance. The number of members
+was nearly doubled, a load of debt that had accumulated through a number
+of years was removed, a large number of books added to the library, and
+the reading-room enlarged and improved. Again, after the lapse of ten
+years, Mr. Chapin has been called to the presidency of the Association,
+under circumstances precisely similar to those under which he had twice
+before assumed the duties of the position.
+
+Mr. Chapin was married October 15th, 1849, to Matilda, daughter of John
+Fenno, of Boston. Of this marriage have been born six children, the oldest
+of whom, a son now nineteen years of age, is in the wholesale grocery of
+Edwards, Townsend & Co.; the others are all attending school.
+
+
+
+
+Moses White.
+
+
+
+Moses White, now one of the very few remaining early citizens of
+Cleveland, was born at Warwick, Hampshire county, Mass., February
+25th, 1791. His father's name was Jacob White, a native of Menden,
+Mass., who traces back his ancestors as natives of that town, to as
+early a date as 1665.
+
+Moses White, the subject of this memoir, being deprived, at a very early
+age, of his mother, by death, went to live in Mendon, with his maternal
+grandfather, Peter Penninian. Afterwards he went to Boston, where he
+learned the merchant tailor business, with one John Willson. From Boston
+he went to Providence, R. I., where he remained about two years, and where
+he became acquainted with Miss Mary Andrews, whom he afterwards married.
+
+In 1813, being desirons of settling further west, he first went to Utica,
+N. Y., and after remaining there a few months, he proceeded, with a horse
+and buggy, to Cleveland, where he arrived in October, 1816, the population
+of the place then being only about 150.
+
+He established himself here as a merchant tailor, and pursued the business
+steadily about twenty years, and with success. He afterwards established a
+store at Chillicothe, Ohio, which, not being under his own care, did not
+prove successful.
+
+From his arrival in Cleveland, he was forward in all the moral and
+religious enterprises of the place, first in union with all the religious
+denominations represented, and afterwards he was more particularly
+identified with the Baptist Church, in which he has been for nearly forty
+years a deacon.
+
+He now enjoys more than usual health and vigor for one of his age, and has
+the respect, confidence and esteem of every person who knows him.
+
+His wife having died in 1858, he has since that date made it his home with
+his daughter, Mrs. J. P. Bishop, of Cleveland, with whom he now resides.
+
+In many respects Deacon White's history furnishes an example worthy of
+imitation. In the times of his boyhood, in New England, when a boy did not
+possess the means for establishing himself in business, or of educating
+himself for some professional calling, and particularly if he was an
+orphan, he was required to learn some trade. In his case, his friends not
+only recommended this, but he was desirous himself, of doing it. He
+accordingly went from Mendon to Boston, a distance of about forty miles,
+where, alone and among strangers, he sought a place where he might serve
+as an apprentice. For days he wandered about seeking such an opportunity
+and finally fell in with John Willson, the merchant tailor before
+mentioned, who received him as an errand boy, and finally as an
+apprentice, in which position he continued, passing through all the grades
+incident to such employment, till he was twenty-one years of age.
+
+Without father or mother, or friends to look up to for counsel and advice,
+he persevered, and preserved his integrity, having the confidence of all
+with whom he was associated.
+
+In those early days, nothing was more common than to emigrate to the
+West, leaving the principles of New England education, in religion and
+morality, behind. Judging from accounts of society in Cleveland in very
+early times, such must have been the case of some, at least.
+
+But such was not the case with the youthful Moses White. Though he found
+not many congenial spirits in this far-off western region, yet whenever,
+in the little village of Cleveland, he heard of a place of prayer, or a
+meeting, or association for the promotion of temperance or morality,
+thither he bent his footsteps. Now in a ripe and happy old age he enjoys,
+not only the retrospect, but also the present--and not only these, but he
+is constantly looking for a consummation of perfect happiness, beyond what
+either the past has, or the present life can afford.
+
+Finally, so far as accumulating wealth is concerned, he has not been as
+fortunate as some, and yet less unfortunate than many others, and now
+enjoys a competence abundantly sufficient to provide for all his wants and
+to transmit something to his children. Well may worldly ones say, "O that
+my last days might be like his!"
+
+
+
+
+David H. Beardsley.
+
+
+
+Mr. Beardsley does not claim to be a pioneer, but an early settler of the
+second class, having arrived in Cleveland with his family in June, 1826.
+Cleveland is supposed to have then had about five hundred people. He was
+of Quaker origin, and lived at New Preston, Connecticut, before he removed
+to Ohio. He was of course anxious to obtain employment, and being a
+beautiful penman, a contract was soon made with the late Judge Willey, who
+was the county auditor, to serve as his clerk, at one dollar per day. He
+was employed about thirty days in making the county duplicate. The taxable
+property of the county at that time amounted to the sum of two hundred and
+sixty-eight thousand, seven hundred and seventy-one dollars. When Mr.
+Beardsley was deputy auditor, all the public business centered in the old
+log court house, on the northwest quarter of the Square.
+
+On the fourth of July, 1827, the Ohio canal was opened to lock seventeen,
+near Akron, and the canal commissioners, prominent among whom was his
+friend Alfred Kelley, were in need of a scrupulously honest man, and a
+good clerk, for the purpose of collecting tolls. They found all the
+necessary qualifications of integrity, assiduity, and accuracy in Mr.
+Beardsley, who was therefore appointed, the day not having arrived when
+qualification for office should be the last of recommendations. The
+collectorship may be said to have been Mr. Beardsley's profession. He
+spent in the office most of the period of active life, in twenty-three
+years, undisturbed by the changes of administration. To our ears this may
+sound incredible.
+
+Mr. Beardsley's salary was at first three hundred dollars per annum,
+increasing to twelve hundred before the close of his services. He
+collected the sum of one million, three hundred and ninety-eight thousand,
+six hundred and forty-two dollars and sixty-eight cents. His accounts were
+models of nicety as well as accuracy, errors and discrepancies being
+equally unknown.
+
+Being a gentleman of simple tastes and habits, with few wants, he has
+acquired a comfortable competence, without acquiring a thirst for gold,
+and without withholding his substance from charitable and public purposes.
+He is highly esteemed by all who know him, for a life-long consistency of
+character, and sterling qualities as a man and a friend. The writer
+occasionally sees him on our crowded streets, although quite feeble, with
+a mind perfectly serene, and well aware that his race is almost run. His
+record is worthy of emulation.
+
+
+
+
+Thomas Augustus Walton.
+
+
+
+When the genial countenance and kindly voice of T. A. Walton were missed
+from the customary gatherings of the river merchants, it was felt that
+something had been lost which not even a lucky speculation, or a good run
+of trade, could not restore. When the news of his sudden death, whilst on
+a foreign tour for the restoration of his health, was received, there was
+genuine sorrow among his old business associates, and poignant grief with
+many who had learned to look on him not merely as a successful merchant,
+but as a man of tender heart and open hand when suffering and distress
+appealed to him for sympathy and aid.
+
+Mr. Walton was born in London, and to the last he looked with affection to
+the city of his birth. His education was gained at the City of London
+School. After leaving school he was brought up to mercantile pursuits, and
+in 1830, concluding that there was a better opening in that line in
+America, he came to this country, bringing with him a considerable amount
+of money. For a few years he remained in New York, loaning his capital,
+for which he always found ready customers, but unfortunately they were not
+all as ready to pay as to borrow. He lost large sums, and was driven to
+the conclusion that for a man of his openness of character and confiding
+honesty, New York was an unprofitable location. The representations of a
+friend, combined with dissatisfaction with his experience in the
+commercial metropolis, determined him to seek his fortune in the West.
+Evansburg, Ohio, had been represented to him as a desirable place in which
+to live, a thriving business point, and adjacent to good hunting ground.
+This combination of attractions determined him, and he set out for
+Evansburg with what remained of his capital.
+
+But the attractions of Evansburg soon wearied him. Neither his social,
+commercial, nor sportsmanlike hopes were fulfilled by the facts, and Mr.
+Walton speedily turned his back on the place of so much promise and so
+little realization. Cleveland was the rising place of the West, and to
+Cleveland he came, and established himself, as was the custom with new
+comers of a commercial turn, in the produce and commission trade.
+Following the old maxim, he stuck to his business and his business stuck
+to him. The old frame warehouse in front of which he hung out his sign in
+1838, was occupied by him for twenty-five years, until January, 1863,
+when he retired from active business and was succeeded in the same
+building by his nephew, Thomas Walton, who still retains the business and
+the old location.
+
+Mr. Walton's nice sense of honor commended him to a large circle of
+customers in the interior and in Michigan, whilst nearly all the Canadian
+business with Cleveland passed through his hands. His Canadian customers
+relied implicitly on his word, and the fact that he always retained his
+old friends, and received constant accessions of new, sufficiently proved
+that their confidence was not misplaced.
+
+In the Spring of 1863, soon after his retirement from business, he went to
+England with the intention of staying a year or two and then returning to
+enjoy the remainder of his life in ease in this country. Whilst in
+England he paid a visit to some friends in Southampton, and whilst taking
+a bath in a movable bathing-house on the beach, probably was seized with
+cramp and suffocated by water getting into his lungs. The news of his
+death caused a painful shock in business, social, and religious circles,
+where he had been so well known and so highly esteemed.
+
+For a long term of years Mr. Walton was the presiding officer of the St.
+George's Society of Cleveland, and that benevolent institution owed its
+usefulness in great measure to his indefatigable zeal in the cause, and to
+his unstinted liberality. To the distressed of any nation he never turned
+a deaf ear, but to the needy and suffering of his native country he was
+ever liberal, and accompanied his unostentatious charities with kind words
+and manifestations of sincere interest that were frequently as beneficial
+to the recipient as the money itself. He was also a valued member of the
+Masonic Order.
+
+In religious belief he was an Episcopalian, and was long one of the
+leading members of Trinity Church. His devotion was unaffectedly sincere,
+and though he made no vaunt of his religious principles or hopes, there
+could be no question of his deep, earnest convictions. Kind, courteous,
+ever thinking of the good of others, and wholly unselfish, Mr. Walton was
+a good specimen of the true Christian gentleman.
+
+Although of English birth, and clinging affectionately to all that
+reminded him of his native land, he was a thorough supporter of American
+institutions, and an admirer of the American character. Deeply and warmly
+as he loved the land of his birth, his affection was even stronger for the
+land of his adoption, and it was his purpose to have returned from his
+visit to his boyhood's home and settle down in peaceful content in the
+chosen home of his manhood, until death should lay him in an American
+grave. When the war broke out he was an earnest and unshrinking supporter
+of the Government, and his means were freely used for its support, and for
+the comfort of the soldiers who were fighting its battles. Though alien
+born, and associated intimately with people of like birth, there was no
+native American that could surpass him in love for the Union, and few that
+exceeded him, in proportion to his means, in contributions to the defence
+of the Union.
+
+In the language of his favorite Shakespeare, it might be said of him
+
+  His life was gentle, and the elements
+  So mixed in him, that nature might stand up
+  And say to all the world, _This was a man_!
+
+
+
+
+George Worthington.
+
+
+
+Prominent among the business firms of Cleveland, is that of George
+Worthington & Co., a house which stands in the front rank both on account
+of the business done, and of its integrity and honorable dealing.
+
+Mr. Worthington, the founder and head of the firm, was born in
+Cooperstown, N. Y., September 21st, 1813. He received a good common school
+education, and then entered on a business career by becoming clerk in a
+hardware store in Utica, in 1830, remaining in that position until 1834,
+when he came to Cleveland and commenced business as a hardware dealer on
+his own account. His first store was on the corner of Superior and Union
+lane, on the site of the clothing store of Isaac A. Isaacs, and the first
+goods received by him were drawn by oxen owned by a man who did all the
+carting at that time. Cleveland was then but a small town, and most of the
+trading was done with the teamsters that came from Wooster and other
+points south, bringing pork, grain, and other products, and taking back
+merchandise. Trade was brisk, but cash scarce, nearly all the operations
+being more in the nature of barter than of purchase and sale.
+
+After remaining three years in his first store, he removed to the corner
+of Water and Superior streets, on the site of the present National Bank
+building, and in that location he remained thirty years, during which time
+he witnessed the growth of Cleveland from a small town to a large and
+prosperous city.
+
+When he had been established about fifteen years, Mr. Worthington began
+rapidly to enlarge his business, and he associated with him Mr. James
+Barnett and Mr. Edward Bingham, at present members of the firm. About that
+time they commenced wholesaling, and gradually built up a business from
+five thousand dollars the first year, to a million dollars. This, however,
+involved a vast amount of labor, and an indomitable determination to
+succeed by driving business. Mr. Worthington, in the absence of railroads
+or other public conveyance, traveled through the adjacent townships and
+counties on horseback, introducing his wares, and obtaining orders which
+would be filled by the carriers' wagons.
+
+[Illustration: Yours Truly, G. Worthington]
+
+Railroads revolutionized trade and gave an impetus to everything, and
+establishments that were on a firm footing before were prepared to take
+advantage of circumstances. This was the case with Mr. Worthington. His
+wholesale business has grown enormously, especially since 1860.
+
+About 1862, Mr. Worthington projected the Cleveland Iron and Nail Works,
+and, in connection with Mr. W. Bingham, matured the plans and got the
+works into successful operation in about one year from broaching the
+project, the work turned out being of the best quality. The owners of the
+works can sell readily all they make, and furnish active and steady
+employment for about two hundred men.
+
+Mr. Worthington has also been extensively interested in blast furnaces and
+coal mining, in the vicinity of Cleveland, and has been very successful in
+them also.
+
+At the present time the Cleveland Iron and Nail Company is erecting the
+first blast furnace within the city limits, calculated for a capacity of
+about three hundred tons per week. The firm have also built works on their
+grounds for the manufacture of gas pipe, which have been in successful
+operation for about a year, with the exception of a delay caused by a
+fire. This is an important work in a city so rapidly growing as Cleveland,
+and will retain many thousand of dollars formerly sent to Philadelphia and
+other points.
+
+On the passage of the National Bank Law, Mr. Worthington and a number of
+other capitalists of the city, organized the First National Bank of
+Cleveland, with a capital of four hundred thousand dollars, which has
+been very successful. Mr. Worthington was elected president on its
+organization, and still retains the office. He is a director of the Ohio
+Savings and Loan Bank, of this city. He is also largely interested in
+the local Insurance interests; vice-president of the Sun, and also
+interested in the Cleveland and Commercial, and is a director of the
+Hahnemann Life Insurance Company. He is also president of the Cleveland
+Iron Mining Company, one of the most successful organizations of the
+kind in the country.
+
+No one man, probably, has done more towards building up the business
+portion of the city than has Mr. Worthington. His first building was
+erected on the corner of Ontario and St. Clair streets, now occupied by H.
+Johnson. Since that time he has erected fifty dwelling-houses, and
+fourteen stores.
+
+In 1840, he was married to Miss Maria C. Blackmar, of Cleveland, by the
+Rev. Dr. Aiken. Of the marriage six children have been born, two sons
+and four daughters, all living. The oldest son, Ralph, is now a member
+of the firm.
+
+In 1862, Mr. Worthington became interested in the wholesale dry goods
+business in New York City, and has been quite successful in the
+enterprise.
+
+Mr. Worthington is a good specimen of a self-made man, who was not
+spoiled in the making. Hard work did not harden his character, nor has
+prosperity turned his head. Coming to Cleveland without a dollar, he has
+built up a large fortune by sheer hard work, close application to
+business and strict business habits. He at the same time built up a fine
+reputation by his integrity of character and scrupulous honesty in his
+dealings. At fifty-six years of age, his health is now, as it has always
+been, remarkably good; he has never been detained from business on
+account of sickness.
+
+
+
+
+N. E. Crittenden.
+
+
+
+One of the best known names in this city, to new as well as old citizens,
+is that of N. E. Crittenden. For very many years his jewelry establishment
+has been a landmark in the business district "on the hill," and the
+greater part of the population, for about forty years, have taken their
+time from his clock.
+
+Mr. Crittenden is a Massachusetts Yankee in birth and pedigree, having
+been born at Conway, July 25th, 1804. In his earlier years he received a
+good common school education, and at the age of eighteen was bound
+apprentice to the jewelry and watch-making business, serving four years at
+Geneva, N. Y., and then removing to Batavia, where he was employed two
+years at the trade, and in Albany one year. In the latter city he married
+Miss Mary A. Ogden, soon after the ceremony moving to Batavia, where,
+however, he made but a short stay. He had determined on setting up on his
+own account, and Batavia presented no opening for him. That land of hope
+and promise, the West, tempted him as it had tempted others, and with five
+hundred dollars in jewelry, purchased on credit, he started westward in
+search of a place in which to turn his jewelry into cash.
+
+Taking vessel at Buffalo he came to Cleveland, but there was no harbor,
+and the vessel stopped outside to land any passengers for that place, and
+then resumed her trip. Mr. Crittenden concluded not to end his voyage
+until he had gone farther, and stuck by the ship until he reached Detroit,
+where he landed and investigated with a view to settling. The prospect was
+not inviting. In order to do business there it was necessary to understand
+and speak Canadian French, and Mr. Crittenden's acquirements in that
+direction were not extensive. Detroit was clearly no place for him.
+
+Whilst roaming around the place he fell in with Mr. Walbridge, who was
+seeking a location to open a dry goods business. He too was dissatisfied
+with the inducements Detroit offered, and had almost resolved to abandon
+the attempt and go home. Mr. Crittenden had reached the same conclusion,
+and the two took the boat on the return trip, thoroughly disenchanted with
+the business prospects of the West. When the boat reached Cleveland they
+concluded to land and take a look at the place before they utterly turned
+their backs on the western country.
+
+It was in September, 1826. The village was pleasantly situated, and the
+location impressed the strangers favorably. The houses had an appearance
+of thrift and comfort, and there was an air of New England enterprise
+about the settlement that confirmed the good impression formed at the
+approach. Mr. Crittenden turned to his companion and announced his
+determination to go no farther; he had found the object of his search.
+That he might satisfy himself of the probable future of the settlement he
+got a conveyance and rode into the country to see what were the
+surroundings of the embryo city. As he passed up through the street his
+ears were saluted with drum and fife, the people were all out in their
+holiday clothes, and teams, loaded with old folks and young folks, were
+coming into town, for it was "general training." The farther he rode and
+the more he saw, the more firmly he became convinced that here was to be
+his future home, and before long his five hundred dollars' worth of
+jewelry found purchasers among the lads and lasses, and some of the older
+folks, of Cleveland.
+
+His first store occupied the site of his present store on Superior street,
+and here, in a little building, he opened his original stock. The land he
+subsequently purchased of Levi Johnson, through the medium of Leonard
+Case, the purchase money being one thousand dollars for twenty-eight
+feet, with three years' time in which to make the payments. The exorbitant
+price horrified some of the old settlers, and one of them gravely shook
+his head, announcing his firm belief that such a sum of money for such a
+bit of land would turn Levi Johnson's head with unlooked for prosperity.
+The price would scarcely be called high in the present day, when land then
+considered far away in the distant country sells readily at higher rates.
+In the spring of 1827, having secured his store and sold out most of his
+original stock, he started East to make his first purchases and to bring
+his wife to Cleveland. His friends were surprised and gratified at his
+early return on such an errand. With his wife he brought some housekeeping
+articles, among other things the third carpet ever brought to the
+settlement.
+
+In 1833, he had so far succeeded in business as to warrant his tearing
+down the old store and building in its stead a store and dwelling
+combined. Great was the admiration of the people at this building and it
+was considered a just source of pride by the people of Cleveland, for to
+the store was an open front, the first seen in the place, and to the
+private entrance to the dwelling was attached the first door-bell in
+Cleveland. The glass front and the tingling bell were unfailing sources of
+attraction until others adopted the novelty and public curiosity became
+sated. The building was well known to all who lived in the city previous
+to 1865, for it remained until, at that date, it had to give way to the
+larger, more elegant, and far more costly structure.
+
+In 1843, Mr. Crittenden purchased the Giddings place, on the north side of
+the Public Square, with the stone residence on it, then considered an
+elegant mansion. The price paid for the lot, house and furniture was ten
+thousand dollars--a high price as rates then were, but marvellously cheap
+now. To that house he removed his family from over his store, and lived
+there twenty-five years, when it was turned over to business purposes.
+
+About the year 1853, he erected the fine business block on Water street,
+now occupied by Stillson, Leek & Doering, at a cost of fifteen thousand
+dollars. In 1868, he put up the handsome block on the same street that is
+occupied by Childs & Co. The cost of this was not less than forty thousand
+dollars, and it is a decided ornament to the street. The purchase of the
+land and the erection of those elegant blocks, in addition to the one
+occupied by his own business, furnish sufficient evidence of the
+prosperity of his jewelry business, the regular stock of which has grown
+from an investment of five hundred dollars to one of more than a hundred
+and twenty-five thousand dollars.
+
+[Illustration: Yours Truly, N. E. Crittenden]
+
+But it must not be supposed that this prosperity was uninterrupted
+throughout Mr. Crittenden's business life. There were dark storms which
+threatened disastrous wreck, and nothing but stead-fastness of purpose and
+force of character brought him through. In 1836 the financial tornado
+swept over the land and stripped nearly every business man bare. When the
+storm was at its height Mr. Crittenden found himself with fifty thousand
+dollars of New York debts past due, and without the money to pay them.
+Collections were cut off, and whilst he was thus unable to raise the means
+from his debtors, his creditors were likewise stopped from pouncing upon
+him. Other men in like condition were compounding with their creditors,
+and thus getting out of their difficulties by partial repudiation. Mr.
+Crittenden declined to avail himself of the opportunity, and, in course of
+time, his creditors were paid in full, though that result was brought
+about by years of toil, of steady, persistent application to business, of
+shrewd financiering, and of rigid economy.
+
+In his early days in Cleveland he was chosen one of the village
+trustees. In 1828, when he held that office, and Richard Hilliard was
+president of the Board of Trustees, the members gathered one afternoon
+in an office and voted an appropriation of two hundred dollars to put
+the village in proper order. Great was the outcry at this wastefulness,
+on the part of some of the tax payers. One of the old citizens, who yet
+lives, met Mr. Crittenden and wanted to know what on earth the trustees
+could find in the village to spend two hundred dollars about. At a later
+date, when Cleveland was a city and Mr. Crittenden a member of the
+Council, it was voted to appropriate ten thousand dollars to protect the
+lake front from encroachments by the lake. Again was Mr. Crittenden met
+and upbraided for his extravagance in municipal affairs, such conduct
+tending to bankrupt the city.
+
+It is Mr. Crittenden's pride that he has had no serious litigation, his
+care in making contracts having saved him the unpleasant necessity of
+resorting to legal means to compel his debtors to fulfil their
+obligations. But whilst looking thus sharply after his own interests,
+avarice or parsimony has formed no part of his character, and he has been
+liberal according to his means.
+
+
+
+
+William A. Otis.
+
+
+
+William A. Otis was one of those pioneer business men, who settled in Ohio
+during the dark times which followed the war of 1812. He was one of those
+to whom we owe much, but of whom the present generation know little; who
+without capital or education gave an impetus to the Western settlement, by
+integrity, personal energy, economy, and good sense. By force of character
+alone, which was their only capital, they wrought such wonders that the
+wilderness was literally transposed into fruitful fields.
+
+Mr. Otis left his paternal home in Massachusetts, about the year 1818, on
+foot, to seek a home in the West. Having reached Johnstown, in the
+Allegheny Mountains, he hired for a few months as man of all work, in an
+iron establishment, and thence set forward, travelling as before, by way
+of Pittsburgh, to the township of Bloomfield, in Trumbull county, Ohio.
+His physical constitution was equal to the labors of a new country, which
+had nothing to recommend it but a rich soil, and which required above all
+things perseverance and hard work. He cleared land, furnished the settlers
+with goods, for which they paid in ashes, or wheat, and kept a comfortable
+tavern for the accommodation of travelers. The ashes were manufactured by
+himself into "black salts" or impure potash, more often styled "Pots,"
+which was the only strictly cash article in the country. It was necessary
+to haul the casks of potash to the mouth of Beaver river, or to
+Pittsburgh, from whence they drifted on flat boats down the Ohio and
+Mississippi to New Orleans, and from thence were shipped to New York. Much
+of the teaming he did himself.
+
+The "Pots" were exchanged at Pittsburgh for goods, or if shipped furnished
+a credit for the purchases, with which his wagon was loaded, on the return
+to Bloomfield. Currency did not in those days enter into the course of
+trade, because there was barely enough of it in the country to pay taxes.
+Mr. Otis was frequently obliged to furnish his customers with cash for
+this purpose. When the Erie Canal was finished to Buffalo, the wheat of
+the settlers on the Reserve, for the first time, became a cash article.
+They had an abundance of grain, which they were glad to dispose of at
+twenty-five cents a bushel, payable principally in goods. The canal
+furnished a better outlet for potash than the river. Mr. Otis determined
+to try a venture in flour at New York, which he considered the first lot
+sent there from the Reserve.
+
+There were no flour barrels, and no coopers, at Bloomfield, but a few
+miles north towards the lake there was a good custom grist mill. He went
+into the woods, cut an oak tree, set his men to saw it into blocks of the
+right length, from which the rough staves were split. The wheat which his
+customers brought in, was stored at the mill and ground. When the cooper
+stuff was seasoned, the barrels were made, rough enough, but strong, and
+his stock of flour and potash hauled through the mud thirty-five miles to
+the mouth of Ashtabula creek. A schooner was at anchor outside, and as
+soon as his venture was on board, he took passage with it to Buffalo, and
+by canal to New York. The New York dealers were surprised and gratified,
+for they perceived at once the capacity of a new country on the shores of
+Lake Erie, of which they had hitherto only known in theory, not in
+practical results. In quality the flour was not behind that of the Genesee
+country, which seemed a wonder in their eyes. They purchased it readily
+and offered every encouragement to the trade and the trader. In process of
+time, wool and pork were added to the staples for the New York market. It
+was by this course of incessant activity during near twenty years of
+country business, coupled with a sure judgment, that Mr. Otis gradually
+acquired a moderate money capital. In 1835 or 1836, he came to this city,
+with his hard earned experience in traffic, and with more ready cash than
+most of our produce dealers then possessed, and entered upon a wider field
+of enterprise. He continued to purchase and sell the old class of
+articles, pork, flour and potash, to which iron soon became an important
+addition. His capital and experience brought him at once into connection
+with many public enterprises, which became necessary to an expanding
+country, especially such as relate to transportation. One of the earliest
+tumpikes in northeastern Ohio was made through Bloomfield, from Warren to
+Ashtabula. Steamers made their appearance on Lake Erie, and the Ohio canal
+extended navigation into the interior. In all these auxiliaries to trade
+in the heavy products of the country, Mr. Otis had a friendly interest,
+and when railways began to be discussed he saw their value at once.
+Finally, after his usual deliberation, he decided that the manufacture of
+iron was a safe and profitable business at Cleveland; he became the
+pioneer iron master of the place, with the usual result of his
+operations--a large profit on his investment.
+
+This example and success laid the foundation of iron manufactures here.
+It required something more than the talents of a shrewd country merchant,
+or of a mere money lender, to foresee the coming wants of trade in a
+growing State, to invest in its banks, railroads and manufactures, and to
+render all these investments profitable. With his increase in wealth there
+was in Mr. Otis no increase of display, and no relaxation of the economy
+of early life, but an increasing liberality in public charities,
+particularly those connected with religion. When compared with the
+briskness of modern traffic he was slow and cautious; but having finally
+reached a conclusion he never flagged in the pursuit of his plans. He
+belonged to a past generation, but to a class of dealers whose judgment
+and perseverance built up the business of the country on a sure basis. In
+the midst of a speculative community in flush times, he appeared to be
+cold, dilatory, and over cautions, but he saw more clearly and further
+into the future of a business than younger and more impulsive minds, who
+had less experience in its revulsions.
+
+For a number of years previous to his death Mr. Otis was largely
+interested in the banking business of the city. He took a prominent part
+in the organization of the State Bank of Ohio, was the originator of the
+Society for Savings in Cleveland, and was for thirteen years its
+president, and at the time of his death was president of the Commercial
+National Bank. He was also connected with the banking firm of Wicks, Otis
+& Brownell.
+
+In connection with a notice of the originator of the Savings Bank in
+Cleveland it is appropriate to briefly sketch the history of that
+organization, which has worked so much good and which ranks to-day among
+the most important and most valued institutions in the city. The
+suggestion was first made by Mr. Otis in the Winter of 1848-9, and its
+organization was advocated on the ground of public benevolence. At the
+request of several prominent persons, Mr. S. H. Mather, the present
+secretary and treasurer, examined the character and practices of several
+eastern institutions of a similar character. A charter was drafted,
+principally from those of two well known institutions of the kind then in
+operation at Boston and Hartford. In the New England States every city and
+many villages and country towns have organizations of this character.
+
+In March, 1849, the Legislature granted corporate powers to W. A. Otis, H.
+W. Clark, L. Handerson, J. Lyman, M. L. Hewitt, N. Brainard, Ralph Cowles,
+J. H. Gorham, A. Seymour, D. A. Shepard, James Gardner, J. A. Harris, J.
+H. Bingham, J. A. Briggs, S. H. Mather, J. A. Foot, and C. J. Woolson, and
+their successors, to be appointed by themselves, the corporate powers to
+continue thirty years. The corporators appointed John W. Allen president,
+S. H. Mather secretary, and J. F. Taintor treasurer, and commenced business
+in August, 1849, at the rear of the Merchants Bank, on Bank street. Mr.
+Taintor was at the time teller in the Merchants Bank, and it was supposed
+that he could attend to all the business of the Savings Society outside of
+banking hours. This was soon found to be impracticable, and at the end of
+about two years Mr. Taintor withdrew, leaving to Mr. Mather the joint
+office of secretary and treasurer.
+
+At the end of three years the deposits were only $100,000. In the latter
+part of the year 1856, the society became able to have a better office,
+and moved into 118 Bank street, corner of Frankfort, under the Weddell
+house. The deposits in 1859, after ten years of business, were only about
+$300,000, but the concern had been so closely managed that a surplus was
+accumulating from the profits on investments over the six per cent.
+interest paid to depositors. From that time the business of the
+institution steadily increased until on the 1st day of January, 1869, its
+deposits considerably exceeded two and a half millions of dollars, and out
+of a large surplus had been built one of the finest and most substantial
+buildings in the city, on the north side of the Park. Such have been the
+fruits of the suggestion of Mr. Otis; such the success of the organization
+in which he took so deep an interest during his life.
+
+On the announcement of the death of Mr. Otis, a meeting of bankers was
+immediately called for the purpose of taking some action in testimony of
+their respect for the deceased. All the banks were fully represented, as
+were the private banking firms. T. M. Kelly, of the Merchants National
+Bank, was called to the chair, and J. O. Buell, of the Second National
+Bank, appointed secretary. Appropriate remarks were made by the chairman
+and others, after which a committee, composed of T. P. Handy, H. B. Payne,
+Joseph Perkins, Henry Wick, and E. B. Hale, reported the following
+resolutions, testifying to the respect and esteem felt for Mr. Otis as a
+man of business, as a good citizen, and as a Christian:
+
+  It having pleased God to remove from our midst, on the morning of the
+  11th inst., Wm. A. Otis, who, for more than 22 years, has been
+  associated with many of us in the business of banking, and has occupied
+  a prominent position both in the early organization of the State Bank of
+  Ohio, and of the Society for Savings of Cleveland, of which latter
+  Society he was for thirteen years president, and at the time of his
+  death was the president of the Commercial Bank of this city, and who by
+  his wise counsels, his high regard for integrity and mercantile honors as
+  well as by an exemplary Christian life, had secured the esteem and
+  confidence of his associates and fellow citizens, and who, after a good
+  old age, has been quietly gathered to his rest, therefore,
+
+  _Resolved_, That while we deeply mourn the loss of our departed brother,
+  we commend his virtues, and especially his high standard of Christian
+  integrity, for the imitation of the young men of our city as the most
+  certain means to a successful business life, and a fitting preparation
+  for its final close.
+
+  _Resolved_, That we deeply sympathize with the family of our deceased
+  friend in the loss that both they and we are called to sustain, feeling
+  assured that after so long a life of Christian fidelity this loss, to
+  him is an infinite gain.
+
+  _Resolved_, That a copy of these resolutions, signed by the Chairman and
+  Secretary, be furnished the family of the deceased and be duly published
+  in our city papers.
+
+  J. C. Buell, Secretary. T. M. Kelly, Chairman.
+  Cleveland, May 12, 1868.
+
+
+
+
+E. P. Morgan.
+
+
+
+"He who works most achieves most," is a good motto in business, and in
+pursuits of all kinds. This has been the principle on which E. P. Morgan
+has acted throughout life, and a faithful persistence in carrying it out
+has resulted in building up a mammoth business and the consequent
+possession of a handsome fortune.
+
+Mr. Morgan was born in New London, Connecticut, in 1807. His early years
+were spent at home and in attending school, where a good common education
+was gained. In his fifteenth year he was taken from school and placed in a
+store, where he acquired those business habits which have made him a
+successful and wealthy merchant. At the age of twenty-one, he set up in
+business for himself, at Middlefield, Massachusetts, carrying on a store,
+and at the same time engaging in the manufacture of woolen goods. In this
+store he continued twelve years, doing the whole time a thriving and
+profitable business.
+
+In 1841, he bade adieu to Massachusetts and came west to Ohio, taking up
+his future home in Cleveland. He plunged into business immediately on
+arriving, opening a store on the north side of Superior street, in the
+place now occupied by the store of Mould & Numsen. In 1857, he saw what he
+believed to be a more eligible site for business in the corner of Superior
+and Seneca streets, and to that point he removed in 1858. At the same
+time the firm of Morgan & Root was formed by admitting to partnership Mr.
+R. R. Root. To the retail dry goods business was now added a wholesale
+department, as also a millinery department, and subsequently a grocery.
+The business was vigorously pushed and every department grew with
+remarkable rapidity, until store after store was added to the
+establishment. The "corner store" became known far and wide, and a very
+large country trade was built up in the jobbing department. During the
+last three years of the war, the business of the firm reached an amount
+greater than had ever been anticipated by its members, and the old
+quarters, capable no longer of extension, became too strait for the
+expanding operations. A number of lots on the east side of Bank street,
+between the Herald building and Frankfort street, being purchased by
+Morgan & Root, were speedily disencumbered of the drinking saloons and
+petty shops that covered them, and on their site soon arose one of the
+finest business blocks in the city, estimated to cost sixty thousand
+dollars in addition to the cost of the land. When the block was finished
+the wholesale department of the business was removed to the new building,
+leaving the retail department to be carried on in the old store. In
+February, 1869, the retail business was sold out to new parties, and
+thereafter the firm of Morgan & Root confined itself exclusively to the
+wholesale trade.
+
+That Mr. Morgan is one of the best business men of the city is proved by
+the fact that he has failed in no one of his undertakings; not that he
+has always sailed on a smooth current of success, but that when
+difficulties arose his indomitable perseverance enabled him to overcome
+them. He engaged in no enterprise without its having been based on good
+evidence and sound judgment; he never wavered in his adherence to it, nor
+slackened for a moment his endeavors to prove his faith sound; nor has he
+once been disappointed as to the result. Few men have shown a like
+perseverance. His habits of keen investigation and strict attention to
+his affairs, enabled him to do a very safe, though a very enterprising
+business, and consequently he had little occasion for professional
+acquaintance with lawyers.
+
+In addition to his mercantile business, Mr. Morgan has interested himself
+in insurance matters, being president of the State Fire Insurance Company,
+of Cleveland, which position he has held since the organization of the
+company in 1863. Under his presidency the company has done a safe and
+successful business, and has extended its operations so that it has
+offices in Connecticut and other parts of New England. He is also
+connected with the banking affairs of the city. In the earlier years of
+his business in Cleveland, he became interested in the construction of the
+canal around the rapids of Saut St. Marie, and during the progress of the
+work had a store open at the Saut.
+
+In 1864, he built his residence on Euclid street, near the corner of
+Huntington street, where he has resided since that time. Though sixty-two
+years of age, he is still as active and vigorous as ever, and bids fair to
+long be an active member, in fact as well as in title, of the firm of
+Morgan & Root.
+
+In religious principles Mr. Morgan is a Presbyterian. For a long time he
+was a member of the Second Presbyterian Church, but of late has been
+connected with the Euclid street Presbyterian Church.
+
+In 1832, he was married to Miss Laura Nash, of Middleford, Mass., by whom
+he has had seven children, all but one of whom still live. The oldest son,
+William Morgan, now thirty-one years old, is engaged in the manufacture
+and sale of lubricating oils. The second son, Edmund N. Morgan, is an
+assistant in his father's store. A daughter, Helen, is the wife of Mr.
+J. B. Merriam, of Cleveland.
+
+
+
+
+Robert Hanna.
+
+
+
+The commercial interests of Cleveland and of the Lake Superior mineral
+region have for many years been intimately connected, several of the now
+prominent citizens of Cleveland having been attracted to Lake Superior by
+the reports of its mineral riches at the time those riches were first made
+generally known, and Cleveland being found a convenient base of supplies
+for the mining enterprises on the shores of the "father of lakes."
+
+One of the earliest to take an interest in this trade was Robert Hanna.
+Whilst living in Columbiana county, Ohio, where he had been brought up, he
+was attracted by the representations of the mineral riches of the far off
+northern lakes, and in 1845 he started off to see for himself what was
+truth in these reports, and what exaggeration. Traveling and exploration
+in the wilds of the Lake Superior country were very difficult in that day,
+and those who were anxious to make a fortune out of the bowels of the
+earth had to rough it, pretty much as the seekers of gold have to now in
+the tangled wilderness to the west of Lake Superior. Mr. Hanna spent four
+months in careful exploration, and at length becoming satisfied that there
+was something in the rumors of mineral riches, obtained from the
+department, in whose charge the territory then was, a permit to locate
+three square miles of copper lands. This being accomplished, he returned
+to set about the organization of a company to work the prospective mines.
+
+Whilst at Marquette, on his return from exploring the copper region, Mr.
+Hanna fell in with a man who had been exploring the country back of that
+place, and who brought in a specimen of iron ore which he had come
+across in his search. The ore was so heavy, and apparently rich in iron,
+that it was taken to a blacksmith, who, without any preparatory
+reduction of the ore, forged from it a rude horseshoe. The astonishment
+of those hitherto unacquainted with the existence of raw iron so nearly
+pure metal, can be imagined.
+
+But Mr. Hanna's attention, like those of most of the searchers after
+minerals in that region, was absorbed in copper, and as we have seen, he
+located his copper tract and returned home to provide means for working
+it. A company was formed, materials purchased and miners engaged, and the
+work pressed forward vigorously. The question of forwarding supplies being
+now an important one, Mr. Hanna removed to Cleveland, that being the most
+favorable point for the purchase and shipment of the articles needed, and
+opened a wholesale grocery establishment in 1852, combining with it a
+forwarding and commission business. At that time the wholesale grocery
+business was in its infancy, there being but two or three establishments
+of the kind in Cleveland.
+
+For some time after the establishment of Mr. Hanna in the wholesale
+grocery business, the carrying trade between Cleveland and Lake Superior
+was mostly in the hands of the Turner Brothers, whose one steamer, the
+Northerner, was able to do all the business that offered, both in freight
+and passengers. Mr. Hanna's firm, then composed of himself, his brother,
+Leonard Hanna, and H. Garretson, under the firm name of Hanna, Garretson &
+Co., decided on the bold step of competing for the trade by building a
+steamer of their own. The City of Superior, a screw steamer, was built in
+Cleveland, under the especial supervision of Dr. Leonard Hanna, and the
+most scrupulous care was exercised to make her in all respects a model
+boat for the trade. Great strength of hull and power of machinery were
+insisted on, in order to withstand the dangers of the formidable coast
+when the fierce storms of the Fall season rendered navigation hazardous.
+Accommodation for passengers on the voyage, which took several days for
+its full extent, had to be provided, and great care was taken in this
+respect to make the voyage as attractive as possible, attention having
+been somewhat turned to the Lake Superior country as a Summer resort,
+where the sultry beats of the "lower country" could be exchanged for pure
+air and cooling breezes. When launched, the City of Superior proved a
+complete success, and her first voyage up was a perfect ovation, a new era
+having been opened in the history of travel between the upper and middle
+lakes. But, unhappily, this fine steamer was lost in a storm after a few
+voyages, although the great strength of her hull kept her intact, though
+lying across a rock, until she could be completely stripped of her cargo,
+furniture and machinery.
+
+No time was spent in fruitless lamentations over the destruction of the
+work of which they were so proud, and about which so many anticipations
+for the future had been indulged in. No sooner had the news been
+confirmed, than a contract was made for the construction of another
+steamer, larger and better in all respects than her unfortunate
+predecessor, and the result was the Northern Light, which proved a great
+favorite, and is still running. Other steamers were chartered to run in
+connection with her, and their success caused rival lines to be run, thus
+building up the Lake Superior trade to dimensions exceeding the most
+sanguine expectations of the pioneers in it. To this house belongs a very
+large share of the credit due for bringing such an important proportion
+of this trade to Cleveland. When Mr. Hanna first endeavored to interest
+the people of Cleveland in Lake Superior matters, he was frequently met
+with inquiries as to the whereabouts, not only of the copper region of
+Lake Superior, but of Lake Superior itself, about which very confused
+notions existed.
+
+The copper company organized by Mr. Hanna expended over half a million
+dollars in developing the deposit, and produced several hundred tons of
+ore, but it was not a financial success, the fine copper not being in
+paying proportion in the ore. After a few years Mr. Hanna sold out his
+interest in this company, but has retained interests in other enterprises
+in that region, some of which have been very remunerative.
+
+By the death of Dr. Leonard Hanna, and the withdrawal of Mr. Garretson,
+the firm of Hanna, Garretson & Co. became dissolved, and was changed to
+Robert Hanna & Co., the younger members of the Hanna families taking
+interest in the firm. Recently Robert Hanna has retired from active
+participation in its affairs, having turned his attention in other
+directions. During the past four years he has been engaged in the oil
+refining business, having a refinery with a capacity of a hundred and
+sixty barrels a day, which has proved very successful. He is also
+president of the Cleveland Malleable Iron Works, the first of the kind in
+this part of the country, and which at present promises well. The
+gentlemen associated with Mr. Hanna in this enterprise have united with
+him in the determination to make it a successful enterprise, and have such
+management for it that it can scarcely fail to meet their expectations.
+
+In 1868, Mr. Hanna projected what resulted in the organization and
+establishment of the Ohio National Bank, of Cleveland, on January 1st,
+1869, with an authorized capital of one million dollars, and with a paid
+up capital of six hundred thousand dollars. It was organized with more
+especial reference to the interests of merchants, mechanics and
+manufacturers, and men representing these respective interests are the
+principal owners of its stock. The institution thus far gives promise of
+complete success. Mr. Hanna is the president; A. Cobb, vice-president;
+John McClymonds, cashier.
+
+Still in the prime of life, Mr. Hanna has the satisfaction of knowing that
+he has been very successful, has built up a large fortune for himself and
+done a very important work in building up the material interests of the
+city, both commercial and manufacturing. Although well able to retire from
+active life, and live in ease at his fine residence on Prospect street, he
+prefers to do what yet lies in his power to build up the prosperity of
+Cleveland still higher.
+
+
+
+
+S. F. Lester.
+
+
+
+Samuel F. Lester was born in Albany county, New York, in 1818. His youth
+was spent under advantageous circumstances, and he obtained a good
+education. At the age of fifteen he left the Academy where he had been
+studying and entered on his commercial education by becoming clerk in a
+country store, where he remained five years. Having reached his twentieth
+year, he bade adieu to home, and came west to seek his fortune. His
+first stay was at Clinton, Michigan, where he carried on business
+successfully for three years, and married Miss Cornelia Eliza Brown, of
+Tecumseh, daughter to General Joseph W. Brown, and niece of Major General
+Jacob Brown, of Brownville, N. Y., the hero of Chippewa, Fort Erie and
+Sackett's Harbor.
+
+At the expiration of the three years Mr. Lester's health gave way, through
+his assiduous devotion to business, and he returned to his father's house
+in Albany county, New York, remaining there a year, unable to engage in
+business of any kind. For the two succeeding years he worked on his
+father's farm, and in this way succeeded in regaining his health.
+
+In March, 1845, he again turned his face westward, and landed at
+Cleveland, where he became a member of the firm of Hubby, Hughes & Co.,
+remaining in it until its dissolution. The house of Hubby, Hughes & Co.
+carried on a very extensive business on the lakes and canal. The firm, in
+connection with J. C. Evans, of Buffalo, projected the first line of
+propellers between Buffalo, Cleveland and Toledo, and the line was a
+decided financial success. It continued to do a steadily increasing
+business until the consolidation of most of the independent lines into the
+American Transportation Co.'s line. A number of lake vessels also belonged
+the house, and a line of canal boats belonging to the firm ran between
+Cleveland and Portsmouth, and between Cleveland and Pittsburgh.
+
+In connection with the firm of William A. Otis & Co., the firm built the
+first elevator for railroad business in the city, the elevator, at the
+foot of River street, being now occupied by W. F. Otis & Son. Subsequent to
+this the firm erected the National Mills, at the heavy cost of seventy
+thousand dollars, it being then, and now, one of the finest and most
+costly mills in the State of Ohio.
+
+In 1858, the firm of Hubby, Hughes & Co. was dissolved, and the business
+was carried on under the firm name of Hughes & Lester, which was continued
+successfully until 1862. In January of that year, Mr. Lester went to New
+York on the business of the firm. Whilst there he was suddenly stricken
+with paralysis, and lay unknown and helpless for sometime. He was at
+length identified and cared for, but for a long time was in great danger,
+and for a still longer time utterly unable to do business of any kind. His
+serious and continued illness necessitated the breaking up of the firm,
+and accordingly on the first of January, 1863, the firm of Hughes & Lester
+was dissolved. On the following March, his health having been partially
+restored, Mr. Lester once more entered into business, opening a produce
+commission warehouse, and meeting with success.
+
+It is the just pride of Mr. Lester that he has always escaped litigation
+It is also a fact worthy of notice and imitation, that Mr. Lester has
+always given strict personal attention to all the details of his business
+knowing them all from the cellar to the counting-room, in the latter of
+which places he is most thoroughly at home.
+
+Mr. Lester was one of the original stockholders of the Commercial
+Insurance Company, and a director and member of the executive committee
+for several years. He has twice been elected Commissioner of Water Works.
+Mr. Lester has, all through his commercial life enjoyed to an unusual
+degree, the confidence and esteem of his fellow citizens.
+
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: "Yours Truly, A. Bradley"]
+
+
+Alva Bradley.
+
+
+
+To the very many who see for the first time the name of Alva Bradley, the
+question will naturally arise, "Who is he?" and some wonder may be
+expressed at finding a name so little known to the general public on the
+list of those who have contributed largely to the commercial prosperity of
+Cleveland. And yet Alva Bradley is one of the largest ship-owners of the
+city, and his name is well enough known among those interested in the
+shipping of the western lakes. That he is no better known outside of his
+peculiar circle of business men is owing solely to his modest and
+unostentatious character, he preferring to pursue the even tenor of his
+way and confine himself strictly to his own affairs.
+
+Captain Bradley was born in Connecticut in the year 1814, and lived in
+that State until his ninth year. Then his father emigrated to Ohio, taking
+his family with him, and settled in Lorain county. Young Bradley had few
+advantages in early life. He earned his first pair of boots by chopping
+wood, and when the first suspenders, knitted by his mother, were worn out,
+the next pair were paid for by chopping hoop-poles.
+
+Until his twenty-first year he worked with his father on a farm, and
+then left to seek his fortune in the world, with all his effects carried
+under his arm, wrapped in a cotton handkerchief. His first entry on
+independent life was as a deck-hand, before the mast of the schooner
+Liberty. In that capacity he remained two years, and then, having acquired
+a good knowledge of seamanship, was made mate, holding that rank two
+years. In 1839, he rose a step higher, and for two seasons was master of
+the Commodore Lawrence.
+
+Captain Bradley now commenced his career as an owner as well as master of
+vessels. In 1841, he had built for him, in company with Mr. A. Cobb, then
+a merchant at Birmingham, Ohio, the schooner South America, of 104 tons.
+When she was completed he took command of her and sailed her for three
+seasons. In 1844, in company with Mr. Cobb, he had built the schooner
+Birmingham, of 135 tons burden, and taking command of her himself, sailed
+her three years. In 1848, the same parties built the Ellington, of 185
+tons, which Capt. Bradley sailed for one year. The following year he
+shifted his command to the propeller Indiana, 350 tons burden, which he
+and his associate, Mr. Cobb, had built for the Buffalo and Chicago trade.
+Capt. Bradley ran her himself three years and then returned to a sailing
+vessel, having late in the season of 1852, turned off the stocks a smart
+new schooner, the Oregon, of 190 tons burden, which he ran to the end of
+her first season, and then bade adieu to sea-faring life. During his many
+years' life on the lakes, in various craft and under all kinds of
+circumstances, it is remarkable that he never met with a serious casualty;
+he was enterprising, active, vigorous in mind and body; a prudent business
+man and at the same time a thorough sailor.
+
+In the spring of 1853, he resumed his work of increasing his lake navy by
+building the Challenge, of 238 tons, followed by one or more vessels
+yearly. In 1854 was built the Bay City, 190 tons; in 1855 the C. G.
+Griswold, 359 tons; in 1856 the schooners Queen City, 368 tons, and
+Wellington, 300 tons; in 1858 the schooner Exchange, 390 tons. At this
+point he rested three years and then resumed work.
+
+In 1861 was built, in company with other parties, the S. H. Kimball, 418
+tons; in 1863 the Wagstaff, 412 tons; in 1864 the J. F. Gard, 370 tons; in
+1865 the schooner Escanaba, 568 tons; in 1866-7, the schooner Negaunee,
+850 tons, a splendid vessel, costing over $52,000, which has been running
+in the Lake Superior iron ore trade, and which has proved a very
+profitable investment; in 1868 he built the schooner Fayette Brown, 713
+tons, and the tug W. Cushing, for harbor towing; in 1869 the S. F. Tilden,
+1,000 tons, was launched from the yard of Quayle & Martin, completing the
+list of vessels built by or for Captain Bradley, making a list of nineteen
+vessels, and a tug, besides a number of vessels purchased. The present
+fleet is composed of nine vessels, with an aggregate tonnage of nearly
+five thousand tons, besides two tugs, one plying in Cleveland harbor and
+the other, in which he has half interest, at the Sault.
+
+The record of the vessels built for Captain Bradley, and their respective
+tonnage, given above, shows at a glance the gradual development of the
+lake shipping commerce. The first of his fleet, the South America, 104
+tons, built in 1841, was a very respectable craft in her day. From that
+time there was a steady increase in the tonnage of the vessels built,
+until it culminates in the S. F. Tilden, with carrying capacity of a
+thousand tons burden, but just launched from the stocks.
+
+Though owning at one time or another such a large fleet of vessels, the
+casualties to them were very few, and the enterprise has proved steadily
+remunerative. The schr. Dayton, Maria Cobb, Oregon, South America, and
+Queen City, is the complete list of vessels lost.
+
+Though shipping absorbed the greater portion of Captain Bradley's
+attention, his interest was not wholly confined to this branch of
+business. His time, means, and energy were largely employed in the
+manufacture of iron, and in other commercial interests. It is his pride
+that though so largely interested in business of different kinds, he has
+had but one case of litigation, and that with an insurance company. His
+record needs no eulogy; it speaks for itself as the record of a man of
+energy, enterprise and prudence.
+
+Captain Bradley's health had for some years not been good, but is now
+improving, and there is a reasonable prospect that one who has done so
+much to develop the shipping interest of the port will live for some time
+yet to enjoy the fruits of his energy and industry.
+
+Mr. Bradley was married in August, 1849, to Ellen Burgess, of Milan, Ohio,
+who is still living. Of the marriage, four children have been born, three
+girls and one boy.
+
+
+
+
+Wellington P. Cooke.
+
+
+
+The history of W. P. Cooke is an instance of what can be
+accomplished under the most adverse circumstances, when to
+persistent energy and laudable ambition are added the patience and
+faith born of religions training.
+
+The parents of Mr. Cooke were pioneer settlers in Otsego county, New
+York, where his father died whilst Wellington was quite a small boy. His
+mother removed to a still newer country, Macomb county, Michigan, and
+there died, leaving the lad to fight his own way through the world
+without the advantages of either money or education. In the year 1838,
+being then but thirteen years old, he became a printer's apprentice.
+Subsequently he removed to Chagrin Falls, Ohio, where he secured some
+educational privileges at a seminary, obtaining the money for his
+necessary expenses by working early in the morning, at night, and on
+Saturday. He found employment in the village and among the neighboring
+farmers. But with all his efforts his lot was a hard one. He often needed
+the necessaries, to say nothing of the comforts of life, frequently
+making his morning and evening meal out of potatoes and salt, the former
+being of his own cooking, as he boarded himself. These articles were
+purchased in many instances by money received for sawing wood on the
+school holiday of Saturday.
+
+In 1843, he came to Cleveland, tramping in from Chagrin Falls on foot, and
+having half a dollar as his sole capital with which to commence life in
+the city. His first attempt to gain work was in a printing office, where
+he succeeded in getting a case, receiving his pay, according to the custom
+of the times, in orders on grocery and clothing stores. After this he was
+foreman and compositor in the office of a monthly publication, called the
+Farmers' Journal, where he continued to devote his spare time to reading
+and study. Subsequently he became a clerk in a grocery store at a salary
+of ninety-six dollars a year. With this small sum he not only supported
+himself, but gave pecuniary aid to a sister, and something to the church.
+
+In 1848, he obtained an interest in the business, and the partnership thus
+continued for three years. His reputation as a moral and religious man,
+together with a great spirit of enterprise, rapidly enlarged his business,
+and pointed out new channels for money-making.
+
+[Illustration: W. P. Cooke]
+
+In 1850, he disposed of the grocery business, and directed his whole
+efforts to the hide and leather trade. In this he showed much judgment,
+for the business he selected has proved to be one of the most extensive
+and profitable of the West. A nephew, since deceased, about this time
+became a partner. The premises occupied became too small, and a lot on
+Water street was purchased, where a fine store was erected, which is the
+present place of business.
+
+The firm, which for some time existed as W. P. Cooke & Co., has been
+changed to Cooke & Denison, the junior partner being a former clerk, and
+under that name it is well known throughout the country, and especially in
+the West, as one of the largest establishments in the West dealing in
+leather, hides, wool, pelts and oil.
+
+Mr. Cooke joined the Methodist Church at a very early age, and to the
+religious influences with which he was thus surrounded, he attributes much
+of his success in life. As a Church-member he was led to avoid all places
+of doubtful morality, and thus escaped the temptations and vices which
+destroy so many young men. He has always been strictly temperate, and does
+not use tobacco in any form. He is now prominently connected with the
+First Methodist Episcopal Church of Cleveland, and is noted as a zealous
+laborer in the Sunday School cause.
+
+Mr. Cooke's religion is not of that kind that is left in the church pew
+on Sunday night, to remain undisturbed until the next Sunday morning, but
+is carried into all his relations of life and influences all his
+movements. The principles of justice and charity taught by the Christian
+faith are by him carried into his business dealings and social relations.
+Strictly just in business transactions, liberal in his charities to
+worthy objects, and generous to the church, he exemplifies in his life
+the fact that true Christian principles are not incompatible with strict
+business habits, and conduce to commercial success. Remembering his early
+difficulties, he takes particular interest in young men, sympathizing
+with them in their struggles, and aiding them with counsel and timely
+assistance where needed.
+
+
+
+
+Hiram Garretson.
+
+
+
+The firm of Hanna, Garretson & Co. has already been mentioned. The second
+member of the firm, while it existed under that name, Hiram Garretson,
+came like the others from Columbiana county, where he had been brought up,
+although not a native of the county. Mr. Garretson was born in York
+county, Pennsylvania, his parents being respectable members of the Society
+of Friends. When he was very young the family removed to Columbiana
+county, Ohio, where the senior Garretson opened a country store in New
+Lisbon. Hiram was sent to school, receiving a good district school
+education, and was then taken into his father's store as clerk, in which
+occupation he remained until he was nineteen years old. At that age he
+left home and engaged in trade on the rivers, taking charge of a trading
+boat running from Pittsburgh to New Orleans. This class of boats has not
+yet entirely passed away from the Ohio and Mississippi rivers. The
+villages along the river banks were small and badly supplied with stores,
+depending mainly for their supplies on the coasting boats. These are
+rudely constructed craft, well stocked with merchandise of all kinds, that
+drop leisurely down the river, tying up at every village or place where
+there is probability of a trade, and remaining there as long as the stay
+can be made profitable, then passing on to the next. When New Orleans has
+at last been reached, the boat is sold to be broken up for its materials,
+and the trader returns by steamer to get ready for another voyage down. It
+was in business of this description that Mr. Garretson engaged for a time,
+and in his voyages down the river and dealings with all sorts of people in
+different States, he acquired a valuable knowledge of business and men
+that has stood him since in good stead.
+
+At length he tired of this kind of trading and returned to New Lisbon, and
+carried on a moderately successful business until the Winter of 1851. At
+that time a marked change came over the fortunes of New Lisbon. Up to that
+period it had been a flourishing business place, its advantages of
+location on the canal in a fertile district, making it one of the best
+places of trade in that portion of the State. But the construction of Fort
+Wayne and Cleveland and Pittsburgh Railroads effected a great and
+disadvantageous change in the business of New Lisbon. The Fort Wayne road
+passed it a few miles north, and the Cleveland and Pittsburgh road ran
+about an equal distance west. Thus New Lisbon was cut off from all the
+commercial cities, and found its sources of supply tapped at every point
+by the railroads. Realizing the fate that had overtaken the town, Mr.
+Garretson, at the opening of the year 1852, closed up his affairs in
+Columbiana county and removed to Cleveland. There he became associated in
+business with Messrs. Leonard and Robert Hanna, and the firm of Hanna,
+Garretson & Co. was established.
+
+The successful operations of that firm have already been chronicled in
+these pages, and it only remains in this place to note the fact, that to
+the success achieved, the energy and uprightness of Mr. Garretson
+contributed in full proportion. The partnership lasted nine years.
+
+On its dissolution Mr. Garretson established the house of H. Garretson &
+Co., on Water street, with a shipping house on the river. The business of
+the new firm was exactly similar to that of the old one, including a
+wholesale grocery trade, with a Lake Superior commission and shipping
+business. A line of fine steamers was run to Lake Superior, and the high
+reputation Mr. Garretson enjoyed among the people of that section of
+country, enabled him to build up a very large business in supplying their
+wants. In addition, the new firm found customers rapidly increasing in
+northern and western Ohio, in Michigan, and in other adjoining States. The
+operations of the firm extended rapidly until it stood, at the close of
+the year 1867, among the very foremost in the amount of its annual sales,
+whilst the business was eminently a safe and solidly successful one.
+
+On the first of November, 1867, Mr. Garretson sold out his wholesale
+grocery business, and thus closed a mercantile career extending in this
+city over sixteen years. His attention was then turned to banking. No
+sooner had he retired from mercantile life than he projected and
+organized the Cleveland Banking Company, which went into operation under
+his presidency February 1st, 1868, with a capital of three hundred and
+twenty-five thousand dollars. It immediately found all the business it
+was able to do, and under the skillful management of Mr. Garretson it
+has become one of the most reliable and important financial institutions
+of the city.
+
+It can truthfully be said of Mr. Garretson, that his success in business
+has been owing not more to his shrewdness and foresight than to his
+mercantile honor and social qualities. He made personal friends of his
+business customers, and by courteous attention, as well as by scrupulous
+regard for their interests, retained their good will and secured their
+custom. In all the relations of business and social life, Mr. Garretson
+has uniformly borne himself in such manner as to win the respect and
+confidence of those brought into contact with him.
+
+
+
+
+John Barr.
+
+
+
+John Barr was born in Liberty township, Trumbull county, (now Mahoning,)
+Ohio, June 26th, 1804. His ancestors, on both sides, were from
+Westmoreland county, Pennsylvania, though on his father's side they
+originally came from the north of England, in the days of William Penn;
+and his mother's, from Germany.
+
+His grandfather, Alexander Barr, was killed by the Indians, in 1785, on
+the Miami, a short distance below, where Hamilton, in Butler county, now
+stands. His parents removed from Westmoreland county, Pa., to Youngstown,
+in 1800; and his father settled as the Presbyterian pastor of a church in
+that place, and resided there till 1820, when he removed to Wooster, Wayne
+county, in this State. The subject of this sketch was raised on a farm,
+literally in the woods, and experienced the usual privations and
+vicissitudes attendant on pioneer life. The new country and poverty of his
+parents prevented his receiving a common English education, and it was not
+until after he was of age that he mastered Murray's syntax and Daboll's
+arithmetic.
+
+On leaving home in 1825, he repaired to the Ohio canal, (then in process
+of construction,) where he labored for two years, at various points
+between Boston and Tinker's creek; where, with hundreds of others, he was
+prostrated by the malaria of that unhealthy valley.
+
+In 1828, he settled in Cleveland, and acted as deputy for the late Edward
+Baldwin, sheriff. He took the census of the county in 1830, and was
+elected sheriff that year, which office he held till 1834. Cleveland city
+at that time, contained one thousand and seventy-one inhabitants; its
+northern boundary was the lake, Erie street on the east, and the Cuyahoga
+river on the west.
+
+In 1835, when the idea of connecting Cleveland with other places by means
+of railroads, was conceived by John W. Willey, James S. Clarke, T. P.
+Handy, Edmund Clark, R. Hilliard, O. M. Gidings, H. B. Payne, Anson Haydn,
+H. Canfield and others, Mr. Barr joined in and spent a good deal of time
+in furthering the project. Late in the Fall of that year, he visited
+Cincinnati, distributing petitions along the line of a proposed route to
+Cincinnati from Cleveland, and spent most of the Winter at Columbus,
+during the session of the Legislature. A charter for that road, and one
+for a road to Pittsburgh, being granted, Mr. Barr brought the first copies
+of them, duly certified under the seal of the State, to this city.
+
+During 1836 and 7, Mr. Barr devoted a good deal of time in collecting
+statistics of this port, the business of the city, its population, &c.,
+&c., and also of the west generally, and laying them before the public in
+the papers of Philadelphia and other eastern cities. In company with Mr.
+Willey and the late Governor Tod, he visited Baltimore, Philadelphia, New
+York and Boston, endeavoring to enlist the attention of capitalists to
+aid in those enterprises. But the crash of 1837, and the general
+prostration of business, that followed all over the country, rendered it
+unavailing. In the Winter of 1838, Mr. Gidings, S. Starkweather,
+Frederick Whittlesey, Wm. B. Lloyd and Mr. Barr were appointed a
+committee to attend a railroad convention at Harrisburgh, Pa., to promote
+the project of the railroad from Cleveland to Philadelphia, by way of
+Pittsburgh. In 1838 and 9, at the request of John W. Willey, he still
+spent much of his time in sending a series of articles on the importance
+of the project, that were published monthly in the North American, a
+paper in Philadelphia devoted to such projects.
+
+Through the disastrous state of the times, these various measures had to
+yield, and become, for the time being, failures; but time has shown that
+those who were engaged in them were only in advance of the spirit and
+means of the age.
+
+In 1844, when this subject again arrested the attention of the Cleveland
+public, Mr. Barr, although crushed by the storm of 1837, again resumed
+the subject with his pen, and gave to the public in the National
+Magazine, published in New York, quite a history of the city, its early
+settlement, &c., together with a full description of the shipping on
+their lakes, tonnage, trade, &c., that cost weeks of hard labor and
+patience, more particularly to place our city in a favorable view before
+the eastern public.
+
+In 1846, a friend of Mr. B. sent him a petition to circulate and send to
+the Hon. Thomas Corwin, one of Ohio's Senators, asking Congress for aid to
+survey and establish a railroad to the Pacific.
+
+In circulating this petition, Mr. Barr was gravely inquired of by one of
+our citizens, "if he expected to live to see such a road built?" Mr. Barr
+replied, "if he should live to the usual age of men, he did expect to see
+it commenced, and perhaps built." The reply was, "If you do, you will be
+an older man than Methusalah!" Both have lived to know that great work has
+been achieved.
+
+Mr. Barr procured over six hundred names to his petition, which was duly
+presented by Mr. Corwin. Cleveland has now reason to be proud of the
+interests she manifested in that great work, at so early a day.
+
+In 1857, Mr. Barr brought the first petroleum to this city, made from
+cannel coal, to be used as a source of light. This was new and regarded as
+utopian. The article was very odorous, and failed to be acceptable to the
+public, but as time rolled on, improvements in refining were made, and now
+the largest manufacturing business in our city is that of petroleum.
+
+Few, if any, of citizens have spent more time and pains in collecting and
+giving to the public reminiscences of early days and early settlers--those
+who located in this region, and who under such privations, trials,
+hardships and sufferings commenced levelling these mighty forests,
+erecting log cabins, and in due time made this formidable wilderness "bud
+and blossom as the rose." In that respect Mr. Barr has done much to
+preserve and lay before the public from time to time, brief histories of
+many of those brave men and women who left their homes and friends in the
+east, and comparative comforts, to settle in the western wilderness, to
+build up homes for their children and future generations. Howe's history
+of Ohio, and Col. Chas. Whittlesey's history of the city of Cleveland,
+bear witness that his generous heart and gifted pen have furnished
+tributes of respect to the memory of the noble pioneers, after the battle
+of life with them was over, and thus supplying links to our historic chain
+that makes it comparatively perfect.
+
+Among the many reminiscences of early times related to us by Mr. Barr,
+there is one we cannot deny ourselves the pleasure of relating, and
+preserving: William Coleman, Esq., came to Euclid in 1803, selected a lot
+of land and with his family settled upon it in 1804. For several years the
+few settlers experienced a good deal of inconvenience in having only the
+wild game of the country for meat, and which, at certain seasons of the
+year, was unfit for the table. In the Spring the streams that put into the
+lake abounded with excellent fish, and the season lasted about four weeks.
+The question arose, "could these fish be preserved in salt for future
+use?" The universal answer was No! The idea of preserving _fresh water_
+fish in salt seemed incredible; the red man was appealed to, but he shook
+his head in contempt at the idea, and in broken English said, "put him on
+pole, dry him over smoke." One Spring Mr. Coleman repaired to Rocky River,
+famous for its fine pike and pickerel, and laid in his stock, carefully
+laid them down in salt, which cost him over thirty dollars a barrel, (at a
+great risk, as his neighbors thought,) and watched them carefully from
+time to time till harvest. Much to his own and his neighbors'
+satisfaction, he found it a success, and proved not only a happy change of
+diet for health, but also a luxury, unknown before. From this
+circumstance, small at that time, originated a new source of comfort,
+which proved, in time, a mine of wealth to the West, and a luxury to the
+persons who located in the interior of the State. Well was it said by the
+school boy of Massachusetts about those days, "Tall oaks from little
+acorns grow, large streams from little fountains flow."
+
+Mr. Barr says he made this circumstance a matter of much research and
+inquiry, and fully believes that to William Coleman belongs the credit for
+so useful and important a discovery.
+
+
+
+
+J. B. Cobb.
+
+
+
+The oldest bookselling house in Cleveland is that of the Cobbs, now
+existing under the firm name of Cobb, Andrews & Co. It has grown with
+the growth of the city, from a small concern where a few books and a
+limited stock of stationery were kept as adjuncts to a job printing
+office, to a large establishment doing an extensive business throughout
+the northern half of Ohio and north-western Pennsylvania, and in parts of
+Michigan and Indiana, and which has planted in Chicago a branch that has
+grown to be equal in importance with the parent establishment. Through
+financial storm and sunshine this house has steadily grown, without a
+mishap, and now ranks as one of the most important and staunchest
+business houses in the city.
+
+The head of the firm, Junius Brutus Cobb, was born in 1822, received a
+good common school education, and was then sent to learn the trade of a
+cabinet-maker. When his apprenticeship expired he worked for a short time
+as a journeyman, but was dissatisfied with the trade, and for a year or
+two taught school. In 1842, he decided to try his fortune in the West, and
+reached Cleveland, where he found employment as clerk in the store of M.
+C. Younglove. Mr. Younglove was then doing a job printing business, and
+kept in addition a stock of books and stationery. Opportunity sometime
+after offering, two younger brothers of Mr. Cobb followed him, and were
+employed by Mr. Younglove. In 1848, the three brothers united in the
+purchase of an interest in the establishment, and the firm of M. C.
+Younglove & Co. was formed, the store being located in the American House
+building. Here the firm remained some years, the book trade steadily
+increasing, until the old quarters were too strait for its accommodation.
+
+In April 1852, Mr. Younglove parted with his entire interest in the
+concern to his partners, and the firm name of J. B. Cobb & Co. was
+adopted. Before this the printing department had been abandoned, and the
+concern was run as a book and stationery store, with a bindery attached.
+The old store being too small, new and more commodious quarters were found
+further up Superior street on the opposite side, and with the change the
+business increased with greater rapidity than previously.
+
+In February, 1864, it was decided to open a similar house in Chicago. A
+store was engaged, and Mr. J. B. Cobb went up to open it, taking with him a
+relative of the firm who had formerly been their clerk, Mr. Daniel
+Pritchard. The business of the new establishment instantly became large
+and remunerative, the jobbing trade commencing auspiciously, and rapidly
+increasing to extensive dimensions. At the same time the parent house in
+Cleveland added a wholesale department to its former retail trade, and
+this grew rapidly, the need of such an establishment being keenly felt by
+the numerous small stores throughout the country that had hitherto been
+dependent on Cincinnati or the dealers at the East. The rapid growth of
+business in the two establishments necessitated a new arrangement of the
+firm, and Cobb, Pritchard & Co. took charge of the Chicago house, whilst
+Cobb, Andrews & Co. manage the Cleveland establishment. The latter firm
+was made by the accession of Mr. Theodore A. Andrews, who had been brought
+up as a clerk in the house, taking his place as a partner in April, 1865.
+Mr. J. B. Cobb took up his residence in Chicago, leaving his brothers, C.
+C. and B. J., in Cleveland.
+
+The Cobbs have maintained for themselves a high reputation for honesty,
+fair dealing, and courtesy in business, and in this way have secured
+prosperity. The trade that, when they first took it, amounted to about
+$25,000 a year, had grown, in 1868, to over $200,000. The qualities that
+gained for the head of the firm so many valuable business friends, was
+shared in by his brothers, and these again impressed them on the young men
+brought up under their control. The result is seen in the large number of
+customers frequenting the store daily, and in the extensive wholesale
+trade done.
+
+
+
+
+A. G. Colwell.
+
+
+
+Mr. Colwell is a native of Madison county, New York, and came to Cleveland
+in 1852, soon after the opening of the different railroads had given the
+city an important start in the road to prosperity. Mr. Colwell immediately
+engaged in the hardware trade, on Ontario street, where he has continued
+to the present day. As the city grew in size, and its area of commerce
+extended, the business of Mr. Colwell steadily increased. The retail trade
+gradually developed into wholesale, and this grew into important
+proportions, pushing its ramifications through northern Ohio, Michigan,
+and north-western Pennsylvania.
+
+Mr. Colwell has attended closely to his business, taking no other interest
+in public affairs than is the duty of every good citizen. But whilst
+carefully conducting his business he has found time for the gratification
+of a cultivated taste in literature, and has taken pleasure in
+participating in every movement designed to foster a similar taste in
+others. In a recent tour in Europe, undertaken for the benefit of his
+health, he visited the principal points of literary and artistic interest,
+and brought back with him many rare and curious souvenirs of travel.
+
+
+
+
+William Bingham.
+
+
+
+Whilst few men, if there are any, in the city of Cleveland are more highly
+respected than William Bingham, there are none less desirous of notoriety
+in any form. To do his duty to himself, his family, and his fellow men,
+and to do it quietly and unobtrusively, is the extent of Mr. Bingham's
+ambition, so far as can be judged by the whole tenor of his life. Did the
+matter rest with him, no notice of him would have appeared in this work,
+but to omit him would be a manifest injustice, and would at the same time
+render the volume imperfect.
+
+Mr. Bingham is a native of Andover, Connecticut, and on his arrival here
+from the East, became a clerk in George Worthington's hardware store.
+After a few years' service in this capacity, he set up in the same line
+for himself, and for about a quarter of a century has carried on
+business with marked success. The operations of the firm of William
+Bingham & Co., though at first small, have grown to large proportions,
+and Mr. Bingham has grown rich, not through lucky operations, but by
+steady, persistent application to business, aided by sound judgment and
+powerful will. In addition to his hardware business, he is interested
+with Mr. Worthington in the Iron and Nail works, and has furnace
+interests in the Mahoning Valley.
+
+In all his dealings, commercial or otherwise, he has been strictly
+conscientious, and this has secured for him the esteem of all with whom he
+has come in contact, and the respect and confidence of the general public.
+His word is inviolable, and no one has ever uttered a whisper against his
+unsullied integrity. In all works of genuine charity, his aid is
+efficaciously, though unobtrusively given, whenever required. To the young
+men in his employ, he is as much a father in his care of their interests
+and conduct, as he is an employer.
+
+In politics, Mr. Bingham has steadily acted with the Republican party, but
+he is in no degree a politician. He has been chosen by the people to
+places of municipal trust, but always without any desire on his part, and
+solely because those selecting him considered his services would be
+valuable to the city; and whenever selected as a candidate, he has been
+elected, the opposing party having full confidence in his ability and
+integrity. In his case, the place invariably sought the man, and not the
+man the place; and it has always been with great reluctance, and because
+it seemed the good of the people required it, that he consented to hold
+public office. It would be better for the people were there more men like
+William Bingham, and sufficient wisdom among political managers to invoke
+their services on behalf of the public.
+
+
+
+
+William J. Gordon.
+
+
+
+A history of the leading commercial men of Cleveland, with no mention of
+W. J. Gordon, would be not much unlike the play of Hamlet with the part of
+the Danish prince omitted. Few men in the city have occupied so prominent
+a position in its mercantile history as has Mr. Gordon; but, from a
+natural distaste of public notice of any kind, on the part of Mr. Gordon,
+we are comparatively without data, and obliged to depend upon what we know
+of his history in general.
+
+Mr. Gordon was brought up on a New Jersey farm, on which the battle of
+Monmouth was fought, and that had remained for generations, and still
+is, in the possession of his family. His earliest recollections were of
+rural life, its boyish enjoyments and boyish tasks. He obtained a good
+common school education, such as could be obtained in that neighborhood.
+Whilst yet a lad he manifested a strong taste for business pursuits; and
+to gratify and develop that taste he was sent to New York, where he
+became a clerk.
+
+But, young as he was, he reasoned that there was a better chance for a
+successful struggle in the new West than in the already crowded marts of
+the East, and that for the young man of energy and enterprise, there was
+every prospect of achieving distinction and fortune in assisting to build
+up the business of the new western cities. With this impression he bade
+adieu to New York in 1838, and started westward on a tour of observation,
+he being then in his twentieth year. He reached Erie without stopping, and
+remained there for some time, carefully observing its commercial
+facilities and its prospects for the future. Not altogether satisfied
+with these, he moved farther west, and made his next stay in Cleveland.
+Here he speedily became convinced that a great future was before that
+city, and he determined to remain and share in its benefits. A wholesale
+grocery establishment was opened, small at first, as suited his means and
+the limited requirements of the place, but which more than kept pace with
+the progress of the city.
+
+Mr. Gordon believed that to shrewdness and persistence all things are
+possible. His constant endeavor was to discover new avenues of trade, or
+new modes of doing business, and then to utilize his discoveries to the
+full extent, by persistent energy and unwearied industry. He was always on
+the alert to find a new customer for his wares, and to discover a cheaper
+place to purchase his stock, or a better way of bringing them home. Whilst
+thus securing unusual advantages in supplying himself with goods, Mr.
+Gordon was losing no opportunity of pushing his business among the buyers.
+His agents were diligently scouring the country, looking up new customers,
+and carefully observing the operations of old customers, to ascertain how
+their trade could best be stimulated and developed, to the mutual profit
+of the retailer and the wholesale dealer from whom he obtained his
+supplies. Men of pushing character and large business acquaintance were
+sought out and engaged, that they might aid in developing the business of
+the establishment. As these withdrew, to set up in business for
+themselves, others took their place. It is a noticable fact that no house
+has sent out more young men who have achieved success for themselves; and
+that success was undoubtedly in large measure due to the training received
+under Mr. Gordon.
+
+He tolerated no sluggards around his establishment. A hard worker himself,
+those around him were stimulated to hard work. He was at the warehouse
+with the earliest clerk and left it with the latest. He demanded
+unflagging industry from his employees, but asked no more than he
+manifested himself. It was through this persistent energy that he achieved
+success where others might have failed.
+
+When Mr. Gordon's capital had increased to such an extent as to warrant
+his employment of some of the surplus in investment outside of his regular
+business, he made some highly profitable operations of this kind. Among
+them was his uniting with some others of like foresight in the purchase of
+a tract of mineral land on Lake Superior, and the formation of iron mining
+companies which, though not immediately profitable, eventually yielded an
+enormous percentage on the original outlay, and bids fair to be equally
+profitable for many years to come, besides being a source of immense
+wealth to the city.
+
+In 1857, Mr. Gordon's health failed, and since that time he has paid but
+little personal attention to business, but by an extended tour to Europe,
+it has been in a great measure restored, and being still in the meridian
+of life, he has the prospect, unless some mishap occurs, of long enjoying
+the fruits of his far-sighted intelligence and unwearied industry.
+
+
+
+
+Henry Wick
+
+
+
+Lemuel Wick, the father of Henry, was among the early settlers of
+Youngstown. The Rev. William Wick, his uncle, preached from time to time
+as a missionary of the Presbyterian church, in the settlements on the
+border of Pennsylvania and Ohio, as early as 1779. Henry's father was a
+merchant, in whose store be became a clerk at the age of fifteen. At
+twenty-one he engaged in the project of a rolling-mill at Youngstown,
+which proved successful. In company with a brother, his father's interest
+in the store was purchased, and, having a successful future in prospect,
+Mr. Wick married, about that time, Miss Mary Hine, of Youngstown, whose
+father was a prominent lawyer of that place. In 1848, he became a citizen
+of Cleveland, disposing of the rolling mill to Brown, Bonnell & Co., who
+have since become leading iron men of the Mahoning Valley.
+
+After a few years of mercantile business at Cleveland, the banking house
+of Wick, Otis & Brownell was formed, and was successfully managed for two
+years, when the brothers Wick purchased the interest of the other
+partners, and continued together until 1857, when the firm name was
+changed to Henry & A. H. Wick, father and son, and has thus continued
+until the present time.
+
+Mr. Wick is a man of more than ordinary business ability, and has,
+throughout his long commercial life, so directed his talent as to preserve
+an unsullied character, and enjoy the unlimited confidence of his fellow
+citizens, in addition to a handsome competence. Speculations were always
+avoided by him, because he believed that, in a young and healthy country
+like this, men may accumulate property fast enough in the legitimate
+channels of trade, coupled with frugality, temperance and industry. Many
+of his employees, by following his example, have become eminently
+successful in business.
+
+Mr. Wick was born February 28, 1807, and, consequently, is in his
+sixty-third year, although he has lost little of the elasticity of his
+step or his business faculty.
+
+
+
+
+William Edwards
+
+
+
+The firm of Edwards, Townsend & Co. now ranks among the leading houses in
+the city, doing an enormous business, and respected everywhere for its
+enterprise and integrity. The head of the firm, William Edwards, was born
+in Springfield, Massachusetts, June 6, 1831. At the age of fifteen, he
+entered mercantile life as a clerk, and remained in that position in
+Springfield six years. In 1852, he came to Cleveland, that year having
+brought many New Englanders here on account of the recent opening of the
+railroads. His first year was spent in clerking for W. J. Gordon, who then
+had by far the most important wholesale grocery establishment in the city.
+
+At the end of the year Mr. Edwards, having two thousand five hundred
+dollars capital, resolved on setting up a jobbing grocery establishment
+for himself, and in company with Mr. Treat, opened a store on Canal
+street, doing business in a small way, and being their own accountants,
+salesmen and porters. The first year's business footed up sales to the
+amount of thirty-seven thousand dollars only, but the young firm was not
+discouraged. The next year opened with brighter prospects. The first
+year's customers were pleased with the firm, and satisfied that they were
+honest, as well as active and energetic, they returned to buy again and
+brought new customers. Orders came in rapidly, and by the middle of the
+third year the sales had grown to the rate of sixty thousand dollars per
+year. At that point, Mr. Edwards purchased the interest of his partner and
+looked about for a new associate in business.
+
+Mr. Hiram Iddings, of Trumbull county, became partner, and with his
+accession, the business increased more rapidly than before. Both members
+of the firm used every honorable means to push their business, and with
+almost unvarying success. New fields were sought out and the old ones
+carefully canvassed. As before, nearly every new customer became a
+constant purchaser, being thoroughly satisfied with the treatment
+received, and new customers were added. The territory served widened, and
+the reputation of the house for enterprise and fair dealing spread. In
+1862, the sales had grown to two hundred and forty thousand dollars. More
+aid was necessary to attend to the business of the firm, and on the first
+of October, in that year Mr. Amos Townsend was added to the firm, which
+then became Edwards, Iddings & Co. A year from that time Mr. Iddings died,
+and on the first of January, 1864, a change was made in the title of the
+firm to Edwards, Townsend & Co., Mr. J. B. Parsons being admitted as the
+third partner. Under that title and organization it still continues.
+
+The business of the firm has kept fully abreast with the progress of the
+city. The members are shrewd, enterprising, always on the lookout for new
+openings for trade, and ready to take instant advantage of them. They each
+have a happy faculty of making friends, and still happier faculty of
+retaining them. The proof of this is seen in the increasing sales, which
+now amount to one million dollars a year, the customers being scattered
+through northern Ohio, Pennsylvania, and a portion of Michigan. Their
+extensive stores on Water street are constantly busy with customers and
+with the receipt and shipment of goods.
+
+Mr. Edwards has attained prosperity, not by the favor of others, but by
+fighting his own battle of life with indomitable perseverance and
+imperturbable good humer. He has worked hard and persistently, but at the
+same time acted on the belief that "care killed a cat," and that "a light
+heart makes work light." His hearty good humor has had no small share in
+attracting and retaining customers, and has at the same time enabled him
+to rationally enjoy the prosperity his labors have brought him. But his
+good humor never leads him to abate a jot of his shrewd watchfulness in
+business matters, and to his prudence and keen observation are owing the
+fact that he has almost wholly escaped litigation. At thirty-eight years
+old he takes rank among the foremost and most successful marchants of
+Cleveland, whilst his frank, hearty manners, his warm friendship, and his
+liberal unselfish benevolence which distributes charity with an
+unstinting, though intelligent hand, rank Mr. Edwards among the most
+valued and most valuable of citizens.
+
+
+
+
+Amos Townsend
+
+
+
+Amos Townsend was born near Pittsburgh in 1831, and received a good common
+English education. At fifteen years old, he left school and entered a
+store at Pittsburgh, in which he remained three years, and then removed to
+Mansfield, Ohio, where, young as he was, he set up in business for
+himself, retailing goods, and remaining a citizen of that town during the
+greater part of nine years.
+
+During his residence in Mansfield, the Kansas troubles broke out and
+arrived at such a pitch that a Congressional committee, comprised of
+Messrs. John Sherman of Ohio, W. A. Howard of Michigan, and W. A. Oliver
+of Missouri, was appointed to proceed to Kansas and investigate the facts
+in regard to General Stringfellow's opposition to Governor Reeder's
+administration. Mr. Sherman procured the appointment of Mr. Townsend as
+United States Marshal, and he accompanied the commission to the scene of
+disturbance. He was on a hill near Lawrence when he saw the _passe
+comitatus_ of the United States Marshal of the Territory batter down the
+Free State Hotel, it having been indicted as a nuisance by the Grand Jury.
+Shortly afterwards, Mr. Townsend was taken prisoner by General
+Stringfellow, but on ascertaining his position he was released.
+
+In 1858, he came to Cleveland, having been engaged by Gordon, McMillan &
+Co. In that establishment, he remained nearly five years, and then became
+partner in the firm of Edwards, Iddings & Co., which, on the death of Mr.
+Iddings, became Edwards, Townsend & Co. The operations of that firm have
+already been spoken of.
+
+Mr. Townsend has served a full apprenticeship to the business in which he
+is now engaged, and is familiar with all its details from the cellar to
+the counting-room. As a skillful financier, he has few superiors, and the
+large operations of the firm bear evidence to this in the regularity and
+safety with which they are conducted.
+
+In 1866, the Republicans of the Third Ward chose him as their candidate
+for member of the City Council, of which he was afterwards chosen
+president. He not only polled the full vote of the party, but drew a large
+number of Democratic votes, and was elected by a good majority, although
+the ward has generally been considered Democratic, and has retained his
+seat to the present time, his personal popularity among all classes,
+combined with the unexceptionable record he made in the Council,
+overcoming all opposition. At the organization of the new Council for
+1869, he was unanimously re-elected president, a fact as complimentary as
+it is rare, it being the almost invariable custom for each party to vote
+for its own candidate, even where the result of the election is a foregone
+conclusion. He was in the same year suggested as the Republican candidate
+for Mayor, and would undoubtedly have been chosen to that office had he
+not considered it incompatible with proper attention to the large and
+rapidly increasing business of his firm.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: Your Friend, D. A. Dangler]
+
+
+David A. Dangler.
+
+
+
+David A. Dangler, like scores of other successful men in Cleveland, is a
+conqueror of adverse circumstances. In taking a cursory glance at the
+early history of representative Clevelanders, noticed in this volume, it
+will be readily seen that our business firms are largely composed of men
+who, in early life, were compelled to divide their time between work on
+the farm and attendance at the district school. Much of the debilitating
+dissipation common in cities has been escaped by them; and hence, they
+have both sound minds to project, and vigorous bodies to execute.
+
+Mr. Dangler found it necessary, at the early age of seven years, to do
+something towards carrying on his father's farm in Stark county, Ohio.
+During the Winter months, he had the benefit of a district school until
+1838, when, at the age of fourteen, he was employed in a dry goods store
+at Canton, as boy of all work. Here, he won the confidence of his
+employers, and by closely saving his limited wages, was able to attend
+school six months more, which completed his education. With this
+exception, he continued to serve in the same store until 1845, when, with
+a very limited capital, the savings from his wages, he commenced on his
+own account, in the same business.
+
+In 1850, he left the trade in dry goods and took up that in hardware. The
+late Mr. John Tennis, who was also a Stark county man, and Mr. Dangler, in
+1853, formed a partnership for jobbing in this line at Cleveland. The
+success of the concern was all that reasonable men could expect. Their
+connection continued until 1867, when it expired by limitation. They were
+among the first wholesale firms on Water Street, and this enlarged field
+of commercial operations gave full exercise to the talent and energy of
+Mr. Dangler. Trade was pushed in all directions, and in a remarkably short
+time they succeeded in building up a lucrative business.
+
+Success did not make a miser of Mr. Dangler. On the breaking out of the
+rebellion, he entered with all his native enthusiasm into the home duties
+of the war. In August, 1862, he took a prominent part in the organization
+of ward committees for raising recruits and providing for the familles of
+soldiers. A large part of his time during the war was devoted to this
+work, and will ever be remembered with gratitude by scores of families for
+timely assistance rendered during that trying ordeal. In the Fourth ward,
+where he lives, there never was a man drafted to fill its quota.
+
+In 1864, he was elected a member of the City Council, and in 1865, a
+member of the House of Representatives for Cuyahoga County, by the
+Republican party. These public trusts were so well filled that in 1867, he
+was returned to the Senate, representing the most important commercial
+district of the State except one, and at all times being watchful and
+active in the interests of his constituents. Among the important measures
+originated by him in the Legislature, are the Metropolitan Police, State
+Charities, State Gas Inspection, and the Building and Loan Association
+Acts. The last mentioned act has been very extensively taken advantage of
+among his immediate constituents. No less than ten societies have been
+organized in this city, under it, and have already been productive of much
+good among the laboring class, by enabling them to obtain homesteads on
+easy terms. The capital stock of these societies amounts to over three
+million dollars, and if the act is as highly appreciated throughout the
+State as it is here, the benefit accruing therefrom will be almost
+incalculable, inasmuch as the monthly payments would, in many cases, be
+squandered; whereas, now, they are not only saved, but secure a share of
+the profits of the association in proportion to the stock held. The
+successful working of these institutions must be exceedingly gratifying to
+Mr. Dangler. He is an active, energetic and impulsive member, though not
+without considerable tact, and generally successful in putting his
+measures through. As a speaker he is clear-headed, terse and forcible, and
+on subjects appealing to patriotism, really eloquent.
+
+Mr. Dangler is liberal with his means, with broad plans, not for himself
+alone, but for the public; indeed, we have few men among us more public
+spirited than he. To this new element of self-made and successful men, the
+city owes much of the unparalleled development of the few past years.
+Their energy and commercial intelligence have inaugurated a new order of
+things here, placing Cleveland in the front rank of western cities.
+
+Mr. Dangler has recently formed a new partnership, and is again engaged in
+the hardware business, having established the new firm of Dangler &
+Bowman, on Superior Street. He is still young and vigorous, and has it yet
+in his power to accomplish much.
+
+
+
+
+T. S. Beckwith.
+
+
+
+In speaking of the mercantile interests of Cleveland as developed by her
+prominent operators, it is with pleasure we produce a brief notice of Mr.
+T. S. Beckwith, one of our well known and most successful merchants. He
+was born in Lyme, CT, Jan. 11, 1821. Until he was fourteen, he remained
+on the farm with his father, at which time he commenced clerking in a
+store in Brownville, Jefferson Co., N. Y., and remained four years. He
+then came to Cleveland and at once engaged as a clerk with Alexander
+Sacket, who was then carrying on business on Superior Street, precisely
+where Mr. Beckwith's carpet store now stands. After two years with Mr.
+Sacket, he went as clerk with P. M. Weddell & Co., in which capacity he
+served four years, when he was taken into partnership with P. M. Weddell,
+Dudley Baldwin and W. E. Beckwith, his brother, and in this firm did
+business in the dry goods line for about four years, when he and his
+brother, alone, carried on business several years, and finally Mr. Henry
+Wick became associated with them and another store was started. Both
+stores were continued about four years, when the firm dissolved, and
+another formed under the name of Beckwith, Sterling & Co., composed of T.
+S. Beckwith, F. A. Sterling and G. Clayes. This firm was dissolved after
+two or three years and the subject of this sketch left the dry goods
+business and opened the first store for the exclusive sale of carpets in
+Cleveland. After five or six years, his former partner, F. A. Sterling,
+again became associated with him. The firm of Beckwith & Sterling existed
+three years when they admitted two young men in their employ, O. Baker
+and W. R. Havens.
+
+Mr. Beckwith is a thorough business man, quick to form judgment and quick
+to act upon it. He is among our best financiers, nearly always makes an
+investment pay. When he was regularly employed as a salesman, he was hard
+to match, and one great secret of his success as such was his courteous
+demeanor to all, whether rich or poor, and an industrious effort to
+please. We recommend those of our young men who desire to succeed in
+business to study one of the principal keys to T. S. Beckwith's success--a
+polite attention to all. It will pay.
+
+Mr. Beckwith's business has grown with the city, and the profits with it,
+and although he has only attained to the meridian of life, and in the full
+enjoyment of mental and physical energy, he has acquired a handsome
+competency.
+
+Besides his mercantile interest, Mr. B. has aided in giving to Cleveland
+the character of a manufacturing city, having invested largely in the
+white lead factory of this city, which is under the management of Mr. J.
+H. Morley, an account of which will be seen in the Manufacturing
+Department of this work.
+
+Business has not, however, engrossed the whole of Mr. Beckwith's time and
+talents. He is as thorough a worker in the cause of religion, morality and
+benevolence as in trade. For a number of years, he has been an active
+member of the Second Presbyterian church of this city, always taking a
+lively interest in the Sunday school connected with the church. He was
+also as indefatigable in the interests of the Bethel Church and Sunday
+school of this city, and which is now doing a noble work in the city.
+
+Mr. B. was married in 1849, to Miss Sarah Oliphant of Grandville,
+Washington Co., N. Y. Two children of this marriage are living and a
+third dead.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: Yours Truly, Elias Sims]
+
+
+Elias Sims.
+
+
+
+Although Mr. Sims has not been strictly a man of commerce among us, his
+life labor has been one wholly devoted to enterprises that are strictly
+conducive to that foundation of a commonwealth. Properly placed, he would
+be with general contractors, but as we have not material sufficient for a
+department under that head, he must take rank among the men whose trade
+has been facilitated by his enterprise.
+
+Elias Sims was born at Onondaga, New York, August 4. 1818, and is another
+striking instance of the value of early dependence on one's own
+resources. Until he was fifteen years of age, Elias worked on a farm,
+when he concluded to leave it, and strike out for himself on another
+line. He worked as a laborer on the New York canal for some time, and
+being a lad of great force of character with a keen eye to business, he
+was very soon selected as an overseer. He held this situation for about
+two years when he became deputy superintendent of the works, being at the
+time only in his eighteenth year. After considerable experience in this
+business, he concluded there was an opportunity to make more money by
+contracting than by working on a salary, and consequently resigned his
+office and commenced on a work for which he was eminently adapted by
+nature, and one in which he subsequently became remarkably successful,
+as, indeed, was his first contract, for it resulted in a profit of
+several thousand dollars. Men did not become millionaires in such short
+order then as now, and so much money so easily obtained almost unbalanced
+the young contractor. It made him less careful in his estimates, and, as
+may be easily judged, his next job swallowed the whole of his capital,
+and compelled him to become overseer again.
+
+The next speculation he engaged in was the building of a tug, in
+connection with two others, and which proved a success. After some time,
+he obtained a dredging contract at Port Stanley, Canada, and being very
+successful in this he entered into it as a permanent business, and
+appeared among the live men of Cleveland in 1856, as a contractor for
+dredging the "old river bed". From year to year, this contract for
+dredging at Cleveland has been continued, and in addition to this, he has
+executed some immense jobs at Grand Haven, Mich., Erie, Pa., and
+Milwaukee, Wis., in which he has been uniformly successful. He also
+contracted largely in the construction of the Great Western Rail Road, in
+Canada, and canal locks in Iowa. He is interested in propellers on the
+lakes, and has two tugs and three dredges in this harbor.
+
+Mr. Sims may well be styled a pioneer in the system of dredging, by means
+of which all the lake harbors have been able to receive vessels of double
+the old tonnage. Although of a quiet, he is not by any means of an
+indolent temperament, and has exhibited business energy in a way that did
+not make much noise, but which led to sure results. Mr. Sims was one of
+the contractors and one of the proprietors of the Rocky River Rail Road
+and Hotel. He is also interested in the People's Gas Company of the West
+Side, and we are driven to the conclusion that such a long series of
+successes in such undertakings cannot be due to accident; there must be
+for foundation, a clear, calculating mind, and the ability to execute well
+what is well planned. Projects in which others had failed became
+profitable under his management. He is still in the vigor of life going on
+as usual with his contracts.
+
+In 1838, Mr. Sims married Miss Fosburgh, of Onondaga Co., N. Y.; of the
+marriage three children were born, Mrs. Sloane of Buffalo, Mrs. Evatt of
+Cleveland, deceased, and Mrs. Wm. Starkweather of Cleveland.
+
+
+
+
+Joseph Perkins.
+
+
+
+One of the most noticeable mansions on the north side of Euclid Avenue is
+the tasteful and substantial stone building a little west of Sterling
+Avenue, which, from its general style of architecture and its handsome
+surroundings of lawn and shrubberies, resembles the comfortable country
+home of a family of wealth and taste in England. This is the residence of
+Joseph Perkins, and in its neat, home-like beauty, gives at once a good
+idea of the character of its owner, and a perpetual invitation to repose.
+
+Mr. Perkins was born July 5, 1819, in Warren, Ohio, his father being Simon
+Perkins of that place. His educational advantages were food, and after
+leaving school he entered his father's office. Born to comfortable
+circumstances he never had occasion to struggle for an existence as have
+so many of the now wealthy citizens of Cleveland, but, on the other hand,
+the acquisition of riches without hard labor for it did not, as in so many
+other cases, prove his ruin, nor did he spend his days in idleness. On his
+father's death, he was one of his executors and gave his whole attention
+to the task of closing up the estate. That duty performed, he came to
+Cleveland and found abundant occupation in managing his own estate and in
+executing the duties devolving upon him through his appointments to places
+of trust in banks, railroads, and other organizations. For several years,
+he was a director of the Cleveland and Mahoning Railroad Company and took
+an active part in its affairs. On the death of Governor Tod, he was chosen
+president of the company, a position he still retains and the duties of
+which he performs with scrupulous fidelity. He is also president of the
+Second National Bank. During the building of the Euclid Street
+Presbyterian Church, he was a member of the building committee, and has
+taken an active interest in the affairs of that church for many years. He
+was also a member of the building committee of the Savings Bank Society
+and of the building committee of the National Bank Building.
+
+In 1837, Mr. Perkins united with the Presbyterian Church, of which he has
+since remained an active and influential member, the scene of his
+profession being in Marietta, where he listened to the teachings of the
+Rev. Mr. Bingham.
+
+In October, 1840, he married Miss Martha E. Steele, of Marietta, by whom
+he has had six children, four of whom still survive.
+
+Mr. Perkins is a man of no ordinary character, and it is unfortunate for
+the world that there are so few of his mould in comparison with the whole
+number of people. The governing principle of his life is religion, his
+actions are directed by his conscience. Although rich and controlling large
+means, he is utterly free from the sin of avarice, and, though fully
+appreciating the value of money, he respects it mainly for the power of
+doing good it gives the possessor. His liberality is great, but is guided
+by a wise caution instead of being squandered indiscriminately. He
+dislikes being imposed upon by unworthy petitioners, and therefore
+narrowly investigates alleged cases of distress before relieving them.
+When satisfied that the object is worthy, his aid is generous and
+ungrudging. His ear is ever open to the tale of distress, his hand ever
+open when the distress is found to be real instead of simulated to impose
+upon the charitable. He has been known to leave his mails untouched all
+day that he might trace out and relieve cases of genuine affliction or
+suffering. His time and best judgment are given to the widow and
+fatherless, nor is his counsel empty-handed. In business matters, the rule
+of his life is not to claim the lion's share, although furnishing the
+means for an enterprise, but to deal with others as he would have done by
+him under similar circumstances. He believes that by pursuing this policy,
+he has reaped greater material advantages than if he had pursued a
+grasping policy, whilst his conscience is the easier for his forbearance.
+His firm determination to do right in every transaction and under all
+circumstances has in his case given fresh proof of the truth of the adage
+that "honesty is the best policy."
+
+Nor, though among the wealthy of the city, is he an aristocrat in feeling.
+To him, the poor soldier's widow, the laborer's wife, and the wife of the
+millionaire are equal in their claims upon his courtesy and his attention.
+He is in feeling one of the people, yet utterly innocent of the arts of
+the demagogue, and repudiating with firmness any attempt to bring him
+forward into political life, against the heats and confusion of which his
+modest and quiet character revolts.
+
+Although not of robust health, he is enabled to get through a large amount
+of work by methodical habits and by a strict avoidance of injurious haste
+and worry. His leisure is spent in the enjoyments of his beautiful home
+and in the cultivation of a fine artistic taste which has been developed
+and gratified by a tour among the principal art centers of Europe.
+
+
+
+
+Hinman B. Hurlbut.
+
+
+
+Himnan B. Hurlbut, a lineal descendant of Governor Hinman, of Connecticut,
+was born in St. Lawrence County, New York, July 29, 1818. In his boyhood,
+he received such education as the common schools provided, and the time
+not spent in the school room was employed on his father's farm, he being
+the youngest of a large family and required to help along with the others.
+
+At the age of fifteen, he left the farm and engaged as clerk in the
+mercantile business in Washington, St. Lawrence County, where he remained
+about three years.
+
+In 1836, he removed to Cleveland and commenced the study of law with his
+brother, H. A. Hurlbut, then practicing law here. On August 7th, 1839, he
+was admitted to practice, and at once went to Massillon, Stark county,
+where he opened an office for the practice of his profession. His cash
+capital when he started for his prospective field of labor, consisted of
+three dollars and twenty-five cents. The disbursement of this sum was as
+follows: three dollars for his packet fare to Massillon; twenty-five cents
+for three sheets of paper and two packets of tobacco. His worldly goods
+were all contained in a hair trunk; the most valuable item of which was
+his law library, comprising two volumes, Blackstone and Kent's
+Commentaries. Our readers may well be assured that Mr. Hurlbut was
+dreadfully in earnest about that time to commence business. He soon
+succeeded in making a commencement; his talent and industry were rewarded
+by one of the largest and most lucrative practices in that section,
+extending through Wayne, Holmes, Tuscarawas, Carroll, Columbiana, and
+Summit counties. As a lawyer he was very successful. He continued the
+practice of his profession until 1850, four years of which time he was the
+law partner of Hon. D. K. Cartter.
+
+Some three years before retiring from his law practice, he became
+interested in banking at Massillon, and in 1850, organized the Merchants
+Bank, of Massillon, with a capital of $100,000. This was in connection
+with Dr. I. Steese, who is still president of the bank, with the capital
+increased to $200,000. It was and is a very successful enterprise.
+
+In 1852, still retaining most of his interest in the bank at Massillon, he
+came to Cleveland, and commenced a private banking business, under the
+firm name of Hurlbut & Go., under the American House, and continuing about
+one year, when he purchased from the directors of the Merchants Bank the
+charter of the Bank of Commerce, and at once commenced business under it,
+with Mr. Parker Handy as president, and himself as cashier. About a year
+afterwards Mr. Handy resigned, and Mr. Joseph Berkins became president.
+The stock was increased from time to time till it reached $250,000, and
+then reorganized under the name of the Second National Bank of Cleveland,
+with the same officers, and nearly the same board, with a capital stock of
+$600,000, and its success may be judged when we say that it has a reserve
+fund of over $400,000, and it may well be characterized as one of the
+strongest, if not the strongest bank in Ohio.
+
+Mr. Hurlbut was cashier from the commencement, and labored assiduously in
+its interests, so that the Second National Bank of Cleveland is eminently
+the fruit of his labor and skill. Mr. Hurlbut was obliged to resign his
+position January 1, 1866, on account of failing health, induced by
+excessive mental application, and was succeeded by the assistant cashier,
+J. O. Buell, who still retains the office. On resigning, he was made vice
+president, which position he still retains. He took a trip to Europe,
+where he remained two years, returning much improved.
+
+Besides his official duties here, in 1864, in connection with Messrs. J.
+Perkins, A. Stone and S. Witt, he purchased of the Board of Control, the
+charter of the Toledo Branch of the State Bank of Ohio, which also proved
+a great success, paying in the neighborhood of twenty-five percent per
+annum. It was reorganized under the National Bank Law. Mr. Hurlbut held no
+official position in this bank, but assisted in its management.
+
+For some years, he has been a director of the Bellefontaine Railroad
+Company, and on the consolidation of that company with the Cleveland,
+Columbus and Cincinnati Railroad Company, was made a director of the
+consolidated line. He has added to his interests in banks and railroads
+some important investments in the iron interests of the city, and through
+his shrewd observation and extensive business knowledge, has managed to
+make his investments profitable. For fifteen years, he was a member of the
+State Board of Control of the State Bank of Ohio. From the organization of
+the Protestant General Hospital of Cleveland, he has been its president.
+
+Mr. Hurlbut's sole official connection with politics was his serving as a
+delegate from the Seventeenth Ohio District in the Philadelphia Convention
+that nominated General Taylor. He is in no degree a politician, but always
+takes an active interest as a private citizen and voter, in the discussion
+of political questions. His tastes are elegant and refined, and since his
+virtual retirement from the pressing duties of business, he has found
+enjoyment in the cultivation of those tastes. His manners are affable and
+genial, his disposition frank and generous. In business matters, he has
+always been prompt, and has never allowed his engagements to lie
+unfulfilled or be postponed.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: "Yours truly, E. I. Baldwin"]
+
+
+Elbert Irving Baldwin.
+
+
+
+The dry goods establishment of E. I. Baldwin & Co. is one of the best
+known business houses of Cleveland. Its reputation extends widely beyond
+the limits of the city, and throughout a large portion of the State it is
+known as one of the places to be visited whenever a shopping excursion is
+made to Cleveland.
+
+Elbert Irving Baldwin, the founder and head of the firm, was born in New
+Haven, Connecticut, May 13, 1829. He received excellent early educational
+advantages, in preparation for a literary life, but as his health was not
+equal to this, he turned his attention to mercantile pursuits, when about
+eighteen years of age, by engaging as clerk in the dry goods house of
+Sandford & Allen, in his native town. With the firm he remained several
+years, and then engaged for about two years with a dry goods firm in New
+York city.
+
+In October, 1853, Mr. Baldwin came to Cleveland, and on the completion of
+Northrup & Spangler's Block, commenced the retail branch of the dry goods
+business, his father, S. I. Baldwin, being a partner in the business for
+the first three years. Mr. Baldwin opened out with a stock of goods
+costing sixteen thousand dollars, and at the close of the first year had
+made sales to the amount of forty-three thousand dollars. This was an
+encouraging result for those times, and he correctly judged that it was
+but the foundation of a large and lucrative business. Each succeeding
+year, without any exception, has brought an increase of business, till the
+annual sales of the firm are in the vicinity of a million dollars, which,
+in a retail business, in a city of Cleveland's size, is very large; and
+fairly entitles him to be regarded as the most successful dry goods
+merchant Cleveland has ever had. Having from the first conducted business
+in a strictly honorable manner, selling only good articles at reasonable
+profits, and allowing no misrepresentations, the result is, that many of
+the customers of the house are of fifteen years' continuance. This, in
+conjunction with the natural growth of the trade growing out of an
+increase in the population, now gives his house the appearance of a
+central dry goods market.
+
+Besides endeavoring to deal faithfully with customers, he inaugurated the
+one price and cash system of trade, so as to be faithful to himself and
+his creditors, and the result of all is--immense success.
+
+To meet the demands of trade, in 1868, his firm purchased a piece of land
+whereon stood part of the well known City Buildings, on Superior street,
+and erected the elegant store now occupied by them, at an expense of over
+one hundred thousand dollars. It has been selected by us as a symbolic
+title page, representing Cleveland present, and is at once an ornament to
+the city, and a monument to untiring industry and integrity. The building
+has a frontage of forty-two and a half feet, a depth of one hundred and
+fifty feet, and a height of eighty feet, overtopping all the blocks in the
+city. The front is of Amherst sandstone. The building is divided into five
+stories, with a basement; the ground floor, occupied by the store, having
+five hundred feet of counter-room. Without, the architectural taste
+displayed was unexceptionably good, the building having an appearance of
+lightness and elegance, whilst at the same time conveying an idea of
+strength and solidity. The store is fitted up in the most sumptuous
+manner, and is of itself an attraction to visitors, to say nothing of the
+rich wares always there displayed.
+
+On the retirement of his father, Mr. Baldwin associated with himself his
+brother-in-law, H. R. Hatch, and in 1863, Mr. W. S. Tyler, an employee, was
+admitted to an interest in the business, and in 1866, Mr. G. C. F. Hayne,
+another employee, became a partner. This is an excellent custom, and we
+are glad to see so many of our heavy merchants acknowledging the integrity
+and ability of their clerks in the same way.
+
+Mr. Baldwin has now the general superintendence of the whole business;
+and, although he is not, nor ever has been, physically strong, is very
+active, and there is little that escapes his observation.
+
+He was married, August, 1855, to Miss Mary Janette Sterling, of Lima,
+Livingston county, New York. The fruits of the marriage were three
+children now living, and one daughter who died.
+
+Mr. Baldwin has been connected with the Second Presbyterian church about
+thirteen years, and has taken an active interest in the Sunday school. He
+was trustee of the church for several years, and has always been found
+ready to aid in the furtherance of every good work.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: Yours Truly, G. N. Abbey]
+
+
+Grove N. Abbey.
+
+
+
+The trade in stoneware is a very important branch of the business of
+Cleveland, and this lies in the hands of one firm, of which Grove N. Abbey
+is the leading member. As the West generally is supplied from the parent
+house of the Abbeys, or from one or other of the branch establishments
+through the West, in which Mr. Abbey holds an interest, it would be
+manifestly out of place to omit, in a work of this character, a reference
+to him and his operations.
+
+Mr. Abbey was born in Portland, Connecticut, August 19th, 1818. He was the
+eleventh of a family of thirteen, of whom seven yet live. The father,
+Asaph, died at the age of fifty-five. The mother, Ruth Hollister, survived
+her husband thirty years, the last twenty-two of which were spent in the
+family of her son Grove N., and died February 20th, 1868, at the advanced
+age of eighty-six. As before said, she had thirteen children, twelve of
+whom married, and thus enabled her to remark, as she repeatedly did, that
+she had had twenty-four children. Before her death she had seventy-one
+grandchildren added to the list of her descendants, besides fifty-seven
+great-grandchildren, and one of the fourth generation, making in all one
+hundred and forty-two descendants.
+
+At the age of sixteen, G. N. Abbey bade adieu to his New England home and
+set out for the West. A good portion of his first year after leaving home
+was spent in Pittsburgh, which he then left for Ohio, where he has since
+resided; twenty-one years in Akron, and the remainder of the time in
+Cleveland. His first experience in Akron was as a clerk, from which he
+rose to the position of merchant on his own account, carrying on business
+until 1856. In the Spring of the preceding year he commenced business on
+River street, Cleveland, in the sale of Akron stoneware, in which he had
+become interested, and in 1856, removed his family to Cleveland, where he
+has since that time resided, retaining his mercantile interests in Akron
+until 1858.
+
+When Mr. Abbey was carrying on a mercantile business in Akron, his
+attention was called to the growing importance of the manufacture and
+trade in stoneware, made from the clay of the Springfield clay-bed, which
+has since become famous for the superior quality of stoneware made from
+it. The pioneer in the business was David Abbey, a brother of Grove, who
+died in Chicago, in 1856. The extension of railways to Akron rapidly
+developed the trade in stoneware, and the Abbey family turned their
+exclusive attention to it. The trade grew to importance wherever the
+articles found their way. To obtain greater facilities for sale and
+distribution, Mr. Grove N. Abbey came to Cleveland and obtained storage
+privileges in a warehouse on River street, at the foot of St. Clair hill.
+Soon the increase of business justified the engagement of the whole
+building, and from that time the growth of the trade has been rapid and
+permanent. Brandi houses were established in Chicago, Indianapolis, and
+St. Louis, and the parent houses in Akron and Cleveland have been kept
+busy in supplying the needs of these branches as well as of their own. The
+character of the article dealt in became known throughout the West, and
+wherever introduced the trade soon increased in importance. The result has
+been a gratifying success to the Abbeys, and the addition of a large
+revenue to the county of Summit.
+
+In all their various ramifications of business, Mr. Abbey has occupied an
+important position. In addition to providing for the home trade, he has
+exercised constant personal supervision over the supplying of the western
+branches. The negotiations between dealers and manufacturers have mostly
+been managed by him, and the importance of these negotiations may be
+judged from the fact that the requirements of the customers of Abbey & Co.
+regulate the amount of stoneware manufactured in Summit county, and thus
+affect the business and revenues of the county.
+
+The business of the Cleveland house of G. N. Abbey & Co. has gradually
+been increased by the introduction of other articles of a kindred nature,
+such as the brown and yellow ware, manufactured at East Liverpool, Ohio,
+glassware from Pittsburgh and New York, and fire-brick and fire-clay. The
+position of Cleveland renders it the natural distributing point for those
+wares, and the extensive facilities possessed by Mr. Abbey, and his long
+experience in the business, place the monopoly of the trade in his hands.
+That nothing but good has grown out of this virtual monopoly, is seen in
+the fact that the business is steadily increasing, that no dissatisfaction
+is expressed by the customers, and that no litigations have taken place
+during the long business career of the house, extending over a hundred
+years in Cleveland.
+
+During the last six years the firm has had some interest in vessels on the
+lakes, and these interests have been carefully watched by Mr. Abbey, who
+has entire control.
+
+It will be rightly inferred from what has already been said, that Mr.
+Abbey has achieved success in business. That success is due to no lucky
+accident or extraneous circumstances, but is the natural result of devoted
+attachment to business, keen insight, and a determination to follow, as
+far as practicable, the golden rule of doing as you would be done by, and
+of a desire to avoid all misunderstandings.
+
+If there be one business faculty more than another, prominent in Mr.
+Abbey, it is that of ability to do a large business, on a small capital;
+having, like nearly all of our merchants, commenced business with nothing
+that his own hands had not earned, and passing through all the trials
+incident to mercantile life in a young country, he has become an excellent
+financier. Naturally of a genial temperament, and inclined to look on the
+bright side of things, he glides over reverses and difficulties easier
+than some people, yet he has always keenly felt, and often deplored, the
+want of such early advantages as children of the present day possess.
+
+Being early interested in the cause of temperance, he has persistently
+endeavored to spread its beneficial effects by means of temperance
+organizations, and in April, 1869, he was nominated as temperance
+candidate for Mayor on the first strictly temperance municipal ticket ever
+put in nomination in Cleveland. The result was the polling of a temperance
+vote of about ten per cent, of the whole vote cast.
+
+Twenty-seven years since, whilst in business at Akron, he was induced to
+make a profession of faith and be received into the Congregational church.
+The faith then professed has never been renounced, and he is now an active
+member of Plymouth Congregational church in Cleveland.
+
+On November 4th, 1844, Mr. Abbey married Miss Sarah Goodale, of Kent,
+Ohio, but who came originally from Massachusetts. Of this marriage there
+were four children, three of whom are still living; the oldest being
+married to Charles H. White, of Chicago, Illinois. The other daughter and
+a son remain with the family at home.
+
+
+
+
+B. W. Jenness.
+
+
+
+Mr. Jenness was born in Deerfield, New Hampshire, July 14, 1806, received
+a good academical education and in 1823 removed from Deerfield to
+Strafford, in the same State, where he engaged in merchandizing,
+continuing in that occupation for thirty years, and finding it reasonably
+remunerative. In addition to keeping his store he filled the position of
+postmaster of the town for fifteen years, being appointed under several
+successive administrations. He represented the town in the lower branch
+of the State Legislature, and held the office of High Sheriff for over
+five years, the county which he officiated in having since been carved
+out into several counties. On leaving that office he became Probate
+Judge, which position he retained five years and then resigned, although
+the terms of office were such that he could have retained his position
+until he was seventy years of age. He was nominated by the Breckenridge
+party for Governor of the State, but declined. In 1845-6, he was
+appointed to the Senate of the United States, to fill out the unexpired
+term of the Hon. Levi Woodbury, who was appointed to the Supreme Court of
+the United States. In 1850, he was a member of the Constitutional
+Convention to revise the constitution of New Hampshire, after which he
+retired to private life, and has allowed politics to take their own
+course without his aid.
+
+Mr. Jenness came to Cleveland seven years ago, but immediately after his
+arrival started into the lumber business here with vigor, and has followed
+it up in the same way, until now he has become so intimately connected
+with Cleveland commerce that he seems like an old settler who has grown up
+with the city. He superintended the whole business here from the first,
+whilst his partners attended to the manufacturing department at their
+mills in Michigan, until May 1st, 1869, when Mr. Jenness bought out their
+entire interests. He has succeeded in building up a business equal to the
+best in that line in the short space of seven years, which speaks well for
+the energy and business ability displayed.
+
+In addition to his lumber business Mr. Jenness, in connection with three
+others, built the propeller B. W. Jenness, for carrying lumber and trading
+from Buffalo to Chicago and intermediate ports. She carries about 330,000
+feet of lumber, and cost $50,000. He has also been part owner of several
+other vessels since he has resided here.
+
+[Illustration: Very Truly Yours B. W. Jenness?]
+
+Mr. Jenness is a man of the most active temperament, he no sooner decides
+that a thing has to be done than he does it with all his might. One may
+form an idea of him by seeing him write his name; as quick as the pen
+touches the paper it is off like a flash of lightning, with the signature
+complete. He is broad and powerfully built, and to all appearance can
+endure as much as most men, although sixty-three years of age. Like other
+successful men, he attributes his success to strict attention to business
+in person. In politics he has always been a Democrat. In religion he is
+very liberal, favoring Baptists, Presbyterians, Congregationalists and
+Unitarians when occasion serves. He is held in esteem by all who know him,
+and we trust he may have many years of usefulness before him.
+
+Mr. Jenness was married in 1827 to Miss Nancy Shackford, of Strafford,
+New Hampshire, whom it was his misfortune to lose in May, 1868, leaving
+two daughters the sole survivors of a family of five, the three sons
+being dead.
+
+
+
+
+John Fletcher Warner.
+
+
+
+The late J. F. Warner was a native of Burlington, Vermont, on the border of
+Lake Champlain. His parents were poor, and his early advantages were
+limited. At an early age he became a sort of cabin boy on one of the Lake
+Champlain steamers. Mr. Warner came to Cleveland in 1833 or 1834, and went
+into the employ of Wellman, Winch & Co., who then kept a warehouse near
+the present site of the Erie elevator. Mr. Warner often related to his
+friends with much glee, a little incident that occurred in connection with
+his engagement to labor for this firm. It appears that it was represented
+to him that he was desired to travel for the house; and he, with visions
+of a span of white horses, elegant outfit, and an easy time, readily
+accepted the proposition to travel for them. But his bright expectations
+were soon clouded; his horse was shown him and his course of travel was
+the circle around a horse power used for elevating grain from vessels,
+prior to the erection of any steam grain elevators in the city. He saw he
+had been the victim of a practical joke, and commenced his travel with as
+good a grace as possible, under the circumstances.
+
+Mr. Warner remained with this firm for about two years, and then became
+warehouseman for Ransom, Baldwin & Co., which was composed of John G.
+Ransom, now residing in Hamilton, Canada, Stephen A. Baldwin, deceased,
+Charles M. Giddings, deceased, and William H. Bruce, then residing at
+Green Bay, and, we believe, now deceased. In 1838 or 1839, this firm was
+dissolved, and merged into Ransom, McNair & Co. Mathew McNair, Jr., the
+junior partner of this firm, whom the older residents will recollect, is
+now residing in California. Mr. Warner continued with this firm until
+they retired from business, and then he formed a business connection with
+Augustus Handy and Ralph H. Harmon. We do not know whether it was prior
+or subsequent to this partnership that he lived for a year or two at
+Tonawanda, but are under the impression that it was prior; but at the
+time of the Tonawanda speculation, gotten up by Clevelanders, he was
+induced to go there.
+
+After about two or three years, the firm with which Mr. Warner was
+connected, moved to Chicago, but being all Clevelanders, and Chicago not
+being congenial to them, the firm soon dissolved, and the members of it
+moved back to Cleveland, since which time Mr. Warner was employed in no
+active business. At intervals he had made investments that proved
+profitable, and not being in very robust health, had but little
+ambition, and lived in comparative retirement. He was one of those who
+loved to talk over old times, and never forgot old faces. He was as
+charitable as his means would permit towards worthy objects, and
+preserved through all his business relations a character for strict
+integrity. He was a man of strong friendships, frank in his avowals, and
+left a circle of business and social friends who will remember him as an
+upright, warm-hearted, and public spirited man, who lived in good
+report, and died sincerely lamented.
+
+For many years Mr. Warner had been more or less an invalid, though not
+often confined to his house, with Bright's disease of the kidneys. In
+November, 1868, it assumed a more serious phase, and on December 19th,
+1868, terminated his life. About eight months previously, he suffered the
+loss of his beloved wife, while spending the colder months in Florida,
+which had a very depressing effect upon him, and took from him a very
+necessary incentive to life.
+
+
+
+
+A. V. Cannon.
+
+
+
+On the 10th of July, 1867, died, after a very short illness, A. V. Cannon,
+one of the most promising of the young business men of Cleveland, beloved
+by his intimate associates, and esteemed by the whole business community
+brought in contact with him, and thus able to learn his worth.
+
+Mr. Cannon was a native of the Western Reserve, having been born in
+Streetsboro', Portage county, in 1834. On leaving school he entered the
+store of Babcock & Hurd, in Aurora, in that county, and when those
+gentleman removed to Cleveland he accompanied them and remained in their
+establishment some time, making a twelve years' stay with them altogether.
+
+He then went into the produce and commission business, and one year later
+formed a partnership with Mr. J. F. Freeman, which existed until dissolved
+by death. For two years before his death his health had been impaired, and
+he had been confined to his house for about eighteen months with an
+affection of the leg, but had recovered sufficiently to attend to
+business, and was in a fair way of perfect recovery. As a relaxation from
+business, he visited some friends in the West. On his return he was seized
+with inflammation of the bowels and died after a very brief illness.
+
+Mr. Cannon was one of the kindest of men, universally respected in
+business circles for his integrity and probity, and in the social circle
+for his mild and gentle manners and Christian spirit. He died at the early
+age of thirty-three, without an enemy, and with the confidence, the esteem
+and the love of all who knew him. On the announcement of his death the
+Board of Trade passed resolutions of respect and sorrow, paying high
+tributes to his business, social, and Christian qualities. He was buried
+with full Masonic honors, being a valued member of that order.
+
+Mr. Cannon was married June 8th, 1863, to Mary, daughter of the late David
+Morris, and left one child, a daughter, now five years of age, very bright
+and promising.
+
+At the meeting of the Board of Trade, the announcement of Mr. Cannon's
+death was made by Mr. H. S. Davis, in the following terms:
+
+  It is with feelings of profound sorrow that I announce the decease of
+  A. V. Cannon, Esq., a much respected member of this Board. He has been
+  stricken down suddenly, in the hour of his manhood, and in the midst of
+  his usefulness. I have known Mr. Cannon from his early manhood, and can
+  bear testimony to his untiring industry, strict integrity, and the
+  purity of his character in all the relations of life. He was earnest in
+  business, pleasant and affable in his demeanor, beloved by all who knew
+  him, and it is not too much to say that in his death the Board has met
+  with an irreparable loss.
+
+  We cannot lose such men without feeling that it comes very close to
+  ourselves, and let us pause in the midst of our daily avocations to pay
+  our parting respects to the memory of one who, were he living, would be
+  first to recognize it as being due to others, and I would therefore
+  suggest to the meinbers of this Board, that so far as possible they
+  attend his funeral.
+
+Mr. R. T. Lyon offered the following resolutions, which were
+unanimously adopted:
+
+  _Resolved_, That we learn with much regret and sorrow the death of our
+  esteemed friend and member of this Board of Trade, Mr. A. V. Cannon,
+  noted for his modesty, honesty, business qualifications, strict
+  integrity and moral principles, and worthy of the imitation of us all;
+  and in these manifestations of our respect and regard we sympathise with
+  the family and friends of the deceased in their sorrow and affliction.
+
+  _Resolved_, That we will make it our duty to attend the funeral of the
+  deceased at the appointed time.
+
+  _Resolved_, That the daily session of this Board be suspended on the day
+  of the funeral of the deceased.
+
+  _Resolved_, That a copy of the above resolutions be transmitted to the
+  family of the deceased, by the Secretary.
+
+
+
+
+H. F. Brayton.
+
+
+
+If there be a business man in Cleveland without an enemy, we think it must
+be H. F. Brayton. He has been connected with various branches of business
+in this city for thirty-three years, and enjoyed to an unusual degree the
+confidence of his fellow citizens.
+
+H. F. Brayton was born in Jefferson county, New York, November 22, 1812.
+He obtained a good academical education, and at the age of eighteen went
+to New York city and engaged as a clerk in a dry goods store, where he
+remained six years. During that time he became secretary of the first
+total abstinence society ever organized in that city. He was also
+treasurer of the Young Men's Anti-Slavery Society in that city, so far
+back as 1834, when Abolition doctrines were very unpopular. He it was that
+engaged the noted Theodore D. Weld and sent him out to the Western Reserve
+to lecture on the subject, and who succeeded in a very marked degree in
+bringing the masses over on to Abolition ground, and from which, in this
+section, they never receded until every bondman's fetter was broken. John
+Jay, our present minister to Austria, was, at the same time, one of the
+directors of the Society. He also connected himself with the Liberty
+party, being associated with Salmon P. Chase, in its early history. He
+next glided into the Free Soil party, and from that to the Republican.
+
+In 1836, Mr. Brayton left New York and came to Cleveland, and very soon
+became book-keeper of the old Bank of Cleveland, and remained in the same
+position three years. He then went to Columbus and became cashier of a
+bank. After one year he resigned and came back to Cleveland, where he
+engaged in private banking, and continued the same for about ten years.
+
+In 1850, Mr. Brayton became the first agent of the Continental Insurance
+Company, in this city, and still retains the office. This has been one of
+the most successful companies in the country. He is also the agent of the
+Washington Insurance Company, and the peculiarity of the two companies is,
+that the assured participate in the profits.
+
+In January, 1869, his son, H. G. Brayton, became interested in his
+father's business, under the firm name of H. F. Brayton & Son. H. F.
+Brayton is also a partner in another insurance agency in the city. About
+six years since he went to New York and took charge of the agency
+department of the Columbia Insurance Company, and continued in the
+discharge of the duties of the office for one year, when the agency
+business was discontinued in that company, and Mr. Brayton accepted a like
+situation in the Resolute Insurance Company, where he remained about two
+years, and then returned to Cleveland, where his business had been carried
+on as usual during the three years of his absence.
+
+Mr. Brayton has not devoted his entire attention to banking and insurance
+since his residence in Cleveland. From 1854 to 1857, he was connected with
+the firm of I. C. Pendleton & Co. in the coal trade, and previous to this
+he was the secretary of the Ohio Coal Company, which dealt principally in
+Pittsburgh coal for gas purposes. He is also at present engaged in the
+foreign passenger and real estate business.
+
+Mr. Brayton was for a number of years president of the Cleveland Board
+of Underwriters, but resigned on leaving the city for New York, as
+already narrated.
+
+On coming to Cleveland Mr. Brayton united with the First Presbyterian
+church, and has continued his connection with that denomination in the
+various societies in the city until the present time, and has been a
+worthy and consistent member.
+
+The first impression a stranger receives of H. F. Brayton is, that he is a
+high toned gentleman, and every subsequent interview is certain to confirm
+it. He is a man of strict business habits, and expects his dues, and yet
+his large benevolence and goodness of heart not only prevents the
+slightest approach to meanness, but often causes him to suffer wrong
+rather than be thought to be doing wrong himself. Were it otherwise, he
+would have been one of the richest men in Cleveland to-day, for he
+posseses both the ability and energy.
+
+
+
+
+O. A. Childs.
+
+
+Among our most energetic firms is that of O. A. Childs & Co., manufacturers
+and wholesale dealers in boots and shoes, Water street. It was commenced
+by Messrs. Seymour & Crowell near twenty years since. It became Crowell &
+Childs in 1856, and so continued until 1864, when, by the death of Mr.
+Crowell, it became O. A. Childs & Co. The business of this firm has
+steadily increased from the first and their yearly sales now amount to
+about $700,000.
+
+In 1857, they commenced manufacturing a portion of their own goods, and
+since 1860 have manufactured all their leading lines, i.e., those they
+depend upon for service. Their trade extends through Ohio, Michigan,
+Indiana, Pennsylvania, a large amount being annually transacted in the
+Lake Superior region.
+
+Although born in Massachusetts, Mr. Childs has lived in this city from
+boyhood and may with propriety be called a Clevelander. He is still a
+young and active merchant and one who has made himself a thorough,
+competent business man in all its details, from the cellar to the counting
+room. This, with unlimited energy, has brought him success.
+
+
+
+
+James McDermott.
+
+
+
+Among the mercantile interests, having their headquarters at Cleveland,
+which during a comparatively few years have grown into prominent sources
+of wealth and are yearly expanding in value and adding to the material
+prosperity of the city, the Building Stone and Grindstone interest is
+worthy of especial mention. Only a very few years since this trade was in
+its infancy, and as late as 1863 had not come to be recognized as worthy
+of special efforts for its development. That it then became so is in great
+measure owing to the sagacity and enterprise of the firm of James
+McDermott & Co.
+
+James McDermott was born in the village of Whitby, county of Ontario,
+Canada West, on the 19th of September, 1836. His father, who is still
+living, is by birth an Irishman and a native of the city of Dublin. His
+mother, who is also living, was born in the county of Ontario, Canada
+West. The father of Mr. McDermott is a man of considerable culture, and in
+all the relations of life has been distinguished for great energy and the
+strictest probity. His mother is no less distinguished for her uprightness
+and her clear perception of moral duty, and especially for the energy and
+determination of her character.
+
+James McDermott is the oldest of a family of eleven children, and as not
+unfrequently happens to an oldest son, where the parents are in moderate
+circumstances, James found himself at an early period of his life clothed
+with important duties connected with the care of the family. When in his
+twelfth year the family moved from the village of Whitby to a farm in the
+same township, and here came a change in the relations of the young lad,
+in the new duties he was required to assume, which laid the foundation of
+those correct business habits which have given him his present honorable
+position in the business community. His father occupied the post of United
+States Consul and Harbor Master (the latter embracing all the functions of
+a Collectorship) at the port of Whitby, together with several local
+offices which required his whole attention on every day of the week except
+Sunday. During the week, therefore, much of the business connected with
+the working and care of the farm was devolved upon James. The farm, being
+a new one, required to be cleared, and in this labor the young lad did his
+full share, manifesting always the most indefatigable industry. The family
+remained on the farm some seven or eight years, during which time James
+became an adept in all kinds of farm work.
+
+Young McDermott's opportunities for obtaining an education, at best
+limited, were still further restricted by his farm life, and during the
+years thus spent his progress in mental attainments was very moderate,
+embracing only what he could gather during a few weeks of winter from a
+country school in the elementary branches.
+
+A change at last came when the family quit the farm and removed to Whitby,
+in the year 1856. James was now twenty years of age, and being thrown into
+intimate contact with a larger number of his fellow men than ever before,
+the ambitions and impulses of his young manhood were more keenly stirred.
+He entered the office of his father, who still occupied the position of
+Harbor Master, and, though entirely ignorant of the duties, he quickly
+acquired a knowledge of the entire business and fulfilled all its
+requirements with entire satisfaction. He here realized, however, more
+fully, his defective education, which he determined to improve with the
+least possible delay. Only a few months were spent in his new position
+when he decided to set out in the world to seek his own fortune.
+Accordingly on the 10th of June, 1856, having packed all his personal
+property in a diminutive trunk, he bade adieu to his old home. Two days
+after his departure from home young McDermott arrived in Cleveland and
+went thence to Berea, where, as the sequel shows, was to be the scene of
+his future enterprise. He had acquired some knowledge of carpenter work,
+and so obtained a situation on the Methodist Episcopal church, then in
+course of erection. Here he worked until harvest time, when he went into
+the harvest field, working for one dollar per day. He worked through
+harvest and upon its conclusion took the first step in fulfillment of his
+design to improve his education, and entered school at Baldwin University.
+He had no money to pay for tuition, but this he provided for by sweeping
+the chapel, laboratory and halls of the college, earning sufficient money
+to meet his other wants, which were of course kept down to a very modest
+scale (as he boarded himself), by working in the stone quarries and
+cutting wood for the students. He studied hard and earnestly, and made
+good progress, finishing his first term with very satisfactory results.
+Among his acquirements during this period was a knowledge of the art of
+Oriental pearl painting, and during the Fall vacation he turned this
+accomplishment to advantage by teaching the art in Cleveland, going from
+house to house for this purpose, and obtaining fifty cents per lesson. In
+this way he earned sufficient to pay his tuition at the University during
+the next term, provide himself with necessary books, and furnish his means
+of living. Having concluded another term at the University, in the Fall of
+1857, young McDermott came to Cleveland and took a course of writing
+lessons at a Commercial College. He attained considerable proficiency in
+penmanship, and in the winter of 1857-8 taught writing classes at
+Loweville and Youngstown, Mahoning county, and at the Female College at
+Poland, Ohio, meeting with good success and giving entire satisfaction. In
+February, 1858, Mr. McDermott got his first introduction to the grindstone
+business, having received an appointment from a firm at Berea to travel in
+Canada and solicit orders on commission. He visited Canada and worked
+hard, often walking twenty miles a day, from station to station, to save
+time, carrying his satchel on his back, and paying his expenses by
+teaching the process of pearl painting. The trip was entirely successful,
+and Mr. McDermott returned to Berea in the Summer with a handsome sum in
+pocket. Still anxious regarding his education, he again entered Baldwin
+University, attending through the Fall term. In November of this year he
+came to Cleveland, passed an examination and received a certificate to
+teach school, and upon this opened a school in Middleburgh township,
+Cuyahoga county, making his evenings available by teaching writing and
+spelling classes. At the conclusion of the first term, in February, 1859,
+he started upon a second trip to Canada, to solicit orders for stone, this
+time on his own account. The venture was prosecuted with his usual
+industry, and was highly successful. He returned to Berea in the Summer
+considerably better off financially than when he left it, and having,
+meanwhile, placed a brother and two sisters at school in the University at
+his own expense, he once again entered upon a course of study. He
+remained, however, but two months, in consequence of the illness of his
+father calling him to Whitby to assume the duties of his father's office.
+Here he remained some two months, when his father's recovery enabled him
+to return to Berea. He commenced a commercial course, but was permitted to
+pursue it barely a month when he was prostrated by a severe attack of
+typhoid fever from which he did not recover for nearly four months, his
+life being several times despaired of. As soon as his health was
+sufficiently restored, Mr. McDermott again identified himself with the
+grindstone trade and made two trips to Canada, both very successful,
+between May and September, 1860, and then finished his commercial course.
+On the 19th of September, his twenty-fourth birthday, Mr. McDermott was
+married at East Townsend, Huron county, Ohio, to Miss Henrietta Scott, who
+had been a teacher in the Baldwin University, and a lady of superior
+accomplishments.
+
+In this year he met with the most serious misfortune of his business life.
+He shipped a cargo of stone for Canada, and the vessel encountering a
+storm which disabled her, a large portion of the cargo was thrown
+overboard. The cargo was insured in the Quaker City Insurance Company of
+Philadelphia, but before the claim could be adjusted the Company failed,
+and Mr. McDermott was rendered a considerable sum worse off than nothing.
+This misfortune, however, only served to stimulate his energy, and having
+established a good credit by the promptitude with which he had always met
+his business engagements, and at the same time created a high impression
+of his business qualifications, those with whom he had traded, and in
+whose debt he had been brought, encouraged him to continue business by
+allowing him all the time he should require to repair his losses and make
+himself whole. He soon made another trip to Canada with the most
+gratifying result, taking orders for upwards of three hundred tons of
+stone, the returns from which paid off all his indebtedness and left him
+something more than even with the world.
+
+From January to August, 1862, was spent by Mr. McDermott in Lower Canada,
+chiefly among the French population, and was one of the most successful
+periods of his business experience thus far. Returning to Berea, we next
+find him on his way to Cincinnati as one of a company of "Squirrel
+Hunters" in response to a well-remembered call of Gov. Tod for a force to
+resist the threatened invasion of the State by the Confederate forces
+under Kirby Smith. Arriving at Cincinnati it was found that the patriotic
+citizens of Ohio had so freely answered the demand upon them that more
+than enough to protect the State against several times the menacing army
+were already on the ground, and the Berea company was permitted to return
+home. The remaining months of the year were passed by Mr. McDermott in
+making preparations and perfecting plans for the ensuing year's business.
+
+[Illustration: Yours Respectfully, James McDermott]
+
+On the 30th of January, 1863, Mr. McDermott formed a copartnership with
+John Worthington, who was engaged in the building stone trade at
+Brownhelm, Lorain county, Ohio, the firm taking the title of Worthington &
+McDermott. The firm immediately erected works for turning large
+grindstones for manufactories, and distinguished their first Spring's
+business by sending to New York city the first cargo of building stone
+ever shipped there from Ohio. During this year they furnished the stone
+for all the trimmings and carved work on the Government buildings at
+Ottawa, the capital of the Dominion of Canada, and also for a number of
+buildings in Montreal and other cities and towns of Canada. The year's
+business was heavy, and the result was largely due to the energy and
+enterprise of Mr. McDermott. In the latter part of the year Mr. McDermott
+took up his residence in Cleveland, where he had purchased a house, and in
+the spring of 1864 the office of the firm was removed to Cleveland.
+
+The business of the firm was now growing vigorously, the result of the
+year 1864 being in the highest degree satisfactory, not alone in the
+pecuniary returns, but in the wider extension of the trade and the
+introduction of the Ohio stone to markets where it had previously been
+unknown, and where it has since been in steady and large demand. Near the
+close of the year the firm of Worthington & McDermott was dissolved, and
+Mr. McDermott purchased of the Wallaces the old quarry at Berea originally
+opened by John Baldwin over forty years ago. He took into partnership his
+brother William and established the firm of J. McDermott & Co. The new firm
+went actively to work in developing its quarry, mining and manufacturing
+block and grindstones, and succeeded rapidly in establishing valuable
+business connections and enlarging the stone trade of this section. Among
+the first improvements introduced was the building of a railroad track
+Connecting the quarry with the Cleveland, Columbus and Cincinnati track,
+and other facilities for the expeditions handling and getting out stone
+were added as promptly as practicable. In the spring of 1865 the firm
+filled a contract with the Cleveland and Toledo Railroad Company for stone
+with which to replace the wooden bridges along the line of the road.
+During the year the firm made extensive progress in developing its quarry,
+trenching to a greater depth than had yet been reached in any of the
+quarries, and obtaining a quality of building stone superior to any
+produced up to this time in Ohio, which very soon became, and is still, in
+large demand. In the spring of 1866, the firm sold the first five hundred
+tons of Berea rock block stone that ever went to New York city, and
+succeeded in so far interesting several of the largest builders of the
+metropolis in this stone as to induce them to visit the Berea quarries.
+During the year 1867, the firm sent to New York all the clear rock block
+stone they could get out, and also filled several large contracts for
+block stone with the Cleveland and Toledo and Lake Shore Railroad
+Companies, doing this year a very large business. On the 1st of January,
+1867, the firm was increased by taking in another brother, Mr. Michael
+McDermott, the firm name remaining unchanged.
+
+The house of J. McDermott & Co. occupies at this time a leading position
+in the stone trade of Ohio, and indeed of the West, not alone in the
+amount of its annual business, but in credit, character and influence, and
+in these latter respects it is hardly surpassed by any mercantile house in
+Northern Ohio. The trade of the house not only extends to nearly every
+State of the Union and the Dominion of Canada, but the product of its
+quarries finds a market in Mexico, South America and other parts of the
+world. During 1867, this house furnished the stone for fourteen blocks and
+fronts in New York city, and a number of buildings in Boston, New Haven
+and other cities, and in 1868, the business was largely increased. A
+single firm of builders in New York city erected during that year fifteen
+buildings and fronts for which J. McDermott & Co. furnished the stone.
+
+The quarries owned by this firm embrace twenty-five acres of land of which
+less than an acre has been worked out. In 1867, they turned out 106,200
+cubic feet of block stone, 46,000 feet of flagging, 119 car loads of rough
+block stone, and 1,510 tons of small grindstones. These quarries are
+valued at $200,000, and the excellent quality of the stone produced is
+amply attested by the large and increasing demand for it.
+
+The business of the house of J. McDermott & Co. is under the immediate
+personal supervision of Mr. James McDermott, to whose experience,
+enterprise and business capacity its marked success is due. Mr. McDermott
+has taken an active interest in all that relates to the stone business,
+and also to whatever tends to build up the prosperity of Cleveland. In
+1866 and 1867, he visited Washington to procure the modification of the
+internal tax and import duty on stone, and was successful in his
+endeavors. He also brought about the organization of the "Association of
+the Grindstone and Block Stone Manufactures of Northern Ohio," a work
+which was not accomplished without much difficulty, in spite of the fact
+that it was for the mutual benefit of all engaged in the trade. It should
+be mentioned in this connection that the firm issued a valuable series of
+tables of weights of grindstones, and rules for computing the same, now in
+general use by manufacturers, and which was chiefly compiled by Mrs.
+McDermott. The most recent public work of Mr. McDermott was his active
+labor in organizing the Cleveland, Wooster and Zanesville Railroad
+Company, to which he has devoted time, money and labor.
+
+Mr. McDermott is still young, being but thirty-two years old, of fine
+physical proportions, a robust constitution, and clear, comprehensive
+mind. His healthfulness, and also his success in business, he attributes
+in large measure to his habit of strict temperance. In business matters he
+is prompt, scrupulously conscientious, and holding a verbal engagement to
+be as binding as the most carefully drawn contract. In private and social
+circles he is warm-hearted, cheerful, and every way a pleasant companion.
+
+
+
+
+J. A. Redington.
+
+
+J. A. Redington is son of Captain John Redington, formerly of Saratoga
+county, New York, who, when nineteen years of age, ran away from his
+stepfather, who abused him, and volunteered into the Revolutionary army,
+where he served seven years, and was taken prisoner by the British, and
+incarcerated in the Sugar House, New York. There the privation that fell
+to his lot in the great struggle for freedom, nearly killed him. Had Capt.
+Redington lived till the present time he would have been one hundred and
+twelve years old. J. A. Redington, the subject of this sketch, was born
+June 4, 1818, when his father was sixty-one years old, and there were five
+children born to the old soldier afterwards. At the birth of the last, he
+was seventy-two years of age.
+
+Ten years of the boyhood of J. A. was spent with an uncle in Vermont, where
+he received a good common school education. While living at that place his
+father died, and at the age of sixteen he had a keen realization of the
+situation. He had nothing, and could not mend matters where he was, so he
+determined to go home to his mother and see if he could be of service
+there. After remaining with his mother a year, he engaged with a
+ship-chandler at Oswego, for twenty-five dollars per year and board. After
+a few months his employer closed up, leaving him out of employment. About
+a year from this time, his former employer, who had gone to Cleveland,
+wrote him that if he would come to Cleveland he would employ him again. He
+worked his passage on a canal boat from his home to Oswego, where he took
+passage on board a vessel just leaving for Cleveland.
+
+The late Chester Deming was the gentleman who had engaged his services. He
+received two hundred dollars the first year, three hundred the second
+year, and four hundred the third, on which handsome salary, for those
+times, he concluded to marry.
+
+Mr. Deming closed up his business here in 1841, and Mr. Redington
+commenced on his own account, dealing in oats, wheat and other grains.
+This continued about a year when he formed a partnership for the purpose
+of opening a general furnishing house for vessels. He did a successful
+business, but as it was only during the summer months, he established a
+dry goods store in connection with it on the West Side. This enterprise
+was only partially successful, and so he closed it up, and for several
+years was employed as clerk on board a steam boat.
+
+In 1856, he, in connection with Mr. Bacon, commenced the shipping and
+forwarding business, built the vessel E. C. Roberts, which was a
+profitable investment, and also ran the propeller Manhattan. This
+partnership was dissolved after two years, Mr. Redington retaining his
+vessel interests. He is now engaged in mercantile pursuits on the river,
+dealing principally in pig metal.
+
+By dint of hard work and a determination to succeed in spite of adverse
+circumstances, and by strict integrity, he has accomplished his purpose
+and acquired a comfortable competency.
+
+
+
+
+Samuel Sage Coe.
+
+
+
+S. S. Coe has been favorably known in the business circles of Cleveland
+for over thirty years, and, although he has not succeeded in amassing as
+much wealth as some of his competitors, yet his fortitude has enabled him
+to glide over reverses easily, and enjoy somewhat of life as it came.
+
+Mr. Coe was born in Oswego, New York, October 6th, 1819. He obtained all
+the education a widowed mother could give him before he was twelve years
+of age, when he entered a country store and remained five years. The only
+recreation he had during that time was a trip to Niagara, on the schooner
+Saratoga, with Capt. Dolph. Howe, with whom some of our citizens are well
+acquainted. In 1836, he went to New York and clerked in the hardware store
+of Wolf, Bishop & Co., and returned to Oswego in June, 1837. Not being
+able to find employment there, he concluded to try his fortune in the
+West, and at once took the schooner Charles Crooks, bound for Cleveland.
+Mr. Coe landed in this city July 19th, 1837, his cash capital being at the
+time one dollar and twenty-five cents. After a few days a situation was
+obtained in the office of Ransom, McNair & Co., with a salary of thirty
+dollars per month, out of which he had to board himself. He remained with
+this firm until about 1841, when he went into the employ of B. F. Smith &
+Co., composed of B. F. Smith, now residing at Buffalo, as superintendent of
+the Buffalo and Erie Railroad, and George Woodward, now residing at
+Milwaukee, with whom he remained until 1845, when he engaged in business
+for himself, in the firm of Doddridge & Coe, in the forwarding and
+commission line. In about one year this firm dissolved, and Mr. Coe went
+into the same business with his brother, Chas. W., under the style of S. S.
+Coe & Co. This firm was unfortunate, and existed only one year.
+
+In 1848, while doing a small commission business alone, he was offered,
+and accepted, the agency of the Merchants' Insurance Company, of
+Milwaukee, and labored faithfully for them one year, and, at its close,
+his premiums amounted to less than two hundred dollars. This was the first
+insurance company with which he was ever connected.
+
+In 1851, Mr. Coe organized and got into operation the Commercial Mutual
+Insurance Company, of this city, acting as its Secretary for about one
+year and a half, when he resigned, and went into the insurance agency
+business, with which he has ever since been identified.
+
+In 1865, Mr. Henry F. Clark desired him to reorganize the Cleveland
+Insurance Company, the charter of which was granted by the State of Ohio
+in 1830, and which was successfully managed by his father, Mr. Edmund
+Clark, until his death. Mr. Coe undertook and completed the task, and
+operations re-commenced April 1st, of the same year, on a paid up cash
+capital of one hundred thousand dollars, increased in 1866, to one hundred
+and fifty thousand; and in 1867, to two hundred thousand dollars, and now
+increased to its limit, five hundred thousand dollars, making it the
+largest cash capital company in the State of Ohio, a credit to the city
+and to the State at large.
+
+Mr. Coe is the right man in the right place, as the successful workings of
+this company fully demonstrate. He, as secretary, devotes his whole
+attention to the interest of the company. H. B. Payne is the president,
+and S. D. McMillan, vice-president.
+
+In looking over a correspondence of about twenty years ago, in search of
+some data connected with Mr. Coe's history, we came on the following
+letters, which will be read with amusement by old Clevelanders, as
+reminiscences of the ante-railroad period, and for the allusions to public
+and political events of that day, as well as for the contrast between the
+irascible tone of one letter, and the cool humor of the other:
+
+  Messrs. S. S. Coe & Co., Cleveland, Ohio:
+
+  Gentlemen,--No one dislikes, more than we do, to grumble or find fault,
+  but we hate just as bad to have our boats detained beyond a reasonable
+  time, at your place; and when our boats leave here for your place, we
+  look for them back at a certain time; and if they do not get here soon
+  after that time, it disarranges all our calculations and proves a great
+  loss to us. All our boats were detained a week on account of a break in
+  our canal, and then to be detained beyond a reasonable time in port,
+  makes it worse. Mr. Wheeler, at Akron, is the only man on the Ohio
+  canal, that we know of, that has been in the business longer than we
+  have on our canal, and we defy you to find a boatman on our canal or
+  river that will say we ever detained them beyond a reasonable time; and
+  there is no need of it if men do as they would be done by, and the
+  situation our river has been in this geason has been vexatious enough
+  for any one. Time is money, and eight or ten boats being detained a day
+  or two counts up. The J. Larkin left for your place to-day.
+
+  Tours truly,
+
+  S. Adams & Co.
+
+
+  Cleveland, July 29th, 1848. Messrs. Sam'l Adams & Co., Dresden, O.:
+
+  Gentlemen,--Your esteemed favor of the 25th inst. is at hand.
+
+  It has been a matter of some considerable interest to us to ascertain,
+  if possible, as to which city takes precedence in age, Zanesville or
+  Cleveland.
+
+  As, which incident is first in date, the cutting of the bridle path from
+  Wheeling to the Muskingum by Old Zane, or the coasting of our lake to
+  the Cuyahoga of the exploring party under Old Stow. Your Mr. Adams, we
+  are quite sure, can give us the much desired information.
+
+  We see it stated that our good Democratic candidate for President once
+  resided at or near your beautiful village. You may be familiar with
+  his early history--we wish to know, if such a thing is possible,
+  whether he commenced his political career as a Federalist or a
+  Democrat, and whether he did or did not break his sword at the
+  disgraceful surrender of that old coward Hull; but more than all, as
+  we think it most important of all, is, did he, or did he not, when at
+  the age of nineteen, wear that emblem of Federalism, the black
+  cockade. To this last question we beg you will give us an answer if
+  such a thing be possible.
+
+  While troubling you in this manner, for which we beg your kind
+  indulgence, may we also ask you as to the condition, moral and physical
+  of your returned volunteers? Report says they have been badly treated;
+  we are anxious to know as to this, for if so, and commanded by Whig'
+  officers, we can make political capital out of it against the Whig
+  party; if not, we can make capital against the administration; we do not
+  care which, as our object is to do justice to both parties. Can you tell
+  us which candidate they will support. They are important in numbers, and
+  from their high character, will carry a great, moral force with them;
+  and on this last account we have supposed they would oppose General
+  Taylor, as it has been said he used profane language at the battle of
+  Buena Vista.
+
+  We are erecting here a new and beautiful theater, it opens Aug. 21. We
+  hope we may see you here at that time.
+
+  Your ob't serv'ts,
+
+  S. S. Coe & Co.
+
+  P.S. You are right as to the _unnecessary_ detention at this place of
+  canal boats; it is an evil of great turpitude. _We never do so_. Aside
+  from the great loss to owner, it affects the morals of the crews, and
+  in this we know the oldest forwarder on the canal, Mr. Wheeler, will
+  agree with us.
+
+
+
+
+John Long Severance.
+
+
+
+Conspicuous among those former residents of Cleveland who have passed away
+and left only a pleasant memory behind them, is John Long Severance, who
+died about ten years ago, mourned by a wide circle of friends, whom his
+many lovable qualities had brought around him.
+
+Mr. Severance was born in 1822, his father being Dr. Robert Severance, of
+Shelburne, Massachusetts. His parents dying within a few months of each
+other, when he was but nine years old, young Severance was adopted by the
+late Dr. Long, of Cleveland, who gave him every advantage in the way of
+education that could be procured in the city. A college course was
+intended but his delicate health forbade this, and in his sixteenth year
+he was taken into the old Commercial Bank of Lake Erie, and then into the
+reorganized institution, remaining there twenty years.
+
+His health, never good, broke down entirely under the fatiguing duties of
+the bank, and he was compelled to resign his connection with that
+institution and seek a restoration of his wasted vigor by a voyage to
+Europe. At Southampton, England, he died on the 30th August, 1859, at the
+age of thirty-seven, surrounded by every attention which kind friends and
+sympathizing strangers could bestow upon him.
+
+Mr. Severance was a man of many rare and sterling attractions. His social
+qualities, passion for music, and love for little children, as well as
+sincere attachment to a large circle of friends, caused general mourning
+for his death. He was one of the founders of the Second Presbyterian
+church, and by the members of that body his loss was keenly felt. He had
+always felt a deep interest in the prosperity of the church, contributing
+largely through his rare ability as a musician, both in the choir and in
+the Sunday schools, to the welfare of the congregation, until he was
+obliged to abandon those services on account of advancing disease. With
+rare energy and many reasons for desiring to live, he was slow to believe
+that he must fall in early manhood before the destroyer. And while he was
+not afraid to die, and expressed a firm confidence in God in whatever
+event, he felt it to be his duty to struggle for a longer life, and no
+doubt prolonged his days in this manner. He was consistent, uniform,
+earnest, stable, both in faith and practice; always punctual in the
+discharge of his business and Christian duties, his attendance in the
+church, and his labors in the mission and Sunday schools. His last letter
+before death, written to an intimate personal and business friend, said:
+"I feel quite sure the disease is making rapid progress, but this gives me
+no uneasiness or alarm, nor have I experienced any feeling but that I am
+hastening home. The prospect would be dark indeed with no hope in Christ,
+no deep and abiding trust in God's pardoning love. This trust in him has
+sustained me through every trial, and this hope in Christ and his
+all-atoning blood grows brighter every day, taking away the fear of death,
+and lighting up the pathway through the dark valley, through which so many
+of my loved ones have already passed."
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: D. Sanford]
+
+
+Daniel Sanford.
+
+
+
+The late Daniel Sanford, whose name is held in esteem by old Clevelanders,
+was born in Milford, Connecticut, in 1803. At a very early age he left his
+home and went to New York where he learned the trade of a ship joiner, one
+of his first jobs being upon the cabins of the Fairfield, the first
+steamer on the East River.
+
+In 1834, he came to Cleveland and worked for some time at his trade as a
+journeyman ship joiner. In coming time he aspired to build ships on his
+own account, and for this purpose formed a partnership with Luther Moses.
+The first work done by the firm was on the steamer New York, and
+subsequently the steamers Ohio and Saratoga were built by them. In
+addition to these a very large number of propellers and sailing vessels
+were built, and canal boats almost without number. The mere list of crafts
+of one description and another, built by this firm, would take
+considerable space in our pages.
+
+In 1849, the firm, which had done so much important work in the ship
+yards, was dissolved and Mr. Sanford changed his business from
+ship-building to dealing in lumber, which he entered upon on a large scale
+and continued under the title of D. Sanford, and subsequently Sanford &
+Son, until his death, which occurred on Sunday morning, September 22,
+1864, after an illness of about four weeks, the disease being inflammation
+of the bowels.
+
+Mr. Sanford came to Cleveland with but five hundred dollars in his pocket,
+but he worked his way with prudence and economy till he had acquired a
+handsome property. His business on his death descended to his third son,
+Nelson Sanford, who has conducted it prudently and with success.
+
+He was earnestly patriotic, and on the outbreak of the war for the
+Union he took a lively interest in everything pertaining to it.
+Becoming satisfied that the rebels never intended submission to the
+lawful authorities until they were flogged into submission, he strongly
+urged their severe punishment, and contributed liberally to send men
+into the field.
+
+Mr. Sanford was a strong advocate of the consolidation of Ohio City and
+Cleveland, and in his position of member of the Ohio City Council aided
+materially in bringing about the result. He was no politician, but was not
+one of those who make that fact an excuse for taking no interest in public
+affairs. He had decided views on public matters, and never avoided his
+duties as a citizen.
+
+In whatever concerned the welfare of the city he took strong interest, and
+was one of the first stockholders of the Cleveland, Columbus and
+Cincinnati Railroad Company, as he was also of the Cleveland and Mahoning
+Railroad Company.
+
+Every dollar of Mr. Sanford's money was honestly earned; not a hard,
+mean, or wrongful action tarnished a single penny passing into his
+hands. Had he been avaricious he might have died worth half a million
+dollars, but he was infinitely richer in the blessings of hundreds of
+poor people who were the secret recipients of his bounty. He had "a hand
+open as day for melting charity." Yet in his good deeds he never let his
+left hand know what his right hand did. His last words on earth were of
+a character in keeping with his whole life. Calling his youngest son to
+his bedside he said, "Benjamin, be honest in all your transactions." On
+the tomb of David Sanford can with truth be written: "An honest man--the
+noblest work of God."
+
+
+
+
+Charles W. Coe.
+
+
+
+Charles W. Coe, so long and favorably known in our business circles, was
+born in Oswego, New York, March 19th, 1822. His grandfather, Col. Eli
+Parsons, was a soldier in the Revolution, and prominent in the Shay's
+Rebellion, in Massachusetts. His father was a physician of much note in
+Oswego, and died about 1828, leaving two children; Charles, the younger,
+is the subject of this sketch. Like a great many other physicians, he left
+a number of old accounts of no value, and not a great deal besides, so
+that Charles and his brother had to strike out early in life to do
+something towards getting a living, and hence educational matters did not
+receive all the desired attention.
+
+Charles came to Cleveland in 1840, and at once engaged as clerk with N. E.
+Crittenden, jeweler. He remained in that situation about a year, when he
+returned to Oswego, and after the lapse of two years, came back to
+Cleveland, and entered into the employ of Pease & Allen, produce and
+commission merchants, with whom he remained until 1849. At that time, he
+went into the employ of Mr. Charles Hickox, and continued with him until
+1855, when he took an interest with Mr. Hickox in the milling business,
+already referred to in this work, and in which he still continues.
+
+Mr. Coe has won his present prominent position among the business men of
+Cleveland by shrewd foresight and close attention to business. He is a
+hard worker and a keen observer of the fluctuations of business, mingling
+prudence with enterprise to such a degree that, whilst he has driven a
+profitable business, it has always been a safe one. He is frank,
+unselfish, and free hearted. Whilst having had reason to appreciate the
+value of money, he esteems it not so much on its own account as on account
+of the domestic comforts and enjoyments its judicious expenditure brings.
+
+
+
+
+S. M. Strong
+
+
+
+The drug establishment of Strong & Armstrong stands foremost in that
+branch of the business of Cleveland and has achieved a wide reputation,
+having an extensive trade not only through Northern Ohio, but in Indiana,
+Michigan and Pennsylvania, drawing custom away from Pittsburgh, Cincinnati
+and Detroit in territory previously considered naturally tributary to
+those places.
+
+S. M. Strong, the leading partner of the firm, is a native Buckeye, having
+been born in Lorain County, Ohio, in 1833. His boyhood was spent in
+acquiring a good common school education, after obtaining which he became
+clerk in a drug store at Elyria, entering it at the age of sixteen and
+remaining about two years when, in 1850, he accompanied his employer, who
+removed to Cleveland, and remained with him there three years more.
+
+At the end of that time, he entered Gaylord's drug store, in which he
+continued about two years, when he turned his attention to pushing a
+fever and ague remedy which he had been at work on for several years
+previous. Four years he devoted to this work, finding a partial success,
+and then he formed a partnership with A. C. Armstrong, of Medina county,
+for the purpose of building up a wholesale and retailing business. The
+business of Henderson & Punderson, which was established in 1836, was
+purchased, and the new firm of Strong & Armstrong opened business in the
+old place, No. 199 Superior street. At first the business was carried on
+in a limited way, the total of jobbing and retail sales for the first year
+amounting to but $75,000. But the partners were young, energetic, and full
+of hope. They pushed their trade vigorously, attended closely to the
+details of the business, and mingled enterprise with prudent economy so
+well that they were soon gratified at finding their business annually
+growing larger and more profitable. In less than ten years their trade has
+grown from about $75,000 in a year to over $600,000, and their limited
+establishment so enlarged as to require the services of twenty-four
+assistants. The business, though large, has been managed with such care
+and prudence as to render losses very light and litigation almost wholly
+unnecessary.
+
+
+
+
+Ship Building
+
+
+
+For years Cleveland has been the principal ship building port on the
+lakes. Of late the ship building interest here has shared the depression
+felt by it throughout the Union, but it is still an important interest,
+and before long will probably resume its activity.
+
+The first vessel reported built in the vicinity of Cleveland was the
+Zephyr, thirty tons burthen, built by Mr. Carter, in 1808, for the trade
+of the village. The precise spot of her building is not recorded. She was
+burned at Conjocketa Creek, near Black Rock. The next was the Ohio, of
+sixty tons, built by Murray and Bixby, in 1810, and launched from the East
+bank of the river near the spot now occupied by Pettit & Holland's
+warehouse. She was sailed by John Austen and afterwards became a gunboat
+in Perry's fleet, but took no part in the battle of Lake Erie, being
+absent on special service.
+
+In 1813, Levi Johnson built the Pilot. The story of her construction and
+launch has already been told in the sketch of Levi Johnson's life. In that
+sketch also will be found the account of most of the early ship building
+of Cleveland, he being the principal ship builder of the pioneer days.
+
+In 1821, Philo Taylor built the Prudence, which was launched on the river
+opposite where the New England block now stands.
+
+In 1826, John Blair built the Macedonian, of sixty tons, and in the same
+year the Lake Serpent, forty tons, was built by Captain Bartiss and
+sailed by him.
+
+The first steamboat built in Cleveland was the Enterprise, built by Levi
+Johnson in 1826, but not floated into the lake until the following year.
+
+The enterprise of ship building pursued a steady course in Cleveland for a
+number of years, a few vessels being added annually, until about the year
+1853, when the business took a sudden start and made rapid progress. For
+the next few years the ship yards were busy and the ship building interest
+was one of the most important branches of the business of the city. In
+1856, a total of thirty-seven lake crafts, sail and steam, was reported
+built, having a tonnage of nearly sixteen thousand tons. During the past
+twenty years, nearly five hundred vessels of all kinds, for lake
+navigation, have been built in the district of Cuyahoga, and of these all
+but a small proportion were built in Cleveland. The description of vessels
+built has greatly altered during that time, the size of the largest class
+having more than trebled. During the year 1868, there were built in this
+port four propellers, one steamer and three schooners, with an aggregate
+of 3,279 tons. This is much less in number and tonnage than in some
+previous years, but still gives Cleveland the lead in the ship building of
+the lakes. The absorption of the flats on the lower part of the river for
+railroad and manufacturing purposes, and for lumber yards, has seriously
+incommoded the ship building interests by restricting the space available
+for ship yards.
+
+In the division of the ship building business of the lakes in past years,
+the construction of large side-wheel steamers was principally carried on
+at Buffalo, whilst in first class propellers and sailing vessels Cleveland
+immeasurably distanced all competitors, both in the quantity and quality
+of the craft turned out. As the demand for side-wheel steamers lessened,
+the site of their construction was removed from Buffalo to Detroit.
+Cleveland-built propellers, however, take front rank, and Cleveland-built
+sail vessels have found their way over every part of the lake chain,
+sailed down the Atlantic coast from the Gulf of St. Lawrence to South
+American ports, and crossing the Atlantic, have penetrated nearly every
+European sea. Everywhere they have done credit to their builders by their
+speed, sea worthiness, and excellent construction.
+
+Just here it is proper to place, on record the history of an attempt to
+establish a direct trade with Europe, which gave abundant promise of good
+results, both to the commercial and ship building interests of the city.
+It has already been referred to in this work, but it appropriately falls
+within the scope of this sketch.
+
+In the year 1856, the schooner Dean Richmond, of 379 tons, was built by
+Quayle & Martin in Cleveland, for C. J. Kershaw, of Chicago. This vessel
+was loaded with wheat and under the command of Capt. D. C. Pierce, sailed
+from Chicago to Liverpool. She arrived in good time, having made a quick
+passage, and astonished the English people by her rig, and from the fact
+of her having come from the inland lakes of America to Europe. The
+schooner was sold in Liverpool, and her new owners changed her name to
+the Belina, and placed her in the trade between Liverpool and Brazil, on
+which route she made quick and successful trips.
+
+In 1857, the same builders turned out the barque c.J. Kershaw, of 380 tons
+burthen, having built her for Capt. D. G. Pierce, who was the pioneer
+captain in the trade. The Kershaw was loaded with staves, cedar posts and
+black walnut lumber. In the Fall, she started on her return with a load of
+crockery and iron, but was twice driven back by terrific gales and had to
+go into dock for repairs. This brought her into St. Lawrence river so
+late, that she was frozen in the Lachine Canal. Early in 1858, she arrived
+in Cleveland with her cargo in excellent order and to the perfect
+satisfaction of the consignees.
+
+About the time that the Kershaw was launched, a small British schooner,
+the Madeira Pet of 123 tons, came from Liverpool through the rivers and
+lakes to Chicago, with a cargo of hardware, cutlery, glass, &c., on
+speculation. The enterprise was not successful, and no more attempts were
+made to establish a direct trade between Chicago and European ports.
+
+During the Spring and Summer of 1858, several of the leading business men
+of Cleveland entered with vigor into the trade, and a respectable fleet of
+vessels was dispatched to European ports. A new barque, the D. C. Pierce,
+was built for Messrs. Pierce & Barney and sent to Liverpool with a cargo
+of staves and black walnut lumber. The same parties sent the C. J. Kershaw
+to London with a similar cargo, and the Chieftain and Black Hawk, with the
+same kind of freight. Mr. T. P. Handy sent the R. H. Harmon with staves and
+black walnut lumber to Liverpool, the D. B. Sexton with a similar cargo to
+London, and the J. F. Warner with a cargo of the same kind to Glasgow. Mr.
+H. E. Howe sent the new barque H. E. Howe to London with a cargo of staves
+and lumber. Col. N. M. Standart sent the Correspondent to Liverpool with a
+load of wheat, and Mr. C. Reis freighted the Harvest to Hamburgh with a
+cargo of lumber, staves and fancy woods. This made a fleet of ten vessels,
+owned and freighted by Cleveland merchants, with a total tonnage of about
+3,600 tons. Two vessels were sent out from Detroit with similar cargoes,
+but the enterprise was pre-eminently a Cleveland one.
+
+All of the Cleveland fleet disposed of their cargoes to good advantage.
+Six of them returned with cargoes of crockery, bar iron, pig iron, and
+salt. This part of the trip also proved successful. It was the intention
+of the owners to sell some of the vessels in England, but the shipping
+interests were so prostrated that it was impossible to dispose of the
+ships at anything like a fair price. They therefore still remained in the
+hands of Cleveland owners, but four of them did not return to the Lakes.
+The D. B. Sexton went up the Mediterranean; the H. E. Howe went on a
+voyage to South America, the Harvest to the West Indies, and the C. J.
+Kershaw was employed in the Mediterranean trade. Wherever any of the
+Cleveland vessels went, they called forth complimentary remarks by their
+fleetness and steadiness in heavy weather.
+
+In the following year, other vessels were sent out and made successful
+trips. The remarkable sea-going qualities exhibited by these lake-built
+crafts, outsailing, as they did, ocean clippers and weathering gales that
+sent sea-going ships flying helpless before the storm, attracted the
+attention of Eastern ship-owners, and orders were received for vessels to
+be built for the Atlantic coasting trade. The outbreak of the war gave a
+severe check to the direct trade, which passed into the hands of an
+English firm who still continue to run vessels between Cleveland and
+Liverpool, and in the depressed condition of the American carrying trade
+on the ocean there was no longer a demand for new vessels for the coasting
+trade. With a revival of business in that line, and an enlargement of the
+canals between Lake Erie and tidewater, so as to allow the passage of
+larger vessels, there is a probability that a brisk demand for Cleveland
+vessels for the salt water will yet spring up.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: Respectfully, S. W. Johnson]
+
+
+Seth W. Johnson.
+
+
+
+The name of Seth W. Johnson has for more than thirty years been closely
+and prominently identified with the ship building interests of
+Cleveland. He saw the business in its infancy, was largely accessory to
+its growth into the important proportions it at last assumed, and though
+no longer engaged in the business, his withdrawal from it is so recent
+that the mention of his name suggests, to those familiar with the
+affairs of the city for a number of years, the incessant tapping of the
+shipwrights' hammers and visions of skeleton ships gradually assuming
+the form and substance in which they are to carry the commerce of the
+great West to market.
+
+Mr. Johnson was a native of Middle Haddam, Middlesex County, Connecticut,
+his mother, who died October 17, 1868, being formerly Miss Mary Whitmore,
+born at Middletown, Middlesex County, Connecticut, in 1780, and his
+father, Henry Johnson, born in 1776, and died July 6, 1869. Seth W.
+Johnson was the second son and third child of a family of nine, all of
+whom, with both father and mother, were alive on the 16th of October,
+1868, the oldest child being then about sixty-one years old, and the
+youngest over forty.
+
+Young Johnson worked with his father a short time as a farmer, but not
+feeling in his element in the plow field or in the cow yard, he followed
+the bent of his mechanical tastes, and engaged himself to work in a ship
+yard. He commenced work in this line when about fourteen years old, and
+served out his full apprenticeship of seven years, when he set up in
+business for himself, taking full charge of the work of finishing ships.
+This he carried on for three years with considerable success.
+
+But New England, he rightly judged, was too narrow a field for the young
+man who wished to improve his prospects and with narrow means lay the
+foundation of a liberal competence. The West offered the most promise, and
+to the West he accordingly came, taking his kit of tools with him. Landing
+in Cleveland in the Fall of 1834, he satisfied himself that here was the
+proper place for the exercise of his knowledge and abilities, and here,
+accordingly, he prepared to make his home. Before settling down to steady
+business in Cleveland he made a trip to Perrysburgh, on the Maumee, where
+he assisted in finishing the Commodore Perry. This work done he returned
+to Cleveland in the Spring of 1835, and opened his ship yard, at first
+confining himself to the repair of vessels. But soon he was called on to
+build as well as repair. The steamboat Constellation was completed by him
+at Black River, and the steamboat Robert Fulton, built at Cleveland by
+Griffith, Standart & Co.
+
+In 1844, Mr. Johnson associated with him Mr. E. Tisdale, and the firm of
+Johnson & Tisdale acquired honorable fame as ship builders along the
+entire chain of lakes and beyond. The copartnership lasted nineteen years.
+Before the formation of this partnership, Mr. Tisdale had commenced the
+building of a railway for docking vessels, and this was the first firm to
+lift vessels for the purpose of repairing them. With his first work, in
+1835, in Cleveland, he commenced the acquisition of vessel property, and
+steadily pursued the policy of taking this kind of stock, until he became
+a large ship owner as well as ship builder.
+
+The discovery of the mineral resources of the Lake Superior region
+attracted a large number of people to that locality, the only feasible
+means of communication with which was by lake. The Saut rapids prevented
+the assent of vessels from the lower lakes, and to meet the requirements
+of the trade that suddenly sprung into existence two vessels were built on
+Lake Superior, the freights being carried across the portage around the
+rapids. These vessels being insufficient for the needs, it became a
+question whether others could not be taken across the portage from below
+and launched on the waters of the upper lake. Messrs. Johnson & Tisdale
+thought it could be done, and took the contract for thus transporting the
+schooner Swallow and steamer Julia Palmer. They were hauled two miles on
+greased slides or ways and safely launched on the bosom of the "father of
+lakes." The undertaking was considered one of great difficulty, if not of
+absolute impossibility, and its success gave Messrs. Johnson & Tisdale
+widespread notoriety.
+
+When the first considerable fleet of Lake-built vessels left Cleveland for
+European ports direct--as already described in this volume--Mr. Johnson
+took one of his vessels, loaded with staves. She made a successful voyage,
+remained in Europe two years, engaged in the coasting trade, and then
+returned. His strange looking craft attracted considerable attention among
+the skippers of about forty sea-going vessels wind bound at the same time
+at the Land's End, and much ridicule was thrown on her odd looks, so
+unlike the English salt water shipping. But the laugh came in on the other
+side when her superior sailing qualities enabled her to run so close to
+the wind as to quickly double the point, make her port, unload and reload,
+and sail for another voyage before one of the others could beat around the
+Land's End and get in. Since that time he has sold two vessels, the
+Vanguard and Howell Hoppeck, to be placed by other parties in the direct
+line between Cleveland and Liverpool.
+
+Mr. Johnson has taken considerable interest in matters outside of the
+ship building business, but which aided in developing the trade and
+increasing the prosperity of Cleveland. He aided in the formation of
+some of the railroad enterprises of the city although he has now
+withdrawn his interests from all but one. He also was interested in the
+Commercial Insurance Company, but has retired from active business and
+devotes his whole care to the management of his property, which has been
+added to by large investments in real estate in various portions of the
+Southern States.
+
+He was married July 15, 1840, to Miss A. S. Norton of Middle Haddam, Conn.,
+the native place of both, and by the marriage has had three children. The
+oldest, a daughter, died when seven years old; the two sons are still
+living, the oldest being engaged in the coffee and tea business in
+Buffalo, N. Y., with his father; the other at present being in North
+Carolina engaged in the lumber trade.
+
+With commendable prudence Mr. Johnson has known when to quit active
+business and enjoy the fruits of his labor while he has a healthy mind
+and body capable of enjoying it, and which, without accident, he
+undoubtedly will have for many years to come. Hard work and close
+attention to business have been the cause of his success, and hence he
+will be able to appreciate the blessings of an ample competency. In
+social life Mr. Johnson is looked upon as a man of genial temperament,
+kindly disposition, and strong social qualities. He is universally
+respected by all who know him.
+
+
+
+
+Thomas Quayle.
+
+
+
+The names of Quayle and Martin are as familiar in the mouths of vessel men
+on the lakes as household words. The firm attained honorable prominence in
+the ship building records of Cleveland, and their work is among the best
+that floats upon the western waters.
+
+Thomas Quayle, the senior member of the firm of Quayle & Martin, was born
+in the Isle of Man, May 9th, 1811, and came to America in 1827, coming
+straight to Cleveland, where he has remained ever since. He learned his
+trade of ship building from Mr. Church, of Huron, Ohio, who enjoyed an
+excellent reputation in that line. After working as journeyman till 1847,
+he formed a copartnership with John Codey, and at once started business.
+This firm lasted about three years, during which time, among other work,
+they built a vessel named the Caroline, and another, the Shakespeare. When
+the last named was completed, the California fever had just broken out.
+Mr. Codey caught the disease, the firm dissolved, and he went off to the
+land of gold. Mr. Quayle soon after associated himself with Luther Moses,
+with whom he did business for about two years, during which time they did
+an almost incredible amount of business, considering the short space of
+time, having from six to seven vessels on the stocks at once, and turning
+out two sets a year. One year after Mr. Moses left the firm a
+copartnership was formed with John Martin.
+
+The new firm at once went into business on a large scale. From the time of
+their organization to the present, the firm built seventy-two vessels,
+comprising brigs, schooners, barques, tugs, and propellers. In one year
+they built thirteen vessels, and eight vessels, complete, in a year has
+been no unfrequent task successfully performed. Among others, they built
+the barque W. T. Graves, which carried the largest cargo of any fresh water
+vessel afloat. The propeller Dean Richmond is another of their build, and
+is also one of the largest on the lakes; besides these, four first class
+vessels built for Mr. Frank Perew, deserve mention as giving character to
+Cleveland ship building. They are named the Mary E. Perew, D. P. Dobbin,
+Chandler J. Wells, and J. G. Marston. Besides the building of vessels, they
+have for some years been owners of vessels, and are at present interested
+in several large craft. The firm of Quayle & Martin recently finished a
+new tug of their own, the J. H. Martin intended to be used by them in the
+port of Erie.
+
+[Illustration: Yours Respectfully, Thomas Quayle]
+
+Mr. Quayle was married in 1835, to Eleanor Cannon, of the Isle of Man, by
+whom he has had eleven children, of whom seven are living. The eldest son,
+Thomas, is ship builder by trade, and is still connected with the vessel
+interests, though not building them. W. H. is also of the same trade as his
+father, and engaged with him, as is also Geo. L. Chas. E. has been a
+number of years with Alcott & Horton.
+
+Mr. Quayle stands high among the citizens of Cleveland for integrity and
+sterling character generally. He always fulfills his obligations, whether
+to employer or employed. He has worked hard with his own hands, and given
+personal supervision to all his work, believing that the eye of the master
+and the hand of the workman combined assure good work. He is strict in
+fulfilling all his contracts, and in this way has acquired a fine
+reputation and a handsome fortune. But that point has not been reached
+without a severe and continuous struggle against adverse circumstances,
+which were overcome only by a determined will and patient labor that
+conquered all.
+
+Mr. Quayle's first wife died in September, 1860. He was married again
+February 8th, 1867, to Miss Mary Proudfoot, of this city.
+
+
+
+
+Elihu M. Peck.
+
+
+
+Another of the ship builders who have assisted greatly in building up the
+commerce and reputation of the port of Cleveland, is Elihu M. Peck. The
+vessels built by him, or by the firm of Peck & Masters, which existed
+about nine years, are known over the lakes. A large proportion of the work
+done, especially in the later years, was in the construction of
+propellers, of which several of the finest specimens afloat were made in
+that yard.
+
+Mr. Peck was born in Otsego county, New York, in 1822, and on reaching his
+sixteenth year, came west and learned the art of ship building in this
+vicinity. On completing his education in this business, he worked for a
+time as a journeyman. In 1847, he set up for himself, and his first work
+was the construction of the schooner Jenny Lind, of 200 tons. When she was
+finished he ceased building new vessels for some years, and turned his
+attention exclusively to the repair of old vessels, at which he found
+abundant occupation. His yard was always busy, for the growing lake marine
+demanded a large and steadily increasing amount of annual repairs.
+
+In 1855, a partnership was formed with I. U. Masters, and the new firm
+immediately entered upon the construction of new vessels. The first craft
+launched from their stocks was the Ocean Wave, the first of a fleet of
+fifty built by the firm previous to its dissolution and the death of Mr.
+Masters. They form a fleet of which the builders had good reason to be
+proud, for a glance at their names will recall the whole history of the
+lake marine for the past fourteen years. What strides have been made in
+the improvement of the lake marine is plainly shown by the increase in the
+tonnage of the vessels built, whilst to those familiar with the lake
+trade, the names will call up recollections of the crafts that will give a
+yet better idea of the progress made.
+
+The barque Ocean Wave, the first built by the new firm, was followed by
+the Julia Dean, of 460 tons. These were followed in rapid succession by
+the Kenosha, schooner Iowa, 370 tons, barque B. S. Shephard, 500 tons,
+schooners Ralph Campbell, 240 tons, A. H. Stevens, 240 tons, David Tod, 460
+tons, and Ellen Williams, 380 tons; barque De Soto, 570 tons; schooners
+John S. Newhouse, 370 tons, W. B. Castle, 230 tons, Baltic, 360 tons,
+Midnight, 370 tons, and J. T. Ayer, 380 tons. At this time they undertook
+the construction of propellers, and the first two built were at once
+remarked for their correct proportions, beauty of finish, and strength of
+hull. They were the Evergreen City, 612 tons, and the Fountain City, 820
+tons. The schooner Ellen White, 160 tons, was built, and then the firm
+resumed work on propellers. The Cornet, 624 tons, and Rocket of the same
+size, were built and put into the railroad line running from Buffalo
+westward. These were models of beauty and strength. Next came the
+schooners Metropolis, 360 tons, Mary B. Hale, 360 tons, and E. M. Peck, 168
+tons; barque Colorado, 503 tons; propeller Detroit, 398 tons; barques
+Unadilla, 567 tons, C. P. Sherman, 568 tons, Sunrise, 598 tons, Golden
+Fleece, 609 tons, and Northwest, 630 tons; tugs W. B. Castle, 219 tons and
+I. U. Masters, 203 tons; barque S. V. R. Watson, 678 tons; propeller
+Toledo, 621 tons; tug Hector, 204 tons; propellers Winslow, 920 tons,
+Idaho, 920 tons, Atlantic, 660 tons, Meteor, 730 tons, Pewabic, 730 tons,
+Metamora, 300 tons, and Octavia, 450 tons. This ended the operations of
+the firm of Peck & Masters, in 1864. The firm was dissolved and Mr. Masters
+died.
+
+[Illustration: Truly, E. M. Peck]
+
+Mr. Peck now carried on his ship yard alone, and his first work was the
+filling of a contract to build two steam Revenue cutters for service on
+the lakes. The John Sherman, of 500 tons, and the A. P. Fessenden, of the
+same size, were turned out, and no better work could possibly be found.
+The Government officers promptly accepted the vessels and declared them
+more than up to the requirements of the contract. They were pronounced
+models of beauty, strength, and speed.
+
+The cutters were followed by the schooner Oak Leaf, 390 tons; propellers
+Messenger, 400 tons, and Nebraska, 1,300 tons, the latter, one of the
+finest steamers put on the lakes; schooner David Stewart, 675 tons;
+propellers Manistee, 400 tons, and City of Concord, 400 tons. Two other
+propellers, one of 1,000 tons, and one of about 300 tons, were added in
+the season of 1869.
+
+It will be seen that nearly all the vessels, whether sail or steam, built
+by Mr. Peck, were of the first class, being mainly barques and large
+propellers. They will be recognized by those familiar with lake commerce,
+as models in size, beauty, and strength, whilst several have made
+unusually quick trips.
+
+Mr. Peck has enjoyed an unusual measure of success. The work of his hands
+has prospered, and he has earned his reward, not only in reputation but in
+substantial prosperity. He has aimed not only to equal the best work done
+by others, but studied how to improve on his own work. The result has been
+a constant improvement in the style and quality of his vessels, so that
+excellent as the last new hull may have been, it was almost sure to be
+excelled by the next one that left the stocks. And whilst thus giving
+close attention to the mechanical details of his business, he was skillful
+in managing the financial part of it so as to secure the rewards honestly
+won by industry and skill. He always kept his affairs in such order that
+no serious financial difficulty ever troubled him.
+
+Nor was he an avaricious, though a prudent man. A working man himself, he
+was in thorough sympathy with his workmen, and in the slack season,
+instead of discharging his men and thus entailing want upon them, he built
+vessels on speculation, merely that he might keep the men busy and their
+families from suffering. Providentially these speculations were always
+successful, thus illustrating the proverb, that "there is he that
+scattereth, and yet increaseth."
+
+Mr. Peck took an active part in the formation of the People's Gas Light
+Company, and is now president of that organization. He is also a director
+of the Savings Loan Association.
+
+
+
+
+John Martin.
+
+
+
+John Martin, of the firm of Quayle & Martin, was born in the county of
+Antrim, Ireland, December 15th, 1824, of poor parents, with whom he came
+to Canada when but nine years of age. At the age of fourteen he commenced
+working in a ship yard in Montreal, by turning grindstone. He soon
+attracted the attention of the proprietor by his using handily the tools
+of the workmen while they were at dinner, and he was furnished tools and
+set to work at the trade. He continued in this employ for about two years,
+and during the time, with a view to fitting himself for the business of
+life, he attended school in the evenings. He then worked his passage to
+French Creek, New York, having at the time of leaving only a dollar and a
+half in money. At French Creek he engaged with G. S. Weeks, one of the best
+ship builders on the lakes, and remained with him at French Creek two
+years, when Mr. Weeks moved to Oswego, Mr. Martin accompanying him to that
+place, and continuing in his employ two years longer. Mr. Martin then went
+to Detroit, where he worked a year on the steamboat Wisconsin.
+
+In 1843, he came to Cleveland and commenced work for G. W. Jones, on the
+steamboat Empire. This work finished, he commenced sub-contracting,
+wrecking, planking, and jobbing generally, until 1846, when he went into
+the employ of another firm, with whom he worked two years.
+
+At the end of that time his employers were owing him more than they could
+pay, so, to square the matter, he bought an interest in their business.
+But this did not mend the matter, as it proved to be an interest in their
+debts, more than in their business, they being deeply involved. The firm
+owned the brig Courtland, and one of the members had sailed her for some
+time at a great loss. Young Martin took his place and proved himself
+master of the situation, by reducing the liabilities of the firm to about
+$2,500. That done he sold the vessel, dissolved partnership, and commenced
+planking and general jobbing again. After a time he built a vessel for
+Moses & Quayle. He found frequent employment in wrecking jobs, being very
+successful at such work.
+
+[Illustration: Yours truly, John Martin]
+
+The three years thus occupied gave him a start in life. He cleared off
+the indebtedness of the old firm and had $3,000 ahead. He then took the
+contract for building the brig John G. Deshler, for Handy, Warren & Co.
+This was a very successful contract, and gave Mr. Martin a handsome lift,
+and enabled him to take an interest with Mr. Quayle, under the firm name
+of Quayle & Martin, a brief mention of its operations being made in the
+sketch of Mr. Quayle's life.
+
+In 1858, Mr. Martin loaded the John G. Deshler and D. C. Pierce with staves
+and made a successful trip to England, and on the return brought one of
+the spans for the Victoria bridge at Montreal. In 1859, he took over two
+more cargoes in the same vessels, selling one in Cork, and the other in
+Glasgow. Nor was this the only connection of the firm with the direct lake
+and ocean trade. They have built vessels for Liverpool parties, for ocean
+service, and also two vessels for New York parties for the same purpose.
+Six of these vessels have also been sold out of the lake service for ocean
+navigation, and have been used on the ocean for five or six years with
+great success. The John G. Deshler, which had been transferred to the
+ocean, as previously mentioned, was sunk by the rebels at the outbreak of
+the war, and was a total loss to the firm. The latest work of the firm is
+a fine vessel for A. Bradley, that will carry a thousand tons of iron ore.
+
+Mr. Martin has proved himself admirably adapted to the line of business it
+was his fortune to learn, and this, of course, together with close
+attention to business, furnishes the clue to his success. He is
+emphatically a self-made man, and can therefore appreciate the handsome
+competence that has crowned his labors so early in life, he being now but
+45 years of age.
+
+During the war Mr. Martin was actively and earnestly on the side of the
+Government. He was never idle, and always ready to furnish his share, and
+far more than his share, to the work of suppressing the rebellion. He
+furnished three substitutes for the army, and was active in promoting
+volunteering.
+
+Mr. Martin was married to Miss Mary Picket, of Devonshire, England, whose
+father and grandfather were both Episcopal clergymen. Three children were
+born of this marriage; a son, who is now book-keeper for the firm, and two
+daughters.
+
+Mr. Martin has enjoyed the confidence of his neighbors to so high a
+degree, that he has represented the Ninth Ward in the City Council for six
+successive years.
+
+
+
+
+The Bench and Bar
+
+
+
+The leading points in the history of legal affairs in Cleveland have
+already been noticed with sufficient fullness in the sketch of the
+history of Cleveland, especially so far as relates more immediately to
+the earlier portion of that history. The following biographical sketches
+give a good general idea of the progress of affairs in relation to the
+Bench and Bar of the city within the active life of the present
+generation. It is therefore unnecessary at this place to detail more than
+a few incidental facts.
+
+The township of Cleveland, of the county of Trumbull, was organized in
+1800. The first justice of the Quorum, for the new township, was James
+Kingsbury, and the first Justice, not of the Quorum, was Amos Spafford.
+The first constables were Stephen Gilbert and Lorenzo Carter.
+
+In 1810, the county of Cuyahoga was organized and Cleveland made the
+county seat. The court-house, of logs, was two years afterwards built on
+the Public Square, as narrated in previuos portions of this work. The
+county was organized on the 9th May, and on 5th of June a County Court was
+held with the following officers:
+
+  _Presiding Judge_.--Benjamin Ruggles
+  _Associate Judges_.--Nathan Perry, Sen., Augustus Gilbert, Timothy Doan.
+  _Clerk_.--John Walworth.
+  _Sheriff_.--Smith S. Baldwin.
+
+The first lawyer in Cleveland, under the county organization, arrived here
+the same year and put out his shingle with the name of "Alfred Kelley"
+inscribed thereon. Previous to this the law business had all been done by
+Samuel Huntington, who arrived in 1801. At the time of the organization of
+the court, the court-house had not been built, and the first session was
+held in Murray's store, which had just been built. The first business was
+the finding of a bill by the grand jury for petit larceny, and several for
+the offence of selling whisky to Indians, and selling foreign goods
+without license.
+
+The first execution was that of the Indian Omic, which took place June
+24th, 1812, as previously narrated.
+
+In March, 1836, Cleveland was incorporated as a city, and henceforth to
+the ordinary courts of the county was added a city court for cognizance of
+offences against the ordinances.
+
+In the year 1848, a Superior Court was organized, with Sherlock J. Andrew
+as judge, and G. A. Benedict as clerk. This court existed but a short time,
+when it expired by reason of the adoption of the new constitution of the
+State, which made no provision for its continuance.
+
+In 1855, Cleveland was selected as the seat of a District and Circuit
+Court of the United States.
+
+As a matter of curiosity, the following list of Attorneys and Counsellors
+in Cleveland, in 1837, is taken from McCabe's Cleveland and Ohio City
+Directory, those not practising at that time being marked with an
+asterisk: Joseph Adams, John W. Allen, Sherlock J. Andrews, Oliver P.
+Baldwin, John Barr, Phillip Battell, George A. Benedict, Henry W.
+Billings, Elijah Bingham,* Flavius Bingham, Thomas Bolton, James A.
+Briggs, Varnum J. Card, Leonard Case,* Richard M. Chapman, Alexander L.
+Collins, James L. Conger, Samuel Cowles,* Henry H. Dodge, John Erwin,
+Simeon Ford, John A. Foot, James K. Hitchcock, George Hoadly, James M.
+Hoyt, Seth T. Hurd, Moses Kelley, George T. Kingsley, William B. Lloyd,
+George W. Lynde, Samuel Mather, Daniel Parish, Henry B. Payne, Francis
+Randal, Harvey Rice, O. S. St. John, Wyllys Silliman, George W. Stanley,
+Samuel Starkweather, John M. Sterling,* Charles Stetson, Charles
+Whittlesey, Frederick Whittlesey,* John W. Willey,* Samuel Williamson,
+Hiram V. Wilson.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: Alfred Kelley]
+
+
+Alfred Kelley.
+
+
+
+Alfred Kelley was born at Middletown, Conn., Nov. 7th, 1789. He was the
+second son of Daniel and Jemima Kelley. His mother's maiden name was Stow.
+She was a sister of Judge Joshua Stow, and also of Judge Silas Stow of
+Lowville, N. Y. The latter was the father of Judge Horatio Stow, of
+Buffalo, N. Y., and of Alexander Stow, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court
+of Wisconsin, both of whom were men of great talents and distinction. In
+the winter of 1798, Alfred Kelley removed with his father's family to
+Lowville, N. Y. His father was President Judge of the Court of Common
+Pleas of Lewis county, N. Y., was one of the founders of Lowville Academy
+and President of its Board of Trustees.
+
+Alfred Kelley was educated at Fairfield Academy, N. Y. He read law at
+Whitesboro, N. Y., three years, in the office of Jonas Platt, a judge of
+the Supreme Court of that State.
+
+In the Spring of 1810, in company with Joshua Stow, Dr. J. P. Kirtland, and
+others, he removed to Cleveland,--traveling on horseback. At the November
+term 1810, on motion of Peter Hitchcock, Alfred Kelley was admitted as an
+attorney of the Court of Common Pleas for Cuyahoga county. On the same
+day, being his 21st birth day, he was appointed Public Prosecutor as the
+successor of Peter Hitchcock, late Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of
+Ohio. Mr. Kelley continued Prosecutor till 1821, when he resigned. In
+October 1814, he was elected from Cuyahoga county a member of the Ohio
+House of Representatives, being barely old enough under the Constitution
+when the Legislature met to take his seat in that body and being the
+youngest member. Chillicothe was then the temporary State capital.
+
+On the 25th of August, 1817. Alfred Kelley was married to Mary S. Welles,
+oldest daughter of Major Melancthon Wolsey Welles, of Lowville, N. Y.
+They had eleven children of whom six are now living.
+
+He continued, with intervals, a member of the Ohio Legislature from
+Cuyahoga county, from 1814 until 1822, when he was appointed, with
+others, State Canal Commissioner, by an act of the General Assembly,
+empowering the Commissioners to make examinations, surveys and estimates,
+to ascertain the practicability of connecting Lake Erie with the Ohio
+River, by canal.
+
+The Ohio Canal is a monument to the enterprise, energy, integrity and
+sagacity of Alfred Kelley. He was acting Commissioner during its
+construction and the onerous and responsible service was performed with
+such fidelity and economy that the _actual cost did not exceed the
+estimate!_ The dimensions of the Ohio Canal were the same as those of the
+Erie Canal of N. Y., but the number of locks was nearly double. The Erie
+Canal was 363 miles in length, its total cost was $7,143,789, and cost per
+mile $19,679. The Ohio Canal is 307 miles in length, its total cost was
+$4,695,824, and cost per mile $15,300, being less than that of any other
+canal constructed on this continent. The Ohio Canal was finished about
+1830. The labor in the then facilities for conducting important public
+enterprises was Herculean, but Mr. Kelley's indomitable will, and iron
+constitution and physique triumphed over all difficulties. Mr. Kelley
+neither charged nor received any pay for his first year's services in
+superintending the preliminary explorations and surveys for the Ohio
+Canal. The pay of the Acting Canal Commissioner was $3,00 [sic] per day.
+When the work was done he resigned as Canal Commissioner, and retired from
+public service to attend to his private affairs, and recuperate his
+shattered constitution and health. In the Fall of 1830, he became a
+resident of Columbus. In October, 1836, he was elected to the Ohio House
+of Representatives from Franklin county, and was re-elected to the same
+office in the next two Legislatures. He was Chairman of the Ohio Whig
+State Central Committee in 1840, a year distinguished for a great
+political revolution and the election of Wm. H. Harrison to the
+Presidency, and was one of the most active and influential managers of
+that campaign.
+
+Mr. Kelley was appointed State Fund Commissioner in 1840, a period of
+great financial embarrassment and distress. In 1841 and '42, a formidable
+party arose in the Legislature and in the State, which advocated the
+non-payment of the maturing interest upon the State debt, and the
+repudiation of the debt itself. This was a time which indeed tried the
+souls of men. Mr. Kelley went to New York, and such was the confidence
+reposed in his integrity and practical ability--notwithstanding the
+underhanded and atrocious means employed by the repudiators, to defeat his
+object--that he was enabled to raise in that city (where no one could be
+found willing to loan money to the sovereign State of Ohio) nearly a
+quarter of a million of dollars on his own personal security, and thus by
+his generous efforts, and by his alone, the interest was paid at maturity,
+and the State of Ohio was saved from repudiation. At the time that Mr.
+Kelley thus volunteered himself as security for the State, (an act which
+was done contrary to the advice of his friends,) such was the
+unenlightened state of public opinion, such the moral obtuseness of some,
+nay, many men in power, that the chances were a hundred to one that no
+effective measure would be adopted to save the public credit--none to
+indemnify him.
+
+In 1844, he was elected to the State Senate from the Franklin district. It
+was during this term that he originated the bill to organize the State
+Bank of Ohio, and other banking companies, which by general consent among
+bankers and financiers, was the best of American banking laws. His banking
+System was successfully in operation during the whole twenty years of its
+charter. Many of the most valuable provisions of the present National
+banking law were taken from Mr. Kelley's bill to "organize the State Bank
+of Ohio." Many of the provisions of this law were original and novel, and
+evinced deep thought and a profound knowledge of this department of
+political science. For several years, and during some of the most trying
+periods in the financial history of Ohio, and of the country, Mr. Kelley
+was a member of the Board of Control of the State Bank of Ohio; and part
+of the time was President of the Board. It was also during this Senatorial
+term that Mr. Kelley originated the present Revenue System of the State.
+The main principles of this Revenue or Tax law were subsequently
+incorporated in the new Constitution of Ohio.
+
+While Mr. Kelley was a member of the Legislature few valuable general laws
+can be found in the Statute books which did not originate with him, and
+most of the measures requiring laborious investigation and profound
+thought were entrusted to him. He was the author, in 1818, of the first
+Legislative bill--either in this country or in Europe--to abolish
+imprisonment for debt.
+
+It then failed to become a law. In a letter to a friend, dated Jan. 16th,
+1819, Mr. Kelley said: "The House has to-day disagreed by a small
+majority, to my favorite bill to abolish imprisonment for debt. I was not
+disappointed, although at first, a large majority seemed in favor of it.
+The time will come when the absurdity as well as inhumanity of adding
+oppression to misfortune will be acknowledged; and if I should live to see
+that day I shall exult in the consciousness of having early combatted one
+of the worst prejudices of the age." In 1831, the Legislature of New York
+passed the first law abolishing imprisonment for debt.
+
+At the end of this Senatorial term he was elected President of the
+Columbus & Xenia Railroad Company, and was actively engaged upon all
+the duties of that enterprise until it was finished; soon after which
+he resigned. While this road was in progress, upon the urgent
+solicitation of the active promoters of the C., C. & C. R. R., Mr. Kelley
+accepted the Presidency of that Company, and began the work with his
+usual order and ability.
+
+His zeal and labors upon this enterprise were only surpassed in his work
+upon the Ohio Canal. He solicited subscriptions to the capital stock;
+located much of the route; procured rights of way; attended in person to
+the purchase of materials; the procuring of money, and the details of the
+construction of the road, and continued the ever working president of the
+road until he resigned, a short time after its completion. With his own
+hands he dug the first shovel of earth, and laid the last rail upon this
+road. It is but just to say, that the citizens of Cleveland and the people
+of Ohio are more indebted to Alfred Kelley than to any other man for the
+C., C. & C. R. R. He was still acting president of the C. & X. and the
+C., C. & C. Companies, when he was chosen, in 1850, president of the
+C., P. & A., or Lake Shore R. R. Company. He was actively engaged upon
+this road in the performance of duties similar to those done upon the
+C., C. & C. road until its completion in 1853, when he resigned. It was
+while he was president of this road that the famous riots occurred at
+Erie and Harbor Creek, Pa., in opposition to the construction of the road
+through Pennsylvania. The success of the company in this formidable
+contest was largely due to the sagacity, forbearance and indomitable will
+of Alfred Kelley. When he took charge of these railroads, such enterprises
+at the West had but little credit at the East. The roads constructed by
+him have paid regular dividends from the time of their completion. He
+continued until his death an active director in these companies.
+
+In October, 1857, he was again elected to the State Senate from Columbus,
+being then 64 years of age, and the oldest member of the Legislature. This
+was his last appearance in public life. During the last year of this
+service his health was declining. Although so much debilitated that
+prudence required confinement to his house, if not to his bed, yet such
+was his fidelity to his trust, that he went daily to the Senate and
+carried through the Legislature several important measures to ascertain
+the true condition of the State Treasury, and to secure the public funds
+from further depredations.
+
+At the end of this term he retired from public life hoping to regain his
+health; but his constitution was too much broken to admit of
+re-establishment. He did not appear to be affected with any specific
+disease, but seemed gradually wasting away from an over-taxed mind and
+body. His oft quoted maxim was, "It is better to wear out than to rust
+out." He was only confined to his room a few days previous to his death,
+and on Friday, the 2d day of December, 1863, his pure spirit left its
+earthly tenement so gently that the friends who surrounded him could
+scarcely determine when it ascended. Mr. Kelley was twenty-four years in
+the service of the people of Ohio, in the Legislature, and as Canal
+Commissioner, and Fund Commissioner. His history would be almost a
+complete financial and political history of Ohio. He gave a greater
+impulse to the physical development of Ohio, and left upon its statute
+books higher proofs of wisdom and forecast than any who had preceded him.
+Indeed, few persons have ever lived who, merely by personal exertions,
+have left behind them more numerous and lasting monuments of patient and
+useful labor.
+
+Note.--For much of this sketch we are indebted to an unpublished "Memoir
+of Alfred Kelley," by the late Judge Gustavus Swan, of Columbus.
+
+
+
+
+Leonard Case
+
+
+
+The late Leonard Case was the second child and oldest son of Magdalene and
+Mesech Case, of Westmoreland county, Pennsylvania. His mother, who was a
+native of Winchester, Virginia, was of German extraction, her maiden name
+being Extene. His father, believed to have been of English ancestry, was
+born in Sussex county, New Jersey. For nearly forty years Mr. Mesech Case
+suffered from asthma to the extent of making him a partial invalid, and
+hence much of the management of his affairs devolved upon his wife, a
+woman of superior character, educated beyond the average of those days,
+energetic, having good executive ability, and blessed with robust health.
+The family cultivated a small farm in Pennsylvania, which yielded but a
+moderate support, so that when news came of the land of rich promise
+beyond the mountains, where the soil yielded with an abundance marvellous
+in the eyes of those who painfully cultivated and carefully gathered in
+the older States, they collected their implements and stock, packed their
+household effects, disposed of the farm, and, crossing the mountains,
+settled down somewhere between the western foot of the Alleghanies and
+Pittsburgh. This, however, was not the land of promise. The reports they
+had heard in their Westmoreland home of the soil which produced crops
+almost without care, and which embarrassed by their abundant yield, came
+from still farther west, and again the Case household took up the line of
+march, settling down finally upon a farm of two hundred acres near Warren,
+Trumbull county, Ohio, in the year 1800.
+
+There were then five children in the Case household, Leonard, the oldest
+son, and the subject of this biographical sketch, being then sixteen years
+old, having been born in Westmoreland county, Penn., July 20th, 1784. In
+the invalid condition of his father, and being the oldest son of the
+family, young Leonard was compelled to take a prominent part in the
+management of the affairs of the farm. In the Spring succeeding the
+removal to Trumbull, he started out in search of working oxen needed for
+the Spring work. The task was a difficult one, and he traveled for some
+time, becoming much heated with the walk and the anxiety. On his return he
+had to cross a stream several times whilst he was in this heated
+condition, the result being the contracting of a severe cold which settled
+in his limbs and brought on an inflammation that confined him to his bed
+for months.
+
+It was late in the Fall of 1801, when he recovered sufficiently to arise
+from his bed. But he arose as a cripple. The injury he had received from
+his unfortunate journey was permanent, and he was unable for some time
+after his rising from a sick bed to walk, or even to stand. Thus helpless
+in body, whilst active in mind, he pondered over his future. As a farmer
+he was no longer of any use, and unless some other mode of livelihood was
+adopted he must remain a dependent on his relations. This was galling his
+independent nature, and he determined to avoid it if possible.
+
+[Illustration: I am Respectfully Leonard Case]
+
+His hands were free if his feet gave promise of but little usefulness. He
+concluded that the pen would be a fitter implement for his purposes than
+the plow, and he took measures accordingly. Whilst lying in bed, unable to
+rise, he had a board fastened before him in such a manner as to serve for
+a desk. With this contrivance he worked diligently, whilst lying otherwise
+helpless, to acquire the rudiments of knowledge. He learned to write and
+cipher with moderate ease and correctness, and when he had matured the
+contents of an arithmetical text book, which was the property of his
+mother, he borrowed a few works on the higher branches of mathematics from
+some surveyors in the neighborhood. From the knowledge in this way
+acquired, he conceived the desire to be a surveyor and he set to work
+energetically to perfect himself in that science so far as it could be
+done by books. He was embarrassed by the want of even the most simple
+instruments. A semi-circle for measuring angles was made by cutting a
+groove the required shape on a piece of soft wood, and filling it by
+melting and running in a pewter spoon, making an arc of metal on which the
+graduated scale was etched. A pair of dividers was improvised from a piece
+of hickory, by making the centre thin, bending it over, putting pins at
+the points, and regulating its spread by twisting a cord.
+
+But more education was needed, and if he expected to pursue the path he
+had marked out in his mind, he must leave his home and venture out in the
+world. To do this, money was needed, for to a cripple like him the first
+struggle in the battle of life would be almost hopeless, if he entered on
+it totally without resources. As seen, he had already manifested a strong
+mechanical bent. He was domestic carpenter, making and repairing such
+articles as were needed in the household. This ability he immediately
+commenced to turn to account. A rude chair suitable to his needs was
+mounted on wheels, and in this he was able to reach the edge of the woods
+surrounding the house, where he cut twigs and made baskets, which were
+purchased by the neighbors. Other jobs requiring mechanical skill were
+done by him for the neighborhood, and in this way a small fund was
+gradually accumulated with which to make his meditated start in life.
+
+In 1806, he was able to set out from home and reach the village of
+Warren, where he concluded that a better opportunity existed for
+obtaining work with his pen. He found employment as clerk in the Land
+Commissioner's office, where his industry, zeal, and strong desire to
+improve both his knowledge and opportunities, soon brought him into
+notice and gained for him many valuable friends. Chief among these was
+Mr. John D. Edwards, a lawyer, holding the office of recorder of Trumbull
+county, which then comprised all the Western Reserve. Mr. Edwards proved
+a fast friend to Mr. Case, and his memory was ever held in respect by the
+latter. He advised the young clerk to add a knowledge of law to his
+other acquirements, and furnished him with books with which to prosecute
+his studies, until he was at length admitted to the bar. In addition, he
+gave him such writing as fell in his way to be given out, and thus aided
+in enabling him to support himself.
+
+The war of 1812 found Mr. Case at Warren, having, among his other duties,
+that of the collection of non-resident taxes on the Western Reserve, for
+which he had to furnish what was then considered heavy bail. Having to go
+to Chillicothe to make his settlement, he prepared for the journey by
+making a careful disposition of all his official matters, so that in case
+of misfortune to him, there would be no difficulty in settling his
+affairs, and no loss to his bail. The money belonging to the several
+townships was parcelled out, enveloped, and marked in readiness to hand
+over to the several trustees. The parcels were then deposited with his
+friend, Mr. Edwards, with directions to pay over to the proper parties
+should he not return in time. The journey was made without mishap, but on
+his return Mr. Case found that his friend had set out to join the army on
+the Maumee, and had died suddenly on the way. To the gratification of Mr.
+Case, however, the money was found where he had left it, untouched.
+
+In 1816, Mr. Case received the appointment of cashier of the Commercial
+Bank of Lake Erie, just organized in Cleveland. He immediately removed to
+Cleveland and entered on the discharge of his duties. These did not occupy
+the whole of his time, so with the avocations of a banker he coupled the
+practice of law and also the business of land agent. The bank, in common
+with most of the similar institutions of the time, was compelled to
+suspend operations, but was revived in after years with Mr. Case as
+president. Of those who were connected as officers with the original
+organization, Mr. Case gave the least promise of a long life, but yet he
+outlived all his colleagues.
+
+With the close of the bank he devoted himself more earnestly to the
+practice of the law and the prosecution of his business as a land agent.
+The active practice of the law was abandoned in 1834, but the land agency
+was continued until a comparatively recent period, when his infirmities,
+and the care of his own estate, grown into large proportions, rendered it
+necessary for him to decline all business for others.
+
+Mr. Case had a natural taste for the investigation of land titles and
+studying the history of the earlier land owners. His business as a land
+agent gave him scope for the gratification of this taste, and his
+appointment as agent for the management of the Western Reserve school
+lands, enabled him still further to prosecute his researches, whilst his
+strong memory retained the facts acquired until he became complete
+master of the whole history of the titles derived from the Connecticut
+Land Company.
+
+From his earliest connection with Cleveland, Mr. Case took a lively
+interest in the affairs of the village, the improvement of the streets,
+maintenance and enlargement of the schools, and the extension of religious
+influences. For all these purposes he contributed liberally, and spent
+much time and labor. To his thoughtfulness and public spirit are due the
+commencement of the work of planting shade trees on the streets, which has
+added so much to the beauty of the city, and has won for it the cognomen
+of the Forest City. From 1821 to 1825, he was president of the village,
+and was judicious and energetic in the management of its affairs. On the
+erection of Cuyahoga county, he was its first auditor. He was subsequently
+sent to the State Legislature, where he distinguished himself by his
+persistent labors in behalf of the Ohio canals. He headed the subscription
+to the stock of the Cleveland, Columbus and Cincinnati Railroad Company
+with the sum of five thousand dollars, and became a director in the
+Company. His good sense, a judgment that rarely erred, his extensive
+knowledge of the village and surrounding country, and the cheerful
+readiness with which he gave counsel, whenever requested in good faith,
+caused him to be the confidential adviser of the county and municipal
+officials, after he had ceased to take an active part in public affairs.
+
+One of the rules from which he never deviated, was in no case to contract
+a debt beyond his ability to pay within two years without depending on a
+sale of property. In this way he was enabled to accumulate acre after acre
+in what has since proved to be valuable portions of the city, and thus to
+acquire a vast estate, which, in his later years, became steadily
+remunerative.
+
+Mr. Case was a man of uncommon industry, of high integrity, and strong
+common sense. His manner to strangers, especially when interrupted in
+business, was brusque, and gave an unfavorable impression to those
+unacquainted with his real character, which was uniformly cheerful and
+kind. As a seller of land, he was both just and generous, and from no one
+ever came the complaint of oppressive or ungenerous treatment. Although
+not a member of any church organization, he had strong religious
+tendencies, of a liberal cast.
+
+Mr. Case died December 7th, 1864, leaving one son, Leonard Case, the other
+son, William, having died a short time earlier.
+
+
+
+
+Reuben Wood.
+
+
+
+Honorable Reuben Wood, an early settler of Cleveland, was born in Rutland
+county, Vermont, in 1792. In early life he worked on a farm in Summer and
+taught school in Winter. Resolving to achieve more than this, he went to
+Canada and studied the classics under the tuition of an English clergyman,
+and while there commenced the study of law with Hon. Barnabas Bidwell.
+When war was declared in 1812, young Wood, with all other resident
+Americans were required to leave Canada. He then went to Middletown, Vt.,
+where he completed his legal studies in the office of Gen. Jonas Clark, an
+eminent lawyer of that place.
+
+In 1818, he married, and emigrated to Cleveland, where he arrived
+September of that year, a stranger, and without money. He at once
+entered upon a successful practice, and soon became distinguished as a
+lawyer and advocate.
+
+In 1825, he was elected a member of the State Senate, and was twice
+re-elected to the same position.
+
+In 1830, he was elected President Judge of the Third Judicial Circuit.
+
+In 1833, he was elected a Judge of the Supreme Court, and at the close of
+his term was re-elected. For the last three years of his second term he
+was Chief Justice. As a Judge he was noted for sound logic, and the
+clearness of his decisions.
+
+In 1850, Judge Wood was elected by the Democratic party Governor of the
+State by eleven thousand majority, and was re-elected Governor in 1851,
+under the new constitution, by a majority of twenty-six thousand.
+
+In 1853, he was appointed, by the Government, Consul to Valparaiso, South
+America. While there, he, for some months, at the request of the
+Government, discharged the duties of a Minister Plenipotentiary to Chili.
+
+On his return from Chili, he returned to his farm in Rockport, near
+Cleveland, where he died, October 2, 1864, generally esteemed, and highly
+respected by all who knew him.
+
+
+
+
+John W. Willey.
+
+
+
+John W. Willey was a native of New Hampshire, being born in 1797. He
+pursued a regular course of study at Dartmouth College, under the
+encouragement of the distinguished President Wheelock, after whom he had
+been named. He studied law in New York.
+
+In 1822, being then twenty-five years of age, he came West and settled in
+Cleveland. At that time it had but one tavern, no church, no railroads, no
+canal, an occasional steamboat only, three or four stores and a few
+hundred inhabitants; such was the then picture of a settlement now
+approaching to a city of a hundred thousand people. Small as Cleveland
+then was, professionally, Mr. Willey had been preceded by men of decided
+ability. Alfred Kelley, Leonard Case, and the late Gov. Wood, had taken
+possession of the field four, six and twelve years before him, and were
+men of far more than ordinary ability. Mr. Willey was peculiarly adapted
+to such circumstances as these. Thoroughly versed in legal principles, of
+a keen and penetrating mind, a logician by nature, fertile and ready of
+expedient, with a persuasive eloquence, enlivened with wit and humor, he
+at once rose to prominence at the bar of Northern Ohio. The Cuyahoga bar
+was for many years considered the strongest in the State, but amongst all
+of its talented members, each with his own peculiar forte, for the faculty
+of close and long-continued reasoning, clearness of statement, nice
+discrimination, and never ending ingenuity, he had no superior.
+
+In 1827, Mr. Willey was partially withdrawn from practice, by being
+elected to the Legislature, where he served three years as Representative
+and three as Senator, until 1832.
+
+He was the first Mayor of Cleveland, being elected in 1836, and re-elected
+in 1837, by large majorities, and prepared the original laws and
+ordinances for the government of the city.
+
+He was amongst the earliest projectors, prior to the reverses of 1836 and
+1837, of the railroads to Columbus and Cincinnati, and to Pittsburgh.
+
+In 1840, he was appointed to the bench, thus restoring him to those
+studies and subjects of thought from which years of public and of
+business life had diverted him. No sooner had he assumed this new position
+than by common consent it was recognized as the one above all others he
+was best fitted to adorn. Possessing the power which so few men have, of
+close, concentrated, continuous thought, he was at the same time prompt in
+his decisions. His instructions to juries, and his legal judgments,
+usually pronounced at considerable length, were marked by that precision
+of statement, clearness of analysis, and felicity of language, which made
+them seem like the flowing of a silver stream.
+
+Judge Willey, at the time of his death, which occurred in June, 1841, was
+President Judge of the Fourteenth Judicial District. He died deeply
+regretted by a large circle of professional and other friends, who had
+become much attached to him for his many virtues, uniform and dignified,
+yet unostentatious life.
+
+In the Western Law Journal for 1852, we find a judicial anecdote related
+of Mr. Willey, in illustration of his wit, and immovable self-possession.
+The writer says: "At his last term in Cleveland we happened in while he
+was pronouncing sentence upon a number of criminals who had been
+convicted during the week, of penitentiary offenses. One of them, a
+stubborn looking fellow, who, to the usual preliminary question of
+whether he had anything to offer why the sentence of the law should not
+be pronounced upon him, had replied somewhat truculently, that he had
+'nothing to say,' but who when the judge was proceeding in a few
+prefatory remarks to explain to the man how fairly he had been tried,
+etc., broke in upon the court by exclaiming that 'he did'nt care if the
+court had convicted him, he wasn't guilty _any_ how.' 'That will be a
+consolation to you,' rejoined the judge, with unusual benignity, and with
+a voice full of sympathy and compassion, 'That will be a consolation to
+you, in the hour of your confinement, for we read in the good Book that
+it is better to _suffer_ wrong, than _do_ wrong.' In the irrepressible
+burst of laughter which followed this unexpected response, all joined
+except the judge and the culprit."
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: Truly Yours, S. Andrews]
+
+
+Sherlock J. Andrews.
+
+
+
+Judge Andrews was born November, 1801, in the quiet New England village
+of Wallingford, Connecticut. His father was a prominent physician at
+that place, where he spent a long and useful life in the practice of
+his profession. He lived to a good old age, a Christian gentleman of
+the old school.
+
+Although Wallingford is but a short day's travel from Yale, even under the
+old System of horse and shay, or horse and saddle, young Andrews was sent
+out of New England to Union College, at Schenectady, New York, where he
+graduated about the year 1821.
+
+Soon after this time the elder Silliman was at Wallingford, and being in
+need of an assistant in Chemistry and a private secretary, he offered the
+position to Mr. Andrews, which was accepted. It seems to have been
+mutually a happy relation. In his diary, Prof. Silliman says, "he was a
+young man of a vigorous and active mind, energetic and quick in his
+decisions and movements, with a warm heart and a genial temper, of the
+best moral and social habits, a quiet and skillful penman, an agreeable
+inmate of my family, in which we made him quite at home. We found we had
+acquired an interesting and valuable friend as well as a good professional
+assistant. It is true he had, when he came, no experience in practical
+Chemistry. He had everything to learn, but learned rapidly, as he had real
+industry and love of knowledge. Before the end of the first term he proved
+that we had made a happy choice. He continued about four years serving
+with ability, and the zeal of an affectionate son, without whom I could
+scarce have retained my place in the College." During this experience in
+the field of sciences, Mr. Andrews had pursued the study of the law at the
+Law School of New Haven, with the same ardor, and in 1825, removed to
+Cleveland, and established himself as an attorney.
+
+In 1828, he married Miss Ursula Allen, of Litchfield, Connecticut,
+daughter of the late John Allen, a member of Congress from that State, who
+was also the father of Hon. John W. Allen, of this city. The late Samuel
+Cowles had preceded Mr. Andrews here in the profession and offered him a
+partnership. Their competitors were the late Governor Wood and Judge John
+W. Willey, who were partners, and Judge Starkweather, who still survives.
+Considering the limited business of the place, which scarcely numbered
+five hundred inhabitants, the profession was evidently overstocked then,
+as it has been ever since. Briefless lawyers had, however, a wide field to
+cultivate outside this county, embracing at least all the counties of the
+Reserve; with horse and saddle-bags, they followed the Court in its
+travels, judges and attorneys splashing through the mud on terms of
+democratic equality.
+
+Judge Andrews gave immediate promise of celebrity as an advocate. With a
+sensitive and nervous temperament, he entered sympathetically into the
+case of his client, making it his own. He possessed a brilliant readiness
+of manner, full of skillful thrusts, hits, and witticisms. His correct New
+England morals were not deteriorated by contact with the more loose codes
+of a new western town. In his clear and earnest voice there was that
+magnetic influence, which is necessary to complete the style of any
+orator, and which is a gift solely of nature. As a technical pleader,
+though he stood high, there were others upon the circuit equally gifted.
+But in a cause where his convictions of justice and of legal right were
+fixed, there was not among his contemporaries, in the courts of this
+State, an advocate, whose efforts were so nearly irresistible before a
+jury. He has command of sarcasm and invective, without coarseness. He
+attacks oppression, meanness and fraud as if they were offences not only
+against the public, but against himself. He has never strayed from the
+profession to engage in any speculations or occupations to divert his
+thoughts from pure law, except for two years from 1840, while he held a
+seat in Congress. In 1848, the Legislature elected him judge of the
+Superior Court of Cuyahoga county, a place he continued to hold till the
+Court was abolished. As a judge he was eminently successful, his decisions
+having been overruled by higher courts only in a single instance, and that
+owing to a clerical mistake. In politics he was evidently not at home.
+After leaving the bench, Judge Andrews returned to the practice, but has
+been chiefly employed as associate counsel, occasionally addressing juries
+on important cases.
+
+As an advocate, Judge Andrews, during his whole professional career, has
+been in the very foremost rank, with a reputation confined neither to
+county, or even State lines. Distinguished for clear conceptions of legal
+principles, and their varied relations to practical life, he has also
+shown rare ability in judging of mixed questions of law and fact. His
+legal opinions, therefore, have ever been held in the highest esteem.
+
+But as jury lawyer, Judge Andrews has achieved successes so remarkable as
+to have secured a permanent place in the traditions of the bar, and the
+history of judicial proceedings in Northern Ohio. The older lawyers have
+vivid recollections of a multitude of cases when he was in full practice,
+and in his prime, in which his ready insight into character--his power to
+sift testimony and bring into clear relief the lines of truth involved in
+complicated causes--his ability to state the legal principles so that the
+jury could intelligently apply them to the facts--his humor--his pure
+wit--his pathos, at times bringing unfeigned tears to the eyes of both
+judge and jurors--his burning scorn of fraud--and his appeal on behalf of
+what he believed to be right, so impetuous with enthusiasm, so condensed
+and incisive in expression, and so felicitous in illustration, as to be
+well nigh irresistible.
+
+Yet, highly as Judge Andrews has adorned his profession, it is simply
+justice to say in conclusion, that his unblemished character in every
+relation has adorned his manhood. He has been far more than a mere lawyer.
+With a keen relish for historical and philosophical inquiry--a wide
+acquaintance with literature, and an earnest sympathy with the advanced
+lines of thought in the present age, his life has also been practically
+subordinated to the faultless morality of Christianity. A community is
+truly enriched, when it possesses, and can present to its younger members,
+such shining instances of success in honorable endeavor, and sterling
+excellence in character and example.
+
+
+
+
+John W. Allen.
+
+
+
+Mr. Allen, though not among the first attorneys who settled in Cleveland,
+was upon the ground early among the second generation. Samuel Huntington
+was the first lawyer of the place, becoming a resident here in the year
+1801. Alfred Kelley was his successor, commencing his legal career as soon
+as the county courts were organized in 1810. In 1816, Leonard Case was
+added to the profession and in 1818 the late Governor Wood and Samuel
+Cowles, and about 1822, John W. Willey About the year 1826, soon after the
+construction of the Ohio canal was commenced, a troop of young lawyers
+took possession of the field, some of whom still survive, Sherlock J.
+Andrews, Samuel Starkweather and John W. Allen. They were all from Yankee
+land, in pursuit of fame and fortune. Mr. Allen originated in Litchfield
+county, Connecticut, a place prolific in prominent characters. His father,
+John Allen, was a member of Congress from that State.
+
+From 1831 to 1835, inclusive, he was elected annually to be president of
+the village corporation of Cleveland, and mayor of the city corporation
+of Cleveland 1841. In 1835-7, Mr. Allen represented the district of
+which Cuyahoga county was a part, in the Ohio Senate, and in 1836 was
+elected to the Congress of the United States, commencing with the famous
+extra session of September, 1837, as an old line Clay Whig, and was
+re-elected in 1838.
+
+As soon as Cleveland assumed the position of a city in 1836, the subject
+of railways became one of the prominent public questions. A portion of the
+citizens were of the opinion that they had yielded enough to the spirit of
+modern innovation when the Ohio canal was suffered to enter Cleveland.
+This had banished the Dutch wagons entirely, and railroads might complete
+our ruin entirely, by banishing canal boats. Mr. Allen, and the new comers
+generally, took the opposite side. While he was rising to a leading public
+position he labored zealously in the cause of railways in harmony with his
+political opponents John W. Willey, Richard Hilliard, James S. Clark and
+others, most of whom are dead. But for his zeal and perseverence the
+Cleveland & Columbus Railroad Company would not have been organized
+probably for years after it was and then it was done almost in spite of
+many of the large property holders of that day, who looked upon the
+enterprise as chimerical.
+
+Mr. Allen's free and generous manner not only rendered him popular among
+his political friends, but prevented bitterness and personality on the
+part of his opponents. During those years of prosperity he led a
+thoroughly active life, not only as an attorney with a large practice,
+but as an indefatigable public servant. In fact, through life he has
+given to the public the first and best of his efforts. He never became a
+finished advocate and speaker, but his enterprise and integrity secured
+him a large business, most of which was litigated in the counties of the
+Western Reserve.
+
+Not long after Mr. Allen commenced practice in Ohio he married Miss Ann
+Maria Perkins of Warren, Trumbull county, an auspicious connection which
+was soon terminated by her death. His second wife was Miss Harriet Mather,
+of New London county, Connecticut, who is now living, and was the mother
+of two sons and two daughters, one son and one daughter now surviving.
+
+[Illustration: J. W. Allen]
+
+The financial storm of 1837-8 did so much damage to Mr. Allen's fortune,
+as well as some unsuccessful efforts in the construction of local rail
+roads ahead of time, that its effects are not yet gone. Being young and
+energetic, with a large property, with few debts of his own, it would have
+affected him but little, had he not been too generous towards his friends
+in the way of endorsements.
+
+In the winter of 1849-50, he was appointed under a resolution of the
+Legislature the Agent of the State to examine into the claims of the State
+on the General Government growing out of the grants of land in aid of the
+canals and which had been twice settled and receipted for in full, which
+occupied him five years at Washington. In this he was eminently successful
+and did the State great service, and had the State performed its part of
+the bargain as well as Mr. Allen did his, the result would have been a
+rich compensation for his labors. His was the only case of repudiation
+ever perpetrated by Ohio and he may well charge the State with punic faith
+toward him.
+
+When the State Bank of Ohio, consisting of branches scattered throughout
+the State under the general management of a board of control, was
+authorized by an act of the Legislature about the year 1846, and which was
+the soundest system ever devised by any State Government, Mr. Allen was
+one of the five Commissioners charged with the duty of putting the
+machinery in operation.
+
+Very few of the present generation realize the obligation of this city to
+him, and his public spirited coadjutors of thirty years since, for the
+solid prosperity it now enjoys.
+
+
+
+
+Hiram V. Willson.
+
+
+
+The first judge of the United States District Court for the Northern
+District of Ohio, will long be remembered by the bar and public of that
+District, for the ability, dignity, and purity with which, for over eleven
+years, he administered justice. When at last he lay down to his final
+rest, there was no voice raised in censure of any one of his acts, and
+tributes of heartfelt praise of his life, and sorrow for his loss, were
+laid on his grave by men of all parties and shades of opinion. As lawyer,
+judge, citizen, and man, Judge Willson won the respect and confidence of
+all with whom he was brought into social or official contact.
+
+Hiram V. Willson was born in April, 1808, in Madison county, New York.
+Graduating at Hamilton College in 1832, he commenced the study of law in
+the office of the Hon. Jared Willson, of Canandaigua, New York.
+Subsequently he visited Virginia, read law in the office of Francis S.
+Key, of Washington, and for a time aided his slender pecuniary means by
+teaching in a classical school in the Shenandoah Valley. During his early
+legal studies he laid the foundations of that legal knowledge for which he
+was afterwards distinguished, and acquired that familiarity with the
+text-books and reports which made him a safe, prompt, and prudent
+counsellor. At school, college, and in the Shenandoah Valley, he
+maintained a close intimacy with the Hon. Henry B. Payne, then a young man
+of about his own age. In 1833, he removed to Painesville, but soon changed
+his residence to Cleveland, where he and his intimate friend, H. B. Payne,
+formed a law partnership.
+
+Long after, when at a banquet tendered by the bar of Cleveland in honor of
+the organization of the United States Court for the Northern District of
+Ohio, Judge Willson referred to the auspices under which the young firm
+commenced business. The following toast had been offered:
+
+  The First Judge of the Northern District of Ohio: In the history and
+  eminent success of a twenty years' practice at the Bar, we have the
+  fullest assurance that whatever industry, talent, and integrity can
+  achieve for the character of this long sought for court, will be
+  accomplished by the gentleman who has been appointed to preside over its
+  deliberations.
+
+In responding to the toast, Judge Willson spoke highly of the character
+of the profession, and then made a warm appeal to the young lawyers. He
+said that all there had been young lawyers and knew the struggles and
+difficulties that hang around the lawyer's early path, and which cloud to
+him his future, and nothing is so welcome, so genial to a young lawyer's
+heart as to be taken in hand by an older legal brother. He said he could
+talk with feeling on the subject, for the memory was yet green of the days
+when two penniless young men came to Ohio to take life's start, and when
+as discouragements, and almost despair, seemed to lie in wait for them,
+there was an older lawyer who held out a friendly hand to aid them, and
+who bid them take courage and persevere. Who that friend was he signified
+by offering, with much feeling, a toast to the memory of Judge Willey.
+
+But the young firm did not long need friendly counsel to cheer them in the
+midst of discouragements. Although they were but young men, and Willey,
+Congar, and Andrews were eminent lawyers in full practice, they soon took
+place in the front rank of the profession. Business flowed in upon them,
+and from 1837 to 1840, the number of suits brought by them in the Court of
+Common Pleas averaged two hundred and fifty per year; whilst during the
+same time they appeared for the defence in twice that number of cases
+annually. Briefs in all those cases were, to a great extent, prepared by
+Judge Willson. Upon Mr. Payne's retirement, a partnership was formed with
+Hon. Edward Wade and Reuben Hitchcock, and after a while the firm was
+changed to Willson, Wade & Wade. Under these partnerships the extensive
+business and high reputation of the old firm were preserved and increased.
+
+In 1852, Judge Willson ran for Congress on the Democratic ticket, against
+William Case on the Whig and Edward Wade on the Free Soil tickets. Mr.
+Wade was elected, but Judge Willson received a very handsome vote.
+
+In the Winter of 1854, a bill was introduced to divide the State of Ohio,
+for United States judicial purposes, into two districts. The members of
+the Cleveland Bar pressed the matter vigorously, and after a sharp
+struggle in Congress, the bill creating the United States Court for the
+Northern District of Ohio was passed. During the pendency of the measure,
+and when the prospects were unfavorable for its passage, Judge Willson was
+chosen by the Cleveland Bar to proceed to Washington and labor in the
+interest of the bill. This was done, and the final triumph of the bill was
+doubtless owing in great measure to his unwearied industry in its behalf.
+In March, 1855, President Pierce appointed Mr. Willson judge of the
+District Court just authorized.
+
+The formation of the court and the appointment of Judge Willson as its
+presiding officer, gave general satisfaction. A banquet was held by the
+lawyers to celebrate the event, and although Judge Willson was a strong
+political partizan, the leading lawyers of all parties vied with each
+other in testifying their entire confidence in the ability and
+impartiality of the new judge. Nor was their confidence misplaced. In
+becoming a judge he ceased to be a politician, and no purely political, or
+personal, motives swayed his decisions. He was admitted by all to have
+been an upright judge.
+
+The new court found plenty to do. In addition to the ordinary criminal
+and civil business, the location of the court on the lake border brought
+to it a large amount of admiralty cases. In such cases, the extensive
+knowledge and critical acumen of Judge Willson were favorably displayed.
+Many of his decisions were models of deep research and lucid statement.
+One of his earliest decisions of this character was in relation to
+maritime liens. The steamboat America had been abandoned and sunk, and
+only a part of her tackle and rigging saved. These were attached for debt
+for materials, and the question arose on the legality of the claim
+against articles no longer a part of the vessel. Judge Willson held that
+the maritime lien of men for wages, and material men for supplies, is a
+proprietary interest in the vessel itself, and can not be diverted by the
+acts of the owner or by any casualty, until the claim is paid, and that
+such lien inheres to the ship and all her parts wherever found and
+whoever may be the owner. In the case of L. Wick _vs._ the schooner
+Samuel Strong, in 1855, Judge Willson reviewed the history and intent of
+the common carrier act of Ohio, in an opinion of much interest. A case,
+not in admiralty, but in the criminal business of the court, gave the
+judge another opportunity for falling back on his inexhaustible stores of
+legal and historical knowledge. The question was on the point whether the
+action of a grand jury was legal in returning a bill of indictment found
+only by fourteen members, the fifteenth member being absent and taking no
+part in the proceedings. Judge Willson reviewed the matter at length,
+citing precedents of the English and American courts for several
+centuries to show that the action was legal.
+
+A very noticeable case was what is known in the legal history of
+Cleveland as "The Bridge Case," in which Charles Avery sued the city of
+Cleveland, to prevent the construction of a bridge across the Cuyahoga,
+at the foot of Lighthouse street. The questions arising were: the
+legislative authority of the city to bridge the river, and whether the
+bridge would be a nuisance, damaging the complainant's private property.
+The decision of Judge Willson, granting a preliminary injunction until
+further evidence could be taken, was a thorough review of the law
+relating to water highways and their obstructions. In the opinion on the
+Parker water-wheel case, he exhibited a clear knowledge of mechanics, and
+gave an exhaustive exposition of the law of patents. In the case of Hoag
+_vs_ the propeller Cataract, the law of collision was set forth and
+numerous precedents cited. In 1860, important decisions were given in
+respect to the extent of United States jurisdiction on the Western lakes
+and rivers. It was decided, and the decisions supported by voluminous
+precedents, that the admiralty and maritime jurisdiction possessed by the
+District Courts of the United States, on the Western lakes and rivers,
+under the Constitution and Act of 1789, was independent of the Act of
+1845, and unaffected thereby; and also that the District Courts of the
+United States, having under the Constitution and Acts of Congress,
+exclusive original cognizance of all civil causes of admiralty and
+maritime jurisdiction, the Courts of Common Law are precluded from
+proceeding _in rem_ to enforce such maritime claims.
+
+These are but a very few of the many important cases coming before Judge
+Willson's court and decided by him in a manner that made his decisions
+important precedents.
+
+The judicial administration of Judge Willson was noticeable also for its
+connection with events of national importance. And here it should be again
+repeated, that in all his conduct on the bench he divested himself of
+personal or party predilections and prejudices. To him it was of no
+consequence who were parties to the case, or what the political effect of
+a decision would be; he inquired only what were the facts in the matter
+and what the law bearing upon them. The keynote of his character in this
+respect may be known from an extract taken from his charge to the grand
+jury in the Winter term of 1856, in which it was expected a case would
+come before that body of alleged impropriety or crime by a Government
+officer, growing out of party zeal during a very heated political canvass.
+The passions of men were intensely excited at the time of the delivery of
+the charge, and that address had the effect of suddenly cooling down the
+popular mind, in the city and vicinity at least, and of bringing about a
+better state of feeling. After referring impressively to the language of
+the oath taken by the grand jury, to present none through malice, and
+except none through favouritism, Judge Willson said:
+
+  It was but yesterday our ears were deafened by the turmoil and clamour
+  of political strife, shaking the great national fabric to its centre,
+  and threatening the stability of the Government itself. In that fearful
+  conflict for the control of the Executive and Legislative Departments of
+  the Federal Government, all the evil passions of men seem to have been
+  aroused. Vituperation and scandal, malice, hatred and ill-will had
+  blotted out from the land all brotherly love, and swept away those
+  characteristics which should distinguish us as a nation of Christians.
+
+  How important, then, it is for us, coming up here to perform the duties
+  incident to the courts, to come with minds free from prejudice, free
+  from passions, and free from the influence of the angry elements around
+  us. To come with a fixed purpose of administering justice with truth,
+  according to the laws of the land. A dangerous political contagion has
+  become rampant in our country, invading the holy sanctuaries of the
+  "Prince of Peace" and polluting the very fountains of Eternal Truth.
+
+  God forbid the time may ever come when the temples of justice in our
+  land shall be desecrated by this unhallowed and contaminating influence,
+  or by wanton disregard of the Constitution, or by a perfidious
+  delinquency on the part of the ministers of the law. Here let passion
+  and prejudice find no abiding place. Here let equal and exact justice be
+  meted out to all men--to rich and to the poor--to the high and the low,
+  and above all things, with you, gentlemen, here preserve with scrupulons
+  fidelity the sanctity of your oaths, and discharge your whole duty
+  without fear and without favour. Put justice to the line and truth to
+  the plummet, and act up fully to the obligations of that oath, and you
+  will ever enjoy those rich consolations which always flow from a
+  conscientious discharge of a sworn duty.
+
+  To men of your intelligence and probity, these admonitions are, perhaps,
+  unnecessary. Knowing, however, the reluctance and pain with which the
+  misconduct of men in office is inquired into, by those who cherish the
+  same political sentiments, I am confident, gentlemen, that in times like
+  these, you can not exercise too great caution in excluding from your
+  minds all considerations, as to whether the party charged before you is
+  the appointee of this or of that administration, or whether he belongs
+  to this or that political organization or party.
+
+In 1858, came before the court the historic case of the Oberlin-Wellington
+Rescue. The facts of the case were, briefly, that on the first of March,
+1857, a negro slave named John, the property of John G. Bacon, of
+Kentucky, escaped across the river into Ohio. In October, 1858, the negro
+was traced out and arrested within the Northern District of Ohio, by one
+Anderson Jennings, holding a power of attorney from Bacon. In company with
+an assistant named Love, Jennings took the negro to Wellington, Lorain
+county, with the purpose of taking the cars for Cincinnati, and thence
+returning the negro to Kentucky and remitting him to slavery. A number of
+residents of Oberlin concerted a plan of rescue marched to Wellington,
+entered the hotel where John was kept, took him from his captors, placed
+him in a buggy, and carried him off. Indictments were found against the
+leading rescuers, who comprised among others some of the leading men of
+the college and village of Oberlin, and they were brought to trial, fined,
+and imprisoned. The trial created great excitement, and, whilst it was
+pending, a monster demonstration against the Fugitive Slave Law was held
+on the Public Square, midway between the building where the court held its
+sessions and the jail in which the accused were confined. At one time
+fears were entertained of violence, threats being freely uttered by some
+of the more headstrong that the law should be defied and the prisoners
+released by force. Cooler counsels prevailed, and the law, odious as it
+was felt to be, was allowed to take its course. In this exciting time the
+charges and judgments of Judge Willson were calm and dispassionate, wholly
+divested of partisanship, and merely pointing out the provisions of the
+law and the necessity of obedience to it, however irksome such obedience
+might be, until it was repealed.
+
+[Illustration: H. V. Willson]
+
+In the November term of 1859, when the public mind was still agitated by
+the John Brown raid and by the tragic affairs succeeding it, and when the
+excitement of the Oberlin-Wellington Rescue had not wholly subsided, the
+attention of Judge Willson was called to these matters by the District
+Attorney, and in his charge to the grand jury he took occasion to define
+the law of treason, with especial bearing on those events. It was a clear,
+logical exposition of the law, pointing out the line of distinction
+between a meeting for the expression of opinions hostile to the Government
+and a gathering for the purpose of violently opposing or overturning the
+Government.
+
+In 1861, when the rebellion had broken out, and it was supposed
+sympathizers with it were in Ohio plotting aid to the rebels, Judge
+Willson delivered a charge to the grand jury, again defining the law in
+regard to conspiracy and treason, and in the course of his address
+took occasion to unreservedly condemn the motives and actions of the
+rebels. He said:
+
+  The loyal people of this great nation have enjoyed the blessings of our
+  excellent Constitution too long and too well, to be insensible of its
+  value or to permit its destruction. They have not yet been schooled to
+  the heresy, that this noble Government is a mere myth, or that it is
+  destitute of the inherent power of perpetuating its own existence. On
+  the contrary, next to their religion, they love and cherish it above all
+  things on earth, not only because it is the rich and sacred legacy of a
+  revered and patriotic ancestry, but because it is a Government of law,
+  possessing the authority to maintain social and civil order, giving to
+  its citizens security of property, of person and of life.
+
+  It is not surprising, therefore, that this bold and mad rebellion in the
+  Southern States, has excited, in all patriotic hearts, a spontaneous and
+  indignant feeling against treason and traitors, wherever they may be
+  found in our land. It is a rebellion without cause and without
+  justification. It had its conception in the wicked hearts of ambitious
+  men. Possibly, some of the chief conspirators may be actuated by the
+  spirit of the sacrilegious incendiary who fired the Ephesian temple to
+  immortalize his name by the infamy of the act.
+
+  Let the motives of the conspirators be what they may, this open,
+  organized and armed resistance to the Government of the United States is
+  _treason_, and those engaged in it justly merit the penalty denounced
+  against traitors.
+
+  Nor should we be misled by false notions of the reserved right of the
+  States to secede from the Union. This assumed right, claimed by the
+  States in rebellion, is false in theory; it is of the highest criminalty
+  in practice, and without the semblance of authority in the Constitution.
+  The right of secession, (said the lamented Webster,) "as a practical
+  right, existing under the Constitution, is simply an absurdity; for it
+  supposes resistance to Government under the authority of the Government
+  itself--it supposes dismemberment without violating the principles of
+  Union--it supposes opposition to law without crime--it sanctions the
+  violation of oaths without responsibility, and the total overthrow of
+  the Government without revolution."
+
+  The history of this wicked rebellion already shows that many of those
+  who have shared the largest in the offices and emoluments, as well as in
+  the blessings of the National Government, have fallen the lowest in
+  infamy in attempting its overthrow.
+
+  If this Union is to be perpetuated, and the Government itself is to
+  exist as a power among the nations, its laws must be enforced at all
+  hazards and at any cost. And especially should courts and juries do
+  their whole duty, without respect to persons, when crimes are committed,
+  tending to the subversion of the Government and the destruction of our
+  cherished institutions.
+
+At the January term, 1864, he delivered another admirable charge, in which
+he discussed the questions arising under the then recent act of Congress
+authorizing a draft under the direction of the President without the
+intervention of the State authorities, and by a very logical and
+conclusive argument established the constitutional validity of the act in
+question. The crime of resisting the draft, obstructing its execution by
+the officers appointed for that purpose, and enticing soldiers to desert,
+were defined with great clearness, resisting the enrolling officer being
+held to be within the offences embraced in the act. These were but a few
+of the topics treated by the Judge. The entire charge was able, well-timed
+and patriotic, and was admirably calculated to conciliate and unite public
+opinion in support of the law and the measures of the Government to
+enforce it.
+
+In 1865, the health of Judge Willson began to give way and symptoms of
+consumption appeared. He was strongly urged by his friends to leave his
+business for a time and seek the restoration of his health in a milder
+climate. As Winter approached he yielded to their persuasions and visited
+New Orleans and the West Indies. Unhappily the weather was unusually
+severe for those latitudes, and he derived no benefit from his trip. He
+was glad to reach the quiet and comfort of home once more. His sense of
+duty was so strong that, though unfit to leave his home, he came down to
+the city, opened court, so as to set the machinery in order, but found
+himself unable to preside and was compelled to return home, where he
+awaited in patience the coming of the destroyer.
+
+On the evening of November 11th, 1866, he died. A few hours before his
+death he suffered much, his breathing being labored and painful. As his
+end approached, however, he became easier, and his life went out without a
+struggle. Some months earlier, the Judge, who had for years been an
+attendant of the services in the First Presbyterian church, and an active
+supporter of that congregation, made a profession of religion and received
+the rite of baptism. He was perfectly conscious to the close of his life,
+and although hopeful of recovery, as is usual with the victims of
+consumption, had been fully aware of his precarious situation, and had
+thoughtfully contemplated his approaching end. He left a widow and a
+daughter, Mrs. Chamberlin, well provided for.
+
+On the announcement of his death the members of the Cleveland Bar
+immediately assembled, and young or old, of all shades of opinion in the
+profession, vied with each other in bearing testimony to the uprightness,
+ability, and moral worth of the deceased. His death occasioned unaffected
+sorrow among those who had known him, and among the large number of his
+legal brethren who had greater or less opportunities of official
+intercourse with him he did not leave a single enemy. The Bar meeting
+unanimously adopted the following resolutions of respect:
+
+  We, the members of the Bar of the Northern District of Ohio having
+  learned that our brother, the Hon. Hiram V. Willson, departed this life
+  yesterday evening, (Nov. 11,) at his residence, and desiring to pay a
+  tribute of affection and respect to one who was our beloved associate at
+  this Bar for twenty-one years, and anxious also to acknowledge our
+  obligation to him, by whose influence and labors the Courts of the
+  United States were established in our midst, and who has so ably and
+  uprightly presided over those Courts for a period of more than eleven
+  years, do hereby
+
+  _Resolve,_ 1st. That in the death of Judge Willson the Bench has lost a
+  learned, upright and fearless Judge, ever doing right and equity among
+  the suitors of his Court, fearing only the errors and mistakes to which
+  a fallible human judgment is ever liable. Urbanity and courtesy to the
+  older members of the Bar, protecting and loving kindness to its younger
+  members, and deep and abiding interest in the reputation of all, were
+  among his distinguishing characteristics.
+
+  2d. That in him we have lost a near and dear friend, disliked,
+  disrelished by none, but esteemed and loved by all.
+
+  3d. That we wear the usual mourning and attend his funeral in a body, on
+  Wednesday next.
+
+  4th. That the Chairman of this Committee present this report to our
+  Court of Common Pleas, and request the same to be entered on the record
+  of said Court.
+
+  5th. That the United States District Attorney for Northern Ohio be
+  requested to present this report to the Circuit and District Courts of
+  said District at their next term and request that the same be entered
+  and recorded in said Courts.
+
+  6th. That the officers of this meeting be directed to send a copy of its
+  proceedings to the family of the deceased.
+
+At the opening of the next term of the United States District Court under
+Judge Sherman, the successor to Judge Willson, these resolutions were
+read, and warm eulogies on the deceased were made by U. S. District
+Attorney, F. J. Dickman, U. S. Commissioner Bushnell White, George W.
+Willey Esq., Hon. K. P. Spalding and Judge Sherman.
+
+The funeral services over the remains of Judge Willson were held in the
+First Presbyterian church, conducted by Rev. Dr. Atterburry, assisted by
+Rev. Dr. Aiken. The Supreme Court of Ohio, United States Courts of
+Pennsylvania and Michigan, the Cleveland Bench and Bar, and the City
+Government were fully represented at the ceremonies, which were also
+participated in by a very large concourse of citizens.
+
+
+
+
+Samuel Starkweather.
+
+
+
+As a member of the legal profession, both on the Bench and at the Bar, as
+the chief magistrate of the city, and as an United States revenue officer,
+and as a citizen of Cleveland, Samuel Starkweather has held honorable
+prominence for forty years.
+
+He was born in the village of Pawtucket, Massachusetts, on the border of
+Rhode Island, a village celebrated as the seat of the first cotton
+manufactures in the United States. He was the son of the Honorable Oliver
+Starkweather, an extensive and successful manufacturer, and grandson of
+the Honorable Ephraim Starkweather, who was prominent among the patriots
+of the Revolution.
+
+The subject of this sketch worked on a farm until nearly seventeen years
+of age, when he began to fit himself for college, after which he entered
+Brown University, Rhode Island, where he graduated with the second honors
+of his class, in the year 1822, and was soon afterward elected a tutor in
+that institution, which position he held until the year 1824, when he
+resigned, to commence the study of the law, which he pursued in the office
+of Judge Swift, in Windham, Connecticut, and afterwards in attendance upon
+the lectures of Chancellor Kent, of New York. He was admitted to the Bar
+of Ohio at Columbus, in the Winter of 1826-7, and soon after settled in
+Cleveland, then a village of a few hundred inhabitants, and was recognized
+as a lawyer of learning and ability in this and the adjoining counties.
+
+Mr. Starkweather was prominent among the leaders of the Democratic party
+of this State, when its principles were well defined, and was a strong
+adherent to the administrations of Presidents Jackson and Van Buren, but
+his being always in the political minority in the part of the State in
+which he lived, prevented those high political preferments which otherwise
+would have been conferred upon him. In this connection it is proper to
+say, that for Mr. Starkweather to have attained the highest eminence in
+the legal profession, it was only necessary that he should have made it
+his specialty.
+
+Under the administrations of Presidents Jackson and Van Buren, Mr.
+Starkweather held the office of Collector of Customs of this District, and
+Superintendent of Light-Houses, and under his supervision most of the
+sites were purchased, and the light-houses erected on the Southern shore
+of Lake Erie. He continued to hold these offices in connection with his
+practice of the law, until 1840.
+
+In 1844, Mr. Starkweather was elected Mayor of the city of Cleveland,
+having previously taken a leading part in the City Councils. He was
+re-elected in 1845, and was again elected Mayor in 1857, for two years,
+and in these positions was active in promoting those improvements in the
+city which have tended to its prosperity and beauty. To Mr. Starkweather
+the public schools of the city are much indebted for the interest which he
+has always taken in their behalf; and to his advocacy and efforts, with
+those of Mr. Charles Bradburn, the High School of the city owes its first
+establishment.
+
+In the early struggles for advancing the schemes of railroads, the
+accomplishment of which has made Cleveland the great city of commerce and
+manufactures, no one was more active than Mr. Starkweather. When the
+project of building the Cleveland & Columbus road was at a stand-still,
+and was on the point of being, for the time, abandoned, as a final effort
+a meeting of the business men of Cleveland was called. The speech of Mr.
+Starkweather on that occasion, parts of which are quoted to this day, had
+the effect to breathe into that enterprise the breath of life, and from
+that meeting it went immediately onward to its final completion. So well
+were the services of Mr. Starkweather in behalf of that road appreciated
+at the time, that one of the Directors proposed that he should have a
+pass upon it for life.
+
+Mr. Starkweather, in 1852, was the first Judge elected to the Court of
+Common Pleas for Cuyahoga county, under the new constitution of the State,
+in which position he served for five years with ability and satisfaction
+to the members of the Bar and the public generally. For a considerable
+portion of his term, the entire docket of both civil and criminal business
+devolved on Mm, when an additional Judge was allowed the county. He
+presided at some very important State trials, in which, as in the
+disposition of a very large amount of civil business, he exhibited
+abundant legal learning and judicial discrimination.
+
+Since he retired from the Bench he has been known as a citizen of wealth,
+of retired habits, but of influence in public affairs, and retaining to
+the full the conversational gifts which have made him the life and charm
+of social and professional circles. Indeed it may be said that either at
+the Bar, in well remembered efforts of marked brilliancy as an advocate,
+or on the Bench, occasionally illuminating the soberness of judicial
+proceedings, or in assemblies on prominent public occasions occurring all
+through his life, eloquence, wit and humor seemed ready to his use. A fine
+_belle lettres_ scholar, classical, historical and biographical adornments
+and incidents seemed always naturally to flow in to enrich his discourse,
+whether in private or public. He has often been spoken of as of the Corwin
+cast, perhaps a slight personal resemblance aiding the suggestion. He
+certainly has the like gifts of the charming conversationalist and the
+popular orator, in which last capacity, for many years, he was the prompt
+choice of the public on leading occasions, such as at the grand reception
+given to Van Buren after his defeat in 1840; the magnificent reception
+tendered by the city to Kossuth; at the completion of the Cleveland &
+Columbus Railway on the 22nd of February, 1852; at the dedication of
+Woodland Cemetery, and at many other times when the public were most
+anxious to put a gifted man forward.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: Truly Yours, Moses Kelly]
+
+
+Moses Kelly.
+
+
+
+The subject of this sketch was born January 21st, 1809, in the township of
+Groveland, now county of Livingston, then county of Ontario, State of New
+York. He was the oldest son of Daniel Kelly, who emigrated from the State
+of Pennsylvania to Western New York in the year 1797. He is of
+Scotch-Irish descent in the paternal line, and of German descent on the
+side of his mother. His great grandfather, on his father's side, emigrated
+from the North of Ireland to America, early in the eighteenth century, and
+settled in the State of Pennsylvania, within a few miles of the city of
+Philadelphia; his grandfather, born there, was a Revolutionary soldier.
+Mr. Kelly lived with his father, on a farm in Groveland, until he was
+eighteen years old, having the usual advantages, and following the
+ordinary pursuits of a farmer's son.
+
+At the age of eighteen he entered the High School on Temple Hill, in the
+village of Genesee, Livingston county, New York, and commenced preparing
+for college, under the tuition of that eminent scholar and accomplished
+educator, the late Cornelius C. Felton, who subsequently became President
+of Harvard University. Mr. Kelly entered the Freshman class at Harvard in
+1829, and graduated with his class in the year 1833. He immediately
+commenced the study of the law, with the late Orlando Hastings, Esq., of
+Rochester, N. Y., and read three years in his office and under his
+direction, when he was admitted to practice. He came to Cleveland in the
+year 1836, and formed a law copartnership with his old friend, college
+classmate and chum, the Hon. Thomas Bolton; the firm name was Bolton &
+Kelly. This partnership continued until the year 1851, when S. O. Griswold
+Esq., who had been their law student, was taken into the firm; the firm
+name thereafter being Bolton, Kelly & Griswold. This connection continued
+until the close of the year 1856, when Mr. Bolton was elected Judge of the
+Court of Common Pleas. Since Judge Bolton retired from the firm Messrs.
+Kelly & Griswold have continued the practice of law under that firm name,
+and are still engaged in the practice.
+
+Mr. Kelly has made commercial law and equity jurisprudence his special
+studies, and in these branches of the law his great skill and learning are
+acknowledged by all his brethren. Indeed, as an equity lawyer he stands at
+the head of the profession.
+
+It will be seen from the year 1836 until the present time, Mr. Kelly has
+devoted himself closely to the practice of the law; the only interruption
+to this was a two years service as State senator in the legislature of
+Ohio during the years 1844 and 1845. He was elected to the senate by the
+Whig party of the counties of Cuyahoga and Geauga, these two counties then
+composing one senatorial district. During the first session of the General
+Assembly, of which he was a member, the Democrats had a majority in the
+Senate while the Whigs had the control of the lower house. As is usual
+when a legislature is thus politically divided, no measures of general
+interest were adopted. But there happened during that session to arise a
+question which showed Mr. Kelly's independence, and true character. The
+Democracy had made complaint of the Whig extravagance and laid great claim
+on their own part to retrenchment and economy in the State administration.
+The Whigs to make political capital, proposed a bill reducing the salaries
+of all State officers; the salary of the Judges was put at $750 per year
+and the pay of all other State officials in the same ratio. The measure
+was adopted by the party caucus, and was carried through the lower house.
+
+It was hoped by many that the Senate, being Democratic, would defeat the
+bill, and thus the Whigs would have credit for great economy at the
+expense of the Democrats. But when it came to that body, the Democracy,
+not to be out done by their opponents, favored the bill.
+
+Mr. Kelly, singly and alone of all his party, opposed the measure, and
+spoke and voted against it. The bill was finally carried but was repealed
+in the course of a year or two afterwards.
+
+The most prominent subject before the legislature at the second session
+was the establishment of a suitable banking system for the State. The
+business men of Cleveland were in favor of free banks, but the great body
+of the Whig party were strongly in favor of a State Bank and branches, and
+having a majority in both houses in the session of 1845 were determined to
+establish that system. Mr. Kelly succeeded in engrafting upon the State
+Bank scheme the Independent Bank system, with State stocks pledged to
+secure the circulation, and also in adding additional checks and
+safeguards to the State Bank. His efforts in this direction were duly
+appreciated by his constituents, and at a public meeting, called by the
+principal business men of the city, irrespective of party, his action on
+the Bank bill was specially approved.
+
+It is to be observed also that the present National Bank system is modeled
+after the plan of free banking advocated by Mr. Kelly at that time.
+
+During the same session a question arose in which Mr. Kelly took an
+active part, in opposition to the great body of his party, the event of
+which vindicated his sagacity and practical statesmanship. The question
+was upon a bill to grant to the Ohio Life and Trust Company authority to
+issue bills to circulate as currency, to the extent of half a million of
+dollars. At the time this bill was introduced no banking System had been
+adopted by the legislature; most of the charters of the old banks had
+expired prior to that time, and the State was without an adequate bank
+circulation of its own. The chief stockholders and managers of that
+corporation were men of high character and great wealth. The company had
+been successfully managed, and its credit was then deservedly high. Also
+the principal men of the company were leading Whigs, among these were
+Judges Jacob Burnett and John E. Wright of Cincinnati, Nathaniel Wright
+of Cincinnati and Alfred Kelley Esq., who was also at the same time a
+member of the senate from the Franklin district, and this application on
+the part of the company was backed by the presence and Personal influence
+of these gentlemen. The plea made by this company for this additional
+banking privilege was exceedingly plausible, and the measure was approved
+in a caucus of the Whig members almost without inquiry. The bill was
+introduced into the Senate by the Hon. Alfred Kelley, and its success was
+considered certain. Mr. Moses Kelly, alone of his party, expressed his
+opposition to the bill. Urged as the measure was by so many leading men,'
+and introduced by the acknowledged leader of the party, it seemed that
+such opposition must be fruitless. But on the third reading of the bill
+Mr. Kelly attacked it in a speech of great vigor, and strength of
+argument. He opposed it as unjust towards any banking system that might
+be established and as unwise in giving additional privileges to an
+already powerful corporation. Bat he opposed it chiefly because it gave
+to the corporation power to issue bills as money simply on individual
+security. He contended that whenever the State permitted any corporation
+or organization to issue bills to pass as money the faith of the State
+should be pledged to their ultimate redemption. While paying a high
+compliment to the ability and integrity of the managers of the Ohio Life
+and Trust Company, he declared there was no security but what in the
+future it might pass into the control of Wall street shavers and brokers,
+and from thence to ruin, and the people of the State left remediless with
+a worthless circulation in their hands. His vigorous opposition, and the
+strength of his argument awakened the attention of the party to the evils
+of the measure, and notwithstanding its powerful backing, the bill was
+effectually killed by Mr. Kelly's speech.
+
+Mr. Alfred Kelley was greatly grieved at the failure of this measure. He
+however lived to see his error, and the ruinous failure of that company
+through the recklessness of the Wall street management into whose hands,
+as had been predicted, that company finally fell. Judge John C. Wright,
+now in Columbus, advocated the aforesaid measure. He was then the senior
+editor of the Cincinnati Gazette, and the influence of his paper was given
+to the bill. Although old, he was in the full enjoyment of his powers of
+intellect, and at that time wielded a great influence in the political
+affairs of the State. It happened that he was present in the senate
+chamber when Mr. Kelly made his speech against the bill; although
+chagrined at the defeat of the measure in which he had such personal
+interest, so struck was he with the originality and force of the argument
+of Mr. Kelly, and with his independence of character, and ability to rise
+above mere party considerations in his legislative career, that he sought
+Mr. Kelly's personal acquaintance, and during the remainder of his life
+there existed a warm personal friendship between them.
+
+At the expiration of his term of service Mr. Kelly returned to the
+practice and ever since has devoted his energies to his profession. The
+office of Bolton & Kelly has been the school of many prominent lawyers.
+Among the members of the Cleveland Bar who studied under them are Messrs.
+F. T. Backus, George Willey, John E. Cary and his present partner, Mr.
+Griswold. Mr. Kelly was City Attorney in the year 1839, and a member of
+the City Council in 1841. While he was in the Council he was active in
+support of the Lake Shore improvement, which stopped the rapid
+encroachment of the Lake upon the shore in front of Lake street.
+
+In 1849, Mr. Kelly was appointed by the legislature one of the
+Commissioners of the city of Cleveland to subscribe on behalf of the city
+to the capital stock of the Cleveland & Pittsburgh Railroad Company. He
+accepted the trust, and for a number of successive years thereafter, until
+the stock of the city in that road was disposed of, was chosen a Director
+of the Cleveland & Pittsburgh Railroad Company, to represent the
+interests of this city in the capital stock of that company.
+
+In September, 1866, he was appointed by President Johnson District
+Attorney of the United States for the Northern District of Ohio, and held
+the office until the next March, not having been confirmed by the Radical
+senate for the reason that he had been a member of the Philadelphia
+Convention of the previous summer.
+
+On the organization of the City Bank of Cleveland under the law of 1845,
+Mr. Kelly became a stockholder therein and was a director, and its
+attorney, during its existence, and has continued in the same connection
+with the National City Bank which succeeded the former. He also for a
+number of years has been a director and attorney of the Cuyahoga Steam
+Furnace Company.
+
+Mr. Kelly was one of the organizers of St. Paul's Episcopal church, and
+has always remained a liberal supporter of the same.
+
+He was married in the year 1839 to Jane, the daughter of Gen. Hezekiah
+Howe, of New Haven, Conn.
+
+In 1850, Mr. Kelly purchased a tract of about thirty acres, being a part
+of what was then known as the "Giddings farm," fronting on Euclid avenue,
+a short distance East of Willson avenue. Here he soon after erected a
+tasteful dwelling, where he has since resided, and where in the leisure
+snatched from professional avocations he has gratified his taste for
+horticultural and agricultural pursuits.
+
+In person Mr. Kelly is tall and spare, and dignified in demeanor, and
+although he has reached three score, he is still active and in good
+health. His character for integrity is unblemished and in his long
+professional career has never been known to uphold or defend a
+dishonorable cause. His rule has been to decline advocating causes which,
+in his judgment, have neither merits nor justice. In social intercourse he
+is affable and genial, and in public, private and professional life, has
+always commanded the respect, esteem and confidence of his fellow men.
+Firm in his convictions of duty, and resolute in doing it, yet so
+respectful and courteous to opponents is he that he may be said to be a
+man without an enemy.
+
+The great rise in real estate and his professional earnings have rendered
+Mr. Kelly, if not what in these days would be called wealthy,
+comparatively rich, and surrounded, as he is, by an affectionate family
+and kind friends and possessed of all the enjoyments which culture and a
+successful life brings, we trust he may long continue amongst us.
+
+
+
+
+Thomas Bolton.
+
+
+
+It has been said of history, that it should never venture to deal
+except with periods comparatively remote. And this was doubtless true
+when literature was venal, or in any way subservient to royal or to
+party power.
+
+It has been alike suggested of biography, that it cannot be securely
+trusted in the portrayal of the living. And this is no doubt true where
+political or partisan objects are sought to be subserved. But with this
+exception the most faithful portraits may naturally be expected where
+the subjects of them are before us, and familiarly known to us. And so
+that the hand refrains from those warmer tints which personal friendship
+might inspire, and simply aims at sketches which the general judgment
+may recognize and approve, the task, however difficult, cannot be said
+to be unsafe.
+
+Thomas Bolton was born in Scipio, Cayuga county, New York, November 29th,
+1809. His father was an extensive farmer in that section of western New
+York, where rich fields, and flowing streams, and beautiful scenery, are
+happily combined.
+
+At seventeen he entered the High School on Temple Hill, in Geneseo, where
+he fitted for college; and in the Fall of 1829, he entered Harvard
+University, where he graduated in 1833, the first in his class in
+mathematics. In this connection, it is pleasant to advert to the fact
+that his most intimate schoolmate, classmate and fellow graduate, was
+Hon. Moses Kelly, who was afterwards his partner in the law for many
+years at Cleveland, and that between the two from boyhood down to the
+present day, there has been a steadfast and unbroken life-friendship
+almost fraternal, both now in affluence, but still living side by side.
+Such life-long friendships are unusual, but whenever they do exist, they
+imply the presence in both parties of true and trusty qualities which
+preserve their character as pure cement, exposed to any atmosphere, or
+tried in any furnace.
+
+[Illustration: Yours Truly, Thomas Bolton]
+
+After graduating, Mr. Bolton entered upon the study of law at
+Canandaigua, in the office of John G. Spencer, now deceased, but then a
+strong and distinguished name in the profession. At the end of a year he
+came west, to seek a permanent location to further pursue his studies and
+enter upon the practice, first stopping at Cleveland, on finding that any
+further west was hardly within the pale of civilization. Cleveland itself
+was then, September, 1834, but a mere village, of about twenty-five
+hundred inhabitants. Superior street had not been graded, and at its
+western terminus was higher than the first story of the Atwater Block, and
+the bank of the lake extended fifteen rods out beyond the present Union
+Depot. The village did not become a city till 1836, when at a public
+meeting to determine upon the corporate limits, Mr. Bolton was appointed
+on a committee to draft the charter, and urged that both sides of the
+river should be embraced, but was overruled, and Ohio City was established
+on the other side of the river as a sort of rival, but since consolidated
+with Cleveland. His connection with city affairs was renewed as
+Councilman in 1839, and as Alderman in 1841.
+
+But to go back to his professional life. Having studied law in the office
+of James L. Conger, at Cleveland, for a year, he was admitted to the Bar
+in September, 1835, by the Supreme Court of Ohio, on the Circuit, Chief
+Justice Peter Hitchcock, that Nestor among judges, then presiding. He was
+in partnership with Mr. Conger for a year, when he bought him out and sent
+for his old college friend, Mr. Kelly, with whom he formed a partnership,
+which continued until the Fall of 1856, a period of twenty years, when he
+was elected to the Bench.
+
+As bearing upon his political career, it may be narrated, that in the Fall
+of 1839, he was elected prosecuting attorney of the county, at which time
+the Whig party was largely in the ascendancy, commanding from 1,500 to
+2,000 majority, though he was a Democrat and nominated by the Democrats
+for the office. Two years later, at the expiration of his term, he was
+strongly solicited by both parties to take the office another term, but
+declined in consequence of the inadequacy of the salary.
+
+An incident occurred during his term as prosecuting attorney which had a
+marked effect upon the politics of Cleveland and its vicinity. Up to 1841,
+slave-owners were in the habit of sending their agents to Cleveland and
+causing their runaway slaves to be arrested and taken before a magistrate,
+when a warrant would be obtained to return the slave, and he would be
+carried back into slavery. All this was done openly and publicly, creating
+little or no excitement, and Mr. Bolton, in the practice of his
+profession, was more frequently employed for this purpose than any other
+attorney in the city. In the Spring of 1841, three negroes, who were
+claimed as slaves, had run away from New Orleans and were in Buffalo. The
+agent of their master applied to a law firm in Cleveland for assistance.
+At that time, slaves arrested in Buffalo were in the habit of claiming a
+trial by jury, which was granted. To avoid a jury, with its sympathies, it
+was thought advisable to get the negroes into Ohio, and, accordingly, one
+of the attorneys, the agent and a negro of Cleveland, repaired to Buffalo.
+On their return the three negroes came with them, and it was said they had
+been kidnapped. On their arrival at Cleveland, the negroes were arrested
+under the law of Congress as fugitives from service, and lodged in the
+county jail. This information coming to the ears of the few Abolitionists
+then in the city, among others the late Hon. Edward Wade and Hon. John A.
+Foot, lawyers at the time in full practice, they applied to the jailor for
+admission to consult with the negroes. But public opinion was so strongly
+prejudiced against the Abolitionists that neither the jailor nor the
+sheriff would permit any of them to communicate with the prisoners.
+Accidentally, a colored man inquired of Mr. Bolton if he would take up
+their defence. He readily assented, and being prosecuting attorney of the
+county, and it being well understood that he was not an Abolitionist, the
+doors of the jail were readily opened to him, and he immediately made
+preparations for a vigorous defence of the prisoners. A writ of _habeas
+corpus_ was immediately applied for to Judge Barber, one of the associate
+judges at the time; the negroes were brought before him, and their case
+continued for ninety days, to prepare for a defence.
+
+When it was known about town that Mr. Bolton had undertaken the defence of
+the negroes, great indignation was excited, and many threatened to tear
+down his office, and to use violence toward his person. This only aroused
+him to greater energy and effort in behalf of the prisoners. In the
+meantime indictments were procured in Buffalo against the alleged
+kidnappers, and the excitement in the city greatly increased, so that on
+the day of the trial the court-house was packed with people. After an
+investigation, which lasted two days, the court discharged the defendants
+and they went acquit.
+
+From the iniquitous proceeding in the case, and the manner in which it
+was prosecuted, and the excitement it produced, the community was led to
+reflect upon the iniquity of the system and the oppression of the law;
+and from that day till the slave-girl Lucy was sent back into Virginia
+slavery, in 1862, (to appease, it is said, the wrath of the rebels,) not
+a negro was sent back into slavery from the city of Cleveland, or county
+of Cuyahoga.
+
+Mr. Bolton left the Democratic party in 1848, or, as he claims, it left
+him when it adopted its national platform of that year. He then joined the
+Free Soil party, and was a delegate to the Buffalo Convention, and one of
+its secretaries. In February, 1856, he assisted in organizing the
+Republican party at the Pittsburgh Convention, and in the Summer of the
+same year was a delegate from this Congressional District in the
+Philadelphia Convention, which nominated Fremont and Dayton.
+
+When he was admitted to the Bar, the Court of Common Pleas, under the old
+Constitution, consisted of four members, a president judge and three
+associates, elected by the Legislature, and the Supreme Court of the State
+consisted of four judges, also chosen by the Legislature. A session of the
+Supreme Court was held by two of its members once a year in each county,
+and three sessions a year were held by the Court of Common Pleas in this
+and the adjoining counties. In 1835, Hon. Matthew Birchard, of Warren, was
+president judge. He was succeeded by Hon. Van R. Humphrey, of Hudson, and
+he by Hon. John W. Willey, of Cleveland, who died during his term. Hon.
+Reuben Hitchcock was appointed by the Governor to fill the vacancy, and
+Hon. Benjamin Bissel, of Painesville, was elected by the Legislature during
+the next session. Hon. Philemon Bliss, then of Elyria, and now Supreme
+Judge of Missouri, was afterward elected, and his term was cut short in
+1851, by the adoption of the new Constitution, under which the judges were
+elected by the people for the term of five years. Hon. Samuel Starkweather
+was the first judge elected under the new system, and in 1856. Mr. Bolton
+was chosen his successor. In 1861, he was unanimounanimouslynated and
+elected without opposition, and in 1866, at the expiration of his second
+term, he retired from the Bench and the Bar.
+
+We thus complete our outline sketch of the professional, judicial, and
+political career of one of our most prominent and respected citizens.
+
+He came to the Bar of Cleveland before Cleveland was a city, and entered
+upon practice with that force and earnestness which were the ruling
+elements of his nature. He had able competitors, but he was a strong man
+amongst them. His promptness in the courts was proverbial. He was always
+ready, and if he granted indulgences he never asked for any. He was less
+given to books than his partner, Mr. Kelly, who was the student and
+chancery member of the firm, but in the ordinary departments of the common
+law and in criminal practice, he was always at home. He prepared his
+causes with the most thorough premeditation of the line of his own
+evidence, and of all the opposing evidence that could possibly be
+anticipated. Hence he moved with rapidity and precision, and was never
+taken by surprise. His arguments were not elaborate, or studied in point
+of finish, but they were strong, downright practical, and to the point. In
+this sense he was a fine and effective speaker to courts and juries.
+
+These same characteristics he exhibited upon the Bench. Hardy and vigorous
+in his perceptions and understanding--thoroughly versed and ready in the
+law of pleadings and evidence--bringing to bear on the civil code, the
+logical training of the common law system--his ten years of service as a
+judge were honorable to himself and valuable to the public. In all the
+phases of his career and life he has been thoroughly upright.
+
+Retired upon an ample fortune, amassed by forecast and business
+energy--fond of his home, and devoted with entire liberality to the
+education of his children--independent of office and in all other
+ways--strong and robust as ever in person and in mind--he is still a power
+in any direction wherever he chooses so to be. His broad, projecting
+brow, his direct and forcible speech and bearing, symbolize his character.
+They assure you of vital energy, strong, practical comprehension,
+directness and will. He may have more of the "_fortiter in re_" than of
+the "_suaviter in modo_" but all who know him have faith in his truth,
+implicit reliance upon the hearty fidelity of his friendships, and
+assurance, that he is always loyal to his convictions, both in public and
+in private life.
+
+
+
+
+James M. Hoyt.
+
+
+
+Several years since, the writer of this was in conversation with a poor
+man who had a hard struggle with misfortune and sickness in his attempt to
+rear a large family, and secure them a humble homestead. In the course of
+conversation the name of James M. Hoyt was mentioned, and the poor man was
+inquired of who that gentleman was. "Lawyer Hoyt?" he replied, "why he's
+the _honest lawyer_, God bless him!" He who could acquire this title among
+the poor must be no ordinary man.
+
+[Illustration: James M. Hoyt]
+
+James M. Hoyt was born in Utica, New York, January 16, 1815. The
+circumstances of his parents were such that he was enabled to acquire a
+good education, and graduated at Hamilton College, Clinton, New York, in
+1834. On leaving College he commenced the study of law in Utica, but soon
+removed to Cleveland, where, in February, 1836, he read law in the office
+of Andrews & Foot. He remained with them in that capacity for one year,
+when a partnership was formed under the name of Andrews, Foot & Hoyt,
+which lasted about twelve years, and was dissolved only by the appointment
+of Judge Andrews to the bench of the Superior Court of Cuyahoga county.
+The firm of Foot & Hoyt continued four years longer, until in 1853, Mr.
+Hoyt withdrew from the practice of law and turned his attention wholly to
+the business of real estate, not as a broker, but as an operator on his
+own account, or in company with others, nearly all his operations being
+adjacent to the city. For the last twenty years his transactions have been
+very heavy, having made of land belonging to him wholly, or in part, in
+the city of Cleveland and its environs, thirty-one recorded sub-divisions,
+covering an area of five hundred acres, on which he has personally, or in
+connection with others interested with him, opened and named no less than
+seventy-six streets, including the well-known Croton, Laurel, Greenwood,
+Humbolt, Mahoning, Kelly, Lynden, Maple, Mayflower and Siegel streets, and
+Longwood avenue. He was also largely instrumental in opening Prospect
+beyond Hudson, and sold nearly half of the land on Kinsman street, besides
+selling a large amount of land on Superior and St. Clair streets; also on
+the West Side, Madison avenue, Long street, Colgate street and Waverly
+avenue. He has sold in all 3000 lots in Cleveland.
+
+Mr. Hoyt united with the Baptist church in Utica in 1835. Soon after
+coming to Cleveland he became connected with the First Baptist church
+Sunday school, and was its superintendent twenty-six years, when he
+resigned, and became teacher of a congregational Bible class, which labor
+of love he has performed for about three years, and still continues.
+
+In 1854, he was licensed to preach the Gospel, by the church with which he
+was connected. He was never ordained, and never contemplated being, but
+simply desired to testify to Christian truth as a business man on the
+principle of "He that heareth, let him say come." For the past fifteen
+years he has labored in that capacity more or less in nearly all the
+Protestant denominations in the city and elsewhere.
+
+In 1854, he was elected President of the Ohio Baptist State Convention,
+and has been re-elected annually ever since, and has held anniversaries
+in nearly every city of the State. In 1866, he was elected president of
+the American Baptist Home Mission Society, being the national
+organization for missions for North America, has been re-elected
+annually, and still holds the office. Through all this time Mr. Hoyt has
+made many public addresses, and given lectures on both secular and
+religious subjects, in addition to publishing a number of articles,
+reviews and other literary work.
+
+He was married in 1836 to Miss Mary Ella Beebe, in the city of New York.
+Of this marriage have been born six children, five of whom are living. The
+oldest daughter, Mary Ella, died in 1854, aged fourteen. The oldest son,
+Wayland, is in the Baptist ministry, and is now pastor of the Strong Place
+Baptist church, Brooklyn, N. Y. The second son, Colgate, is now clerk and
+assistant in his father's business. The daughter, Lydia, is the wife of
+Mr. E. J. Farmer, banker of this city.
+
+We do not think it is exaggeration to say, that not a man in the city has
+more entwined himself with the affection of the people than Mr. Hoyt. For
+many years he has had the power to do untold evil to the poor, and to do
+it with a show of justice and legality, but this power was never
+exercised. Of the thousands of lots sold by him, a very large proportion
+have been for homesteads for the poor, hundreds of whom became involved
+through sickness, or other misfortunes, and were not able to make payments
+when due; many men died and left encumbered homes for widows to struggle
+on with, but they never lacked a friend in James M. Hoyt. Other creditors
+would sometimes crowd such persons, but to the extent of his ability he
+always kept them at bay, and if the load was in any case too heavy, would
+sell for the embarrassed owners, and give them the benefit of the rise in
+property. Time and again have we heard such things from the grateful poor.
+
+He is liberal with his means, contributing freely for religious and
+charitable purposes. In politics he has ever sided with the party of
+progress, and, although not a politician, has added his means and
+exertions to the cause whenever necessary. During the war against the
+rebellion he was an energetic supporter of the Government, and rendered
+valuable aid to the cause of loyalty by his money and influence.
+
+Mr. Hoyt, since his retirement from the legal profession, has devoted much
+time to those liberal studies which are too apt to be neglected amid the
+engrossing engagements of the Bar. He is a ripe scholar in English
+history, and especially in the period between the Revolution of 1688 and
+the accession of the House of Hanover. With an eminently practical turn of
+mind, he is not disinclined to meta-physical investigations, and we well
+remember the enthusiasm and keen zest with which he passed many winter
+evenings at the house of a friend in reading, analyzing, and applying the
+canons of criticism to Burke's Essay on the Sublime and Beautiful. His
+article on Miracles, published in the October number, 1863, of the
+Christian Review, contains one of the most searching examinations of
+Hume's doctrines extant. It presents a vexed subject in a new and striking
+light, and offers an unanswerable argument to the sophistries of the great
+skeptic. The article has been widely circulated and much admired for its
+logical acumen, and its striking simplification of an apparently complex
+subject. With the faculty, in a large degree, of presenting abstract truth
+in a form plain, attractive and intelligible to the common understanding,
+it is to be hoped that Mr. Hoyt will continue to contribute to the higher
+departments of our periodical literature, and thus by his studies and his
+pen add to his present usefulness in his daily avocation, for we seldom
+find one blessed with such a versatility of talent. He is methodical in
+everything, and thorough in everything. In short, he is a good lawyer, a
+good preacher, a good citizen, a good business man, a good father, a good
+neighbor, and a true friend. He is now only fifty-four years of age, both
+mentally and physically vigorous, and we sincerely hope his life of
+usefulness may be extended many years.
+
+
+
+
+Franklin T. Backus.
+
+
+
+Franklin T. Backus, was born in Lee, Berkshire county, Massachusetts, May
+6th, 1813. He was the son of Thomas and Rebecca Backus. While Franklin T.
+was very young, his father removed to Lansing, New York, where he shortly
+died, leaving a large family of young children to the care of his
+surviving widow, with limited means for their support and education. In
+consequence of this, the subject of this sketch was early in life inured
+to hardy exercise upon a farm, to which, in after life, he has attributed
+his strong constitution, and ability to endure confinement, and the
+severest mental toil incident to an extensive legal practice.
+
+It would be inappropriate in a brief sketch, to refer to and narrate
+incidents of boyhood days, and they are therefore passed over. Mr. Backus,
+while in early youth, became possessed of an unconquerable desire for
+knowledge, and while laboring with his hands, his mind was busy
+determining how he should secure the advantages of education. No
+superficial acquirements could satisfy him. Added to native talents, of a
+high order, were thoroughness and perseverance in everything which he
+resolved to undertake, and these traits applied particularly to him as a
+student. After resolving to obtain a thorough classical education, he set
+about it in earnest, and in an unusually short period of time, prepared
+himself, and on examination, entered the junior class of Yale College in
+1834. Though the only time actually spent in college was during his junior
+and senior years, yet his standing was very high, and he graduated at Yale
+in 1836, occupying a position of one of the best mathematicians in his
+class. Soon after, he was tendered the position of assistant professor, or
+instructor in that venerable institution, an honor accorded to but few in
+so short a time after graduation.
+
+On leaving Yale, Mr. Backus settled in Cleveland, Ohio, where he
+established a classical school, which at once became very popular and
+successful, and shortly afterwards commenced the study of law with
+Messrs. Bolton & Kelly, who were among the leading members of the
+Cuyahoga county Bar.
+
+In August, 1839, he was admitted to the practice of law at Cleveland, the
+Supreme Court then being in session there, and entered at once upon the
+practice of his profession, in which, from the beginning, he took a high
+position. He was also an active politician, and as a member of the Whig
+party, participated largely in its active operations in the State, as well
+as in his own district, and was frequently a recipient of its honors.
+
+In 1841, he was elected to the office of prosecuting attorney of Cuyahoga
+county, having been nominated to that office in a contest in which several
+who were older and more experienced in the profession than he, were
+candidates. His administration of the office was in the highest degree
+able and successful, and so met the approval of the public, that he was
+renominated by his party and elected for the second term of two years.
+
+In January, 1842, Mr. Backus was married to Miss Lucy Mygatt, daughter of
+George Mygatt, Esq., then of Painesville, now of Cleveland. The choice was
+a most suitable and wise one, and Mrs. Backus still lives, the light and
+joy of their home.
+
+In 1846, Mr. Backus was elected as a member of the House of
+Representatives in the Ohio Legislature, and continued there only one
+term, refusing a renomination. In 1848, he was elected to the Senate of
+Ohio, in which he took a commanding position, and was widely talked of
+among his friends in various parts of the State as a suitable candidate
+for the United States Senate, as well as for the House of Representatives
+in Congress.
+
+From the breaking out of the Rebellion to its close, he was as strenuous
+an advocate as any one could be, of putting down the Rebellion at any
+hazard of blood and treasure, but differed widely as to some of the
+measures and policy adopted by the Government, and consequently, did not,
+at, or about the close of the war, act with the Republican party, nor has
+he since; and though not an active politician, he is now generally
+recognized as a member of the Democratic party.
+
+In 1840, Mr. Backus associated himself in the legal practice with J. P.
+Bishop, Esq., with whom he continued for fifteen years. Mr. Bishop was
+afterwards chosen one of the judges of the Court of Common Pleas of the
+Cleveland district. Afterwards, for several years, he was associated with
+that able jurist, Judge R. P. Ranney, and now, for some years, he has been
+associated with E. J. Estep, Esq., in his profession.
+
+That he stood high in his profession in the State as well as in Cleveland,
+is shown by the fact that he was nominated, by the Whig party, as
+candidate for Supreme Judge of Ohio, and afterwards by the Republican
+party for the same office, but failed of an election because the party
+nominating him was unsuccessful each of those years in Ohio.
+
+Mr. Backus' life for the last twenty years has been almost exclusively
+devoted to his profession. When the railroads were projected which made
+Cleveland one of their terminations he embarked in the enterprise of their
+location and construction, and was early retained as their attorney and
+counsel, and has been acting as such to the present time. The Cleveland,
+Columbus & Cincinnati Railroad, from the beginning, so far as legal
+services have been required, has been under his special supervision. His
+knowledge of the department of law appertaining to corporations, and his
+ability as a corporation lawyer, it is believed, is not surpassed. The
+same may be said of him as a land lawyer, especially in regard to all
+questions arising in the northern part of this State. In short, Mr. Backus
+has had a very wide and varied experience in almost every branch of legal
+practice, and in every case in which he has suffered himself to be
+retained, he has made it a principle to be thorough and accurate, and to
+possess himself of a full knowledge of his case in all its aspects.
+
+As a summary as to Mr. Backus as a lawyer, it is the opinion of those best
+acquainted with him and his professional ability, acquirements and
+experience, that, as a whole, he is unsurpassed by any in the State.
+
+In nearly all the great enterprises of the city his advice and
+co-operation have been sought, and where legal advice and aid have been
+required, his services have often been called into requisition by the
+city. He not only has occupied the position professionally, before spoken
+of, but has, and does, still occupy high positions of trust, both for the
+city and individuals, and in such matters it may be safely said, there are
+few men living in whom more implicit confidence is reposed.
+
+The extent of his varied legal practice can only be judged of in part, by
+his appearance in court. His business out of court has constituted by far
+the largest and most important part of his practice, and has always been
+done with a view to saving his client from litigation in future, so far as
+possible, and this he has accomplished.
+
+In pecuniary matters Mr. Backus has been successful, not only as the
+fruits of arduous professional labors, but in other respects.
+
+Mr. Backus is a very benevolent and liberal man, also, but his generosity
+is not in the beaten track. It is bestowed unseen and unknown by the
+public, and his own judgment selects the object of his bounty. His
+friendship when once bestowed is undying and changes not with time or
+circumstances so long as the person on whom it is bestowed proves worthy
+of his confidence.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: Yours truly, J. P. Bishop]
+
+
+Jesse P. Bishop.
+
+
+
+Judge Bishop was born in New Haven, Vermont, June 1, 1815, and was taken
+with his father's family to St. Lawrence county, New York, whilst yet a
+child. His father died when he was but nine years old, and his mother
+returned to Vermont, taking her children with her. As soon as he was of
+age to be serviceable, he was apprenticed to a farmer until his
+fourteenth year, at the expiration of which time he resided with an uncle
+until his seventeenth year, when he left farm work in order to acquire an
+education. He studied hard for four or five years, partly maintaining
+himself by teaching school, and at length had prepared himself for a
+collegiate course.
+
+In 1836, he came to Cleveland, and after an experience in a counting-room
+one season, he concluded that he was better adapted for a literary life.
+Accordingly he entered Western Reserve College, and on examination was
+admitted to the senior class.
+
+In 1838, he began the study of law with Hon. Rufus P. Spalding, afterwards
+with Andrews, Foote & Hoyt, and subsequently with Varnum J. Card, and was
+admitted to practice August, 1839, when he immediately entered into
+partnership with Mr. Card, who, however, died about one year later, and
+Mr. Bishop formed a partnership with F. T. Backus. This business connection
+continued fifteen years.
+
+In 1856, Mr. Bishop was elected to the Common Pleas Judgeship of this
+county and district, and served with great satisfaction both to members
+of the profession and to the public. His decisions were characterized by
+a painstaking research, and an exhaustless consideration of the
+principles of law involved, indicating a clear, accurate and
+discriminating mind. It is believed that very few of his decisions were
+ever reversed by a higher court, which is of itself sufficient testimony
+to his ability and industry. At the end of his term he declined being a
+candidate, and at once resumed the practice of law. In this he still
+continues, having associated with him Seymour F. Adams, recently of the
+Lewis county Bar, New York.
+
+Mr. Bishop's life has been one of constant application to business, having
+no idle time, and scarcely any leisure moments. With him a decision is not
+reached by intuition, but by careful study, but when he takes hold of a
+subject he studies it thoroughly to its conclusion, and is master of all
+its points. Although Mr. Bishop has never been what may be termed
+physically robust, he possesses great power of prolonged mental
+application. And being also endowed with a most remarkably retentive
+memory, his mind is stored with a very comprehensive knowledge of law. And
+if there be one faculty of his mind more than another, that gives
+character to the man, it is his prodigious memory of facts. In a case that
+recently came under our notice, Judge Bishop gave evidence pertaining to a
+matter that occurred some twenty years since, with apparently as much
+precision as if the events occurred but yesterday.
+
+In social and religions circles Judge Bishop ranks high. He is agreeable
+in private life, and thoroughly conscientious in moral and religious
+matters. He has long been a valued and honored member of the Baptist
+denomination. By his uprightness of character, courtesy of demeanor, and
+general good qualities, he has won the respect and esteem of a very
+large circle.
+
+
+
+
+Henry H. Dodge.
+
+
+
+Amongst the very earliest settlers in Cleveland, was Samuel Dodge, the
+father of the subject of this notice, who emigrated from Westmoreland, New
+Hampshire, to this place, in 1797, being then about 21 years of age. On
+arriving at Cleveland he built a log shanty, and remained about one year,
+when he went to Detroit, and remained about the same length of time, and
+returned to Cleveland, which he considered his home. Here and in the
+adjoining township he resided to the day of his death, which occurred
+October 3d, 1854, aged 78 years. About seven years after coming to
+Cleveland he married a Miss Nancy Doan, of Connecticut, who died in
+Cleveland, December 19th, 1863, leaving two sons, George C. and Henry H.
+
+It is said that Samuel Dodge built the first frame building in this city,
+about the year 1800, and which was a barn for Governor Samuel Huntington,
+at that time living at Painesville. His proper business was that of a
+wheelwright, but adapted himself to all kinds of wood-work in the new
+country. During the war of 1812, he took a contract of Major Jessup, the
+commander at this point, for building a large number of boats for the
+Government, both here and at Erie.
+
+[Illustration: Respectfully Yours, Henry H Dodge]
+
+Henry H. was born August 19th, 1810, and enjoyed what educational
+advantages Cleveland afforded, finishing his education under Hon. Harvey
+Rice. At the age of twenty he commenced the study of law with Hon. John
+W. Willey. In 1835, he married Miss Mary Ann Willey, a niece of Mr.
+Willey, of which marriage seven children were born. Mrs. Dodge died
+February 4, 1867.
+
+Mr. Dodge was admitted to the Bar at the same time with H. V. Willson and
+H. B. Payne, in 1834. He at once entered into partnership with Mr. Willey,
+and continued with him until the latter was elected to the president
+judgeship of the Court of Common Pleas, in 1840. Mr. Dodge then withdrew
+from the practice of law to devote his whole attention to the duties of a
+disbursing agent of the United States, for public works, to which he had
+been appointed two years previously. He held that position until 1841. He
+was also commissioner of insolvents during 1837 and 1838.
+
+In 1850, he was appointed State engineer, having charge of public works,
+and retained the position until 1855. On the organization of the United
+States District Court for Northern Ohio, he was appointed United States
+Commissioner, and held that office for three years. In 1859, he was again
+appointed State engineer, and continued as such until 1862, since which
+time he has devoted himself wholly to his real estate interests, opening
+up new streets, building tenement houses, and materially aiding in the
+growth and beauty of the eastern portion of the city. As early as 1837, he
+built the large brick block on the corner of Ontario and Prospect streets,
+formerly known as the Farmers' Block, which was, at that time, one of the
+largest in the city.
+
+Mr. Dodge, through all his offices of trust as well as private business,
+has maintained a character for integrity and honor. He is unassuming and
+affable, and well calculated to enjoy the handsome competency accruing
+from the rise of his early real estate purchases, and being of a
+remarkably kind and benevolent disposition, one of his chief pleasures
+arises from the consciousness of doing good, by assisting those who are in
+need, to the extent of his ability. During the war he was most active in
+the country's cause, and spent his time and means freely in furnishing
+substitutes and rendering comfort to the families of our brave defenders,
+and we think, more than anything else, this desire to promote the
+prosperity and happiness of mankind, gives character to him.
+
+Mr. Dodge has resided on Euclid avenue over thirty years, having built
+the residence now owned by General Oviatt, adjoining the present residence
+of Mr. D. P. Eells, in 1838, the site at that time being outside the city
+limits. After a few years he sold this to Thomas Bolton, and in 1840,
+built a brick cottage opposite Brownell street, which he occupied about
+fifteen years, when it gave place to the present edifice, the land having
+been in the family since the year 1800.
+
+
+
+
+James M. Coffinberry.
+
+
+
+Judge Coffinberry is a native of Mansfield, Ohio, having been born in that
+town in 1818. He studied law with his father, Andrew Coffinberry, Esq.,
+then located at Perrysburg, in the western part of the State, and upon his
+admission to the Bar in 1841, opened a law office in connection with his
+father in Maumee City. He very early obtained the public confidence, being
+appreciated for his high personal and professional integrity, and giving
+evidence of fine abilities as a lawyer and advocate, he was elected and
+served as prosecuting attorney for Lucas county for several years. About
+the year 1845, he removed to Hancock county, and purchased and edited the
+Findlay Herald, a Whig paper of that day, and for about ten years
+practiced his profession with credit and success in the large circuit of
+Hancock, Allen, Putnam, Van Wert, and Wood counties.
+
+In 1855, he removed to Cleveland, where he entered very readily into a
+good practice, and for six years confirmed the good reputation which he
+brought with him, and took high rank at a Bar which numbers among its
+members sortie of the best lawyers in the State.
+
+In 1861, he was elected judge of the Court of Common Pleas, and performed
+the duties of the office for his full term of five years, with credit to
+himself and to the eminent satisfaction of the public, and an appreciative
+Bar. The kind and genial traits are characteristics of Judge Coffinberry's
+mind, and his quiet manners upon the Bench made it always agreeable for
+both lawyers and suitors doing business in his court. His charges to the
+jury were always plain, clear, and forcible, and in the course of his
+judicial service, he delivered some very able opinions, verbal and
+written, which elicited the favorable consideration of the profession, and
+it is understood that no judicial opinion pronounced by him has ever been
+reversed on review of a higher court. The charge to the jury on the trial
+of Dr. John W. Hughes, for the murder of Tamzen Parsons, of Bedford, which
+took place in December, 1865, was acknowledged by the Cleveland Bar to be
+one of the ablest ever delivered from the Cuyahoga Bench.
+
+[Illustration: Yours Truly, J. M. Coffinberry]
+
+Judge Coffinberry is remarkable for an apparently intuitive perception of
+legal truth, which gives to his argument at the Bar, and as a lawyer and
+judge, to his opinions, a tone of originality. He has a fine appreciation
+of the learning of the profession, but though not, strictly speaking,
+technical in his administration of the law, he is never unmindful of its
+nicest distinctions, but makes them subservient to his broad and liberal
+views of the case. He has now returned to the practice of his profession,
+and is regarded as among the best advocates of the Cleveland Bar.
+
+While Mr. Coffinberry has won distinction as a lawyer, the following
+record will show that he is amongst our most enterprising and energetic
+business men, outside of his profession: He is president of the Midas
+Insurance Company; a director in the Willow Bank Coal Company; a director
+of the Tuscarawas Iron and Coal Company; was one of the projectors of the
+People's Gas and Coke Company, of the West Side; has been a director of
+the Mahoning Railroad Company; director and attorney for the Fremont and
+Indiana Railroad Company; took an active interest in the construction of
+the West Side street railroad, and also the Rocky River Railroad; he was a
+member of the City Council for two years, and president of that body.
+
+In politics, he was formerly a Whig, but now acts with the Democrats. He
+was principal Secretary of the Great Union Convention that nominated the
+late David Tod for Governor.
+
+Judge Coffinberry has been successful in almost every undertaking, and has
+richly deserved it.
+
+
+
+
+James Mason.
+
+
+
+No member of the Cleveland legal fraternity stands higher in the respect
+of his colleagues and the general public, both for legal abilities and
+personal qualities, than James Mason. As a lawyer he stands in the front
+rank of the profession, his extensive reading, well balanced judgment, and
+logical reasoning, making him one of the most reliable counsellors and
+successful practitioners, whether before a court or a jury, whilst no more
+valuable or respected citizen is found among the list of residents of
+Cleveland.
+
+Mr. Mason was born in the Autumn of 1816, in Canton, Ohio, of Vermont
+stock, his parents having early emigrated to this State. He was carefully
+educated at a good school in Trumbull county, and spent two years in
+Western Reserve College. In 1835, he entered the senior class in Jefferson
+College and graduated with the class of 1836.
+
+On leaving College he studied law with Hon. A. W. Loomis, in New Lisbon,
+Ohio, and was admitted to the Bar in 1839, when he practiced in
+partnership with his preceptor until 1845. With the close of this
+partnership he went abroad and spent some time in foreign travel,
+returning in 1851, when he removed to Cleveland and opened a law office.
+His abilities and assiduous attention to business soon brought him a
+large and remunerative practice. Among other business he became the
+legal adviser of the Cleveland & Toledo Railroad Company, and also one
+of its directors. The value of his connection with the company was
+speedily recognized and acknowledged. Business of the highest class came
+to him until he has come to find his time fully occupied by the best
+class of practice.
+
+The duties of his profession, though laborious, are not allowed to engross
+the whole of his time to the exclusion of domestic pleasures and social
+enjoyments. The general culture of Mr. Mason's mind, in addition to his
+legal attainments, and his affable manner, make him an agreeable companion
+for social intercourse, and together with his sterling qualities as a man,
+and his patriotism as a citizen, have won for him a host of friends warmly
+attached to him, and loyally resolved to do him honor.
+
+Mr. Mason was married in 1853, to Miss Caroline Robinson, of Willoughby.
+Of this marriage there are five children.
+
+
+
+
+Daniel R. Tilden.
+
+
+
+The name of Daniel R. Tilden has long been familiar in Cleveland and its
+vicinity. For fifteen years he has held the office of Probate Judge of
+Cuyahoga county, and from the nature of his office, has been brought into
+connection with a large proportion of the citizens, and become intimately
+acquainted with their personal and family affairs. Many of these business
+acquaintances became warm personal friends, and it is believed that
+neither by his official, nor by his private life, has Judge Tilden made
+one real enemy.
+
+Mr. Tilden was born in Lebanon, Connecticut, November 5th, 1806, He
+received a fair common school education, and on reaching his eighteenth
+year, left his native State for the South, residing four years in North
+Carolina and Virginia. But the South was not a congenial soil for the son
+of the genuine Yankee State, so he turned his steps westward, and set out
+for Ohio. At Garrettsville, Portage county, he halted awhile, and then
+went to study law with Mr. Pierson, at Ravenna. To complete his legal
+education, he entered the office of R. P. Spalding, and studied with him
+for some time.
+
+In 1831, a movement was on foot to agitate the question of abolishing
+slavery. The movement was exceedingly unpopular, and it required
+considerable nerve to profess abolition sentiments. Now, when no other
+principle is avowed, it scarcely seems possible that men, now among us in
+the prime of life, had to endure obloquy, ridicule, and even danger, for
+expressing sentiments that no one now dreams of dissenting from. Among the
+first to espouse the abolition doctrines was Judge Tilden. With Robert F.
+Paine he commenced the work of organizing an Abolition Society in
+Garrettsville, the first of the kind in Portage county. In this work he
+labored with unwearied zeal, and became extensively known as one of the
+most prominent and active of anti-slavery leaders.
+
+In 1832, Mr. Tilden was elected justice of the peace, and continued in
+that office four years; soon after the conclusion of the term, he formed a
+law partnership with Judge Spalding, at Ravenna. This arrangement
+continued about four years, when he formed a partnership with W. S. G.
+Otis, which lasted about three years, and was terminated by Judge Tilden
+becoming prosecuting attorney, an office he held four years.
+
+In 1842, Judge Tilden was elected to Congress as a Whig, from the district
+composed of Summit, Portage, and Trumbull counties, and was in the House
+of Representatives during the exciting debates relative to the annexation
+of Texas and the Mexican war. He, with twelve others, took a bold stand
+against the war, making several speeches of very marked ability. He and
+his associates, among whom were Gov. Vance, Columbus Delano, and Joseph
+Root, refused to vote for the bill furnishing means to carry on the war,
+because of the preamble to the bill, which said: "Whereas, we are, by the
+act of Mexico, become engaged in war," &c., &c. This, Judge Tilden and his
+associates considered false, they would not vote for the bill until it was
+stricken out, and the names of these thirteen were sent throughout the
+country surrounded with a funeral border.
+
+At the Baltimore Convention that nominated General Scott, Judge Tilden
+represented Lake and Summit counties; and at the Philadelphia Convention
+that nominated Taylor, he represented Summit, Trumbull, and Portage.
+
+In 1852, Judge Tilden removed to Cleveland and formed a law partnership
+with Hon. H. B. Payne. Two years afterwards he was elected Probate Judge,
+of Cuyahoga county, and filled the position with such marked satisfaction
+to his constituents that he was re-elected at the close of every term, and
+still holds the office he has filled for fifteen consecutive years.
+
+When practicing law, Judge Tilden was distinguished for his abilities as
+an advocate, and his qualifications for the judicial office he fills is
+attested by his repeated re-elections to it. His officiai conduct has been
+marked by uniform kindness, attention to the duties of his office, and the
+interests of those having business with it, and a constant endeavor to do
+right by all, whether rich or poor, learned or ignorant. If he has
+committed any errors--and no Judge, from the Supreme Court down, but must
+plead guilty to some--they have been errors of judgment only, and not of
+interest. No one can deny to Judge Tilden unimpeached honesty of purpose,
+warmth of heart, and an earnest endeavor to deal justly with all men.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: Yours Truly, C. M. Palmer]
+
+
+Charles W. Palmer.
+
+
+
+Prominent among the young men of the profession who promise to take
+and worthily fill the places of the old leaders of the Cleveland Bar
+now partly superannuated and soon to retire from active life, is
+Charles W. Palmer.
+
+Mr. Palmer was born in Norwich, New London county, Connecticut, September
+8, 1826. Nine years after, his father, Joseph B. Palmer removed to
+Cleveland with his family, and was for a time engaged in the storage
+business on the river. He is now in the employ of the Cleveland &
+Pittsburgh Railroad Company. Charles had only the advantages of the common
+schools until he was sixteen, but before he reached that age he had
+manifested an industry at his books which promised well for his future. He
+taught school on "the ridge" West of Cleveland, walking out to the school
+house and back before and after school hours, and at the same time
+prosecuting his own studies. He prepared for College under Rev. S. B.
+Canfield and W. D. Beattie, of Cleveland, and when nearly eighteen was
+admitted to Western Reserve College at Hudson. He graduated in 1848, with
+the highest honors of his class. For two years after graduation he was
+principal of the High School in Akron, and the next year a tutor in
+Western Reserve College. Coming to Cleveland again after this, he studied
+law in the office of Judge Foote, and was admitted to the Bar in the Fall
+of 1853. In the Spring of the following year he made his first success in
+political life, being elected to the City Council. In the Spring of 1859,
+he was elected city attorney. The duties of this office he discharged
+satisfactorily to all, and found the practice it brought a material help
+in his profession. In the Fall of 1863, Mr. Palmer was elected prosecuting
+attorney for the county. Here he was brought very prominently into notice
+by the successful prosecution of several important cases.
+
+In his profession, Mr. Palmer has been a constantly rising man, until now
+he is on one or the other side of most of the important cases in our
+courts. His reputation as a criminal lawyer is especially high. In 1865,
+he prosecuted the celebrated Hughes murder case successfully. Two years
+afterwards he defended McConnell, the murderer, and in 1868, defended
+Mrs. Victor, in one of the most remarkable poisoning cases ever brought
+into court. His argument in the latter case was a masterpiece of legal
+acumen, forcible exposition, and polished speech. Mr. Palmer began the
+practice of law in Cleveland in the firm of Palmer & Austin. Afterwards he
+was associated with R. B. Dennis, Esq., and at present he is senior in the
+firm of Palmer & De Wolf.
+
+In July, 1819, Mr. Palmer married Miss Sabrina Parks, of Hudson, Ohio.
+This estimable lady died in little more than a year after the marriage,
+leaving a son but a few weeks old. The son still survives. In 1855, Mr.
+Palmer married Miss Minerva Stone, a sister of Mr. S. S. Stone, of
+Cleveland. This second wife died in childbed eleven months after marriage,
+and in 1858, Mr. Palmer married his present wife. She was Miss Lucy
+Hubbell, a daughter of Calvin Hubbell, Esq., of New York. By this marriage
+there is a son now about ten years old.
+
+In politics, Mr. Palmer has been a member of the Republican party since
+its organization. He gave the war for the Union an earnest, active and
+powerful support. No man appreciated more thoroughly the principles
+involved in that contest, and few indeed have the power to present those
+principles so well as he. His party services have been numerous and
+efficient. A man of fine personal appearance, with a fair, open face,
+which carries with it the conviction of sincerity in all he says,
+possessed of a grace of manner which makes it a pleasure to hear him on
+any subject, and having such a command of language as to enable him to put
+his thoughts in the fittest words, he is of course a favorite speaker
+always. He has a conscientiousness in all he does, which never allows him
+to treat carelessly any matter, even in an unexpected public speech. There
+are few men in Cleveland who carry so much weight in speaking, whether it
+be before a court and jury, or to a general assembly of people. Taking an
+intelligent interest in all public affairs, he yet devotes himself
+studiously to his profession, in which he has as bright prospects as any
+man at his age need wish for.
+
+
+
+
+William Collins.
+
+
+
+William Collins was born at Lowville, New York, the county seat of Lewis
+county, February 22, 1818. He was a son of Ela Collins, who was a son of
+General Oliver Collins, of Oneida county, New York, and Maria Clinton,
+daughter of Rev. Isaac Clinton, of Lowville.
+
+Mr. Collins read law with his father, and was admitted to practice in the
+courts of New York, at Rochester, in September, 1813. In October, 1843, he
+formed a copartnership with his father, under the firm name of E. & W.
+Collins. They continued in active and successful practice until the death
+of his father, in 1849. Immediately after Mr. Collins' admission to the
+Bar, he was elected, as the successor of his father, public prosecutor.
+This office he held until 1846, when he resigned, having been elected, by
+the Democratic party, in November, 1846, at the age of twenty-seven, a
+member of the House of Representatives, in the Thirtieth Congress. The
+district represented by him was composed of Lewis and St. Lawrence
+counties. He was in Congress in the years 1847-8-9, during the first
+agitation of the question of extending slavery to the free territories.
+Mr. Collins opposed the proposed extension with much zeal and ability.
+Among his speeches will be found one delivered July 28, 1848, on the "Bill
+to establish the territorial government of Oregon," advocating the Wilmot
+Proviso. Apart from its merit as a brilliant literary production, it
+contains many passages that will be read with much interest by the general
+reader, as showing the beginning of the end at which we have arrived.
+Slavery itself having now become a matter of history, we think it will be
+of interest to introduce the following extracts from the Congressional
+Globe of July, 1848:
+
+  I shall assume, then, sir, that the institution does not exist in our
+  late Mexican acquisitions, but that it has been effectually prohibited.
+  The real question, then, is shall the laws securing _freedom_ in these
+  Territories be abolished, and _slavery_ established? This is indeed,
+  sir, a question of the gravest magnitude. To millions of the oppressed
+  and degraded children of Africa, it is an issue upon which depends all
+  that is dear to them in life--all that is bitter in the hour of death.
+  It seems to me, sir, that they are even now stretching forth their dark
+  hands, and beseeching us, in the name of the God of liberty whom our
+  fathers worshipped, to remove from them the poisoned cup of bondage--to
+  forge for them no more chains. The termination of this question also
+  involves the dearest interests of every person in this country who
+  desires to sustain himself by honorable labor. It intimately concerns
+  our national honor, reputation, and progress in the great family of
+  nations. The two hundred and fifty thousand immigrants who annually land
+  upon our shores are in pursuit of 'free soil and free labor.' Can we
+  pronounce in favor of slavery, without danger to our experiment at
+  self-government? If we thus decide, what will become of the cherished
+  hopes of the friends of civilization, Christianity, and human progress?
+
+  Those who insist upon preserving freedom in the Territories, have no
+  desire to disturb the institution of slavery in the States. The
+  Constitution confers upon them no such authority. They could not
+  interfere with it if they would, and they would not if they could. They
+  have ever heretofore been, and still are, ready strictly to fulfil the
+  constitutional provisions upon this subject.
+
+  I shall aim to discuss this question with a proper regard for the most
+  sensitive feelings of our brethren of the slave States, but also, sir,
+  with a plainness commensurate with its profound importance. The
+  legislatures of thirteen of the States of the Union, including Delaware,
+  which still has two thousand slaves, have passed resolutions instructing
+  their Senators and requesting their Representatives in Congress to
+  oppose any further extension of slavery. There is but one sentiment upon
+  this subject throughout the free States--it is that of eternal and
+  _uncompromising_ hostility to the project. They will never consent that
+  the free and virgin soil of the Territories shall be blighted and cursed
+  by the tears of the slave, while they have a will to determine, or a
+  muscle to resist.
+
+  The proposition to make this Government the instrument for planting
+  slavery upon soil now free, is regarded by a few at the North as so
+  improbable and monstrous, that they have refused to believe that it is
+  seriously entertained. Startling as the proposal is, it is nevertheless
+  true.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+  Another argument employed by these apologists is, that the 'Proviso,' or
+  a law prohibiting slavery in these Territories, is unnecessary; that it
+  is an abstraction--a 'firebrand' employed by demagogues and factionists
+  to kindle strife in the Democratic party; that the Territories are now
+  free, and that they will so continue, unless an act of Congress is
+  passed establishing slavery. It is impossible to avoid asking ourselves
+  why, if these gentlemen are sincere--if they truly believe that slavery
+  can not and will not go there, and they do not desire that it
+  should--why they so strenuously oppose the passage of such a
+  prohibition? If their views are correct, then such a law would be a mere
+  harmless superfluity. But, sir, this '_firebrand of freedom_' is a thing
+  more exalted and noble than a mere abstraction. It is wielded by men of
+  strong arms, adamantine will, and hearts animated by the divine impulses
+  of patriotism and liberty. They have registered a vow in Heaven to
+  employ every lawful and constitutional means to roll back the dark tide
+  of slavery from the temple of Freedom, and vindicate the character of
+  the Republic from the disgrace and reproach of establishing slavery in a
+  free territory. We are no abstractionists. The Representatives in this
+  Congress from the fifteen slaveholding States of the Union, without an
+  exception, and without distinction of party, avow an intention to carry
+  their slaves into these Territories, and there hold them in bondage.
+  They assert, with passionate vehemence, that they have such a
+  constitutional right. They have even told us, sir, that, regardless of
+  the remonstrances of the people of the North--heedless of any
+  prohibitory law of Congress upon the subject, they would invade the free
+  soil of the Pacific, and take with them their slaves, and weapons of
+  defence! Are these declarations abstractions? Do they make no appeal for
+  immediate, energetic and prohibitory legislation?
+
+[Illustration: W. Collins]
+
+  When driven from every other argument, gentlemen of the South
+  threaten, that if the 'Proviso' or a law prohibiting slavery in free
+  territory, is passed, they will dissolve the Union. At the North, the
+  dissolution of the Union is not regarded as among possible events. Its
+  value is never calculated. It has been cemented by too many common and
+  glorious sacrifices and struggles; it is protected by too many pious
+  invocations of its magnanimous founders, to be easily severed. The
+  cause by which these fraternal bonds are sundered must be other than a
+  refusal on the part of the free States to allow the Government to
+  establish slavery in free territory. A submission to the will of the
+  majority is a fundamental principle of our institutions. If the North
+  are overborne in this contest, they must and will submit. If the
+  demands of the South are denied by the decision of the majority, a like
+  cheerful and ready acquiesence is expected. Until, however, the
+  majority have decided, no legal and constitutional efforts to exclude
+  slavery from these Territories will be abated by passionate threats
+  against the peace and perpetuity of the Union. The Union would never
+  have been formed had the present demand of the slave States been made
+  and insisted upon. A proposition in the Constitutional Convention to
+  make the Government a propagandist of slavery in free territory, would
+  have been indignantly rejected.
+
+  Whilst we stand here, upon the floor of the American Congress, at the
+  noon of the nineteenth century, gravely discussing whether or not we
+  will extend and perpetuate slavery, the monarchical governments of
+  Europe are striking off shackles and 'letting the oppressed go free.'
+  Slavery has been abolished by the French colonies. Portugal, Spain,
+  and Russia, are moving in the work of emancipation. Within a few
+  years England has given liberty to eight hundred thousand slaves. She
+  has expended, within the last forty years, one hundred millions of
+  dollars in suppressing the slave trade. Is it reserved for the
+  Government of 'free, happy America,' in the midst of examples like
+  these, to be fastening corroding chains upon human beings? Sooner
+  than be involved in such stupendous guilt, let our name and existence
+  perish among the nations.
+
+  On the part of the North no 'compromises' can be made. But one answer--
+  a stern, unyielding NO--will be given to all such proposals. We have
+  made all the concessions that we can make, or ought to make. If a law
+  under the name of a 'compromise' is passed, planting slavery upon a
+  single square mile of free territory, it will have no rest. REPEAL! will
+  be shouted from the mountain tops of the North, and reverberated in
+  thunder tones through the valleys. The preservation of 'free soil for
+  free men,' will alone be satisfactory. For this purpose, the passage of
+  an act of Congress prohibiting slavery in free territory, will be
+  unceasingly urged, until the great measure is consummated.
+
+During this Congress, although the anti-slavery-extension men were in a
+minority in both branches, all compromise bills were defeated, and their
+defeat was due in a good degree to the industrious and vigilant efforts of
+Mr. Collins, and a few associates in the House.
+
+Mr. Collins was tendered a renomination to the thirty-first Congress, but
+having determined to remove to the West, he declined, and Preston King was
+elected in his stead. He continued, with much success, the business of
+the late firm of E. & W. Collins, until December, 1853, when he removed to
+Cleveland and opened a law office. He was soon elected a director of the
+Merchants Bank of Cleveland, and of the Lake Shore Railway Company.
+Subsequently he became a director in the Bellefontaine Railway Company;
+the Cleveland, Columbus, Cincinnati and Indianapolis Railway Company; the
+Jamestown and Franklin Railway Company, of Pennsylvania; the East
+Cleveland Street Railroad Company; the Mercer Iron and Coal Company, of
+Pennsylvania, and the Merchants National Bank, of Cleveland, the active
+duties of which positions have absorbed very much of his attention and
+time. He has occasionally appeared in the courts here in litigated cases,
+but has mainly confined his professional work to his office. Mr. Collins
+had a high standing as a lawyer in New York, and has fully sustained his
+early reputation here. He is most remarkable for an admirably fair and
+clear way of stating and arguing to the court and jury, the questions both
+of law and fact. This contributed greatly to his success, not only as a
+forensic advocate, but as a political orator, and legislative debater.
+
+The sympathies of Mr. Collins having always been on the side of freedom,
+he joined the Republican party on its organization, and has remained
+faithful to its principles. When the Rebellion broke out he threw himself
+heartily into the cause of the Union, and contributed freely with money
+and labor in every available way for the furtherance of the Union cause.
+He served on the local military and other committees, working faithfully
+and energetically, and contributing largely to the excellent record
+Cleveland and the county made during the war, by repeatedly and promptly
+filling the quota of troops required, and by liberal contributions in aid
+of the sick and wounded soldiers. Whenever an effort was needed, the voice
+of Mr. Collins was heard exhorting the people earnestly to energetic
+action and liberal contributions, and his exhortations were promptly and
+efficiently seconded by his own example. With him precept and practice
+went together.
+
+Such men as Mr. Collins would do the people valuable service were they
+chosen to fill responsible places in the legislative councils and
+executive departments of the State and Nation. But in these days something
+more than--or it may too often be said--something different from abilities
+of the description possessed by Mr. Collins, seems to be required to
+secure the favor of the people, or rather of the political managers. He is
+of too ingenuous a nature to yield to the intrigues and servility, too
+often, now-a-days, demanded of political candidates by the managers.
+
+On November 20th, 1816, Mr. Collins was married at Columbus, to Jane,
+second daughter of the late Alfred Kelly--the two families having been
+early neighbors and friends in New York. Two children of this marriage
+survive, Frederick and Walter, the former seventeen years of age at the
+present time, and the latter fourteen.
+
+
+
+
+Rufus Percival Ranney.
+
+
+
+Rufus P. Ranney, one of the most profound jurists this country has
+produced, was born at Blandford, Massachusetts, October 30, 1813. His
+father, Rufus Ranney, was an honest, industrious farmer, of Scotch
+descent. His mother, whose maiden name was Dottie D. Blair, came from
+revolutionary stock.
+
+About the year 1822, Rufus Ranney removed with his family to Ohio. After a
+short stay at Fairport, Lake county, they finally located at Freedom,
+Portage county, where they made a permanent settlement upon a farm. It was
+there that Rufus P. Ranney spent the years of his early manhood, and there
+his parents lived until their decease. Judge Ranney's father was highly
+respected in the neighborhood where he lived, and, though in humble
+circumstances, did all within his power for the education of his children,
+training them in the pathway of honesty and integrity--traits of character
+which have marked the public and private career of his distinguished son.
+His mother, an amiable woman who had received a good education, was very
+attentive to her children, and her son, Rufus P. doubtless owes much of
+whatever he has been in life to her early teachings.
+
+Until he became of age, Rufus P. Ranney was engaged upon his father's
+farm, obtaining, during the winter season, a few weeks education at such
+schools as a country village then afforded. He attended the college at
+Hudson for a season, but circumstances prevented his remaining long enough
+to graduate with his class.
+
+In the year 1835, having determined to make a start in life for himself,
+he left his home and traveled on foot to Jefferson, Ashtabula county. In a
+speech made by him at Ashtabula in September, 1868, he referred to the
+time of his arrival at Jefferson, his worldly goods consisting of the
+clothing upon his person, and _one_ extra shirt, which he carried in the
+top of his hat.
+
+Entering the office of Benjamin F. Wade, he applied himself with
+diligence to the study of the law, and after a clerkship of one year was
+admitted to the Bar. Soon afterward he entered into partnership with his
+preceptor. The firm of Wade & Ranney was a powerful one, and "ruled the
+circuit" of North Eastern Ohio. For several years it enjoyed an extensive
+practice. The firm was dissolved upon the removal of Judge Ranney to
+Warren, (1844,) and Mr. Wade was soon afterward chosen President Judge of
+the Third Judicial District, from which position he was transferred to the
+Senate of the United States.
+
+In 1846, and again in 1848, Judge Ranney was an unsuccessful candidate for
+Congress. In the Trumbull district the Whig party was largely in the
+majority, and though Judge Ranney was defeated, he ran considerably ahead
+of the general ticket, reducing the Whig majority to hundreds, when
+before, that party had triumphed by thousands.
+
+The people having determined that a convention be held to form a new
+constitution, Judge Ranney was chosen to represent the counties of
+Trumbull and Geauga. The convention was held in 1850. It was composed of
+the first men of the State; both parties seem to have vied with each other
+in sending their ablest representatives. There were William Medill, its
+President, who afterwards became Governor of the State; the venerable
+Ex-Governor Vance; Henry Stanbery, late Attorney General of the United
+States; Peter Hitchcock, for thirty years a judge of the Supreme Court;
+Benjamin Stanton, long a member of Congress; Judges Joseph E. Swan,
+Sherlock J. Andrews, Simeon Nash and William Kennon; Charles Reemelin,
+D. P. Leadbetter, William Sawyer, and others not less prominent in the
+Judicial and political annals of Ohio.
+
+In that convention, Rufus P. Ranney greatly distinguished himself.
+Although but thirty-six years of age he commanded the respect and
+admiration of all its members, and won for himself a high reputation as a
+sound lawyer and ready debater. No one was more looked to for advice, and
+none more generally correct in giving it. He was, in fact, a leader, whose
+council, in almost every instance, was acceded to by the convention. All
+the propositions which he introduced were for the welfare and benefit of
+the people. In the official report of the debates will be found his views
+upon nearly or quite all of the questions which agitated the convention.
+He was the champion of the people against monopolies, and many of the most
+important provisions in the constitution are the work of his hand.
+
+The course which he pursued met the hearty approval of the people and
+made his name prominent throughout the State. In response to the wishes of
+the members of the legal profession, and the general desire of the public,
+he was, by the legislature of 1851, chosen one of the judges of the
+Supreme Court. When the new constitution went into effect, he was elected
+to the same position by a large majority.
+
+Judge Ranney occupied a place upon the Supreme Bench until 1856, when he
+resigned on account of ill health. That year he was a member of the
+Cincinnati National Convention, which nominated James Buchanan for
+President.
+
+In March, 1857, Judge Ranney, unsolicited on his part, received from
+President Buchanan the appointment of United States Attorney for the
+Northern District of Ohio. This position he held until July, when he
+resigned. He then removed to Cleveland, where he resumed the practice of
+his profession, as a member of the firm of Ranney, Backus & Noble.
+
+In 1859, Governor Chase tendered him the appointment of commissioner to
+examine and report upon the condition of the State Treasury, this being
+soon after the Gibson-Breslin defalcation, by which the State lost several
+hundred thousand dollars. Judge Ranney declined this appointment. The same
+year he was unanimously nominated by the Democratic State convention as
+the candidate of that party for Governor--his opponent on the Republican
+ticket being the Hon. William Dennison, of Franklin county, late
+Post-Master General of the United States. After a most gallant canvass,
+Judge Ranney failed of an election, though he ran ahead of the other
+candidates on the ticket in all parts of the State.
+
+In 1862, against his personal wishes, he was nominated by the Democracy
+for Judge of the Supreme Court. He consented to be a candidate only
+after the convention had _positively refused_ to accept his declination.
+The Republican nominee was his law partner, the Hon. Franklin T. Backus,
+one of the most prominent members of the Cuyahoga Bar. The result was
+the election of Judge Ranney by a decided majority, and although party
+lines were closely drawn, he again ran ahead of his ticket several
+thousand votes.
+
+He held the position of judge of the Supreme Court until 1864, when he
+resigned. Some months afterwards he resumed the practice of his profession
+in connection with his son-in-law, Mr. T. Kelley Bolton.
+
+During the same year, (1864) he was chosen one of the delegates at large
+to the Democratic National Convention, which nominated George B.
+McClellan for President, and was selected by the Ohio delegation as the
+member from Ohio of the Democratic National Committee, holding that
+position until 1868. In the late Presidential campaign, his name headed
+the Democratic electoral ticket. This closes his public record. It is an
+interesting one, and though briefly given, exhibits this fact, viz.: the
+confidence and regard in which he has ever been held by the Democracy of
+Ohio. Year after year his voice has been heard throughout the State in
+defence of the Constitution and laws, and the honors which his party have
+bestowed upon him, are but a merited tribute to his energy, ability, and
+integrity of character.
+
+As a lawyer, Judge Ranney has ever held the front rank in his
+profession. His practice has been extensive and important; probably no
+attorney in the State has, during the past ten years, been retained in
+as many cases. Possessed of a strong, discriminating mind, capable of
+enduring long continued mental labor, he unites with activity and energy
+a determined spirit, which enables him to overcome obstacles which would
+appal most men.
+
+Judge Ranney is as logical as eloquent, and when his great reasoning
+powers are brought into full sway, formidable must be the opponent to
+overcome him. His arguments in court are peculiarly appropriate, clear,
+calm, and strong; without wordy declamation, vehement gesture, or
+passionate appeal; he seldom fails to carry his point, even when the odds
+seem overwhelmingly against him.
+
+Judge Ranney has a mind richly stored with not only the treasures of his
+profession, but of ancient and modern classics, and the best literature of
+the day. He is a great reader, and though he writes but little, whatever
+proceeds from his pen is marked by elegance and culture.
+
+As a Judge, he was courteous, affable and indulgent. His decisions are his
+best _monuments_. They exhibit profound learning, sound judgment and
+extensive research. No judge was more popular upon the Bench. Dignified
+and benevolent, he enjoyed in an eminent degree the confidence of the Bar
+and the public. He had the constant respect of those who differed from him
+in opinion, and when he resigned his seat upon the Bench, the best men of
+all parties expressed regret at his retirement from a position which he
+had so much adorned. Pre-eminent in legal knowledge, Rufus P. Ranney has
+reflected honor upon the judiciary of our country, and is one of the
+ablest of the many learned men who have graced the Supreme Bench of our
+State with their presence.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: Yours Truly, C. T. Sherman]
+
+
+Charles Taylor Sherman.
+
+
+
+The Sherman family was among the earliest settlers in Massachusetts and
+Connecticut. They and their descendants were men of note in their
+respective Colonies, of strong, practical minds, pure and lofty in moral
+tone and character.
+
+They were early actors in the settlement and development of Ohio. Taylor
+Sherman, the grandfather of the subject of this sketch, was a judge of
+one of the Superior Courts of Connecticut, and was one of the trustees of
+the Fire Land Company, to whom was granted, by the State of Connecticut,
+the lands now comprised by the counties of Huron and Erie, in Ohio. As
+early as 1800, he was in Ohio, and also in subsequent years, attending to
+the surveying and allotting the lands to the owners, who suffered from
+fire in the excursions of Arnold and Tryon, in Connecticut, in the
+Revolutionary war.
+
+His son, Charles R. Sherman, and father of Charles T. Sherman, emigrated
+to Ohio in 1810, and settled in Lancaster, Fairfield county, Ohio. He
+early became distinguished at the Bar, among the strong and able lawyers
+then practicing in Central Ohio. In 1824, he was elected one of the judges
+of the Supreme Court of Ohio, and died in 1830, whilst in the performance
+of his duties.
+
+Charles T. Sherman, of whose life these notes are made, was born in
+Lancaster, February 3, 1813, and is Ohio born and reared. He was educated
+and graduated at the Ohio University, in Athens, Ohio, in 1832, and
+admitted to the Bar in 1835. He settled in Mansfield, Richland county,
+and continued in the practice of his profession until he was appointed
+judge of the United States Court for the Northern District of Ohio, in
+Mardi, 1867.
+
+He never sought to obtain any public office, but rather carefully avoided
+it. He always esteemed it fortunate that he resided in a county and
+section in which the majority was opposed to him in political sentiments.
+He however took a leading part in developing and forwarding public
+improvements in his county. He contributed liberally by his labors and
+influence in locating and constructing through his county the Pittsburgh,
+Fort Wayne & Chicago Railroad, and the Mansfield & Sandusky Railroad. For
+many years he was a director in both roads, and general soliciter of the
+Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne & Chicago Railroad, and a leading spirit in its
+management.
+
+He was also appointed by Mr. Lincoln to serve four years as one of the
+Government Directors of the Pacific Railroad, and largely contributed to
+its success in its early days.
+
+The Bar of Richland county always ranked among the first in Northern Ohio.
+Among the oldest members who were in full practice when Judge Sherman went
+there, were Jacob Parker, afterwards Judge of the Common Pleas, Andrew
+Coffinberry, one of the most genial and kind hearted men, and, withal, an
+excellent lawyer, John M. May, who commenced the practice of the law in
+1815, and is still living, and James Purdy, Orris Parrish of Columbus,
+William Stanbery, of Newark, Hosmer and Henry B. Curtis, of Mt. Vernon,
+and Edward Avery, of Wooster, afterwards Judge of the Supreme Court, all
+practiced in that county. In later days and cotemporaneous with Judge
+Sherman, were Thomas W. Bartley, Jacob Brinkerhoof, and Josiah Scott, all
+of whom occupied the Bench of the Supreme Court of Ohio, James Stewart,
+Judge of the Common Pleas, S. J. Kirkwood, afterwards Governor of Iowa, and
+U. S. Senator from that State, together with R. G. Hurd and Columbus
+Delano, of Mt. Vernon, and C. L. Boalt and J. M. Root, of Norwalk.
+
+Judge Sherman ranked with those later and younger members of the Bar, and
+enjoyed a practice equal to any, and more lucrative probably, than any of
+them. He was quiet and unostentatious in his profession, and, seemingly,
+only sought to do his whole duty to his clients and obtain the good will
+of his fellow citizens.
+
+A short time after the breaking out of the rebellion, he was appointed
+Provost Marshal of some twenty counties in Northern Ohio, by the War
+Department, and organized four regiments that went into the service, and
+subsequently served on a commission to settle and adjust claims on the
+Government arising in the West.
+
+Upon his appointment to the Bench he resigned his position on the
+Railroads, with the intention of devoting his whole time to the duties of
+his judicial office. For more than two years he has presided with entire
+satisfaction to the public and the members of the Cleveland Bar, proving
+himself to be a strong, capable, common-sense, business judge; and by his
+habitual courteous demeanor has made a host of legal and other friends
+during his short residence in this city.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: Very Respectfully, R. P. Spalding]
+
+
+Rufus P. Spalding.
+
+
+
+In a work professing to deal with the "representative men" of Cleveland,
+it is eminently proper that he who has represented the interests of
+Cleveland in Congress for six years with a fidelity unsurpassed by any of
+his predecessors in the national councils, and who won for the district he
+represented a prominence hitherto not accorded to it, should find a
+conspicuous place. The six years' service of Judge Spalding in Congress as
+the Representative from the Eighteenth Ohio District forms a period in the
+history of the city of which the citizens, irrespective of party
+predilections, have reason to be proud.
+
+Rufus Paine Spalding is a native of Massachusetts, having been born on the
+3rd of May, 1798, at West Tisbury, on the island of Martha's Vineyard. The
+remote ancestor of the Spaldings was Edward Spalding, who is recorded as
+having been "made a Freeman" at Braintree, Massachusetts, in 1640. Edward
+Spalding's son Benjamin emigrated from Massachusetts to Connecticut about
+fifteen years after that date, and settled in Plainfield, Windham county.
+The great grandson of Benjamin Spalding, and the father of Rufus Paine
+Spalding, Dr. Rufus Spalding, had in 1798, been for some time a resident
+of West Tisbury, where he practiced medicine.
+
+When his son was fourteen years old Dr. Spalding removed to Connecticut
+and resided in Norwich. Rufus P. Spalding, having been prepared for
+college, entered Yale at the proper time, and graduated in 1817, with the
+degree of Bachelor of Arts. The class in which he graduated contained
+names that afterwards acquired lustre in judicial, legislative, and
+ecclesiastical circles.
+
+From the first Mr. Spalding's tendency was towards the legal profession,
+and immediately on leaving college he prepared himself by study for the
+practice of the law. He was fortunate in the choice of an instructor,
+having entered the office of the Hon. Zephaniah Swift, Chief Justice of
+Connecticut, who is known to the profession as the learned author of the
+"Digest." He profited so well by the instructions he received, that, on
+his leaving the office, Judge Swift complimented him highly on his
+proficiency, and predicted for the young lawyer a successful career, if he
+remained true to his profession. On completing his term of reading law,
+and being admitted to the Bar, he left New England to push his fortune in
+the West, and in December, 1819, reached the old "Post of Arkansas,"
+removing soon after to Little Rock, where he put out his shingle as a
+lawyer, in partnership with Samuel Dinsman, who has since reached the
+gubernatorial chair of New Hampshire. Here he remained about a year and a
+half, when he turned his face eastward, and in passing through Ohio,
+stopped at Warren, the county town of Trumbull county. Here he was induced
+to remain, the chances of practice being represented as good, and his
+profound knowledge of law, ability in making that knowledge serviceable,
+and unwearied industry, enabled him to soon build up an extensive legal
+connection, which he retained and increased during his sixteen years stay
+in Warren.
+
+From Warren he removed to Ravenna, in the adjoining county of Portage. He
+had not long been in the county before the people recognized the abilities
+and power of Mr. Spalding, and he was chosen to represent that county in
+the State Legislature. The contest for the position was sharp, for Mr.
+Spalding was a new man in the county, and it was considered by many proper
+that older residents should represent so important a constituency. But the
+recognized ability of Mr. Spalding outweighed all objections on the ground
+of recent residency, and he was elected by a majority of one.
+
+During his term in the Legislature, and mainly through his efforts, the
+county of Summit was erected, and Mr. Spalding at once became a resident
+of the new county by removing his place of residence to Akron. At the next
+election he offered himself as a representative of Summit in the
+legislature, and was accepted. On the organization of the House of
+Representatives he was chosen speaker, and won the approbation of the
+whole body by the ability and impartiality with which he presided over the
+proceedings. During this term of office the question of repudiating the
+State debt was broached. Mr. Spalding took strong ground against such a
+course, holding it not only disgraceful but suicidal. In this he was
+supported by the late John Brough, then Auditor of State, and largely
+through the bold and persistent opposition of these gentlemen the scheme
+was dropped.
+
+In the Legislative session of 1848-9, the two houses of the General
+Assembly united in electing Mr. Spalding a judge of the Supreme Court of
+the State for the constitutional term of seven years. But when four years
+of the term remained unexpired, the operation of the new constitution
+ended the pending terms of all offices, and devolved the election of
+Supreme Court judges upon the people instead of on the General Assembly.
+Judge Spalding declined being a candidate for the office in a popular
+canvass, and so the advantages of his ripe legal and judicial knowledge
+was lost to the Bench of the State. Concurrent testimony shows that no
+decisions were held in greater respect by the lawyers and the public, for
+their uprightness and justice, whilst to the legal fraternity in
+particular, they commended themselves by their logical force, and terse,
+clear, emphatic style and precision of expression that rendered them
+models of judicial literature. His judicial opinions are contained in
+volumes 18, 19 and 20 of the Ohio Reports.
+
+On his retirement from the Bench of the State, Judge Spalding returned to
+the practice of the law with renewed ardor. Cleveland, presenting a wider
+field for the exercise of his abilities, he removed to that city and at
+once took front rank among the many able members of the profession. His
+profound knowledge of the law, power as a debater, and his ability of
+creating a strong impression on both courts and juries, built up for him
+an extensive and lucrative practice. When he spoke he carried conviction,
+it being all but impossible to resist the solid array of arguments and
+terse, incisive style. The same characteristics that made him afterwards
+so powerful in Congress had great effect on the most intelligent juries,
+and exercised a marked influence on the judges engaged in trying the
+causes in which he was interested as advocate.
+
+Although the law claimed his first attention, and was his choice, Judge
+Spalding was no indifferent spectator of the course of politics. He had
+been trained a Democrat, and was a powerful worker in that party. But all
+his convictions were on the side of justice and freedom, and when, in
+1850, the Fugitive Slave Law wedded Democracy to slavery, Judge Spalding,
+in common with thousands of others, broke through the party traces, and
+joined the "Free Soil" party, opposed to the extention of slavery. At the
+Free Soil convention of 1852, he was an active and prominent delegate, and
+on his nomination, John P. Hale was made the candidate for the Presidency.
+
+On the formation of the Republican party, pledged to the restriction of
+the slave power, Judge Spalding took an active part in carrying out the
+principles of that organization. He was a member of the Pittsburgh
+Convention of 1856, at which the party was organized, and was a delegate
+at large for the State of Ohio at the Philadelphia Convention that
+nominated John C. Fremont. From that time he labored earnestly for the
+success of Republican principles, and the good effect of his efforts
+were frequently acknowledged by the party.
+
+In October, 1862, he was chosen to succeed Mr. Riddle as Representative of
+the Eighteenth Congressional District in Congress. The wisdom of the
+choice was almost immediately made manifest. Judge Spalding had not long
+occupied his seat in the House of Representatives before "the member from
+the Cleveland District" became noticed for the interest he took in
+questions of importance, the soundness of his views, and the ability with
+which they were urged. He took part in all the leading debates, and with
+such effect that he commanded the attention of the House whenever he
+spoke, and the leaders listened respectfully to his suggestions. He was
+appointed a member of the Standing Committee on Naval Affairs, and of the
+Committee on Revolutionary Pensions, and on the formation of a Select
+Committee on the Bankrupt Law, he was made its Chairman. In committee he
+was noticeable for his punctuality, patient and conscientious attention to
+the drudgery of committee work, and the system with which he was enabled
+to despatch large amounts of it satisfactorily.
+
+In 1864, he was re-elected to his seat, and in that term was made a member
+of the Standing Committee on Appropriations, and retained his former
+position on the Committee on Bankruptcy, the chairmanship of which was
+held by Mr. Jenckes. In this Congress Judge Spalding took a leading part
+in the important debates on the subject of Reconstruction, and impressed
+his influence on the Legislation upon this matter. In the early days of
+the session he made a speech, in which he indicated the measures he
+regarded best adapted for the for the purpose of properly reconstructing
+the rebel States. The speech attracted great attention, both within and
+without Congress, and the suggestions therein contained were for the most
+part subsequently adopted, and worked into the Reconstruction Laws. The
+military features of Reconstruction, which formed an integral part of the
+legislation, originated in an amendment proposed by Judge Spalding, when
+the first Reconstruction Bill of Thaddeus Stevens was presented.
+
+In 1866, he was again re-elected to Congress, his national services, as
+well as his fidelity to the local interests of his constituents, having
+secured for him that distinguished compliment. In this Congress he
+continued to occupy a prominent position, and was recognized as one of the
+leading men on the Republican side, though not so thoroughly partizan as
+to accept all the measures proposed in the name of the Republican party.
+He differed occasionally with the dominant section of the party, when he
+believed their zeal outran discretion and sound policy, and the judgment
+of the country has in most cases pronounced him to have acted rightly. In
+this Congress he served on the Committee on Appropriations, the Committee
+on the Revision of the Laws of the United States, and upon the Joint
+Committee on the Library of Congress. In the debates on the financial
+questions that enlisted the attention of Congress at this session he took
+a leading part, and in May, 1868, he delivered a speech on "The Political
+and Financial condition of the Country," which took strong ground against
+the unconstitutionality of the Legal Tenders, whilst approving the passage
+of the Legal Tender Act as a measure of military necessity at the time.
+With this Congress Judge Spalding's legislative career closed. The duties
+of the position, always faithfully performed by him, were growing too
+onerous, and at his time of life, though still full of activity and
+healthy vigor, it was urged that he should enjoy more ease than was
+possibly consistent with his idea of a proper fulfillment of the trust of
+member of Congress. He therefore wrote a letter to his constituents
+several months before the period of nomination, positively declining a
+renomination, and withdrawing from public life.
+
+The determination of Judge Spalding to withdraw from active political life
+was a matter of surprise and regret to his colleagues in Congress, who had
+learned to value his sound judgment, ripe scholarship, earnest patriotism,
+and great legislative ability. It was a positive loss to the people of the
+Eighteenth Ohio District, for never had the interests of that district
+been better cared for. To Cleveland, especially, he proved in reality a
+representative member. The wishes of his constituents were promptly
+attended to, their interests carefully guarded, and no stone left unturned
+in the endeavor to benefit the city and its people. In the Congressional
+session and out of it, he was ever on the watch for opportunities to
+advance the interests of his constituents, and in complying with the daily
+requests for advice and assistance, he did so, not grudgingly or
+reluctantly, but with earnestness and hearty good will, as if it were a
+matter of his own personal concern. The withdrawal of Judge Spalding from
+public political life, was a loss to the national councils in which he had
+achieved distinction, but was a still greater loss to the constituency he
+represented.
+
+Judge Spalding has returned to the legal profession, of which he ranks
+among the brightest lights, and finds in its practice, and in the quiet
+enjoyment of social and domestic life, a satisfaction which his public
+career, brilliant as it was, failed to give. In his seventy-second year,
+he is yet in the full enjoyment of all his faculties, physical and mental,
+and is the picture of sound health and mental vigor.
+
+Judge Spalding has been married twice. In October, 1822, he was married to
+Lucretia A. Swift, oldest daughter of his preceptor in legal studies.
+Seven children were born of this marriage, of whom but three yet live:
+Col. Zeph. S. Spalding, United States Consul at Honolulu, Brevet Captain
+George S. Spalding, First Lieutenant 33d U. S. Infantry, and Mrs. Lucretia
+McIlrath, wife of Charles McIlrath, of St. Paul, Minnesota. In January,
+1859, Judge Spalding was married to his present wife, oldest daughter of
+Dr. William S. Pierson, of Windsor, Connecticut.
+
+
+
+
+W. S. C. Otis.
+
+
+
+W. S. C. Otis was born in Cummington, Hampshire county, Massachusetts,
+August 24th, 1808. His father was a farmer in narrow circumstances, who,
+owing to the loss of property, was able to bestow upon his children only
+such an education as could be obtained in the district schools of a purely
+agricultural district. Books were scarce, and as poor in quality as meagre
+in quantity; but being a lad with literary tastes, a desire for
+information, and an omnivorous appetite for reading, every book that fell
+in the way of young Otis was eagerly seized and its contents ravenously
+devoured. The life of a poor farmer, with its ceaseless drudgery and petty
+needs, was distasteful to the lad, and he was anxious to obtain a
+collegiate education, and thus become fitted to fight the battle of life
+with brain instead of muscle. His ambition was not discouraged by his
+father, but there was a great difficulty in the way of its
+gratification--the want of money. Mr. Otis was utterly unable to give his
+son any pecuniary assistance, though ready to resign his claim on his
+son's time; an important sacrifice when the demands of a large family and
+the straitness of his means are taken into consideration. Application was
+made for admission to West Point Military Academy, but unfortunately a
+Congressman's son was also a candidate for the appointment, and of course
+the friendless son of a poor struggling farmer had to go to the wall. This
+was a heavy blow and sore discouragement.
+
+When the subject of this sketch was about seventeen or eighteen years old
+his father emigrated to Ohio, leaving his son behind with only forty
+dollars in money, who, after making arrangements with his brother, W. A.
+Otis, to furnish him such pecuniary aid as he might need, proceeded to fit
+himself for college under the Rev. Roswell Hawks, of Cummington, devoting
+only one year to preparation, and entered Williams College in the Fall of
+1826. In order to lighten the burden upon his brother, he taught school
+two Winters during his college course, and graduated in the autumn of
+1830, among the best scholars of the class.
+
+Before graduating, he was appointed principal of Gates' Academy, in
+Marlborough, Massachusetts, and entered upon the duties of the
+appointment; but at the expiration of the year he followed the rest of the
+family to Ohio, and in the month of September, 1831, commenced reading law
+with Whittlesey & Newton, of Canfield, Ohio. In September, 1833, he was
+admitted to the Bar, and immediately commenced the practice of the law in
+Ravenna, Portage county, where he continued to reside till 1840.
+
+In June, 1840, after the county of Summit was organized, Mr. Otis moved to
+Akron, where he resided and continued to practice his profession until
+January, 1854. While a resident of Summit county he was elected
+Prosecuting Attorney of the county for two years. He also filled the
+position of president of the Akron Bank, from its organization, till
+January, 1854, and was a member of the Board of Control of the State Bank
+of Ohio, and member of the Convention which formed the present
+Constitution of the State of Ohio. While a member of the Convention he
+devised and reported to that body the scheme for the apportionment of the
+members of the House of Representatives, which, with slight modifications,
+was adopted into the Constitution, and is now the system in this State.
+While a member of the Constitutional Convention, he acquired a distaste
+for political life, and resolved to abandon it, a resolution to which he
+has since constantly adhered.
+
+In January, 1854, Mr. Otis was elected vice-president of the Cleveland and
+Pittsburgh Railroad Company, and in order to better perform the duties of
+the position, he removed to Cleveland, taking charge of the operations of
+the road and the finances of the Company. In the Winter of 1854 and 1855,
+he was tendered the presidency of the Bellefontaine and Indiana Railroad
+Company, but declined, and in the Spring of 1855, resumed the practice of
+his profession. Soon afterwards he was elected the Solicitor of the
+Cleveland and Pittsburgh Railroad Company, and continued to act as such
+until he resigned the position in May, 1869, and since that time he has
+confined himself strictly to the practice of law.
+
+As a lawyer Mr. Otis ranks high in his profession, having a very extensive
+knowledge of the law in all its ramifications, and a readiness in the
+application of his knowledge that enables him to baffle and confound his
+opponents without descending to mere pettifogging.
+
+For many years he has been a member either of the Congregational or
+Presbyterian churches in the places in which he has resided; and has
+always taken great pleasure in studying the Bible, and great satisfaction
+in teaching it to others, hence the secret of the spotless morality and
+unswerving integrity he has maintained through life.
+
+Mr. Otis was married in January, 1836, to Hannah, daughter of the late G.
+Mygatt, and sister of George Mygatt, of Cleveland. She died without issue
+in April, 1840. In November, 1842, he was married to Laura L., daughter of
+the late Judge Lyman, of Ravenna.
+
+
+
+
+Franklin J. Dickman.
+
+
+
+Franklin J. Dickman is a native of Petersburg, Virginia, where his
+parents have long resided. At the age of sixteen he entered the Junior
+class of Brown University, at Providence, Rhode Island, and at the age of
+eighteen graduated with the salutatory honors of his class. In the same
+class were the Hon. S. S. Cox, Lieutenant Governor Francis Wayland, of
+Connecticut, and the Rev. James C. Fletcher, now so well known for his
+travels in Brazil.
+
+On leaving college Mr. Dickman studied law in the office of the late
+Charles F. Tillinghest and ex-Chief Justice Bradley, at Providence, and
+after completing his studies he commenced the practice of his profession
+in the same city, continuing with success until he removed to Cleveland.
+
+His entry on public life was early. In 1857, the Democracy of Rhode
+Island selected him as their candidate for Attorney General of the State,
+and it is a noticeable fact that although running on the Democratic
+ticket, he received almost the entire colored vote of the State. In 1858,
+he was appointed a member of the Board of Visitors to the Military Academy
+at West Point, and was chosen Secretary of the Board. In that capacity he
+drew up the report of the Board for that year, which was subsequently
+published by order of the Secretary of War.
+
+In December, 1858, he removed to Cleveland, rightly considering that its
+growth and prosperity, and the important cases continually arising out of
+its commercial business, rendered it a good field for a man of knowledge
+and of energy to put that knowledge to account. He entered on the
+practice of his profession with zeal, and speedily reaped his reward in a
+large business.
+
+Up to the breaking out of the war Mr. Dickman had acted with the
+Democratic party, but when treason culminated with rebellion, he joined
+those of his political associates who disregarded party lines and united
+with the Republicans in forming the Union party. Although fitted for
+college with Roger A. Pryor, of Petersburg, and though his parents
+remained in Petersburg during the war, Mr. Dickman took strong ground
+against the rebellion and all who gave it encouragement.
+
+In 1861, he was nominated for member of the State Legislature from this
+city, and was elected by a large majority. In that body he was made
+chairman of the Committee on Railroads and also placed on the Judiciary
+Committee. In the latter capacity the subject of military arrests came
+under his notice, and his speech on that subject was considered so able
+and exhaustive an exposition of that subject that it was published at
+the request of the Judiciary Committee and widely circulated through
+the State.
+
+At the close of his legislative term he formed a law partnership with
+Judge Spalding, which still continues, and re-entered assiduously on the
+duties of his profession, devoting most of his attention to admirality,
+marine insurance, and patent cases. In these he has been very successful.
+
+In 1867, President Johnson appointed Mr. Dickman United States District
+Attorney for the Northern District of Ohio. The appointment was received
+with satisfaction by all shades of political opinions, and Mr. Dickman
+continued to perform its duties to, the approbation of all having business
+with the court until early in 1869, when he resigned the position in
+order to confine himself more closely to his private practice. It is
+admitted on all sides that the duties of his office were faithfully and
+ably performed. Of the great number of criminal cases brought before the
+court by him only two escaped conviction, thus evidencing the merit, care
+and attention given to the getting up of the cases for trial. Such
+uniformity in securing conviction is very unusual.
+
+Mr. Dickman is a gentleman of fine literary tastes, extensive reading, and
+rare classical attainments. The relaxation from his legal duties is found
+mainly in his library among the highest class of authors. His frequent
+orations for the literary societies of Brown University and the University
+of Michigan, and other occasions, have been marked by scholarly finish and
+have always been received with approval. During the existence of the
+Knickerbocker Magazine, before its decadence, he contributed to its pages
+a series of valuable articles on "Butler's Horae Juridical," and on "The
+Revolution of 1688."
+
+Cherishing a high ideal of professional attainments and ability, Mr.
+Dickman has realized it to a degree remarkable for a young man. With
+ample acquirements he has clear conceptions, and broad views of the
+principles of legal science, frequently never attained by older lawyers,
+even after a large and life-long practice. His habits of study are wisely
+methodized, so as to husband time, and make his efforts tell without
+waste upon results.
+
+A very marked feature also in his character, is a rigorous but highly
+intelligent economy. Upon a limited practice in Rhode Island, before
+coming to Cleveland, he not only sustained himself, but accumulated a
+considerable sum as a basis upon which he could rely with honorable
+independence in a new field. This was done in circumstances in which
+multitudes of young men at this day, would by self-indulgence and lavish
+outlay, have become embarrassed by debt.
+
+The example of a wise economy in one familiar with the first social
+surroundings--an economy supplying means for a rich and broad literary
+culture, under the guidance of liberal tastes, yet rigid as to
+self-control--but ever avoiding parsimony, is far too rare among young men
+in this lavish and wasteful age. The young man who shows what enlightened
+self-control, what high probity and fidelity to the details of little
+wants and expenditures can do to lift a man high above debt, to thrift and
+self-reliance, is a valuable citizen, exerting an influence as wholesome
+as it is wise, manly, and rare.
+
+Mr. Dickman, in his mental growth, aims at the solid, rather than the
+merely sensational; the lasting, rather than the transient. Gifted
+naturally with vigorous and admirably balanced powers, the right use of
+which has enriched him already with ample mental furniture, and with
+habits the most exemplary, and a high character, established upon an
+intelligent religions basis, the future to him is full of promise of the
+most honorable achievements.
+
+In 1862, Mr. Dickman was married to Miss Annie E. Niel, daughter of Robert
+Neil, of Columbus, Ohio, and has two children living.
+
+
+
+
+James M. Jones.
+
+
+
+The subject of this sketch is the third son of Thomas and Mary Ann Jones,
+who emigrated from England to the United States, and settled in Cleveland
+in the Spring of 1831, where they still reside, They were the parents of
+nine sons and four daughters, all of whom, save one son and one daughter,
+are still living.
+
+James Milton Jones enjoyed only such moderate advantages in the way of
+education as were afforded by the common and high schools of the day, and
+by the classical and English school of the late lamented and most
+accomplished educator, H. D. Beattie, A. M.; but his memory was good, he
+was a close student, and he therefore readily and easily familiarized
+himself with the studies in which he engaged. He early manifested unusual
+taste and fondness for composition, and his inclination and talent in that
+direction were much cultivated and improved by assiduous study of the best
+standard works in prose and poetry.
+
+On leaving school he became interested as a partner in the marble
+manufactory of T. Jones & Sons, and acquired a practical knowledge of the
+business, but never applied himself very closely to its duties.
+
+He joined various literary and forensic societies about the year 1850,
+composed of some of the best literary and professional talent among the
+young men of the city, where essays, poems, and discussions on all topics
+of the day were embraced in the order of exercises; and he soon became
+marked for his thorough preparation of and familiarity with the subjects
+of debate, and regarded as a speaker of more than ordinary promise.
+
+He became a frequent contributor, (but never in his own name,) in prose
+and poetry, to the literary, as well as the daily papers of the day, and
+especially to the daily Plain Dealer, of which the late J. W. Gray, Esq.,
+was then the accomplished and witty editor, and by whom Mr. Jones was much
+encouraged, and his contributions frequently commended. As specimens of
+his poetic contributions, we give the following. It should be noted that
+with his entry on the actual duties of professional life, Mr. Jones bade a
+final adieu to the muses:
+
+      Woodland Reveries.
+
+      In this deep shady dell,
+      Where the soft breezes swell,
+  And beautiful wood-sprites by pearly streams wander--
+      Where the sweet perfume breathes,
+      O'er angel twined wreaths,
+  Luxuriantly blooming the mossy trees under--
+      Here, beneath the bright vine
+      Whose leaves intertwine,
+  I'm dreaming of thee, my lost Angeline!
+
+      Oh! I think of the time--
+      Of the warm spring time,
+  When with thee I've wandered, and with thee I've dallied;
+      E're my soul had once dreamed
+      That the roses which seemed
+  So fadeless, could leave thy warm cheek cold and pallid,
+      Or thy dear form decline,
+      From its radiance divine,
+  To press the cold grave sod, my own Angeline!
+
+      While the pale starlight laves,
+      With its shadowy waves,
+  A brow, that with memory's anguish is throbbing;
+      Each quivering leaf,
+      Seems trembling with grief,
+  That's borne on the zephyr's low sorrowful sobbing.
+      For that dear form of thine,
+      So oft pressed to mine,
+  My angel-claimed lost one, my own Angeline!
+
+      As the stream leaps along,
+      And I list to its song,
+  It sounds like the surging of sorrow's dark river;
+
+      When o'er my young bride,
+      Passed its dark rolling tide,
+  And bore her away from my bosum forever;
+      Yes; bore thee to shine
+      In regions divine,
+  Resplendently lovely, and pure, Angeline!
+
+      And _there_, as I gaze
+      On its bright sparkling face,
+  Where pearly white ripples are merrily gleaming,
+      Reflecting each star
+      That shines from afar,
+  The face of my lost one seems tenderly beaming;
+      Yes! there beside mine,
+      Are thy features benign,
+  By memory mirrored, my own Angeline!
+
+      As I gently recline,
+      'Neath the clustering vine,
+  The veil from futurity's vista is lifted,
+      And adown life's wild tide,
+      I rapidly glide,
+  And into eternity's ocean am drifted;
+      And there, soul of mine
+      In regions divine,
+  I meet thee, to part _nevermore_, Angeline!
+
+
+    A Wreck! A Wreck! "Man the Life Boat."
+
+  The blackness of midnight hung over the ocean,
+    And savagely, shrilly, the Storm Spirit screamed.
+  Athwart the dark billows, which wild in commotion,
+    Sublimely, yet awfully, heavenward streamed.
+
+  A bark that but rode from her moorings at morning,
+    'Neath bright sunny skies, and prosperous gales,
+  With streamlet and banner, in beauty adorning
+    Her tapering masts and snowy white sails,
+
+  Now rolls in the trough of the tempest-plowed surges!
+    A wreck! madly urged to a rocky bound shore;
+  Where from the dark jaws of wild ocean emerges,
+    To fear-stricken hearts its ominous roar
+
+  Her sails are in ribbons, her banners in tatters!
+    Her masts are afloat from the perilous wreck,
+  And now o'er the billows the Tempest Fiend scatters
+    With one mighty effort her hurricane deck!
+
+  The voice of the clarion-toned captain is ringing,
+    Above the hoarse murmuring roar of the surge,
+  And an echoing voice, seems sepulchrally flinging,
+    Far back o'er the waves, for the vessel, a dirge.
+
+  And now the doomed vessel is beating and crashing,
+    With violence on the dark, rough, rugged rocks;
+  And the tempest-tossed surge, while resistlessly dashing
+    Around her, each effort to save her but mocks.
+
+  The lightnings play luridly, fiercely above her,
+    Illuming with horror the wind-cloven waves!
+  Displaying the wreck, as their flashes discover,
+    The victims despairingly gaze on their graves.
+
+  For forked and furious, the fiery flung flashes,
+    Gleam o'er the sad wreck like a funeral pyre;
+  And louder and louder each thunder clap crashes.
+    The air in a roar! the billows on fire!
+
+  The heart-anguished cries o'er the pitiless waters,
+    Are borne on the blast of the thunder-rocked air,
+  As husbands and wives, as sons and as daughters,
+    Unite in a wild shrieking wail of despair.
+
+  But now from the moss covered fisherman's dwelling,
+    The _Life-Boat_ is manned by the chivalrous brave!
+  Though the wild howling storm of the tempest is swelling,
+    They'll peril their own lives, the wrecked ones to save.
+
+  And now to the merciless surges they launch her,
+    And back she is flung to the white-pebbled beach!
+  Now cleaves the wild surf, for never a stauncher,
+    Or braver crew mounted a deadlier breach.
+
+  Now swift o'er the waves madly bounding and dashing!
+    The nobly manned life-boat speeds on her lone way,
+  Now sinks she below, the waves o'er her splashing,
+    Now cleaves like arrow, the white foaming spray.
+
+  And now for a moment she's hid from our vision,
+    As darkness, and thick gloom enshroud her frail form;
+  A flash! and we see that the life-saving mission,
+    Still skims o'er the waves like a Bird of the Storm.
+
+  Hurrah! they have triumphed! the wrecked ones no longer
+    Resignedly list to the ocean's hoarse roar;
+  But now with strong arms, that bright Hope has made stronger,
+    They pull with a hearty good-will for the shore.
+
+  Hurrah! and Hurrah! on the whirlwind's commotion,
+    And the howl of the storm, uprose cheers from the land;
+  From hearts throbbing wildly with grateful emotion,
+    As safely she reaches the surf-beaten strand.
+
+
+    The AEronaut's Song.
+
+  Up! up! from the ground, for the chords that bound
+    Us to earth are rent in twain;
+  And our Aerial boat shall gracefully float,
+    Far, far, o'er the sea and main.
+
+  O'er the forest trees, on the rippling breeze,
+    We'll proudly soar away:
+  And higher and higher, will still aspire,
+    Toward realms of endless day.
+
+  To regions on high, like an arrow we fly,
+    Through limitless fields of air;
+  And away apace, through trackless space,
+    The giddiest flight we dare.
+
+  Earth's brilliance fades, and her everglades
+    Assumes a softer hue;
+  Her hills and dales, her lake gemmed vales
+    Are glorious to the view.
+
+  Meandering round enchanted ground,
+    Earth's crystal rivers seem;
+  So far below to brightly flow,
+    Like liquid silver's stream.
+
+  Her cloud capped hills o'er rocks and rills,
+    That proudly seem to stand,
+  Now fade like gleams in passing dreams
+    Of lovely fairy land.
+
+  Yet on we mount to the drainless fount,
+    Of wild tempestuous storms;
+  And our fairy shrouds now kiss the clouds;
+    In all their varied forms.
+
+  Proud man, who at birth was king of the earth,
+    Soon made himself lord of the sea;
+  And now we arise to empyrean skies,
+    For kings of the air are we.
+
+  Grim centuries old to the past have rolled,
+    Since the stars from chaos-woke;
+  Yet no earth-born sound hath this deep, profound
+    And solemn silence broke.
+
+  The highest note of the lark ne'er floats
+    To this region of sunless cloud;
+  Nor hath eagle bird the silence stir'd,
+    With his screaming, shrill and loud.
+
+  Yet our joyous song, as we sweep along
+    In pathless realms afloat,
+  Rings on the air and trembles there,
+    From out our fairy boat.
+
+  On eddying waves a thousand caves,
+    Where Aerial spirits throng,
+  Repeat each tone as though they'd known
+    Our unfamiliar song.
+
+  O'er billowy seas with fresh'ning breeze,
+    'Tis glorious oft to roam;
+  And joy to mark a graceful bark,
+    Divide the salt sea foam:
+
+  And joy to wake at morning break,
+    When huntsman's bugle sounds,
+  And gaily lead on fiery steed,
+    In chase of deer and hounds.
+
+  But moonlight sail with fresh'ning gale,
+    Or merry chase afar,
+  Can ne'er compare with flight through air,
+    In our Aerial Car.
+
+Early in 1853, Mr. Gray, who was also then postmaster, offered him a
+position in the Cleveland post-office, which he accepted, and entered upon
+its duties; but at the end of two months, being dissatisfied with the dull
+routine and monotony of such an occupation, he threw up his position; and
+having, on the very day he left the post-office, decided to adopt the
+legal profession, before night he had secured a position in the law office
+of Charles Stetson, Esq., then in large and active practice, and had
+entered upon the study of the law, where he continued for over a year and
+a half, pursuing his studies with assiduity and success. He then entered
+the law office of Hon. William Collins and pursued his studies with him
+until June, 1855, when he was admitted to the Bar by the District Court in
+Delaware, Delaware county, Ohio.
+
+[Illustration: Yours Very Truly, James M. Jones.]
+
+Shortly after his admission to the Bar, he was retained as leading
+counsel for the defence in the famous "Townsend McHenry" extradition case,
+a proceeding pending before U. S. Commissioner Grannis, on the charge that
+the prisoner, who claimed to be Robert McHenry, was no other than the
+notorious William Townsend, a well known, desperate Canadian highway
+robber and murderer; and in this Mr. Jones attracted attention by the
+skill with which he managed it. Indeed, it became necessary to send to
+Canada for several successive lots of witnesses, before they could make a
+case. The prisoner was, however, taken to Canada and put upon his trial
+for murder as William Townsend, the sole question on the trial being one
+of identity; and a more extraordinary trial in that respect cannot be
+found in history. And although on the trial about one hundred witnesses
+testified to his being the veritable William Townsend, he was,
+nevertheless, able to produce a still larger number of equally credible
+witnesses to testify that they knew Townsend, and this was not the man,
+and also such an array of circumstances as satisfied the jury he was not
+the man, and he was acquitted!
+
+Mr. Jones was nominated by the Republican party of Cleveland as judge of
+the City Court, in 1857, but in common with the entire ticket, was
+defeated. He was an early adherent of the old Liberty party, and a warm
+advocate on the stump and elsewhere, of the election of John C. Fremont to
+the Presidency, and a firm supporter of Lincoln's administration.
+
+He was appointed Attorney for the Western Union Telegraph Company, one of
+the largest corporations in the United States, in the year 1865, and has
+ever since continued, as such attorney, to have charge and supervision of
+a large and peculiar legal business for the company, extending over the
+various States and Territories embraced in what is known as the Central
+Division of the territory covered by its lines. He has made telegraph law
+a speciality for several years, and has probably had as large and extended
+experience in that comparatively new and peculiar branch of the law as any
+other attorney in the country.
+
+He was elected Prosecuting Attorney for the county of Cuyahoga, in the
+Fall of 1867, and was distinguished during his term for the zeal,
+fidelity, and ability with which he discharged his officiai duties. It
+fell to his lot to prosecute many important and difficult criminal cases;
+prominent among them was the trial of Sarah M. Victor, for the murder, by
+poison, of her brother, William Parquette. The case was peculiar and
+remarkable; the murdered man had lain in his grave a whole year before
+suspicions were aroused that his death was caused by foul play; slight
+circumstances directed attention to suspicious appearances in the case,
+which a quiet investigation did not diminish. The prosecutor, therefore,
+caused the body to be secretly disinterred, and engaged J. L. Cassells, an
+accomplished chemist, to subject the body to a chemical analysis, which on
+being done, arsenic in sufficient quantity to produce death was found in
+the stomach and other internal organs. Her arrest for murder, therefore,
+immediately took place. The circumstances of the case were well calculated
+to arouse an intense interest in the public mind as to the result of the
+trial. The facts that the alleged poisoner was a woman, that the murdered
+man was her own brother, that her own sister was supposed to be an
+important witness against her, that the murder, if murder it was, was in
+the highest degree cruel, mercenary, and devilish, that at the time of her
+arrest she was prominently connected with religious and benevolent
+institutions of the city, though it was well known she had previously led
+an irregular life, and the profound secrecy in which the dark deed had
+slumbered for a whole year, all seemed to concur in riveting public
+attention upon it; and yet, previous to the trial, the belief was
+prevalent in the community generally, as well as among the members of the
+Bar, that however guilty the prisoner might be, she would not be
+convicted. In this belief the prosecutor did not share, but at once went
+to work with his accustomed energy to unravel the evidences of the great
+crime; and for many weeks, with an energy that never flagged, himself and
+his assistant, H. B. DeWolf, Esq., patiently and persistently explored the
+dark secrets of her life, examined hundreds of witnesses, and inextricably
+wound the coils of evidence around her.
+
+The case, which was tried in the May term of the Court of Common Pleas,
+1868, lasted fourteen days, was fully reported phonographically, and made
+about twenty-seven hundred pages of testimony, which was pronounced, when
+closed on the part of the State, "a marvelous net-work of circumstantial
+evidence."
+
+The case was closed by Mr. Jones in an able and conclusive speech of six
+hours in length. The prisoner was convicted by the jury after but a
+brief deliberation, and she was sentenced to be hanged, but her sentence
+was afterward commuted to imprisonment for life. In numerous other
+important and warmly contested criminal cases Mr. Jones has been almost
+uniformly successful, displaying in them all, much tact, self-possession,
+and legal ability.
+
+Mr. Jones was married at Chagrin Falls, Cuyahoga county, Ohio, February
+8th, 1860, by the Rev. Luther Lee, to Ermina W., daughter of Harmon and
+Leonora Barrows, of the latter place.
+
+
+
+
+Educational.
+
+
+
+Citizens of Cleveland are justly proud of their Public Schools, and of the
+system of education under which they are conducted, but yet the history of
+these schools, until within a few years, was one of struggle against
+parsimony and prejudice. It was only by persistent efforts on the part of
+a few public-spirited citizens, who believed that money spent in educating
+the masses is the best investment that can possibly be made, that the
+Public School system of Cleveland has attained its present excellence, and
+the miserable make-shift school buildings, in which the children of the
+city were taught have given place to the large, convenient and elegant
+buildings of the present.
+
+The first public school of Cleveland, the "Cleveland Free School," was
+established in March, 1830, "for the education of male and female children
+of every religious denomination," and was supported by the city. It was
+held for years in the basement of the Bethel church, which was then a
+frame building, measuring forty by thirty feet, situated at the corner of
+Diamond street and Superior Street hill. In 1837, the average number of
+pupils in attendance was ninety males and forty-six females. There were
+also the Young Ladies' Seminary, or the old "Academy," on St. Clair
+street, presided over by Miss Harrison, and the Cleveland Female Seminary,
+in Farmer's Block, corner of Ontario and Prospect streets, incorporated
+April, 1837, with Henry Sexton, Benjamin Rouse, H. H. Dodge, A. P. Smith,
+and A. Wheeler as trustees. At that date, Ohio City supported two district
+and one free school, but the attendance is not recorded.
+
+The story of the growth of the school system of the State and of its local
+development in the city of Cleveland is mainly told in the biography of
+Mr. Harvey Rice, on pages following this, and in the preceding pages which
+sketch the history of Mr. Charles Bradburn. All that is necessary to be
+given here, is a brief summary of some of the leading events in the
+history of the Cleveland Public Schools as prepared by one who took a
+leading part in their organization and development.
+
+The Public Schools were organized under the city charter in 1837, and the
+control vested in a board of five school managers, elected by the Council.
+The chairman of the board was styled the acting manager, and was secretary
+and Superintendant of repairs and of discipline. This original arrangement
+was succeeded in 1853, by a board of seven members, appointed by the
+Council. In 1854, when Cleveland and Ohio City were united, another change
+occurred. One member of the school board from each of the eleven Wards was
+chosen by the Council. In 1856, the number was reduced to five, and
+finally, in 1859, by authority of a law of the State, the members of the
+Board of Education, one from each Ward, were elected by the people, for
+the term of one year, which was extended to two years in 1862, and so
+remains to the present time. The powers of the board were greatly enlarged
+by a law passed in the Spring of 1869.
+
+Charles Bradburn was the first acting manager, secretary and
+superintendent, assisted and encouraged by a few warm friends of
+education, chief of whom, at this time, was Geo. Willey. In 1840, Mr.
+Andrew Freese was employed as principal teacher, and soon became actual
+superintendent, though not formally clothed with that authority until
+several years afterwards. In the meantime, school buildings were erected
+on Prospect street, Rockwell street, West St. Clair street and Kentucky
+street, (West Side).
+
+For several years the course of instruction was quite limited, and of low
+grade. The school buildings, then supposed to be large and commodious,
+were soon crowded with scholars very much mixed, as to standing, and
+moving forward amid much confusion. In 1841, the second stories of the
+Prospect street and Bockwell street buildings were converted into grammar
+schools of a higher grade. The West St. Clair street school was the first
+one arranged for the improved grading of primary and secondary schools in
+separate departments.
+
+In 1850, the board directed Mr. Freese to exercise a general
+superintendence over the classification, instruction and discipline in all
+the grammar and subordinate schools, but no superintendent was authorized
+by law, until 1853. It was full time that some authority should be
+introduced to correct the abuses which had insensibly and unavoidably
+crept into the discipline and course of instruction, and vigorous
+enforcement of strict rules brought out a fierce opposition from anxious,
+but ill-informed and partial parents, who felt provoked and discouraged by
+the discovery that their children were in classes far ahead of their
+actual qualifications and must be put back to be more thoroughly drilled
+in preparatory studies. Gradually confusion gave place to order, scholars
+were ranked as near as could be according to their actual standing; the
+grades arranged as Primary, Secondary, Intermediate and Grammar
+departments, the entire course consummated in the East and West High
+Schools. But all this was the work of immense labor, extending through
+years of ceaseless effort and expense, little anticipated by the people,
+or perhaps by the hopeful projectors of the system, when they so manfully
+entered upon the undertaking. Twenty-six years ago the entire corps of
+teachers numbered only fifteen. In 1848, they had increased to twenty. In
+that year, children under six years of age were excluded, to the great
+disgust of many fond mothers who thought the public school the very best
+place to keep the troublesome young ones out of their way.
+
+Under the general school law a portion of the taxes collected was set
+apart for the support of the schools, while a special fund for school
+buildings was raised, from time to time, by direct taxation, or by
+loan, and buildings erected in the different Wards as the city
+increased in extent.
+
+In 1846, the East High School was opened in the basement of the old
+Universalist Church (now the Plymouth Church) on Prospect street, near
+Erie street. A strong opposition was made to this advanced step. It was
+objected to as illegal, which it actually was, though that was soon
+remedied; and as unnecessary and unreasonable.
+
+It is gratifying to know that many of those strenuous opponents are
+now among the warm friends of the High Schools, and justly proud of
+their success.
+
+Richard Fry, then Principal of the West St Clair school, distinguished
+himself by his writings through the press, and his speeches at public
+meetings, in advocating the claims of the High School, and thus powerfully
+sustained its friends in their unpopular contest. The law authorizing a
+High School limited the whole course to two years, and required one year's
+previous attendance at one of the grammar schools.
+
+In 1851, a regular course of instruction was adopted, extending to three
+years, but still confined to English studies. In 1856, the Latin and
+Greek languages were introduced, and in 1859, the German was added to
+the full course. These ancient and foreign languages were optional with
+the students, as well as the French language, which was introduced some
+years later.
+
+The first graduated class consisted of ten scholars, eight of whom
+afterwards became teachers. Indeed, it soon became evident that the High
+School was not only the best, but almost the only reliable source of
+supplying teachers for the subordinate schools, which were fast
+increasing. The extreme difficulty of procuring competent and reliable
+teachers had, all along, been one of the greatest embarrassments in
+carrying forward a course of instruction, extensive, thorough, and
+heretofore almost unknown west of the mountains.
+
+The original design of one central High School was found to be unsuited to
+the extended territory on both sides of the river, and two High Schools
+were substituted.
+
+The East High School building was completed and opened in 1856. The West
+High School was first opened in the Kentucky street building, and
+continued there for several years, until in 1861, the new building was
+completed.
+
+In 1861, Mr. Freese was relieved from the superintendency which had become
+too laborious for his declining health, and L. M. Oviatt took the
+management for two years, when he was succeeded by Anson Smyth, formerly
+State Superintendent. On his resignation, Mr. Andrew J. Rickoff, of
+Cincinnati, was called to the position. Under his management important
+changes in the classification and management of the schools have been
+introduced.
+
+The prominence given to Messrs Bradburn, Willey and Freese, in the history
+of the public schools, is not intended to disparage or undervalue the
+services rendered by many others, without whose hearty and efficient
+co-operation the whole undertaking would have failed. Prominent among these
+cooperators were J. D. Cleveland, J. Fitch, Dr. Maynard, Harvey Rice, Bev.
+J. A. Thome, T. P. Handy, W. D. Beattie, (since deceased,) R. B. Dennis,
+Ansel Roberts, L. M. Oviatt, and Thos. Jones, Jr.
+
+In 1868, there were eighteen male, and one hundred and thirty-nine female
+teachers employed in the public schools of the city, making an aggregate
+of one hundred and fifty seven. The total number of pupils enrolled was
+10,154. The average number belonging to the schools, 7060, and the average
+daily attendance, 6623.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: Yours Truly, Harvey Rice]
+
+
+Harvey Rice
+
+
+
+In the Ohio Educational Monthly for April, 1860, appeared a pretty full
+biography of Hon. Harvey Rice, who has filled an important position in
+connection with the educational interests of Ohio. From that account we
+learn that Mr. Rice is a native of Massachusetts. He was born June 11th,
+1800. In 1824, he graduated from Williams College, and the same year
+removed to Cleveland. He came to Ohio a stranger and without influential
+friends here or elsewhere to aid his efforts for advancement. When he
+landed at Cleveland he owned nothing but the clothes he wore, and three
+dollars in his pocket. At that time Cleveland contained but 400
+inhabitants.
+
+Making no disclosure as to the low state of his treasury and the rather
+dull prospect for an immediate replenishing of the same, he took lodgings
+at the best public house the town afforded, at the rate of two dollars and
+a half per week. At the expiration of one week he paid his board bill and
+removed to a private boarding-house, with but fifty cents left, and
+commenced teaching a classical school in the old academy on St. Clair
+street. About the same time he commenced the study of the law under the
+direction of Reuben Wood, then a prominent member of the Cleveland Bar,
+and at the expiration of two years was admitted to practice, and entered
+into copartnership with his former instructor, which continued until Mr.
+Wood was elected to the Bench.
+
+In 1829, he was elected Justice of the Peace, and in 1830, elected to
+represent his district in the State Legislature. Soon after, without
+solicitation on his part, he was appointed an agent for the sale of the
+Western Reserve school lands, a tract of fifty-six thousand acres,
+situated in the Virginia Military District. He opened a land office at
+Millersburgh, in Holmes county, for the sales, and in the course of three
+years sold all the lands, and paid the avails, nearly one hundred and
+fifty thousand dollars, into the State Treasury, as a school fund for the
+exclusive benefit of educating the children of the Western Reserve, the
+interest of which is now annually paid by the State for that purpose.
+
+In 1833, Mr. Rice returned to Cleveland, and was appointed Clerk of the
+Common Pleas and Supreme Courts, an office in which he faithfully served
+for seven years, and in 1834 and 1836, was nominated by the Democratic
+Convention as a candidate for Congress, and received the united support of
+the party, though without expectation of success, as the Democrats were
+largely in the minority. He was the first Democrat ever sent to the
+Legislature from Cuyahoga county, and, while serving in that body, was
+considered one of its ablest and most influential members. He was
+appointed by the House one of the select committee for revising the
+statutes of the State, and while in that capacity, introduced and
+advocated with acknowledged ability many new provisions, which still
+retain their place upon our statute book.
+
+The natural abilities of Mr. Rice are of a very high order. His mind is
+thoroughly disciplined and cultivated, and for the comparatively short
+time he practiced at the Bar, he obtained an enviable reputation for legal
+ability, sound, practical, discriminating judgment and gentlemanly
+deportment.
+
+He is well known as an able contributor to many of the best periodicals of
+the day, and is a graceful and exceedingly vigorous writer. His
+imagination is rich and glowing, and his mind well stored by a long and
+judicious course of mental training. We have seen some articles of Mr.
+Rice's which compare favorably with those of the best writers of the day.
+
+The following, which we find in the "Nineteenth Century," we take the
+liberty of publishing here, and look upon it as a meritorious and
+beautiful poem:
+
+
+    The Moral Hero.
+
+  With heart that trusteth still,
+    Set high your mark;
+  And though with human ill
+    The warfare may be dark,
+  Resolve to conquer, and you will!
+
+  Resolve, then onward press,
+    Fearless and true:
+  Believe it--Heaven will bless
+    The brave--and still renew
+  Your hope and courage in distress.
+
+  Press on, nor stay to ask
+    For friendship's aid;
+  Deign not to wear a mask
+    Nor wield a coward's blade,
+  But still persist, though hard the task.
+
+  Rest not--inglorious rest
+    Unnerves the man;
+  Struggle--'tis God's behest!
+    Fill up life's little span
+  With God-like deeds--it is the test--
+
+  Test of the high-born soul,
+    And lofty aim;
+  The test in History's scroll
+    Of every honored name--None
+  but the brave shall win the goal'
+
+  Go act the hero's part,
+    And in the strife,
+  Strike with the hero's heart
+    For liberty and life--
+  Ay, strike for Truth; preserve her chart'
+
+  Her chart unstain'd preserve,
+    'Twill guide you right.
+  Press on and never swerve,
+    But keep your armer bright,
+  And struggle still with firmer nerve.
+
+  What though the tempest rage,
+    Buffet the sea!
+  Where duty calls, engage:
+    And ever striving be
+  The moral hero of the Age!
+
+In the fall of 1851, Mr. Rice was put in nomination for the State Senate,
+and was elected by a majority exceeding seven hundred votes.
+
+The General Assembly to which he was now returned, was the first that
+convened under the new Constitution. Upon this body devolved the
+responsibility of reconstructing the statutes of the State, and adapting
+them to the requisition of the Constitution, so as to secure to the people
+the practical benefits of the great reforms which had been achieved by its
+adoption. Mr. Rice contributed quite as much as any other member to the
+important legislation of the two sessions held by that General Assembly.
+It was said of him that he _was always at his post_. The degree of
+influence which he exercised as a legislator, was such as few have the
+good fortune to wield.
+
+Among the variety of measures which engaged his attention, he took a
+prominent part in procuring the passage of the act which authorized the
+establishment of two additional lunatic asylums in the State.
+
+His course in relation to the subject of common schools attracted public
+attention throughout the State, and called forth from the press
+commendations of a very complimentary character. The correspondent of a
+paper published at Newark, writing from Columbus, remarks as follows:
+
+  Senator Rice, of Cuyahoga, has in charge a bill for the reorganization
+  of schools and providing for their supervision.
+
+  No better man than Mr. Rice could have been selected for this work. He
+  is a model man and a model Senator. Clear headed, sound minded,
+  carefully and fully educated, with a painstaking disposition, he is the
+  ablest chairman of the standing committee on schools that any Ohio
+  Legislature ever had. Deeply impressed with the great importance of the
+  subject--of the stern necessity which exists for basing our whole
+  republican form of government on the intelligence of the people, he has
+  carefully provided a bill, which, if enacted into a law, will give a
+  good _common_ school education to every child in the State, and in so
+  doing, has been equally careful that the money raised for that purpose
+  be not squandered. The bill provides for a State Commissioner of Common
+  Schools, and it has been mentioned to me as a matter of deep regret,
+  that the Constitution excludes Mr. Rice from being a candidate for that
+  office--no member of the Legislature being eligible to an office created
+  while he was a member, until one year after the expiration of his term
+  of office.
+
+On the question of the final passage of the bill, Mr. Rice addressed the
+Senate in a concluding speech, which was published, and very generally
+noticed by the press. Among these notices, a leading paper published at
+Cleveland, with a magnanimity rarely possessed by a political opponent,
+makes the following comments and quotations:
+
+  Mr. Rice made the closing speech on the School Bill, in the Senate, on
+  the 24th. It was his Bill. He had labored over it, and for it, a long
+  time, and given to it every consideration, and gained for it every
+  counsel, which, by any possibility, he could gain.
+
+  The text of his speech was the language of the Constitution itself; the
+  duty of securing 'a thorough and efficient system of common schools
+  throughout the State.'
+
+  Mr. Rice goes into detail on the school bill, and, regretting that we
+  have not room for the detail, we close our synopsis of his very sensible
+  speech by quoting its conclusion:
+
+  "It is certainly much cheaper, as well as much wiser, to _educate_ than
+  to _punish_. How much of crime would be prevented if a higher order of
+  education were generally diffused among all classes. A well educated and
+  enlightened people will have but little occasion for criminal courts,
+  jails and penitentiaries. The educated man has ordinarily too much
+  self-respect, too much regard for moral principle and the value of a
+  good character to stoop to crime. In short, sir, the perpetuity of the
+  government, and security of the citizen, and of property, depend upon
+  the virtue and intelligence of the people.
+
+  "By the provisions of this bill, it is intended to make our common
+  schools what they ought to be--the colleges of the people--'cheap enough
+  for the poorest, and good enough for the richest.' With but a slight
+  increase of taxation, schools of different grades can be established and
+  maintained in every township of the State, and the sons and daughters of
+  our farmers and mechanics have an opportunity of acquiring a finished
+  education, equally with the more favored of the land. And, in this way,
+  the elements of mind now slumbering among the uneducated masses, like
+  the fine unwrought marble in the quarry, will be aroused and brought out
+  to challenge the admiration of the world-Philosophers and sages will
+  abound everywhere, on the farm and in the workshop. And many a man of
+  genius will stand out from among the masses, and exhibit a brilliancy of
+  intellect, which will be recognized in the circling years of the great
+  future, as
+
+    'A light, a landmark on the cliffs of time.'
+
+  "It is only the educated man who is competent to interrogate nature, and
+  comprehend her revelations. Though I would not break down the
+  aristocracy of knowledge of the present age, yet, sir, I would level up,
+  and equalize, and thus create, if I may be allowed the expression, a
+  democracy of knowledge. In this way, and in this way only, can men be
+  made equal in fact--equal in their social and political relations--equal
+  in mental refinement, and in a just appreciation of what constitutes man
+  the brother of his fellow man.
+
+  "In conclusion, sir, allow me to express my belief, that the day is not
+  far distant when Ohio, in the noble cause of popular education and of
+  human rights, will 'lead the column,' and become, what she is capable of
+  becoming--a star of the first magnitude--the brightest in the galaxy of
+  our American Union."
+
+  A proud hour now came for Mr. Rice! A good and glorious one for the
+  State! The roll of the Senate was called, and that body, on the 24th day
+  of January, 1853, proceeded to cast its final vote upon the bill, when
+  only two negatives were announced.
+
+Another bill, of scarcely less importance than the school bill, was
+introduced into the Senate by Mr. Rice, near the heel of the adjourned
+session, which with him was a favorite measure, and which seemed to meet
+with the hearty approbation of the public. It had for its object the
+establishment of a "State Reform School," expressly designed for juvenile
+offenders.
+
+But owing to the late day of the session in which the bill was introduced,
+though very favorably received by the senate, a motion was made to
+postpone it until the next session. In reference to this motion, without
+attempting to make a formal speech, Mr. Rice explained briefly the object
+contemplated by the bill. His remarks relating as they did to a subject of
+public interest, were reported and published. The bill, at a subsequent
+session, resulted in establishing the present Reform Farm School.
+
+The eminent services which he has rendered the State in the promotion of
+her educational interests will be long and gratefully remembered by those
+of his fellow citizens who properly appreciate the true objects of life,
+and who wish to secure to themselves, to their children, and to the
+generations which will follow them, the social blessings which flow from a
+high degree of refinement, intelligence and moral virtue.
+
+While a member of the City Council, in 1857, Mr. Rice took the lead in
+establishing the Cleveland Industrial School, and was chairman of the
+committee that put it into successful operation. It has now grown to be
+one of the most important charitable institutions in Cleveland. Mr. Rice
+is still active in extending its usefulness.
+
+In the same year he originated the project, and introduced the resolution
+into the Council, authorizing the erection of the Perry Monument which now
+graces the Public Park of the city. The cost of the Monument, by the terms
+of the resolution, was made to depend on the voluntary subscriptions of
+the citizens. Mr. Rice was appointed Chairman of the Monument Committee,
+and after three years of persevering effort, succeeded in carrying the
+object of the resolution into effect. The Monument was inaugurated with
+imposing ceremonies, on the 10th of September, 1860, the anniversary of
+Perry's victory on Lake Erie. Mr. Bancroft, the historian, delivered the
+Inaugural Address. As carefully estimated, not less than one hundred
+thousand people attended the inauguration. In carrying out the programme
+the battle of Lake Erie was reproduced, in a mock fight, on the Lake in
+front of the city. It was a proud day for Cleveland. Both the Monument and
+the inauguration were pronounced a perfect success.
+
+In 1861, Mr. Rice, being elected to the Board of Education, was appointed
+President of the Board, and during his term of office rendered essential
+service in promoting the educational interests of the city. In fact, he
+has always been a zealous friend and advocate of popular education. In his
+literary career he has become widely known as the author of "Mount Vernon,
+and Other Poems"--a volume containing two hundred and fifty pages which
+has reached a fifth edition.
+
+In 1862, Mr. Rice was appointed by the Governor of the State, with the
+concurrence of the War Department, a commissioner for Cuyahoga county, to
+conduct the first draft made in the county during the late civil war. In
+executing this delicate task he acquitted himself with firmness,
+integrity, and discretion. While in the discharge of his duties he found
+his office one morning suddenly besieged by some five or six hundred
+excited citizens, who were armed with pistols and other weapons,
+threatening to demolish the office and destroy the records. They had been
+instigated to make this demonstration by false rumors regarding the
+fairness of the draft. Mr. Rice met the crisis firmly, sent to the
+military camp on the Heights for a detachment of soldiers, infantry and
+artillery, who came to his relief on the "double quick," and dispersed the
+riotous assemblage. To satisfy the disaffected that all was right and just
+in relation to the draft, Mr. Rice proposed that they should appoint a
+committee of their own to investigate the state of affairs in the draft
+office. They did so, and with his aid an elaborate examination was made,
+and the committee reported that the draft had been conducted fairly and
+justly in all respects. Mr. Rice then proceeded with the draft, and as
+luck would have it, two of the committee, who had been ring-leaders in
+getting up the demonstration, were drafted on the spot, and every body
+seemed pleased with the result.
+
+In 1867, Mr. Rice, wishing to express his regard for the cause of
+Missions, as well as for the college where he graduated, erected at his
+own expense, and with the approval of the college authorities, a beautiful
+marble monument in Mission Park, at Williamstown, Mass., commemorative of
+the origin of American Foreign Missions. The park is a part of the college
+domains, and within it there is a maple grove where a few pious young
+students of the college, in the summer of 1806, held occasional
+prayer-meetings. At one of these meetings a shower of rain compelled them
+to seek the shelter of a neighboring haystack, where they continued their
+exercises, and where one of their number, Samuel J. Mills, first suggested
+the idea of a mission to foreign heathen lands, as being a religions duty.
+In this noble and philanthropic thought his associates all concurred, and
+there, while at the haystack, consecrated themselves in solemn prayer, to
+the great work. From this circumstance originated American Foreign
+Missions. The monument was planned by Mr. Rice It is erected on the spot
+where the haystack stood, is twelve feet in height, and surmounted with a
+marble globe three feet in diameter, and cut in map lines. The face of the
+monument has the inscription, "The Field is the World," followed with a
+haystack, sculptured in bas relief, and the names of the five young men,
+who held the prayer-meeting, and the date 1806. The monument was dedicated
+July 28th, 1867, at the maple grove, in the park. A large audience was
+present. Mr. Rice, by special request, delivered the dedicatory address,
+which was received with a high degree of satisfaction, and afterwards
+published, with the other proceedings, in pamphlet form.
+
+Mr. Rice has accumulated a reasonable share of "this world's goods;" has
+been twice married--first in 1828, and afterwards in 1840.
+
+He has a wife, three sons and three daughters still living, and now
+leads, comparatively, a retired, yet not an idle life.
+
+He still has the appearance of a well preserved gentleman, he is six
+feet in height, erect and of good proportions, and his general personal
+appearance is pleasing. In manner he is a true gentleman,--modest and
+kind, but prompt and decided. Two of his sons, Capt. Percy W. Rice and
+James S. Rice, are settled in business at Cleveland. The youngest son,
+Harvey Rice, Jr., resides in California. The three daughters are
+married and settled--one in California and the other two in Cleveland.
+Mrs. Rice is a lady of refinement, exemplary, and much beloved and
+respected. As a family, but few have been more highly favored, or lived
+in more perfect harmony.
+
+
+
+
+Andrew Freese
+
+
+
+The name of Andrew Freese will always hold a place of honor in the
+scholastic records of Cleveland. No educator in the city is held in such
+affectionate esteem by a large class of former pupils, and none better
+deserves the grateful tributes paid to his abilities as a teacher and his
+worth as a citizen.
+
+Mr. Freese was born in Levant, Penobscot county, Maine, on November 1st,
+1816. His father was a farmer, but Andrew was of such slender frame and
+weak constitution that he was completely unfitted for farming life. His
+father destined him to be a printer, and took him to the nearest printing
+office to show him how types were set and newspapers printed. The boy was
+not favorably impressed with what he saw, and begged to be allowed to
+enter college. This was considered out of the question, his father being
+too poor to provide the necessary funds. But the boy's heart was set upon
+it, and he thought that by teaching school for a time he could obtain
+money enough to complete his own education. This idea he carried into
+execution, and had no sooner entered on the business of teaching than he
+realized that he had found his true vocation. He continued to teach and
+study until his collegiate course was completed, and then he resolved to
+fit himself for the business of teaching by studying the best systems of
+education, as laid down in the most approved books and practiced in the
+most successful schools. He examined the best school buildings, and
+brought away plans of construction, and models of their furniture. The
+most thorough teachers were consulted as to the results of their
+experience, and when he had thus acquired a thorough mastery of the whole
+science of teaching, instead of setting out as an educational empiric, he
+resolved to seek the West as a better field for turning his knowledge to
+account, than was the East, where educators were far too numerous to make
+the business profitable.
+
+[Illustration: Yours Truly, Andrew Freese]
+
+Mr. Freese came to Cleveland in 1840, and offered his services to the
+Board of School Managers as a teacher. His rare ability was appreciated,
+he was immediately engaged, and was at once recognized as the head of the
+schools. There was then only the general school law to work under. The law
+as then understood, made it almost a crime to give instruction in the
+higher branches of even an English education. There was then no high
+schools, or graded schools in the great State of Ohio. To Cleveland, and
+to Mr. Freese, belong the honor of establishing the first free high school
+in the State. The scholars from that school may now be found in almost
+every State in the Union, eminent in all departments of life. They have
+been met with as Governors, jurists, mechanicians, and artists, and the
+first inquiry from them _all_ has been, "Is Mr. Freese still with you? All
+I am, and all I have, I owe to him; may God forever bless him."
+
+The high school was established in July, 1846, and Mr. Freese at once
+placed at its head. Those unfriendly to public schools, and especially to
+this department, offered him large inducements to engage in a private
+school, but Mr. Freese had faith in the success of the experiment, and was
+determined not to abandon it until its success was insured. The pay given
+by the city was but a beggarly pittance, and his labors inside and out of
+the school room were exceedingly arduous, but no discouragement could
+daunt his zeal, and he resisted blandishments as he treated opposition,
+with indifference. The unexpected and severe labors imposed upon him
+shattered his health, but with him love overcame all other considerations,
+and he persisted. In June, 1853, the office of Superintendent of
+Instruction was created, and tendered to Mr. Freese, who held it until
+1861, when his failing health admonished him to retire. Recently he was
+summoned from his retirement to take the position of principal of the
+Central High school, now grown to proportions its founders scarcely dared
+hope for it. It was with extreme reluctance that Mr. Freese consented to
+resume his old profession, but he finally did so, working with great zeal
+and success until the close of the Summer term of 1869, when, immediately
+after re-election by a highly complimentary vote, he was compelled, by the
+condition of his health, to resign his position and bid a final farewell
+to the profession he so much loved. The proceedings of the Board of
+Education in relation to the resignation of Mr. Freese are of interest, as
+showing the high value set upon his services to the cause of education.
+
+The following communication was presented to the Board:
+
+  To the Honorable the Board of Education of the city of Cleveland:
+
+  Gentlemen: I have to submit herewith the resignation of Mr. Andrew
+  Freese, who has for the past year acted as principal of the Central
+  High school.
+
+  On account of ill health it was with great reluctance that Mr. Freese
+  went into this position. In accordance, however, with the advice of
+  friends, he finally yielded to persuasion and entered upon the discharge
+  of its duties with the well known earnestness of his character. The
+  result has been marked in the earnestness with which his able corps of
+  assistants associated with him have co-operated to promote the highest
+  interests of the school, and of each and all its pupils. It has been
+  specially marked, too, by the increased devotion of all the scholars to
+  their studies, and the ready acquiescence with which they have obeyed
+  all the rules and regulations of your Board.
+
+  In taking leave of Mr. Freese it is due to him that I should thus
+  formally and earnestly record my high appreciation of his services.
+  Furthermore, it may not be inappropriate for me testify to the fact,
+  that much of the hearty earnestness of the corps of teachers with which
+  I am now laboring, is due to the influence of this gentleman when he
+  held the office which I now hold.
+
+  Andrew J. Rickoff,
+  Superintendent of Instruction.
+
+
+  The Board of Education having received and accepted the resignation of
+  Andrew Freese, Esq., principal of the Central High School, Mr. Perkins
+  offered the following resolutions, which were adopted:
+
+  _Resolved_, That the thanks of the Board are hereby tendered to Mr.
+  Freese, for the valuable services he has rendered in the various
+  relations he has sustained to the public schools of this city during the
+  last quarter of a century. In every position he has been called to fill,
+  he has proved himself faithful to the trust committed to his keeping. To
+  him more than any other are we indebted for the deservedly elevated
+  character of our System of graded schools.
+
+  _Resolved_, That the president and secretary of the Board be requested
+  to communicate to Mr. Freese the feeling of regret occasioned by his
+  withdrawal from our service, together with a certified copy of its
+  action this evening.
+
+Mr. Freese was the originator of the celebrated outline maps. Many years
+before any were published by Mitchell, they were in use here, and may
+still be found on some of the walls and floors of our old school houses,
+where they were placed by Mr. Freese. What Horace Mann and William Colburn
+did for the schools of New England, Andrew Freese has done for the schools
+of the West. Almost immediately after commencing his labors he began to
+protest to the Board of School Managers against our school laws; under
+them he could do no justice to himself or his scholars. His efforts were
+aided by the Board of School Managers, and after a hard contest with city
+and State authorities, the laws were altered so as to give us one of the
+best school systems in the world. The first free high school in the State
+was started by Mr. Freese, in the basement of an old church, at a rent of
+fifty dollars per annum, and this was regarded by some of our largest tax
+payers as so great an outrage that they threatened to resist the payment
+of their taxes. The school now enjoys the use of a palatial building, and
+our grammar schools have the use of the most elegant and convenient
+structures for educational purposes in the State. Many of our citizens
+devoted their time and money to bring about this great change, which has
+done and is doing so much for the welfare of our city. But perhaps no one
+man has done so much as Mr. Freese.
+
+It would be difficult, if not impossible, to overrate the services of Mr.
+Freese to the cause of education in Cleveland. It was the sole business of
+his life, and he entered on it with utter unselfishness. With him the
+cause was everything, self nothing. He traveled far, spent his own slender
+funds freely, and labored assiduously in the endeavor to secure the best
+of everything in plan and machinery, for the city schools. He had no
+ambition outside or beyond the school room, and his shrinking modesty
+prevented him claiming the credit justly due him for the unintermitted and
+successful labors performed within the school walls.
+
+
+
+
+Anson Smyth.
+
+
+
+Among the citizens of Ohio, few are more worthy of mention than Rev. Anson
+Smyth. There is not a township in the State in which his influence has not
+been felt, nor a school district in which his name is not honored. He has
+labored to uplift the intellectual, social, and moral status of our great
+commonwealth, and his impress is left on the highest and most sacred
+interests of the people.
+
+Though born in Pennsylvania, Mr. Smyth is none the less a New Englander.
+His parents and older brothers and sisters were natives of New England.
+There many of his early years were spent, and there he received both his
+collegiate and his theological education. There for two years he taught
+school, and for three, was pastor of a church. Thus it is seen, that
+while his birth makes him a Pennsylvanian, his blood and education make
+him a Yankee.
+
+Mr. Smyth is a self-made man. By his unaided energies he surmounted the
+difficulties that stood in the way of his advancement, and has achieved
+distinction by a career of great usefulness. His father was a man of high
+respectability, and most excellent character. He was a farmer in moderate
+circumstances, and being well advanced in life, and declining in health,
+when his youngest son, the tenth of twelve children, determined to acquire
+a liberal education, he was unable to do anything for his assistance. But
+the boy had a brave heart, and he went forward, strong in the idea that
+"there is nothing impossible to him that wills." At first by manual labor,
+and afterwards by teaching, he contrived to secure funds for meeting those
+expenses which demanded ready payment. When he left the theological
+seminary he owed several hundred dollars, all of which he paid from his
+first earnings.
+
+After preaching for three years at the East, Mr. Smyth accepted a call to
+the pastoral charge of a church in Michigan. It was a village of a few
+hundred people, in a new and wild region. Society was in a chaotic
+condition, and there were but few who had either the ability or the
+disposition to do much for the young pastor's support or encouragement.
+The locality was unhealthy, and Mr. Smyth suffered severely from prevalent
+diseases. But during a ministry there of four years, he was eminently
+successful, and he left the church four times as strong as he found it.
+
+In 1847, Mr. Smyth came to Ohio, and, after spending a few months in
+Cleveland, received and accepted a call to the pastorate of the
+Presbyterian church in Toledo. He entered upon his new charge with zeal
+and energy. He labored faithfully for the advancement of the cause of
+Christ in that rising town, but owing to chronic alienation among the
+members of his church, from the beginning he felt the need of that degree
+of co-operation and sympathy necessary to insure the full benefit of his
+labors. Still, the condition of affairs greatly improved under his
+ministry; the membership of the church being nearly doubled, and the
+congregation largely increased. At the end of three years he resigned his
+charge and entered upon that department of public service in which he has
+acquired most honorable distinction.
+
+[Illustration: Yours truly, Anson Smyth]
+
+Until 1850, the facilities for education in Toledo were all in the future.
+While pastor of the church there, Mr. Smyth felt keenly the need of
+establishing a good system of schools ere the town should become confirmed
+in the habit of neglecting so important an interest. A few of the citizens
+took hold of the business with energy; the "Akron School Law" was adopted,
+and a Board of Education elected. Mr. Smyth was placed at the head of the
+movement. This was a position he had never expected to fill, but,
+regarding it as a field of usefulness, a field in which to serve God and
+society, not less sacred than that of the pastoral office, he went to his
+new work without a doubt that thereby he was doing the will of God. In
+many particulars the business Mr. Smyth found upon his hands was new and
+strange to him. He had had no experience in organizing schools upon the
+graded plan. Eighteen years ago there were very few good schools in Ohio.
+Lorin Andrews, at Massillon, Dr. Lord, at Columbus, M. F. Cowdery, at
+Sandusky, Andrew Freese, at Cleveland, and H. H. Barney, at Cincinnati,
+were the leaders in the educational reformation, then rising into notice.
+Not till three years afterwards was our noble school law enacted. But Mr.
+Smyth took hold of the great work entrusted to him with characteristic
+energy. He read much and thought more upon the best plan of organizing a
+school system for the city, and when he left there, in 1856, the schools
+of Toledo had gained a most enviable character. They were regarded as
+among the best in the country, and their Superintendent had acquired the
+reputation of being one of the wisest and most successful educators in
+America. The Board of Education committed the entire management of the
+schools to him. The selection of teachers, the classification and
+discipline of the schools, the course of study, and the examinations were
+just what Mr. Smyth was pleased to make them. He gathered around him a
+corps of teachers equal to the best in the State, and the schools were the
+pride of the citizens. When he resigned, in closing an article upon the
+subject, the Blade remarked: "_We regard the retirement of Mr. Smyth as no
+less than a public calamity_."
+
+At a meeting of the State Teachers Association, in December, 1855, Mr.
+Smyth was unanimously elected President of that body, also editor of the
+Journal of Education. In the following February he removed to Columbus,
+and entered upon his editorial duties. His success in his new field was
+most satisfactory to all who were interested in the cause which he
+represented.
+
+In May, 1856, the Republican State Convention nominated Mr. Smyth for the
+office of State Commissioner of Schools. This was an honor as unexpected
+by him as it was satisfactory to the people. He was elected by a large
+majority, and in February, 1857, entered upon the discharge of the duties
+of his new office. In this high position he remained six years, having
+been re-elected in 1859.
+
+Mr. Smyth was not disheartened when he found his post at the head of the
+educational forces of the State, environed with most serious
+embarrassments. The general school law had been in operation three years,
+encountering the hostility of a large portion of the people, who were
+persistent in their efforts to secure its repeal, or extensive
+modification. It was regarded as doubtful whether it could much longer
+survive in the face of the antagonism which confronted it. But when Mr.
+Smyth turned the office over to his successor, in 1863, the law had become
+popular, and strong in the regards of nearly all the people. The changes
+which it had experienced were improvements, and it was everywhere working
+out its own praise.
+
+In this sketch, Mr. Smyth's labors and successes in the Commissionership
+can not be detailed. He spared no pains in promoting the interests which
+the State had confided to him. Whether looking after members of the
+legislature who were working against the law, or performing ordinary
+office duties, or traveling and addressing the people, he showed untiring
+industry and enthusiastic devotion to the good cause. When he declined,
+another nomination, the State Teachers' Association, at their meeting in
+Mount Vernon, passed a resolution highly approving his administration.
+David Tod, then Governor, wrote of him to a friend: "The most faithful
+manner in which Mr. Smyth has discharged the arduous duties of School
+Commissioner of our State for the last six years, involving, as it did,
+the expenditure of millions of money, without the loss of a dollar, has
+won for him my fullest confidence and profound respect. He is an excellent
+business man, and a Christian gentleman." No man ever left an office
+stronger in the confidence and esteem of the people.
+
+Mr. Smyth did not propose to continue longer in the educational field, and
+declined many invitations to positions at the head of institutions of
+learning. But, very unexpectedly to him, he was elected Superintendent of
+Instruction for Cleveland. A strong inclination to reside here, and the
+urgency of friends, secured his acceptance. He removed to this city in
+July, 1863, and was warmly welcomed by the people.
+
+At that time, the Board of Education was in many things subordinate to
+the City Council, and these two bodies not always working harmoniously
+prevented the adoption of many reforms advocated by the Superintendant.
+Still, Mr. Smyth's administration was a period of great prosperity and
+advancement with the Cleveland schools. The gradation and classification
+were improved; modes of teaching were introduced which greatly promoted
+the purposes of education. Through his influence the use of the rod in the
+schools was to a great extent discontinued, while better order was
+secured. His success in the selection of teachers was remarkable. He
+seemed to have an intuitive knowledge of character, and next to none of
+those he placed in charge of schools proved failures. His power over
+teachers was very great. While he was exacting in his demands, never
+excusing negligence, he knew how to temper authority with kind and
+courteous manners.
+
+In the management of schools, Mr. Smyth required that due regard be had to
+manners and morals. Arithmetic and grammar were not, in his estimation,
+more important than politeness and Christian morality. He encouraged the
+ornamentation of the school rooms with plants, flowers and engravings,
+which has been so generally adopted, thus rendering them attractive and
+conducive to taste and refinement.
+
+For five successive years Mr. Smyth was re-elected, but the last election
+he declined to accept, having entered into business arrangements, that he
+might pay needed attention to pecuniary interests. During his
+superintendence the number of teachers employed in the schools increased
+from eighty to one hundred and thirty; the splendid school buildings now
+approaching completion, were planned and put under contract, the School
+Library was established, and all school interests were most prosperons.
+When he retired from the superintendence of the schools, nearly two years
+ago, the Leader expressed the public sentiment in regard to his services,
+in the following terms: "It is with unfeigned regret that we announce the
+resignation of Rev. Anson Smyth, as Superintendent of Instruction in this
+city. He has discharged the duties of this office for four years with
+ability and efficiency. The educational interests of the city have been
+guarded with jealous care; and the excellent condition of our public
+schools, the firm, judicious discipline that is enforced, and the thorough
+system of instruction well attest his zeal, ability and faithfulness. To
+the teachers of the schools and the citizens generally, he has given the
+most unqualified satisfaction, and all will sincerely regret the
+circumstances which have induced him to retire."
+
+Mr. Smyth has never given up pulpit services, but has averaged to preach
+one sermon per Sunday ever since resigning his pastoral charge in Toledo,
+eighteen years ago. Though a Presbyterian in doctrine, and loyal to that
+church, he is remarkably free from sectarian exclusiveness, and all
+evangelical churches seek and obtain his ministerial services.
+
+Within the last year he has given more than twenty addresses at college
+commencements, and before literary and educational associations, while he
+has been obliged to decline numerous applications for like labors.
+
+The weight of fifty years and the work of a life of very great activity
+rest lightly upon him. He is possessed of robust health, and is as marked
+for energy and vivacity as he was twenty years ago. But few men, who at
+his age have accomplished so much labor, seem still so able to repeat
+their life-work.
+
+
+
+
+R. F. Humiston.
+
+
+
+The family of Humiston, or Humbastone, as it was originally called, is one
+of considerable antiquity, and its American branch dates from an early
+period in the history of this country, John Humbastone, its founder,
+having settled in New Haven, Connecticut, towards the middle of the
+seventeenth century. For over two hundred years the family, or a portion
+of it, resided in the same neighborhood, about seven miles out of New
+Haven, on the Quinnipiac river. At the breaking out of the Revolutionary
+War, several members of the family took part in the struggle on the side
+of the patriots, and did good service.
+
+Caleb Humiston (the name had been corrupted in the course of time) was of
+the third generation in descent from John Humbastone, the original settler
+in New Haven. He was born on the old homestead on the Quinnipiac river,
+inherited a portion of it, and lived there until he was thirty years old.
+Then he removed to Berkshire county, Massachusetts, settling down in 1816
+on a farm he had purchased in Great Barrington. He was at this time a
+farmer in comfortable circumstances, but misfortune came upon him, his
+property passed from his control, and he was reduced to extremely narrow
+circumstances. When this misfortune came upon him he had already been
+burdened with a large family. Ten children had been born, one of whom
+died, but the others grew up and had to be provided for, the family
+consisting of seven boys and two girls. It is a noteworthy fact, that with
+the exception of the child who died in infancy, and Caleb Humeston
+himself, there has been no death in the family for over half a century,
+the youngest of them now living being thirty-eight years old. The family
+had been noted for its longevity, the average age of the ancestors of the
+present generation being between seventy and eighty years.
+
+R. F. Humiston, whose life we propose briefly to sketch, was born in Great
+Barrington, July 29th, 1821. The misfortune suffered by his father
+overtook him when R. F. was nine years old, and from that time each one of
+the children was capable to do something towards earning a living. Tools
+were provided for each, proper work marked out, and every one held
+responsible for the faithful performance of the allotted task. As long as
+could be afforded, the children were sent to the district school, but the
+grade of education provided was low, and the knowledge acquired meagre. In
+his ninth year, R. F. Humiston was taken from school and put to earn his
+living with a neighbor, with whom he remained a year, and was then placed
+to work in a cotton factory at Stockbridge, Mass. His duty in this
+establishment was to tend a spinning jenny, and the winter hours of labor
+were from six o'clock in the morning to eight at night, with half an
+hour's intermission for dinner.
+
+His health failing through the severity of this labor, his parents took
+him from this factory and placed him in another factory, for the
+manufacture of cotton batting and wadding, in West Stockbridge. Here he
+remained several months, but was obliged to leave on account of sickness.
+
+In the Spring of 1833, the family removed to Ohio. After selling his farm
+and paying his debts, Caleb Humiston had barely sufficient left with which
+to reach Hudson, Ohio. Here he engaged in making brick, the subject of
+this sketch, twelve years old, assisting in the brick yard. Change of
+climate, hard work, and want brought sickness on the whole family, and
+before R. F. Humiston was fifteen years old the physicians pronounced his
+constitution entirely broken down, and that he could never do severe
+labor. He availed himself of an offer to become clerk of a store in
+Hudson, and clerked there and in Cleveland until he was sixteen years
+old. When clerk in a Cleveland bookstore, the proprietor failed and the
+books were taken to Buffalo, young Humiston receiving an offer of a
+clerkship in that city. This he declined, refusing to desert his family,
+who were in poverty, and working hard. His health having been partially
+restored, he took off his good clothes and re-entered the brick yard,
+where he remained until he was eighteen years old. Whilst in the store he
+had learned to keep books, and turned this knowledge to account in
+arranging his fathers business. A number of the better class of citizens
+of Hudson insisted on the boy having an education, and a merchant offered
+to bear the expense of a collegiate course, but the boy was too useful in
+his father's business to be spared, and so the opportunity was lost.
+
+But the brick-making did not suit the boy, who was ambitious, and desirous
+of learning. In the Winter after he was eighteen, he went to learn the
+trade of a carpenter, agreeing to pay his father for his unexpired time as
+soon as he became of age. He learned the carpenter's trade of Samuel
+Johnson, in Ravenna, an intelligent man, who was highly respected by his
+neighbors, and whose influence was of great benefit to his apprentice,
+forming correct habits, and giving him moral and intellectual training.
+
+Young Humiston was ambitious to excel as a mechanic, and spent his
+evenings in studying architecture and examining plans for buildings. There
+was no eight or ten hour system in those days. Mechanics worked from
+daylight to dark, frequently continuing their labors sixteen hours. Under
+this severe strain his health again gave way, and in September, 1841, he
+was reluctantly compelled to abandon the trade of a carpenter, except to
+work about three days in the week in order to pay his board.
+
+At this point he determined to gain an education, and endeavor to earn a
+living by his brain, since his muscles failed him. He returned to Hudson
+with the purpose of entering college, his entire capital being ten cents
+in money and a few tools, with which he hoped to earn enough to pay for
+his board and tuition. He remained at the college five years, working at
+his trade by the hour, and doing odd jobs, teaching an occasional term,
+and working hard as a carpenter in vacations. His studies and labors were
+unremitting, sometimes allowing him but three hours' sleep out of the
+twenty-four. As might be expected, his health again gave way, and he was
+obliged to leave. The college conferred on him the honorary degree of M.
+A., and the Wesleyan University, at Delaware, Ohio, subsequently conferred
+the same degree, both without solicitation.
+
+[Illustration: R. F. Humiston.]
+
+On leaving college he went into the nursery business, not having physical
+stamina sufficient to prosecute his studies for the ministry, as intended.
+In this business he continued directly for eighteen months, and partially
+for five or six years.
+
+In the Fall of 1847, he commenced teaching in the public schools in
+Cuyahoga Falls, and in the following Spring established a private school,
+the Cuyahoga Falls Seminary. At the end of that year he was elected
+Superintendent of Public Instruction and principal of the high school. He
+continued his seminary, having assistants, and the privilege being allowed
+him of spending a portion of his time in the management of that
+establishment. In the Fall of 1849, he came to Cleveland and was appointed
+principal of the Rockwell street grammar school, where he remained seven
+years, bringing up the school from a low pitch to rank among the foremost
+in the city. His salary, when he began to teach in Cleveland was but five
+hundred dollars, and out of this he had to provide for two families, his
+own and that of his parents. To add to his small stipend, he taught
+evening school, and took agencies in the vacation. At the same time he was
+repeatedly offered other situations at better salaries, and was invited to
+become the principal of a State Normal school. He tendered his resignation
+as principal of the Rockwell street school, but was induced to remain on
+promise of increase of salary. Finally, becoming weary of that hope
+deferred that maketh the heart sick, he resigned and was engaged at a much
+higher salary, to establish, under the patronage of an association of
+leading citizens, the Cleveland Academy. This enterprise was very
+successful, and the position pleasant, a fine corps of assistants being
+gathered around him.
+
+After two years labor in this position, some gentlemen connected with the
+property on University Heights, requested him to engage in the enterprise
+of a school on the Heights, in the building erected for a college under
+president Mahan, but which now lay unfinished and unoccupied, the college
+scheme having failed. They offered rent and grounds free, but he refused,
+until they agreed to sell him the whole property for a nominal sum, if he
+could acquire a clear title, the ownership having become badly involved by
+the failure of the college. This he eventually accomplished after much
+labor, and took possession of the property in 1856.
+
+The task was a gigantic one to a man like Mr. Humiston, with limited funds
+and uncertain health. The building was unfinished and needed considerable
+expenditure to put it in shape for occupation. The location though very
+promising in the distant future, was then very inconvenient of access,
+and was therefore objectionable. But Mr. Humiston possessed a determined
+will and he set to work without delay. He borrowed money, fitted up a
+portion of the building, and opened the Cleveland Institute with strong
+hopes for the future, but gloomy prospects in the present.
+
+About the middle of the second year the building took fire and a large
+portion of the interior was destroyed. The school was closed for six
+months, and with characteristic energy Mr. Humiston went to work to repair
+damages, enlarging the building, and again involving himself in debt to
+meet the expense. Success crowned his enterprise. The number of scholars
+increased rapidly, and again the building had to be enlarged and improved.
+
+The institute was continued ten years, and the gross income in its later
+years ranged from $20,000 to $31,000 per year. During nearly the whole
+time Mr. Humiston taught himself, and usually five hours out of the six
+devoted to studies. At the same time he gave medical lectures at the
+Western Homoeopathic College, and managed all the affairs of the
+institute, keeping no agent or steward. He purchased and fitted up in
+the institute a fine chemical and philosophical apparatus, collected a
+good library and several valuable cabinets of specimens in natural
+history, geology, and mineralogy. The corps of teachers was large and of
+superior talents.
+
+In 1868, Mr. Humiston, considering that he had earned a respite from his
+arduous and unremitting labors, accepted an offer from some gentlemen
+desirous of establishing a Homoeopathic Hospital, and sold his building'
+with half the adjoining grounds for $35,000. He then accepted the tender
+of the agency of the American Missionary Association in Great Britain,
+and early in 1869 left for Europe, having previously visited the South in
+order to acquaint himself with the condition of the freedmen, whose cause
+he designed especially to present. After a year or more spent in this
+work he designs visiting the remainder of Europe, North Africa, and the
+Holy Land.
+
+Mr. Humiston has, since 1859, held the position of Professor of Chemistry
+and Toxicology in the Western Homoeopathic College, and has given ten
+courses of lectures in that institution. Each year he insisted on
+resigning, but the resignation has always been refused. On closing his
+educational career he again resigned, but the college again refused to
+accept his resignation, promising to supply his place temporarily during
+his absence in Europe.
+
+The distinguishing characteristic of Mr. Humiston is his strong will, and
+this is well exemplified in the fact that although born with a
+constitutional fierce thirst for liquor, he has been able to continue in
+right habits of temperance through all temptation, though at the cost of
+many powerful struggles with his inordinate cravings. He is a man of
+strong religions convictions, and has been so from his youth up. For many
+years he was connected with the Methodist church on University Heights. As
+an educator he ranks among the best in the State, and was held in
+deservedly high esteem by those who had themselves been taught by him, or
+whose children had been brought up under his tuition.
+
+
+
+
+Railroading
+
+
+
+First of the railroads of any description chartered in connection with
+Cleveland were the Cleveland and Newburgh and Cleveland and Bedford
+Railroad Companies. The first named was incorporated in 1835, built soon
+after, and for some time run by horse power, hauling stone and timber, and
+occasionally passengers. It was eventually abandoned. The Cleveland and
+Bedford was never built. Another local road, run by horse power, with
+wooden rails, was, about the same time, constructed between the city and
+East Cleveland, passing up Euclid street.
+
+The Ohio Railroad was of a different character. It was intended to run
+along the lake shore from the Pennsylvania line to Toledo, mostly to be
+built on piles. Considerable work was done, though no iron laid, when the
+financial crisis overwhelmed it and its kindred schemes. The piles driven
+for the track are yet visible in places between Cleveland and Sandusky.
+The rights of the company, as far as they existed, afterwards became the
+property of the Junction Railroad Company, now the Cleveland and Toledo.
+Of the same period, was the Cleveland, Warren and Pittsburgh. This was
+chartered in 1836, the act of incorporation authorizing the construction
+of a railroad from Cleveland, in the direction of Pittsburgh, to the
+State line of Pennsylvania. At the point of intersection with the State
+line, the charter provided for the union of the road with any other road
+which the State of Pennsylvania might authorize from Pittsburgh, or any
+other point below the Ohio river, running in the direction of Cleveland,
+in order that a continuous route might be perfected from Cleveland to
+Pittsburgh, under the authority of both States. The charter was very
+loose in its provisions, allowing the president and directors to create
+and sell stock as in their judgement occasion might require, without
+limit as to the amount issued, except that it should not exceed the
+needs of the company. Plenary powers were granted to the company in the
+selection of a route, the condemnation of land, and like "full and
+discretionary power" was granted to the company in "the use and occupancy
+of the road, in the transportation of persons or property, either by the
+force and power of steam, or animals, or any mechanical or other power,
+or any combination of them, which the company may think proper to
+employ." The cost of the line was estimated to be less than $7,000 per
+mile. The road was to be an extension of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad,
+a branch of which was to extend to Pittsburgh, and thus would "give the
+whole vast region of the western lakes an opportunity of marketing their
+products in, and receiving their foreign produce from Philadelphia and
+Baltimore, at least rive weeks earlier in the season, and at much less
+expense," than was accomplished at New York.
+
+In the same year a charter was obtained for the Cleveland, Columbus
+and Cincinnati Railroad, connecting Cleveland and Cincinnati by the
+way of Columbus.
+
+None of the roads were built under these charters. The financial panic of
+1837 swept them all into oblivion, together with a multitude of other
+roads projected throughout the country. Some of them were heard of no
+more, and others were revived in after years, the charters greatly
+amended, and the roads eventually built. The design of the Cleveland,
+Columbus and Cincinnati Railroad Company was eventually carried out to the
+extent of building a line to Columbus and there connecting with railroads
+extending to Cincinnati. The Cleveland, Warren and Pittsburgh charter was
+dug up, amended, and made authority for organization of the Cleveland and
+Pittsburgh Railroad, whilst the original route was mainly occupied by the
+new Cleveland and Mahoning Railroad.
+
+The Cleveland and Bedford was at last rendered unnecessary by the
+Cleveland and Pittsburgh passing over its route, whilst the Cleveland and
+Newburgh reap-pears as a street railroad, for passengers only, the
+original design of a local railroad for freight being abandoned thirty odd
+years ago.
+
+In 1845, the lapsed charter of the Cleveland, Columbus and Cincinnati
+Railroad Company was revived, revised, and a new company organized, with
+John W. Allen, Richard Hilliard, Jolin M. Woolsey and H. B. Payne as
+Cleveland directors, and John W. Allen as president. Between the
+organization of the company and the construction of the road there was a
+wide gulf of difficulties, jealousies and enmities, bridged over at last
+by untiring perseverance and unwavering faith in the final success of the
+undertaking. The story of the struggle is told incidentally in the
+biographical sketches of those connected with the enterprise. All that we
+have to do here is, to briefly sketch the leading features in the
+narrative as it has been already told, after a careful examination of the
+documentary history of the company. That account says the incorporation
+of the company had been obtained in the year 1845, with a proviso
+authorizing the city of Cleveland to subscribe two millions of dollars to
+the stock. The bonds of the city were promptly given, but before any money
+could be obtained upon these bonds it was necessary that a further
+subscription should be made by the citizens, not only to meet the current
+expenses, but to give assurance to capitalists abroad that the people here
+were really in earnest, and would not suffer the undertaking to fall
+through. After a thorough canvass of the city, by two well known and
+respected citizens, it was found that not more than twenty-five thousand
+dollars could be obtained. There was both a scarcity of cash and a lack of
+faith in the enterprise.
+
+John M. Woolsey was sent to Cincinnati to negotiate the city bonds with
+the Ohio Life and Trust Company; to Pittsburgh to ascertain upon what
+terms iron could be obtained; and to Philadelphia and New York to enlist
+the sympathy and help of capitalists. The mission was a failure. The
+common strap iron of that day could not be obtained without cash on
+delivery, and the money could not be procured on any terms. Cleveland was
+too far off, and entirely unknown to the moneyed men of the eastern
+cities. Thus, in the Spring of 1847, one of the very darkest periods in
+our history, it was determined to abandon the enterprise for the time, and
+await a more favorable season.
+
+In this desperate extremity Mr. Hilliard and Mr. Payne volunteered another
+and last effort of three months personal labor to arouse their fellow
+citizens to a proper sense of the importance and ultimate value of this
+grand undertaking. By patient perseverance they succeeded in securing a
+leading subscription of five thousand dollars from Leonard Case, who also
+consented to become a director of the company. The ultimate result of the
+solicitations was the subscription of about $40,000 additional to the
+amount previously pledged. About the same time an accession of the utmost
+importance was made when Alfred Kelley, of Columbus, accepted the
+presidency of the road, contrary to his inclination to retire from further
+public duties and to the strong remonstrances of his personal friends.
+Through the influence of Mr. Dwight, of Springfield, Mass., the directors
+secured the services of Captain Childs, well known among Eastern
+capitalists as a skillful engineer, and his endorsement of the company did
+much to advance its credit abroad. But it was still necessary to secure a
+large disposal of stock at home, and to effect this, a liberal additional
+assessment upon the friends of the road was made and accepted. Mr. Childs
+finally recommended Mr. Harbeck, who, in company with Stillman Witt and
+Amasa Stone, Jr., undertook and carried out the building of the road to
+its completion.
+
+In February, 1851, the first through train arrived from Columbus, bringing
+the State authorities and the Legislature, to celebrate the union of the
+two cities. Thus the Cleveland, Columbus and Cincinnati Railroad was the
+pioneer of the series of the now enlarged, and most important enterprises
+so clearly identified with the growth of the city. The chairman of the
+building committee stated at the opening of the new depot, that during the
+entire building of that road, there was not a dollar paid as a bribe to
+either the Legislature or the City Council, to receive their favors.
+
+The terminus of the road at Cleveland was originally intended to be on
+Scranton's Flats, but it was afterwards determined to bring the road
+across the river to the site of the old New England House. Appreciating
+the importance of extending it to the lake shore, the contractors agreed
+to grade the road free of charge from that point to the lake, and it was
+accordingly carried forward to its present terminus.
+
+In 1869, the road was consolidated with the Bellefontaine line, thus
+placing its western terminus in Indianapolis. Its southern stem had
+previously been extended by way of the Delaware Cut-Off to Springfield,
+thus opening another connection with Cincinnati.
+
+We have already said that the charter of the Cleveland, Warren and
+Pittsburgh Railroad, after sleeping for several years, was dug up,
+amended, and the Cleveland and Pittsburgh Railroad Company organized under
+it. The resuscitation of the charter took place in March, 1845, when the
+route was changed from "the most direct in the direction of Pittsburgh,"
+to "the most direct, practicable, and least expensive route to the Ohio
+river, at the most suitable point." The company organized at Ravenna, in
+October of the same year, with James Stewart, of Wellsville, as president,
+A. G. Cattell, as secretary, and Cyrus Prentiss, as treasurer. The route
+was surveyed, meetings held in aid of the project, and in July, 1847, the
+first contracts let from Wellsville northward, and the work of
+construction commenced. The northern end dragged, owing to the slow coming
+in of subscriptions, and the work was not fully let until 1849.
+
+In February, 1851, the line was opened from Cleveland to Hudson, and the
+General Assembly and State officers who had come to Cleveland to attend
+the celebration of the opening of the Cleveland, Columbus and Cincinnati
+Railroad, accepted an invitation to ride over the new railroad to Hudson.
+A short supply of provisions at Hudson, and the ditching of the train on
+the return trip, made the weary and hungry legislators long remember their
+pioneer trip over the unfinished Cleveland and Pittsburgh Railroad. In
+March following, the track was completed to Ravenna, in November to
+Hanover, at which time free passes for "each stockholder and his lady,"
+and "landholders through whose land the road passes, with their wives,"
+were issued, good for one ride over the line and return, that they might
+see the whole of the stupendous undertaking and admire it. In January
+1852, connection was made with the Ohio and Pennsylvania Railroad at
+Alliance, and a route thus opened to Pittsburgh, and in March, of the same
+year, the line was opened to Wellsville, and connection with the Ohio
+river perfected, thus completing the work laid out in the amended charter.
+
+At different times, subsequently, authority was granted by the General
+Assembly for the extension of the line and the construction of branches.
+In this way the River Division was built, connecting the Wellsville end
+with Pittsburgh by a junction with the Ohio and Pennsylvania at Rochester,
+and with the Baltimore and Ohio and Central Ohio, by a line to Bellair.
+The Tuscarawas Branch was built to New Philadelphia, and there stopped,
+though its original purpose was to form a connection with the Steubenville
+and Indiana Railroad. Authority was also given to build a branch from
+Hudson towards the Ohio and Pennsylvania and any line running in the
+direction of Columbus. A separate company afterwards constructed this
+"Akron Branch," or Cleveland, Zanesville and Cincinnati Railroad, so far
+as Millersburgh. The Cleveland and Pittsburgh Railroad has had a serious
+financial struggle to go through, but it has come out as an important and
+prosperous line. It is now working under a consolidation of earnings with
+the Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne and Chicago, formerly known as the Ohio and
+Pennsylvania.
+
+The Cleveland, Painesville and Ashtabula Railroad Company, now, after
+several consolidations and changes of title, forming part of the Lake
+Shore and Michigan Southern Railroad Company, was part of the general
+plan of the Cleveland, Columbus and Cincinnati Railroad, was built under
+much of the same influence, and has always been intimately connected
+with it in its working. The charter was obtained by special act in 1848,
+and empowered the corporators to build a line by way of Painesville,
+through Ashtabula county, to the Pennsylvania State line, and to
+continue their line into that State to any point authorized by the
+Pennsylvania Legislature. That part of the road extending to Erie, in
+the State of Pennsylvania, was constructed under the charter of the
+Franklin Canal Company, passed by the Legislature of Pennsylvania, the
+21st day of May, 1846, and amended April 9th, 1849, giving it authority
+to construct a railroad.
+
+The company was organized August 1st, 1849, by the selection of Alfred
+Kelley, Samuel L. Seldin, Heman B. Ely, George E. Gillett, David R. Paige,
+Laphnor Lake and Peleg P. Sanford as directors, and Heman B. Ely as
+president, and the surveys from Cleveland were made under the
+superintendence of Frederick Harbeck as chief engineer, and from the State
+line to Erie he acted as consulting engineer, filling both situations
+until his death, which occurred in the month of February, 1851. A contract
+for the construction of the road from Cleveland to the State line of
+Pennsylvania was made with Frederick Harbeck, A. Stone, Jr., and Stillman
+Witt, on the 26th day of July, 1850, but the work progressed slowly for
+six months after the contract was concluded, principally for the reason
+that there was no confidence in the ability of a railroad from Cleveland
+to Erie or Buffalo to compete with the lake in the transportation of
+persons and property, and the contractors expended more than $100,000 of
+their means before a like amount could be raised through all other
+sources. In the month of January, 1851, the Hon. Alfred Kelley was
+appointed general agent of the company with unlimited authority to raise
+funds and press forward the work of completion. He entered upon his duties
+with his usual indomitable perseverance and energy, fully seconded by the
+directors and contractors, and they had the satisfaction of passing a
+locomotive over its entire length late in the autumn of the year 1852.
+
+The act conferring authority on the Franklin Canal Company to construct a
+railroad from the State line of Ohio to the city of Erie, being regarded
+by the Legislature of the State of Pennsylvania as doubtful, they
+repealed it on the 28th day of January, 1854. On the 5th day of May,
+1856, the Legislature of the State of Pennsylvania passed an act
+authorizing the Cleveland, Painesville and Ashtabula Railroad Company to
+purchase the road as constructed from the State line to Erie, and to
+operate it under the general law of the State of Pennsylvania, passed the
+19th day of February, 1849. The history of the Pennsylvania portion of
+the line reflects no credit on that State. The petty and vexations "Erie
+War" in 1854, by which a portion of the people of Erie attempted to
+prevent a through connection of the road at that place, and the
+unjustifiable expenses to which the company were subjected by the
+Legislature, are blots on the record of that State.
+
+The road was operated jointly with the Cleveland, Columbus and Cincinnati
+Railroad until April 1st, 1855, when the management was divided. In 1869,
+it was consolidated, first with the Cleveland and Toledo and then with the
+Michigan Southern and Buffalo and Erie Railroads. The Cleveland,
+Painesville and Ashtabula has been one of the most profitable railroads in
+the country.
+
+The story of the Cleveland and Mahoning Railroad Company--one of
+persistent struggle against apparently insurmountable difficulties, is
+told in great part in the sketch of the life of Jacob Perkins, to whose
+labors and sacrifices the success of the undertaking is in great measure
+due. The road was projected to develope more fully the mineral and
+agricultural resource of Trumbull and Mahoning counties, and to find a
+market for their products in Pittsburgh or Cleveland. Unlike many
+projected railroads, the first object of this line was a local trade; the
+through business anticipated was a secondary consideration. The Company
+was incorporated in 1851, and the first meeting of stockholders held at,
+Warren, Trumbull county, in June, 1852, when $300,000 local subscriptions
+were reported and it was determined to survey and prepare estimates for
+the road. The directors under whom this work was commenced were Jacob
+Perkins, Frederick Kinsman and Charles Smith, of Warren, David Tod, of
+Youngstown, Dudley Baldwin of Cleveland, Robert Cunningham, of New
+Castle, and James Magee, of Philadelphia. In order to aid the enterprise
+by securing connections, they opened negotiations with the Pennsylvania
+and Ohio Railroad, and the Pittsburgh and Erie Railroad, but without
+success. About the same time a contract was made with the Junction
+Railroad, afterwards merged in the Cleveland and Toledo Road, for
+purchase of ground near the mouth of the Cuyahoga river, on the west
+side, and the right of way obtained through a portion of Ohio City, and
+through Scranton's Hill to the west end of the Columbus street bridge,
+near which the freight depot was afterwards established. In 1853, the
+principal office of the Company was removed to Cleveland, which was made
+the head quarters of the Company.
+
+After surveying different routes and hesitating over the choice between
+them, it was decided to build the road from Cleveland, on the West Side,
+and running through Scranton's hill to Newburgh, Bedford, Aurora, Mantua
+and Warren, fifty-three miles, and thence down the Mahoning Valley to
+Youngstown and Poland, to the east line of the State.
+
+Repeated attempts were made to induce the Legislature of Pennsylvania to
+authorize an extension of the road in that State, but owing to the
+opposition of the Pittsburgh and Erie Bailroad, and especially of the
+Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne and Chicago Railroad, the desired permission was
+finally refused. The estimated aggregate cost of the road was about one
+and three-quarter millions of dollars, and when the principal contracts
+for labor and iron were made, there was a very fair prospect of disposing
+of the bonds of the company to advantage, and thus, in addition to the
+loans effected in Philadelphia, New York and at home, the means to
+complete the work were reasonably anticipated. In the Directors' Report of
+1854, they were obliged to announce unlooked for embarrassments, growing
+out of the altered condition of the money market. The story of the
+seemingly hopeless, but finally successful, struggle that followed is told
+in another part of this work. At length, in 1857, after five or six years
+of persevering efforts, and most perplexing difficulties, the road was
+opened through to Youngstown; substantial machine shops were built at
+Cleveland, station houses erected along the route, and the coal and iron
+of the Mahoning Valley were made accessible by a quick and easy route.
+
+In October, 1863, the road was leased for ninety-nine years to the
+Atlantic and Great Western Railroad, which had already laid a broad gauge
+upon the track, That company now controls the main line to Youngstown,
+with the several branches to Hubbard and the coal mines. The narrow gauge
+is kept up for the use of the Mahoning trains, freight and passenger,
+while the broad gauge is used by the Atlantic and Great Western through
+trains. The track has been extended to the shore of the old river bed, an
+extensive wharfage established, and large facilities obtained for
+connecting the traffic of the road with the lake commerce.
+
+The Cleveland and Toledo Railroad Company was formed by the consolidation
+of two rival and nearly parallel lines. One of the companies thus united,
+was incorporated as the Junction Railroad Company, and the other by the
+name of the Toledo, Norwalk and Cleveland Railroad Company. The former was
+incorporated by an act of the legislature of Ohio, passed on the second
+day of March, 1846; and the latter, by an act of the seventh of March,
+1850. The Junction Railroad Company, by its original charter and two
+amendments, in 1861, was authorized to construct a railroad from the city
+of Cleveland to the west line of the State by such route as the directors
+might determine, with power to construct branches to any points within the
+counties through which the main line might pass. The charter of the
+Toledo, Norwalk and Cleveland Railroad Company, authorized the
+construction of a railroad from Toledo, by the way of Norwalk, in the
+county of Huron, to a connection with the Cleveland, Columbus, and
+Cincinnati Railroad, at some point in the counties of Huron or Lorain. The
+authorized capital stock of the Junction Company was three millions, and
+that of the other company, two millions of dollars.
+
+The consolidation was effected, and the new company organized on the first
+of September, A. D. 1853, under the specific provisions of the twelfth
+section of the amendment to the Toledo, Norwalk and Cleveland Railroad
+charter, passed on the first of March, 1850. Under its charter, the
+Toledo, Norwalk and Cleveland Railroad Company constructed a road from the
+east bank of the Maumee river, opposite the city of Toledo, to Grafton,
+where it connects with the Cleveland, Columbus and Cincinnati Railroad,
+twenty-five miles south-west from the city of Cleveland, being a distance
+of eighty-seven and one-half miles, all of which was finished and put into
+operation in January, 1853. This became known as the Southern Division of
+the Cleveland and Toledo Railroad.
+
+The Northern Division, or Junction Railroad, was originally intended to
+run from Cleveland, west side, via Berea and Sandusky, westward to a point
+on the Michigan Southern and Northern Indiana Railroad some twenty miles
+west of Toledo, and crossing the track of the Toledo, Norwalk and
+Cleveland Railroad at a point about eight miles east of the same city. The
+road was opened between Cleveland and Sandusky and operations commenced
+upon it in the Fall of 1858, immediately after the consolidation. The
+original project of a separate line to the west was carried out by the
+consolidated corporation so far as to construct the road to its
+intersection with the old Toledo, Norwalk and Cleveland track, from which
+point both lines approached Toledo over the same right of way. This line
+was operated over its whole length until the 31st day of December, 1858,
+on which day the use for regular business of that portion lying west of
+Sandusky was discontinued, and all the through travel and traffic turned
+upon the Southern Division. On the 30th of July, 1856, a contract was
+entered into with the Cleveland, Columbus and Cincinnati Railroad Company
+by which the Cleveland and Toledo Company acquired the right to use the
+track of the first named company from Grafton to Cleveland, for the
+Southern Division trains, and from Berea to Cleveland for the Northern
+Division, and thence forward all trains were run into, and departed from,
+the Union Depot in Cleveland--a change which soon resulted in the
+practical abandonment, for the time, of that portion of the Northern
+Division lying between Berea and Cleveland on the west side of Cuyahoga
+river. This arrangement, together with the completion, in 1855, of a
+bridge over the Maumee river at Toledo, enabled the company to receive and
+discharge its passengers in union depots at each end of its line. During
+the years 1865 and 1866, about eight miles of new road were constructed
+between Elyria on the Northern Division, and Oberlin on the Southern
+Division, for the purpose of allowing all trains to leave and come upon
+the Cleveland, Columbus and Cincinnati Road at Berea, thirteen miles,
+instead of Grafton, twenty-five miles from Cleveland. This new piece of
+road was opened for business on the 10th of September, 1866, and the road
+between Oberlin and Grafton immediately abandoned, The construction of a
+bridge near the mouth of the Cuyahoga river at Cleveland, brought the
+Northern Division line between Cleveland and Berea once more into use, and
+over it the freight trains of the line are now run. In 1869, the company
+was made part of the Consolidated line between Buffalo and Chicago.
+
+The Atlantic and Great Western Railroad, by its lease of the Cleveland and
+Mahoning Railroad, has become an important part of the Cleveland railroad
+System. The company was organized in 1851, as the Franklin and Warren
+Railroad Company, to build a road from Franklin Mills (now Kent) in
+Portage County, to Warren, in Trumbull county, with power to extend to a
+point in the eastern line of the State, northeast of Warren and
+southwesterly to Dayton, Ohio. In July, 1853, operations were actively
+commenced along the whole line, but were soon seriously retarded by
+financial embarrassments. In 1854, the Franklin and Warren Railroad
+Company, under authority of an Act of the General Assembly of 1853,
+changed its name to the Atlantic and Great Western Railroad Company. Two
+years before, a project had been started to extend the broad gauge of the
+Ohio and Mississippi Railroad through Ohio, northeastern Pennsylvania and
+southwestern New York, to connect with the New York and Erie Railroad.
+This route would run through Meadville, Pennsylvania, Warren, Kent, Akron
+and Galion to Dayton, Ohio. In 1858, the Meadville Railroad Company
+changed their name to the Atlantic and Great Western Railroad Company of
+Pennsylvania. In 1859, a company was organized in the State of New York,
+under the name of the Atlantic and Great Western Railroad in New York, and
+purchased in 1860 of the New York and Erie Railroad Company thirty eight
+miles of their road, from Salamanca to near Ashville. These thirty eight
+miles with eleven miles of new line, make up the entire length of line of
+this road in the State of New York. Each of the above companies made
+contracts for the building of their respective roads.
+
+In the Fall of 1858, negotiations were commenced in London with James
+McHenry, for the means to carry on the work. T. W. Kennard, a civil
+engineer, came over as the attorney of Mr. McHenry, and engineer in chief
+of the whole work. In 1862, the road was opened from Corry to Meadville,
+Pennsylvania. In 1863, it was extended to Warren, and in the next year to
+Ravenna and Akron--202 miles from Salamanca.
+
+In October, 1863, the three companies above named, leased for ninety-nine
+years, the Cleveland and Mahoning Railroad, extending from Cleveland
+southerly to Youngstown, Ohio, sixty-seven miles. This road has a narrow
+gauge track crossing the Atlantic and Great Western Railroad at
+Leavittsburgh, Ohio, fifty miles south of Cleveland. The Atlantic and
+Great Western Company laid a rail on either side of the narrow track, thus
+carrying the broad gauge into Cleveland, and a broad gauge train from the
+city of New York entered Cleveland on the evening of November 3rd, 1863.
+Subsequently the several companies forming the Atlantic and Great Western
+line were consolidated into one line, and this again was, in 1869,
+consolidated with the Erie Railway.
+
+Besides opening a new and important thoroughfare to the East, this line
+has opened up to Cleveland the resources of north-western Pennsylvania,
+and in the oil product has added an immense and highly profitable trade to
+the business of the city.
+
+Several lines have been built, connecting with and adding business to the
+railroads leading to Cleveland, but of these it is not the province of
+this work to speak. A large number of new railroads have been from time to
+time projected in various directions. Some of these "paper railroads" have
+intrinsic merit, and these, or lines aiming at the same objects, will
+eventually be built.
+
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: Yours truly, Jacob Perkins]
+
+
+Jacob Perkins.
+
+
+
+Jacob Perkins was born at Warren, Trumbull county, Ohio, September 1st,
+1822, being next to the youngest of the children of Gen. Simon Perkins,
+one of the earliest and most prominent, business men of norther Ohio, a
+land agent of large business, and the owner of extensive tracts of land.
+In his early years Jacob Perkins developed a strong inclination for study,
+acquiring knowledge with unusual facility, and gratifying his intense
+passion for reading useful works by every means within his power.
+
+He commenced fitting himself for college at the Burton Academy, then under
+the direction of Mr. H. L. Hitchcock, now president of Western Reserve
+College, and completed his preparation at Middletown, Connecticut, in the
+school of Isaac Webb. He entered Yale College in 1837.
+
+While in college he was distinguished for the elegance of his style and
+the wide range of his literary acquirements. He delivered the philosophic
+oration at his junior exhibition, and was chosen second editor of "Yale
+Literary Magazine," a position in which he took great interest, and filled
+to the satisfaction and pride of his class. His college course was,
+however, interrupted by a long and severe illness before the close of his
+junior year, which compelled him to leave his studies and (to his
+permanent regret) prevented him from graduating with his own class. He
+returned the following year and was graduated with the class of 1842.
+
+He entered his father's office at Warren, and was occupied with its
+business until, upon the death of his father, some two years afterwards,
+he became one of his executors.
+
+During his residence at Warren he appeared occasionally before home
+audiences as a public speaker, and always with great acceptance.
+
+In politics, he early adopted strong anti-slavery principles, then not the
+popular doctrine, and they were always freely and openly advocated. Of an
+address delivered in 1848, which was published and attracted very
+considerable local attention, the editor of the Chronicle remarked, "We
+have listened to the best orators of the land, from the Connecticut to
+the Mississippi, and can truly say, by none have we been so thoroughly
+delighted in every particular as by this effort of our distinguished
+townsman." The oration discussed the true theory of human rights and the
+legitimate powers of human government--and the following extract gives the
+spirit of his political principles on the subject of slavery:
+
+The object of law is not to make rights, but to define and maintain them;
+man possesses them before the existence of law, the same as he does
+afterwards. No matter what government may extend its control over him; no
+matter how miserable or how sinful the mother in whose arms his eyes
+opened to the day; no matter in what hovel his infancy is nursed; no
+matter what complexion--an Indian or an African sun may have burned upon
+him, this may decide the privileges which he is able to assert, but can
+not affect the existence of his rights. His self-mastery is the gift of
+his creator, and oppression, only, can take it away.
+
+Without solicitation he was nominated and elected a member of the
+Convention that framed the present Constitution of Ohio. His associates
+from the district were Judges Peter Hitchcock and R. P. Ranney, and
+although "he was the youngest member but one of the Convention--and in the
+minority, his influence and position were excelled by few."
+
+He was one of the Senatorial Presidential Electors for Ohio on the Fremont
+ticket in 1856.
+
+In the intellectual progress of the young about him, and the building up
+of schools and colleges, he took especial interest. He first suggested and
+urged upon President Pierce to adopt the conditions of the present
+"Permanent Fund of Western Reserve College," rather than to solicit
+unconditional contributions, which experience had proved were so easily
+absorbed by present necessities, and left the future as poor as the past.
+In connection with his brothers, he made the first subscription to that
+fund. The embarrassment arising from his railroad enterprise prevented him
+from increasing that contribution. The wisdom of his suggestions was
+subsequently shown, when, during the rupture and consequent embarrassment
+under which the college labored, the income of this fund had a very
+important, if not vital share in saving it from abandonment, and
+afterwards proved the nucleus of its present endowment.
+
+He was always efficient in favoring improvements. He was associated with
+Hon. F. Kinsman and his brother in founding the beautiful Woodland
+Cemetery at Warren. The land was purchased and the ground laid out by
+them, and then transferred to the present corporation.
+
+Soon after his return from the Constitutional Convention, he became
+interested in the Cleveland and Mahoning Railroad. He was most
+influential in obtaining the charter and organizing the company, of
+which he was elected president, and became the principal, almost sole
+financial manager.
+
+Owing to prior and conflicting railroad interests, little aid could be
+obtained for his project in either of the terminal cities, Cleveland and
+Pittsburgh, and the work was commenced in 1853 with a comparatively small
+stock subscription. A tightening money market prevented any considerable
+increase of the stock list, or a favorable disposition of the bonds of the
+road, and the financial crisis a few years afterwards so reduced the value
+of the securities of this, as of all unfinished railroads, as practically
+to shut them out of the market. In this emergency the alternative
+presented itself to Mr. Perkins and his resident directors, either to
+abandon the enterprise and bankrupt the company, with the entire loss of
+the amount expended, or to push it forward to completion by the pledge,
+and at the risk of their private fortunes, credit, and reputations.
+
+In this, the darkest day of the enterprise, Mr. Perkins manifested his
+confidence in its ultimate success, and his generous willingness to meet
+fully his share of the hazard to be incurred, by proposing to them,
+jointly with him, to assume that risk; and agreeing that in case of
+disaster, he would himself pay the first $100,000 of loss, and thereafter
+share it equally with them.
+
+With a devotion to the interests entrusted to them, a determination rarely
+equalled in the history of our railroad enterprises, they unanimously
+accepted this proposition, and determined to complete the road, at least
+to a remunerative point in the coal fields of the Mahoning Valley.
+
+The financial storm was so much more severe and longer continued than the
+wisest had calculated upon, that for years the result was regarded by them
+and the friends of the enterprise with painful suspense. In the interest
+of the road Mr. Perkins spent the Spring of 1854 in England, without
+achieving any important financial results.
+
+At length, in 1856, the road was opened to Youngstown, and its receipts,
+carefully husbanded, began slowly to lessen the floating debt, by that
+time grown to frightful proportions, and carried solely by the pledge of
+the private property and credit of the president and Ohio directors. These
+directors, consisting of Hon. Frederick Kinsman and Charles Smith, of
+Warren, Governor David Tod, of Briar Hill, Judge Reuben Hitchcock, of
+Painesville, and Dudley Baldwin, of Cleveland, by the free use of their
+widely known and high business credit, without distrust or dissension,
+sustained the president through that long and severe trial, a trial which
+can never be realized except by those who shared its burdens. The
+president and these directors should ever be held in honor by the
+stockholders of the company, whose investment they saved from utter loss,
+and by the business men of the entire Mahoning Valley, and not less by the
+city of Cleveland; for the mining and manufacturing interests developed by
+their exertions and sacrifices, lie at the very foundation of the present
+prosperity of both.
+
+Before, however, the road was enabled to free itself from financial
+embarrassment, so to as commence making a satisfactory return to the
+stockholders, which Mr. Perkins was exceedingly anxious to see
+accomplished under his own presidency--his failing health compelled him to
+leave its active management, and he died before the bright day dawned upon
+the enterprise.
+
+He said to a friend during his last illness, with characteristic
+distinctness: "If I die, you may inscribe on my tomb stone, Died of the
+Mahoning Railroad;" so great had been his devotion to the interests of the
+road, and so severe the personal exposures which its supervision had
+required of him, who was characteristically more thoughtful of every
+interest confided to his care, than of his own health.
+
+He was married October 24th, 1850, to Miss Elizabeth O. Tod, daughter of
+Dr. J. I. Tod, of Milton, Trumbull county, Ohio, and removed his family to
+Cleveland in 1856. Of three children, only one, Jacob Bishop, survives
+him. Mrs. Perkins died of rapid consumption, June 4th, 1857, and his
+devoted attention at the sick bed of his wife greatly facilitated the
+development of the same insidious disease, which was gradually to
+undermine his own naturally vigorous constitution.
+
+The business necessities of his road, embarrassed and pressing as they
+were, united with his uniform self-forgetfulness, prevented his giving
+attention to his personal comfort and health, long after his friends saw
+the shadow of the destroyer falling upon his path. He was finally, in
+great prostration of health and strength, compelled to leave the active
+duties of the road and spent the latter part of the Winter of 1857-8 in
+the Southern States, but returned in the Spring with little or no
+improvement. He continued to fail; during the Summer and in the Fall of
+1858 he again went South in the vain hope of at least physical relief, and
+died in Havana, Cuba, January 12th, 1859. His remains were embalmed and
+brought home by his physician who had accompanied him--and were interred
+at Warren, in Woodland Cemetery, where so many of his family repose around
+him. A special train from either end of the Cleveland and Mahoning
+Railroad brought the board of directors and an unusually large number of
+business and personal friends to join the long procession which followed
+"the last of earth" to its resting place.
+
+One of the editorial notices of his death, at the time, very justly
+remarks of him:
+
+  He was a man of mark, and through strength of talent, moral firmness and
+  urbanity of manner, wielded an influence seldom possessed by a man of
+  his years. In addition to his remarkable business capacity, Mr. Perkins
+  was a man of high literary taste, which was constantly improving and
+  enriching his mind. He continued, even amid his pressing-business
+  engagements, his habits of study and general reading. Mr. Perkins
+  belonged to that exceptional class of cases in which great wealth,
+  inherited, does not injure the recipient.
+
+An editorial of a Warren paper, mentioning his death, says:
+
+  He was born in this town in 1821, and from his boyhood exhibited a
+  mental capacity and energy which was only the promise of the brilliancy
+  of his manhood. To his exertion, his personal influence and liberal
+  investment of capital the country is indebted for the Cleveland and
+  Mahoning Railroad. To his unremitting labor in this enterprise he has
+  sacrificed personal comfort and convenience, and we fear, shortened his
+  days by his labors and exposure in bringing the work to completion.
+  Known widely as Mr. Perkins has been by his active part in public
+  enterprises, his loss will be felt throughout the State, but we who have
+  known him both as boy and man, have a deeper interest in him, and the
+  sympathies of the people of Warren, with his relatives, will have much
+  of the nature of personal grief for one directly connected with them.
+
+Said a classmate in the class meeting of 1862:
+
+  Although his name on the catalogue ranks with the class of 1842, his
+  affections were with us, and he always regarded himself of our number.
+  He visited New Haven frequently during the latter part of his life, in
+  connection with a railway enterprise, in which he was interested, and
+  exhibited the same large-heartedness and intellectual superiority which
+  won for him universal respect during his college course.
+
+A gentleman who knew Mr. Perkins intimately, and as a director was
+associated with him in the construction of the Cleveland and Mahoning
+Railroad, and in carrying its debt, wrote of him as follows:
+
+  The management and construction of the Cleveland and Mahoning Railroad
+  by Mr. Perkins, under circumstances the most difficult and trying, were
+  well calculated to test his powers, and, in that work he proved himself
+  possessed of business capacity rarely equalled, sustained by
+  unquestioned integrity, and remarkable energy. These qualifications,
+  united with his large wealth, gave him the requisite influence with
+  business men and capitalists. His devotion to the interests of the road,
+  his abiding confidence in a favorable result, and his clear and just
+  appreciation of its value, and importance to the community, called forth
+  his best efforts, and were essential conditions of success. To him more
+  than to any other individual are the projection, inauguration, and
+  accomplishment of this enterprise attributable. From its earliest
+  projection, he had a most comprehensive and clear view of its importance
+  to the city of Cleveland and the Mahoning Valley, and confidently
+  anticipated for them, in the event of its completion, a rapidity and
+  extent of development and prosperity, which were then regarded as
+  visionary, but which the result has fully demonstrated.
+
+  His life was spared to witness only the commencement of this prosperity,
+  nor can it be doubted, that his close application, and unremitting
+  efforts to forward the work shortened his life materially. His deep and
+  absorbing interest in it, prevented the precautionary measures and
+  relaxations, which in all probability would have prolonged his life for
+  years. His associates in the board saw the danger and urged him to
+  earlier and more decided measures for relief. He too was aware of their
+  importance. But the constant demand upon his time and strength, and the
+  continually recurring necessities of the enterprise, which he had so
+  much at heart, were urgent, and so absorbed his thoughts and energies,
+  that he delayed until it was obvious that relaxation could afford merely
+  temporary relief.
+
+  In his intercourse with the board, Mr. Perkins was uniformly courteous
+  and gentlemanly, always giving respectful attention to the suggestions
+  of his associates, but ever proving himself thoroughly posted; readily
+  comprehending the most judicious measures, and clearly demonstrating
+  their wisdom. Entire harmony in the action of the directors was the
+  result, and all had the fullest confidence in him. While his business
+  capacity and integrity commanded their highest admiration, his urbanity,
+  kindness and marked social qualities secured their strong personal
+  attachment, and by them his decease was regarded as a severe personal
+  affliction, as well as a great public loss.
+
+Thus is briefly noticed, one who dying comparatively early, had given
+evidence of great business capacity, as well as the promise of unusual
+power and popularity with the people of his own State, and nation.
+
+
+
+
+William Case.
+
+
+
+A work professing to give sketches, however brief and incomplete, of the
+representative men of Cleveland, would be manifestly defective did it omit
+notice of the late William Case, a gentleman of sterling worth and great
+popularity, who was identified with much of the material progress of the
+city, who had a host of deeply attached friends while living, and whose
+memory is cherished with affectionate esteem.
+
+[Illustration: William Case]
+
+William Case was born to prosperity, but this, which to very many has
+proved the greatest misfortune of their lives, was to him no evil, but, on
+the contrary, a good, inasmuch as it gave him opportunity for gratifying
+his liberal tastes, and his desire to advance the general welfare. From
+his father, Leonard Case, he inherited an extraordinary business capacity,
+indomitable energy, and strong common sense, with correct habits. To these
+inherited traits he added an extensive knowledge, acquired both from books
+and men, and made practical by keen observation, and liberal ideas, which
+he carried into his business and social affairs. In all relations of life
+he was ever a gentleman, in the true meaning of the word, courteous to
+all, the rich and the poor alike, and with an instinctive repugnance to
+everything mean, oppressive or hypocritical. With regard to himself, he
+was modest to a fault, shrinking from everything that might by any
+possibility be construed into ostentation or self-glorification. This
+tribute the writer of these lines,--who owed him nothing but friendship,
+and who was in no way a recipient of any favor from him, other than his
+good will,--is glad of an opportunity to pay, and this testimony to his
+good qualities, falls short of the facts.
+
+William Case takes his place in this department of our work by virtue of
+the fact that he was an early friend to the railroad enterprises of
+Cleveland. He contributed largely to the Cleveland, Painesville and
+Ashtabula Railroad, and for four years and a half, until August, 1858, was
+president of that company. Under his management the railroad prospered and
+paid large dividends, and when he left that position it was with the
+regret of all his subordinates, whose esteem had been won by his kindness
+and courtesy.
+
+But it was not alone as a railroad man that Mr. Case won for himself the
+title to a place among the leading representative men of the city. He grew
+up with Cleveland, and was alive to the interests of the growing city. No
+scheme of real improvement but found a friend in him. He was energetic in
+forwarding movements for bettering the condition of the streets; he took a
+leading part in the location and establishment of the Water Works. Anxious
+to effect an improvement in the business architecture of the city, in
+which Cleveland was so far behind cities of less pretension, he projected
+and carried on far towards completion the Case Block, which stands to-day
+the largest and most noticeable business building in the city, and which
+contains one of the finest public halls in the West. Mr. Case died before
+completion of the building, which unforeseen difficulties made of great
+cost, but his plans so far as known--including some of great generosity,
+such as the donation of a fine suite of rooms to the Cleveland Library
+Association--have been faithfully carried out.
+
+In 1846, Mr. Case was elected member of the City Council from the Second
+Ward, and served in that position four years. In that body he was noted
+for his advocacy of every measure tending to the improvement of the city,
+and the development of its industrial and commercial resources.
+
+In the Spring of 1850, he was nominated, on the Whig ticket, for mayor of
+Cleveland, and was elected by a large majority, against a strong
+Democratic opponent, his personal popularity being shown by his running
+ahead of his ticket. His administration was marked with such energy,
+ability and public spirit, that in the following year--the office then
+being annually elective--he was re-elected by an increased majority, and
+ran still further ahead of his ticket.
+
+In 1852, the Whig convention for the Nineteenth Congressional District,
+which then included Cuyahoga county, assembled at Painesville, under the
+presidency of Mon. Peter Hitchcock. Mr. Case was there nominated for
+Congress by acclamation, and the canvass was carried on by the Whigs with
+great enthusiasm. But the Democracy and the Free Soil party were against
+him, and under the excitement growing out of anti-slavery agitation, the
+Free Soil candidate, Hon. Edward Wade, was elected, though closely pressed
+by Mr. Case. From that time Mr. Case, who was not in any respect a
+politician, and who had at no time a desire or need for office, took no
+active part in politics.
+
+Mr. Case did not possess a strong constitution, and early in life his
+medical attendant reported against his being sent to college, as the
+application would be too severe a strain on his health. In accordance with
+the advice then given, he devoted much attention to hunting, fishing, and
+to horticultural and agricultural pursuits. But these were insufficient to
+save him, and he died April 19th, 1862, whilst yet in the prime of life,
+being but forty years old.
+
+
+
+
+Amasa Stone, Jr.
+
+
+
+Conspicuous among the railroad managers connected with Cleveland, indeed
+occupying a prominent position in the list of the railroad magnates of the
+country, is the name of Amasa Stone, Jr. The high position he has
+attained, and the wealth he has secured, are the rewards of his own
+perseverance, industry, and foresight; every dollar he has earned
+represents a material benefit to the public at large in the increase of
+manufacturing or traveling facilities.
+
+Mr. Stone was born in the town of Charlton, Worcester county,
+Massachusetts, April 27th, 1818. He is of Puritan stock, the founder
+of the American branch of the family having-landed at Boston in 1632,
+from the ship Increase, which brought a colony of Puritans from
+England. The first settlement of the family was at Waltham. The father
+of Mr. Stone, also named Amasa, is now alive, hale and hearty, at the
+age of ninety years.
+
+Young Amasa Stone lived with his parents and worked upon the farm,
+attending the town district school in its sessions, until he was seventeen
+years old, when he engaged with an older brother for three years, to learn
+the trade of a builder. His pay for the first year was to be forty
+dollars, increasing ten dollars yearly, and to furnish his own clothing.
+At the end of the second year, thinking he could do better, he purchased
+the remainder of his time for a nominal sum, and from that time was his
+own master. In the Winter of 1837-8, he attended the academy of Professer
+Bailey, in Worcester, Mass., having saved sufficient from his small wages
+to pay the expenses of a single term.
+
+His first work on his own account was a contract to do the joiner work of
+a house building by Col. Temple, at Worcester. The work was done, and in
+part payment he took a note of a manufacturing firm for $130; within a
+few months the firm failed, the note became worthless, and the first
+earnings of the young builder were lost. That note Mr. Stone still
+preserves as a memento.
+
+The following year, at the age of twenty, he joined his two older brothers
+in a contract for the construction of a church edifice in the town of East
+Brookfield, Mass. In the succeeding year, 1839, he engaged with his
+brother-in-law, Mr. William Howe, to act as foreman in the erection of
+two church edifices and several dwelling-houses in Warren, Mass.
+
+During this time Mr. Howe was engaged in perfecting his invention of what
+is known as the Howe truss bridge. After securing his patent Mr. Howe
+contracted to build the superstructure of the bridge across the
+Connecticut river, at Springfield, for the Western Railroad Company. Mr.
+Stone engaged with him in this work. During a part of the first year he
+was employed on the foundations of the structure in the bed of the river.
+Thereafter until the year 1842, he was employed constantly by Mr. Howe in
+the erection of railway and other bridges, and railway depot buildings. In
+the Winter of 1841, his duties were most trying and arduous. About a
+thousand lineal feet of bridging on the Western Railroad, in the Green
+Mountains, had to be completed, and Mr. Stone and his men were called upon
+to carry the work through. In some locations the sun could scarcely be
+seen, the gorges were so deep and narrow, while during a large portion of
+the time the thermometer ranged below zero. But the work was successfully
+completed.
+
+In the year 1842, he formed a copartnership with Mr. A. Boody, and
+purchased from Mr. Howe his bridge patent for the New England States,
+including all improvements and renewals. Subsequently an arrangement was
+concluded with Mr. D. L. Harris, under the name of Boody, Stone & Co., for
+the purpose of contracting for the construction of railways, railway
+bridges, and similar work, the mechanical details generally to be under
+the charge of Mr. Stone. In the year 1845, Mr. Stone was appointed
+superintendent of the New Haven, Hartford and Springfield Railroad, he,
+however, still continuing his partnership in the firm of Boody, Stone &
+Co., and the business of the firm becoming so heavy that within a year
+from the time of his appointment he resigned his office as superintendent.
+
+Circumstances occurred previous to his appointment that may be worthy of
+remark. The purchase of the bridge patent, before alluded to, was for the
+sum of forty thousand dollars, to be paid in annual instalments. A few
+years after the purchase some defects showed themselves in the bridges
+that had been erected on this plan, and many prominent engineers had come
+to the conclusion that it was not superior to, if it equalled, the truss
+plan of Col. Long, the arch and truss of Burr, or the lattice plan of
+Ithial Towne, and the firm of Boody, Stone & Co. began to fear that they
+had made a bad bargain in the purchase of the patent. Mr. Stone, in
+relating the incident to a friend, said: "I came to the conclusion that
+something must be done or there must be a failure, and it must not be a
+failure. The night following was a sleepless one, at least until three
+o'clock in the morning. I thought, and rolled and tumbled, until time and
+again I was almost exhausted in my inventive thoughts, and in despair,
+when at last an idea came to my mind that relieved me. I perfected it in
+my mind's eye, and then came to the conclusion that it would not only
+restore the reputation of the Howe bridge, but would prove to be a better
+combination of wood and iron for bridges than then existed, and could not
+and would not in principle be improved upon. Sleep immediately came. I
+afterwards, with models, proved my conclusions and have not, up to this
+time, changed them." It seems that the invention consisted in the
+introduction of longitudinal keys and clamps in the lower chords, to
+prevent their elongation, and iron socket bearings instead of wooden for
+the braces and bolts, to avoid compression and shrinkage of the timber,
+which was the great defect in the original invention, and the adoption of
+single instead of double intersection in the arrangement of the braces,
+the latter being the arrangement in the original invention.
+
+In the autumn of 1846, an incident occurred that may be worthy of
+notice. On the 14th day of October, when walking in Broadway, New York,
+Mr. Stone met the president of the New Haven, Hartford and Springfield
+Railroad, who had in his hand a telegram, stating that the bridge across
+the Connecticut river at Enfield Falls, one-fourth of a mile long, had
+been carried away by a hurricane. The president asked the advice of Mr.
+Stone, who stated that the timber for that structure was furnished by
+Messrs. Campbell & Moody, of that city, and advised that he order it
+duplicated at once. The president, a very faithful officer, but
+disinclined to take responsibilities, asked Mr. Stone to take the
+responsibility of ordering it. Mr. Stone replied, "Not unless I am
+president." The timber was, however, ordered, and at the request of the
+president, Mr. Stone went immediately with him to Springfield, where a
+committee of the board was called together, and he was asked to propose
+terms, and the shortest time upon which his firm would contract to
+complete the bridge. He stated that his terms would be high, as the
+season was late and would likely be unfavorable before so heavy a work
+could be completed, and further suggested that if they chose to appoint
+him manager of the work, he would accept and do the best he could for
+them. He was immediately appointed sole manager of the work, and the
+board placed at his control all the resources of the company. The work
+was immediately commenced by bringing to the site men and material, and
+it was completed, and a locomotive and train of cars run across it by
+Mr. Stone within forty days from the day the order was given for its
+erection. The structure consisted of seven spans of seventy-seven feet
+each, with two other spans at each end of about fifty feet each. Mr.
+Stone has been heard to state that he regarded this as one of the most
+important events of his life, and that no one was more astonished than
+himself at the result. He was rewarded by complimentary resolutions, and
+a check for one thousand dollars by the company.
+
+The following Winter the partnership of Boody, Stone & Co. was dissolved
+by mutual consent, and the territory that their contract for the bridge
+patent covered was divided, by Mr. Stone taking the States of
+Massachusetts, Connecticut and Rhode Island, and Mr. Boody the other three
+States. A new partnership was then formed between Mr. Stone and Mr.
+Harris, which continued until the year 1849.
+
+From the year 1839 to 1850, the residence of Mr. Stone, most of the time,
+was in Springfield, Mass., but the numerous contracts in which he was
+interested called him into ten different States, He served several years
+as a director in the Agawam Bank, was also a director for several years,
+and one of the building committee in the Agawam Canal Company, which
+erected and run a cotton mill of ten thousand spindles, in the town of
+West Springfield.
+
+In the autumn of 1848, he formed a partnership with Mr. Stillman Witt and
+Mr. Frederick Harbach, who contracted with the Cleveland, Columbus and
+Cincinnati Railroad Company to construct and equip the road from Cleveland
+to Columbus. This was the largest contract that had, at that time, been
+entered into, of this character, by any one party or firm in the United
+States. A large amount of the capital stock was taken in part payment for
+the work. It was generally regarded as a hazardous adventure, but the work
+was carried through in accordance with the terms of the contract, and
+proved to be a profitable investment for its stockholders. In his
+partnership contract it was stipulated that he was to act as financial
+agent at the East, to send out the necessary mechanics, and to
+occasionally visit the work, but was not to change his residence. Events,
+however, occurred that required his constant presence in Ohio, and in the
+Spring of 1850, he moved his family to Cleveland, where they have since
+resided. In the Winter of 1850-1, the road was opened for business through
+from Cleveland to Columbus, and Mr. Stone was appointed its
+superintendent.
+
+[Illustration: Respectfully, Amasa Stone, Jr.]
+
+In the Fall of 1850, the firm of Harbach, Stone & Witt contracted with
+the Cleveland, Painesville and Ashtabula Railroad Company to construct the
+railroad from Cleveland to the State line of Pennsylvania, and furnish it
+with cars, and to take in part payment for the work a large amount of the
+stock and bonds of the Company. Soon after the execution of this contract,
+Mr. Harbach died suddenly in the city of New York, and the completion of
+the work devolved on Messrs. Stone and Witt. The completion of the road
+through to Erie principally devolved upon the Cleveland company, and was
+attended with many difficulties, as the Legislature of Pennsylvania seemed
+determined that no road should be built through the State along the shore
+of Lake Erie, and the general impression was, at that time, that the
+construction of a road along the shore of the lake was a wild scheme and
+would prove a failure. It was difficult to get capital subscribed and more
+difficult to collect instalments. The contractors having confidence in its
+success, prosecuted the work with vigor up to a period when they found
+they had expended more than $200,000, while the aggregate amount that the
+railroad company was able to raise and pay them was less than $100,000. An
+effort was then made, with success, to engage the services of Mr. Alfred
+Kelley. His well known character, aided by the reputation of others who
+were elected directors, and a subscription from the city of Cleveland of
+$100,000, enabled the company to meet its engagements with the
+contractors, who carried the work forward to completion, and the road was
+opened through to Erie in the Winter of 1852, when Mr. Stone was appointed
+its superintendent. Notwithstanding the great expense that had to be
+incurred in crossing the deep ravines in the State of Pennsylvania, and
+the heavy burdens imposed on the company by that State, it has proved to
+be one of the most successful railroad enterprises in the United States.
+
+In the year 1852, Mr. Stone was elected a director in both Cleveland,
+Columbus and Cincinnati, and the Cleveland, Painesville and Ashtabula
+Railroad Companies, and has held that office in both companies
+continuously up to the present date. He also continued to hold the office
+of superintendent of both roads until the year 1854, when he insisted on
+being relieved in consequence of failing health, caused by the arduous
+labors which seemed unavoidably to devolve upon him. He was elected
+president of the Cleveland, Painesville and Ashtabula Railroad Company in
+the year 1857, which office he has continued to hold for twelve successive
+years, until 1869.
+
+In 1868, the Cleveland and Toledo Railroad was leased perpetually to the
+Cleveland, Painesville and Ashtabula Railroad Company, at which time he
+was also elected President of the former company.
+
+In the year 1855, he, with Mr. Witt, contracted to build the Chicago and
+Milwaukee Railroad, and was for many years a director in that company, and
+for awhile its president.
+
+For several years he held the office of director in the Merchants Bank, of
+Cleveland. From its first organization until it was closed up, he was
+director in the Bank of Commerce, of Cleveland, and has been director in
+the Second National Bank, and the Commercial National Bank, of Cleveland,
+and the Cleveland Banking Company, from the time of their respective
+organizations until the present time. He was for some years president of
+the Toledo Branch of the State Bank, at Toledo. He was elected a director
+in the Jamestown and Franklin Railroad Company in the year 1863, which
+office he has held until the present time. In the same year he was elected
+president of the Mercer Iron and Coal Company and held the office until
+the close of the year 1868.
+
+Mr. Stone aided in the establishment of several manufactories at this
+point. During the construction of the railroads from Cleveland, his firm
+carried on extensive car shops in the city, where cars were constructed,
+not only for those two roads, but for several others. He gave financial
+aid and personal influence to the establishment and maintenance of several
+leading iron manufacturing establishments and machine shops. In the year
+1861-2, he erected, in the city of Cleveland, a woolen mill of five sets
+of machinery, and for several years ran it and turned out more goods
+annually than any other mill in the state of Ohio. He subsequently sold it
+to Alton Pope & Sons.
+
+He is often pleased to note the progress in American enterprise, and among
+other events that has come under his own observation, relates the
+following: In the year 1839, he commenced his first railroad service upon
+the foundation of a bridge that was then being erected across the
+Connecticut river at Springfield, Mass., of 1260 feet in length. It was
+regarded as a very difficult undertaking, as the bed of the river was
+composed mostly of quicksand, and a rise of 25-1/2 feet in the river had
+to be provided for, and floating ice, its full width, fifteen inches in
+thickness. Maj. George W. Whistler, the first of his profession, was chief
+engineer of the work, and he had as advisers Maj. McNeal, Capt. Swift, and
+other eminent engineers. The work was about three years under
+construction, at a cost of over $131,000, and every effort was made to
+keep its cost at the lowest possible point, at the same time making
+certain the stability of the structure. Within nine years from the time of
+its completion, a similar structure, in every particular, was to be
+constructed across the same river, at Hartford, twenty-six miles below.
+Its length varied but a few feet, although it covered more water, and its
+foundations and other contingencies were quite as difficult and
+unfavorable. Mr. Stone concluded a contract for its construction for the
+firm of Stone & Harris, complete, for the sum of $77,000, and to have it
+ready for the cars in twenty months. The work was executed in accordance
+with the terms of the contract, and has not only proved as substantial as
+that at Springfield, but in many particulars, more so. It was the pride of
+Mr. Stone for many reasons, (among others, that it was stated by many that
+it could not be done for this sum of money,) to personally superintend
+this work himself, and to put in practice some of his own inventions, the
+most important of which was the cutting off the foundation piles with a
+saw arranged on a scow, propelled by a steam engine, and the sinking of
+the piers below water by means of screws. The result proved to be
+satisfactory, and as favorable, in a financial point of view, as he
+estimated. It will be noticed that the bridge structure, complete, at
+Hartford, cost $54,000 less than that at Springfield, of like character.
+
+He has been interested in the construction of more than ten miles in
+length of truss bridging, and in the construction of roofs of large
+buildings, covering more than fifteen acres of ground, most of which he
+designed and personally superintended their election. The last extensive
+structure that he designed, and the election of which he personally
+superintended, was the Union Passenger Depot, at Cleveland. He was the
+first person that designed and erected pivot draw-bridges of long spans,
+which, however, have been much increased in length of span by other
+parties since. He was also the first to design and erect a dome roof of a
+span of 150 feet, sufficient to cover three lengths of a locomotive with
+its tender, and numerous are the improvements he has introduced in the
+construction of railroad cars and locomotives. The only eight-wheeled dump
+gravel car in successful use was designed and put in practice by him.
+
+For a number of years Mr. Stone has been trustee of the First Presbyterian
+Church Society of Cleveland, and still holds that office. He was chairman
+of the building committee in the election of the new church edifice, and
+when it was burned down, was again elected chairman of the building
+committee, and given full charge of the reconstruction of the building.
+
+In 1868, Mr. Stone visited Europe, being compelled to seek relief, for a
+brief period, from the exhausting cares of his numerous business
+engagements. He is expected to return in the Fall of this year, ready to
+again engage in the active prosecution of the important enterprises with
+which he is connected, and in which he has won such distinction by his
+sound common sense, sound judgment, unresting energy, and practicable
+knowledge. In whatever he undertakes there is good reason for believing
+that the success he has hitherto met will still attend his efforts.
+
+
+
+
+Stillman Witt
+
+
+
+Connected indissolubly with the story of the rise and progress of the
+important railroad interests of Cleveland and northern Ohio, is the name
+of Stillman Witt. As one of the builders of the pioneer railroad from the
+city, and of the next in point of time, which has since become one of the
+foremost lines of the country in importance and profitableness, Mr. Witt
+deserves honorable record among the men who have contributed most to make
+Cleveland what it is to-day, a rich, populous, and rapidly growing city.
+
+Stillman Witt is a self-made man, and unlike some of this class, his
+self-manufacture will stand the test of close criticism. The material has
+not been spoiled or warped in the process. Those who know him best know
+that the struggles of his early years have not soured his disposition or
+hardened his feelings, and that access of fortune has not made him
+purse-proud. The Stillman Witt of to-day, rich and influential, is the
+same Stillman Witt who paddled a ferry boat at about forty cents a day,
+and was happy in his good fortune.
+
+Mr. Witt was born in Worcester, Massachusetts, January 4th, 1808. His
+parentage was humble, and, in consequence, his facilities for obtaining an
+education very limited. When about thirteen years old, his father moved
+with his family to Troy, New York, where young Stillman was hired by
+Richard P. Hart to run a skiff ferry, the wages being ten dollars per
+month, which the lad thought a sum sufficient to secure his independence.
+Among the passengers frequently crossing the ferry was Mr. Canvass White,
+U. S. Engineer, at that time superintending the construction of public
+works in various parts of the country. Mr. White took a strong fancy to
+the juvenile ferryman, and was so much impressed by the interest the boy
+manifested in construction, that he applied to Stillman's father for
+permission to take the lad and educate him in his own profession. The
+permission was granted, and from that day dates the career of the future
+railroad builder.
+
+[Illustration: Yours Truly, S. Witt]
+
+Young Witt was greatly pleased with his new profession, and devoted
+himself to it with such zeal and faithfulness that he grew rapidly in the
+esteem of his patron. When he had sufficiently progressed to be entrusted
+with works of such importance, he was dispatched in different directions
+to construct bridges and canals as the agent of Mr. White. In this manner
+he superintended the construction of the bridge at Cohoes Falls, on the
+Mohawk river, four miles above Troy, where, in conjunction with Mr. White,
+he laid out a town which has since grown to a population of thirty
+thousand. The side cut on the Erie canal, at Port Schuyler, was dug under
+his management, and the docks there, since covered with factories, were
+built by him. When these were completed he was dispatched into
+Pennsylvania, with twenty-four carpenters, all his seniors, to build a
+State bridge at the mouth of the Juniata, from Duncan Island to Peter's
+Mountain. He was then ordered to the work on the Louisville and Portland
+canal, but before this was completed he was taken sick and remained a
+prisoner in a sick room at Albany for thirteen months.
+
+With his recovery came a temporary change of occupation. Abandoning for a
+time his work of bridge building and canal digging, he took charge of the
+steamboat James Farley, the first lake-canal boat that towed through,
+without transhipment, to New York. This was followed by his taking charge,
+for between two and three years, of Dr. Nott's steamboat Novelty. Next he
+became manager of the Hudson River Association line of boats, in which
+capacity he remained during the existence of the association, ten years.
+The Albany and Boston Railroad having been opened, Mr. Witt was invited to
+become its manager at Albany, and accepted the trust, remaining in that
+position seven years and a half.
+
+Now came the most important epoch in Mr. Witt's life. After a hard
+struggle the scheme for the construction of a railroad between Cleveland
+and Columbus assumed definite shape, a company was organized and was
+prepared to go to work when contractors should be found who would build
+the road with a little money and a good deal of faith. Mr. Witt's
+opportunity had come. At the end of a four days' toilsome journey from
+Buffalo in a cab, he reached Cleveland, and satisfactory arrangements were
+finally entered into. A firm was formed, under the name of Harbach, Stone
+& Witt, and the work commenced. The story of the building of the
+Cleveland, Columbus and Cincinnati Railroad has already been told in
+another part of this volume; it is a story of hoping almost against hope,
+of desperate struggles against opposition and indifference, and of final
+triumph. Mr. Witt's part in the struggle was an important one, and the
+solid benefit resulting from the success that crowned the enterprise was
+well deserved by him.
+
+Before the work of construction was half completed, Mr. Harbach died, and
+the firm remained Stone & Witt, under which name it has become familiar to
+all parts of the American railroad world. The road was opened between
+Cleveland and Columbus in 1851, and the success that speedily followed the
+opening, demonstrated the wisdom of the projectors of the line, and
+justified the faith of its contractors. The three years of construction
+had not terminated before Messrs. Stone & Witt undertook the construction
+of the Cleveland, Painesville and Ashtabula Railroad, and in two years
+this road, now one of the richest and most powerful lines of the country,
+was completed. This was followed, sometime after, by the building of the
+Chicago and Milwaukee Railroad, which required but one year to construct,
+although built in the best manner.
+
+With the completion of the Chicago and Milwaukee road Mr. Witt's active
+career as a railroad builder ceased. Since that time he has been chiefly
+employed in the management of his extensive railroad and banking
+interests, having been at different periods a director in the Michigan
+Southern; Cleveland, Columbus and Cincinnati; Cleveland, Painesville and
+Ashtabula; Cleveland and Pittsburgh; Chicago and Milwaukee, and
+Bellefontaine and Indiana railroads, besides being vice-president of two
+of these roads and president of one of them. His connection with the
+Bellefontaine and Indiana Railroad is noticeable from the fact that it was
+by his sagacity and unwearied energy, ably assisted by the late Governor
+Brough, as general manager, that the company was raised from absolute
+insolvency to a high rank among dividend paying lines. Mr. Witt had gone
+into the undertaking with a number of other Clevelanders, had all but lost
+his entire investment, but had never lost faith in the ultimate success of
+the line, or flagged for an instant in his efforts to bring about that
+success. The event proved the justness of his conclusions.
+
+In addition to his railroad engagements, Mr. Witt is president of the Sun
+Insurance Company, of Cleveland; director of the Second National, and
+Commercial National Banks, and Cleveland Banking Company; also, of the
+Bank of Toledo. His interests are not all centered in railroad and banking
+enterprises, he having investments in the Cleveland Chemical Works, and in
+several other enterprises that contribute to the prosperity of the city.
+
+Mr. Witt was married in June, 1834, to Miss Eliza A. Douglass, of Albany,
+but who was a native of Rhode Island. Of the four children who were the
+fruit of this marriage, but two survive. The elder daughter, Mary, is now
+the wife of Mr. Dan P. Eells, of Cleveland. The younger, Emma, is the wife
+of Col. W. H. Harris, of the United States Army, now in command of the
+arsenal at Indianapolis.
+
+Mr. Witt's qualifications as a business man are attested by his success,
+won not by a mere stroke of luck, but by far-seeing sagacity, quick
+decision, and untiring industry. From first to last he never encountered a
+failure, not because fortune chanced always to be on his side, but because
+shrewdness and forethought enabled him to provide against misfortune. As a
+citizen he has always pursued a liberal and enlightened policy, ever ready
+to unite in whatever promised to be for the public good. In social life he
+has a wide circle of attached friends, and not a single enemy. Genial,
+unselfish, deeply attached to his family, and with a warm side for
+humanity in general, Mr. Witt has made for himself more friends than
+perhaps he himself is aware of.
+
+Wealth and position have enabled him to do numerous acts of kindness, and
+his disposition has prompted him to perform those acts without ostentation
+and with a gracefulness that gave twofold value to the act.
+
+In religious belief Mr. Witt is a Baptist, having joined with that church
+organization in Albany, thirty-one years ago. For years he has been a
+valuable and highly respected member of the First Baptist Church in
+Cleveland.
+
+
+
+
+James Farmer.
+
+
+
+Although James Farmer has been a resident of Cleveland but thirteen years,
+and cannot, therefore, be ranked among the old settlers of the city, he is
+looked upon as one of its most respected citizens, whose word is as good
+as a secured bond, and whose sound judgment and stability of character
+place him among the most valuable class of business men. But though
+prudent in business affairs, and of deeply earnest character in all
+relations of life, Mr. Farmer has not allowed the stern realities of life
+to obscure the lighter qualities that serve to make life endurable. Always
+cheerful in manner and genial in disposition, with a quaint appreciation
+of the humorous side of things, he endeavors to round off the sharp
+corners of practical life with a pleasant and genial smile. A meditative
+faculty of mind, untrammeled by the opinions or dicta of others, has led
+Mr. Farmer into independent paths of thought and action, in all his
+affairs. Before taking any course, he has thought it out for himself, and
+decided on his action, in accordance with his conscientious convictions of
+right, independent of considerations of mere worldly notice.
+
+Mr. Farmer was born near Augusta, Georgia, July 19th, 1802. His early
+opportunities for acquiring an education were scant, only such knowledge
+being gained as could be picked up in a common school, where the
+rudiments of an education only are taught. Until his twenty-first year,
+his time was chiefly spent on his father's farm, but on attaining his
+majority he concluded to strike out a different path for himself, and
+coming north, he engages in the manufacture of salt, and in the milling
+business, at Salineville, Ohio. His means were small, but by assiduous
+attention to business he was moderately successful. Four years later he
+added a store for general marchandise to his mill and salt works, and
+thus added to his property.
+
+In the Spring of 1847, Mr. Farmer, imbued with the spirit of progress, and
+appreciating in advance the benefits to accrue from the proposed Cleveland
+and Pittsburgh Railroad, entered with spirit into the enterprise, worked
+hard in procuring subscriptions to the stock, and aided in various ways to
+its consummation. For several years he held the position of president of
+the company, and it was through his labors in this channel of commerce,
+that he became so thoroughly identified with the progress and prosperity
+of Cleveland.
+
+[Illustration: Very Respectfully, James Farmer]
+
+On the completion of the railroad, Mr. Farmer was among the first to
+avail himself of the increased facilities for business offered by the
+road, and embarked in the coal trade, having previously owned coal fields
+in Salineville. These coal fields were now worked, and the product shipped
+by railroad to Cleveland and other points.
+
+In the Spring of 1856, he removed to Cleveland, abandoning the mercantile
+business after devoting to it thirty-two years of his life, and having
+been completely successful. His coal fields still continue to furnish
+supplies to the coal market of Cleveland.
+
+So far as human power can be said to control human affairs, Mr. Farmer has
+been wholly the architect of his own fortunes. The prosperity that has
+attended his efforts has been due to the close attention given his
+legitimate business, his strictness in making and keeping contracts, his
+prudent economy, and his nice sense of commercial honor and general
+honesty. What man can do to make honest success, he has endeavored to do,
+and Providence has smiled upon his efforts.
+
+Mr Farmer is still a hale appearing gentleman, though sixty-seven years
+old, retaining most of his mental vigor, and much of his physical stamina,
+and will, we trust, be permitted to remain among us for years to come,
+that he may enjoy the fruits of his labor, and have the satisfaction felt
+by those only who minister to the necessities of others.
+
+In 1834, Mr. Farmer was married to Miss Meribah Butler, of Columbiana
+county, Ohio, by whom he has had seven children, of whom five still
+live--one son and four daughters. The son, Mr. E. J. Farmer, has been for
+some years engaged in the banking business in Cleveland.
+
+The father of Mr. James Farmer joined the Society of Friends, and was an
+honored member of that society. His family were all brought up in the same
+faith, and Mr. James Farmer has maintained his connection with the
+society, by the members of which he is held in high respect and esteem.
+
+
+
+
+George B. Ely.
+
+
+
+George B. Ely is a native of Jefferson county, New York, a county which
+has contributed many good citizens to the population of Cleveland. He was
+born in the town of Adams, June 23d, 1817, received a good academical
+education, and when seventeen left the academy to become clerk with Judge
+Foster, under whose auspices he came to Cleveland. After serving with
+Judge Foster one year in Cleveland, he accepted the position of
+book-keeper in the forwarding house of Pease & Allen, on the river,
+remaining in this position until 1843. At that date he removed to Milan,
+Erie county, then at the head of slackwater navigation on the Huron river.
+Here he engaged in trading in wheat, and in the general forwarding
+business, and also became interested in lake shipping, doing business
+under the firm name of Wilber & Ely.
+
+In 1851, the railroad between Columbus and Cleveland was completed, and
+the course of trade was almost entirely diverted from its old channels.
+The business of Milan fell away rapidly, and the forwarding trade at that
+point was completely at an end, Mr. Ely closed up his connection with the
+place in the Spring of 1852, and removed to Cleveland, where he had
+engaged a warehouse with the intention of continuing in the forwarding
+business, but was induced to take the secretaryship of the Cleveland,
+Painesville and Ashtabula Railroad, many of his old business and personal
+friends having become interested in that undertaking and desiring the
+benefit of his business tact and experience. About a year after his
+accession to the company, the offices of secretary and treasurer were
+combined, and Mr. Ely assumed charge of the joint offices. Three years
+later he was elected a director of the company and has continued in that
+position to the present time. At various times he has been chosen
+vice-president of the company. In 1868, he was elected president of the
+Cleveland and Toledo Railroad Company, retaining that position until the
+consolidation of the company with the Cleveland and Erie Railroad Company,
+and the formation of the Lake Shore Railroad Company. Mr. Ely is now the
+oldest officer in point of service in the Consolidated company, and is
+about the oldest employee. During all his long service he has been an
+indefatigable worker, having the interests of the line always at heart,
+and his arduous and faithful services have contributed their full share to
+the prosperity of the company.
+
+[Illustration: Yours Respectfully, Geo. B. Ely]
+
+Whilst always watchful for the interests of the road with which he was
+connected, Mr. Ely found time to engage in other enterprises tending to
+advance the material interests of the city. In connection with Messrs.
+R. H. Harman, A. M. Harman, and L. M. Coe, he projected and built the
+Cleveland City Forge and put it into successful operation in the year 1864.
+This forge has now four large hammers at work, and preparations are making
+for two others, and it gives employment to about eighty skilled workmen.
+He was one of the projectors of the Pennsylvania Coal Company, of
+Cleveland, an organization having five thousand acres of coal lands in
+Mercer county, Pennsylvania, and now that the Jamestown and Franklin
+Railroad is completed, the prospects of ample returns for the outlay are
+good. Sixty tons of good coal are daily delivered in Cleveland, whilst the
+best markets of the product are found in Erie, Buffalo, and the
+Pennsylvania oil regions. Of this company Mr. Ely is treasurer and one of
+its directors.
+
+Among his other business connections he was a director in the old Bank of
+Commerce from its early days until it was reorganized as the Second
+National Bank, and is still a director under the new organization. He is
+also a director in the Citizens Savings and Loan Association, and is
+interested in the Cleveland Banking Company.
+
+Mr. Ely has been the architect of his own fortune, and attributes his
+success in life to close application to business and a firm determination
+never to live beyond his income. He is now fifty-two years old, enjoys
+vigorous health, and has never been seriously sick. From present
+appearances he has a fair prospect of a long life in which to enjoy the
+fruits of his labors, and to pass the afternoon and evening of his life
+amid domestic comforts earned by industry and the esteem of a large circle
+of friends to whom he has become endeared by his many social qualities and
+personal virtues.
+
+In 1843, he was married to Miss Gertrude S. Harman, of Brooklyn, Michigan,
+and formerly of Oswego, New York. They have one son, now twenty-five years
+old, who has charge of the Cleveland City Forge, and one daughter, Helen,
+aged seventeen, who is now at school.
+
+
+
+
+Worthy S. Streator.
+
+
+
+Dr. Streator, as he is still called, although for many years he has
+abandoned the active practice of medicine, was born in Madison county, New
+York, October 16th, 1816. He received an academical education, and at the
+age of eighteen he entered a medical college, where he remained four
+years. On completing his medical course he went to Aurora, Portage county,
+Ohio, where he commenced the practice of his profession, in the year 1839
+In Aurora he remained rive years, when he removed to Louisville, Kentucky,
+spent a year in the medical college there, and returned to Portage county,
+resuming his practice in Ravenna.
+
+In 1850, Dr. Streator removed from Ravenna to Cleveland, and after
+remaining two years in the practice of medicine, turned his attention to
+railroad building. In conjunction with Mr. Henry Doolittle, he undertook
+the contract for building the Greenville and Medina Railroad, and
+completed it successfully. In 1853, the same parties contracted for the
+construction of the Atlantic and Great Western Railway in Ohio, a work of
+244 miles. Operations were at once commenced, and were pushed forward with
+varying success, funds of the company coming in fitfully. In 1860, the
+same firm took contracts for the construction of the Pennsylvania portion
+of the line, ninety-one miles, and next for the New York portion. Work on
+both these contracts was commenced in February, 1860, and the road was
+completed from Salamanca, in New York, to Corry, in Pennsylvania,
+sixty-one miles, in the Spring of 1861.
+
+During the prosecution of the work Mr. Doolittle died, and, in 1861,
+Dr. Streator sold the unfinished contracts to Mr. James McHenry, of
+London, England, by whom they were completed, Dr. Streator acting as
+superintendent of construction for about a year after the transfer
+of contract.
+
+[Illustration: Yours Truly, W. S. Streator]
+
+In 1862, he projected the Oil Creek Railroad, from Corry to Petroleum
+Center, the heart of the Pennsylvania oil regions, a line thirty-seven
+miles long. The line was built with extraordinary rapidity, and achieved a
+success unparalleled in railway history. No sooner had the rails reached a
+point within striking distance of Oil Creek than its cars were crowded
+with passengers flocking to the "oildorado," and for many months, during
+the height of the oil fever, the excited crowds struggled at the stations
+for the privilege of a standing place on the car platforms after the seats
+and aisles were filled. The resources of the road were inadequate to meet
+the great demand on it for the transportation of passengers and oil, and
+although Dr. Streator worked energetically to keep pace with the demand
+upon the road, the development of the oil regions, consequent upon the
+construction of the line, for some time outstripped him. The profits of
+the line were enormous in proportion to the outlay, but the amount of
+wealth it created in the oil regions was still more extraordinary. Dr.
+Streator managed the road until 1866, when he sold out his interest to
+Dean Richmond and others interested in the New York Central Railroad. In
+order to connect the Oil Creek Railroad with the line of its purchasers an
+extension northward, styled the Cross-Cut Railroad, was built from Corry
+to Brocton, on the Buffalo and Erie Railroad, a distance of forty-two
+miles, by Dr. Streator, for the New York Central Railroad Company. This
+was the last of Dr. Streator's railroad building undertakings.
+
+Since the close of his railroad business Dr. Streator has organized a
+company, mainly composed of citizens of Cleveland, for the working of coal
+lands purchased in La Salle, on the Vermillion river, Illinois. The
+purchase contains three thousand acres on which is a five and one-half
+feet splint-vein of coal resembling in general characteristics the
+Massillon coal of Ohio. Thirteen miles of railroad have been built to
+connect the mines with the Illinois Central Railroad, and during the year
+that the road has been opened the average product of the mines has been
+two hundred and fifty tons per day, with demands for more, that cannot be
+met owing to a deficiency of rolling stock. By the close of 1869, it is
+expected the product will reach a thousand tons daily. Another railroad is
+to be built to connect with the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad.
+
+Aside from his interest in this coal company, Dr. Streator has now no
+active business engagements, and devotes his time to the care of his real
+estate and a fine stock farm in East Cleveland, containing over three
+hundred acres, on which he is raising some of the finest stock to be found
+in the county.
+
+Dr. Streator has had the good sense to retire from the pressing cares of
+business whilst able to enjoy the fruits of his labors. At fifty-three
+years old he is healthy and vigorous, and fully able to appreciate the
+advantages of wealth in procuring social and domestic enjoyments. His
+residence on Euclid avenue is a model of comfort and elegance, and the
+surrounding grounds are laid out with artistic taste.
+
+He was married in 1839, to Sarah W. Sterling, of Lyman, N. Y. His only
+daughter is the wife of E. B. Thomas, Esq., of Cleveland; his oldest son
+devotes his attention to the care of the stock farm; the other sons are
+yet at home, being young.
+
+Although Mr. Streator has been regarded, for years, as one of our most
+active and energetic business men, he has found time to devote to his
+religious duties. He has for a long time been a useful member of the
+Disciple Church.
+
+
+
+
+The Coal Interest
+
+
+
+By the commencement of the season of 1828, the Ohio canal had been opened
+from Cleveland to Akron. Henry Newberry, father of Professer Newberry, who
+among his other possessions on the Western Reserve, owned some valuable
+coal lands, saw, or fancied he saw, an opening for an important trade in
+coal, and sent a shipment of a few tons to Cleveland by way of experiment.
+On its arrival a portion of it was loaded in a wagon and hawked around the
+city, the attention of leading citizens being called to its excellent
+quality and its great value as fuel. But the people were deaf to the voice
+of the charmer. They looked askance at the coal and urged against it all
+the objections which careful housewives, accustomed to wood fires, even
+now offer against its use for culinary purposes. It was dirty, nasty,
+inconvenient to handle, made an offensive smoke, and not a few shook their
+heads incredulously at the idea of making the "stone" burn at all. Wood
+was plentiful and cheap, and as long as that was the case they did not see
+the use of going long distances to procure a doubtful article of fuel,
+neither as clean, convenient, nor cheap as hickory or maple. By nightfall
+the wagon had unsuccessfully traversed the streets and found not a single
+purchaser for its contents. Here and there a citizen had accepted a little
+as a gift, with a doubtful promise to test its combustible qualities.
+Eventually, Philo Scovill was persuaded into the purchase of a moderate
+quantity at two dollars per ton, and promised to put in grates at the
+Franklin House to properly test its qualities.
+
+That was the beginning of a trade which has since grown to mammoth
+proportions, and which has become the foundation of the prosperity of
+Cleveland, for it is to the proximity and practically inexhaustibleness of
+its coal supply that Cleveland owes its manufacturing character, which is
+the secret of its rapid development within a few years, its present
+prosperity, and the assured greatness of its future.
+
+As a domestic fuel coal made slow progress in the city for many years, but
+other uses were found for it, and the receipts of coal by canal rapidly
+increased. Steamboats multiplied on the lakes, and these found the coal of
+Cleveland a valuable fuel. By degrees manufacturing was ventured on, in a
+small way, and there being no water-power of consequence, recourse was had
+to steam, which created a moderate demand for coal. For ten years the
+receipts increased steadily, until in 1838, it reached 2,496 tons. In
+1848, it had grown to 66,551 tons, and in 1858--the canal transportation
+being supplemented by two lines of railroad crossing the coal fields on
+the way to Cleveland--to 222,267 tons. In 1868, it had swollen to 759,104
+tons, and the demand continues to increase in a rate more than
+proportionate to the enlarged sources of supply and increased facilities
+for transportation.
+
+The opening of the Cleveland and Mahoning Railroad gave a strong stimulus
+to the coal trade of northern Ohio, and was one of the most important
+events in the history of Cleveland. By this time the beds of the valuable
+Briar Hill, or block coal, were tapped, which has proved the best fuel for
+manufacturing iron from the raw ore, and has no superior, if it has a
+rival, in the West. With the discovery of this bed of coal, blast furnaces
+and rolling mills were established in the Mahoning Valley, and as the uses
+of the coal became known in Cleveland and in other ports, a large demand,
+for consumption in the city and exports to other points, sprang up. Over
+one-half the amount of Ohio coal raised is of the Briar Hill grade, and of
+the whole amount of Ohio coal raised, about one-half finds its market in
+Cleveland.
+
+The bituminous coal is of several grades, each suitable for a particular
+purpose. The most important is the Briar Hill grade, mined in the southern
+half of Trumbull county and finding its outlet by the Cleveland and
+Mahoning Railroad. This is a good grate coal, but its great use is in the
+manufacture of iron, and the numerous furnaces of the Mahoning Valley, the
+iron manufactories of Cleveland, and the demand along the line of the
+lakes, keep the numerous mines in full operation. The Mineral Ridge grade
+is a comparatively new quality to Cleveland, and has yet but comparatively
+few mines. It is used both for domestic and manufacturing purposes. The
+Massillon grade is brought both by canal and railroad, and is highly
+esteemed as a grate coal. The rapidly growing demand for grate fuel has
+given a great stimulus to the mining of this coal within a few years. The
+Hammondsville and Salineville grades are used chiefly for stoves in
+domestic use, for steam purposes, and for the manufacture of gas. These
+grades come to market on the Cleveland and Pittsburgh Railroad. The
+Blossburgh grade is used almost entirely for blacksmithing.
+
+Besides the Ohio bituminous coals there is a steadily increasing demand
+for the anthracite and semi-anthracite coals of eastern Pennsylvania,
+which is brought by lake from Buffalo.
+
+The growth of the coal trade during the past four years can be seen by the
+following table, showing the receipts from all sources and shipments,
+chiefly by lake, coastwise and to Canadian ports:
+
+  Date.      Receipts.       Shipments.
+
+  1865.......439,483 tons....235,784 tons.
+  1866.......583,107  "  ....397,840  "
+  1867.......669,026  "  ....334,027  "
+  1868.......759,104  "  ....392,928  "
+
+The amount brought over each route of supply during 1868, is thus shown:
+
+  By Lake, Anthracite...................................... 13,665 tons.
+  " Canal, Bituminous...................................... 197,475 "
+  " Cleveland and Pittsburgh Railroad...................... 274,159 "
+  " Atlantic and Great Western Railroad
+       (Cleveland and Mahoning)............................ 254,000 "
+  " Cleveland and Erie Railroad............................ 17,600  "
+  " Cleveland, Columbus and Cincinnati Railroad............ 2,205   "
+                                                            -----------
+                                                            759,104 "
+
+This shows an increase of nearly 100,000 tons on the receipts of 1867,
+notwithstanding a most obstinate and continued strike among the miners,
+which diminished the receipts by the Atlantic and Great Western, from
+20,000 to 30,000 tons. Of the shipments of each during the year, 382,928
+tons went by lake, and about 10,000 tons by rail, mostly by Cleveland and
+Toledo Railroad to Toledo and intermediate points.
+
+
+
+
+William Philpot.
+
+
+
+Although never a resident of Cleveland, the enterprise of William Philpot
+so directly contributed to the prosperity of the city, the labors of his
+life were so connected with it, and the interests he founded have since
+become such an integral part of the business of Cleveland, that his
+memoir appropriately finds a place in this work. It is proper, too, that
+it should stand foremost in the department relating to the coal trade of
+the city, for he may justly be considered one of the leading founders of
+that trade.
+
+William Philpot was born in Shropshire, England. At an early age he
+removed to Wales and went to work in the mines at three pence per day.
+Soon after he was able to earn full wages, he became an overseer, and
+continued in that capacity until he took contracts on his own account. His
+success was varied, on some he made handsomely, on others he failed. By
+the year 1835, he accumulated about eight thousand dollars, and concluded
+to go to the United States as affording greater facilities for small
+capitalists. He proceeded to Pittsburgh, where he immediately interested
+himself in the mining of coal. He commenced by leasing from one party a
+portion of the coal and the right of way on a large tract of coal land,
+for a term of twenty-one years, and leased coal from others, at a quarter
+cent per bushel. Of another person he purchased a farm, bearing coal, at
+seventy-five dollars an acre. In the Summer of 1837, he took into
+partnership Mr. Snowden, and the firm set to work vigorously, mining coal
+at Saw Mill Run and shipping on the Ohio river, to which Mr. Philpot had
+built a railway a mile in length. The two partners were not well matched.
+Mr. Philpot was full of energy, fertile in resources, and never slackened
+in his endeavors to push his affairs. No difficulties daunted him; the
+greater the obstacles the more pleasure he took in surmounting them. He
+built his railroad tracks where most other men would have shrunk from
+placing a rail and whilst those who commenced preparations for a mine at
+the same time with himself were still in the preparatory stages of work,
+his cars would be rattling down to the river loaded with coal. One great
+secret of his ability to hasten matters was his influence with the men
+under him. He was familiar and affable with them, worked energetically
+among them whenever a sharp effort was needed, and in this way got more
+work out of the men, without their feeling that they had been imposed
+upon, than most employers could have done. Mr. Snowden was a man of an
+entirely different stamp, and it soon became evident that the firm must
+dissolve. After some negotiations Mr. Philpot disposed of his interests to
+Messrs. Snowden and Lewis, and in 1838, removed to Paris, Portage county,
+Ohio, where he had purchased a farm. His family at that time consisted of
+his wife and two daughters; Mary Ann, now the wife of R. J. Price, Esq.,
+Dorothy, now widow of the late David Morris, Esq. With them also was his
+father, Samuel Philpot, now dead. Soon after his removal to Portage county
+he became interested with Mr. Philip Price, in the excavation of the
+Pennsylvania and Ohio canal, and during the progress of the work they
+purchased land on either side of the canal, including Lock fourteen, where
+they built a saw and flouring mill, using the canal water as motive power.
+Towards the latter part of 1839, Mr. Philpot purchased the interest of Mr.
+Price in the mills and land, and ran the mills successfully, until 1841,
+when he sold both mills and land to Colonel Elisha Garrett, of
+Garrettsville. In the Spring of 1841, Mr. Philpot rented his home farm and
+removed with his family to Middlebury, Summit county, where he had
+purchased a coal bank, and engaged once more in the coal trade.
+
+The importance of his operations in coal, both to the business of the coal
+regions and of Cleveland, which formed his principal market, can scarcely
+be overestimated. Before removing to Springfield he discovered there, in
+1840, a valuable coal mine, which he afterwards developed and worked
+successfully, building a railroad of about three miles from the mines to
+the canal at Middlebury, whence the coal was shipped to Cleveland. This
+road he stocked with about forty coal cars, and for several years his mine
+supplied the principal demand for the Cleveland market. In 1843, he
+developed and improved the celebrated Chippewa mines, Wayne county, near
+the village of Clinton, and built a railroad to the Ohio canal. From these
+mines he supplied the Cleveland market with large quantities of coal until
+the year 1845, when he sold out half his interests in them to Mr. Lemuel
+Crawford, and some time afterward he sold one-quarter interest to Mr.
+David Camp.
+
+His next remove was to Youngstown, where, in 1846, he leased the Manning
+and Wertz bank, and while sinking for coal, discovered iron ore. He then
+went to Pittsburgh and endeavored to get up a furnace company, but not
+being successful, he returned, and associated himself with Jonathan
+Warner and a few others in organizing the Ohio Iron and Mining Company,
+now known as the Eagle Furnace Company, Messrs. Philpot and Warner owning
+two-thirds of the entire stock. Mr. Philpot at that time opened and
+developed the Wertz and Manning Briar Hill coal mines, the furnace having
+been built with the purpose of smelting iron ore with raw stone coal,
+being the second constructed for this purpose in the Mahoning Valley, the
+first being that of Wilkenson, Wilks & Co., at Lowellville. The
+experiment was hazardous, and was carried forward under many difficulties,
+financial and otherwise, but the energy and enterprise of Mr. Philpot
+triumphed over them all.
+
+Mr. Philpot was a man of rare energy, industry and practical good sense.
+He was always successful for he seemed to have an intuitive knowledge of
+what was the right course to take, and when once entered on an enterprise
+never allowed himself to be defeated or discouraged. His integrity was
+unquestioned. His word was as good as a bond, and was entirely relied on.
+He was a kind husband and father, a true friend, and his heart and hand
+were always open to the poor and distressed, many of whom were not only
+relieved from their pressing emergencies, but were assisted to start in
+business or to procure homesteads. Besides his many excellent social
+qualities and business talents, he was possessed of a most extraordinary
+memory, and it is related of him by one who knew him intimately, that
+after hearing a speech or sermon that enlisted his whole attention, he
+would sometimes rehearse it to others almost verbatim.
+
+Mr. Philpot died in Liberty township, Trumbull county, June 2d, 1851.
+
+In all the great enterprises of his business career, Mr. Philpot was ably
+supported by his beloved partner in life, who was a woman of more than
+ordinary ability. She was also most remarkably benevolent, bestowing much
+care on the sick and indigent in her immediate neighborhood. She survived
+her husband a number of years, and died at Cleveland, in August, 1865,
+deeply lamented.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: Lemuel Crawford]
+
+
+Lemuel Crawford.
+
+
+
+The subject of this sketch belonged to the business classes, as
+distinguished from the professional, but which are none the less fruitful
+in characters of prominence and public interest.
+
+Indeed it has come to pass in later years that what are commonly known as
+the learned professions, law, medicine and theology, though still high in
+rank, have lost something of the ruling pre-eminence they occupied in our
+earlier history. Other departments in the world's industry have asserted
+themselves, and railway systems, telegraphs, commerce, journalism,
+manufactures, banking, and other branches, have come forward and absorbed
+their fair proportion of the best talent and ambition of the country.
+
+Lemuel Crawford was born in Florida, Schoharie county, New York,
+December 15, 1805.
+
+Left without means, at the age of fourteen he chose the trade of moulder
+in the iron or furnace business.
+
+At twenty-one he came to Painesville, Ohio, where he was made foreman of
+the Geauga Furnace. Here he remained about six years, having especial
+superintendence of the pattern and moulding department, and filling his
+position with great skill and credit. At this place, July 29, 1832, he
+married Louisa Murray, of Willoughby, in the same county, who still
+survives him, and to whose long and faithful companionship, judgment and
+energy, in all the vicissitudes of his fortune, he was largely indebted
+for his success.
+
+In 1833, Mr. Crawford moved with his family to Detroit, whence, after
+remaining six years, he removed to Presque Isle on Lake Huron, where he
+was the first to start the wood trade, for fuel for our then rapidly
+growing steamboat commerce. Here he remained seven years, superintending
+large bodies of wood cutters and suppliers, the saw mills, now so common
+in the lumber region, being then unknown.
+
+In 1846, perceiving, with his usual forecast, that coal was likely to
+supplant wood for the uses of our steam marine, he removed to Cleveland,
+and at once invested about forty thousand dollars in the Chippewa mines,
+so called, in the Mahoning Valley, which had been opened a year or two
+before, and promised, as the event proved, to afford an almost
+inexhaustible supply of the richest coal. These mines, adding tracts of
+adjoining coal land to them as occasion demanded, he continued to work
+with a large annual yield for more then twenty years.
+
+Shortly after commencing with the Chippewa, he was found, in 1848, to be
+among the pioneers in opening up the beds of Briar Hill coal in the
+Mahoning Valley, so well known to steamboat men and manufacturers ever
+since, as being a kind of coal peculiarly fitted for their uses. Here he
+continued to mine largely at several different localities selected by him
+with rare judgment. He also opened and carried on mining extensively at
+other points, such as on the Ohio, below Steubenville, also in Orange
+county, Pennsylvania, and elsewhere.
+
+His chief business office and coal depots were at Cleveland, but he had
+branch establishments at Detroit and Chicago, and at one time was largely
+interested in vessel property on the Lakes, and although the business of
+mining and selling coal, mainly for supplying steam craft and for
+exportation, was his leading pursuit, he was one of the earliest in 1851,
+to engage in the manufacture of pig iron from our native ores in the
+Mahoning Valley, having an interest in the second furnace started there,
+and being the builder of the fourth. From time to time he invested
+judiciously in real estate.
+
+From all these sources in spite of some business adventures which
+proved disastrous, through unexpected financial revulsions, or the
+fault of others, he succeeded in amassing a splendid fortune to be
+inherited by his family. He was never a speculator, nor a rash
+operator, but his business views were liberal and comprehensive, and
+carried out with energy and wisdom. Personally he was a man of fine
+presence and manners, always pleasant to meet with on the street,
+cordial and unassuming. He was intensely loyal and liberal throughout
+the war, and always kind and charitable to the poor. He was not a
+church member, but was a regular church attendant and a respecter of
+religions institutions. In his later years he was frequently an
+invalid, and being in New York in the Fall of 1867, by the advice of
+physicians, and in company with friends from Cleveland, he sailed for
+Europe, where, in Paris, during the Exposition, he spent some months,
+returning with health improved, but which again declined until June
+30, 1868, when at the age of sixty-two years, six months and fifteen
+days, he died at his beautiful home in Cleveland, surrounded by his
+family and friends, peacefully and calmly, as a good man dies.
+
+We feel that we can not do better than to conclude this brief and
+imperfect sketch with the notice which appeared in the Cleveland Herald on
+the evening of the day of his decease. Speaking of the event it says:
+
+  We regret to announce the decease of this prominent business man and
+  respected citizen, who died at his residence on Euclid avenue this
+  (Tuesday) morning at about 9 o'clock.
+
+  Mr. Crawford had for years been more or less an invalid, but had not
+  been alarmingly ill until last Thursday, when by a sudden and severe
+  attack he was completely prostrated, and recovery became hopeless.
+
+  Mr. Crawford had nearly reached the age of sixty-three. A native of New
+  York, beginning life with few, if any, adventitous aids, he had attained
+  to affluence and position by a long and enterprising business career.
+  For the last twenty-four years he has lived in Cleveland. He was among
+  the pioneers in the coal mining business of Northern Ohio, contributing
+  largely ever since by his sagacity and experience, to the development of
+  that important element of commerce and public wealth.
+
+  Through all the vicissitudes of a long business life he maintained a
+  character of the most perfect integrity. As a citizen he was liberal and
+  public spirited; as a neighbor and friend he was kind and generous; in
+  his social and domestic relations he was simple and unostentatious,
+  affectionate and beloved. Very many in the various ranks and conditions
+  of life, both here and elsewhere, will mourn his loss, and remember him
+  with sincere respect.
+
+
+
+
+D. P. Rhodes.
+
+
+
+The name of D. P. Rhodes is distinguished among those who have
+contributed to the prosperity of Cleveland by the development of its coal
+and iron interests. For many years he has labored to build up the coal
+and iron trade of the city, on which its future mainly depends, and has
+met with a success which has benefitted the public in a far greater
+degree than it has enriched himself, although he has had nothing to
+complain of in that respect.
+
+Mr. Rhodes was born in Sudbury, Rutland county, Vermont. His father dying
+when the boy was but five years old, he was compelled to work for his own
+living, riding horse for his neighbors whilst they plowed corn, digging
+potatoes and picking apples for every tenth bushel, and doing other odd
+jobs. When he was fifteen years old his mother married again and he lived
+with his stepfather till twenty-one. His stepfather, being rich, offered
+him a farm if he would stay with him, but he was bent on seeing the West
+before accepting the farm, and so set out westward. Whilst in the West he
+became engaged to be married, and before marriage he visited his home,
+when his stepfather offered him half his property if he would return there
+and live. The papers were made out but were not to be executed till he had
+consulted his affianced. To do this he returned to the West. As he
+traveled by canal he had abundant time to consider the matter, and the
+more he thought of it the more he became sick of the idea. Things were too
+circumscribed down east to suit his taste. He said nothing of the matter
+to his affianced, but wrote home that he was not coming; and to this day
+he has never seen occasion to regret his decision, but has been confirmed
+in its wisdom. To use his own expression: "By Jupiter, I would rather live
+west, if I did'nt live half as long."
+
+Mr. Rhodes became early interested in the coal business, his first
+enterprise being in company with Messrs. Tod and Ford, in 1845, at the old
+Briar Hill mines, from which they raised and shipped by canal about fifty
+tons per week. This was considered a good business. In two or three years
+business increased to a hundred tons daily. In 1846, another mine was
+opened in Girard. This was followed by the Clover Hill mine in the
+Tuscarawas Valley, previous to the opening of which the firm was changed
+by the death of Mr. Ford. The next opened was the Clinton mines in the
+Tuscarawas Valley. Then a mine in Fairview, Wayne county, which was the
+last large transaction with Gov. Tod as partner. In about 1855, Tod and
+Rhodes dissolved partnership, Mr. Rhodes taking Clover Hill, and Gov. Tod
+all the rest of the interests.
+
+Whilst developing his coal interests, Mr. Rhodes made important
+discoveries of iron ore, the first being veins of black band ore, very
+similar to the English and Scotch, though richer. The veins of this ore in
+Tuscarawas are from five to fifteen feet thick. He also discovered and
+worked a vein of mountain ore that will also run from five to fifteen feet
+thick, and is easily mined, one miner being able to mine twenty tons per
+day after the earth has been removed. Mr. Rhodes spent several months in
+the ore fields of Scotland and England in 1868, and found the veins there
+not over two feet in thickness.
+
+[Illustration: Yours Truly, D. P. Rhodes]
+
+In the Tuscarawas Valley property, Mr. Rhodes has found seven veins of
+coal, five of which are very good, and he has worked the whole of them.
+There is also as good fire-clay as any yet discovered, the finest grade
+being pure sandstone, which stands fire as hearthstones in furnaces better
+than any other. Shell ore, block ore, and limestone also exist in
+abundance. The iron enterprises in which Mr. Rhodes is interested are the
+Tuscarawas Iron Company, formed about 1864, of which Mr. Rhodes is
+president. This company have three or four thousand acres of mineral land
+in the Tuscarawas Valley, and the works have a capacity of a hundred and
+fifty tons per week; also the Dover Rolling Mill Company, of which Mr.
+Baker is president. It makes all sizes of merchant and small T rail iron,
+having a capacity of about fifteen tons per day.
+
+He is largely interested in a mining company near Massillon, having three
+engines and three openings there, and can mine a thousand tons of coal per
+day as soon as the road from Massillon to Clinton is completed. This will
+be the shortest coal bearing road,--for blast furnace coal--to Cleveland,
+by fifteen miles, for it connects with the Cleveland, Zanesville and
+Cincinnati Railroad at Clinton, thence to Cleveland by Cleveland and
+Pittsburgh Railroad at Hudson. A company was formed and sunk some eight
+hundred or nine hundred feet, within three miles of Canal Dover, on the
+line of this company, and found salt water of the very best quality, the
+water itself being almost strong enough to preserve meat. There is coal
+within twenty rods of the wells at ninety cents per ton, whereas in
+Syracuse and Saginaw they have to use wood, at a cost (at the former
+place) of seven dollars per cord. Mr. Cass, President of the Fort Wayne
+Railroad, and J. N. McCullough, of the same and of the Cleveland and
+Pittsburgh Railroad, are heavily interested in the road connections
+adverted to above.
+
+At Fulton, three miles below Clinton, is another coal company in which Mr.
+Rhodes is interested. This mine yields about three hundred tons per day,
+and could double that amount if there were sufficient transportation.
+There are two engines and two openings at this bank.
+
+Mr. Rhodes is also interested in three mines at Marseilles, Willmington
+and Braceville, Illinois. He has taken a hearty interest in all
+improvements, and especially in the matter of railroads. He was interested
+in building the Northern Division of the Cleveland and Toledo Railroad,
+and was on the executive committee.
+
+D. P. Rhodes and H. S. Stevens built the West Side street railroad, and
+equipped it. He was also largely interested in building and equipping the
+Rocky River railroad. He is also interested in the Cleveland and
+Zanesville railroad project.
+
+Dr. Upson, of Talmadge, and Messrs. Philpot and Camp were in the coal
+business when Mr. Rhodes commenced, and they have all disappeared. They
+only then received about one boat load of fifty tons per week by canal,
+whereas, the firm of Rhodes & Co. now handle from ninety thousand to one
+hundred thousand tons per year.
+
+Mr. Rhodes has built his docks in this city, two of them are the largest
+on the line of the river. About seven hundred men are employed on works in
+which he is heavily interested, but nothing troubles him. He says: "If the
+men don't dig the coal or iron, they don't get paid for it, so I take it
+easy, and am giving my attention to farming. I have a stock farm of five
+hundred and forty-four and a half acres at Ravenna that I run myself, and
+I have another of eighty acres adjacent to the city, rented for gardening,
+and still another of twenty-six and a half acres, out on the Detroit road
+where I intend to build me a home to live and die in, if I do not die away
+from home." He is now only fifty-three years old, hale and hearty, and
+seemingly good for another score or two of years.
+
+He has four children, the oldest and youngest being daughters. The oldest
+is the wife of M. A. Hanna, of the firm of Rhodes & Co. The oldest son,
+Robert, is a member of the same firm; the other son, James, has just
+returned from a long visit to the mineral fields of Europe and attending
+lectures on metallurgy and mining. By his observation and studies he has
+acquired an extensive knowledge of the old world and the modes of working
+mines. The youngest daughter, Fanny, is at school at Batavia, New York.
+
+In 1867, Mr. D. P. Rhodes and J. F. Card being tired of the sale department
+of their coal business, and having immense interest in mines that
+required close attention, gave up their sale business in Cleveland to
+Rhodes & Co., a firm consisting of G. H. Warmington, M. A. Hanna, and
+Robert R. Rhodes, who are receiving and selling both coal and iron, the
+same as the old firm.
+
+The sales of coal by the firm for the past two years amounted to one
+hundred thousand tons per year; together with a large trade in pig iron
+and ore. The Willson Bank and Massillon and also Briar Hill grades of coal
+are principally handled by this firm, who are also operators largely in
+the Pennsylvania anthracites.
+
+The ores passing through Cleveland to supply the manufactories of the
+Mahoning Valley are from Lake Superior and Canada; the Canada ores forming
+quite an extensive item. The firm keep for sale many varieties of pig
+iron, the most considerable being that of the Tuscarawas iron, but
+including also the Lake Superior and Salisbury irons.
+
+The business of the firm averages one million dollars per year, and
+extends through the entire chain of lakes, having agencies at Chicago and
+Milwaukee, and also on Lake Superior ports. The Chicago trade is steadily
+increasing, for which there are two or three good reasons, to wit: The
+city is growing very rapidly; the Illinois coals are very inferior to
+those of Ohio, and the local demand for the product of the Illinois coal
+fields is very large, owing to the scarcity of wood.
+
+
+
+
+David Morris.
+
+
+
+The importance of biography as a branch of historical literature is
+indisputable, and long before reaching this portion of our work the reader
+must have realized the truth, that in the life of the individual can be
+seen mirrored not only his individual struggles, "but all mankind's
+epitome." The trouble, trials and labors of the one are but specimens of
+the struggles of the many who have to fight the battle of life, and who go
+down to their graves unchronicled. From the story of those whose
+experience is recorded, may be gleaned lessons of hope under the most
+discouraging circumstances, of perseverance amid difficulties, and
+assurances that labor and faith will eventually conquer. These lessons are
+forcibly taught in the history of the subject of the present sketch.
+
+David Morris was born of respectable parents, in Sirhowy, Monmouth county,
+on the border of Wales, July 9th, 1819. His opportunities for acquiring an
+education were limited, but such as they were he made the most of, and
+obtained sufficient knowledge of the ordinary branches to enable him to
+successfully carry on business in after life. When about twenty years of
+age he emigrated to the United States, landing in New York. October 4th,
+1839, in company with his mother and the remainder of the children, his
+father having arrived earlier, for the purpose of seeking a location. The
+first stop was made in Pottsville, Pennsylvania, thence they removed for a
+short time to Llewellyn, and afterwards to Primrose, Schuylkill county.
+
+In 1841, he left his parents and went to Middlebury, Summit county, Ohio.
+He at once commenced digging coal for Mr. Philpot, with whom he had been
+acquainted in Wales. After a few months he commenced driving team on the
+railroad, and continued in that capacity for about two years. The zeal
+and ability shown by the young man attracted the attention of his
+employer, and proved of signal assistance in pushing forward the work. So
+marked was the interest exhibited by Mr. Philpot in his assistant, that
+he favored a closer connection, and in 1843, his daughter, Dorothy
+Philpot, was married to David Morris. The young wife was a lady of more
+than ordinary good qualities, and the union proved a source of unfailing
+happiness, Mrs. Morris being not only an exemplary wife and mother in her
+home, but by her counsel and assistance materially advancing the business
+interests of her husband.
+
+In 1847, Mr. Morris, in connection with W. H. Harris, contracted with
+Lemuel Crawford for mining the Chippewa bank by the ton. After two years,
+he took the management of the work for Crawford & Price, the latter having
+purchased an interest. He then went to Girard to work his own mines at
+that point. The coal being of an excellent quality, and the demand
+constantly increasing, these mines became a source of great wealth,
+engrossing large capital, and giving employment to a host of workmen.
+Instead of the one mine which he found, his original enterprise, his
+estate now comprises the Mineral Ridge mines, which have been worked about
+eighteen years, and have yielded about a hundred and fifty tons per day;
+the Girard mines, worked about the same period, and yielding two hundred
+tons daily; and mines at Youngstown, which have been worked eight years.
+The pay roll of these mines now bears about $12,000 per month, and the
+freight bills on the railroad average $3,000 per week. The coal is mostly
+brought to Cleveland, whence it is shipped to Chicago, Milwaukee,
+Hamilton, and Toronto, a large amount going to the latter place.
+
+In 1856, Mr. Morris moved to Cleveland, the amount of business transacted
+with this city making this step prudent. Here the firm of Crawford, Price
+& Morris was formed, which subsequently became Price, Crawford & Morris,
+and finally Morris & Price. On the 15th of February, 1862, he died in the
+forty-third year of his age.
+
+[Illustration: Truly Yours, David Morris]
+
+Mr. Morris was active, industrious, and unfailing in his watchfulness
+over the interests in his charge, both when an employee and when an
+employer. His industry set a good example, which those under him were
+induced to follow, and in this way labors which would have wearied and
+discouraged men with a less energetic and industrious manager, were
+performed with cheerfulness. He was a man of few words but his manner and
+acts spoke more forcibly than words, and his men learned to obey and
+respect an employer, who, instead of ordering and lecturing them, quietly
+showed them how he wished a thing by setting about it with them. He was
+careful to restrain his passions, and to act from judgment instead of from
+impulse. In this way he was not only successful in business, and respected
+by his business associates, but possessed the esteem and confidence of his
+workmen, who, when he lay in his last illness, gathered anxiously to learn
+every item of intelligence that could be learned in regard to his
+condition.
+
+Mr. Morris was simple and unpretending in his habits, and of a religious
+turn of mind. He felt his obligations to God, and during his later years,
+especially, was diligent in his attention on Divine worship. In the
+closing days of his illness, he was constantly engaged in prayer, and
+departed this life in the assured hope of a peaceful and joyous hereafter.
+
+The disease that carried him off was typhoid fever, with which he was at
+first seized in Cleveland, where he lay at his residence for some weeks.
+On his partial recovery he visited Girard, where he suffered a relapse,
+and after a lingering illness, died at the residence of his parents. He
+was buried in Youngstown cemetery, the funeral exercises being attended by
+one of the largest assemblages of friends ever congregated at that place
+on a similar occasion.
+
+It was feared that with his death the operation of his works would cease
+and a large number of people be thus thrown out of employment. But a short
+time before his death he had expressed the desire that the works should be
+carried on after his departure the same as before it; "because," said he,
+"to stop the work would do much harm to others and no good to us." Mr.
+Morris appointed his wife, Mrs. Dorothy Morris, and Mr. Robert McLauchlan,
+executors of his will, and trustees of the estate. Mr. McLauchlan, who had
+been for a number of years engaged with the firm previous to the death of
+Mr. Morris, and therefore familiar with all its business detail, had the
+additional qualification of being an able financier, and possessing a
+practical knowledge of all branches of the coal interest, and above all,
+a character for unimpeachable integrity. His administration has been
+eminently successful.
+
+Mr. Morris left a wife and six children to mourn his loss, the eldest of
+whom, Mary, is now the widow of the late A. V. Cannon, and the second,
+William, is a member of the firm of Ward, Morris & Co., coal dealers. The
+third, John, is engaged at one of the estate mines, at Niles, Ohio, the
+rest being quite young.
+
+
+
+
+W. I. Price.
+
+
+W. I. Price was born in Nantiglo, South Wales, May 21st, 1823, and came to
+the United States with his father when about twelve years of age. His
+father settled at Paris, Ohio, where the subject of this sketch remained
+until he grew up to man's estate, when he removed to Cleveland, and was
+engaged as book-keeper with Messrs. Camp & Stockly. The confidence of his
+employers in his business ability and integrity was soon manifested by
+their sending him to Chicago as their agent in the coal business. His stay
+in that city was marked by several severe fits of sickness, and he was
+eventually compelled to leave that post and return to Cleveland.
+
+Soon after his return he became interested with Lemuel Crawford, in the
+business of mining coal, in the early development of which branch of trade
+he filled a conspicuous and important part. He often related, after the
+coal interest had assumed large proportions, the difficulties to be
+surmounted in introducing coal as an article of fuel, especially on the
+steamboats. Frequently he has sat up all night watching for the steamers
+to come in, and then almost gave away coal in order to induce their
+officers to use it.
+
+The firm of Crawford & Price was formed in 1850. With persistent energy it
+continued to push its coal business until it assumed considerable
+proportions, when, in 1856, Mr. David Morris became a partner, and the
+firm name was changed to Crawford, Price & Co., and again in 1858, to
+Price, Crawford & Morris. In 1857, the firm of Price, Morris & Co. was
+established in Chicago, and Mr. Price was, during much of his time,
+actively engaged in the extensive coal transactions of that firm.
+
+[Illustration: Very Resp. Yours, W. I. Price]
+
+Mr. Price was married to Miss Harriet Murray, who died in 1850, after two
+years of married life, leaving one child, which only survived her three
+months. He was married again August 27, 1856, to Miss Caroline Anderson,
+of Manchester, Vermont, daughter of Rev. James Anderson, of the
+Congregational church.
+
+Being in ill health at the time of his second marriage, Mr. Price, with
+his wife, took a trip to Europe, visiting his old home in Wales, and
+returned with his health so much improved that he was scarcely recognized
+by his friends.
+
+The year 1857 was a most trying time for business men. Mr. Price's labors
+were arduous in the extreme; his energy was unbounded, and the labors he
+was compelled to perform doubtless so over-taxed his strength that he had
+not sufficient vitality to recover.
+
+In the Fall of 1858, he had the first serious apprehensions for his
+health. A bronchial difficulty from which he suffered, was aggravated by
+traveling and exposure, and in the Spring of 1859, he went to New York
+for advice. He was told to make another trip to Europe. This advice was
+followed, but he returned very little benefited. After a few weeks he
+started with his wife on a tour south, intending to remain there during
+the Winter. Reaching Charleston, S. C., about the middle of November, he
+remained but a short time, and then set out for the Sulphur Springs, at
+Aiken. Here he improved rapidly, but as the cold came on, and the
+accommodations were poor, it was thought advisable to go further south.
+At Savannah he remained a short time, and after wandering from point to
+point, arrived early in February at New Smyrna, where a large company of
+English hunters made their headquarters. Here they found better food and
+accommodations. After wandering through the South until about the middle
+of May, they returned to New York, where they were met by the partner of
+Mr. Price, Mr. Morris, and Mr. Price's brother Philip. The latter
+accompanied them to Manchester, Vermont. The mountain air of that region
+stopped the cough of the invalid, and from Thursday, May 17th, to Monday
+21st, he was able to sit up, and was attending to business with his
+brother all the morning of the last named day. A friend from Brooklyn
+called, and with him he conversed for half an hour. On rising to bid him
+good bye, he was seized with hemorrhage, and asked to be assisted to bed.
+He never spoke more, and died in fifteen minutes. His remains were
+brought to Cleveland and interred in Erie street cemetery, but were
+afterwards removed to Woodland. The last illness of Mr. Price was borne
+without a murmur.
+
+Mr. Price was modest and retiring in manner, affable in disposition, and
+benevolent to a fault. He was most beloved where best known. In business
+circles his integrity was proverbial, and his financial ability
+everywhere acknowledged. Few men have died so sincerely regretted by
+those who knew him.
+
+James Anderson Price, the only child of the subject of this sketch, was
+born April 22d, 1858, and though yet very young, presents in personal
+appearance and disposition an exact counterpart of his father.
+
+
+
+
+D. W. Cross.
+
+
+
+In the Spring of 1855, when the coal trade of Cleveland was,
+comparatively, in its infancy, and before the Mahoning Railroad was built,
+the late Oliver H. Perry and David W. Cross set about investigating the
+coal deposits in the Mahoning Valley, which resulted in their making some
+leases of coal lands, and in purchasing a coal tract of about one hundred
+and fifty acres, known then as the old Heaton coal bank, of Mineral Ridge
+coal. In January, 1856, Perry, Cross & Co. commenced operations in
+earnest, opened an office and coal yard on Johnson & Tisdale's dock and
+mined and brought to Cleveland the first cargo of Mineral Ridge coal. It
+came by the way of the Pennsylvania and Ohio canal from Niles, Trumbull
+county, Ohio.
+
+At that time, when a gold dollar was only worth a dollar, the coal was
+mined at forty cents per ton, the canal freight about one dollar and
+seventy-five cents per ton, "dead work," handling, dockage, &c., about
+seventy-five cents, making the total cost of that coal on the docks in
+Cleveland ready for delivery, about two dollars and ninety cents per ton.
+
+This mine produced about a hundred tons per day. The company that year
+also received about eight thousand tons of Briar Hill or "block coal" from
+Powers' bank, about two miles below Youngstown. This coal was also brought
+in by canal boats.
+
+In the year 1859, Hon. Henry B. Payne, who had an interest in the
+original purchase of coal lands, with a view of establishing his son,
+Nathan P. Payne, in business, bought the entire interest of Mr. Perry in
+the concern and the business was continued in the name of D. W. Cross & Co.
+Mr. N. P. Payne, then an active young man just from his collegiate studies,
+took charge of the retail trade, and Isaac Newton had charge of the books.
+In 1860, arrangements were made with the late Lemuel Crawford to run his
+Chippewa and Briar Hill mines in connection with the Mineral Ridge mines,
+and it resulted in forming the company known as Crawford, Cross & Co., for
+one year, at the expiration of which time the firm of Cross, Payne & Co.,
+composed of D. W. Cross, Nathan P. Payne and Isaac Newton, carried on the
+business. This firm made extensive explorations for coal. They discovered
+and opened the Summit bank coal mines, near Akron, built a locomotive
+railroad three miles long to the canal at Middlebury, and to the Cleveland
+& Zanesville and Atlantic & Great Western railroads; repaired the feeder
+canal from Middlebury to Akron, built a basin capable of holding eight
+canal boats, extensive shutes, docks, &c., capable of handling four
+thousand five hundred tons per day. This coal tract includes between three
+and four hundred acres. The coal is a superior quality of the Massillon
+grade, about four and a half feet thick, and for steam, manufacturing and
+domestic uses is claimed to have no superior. The company employed at this
+mine from seventy-five to a hundred and fifty men; built extensive shaft
+works for elevating coal to the surface; erected about forty comfortable
+tenements for the workmen and miners, and, in short, used all their past
+experience to make this a model mine. It is the nearest coal bank to
+Cleveland now open.
+
+They also, in connection with the late W. A. Otis, Charles A. Otis and
+James Lewis, leased and purchased several hundred acres of coal lands in
+Brookfield, Trumbull county, Ohio, and opened the extensive works known as
+the Otis Coal Company's bank.
+
+A shaft on this tract was sunk to the coal eight by sixteen feet and a
+hundred and fifty-five feet deep, in sixty-one days by Isaac Halford,
+superintendent, through solid rock, said to be the quickest work ever
+known in the valley. This tract produces an excellent quality of the Briar
+Hill grade of coal; a locomotive railroad connects it with a branch of the
+Mahoning Railroad, and the works are capable of mining and raising three
+hundred tons of coal per day.
+
+In February, 1867, Mr. Cross retired from the business, and the present
+firm of Payne, Newton & Co., composed of N. P. Payne, Isaac Newton and
+Charles J. Sheffield, now carry on the extensive business of the entire
+concern. They have ample facilities for mining and handling five or six
+hundred tons of coal per day.
+
+After the completion of the Cleveland & Mahoning Railroad the Pennsylvania
+and Ohio canal was abandoned, the Railroad Company having obtained control
+of the stock, and fixed so high a tariff as to cut off all competition
+with themselves. This effectually killed the canal, except that portion
+between Akron and Kent. The active trade on this part of the Pennsylvania
+and Ohio canal will insure its preservation, and as it is an important
+feeder (supplying water and trade) to the Ohio canal, the State will
+undoubtedly take possession of it. The capital invested by this concern in
+the coal trade is about $250,000.
+
+Since his retirement from the coal trade, Mr. Cross has been actively
+interested in the Winslow Car Roofing Company and the Cleveland Steam
+Gauge Company, both carrying on their manufactories in Cleveland.
+
+
+
+
+Religious
+
+
+
+Although originally settled by people from Connecticut, Cleveland was not
+in its early days distinguished for its religious characteristics. Old
+inhabitants narrate how in the infancy of the settlement the whisky shop
+was more frequented than the preaching meeting, whenever that was held,
+and how, on one occasion, a party of scoffing unbelievers bore in mock
+triumph an effigy of the Saviour through the streets. A regular meeting of
+infidels was held, and burlesque celebrations of the Lord's Supper
+performed. Still later, when the business of slaughtering hogs became an
+important branch of industry, it was carried on regularly, on Sundays as
+well as on week-days, and as this was a leading feature in the year's
+doings the religious observance of the day was seriously interfered with
+during slaughtering season. Trade on the river, in the busy season, went
+on with but little regard for the Sundays, except that Mr. John Walworth
+invariably refused, although not a church member, to conform to the usage
+of his neighbors in doing business on that day. Unlike the modern
+emigrants from New England, the Cleveland pioneers did not carry the
+church with them.
+
+The first regularly organized religious society in Cleveland was the
+Episcopal, which gathered together for religious worship in 1817, under
+the ministration of the Rev. Roger Searles. The meetings were held
+wherever a room could be obtained, the court-house, old academy building,
+and other public rooms being frequently used for the purpose. In 1828,
+Trinity Church was regularly incorporated, and the frame building which
+stood on the corner of Seneca and St. Clair streets until its destruction
+by fire in 1853, is remembered with affection by many Clevelanders as
+"Old Trinity."
+
+The next religions organization was Presbyterian. In 1820, a few residents
+of Cleveland engaged, the Rev. Randolph Stone, pastor of a church at
+Morgan, Ashtabula county, to devote a third of his ministrations to
+Cleveland. In June of that year the first Sunday school was established
+with Elisha Taylor as superintendent, but it was only by the most
+persistent effort that it was enabled to combat the prejudices and
+overcome the indifference of the people. In September, 1820, the First
+Presbyterian church was formally organized, with fourteen members, in the
+old log court-house. In 1827, the society was regularly incorporated, and
+in 1834, the old stone church on the Public Square was opened for worship.
+During the whole of this time the congregation had no settled pastor, but
+was dependent on occasional visits of ministers from other places.
+
+The first attempt at Methodist organization was somewhere between 1824 and
+1827. Methodism was not in favor among the early settlers in Cleveland.
+The historian of the Erie Conference relates that a Methodist friend in
+New England, who owned land in Cleveland, sent on a deed for the lot on
+the northeast corner of Ontario and Rockwell street, where Mr. Crittenden
+afterwards built a large stone house, which lot would have been most
+suitable for a church, and that no person could be found willing to pay
+the trifling expense of recording, or take charge of the deed, and it was
+returned to the donor. In 1830, Cleveland became a station, with Rev. Mr.
+Plimpton, pastor.
+
+The first Baptist meeting was held in the old academy, in 1832, the Rev.
+Richmond Taggart preaching to a handful of believers. In 1833, the First
+Baptist society was formally organized with twenty-seven members, Moses
+White and Benjamin Rouse, who still live in the city, being of the
+original deacons. In 1836, their first church, on the corner of Seneca and
+Champlain streets, was dedicated with a sermon by the Rev. Elisha Tucker,
+of Buffalo, who was afterwards called to the pastorate.
+
+About the year 1835, the first Roman Catholic church was built on Columbus
+street on the flats, and was intended to supply the religious needs of the
+Roman Catholics of Cleveland and Ohio City, being situated almost midway
+between the settled portions of the two places. The first pastor was the
+Rev. Mr. Dillon.
+
+In 1835, the first Bethel church, for the use of sailors, was built at the
+back of the site of Gorton, McMillan & Co.'s warehouse. It was a plain
+wooden structure, which remained there until the erection of the brick
+church on Water Street, when the wooden building was removed to make way
+for the Cleveland, Columbus and Cincinnati Railroad.
+
+In 1839, the first Hebrew synagogue was organized and a brick church was
+afterwards built on Eagle street.
+
+From these feeble beginnings have grown up the present religious
+organizations of Cleveland, numbering about seventy churches, many of them
+of great beauty and costliness, with flourishing Sunday schools and
+wealthy congregations. The leading denominations have each several
+churches graded, from stately buildings for the older and wealthier
+congregations to the modest mission chapels. Nearly all the religious
+beliefs of the day are represented by organizations in the city, and all
+are in a flourishing, or at least a growing condition.
+
+
+
+
+Samuel C. Aiken.
+
+
+
+The ancestors of Mr. Aiken were from the North of Ireland, particularly
+from Londonderry, Antrim and Belfast. At an early day one or two colonies
+came over to this country and settled on a tract of land on the Merrimac
+River, in New Hampshire, calling it Londonderry, after the name of the
+city from which most of them had emigrated. Fragments of these colonies
+were soon scattered over New England, and a few families moved to Vermont
+and purchased a tract of land midway between the Green Mountains and
+Connecticut River. The township was at first called Derry, and afterwards
+divided, one portion retaining the original name, and the other taking the
+name of Windham. In the latter town Dr. Aiken was born, September 21,
+1791. His parents were both natives of Londonderry, New Hampshire. Before
+their marriage, his mother, whose maiden name was Clark, resided a
+considerable portion of her time in Boston, with a brother and three
+sisters, and was there when the Revolutionary war broke out. When the city
+fell into the hands of the British, they refused to let any one leave. By
+some means however Miss Clark escaped and crossed over to Cambridge, where
+the American army was stationed under General Washington. After
+questioning her as to her escape and the situation of affairs in the city,
+Washington told her, that, in the present condition of the country it was
+unsafe for her to travel unprotected, and accordingly gave her an escort,
+proving that the great General was also mindful of the courtesies of a
+gentleman.
+
+When about twelve or thirteen years of age, Dr. Aiken, after a preparatory
+course, entered Middlebury college, in 1813. In his junior year a long fit
+of sickness placed him under the care of a physician from Georgia, who
+bled him forty times and gave him calomel and julep, (such was the way of
+curing fever,) sufficient to destroy the best constitution. The
+consequence was, his health was so impaired that he was obliged to leave
+college for a year. Afterwards returning he entered the class of 1814. In
+both classes were quite a number of young men who became distinguished in
+Church and State. Among them was Sylvester Larned, the eloquent preacher
+of New Orleans, Levi Parsons and Pliney Fisk, first missionaries to
+Palestine, Carlos Wilcox, the poet, Silas Wright, afterwards Governor of
+New York State, and Samuel Nelson, now on the Bench of the Supreme Court
+of the United States.
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+Dr. Aiken's first religious impressions were occasioned by reading
+Doddridge's Rise and Progress of Religion in the Soul. Faithful parental
+instruction in the Bible and Shorter Catechism had laid the foundation for
+belief in the truth of religion. A revival of religion soon after entering
+college awakened a new and solemn purpose to devote his life to the work
+of the Gospel ministry. The usual course of three years at Andover
+Theological Seminary was passed without any special occurrence. He was
+then called by the "Young Men's Missionary Society" in New York, to labor
+in their service in that city. He had but just entered the field when an
+urgent request from the First Presbyterian society in Utica, New York,
+took him to that place, then only a small village, where he was ordained
+and installed, the third of February, 1818. Some events of deep interest
+occurred while he was in Utica. The building and completion of the Erie
+canal was one. The cholera in 1832, was another. It was there and then
+this fatal epidemic first appeared in the United States. In Utica also
+during his ministry were several revivals of religion of great power and
+interest. Moreover, about that time the subject of anti-slavery began to
+be agitated; opposition and mobs began to gather, which, under the control
+of the Almighty, have resulted in the emancipation of millions of slaves.
+
+Impaired health, after about nineteen years of labor, with very little
+relaxation or relief by traveling, such as is common now, determined him
+to accept a call from the First Presbyterian church and society in
+Cleveland, over which he was installed pastor in November, 1835. Although
+the church had been organized fifteen years, Rev. Mr. Aiken was the first
+regular pastor. The ministerial duties were performed by supplies.
+
+Soon after Mr. Aiken was installed pastor, a great financial revulsion
+took place; and for a period of about ten years he voluntarily
+relinquished three hundred dollars out of his salary of fifteen hundred,
+lest it should prove burthensome to the church. This low tide in financial
+matters was characterized by remarkable religious developments; slavery,
+temperance and Millerism became church questions; and it was regarded as
+the peculiar mission of Mr. Aiken to distinguish between truth and error.
+His moderation, judicious advice, and devoted character were just
+calculated to conduct his charge safely through the distractions of that
+period. The society increased at such a rate that the building became
+crowded, and another church was organized for the West Side. On the East
+Side a Congregational church was formed about the year 1840, to which some
+of the more radical members of the First Presbyterian church went over. In
+process of time the nucleus of the Second Presbyterian church on Superior
+street, and the Third, on Euclid street, were formed out of the First
+church, not because of any dissatisfaction, however, but for want of room.
+But, notwithstanding these offshoots, a new and larger edifice became
+necessary, and in 1853, the present enlarged, elegant and substantial
+building was put up on the site of that of 1834. In March, 1857, the wood
+work of this spacious stone structure was destroyed by fire.
+
+In his physical constitution, with which the mental is closely allied, Mr.
+Aiken is deliberate, to a degree which some have greatly mistaken for
+indolence. But with a commanding person, and strong will this habitual
+absence of excitement was never tame, but rather impressive. He seldom
+rose above the even tenor of his discourse, but never fell to commonplace,
+was generally interesting and occasionally eloquent. His sermons were not
+hasty compositions, without a purpose, but well studied, rich with
+original and important thought, artistically arranged and glowing with
+genuine piety and embellished with scholastic treasures. Dr. Aiken
+possessed the accomplishment, and understood the value of good reading, so
+rare in the pulpit, and which is scarcely inferior to eloquence. We
+remember but few occasions when he became thoroughly aroused. The
+destruction of so fine a church edifice so soon after it was completed
+seemed to him a personal calamity. On the following Sunday the
+congregation met in Chapin's Hall. His heart was evidently full of grief;
+but also of submission. His fine enunciation, correct emphasis, and strong
+yet suppressed feelings, secured the earnest attention of every hearer. He
+touched graphically upon the power of fire; how it fractures the rock,
+softens obdurate metals, envelopes the prairies in flame, and how it
+seized upon the seats, ceiling and roof in his darling house of worship,
+thence fiercely ascending the spire to strive to rise still higher, and
+invade the clouds. From this he turned to the doctrine of submission, in a
+manner so earnest and pathetic that a perceptible agitation pervaded the
+audience, in which many could not suppress their tears. There was no
+laboring after effect. It was the natural result of a lofty sentiment,
+expressed with unction, beauty and vigor.
+
+During the same year the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church was
+held at Cleveland. The slavery question was there presented for the last
+time. The Southern members, represented by Rev. Mr. Ross, of Alabama, had
+counted upon what they called a conservative course, on the part of Mr.
+Aiken. They wished, simply, to be let alone. From the Middle States there
+were many clergyman of moderate views, who expected him to take their
+ground, or, at least, to be silent. He had advised non-resistence to the
+execution of the fugitive slave law, even on the part of the blacks, in
+cases where governmental officials were implicated. As usual, the negro
+question came up, and a large portion of a day was given to it.
+
+Until near the close of the debate the representatives of the Middle and
+Southern States were quite hopeful of a moderate policy, or of no policy.
+Mr. Aiken sat near the marble pulpit in the Second church without any
+apparent interest in the discussion. He rose and spoke with difficulty and
+in a weak voice, and few words. In a temperate but firm and patriarchal
+manner he recounted the various phases of the question, during his public
+ministry. He then touched upon the moral and religions aspect of the case,
+but with no asseveration, and concluded by denouncing slavery as an evil,
+so monstrous that the church could neither sustain nor ignore it. The
+silence was so complete that no word was lost. When he sat down, the
+Southern members remarked that their fate within the church was settled.
+
+On a previous public occasion in 1851, when the Columbus Railway was just
+completed, and an excursion of State dignitaries made a trial trip to
+Cleveland, Mr. Aiken was requested to preach in their presence. As this
+discourse is one of a very few that have been printed, we can give a few
+literal extracts:
+
+  It was my privilege on the Lord's day to address De Witt Clinton and
+  the Canal Commissioners of New York in recognition of the beneficient
+  hand of Providence, who had carried them on to the completion of the
+  Erie Canal. In a moral and religions, as well as in a social and
+  commercial point of view, there is something both solemn and sublime
+  in the completion of a great thoroughfare. It indicates not only the
+  march of mind and a higher type of society, but the evolution of a
+  divine purpose.
+
+In his quarter century sermon, June 3d, 1850, he says of revivals:
+
+  They are as their Divine Author says, like the breath of wind through
+  fragrant trees and flowers, scattering grateful odors, pervading the
+  universal church with the treasured sweetness of divine grace. If my
+  success has not been as great as I would wish, it is as great as I had
+  reason to expect. I confess I have much to deplore, and much for which
+  to be thankful. There have been adverse influences here to counteract
+  those usually falling to the lot of other ministers. So far as the
+  subject of slavery is concerned I have endeavored without the fear or
+  favor of man to preserve a course best calculated to promote freedom and
+  save the church from dismemberment.
+
+With such a style, perspicuous, easy and impressive, it is easy to see
+how he might thoroughly absorb the attention of an audience, without
+affecting the orator. If he had been more ambitions and more enterprising,
+he might have risen higher as a popular preacher, but would have held a
+lower place in the affections of his people. The position of a pastor in
+an active and growing city is beset with difficulty on all sides. To
+retain place and influence in one congregation during a period of
+thirty-five years is an evidence of prudence, character and stability of
+purpose more to be desired than outside fame in the church.
+
+Though not yet arrived at extreme old age, he is too feeble to perform
+much service. It is ten years since he has retired from active duty, but
+his congregation continue his annual salary by an unanimous vote. Few
+clergyman are permitted to witness, like him, the fruits of their early
+labors. He has contributed largely to shape the religions institutions of
+a city, while it was increasing in population from three thousand to
+ninety thousand. We remember but one instance where he was drawn into a
+newspaper discussion. This was in the year 1815, in which he reviewed the
+decrees of the Council of Trent in relation to the prohibition of the
+Scriptures to the common people. The letters of "Clericus" and "Veritas"
+on that subject covered the whole ground on both sides, and are worthy of
+publication in a more permanent form.
+
+The Rev. Doctor sustained the relation of pastor to the First Presbyterian
+church until 1858, when he resigned, leaving the Rev. Dr. Goodrich sole
+pastor. The whole extent of his ministry from the time of his license by
+the Londonderry Presbytery, 1817, to the present time, March, 1869, has
+been about fifty-three years. During forty-three years of this period he
+has been a pastor in only two congregations. The other portion of this
+time he has preached and labored in vacant churches and where there was no
+church, as health and opportunity permitted.
+
+The Doctor still resides in Cleveland, beloved by the church over which
+for so many years he watched and prayed, and honored in a community in
+which he has so long been recognized as an unswerving advocate of right.
+
+Retired from active duty, and nearing, as he is, the sunset of life, his
+quiet hours may bring to him remembrances of vigorous effort and
+unmeasured usefulness, while his gentle nature may be cheered by the
+consciousness that he still holds the love of this people.
+
+
+
+
+Seymour W. Adams.
+
+
+
+The subject of this sketch, Rev. Seymour Webster Adams, D. D., was born at
+Vernon, Oneida county, New York, August 1, 1815. His father's name was
+Isaac Adams and his mother's maiden name was Eunice Webster--she was a
+niece of Noah Webster, the great American lexicographer. His mother is
+still living. His father died in 1861. Dr. Adams was possessed of
+remarkable equanimity of temperament, a healthful constitution and great
+powers of application and endurance. These traits, the home influences
+under which he was nurtured, developed in a high degree. His early years
+were passed upon his father's farm at Vernon and in the home circle.
+Having before him constantly not only the example of right living, as
+generally esteemed, but of holy living, he could not do otherwise than
+profit greatly by the example set before him. But he did not only profit
+by this example--he went much further. It is said of him, "As a son he was
+docile, loving, tenderly attached to his kindred, profoundly obedient and
+reverent towards his parents, whose wish was the law of his heart, and
+whom he loved to call blessed."
+
+At the age of seventeen he became a member of the Baptist church at
+Vernon, and soon after this entered upon a course of preparation for a
+liberal education and in due time he entered Hamilton College, Clinton,
+New York, from which he graduated after a full course, taking a very high
+position in his class.
+
+That the leading traits of his character while young may be appreciated,
+some of his early writings are here referred to.
+
+Soon after entering upon his collegiate course he wrote upon "Integrity of
+Character," and among other things remarked that the man who suffers his
+principles to be violated "sacrifices his honor, barters all that is noble
+and admirable, and abandons those principles to which he should cling with
+an unyielding grasp."
+
+On another occasion a little further on he is found maintaining the
+necessity of the exercise of the physical and intellectual powers of man
+"as a wise provision of the Sovereign Ruler of the world" for man's
+happiness, and he maintains that not only in this should there be activity
+but _energy_.
+
+Afterwards, in 1841, when he had become a senior and was about to bid
+adieu to college life, he chose as the subject of his oration,
+"Development of Character," maintaining that no one can become "deservedly
+great" who does not encounter and overcome the impediments and
+difficulties constantly presenting themselves. He says: "Difficulties may
+long have met the aspirant at every step and been for years his constant
+companions, yet so far from proving detrimental, they have been among the
+most efficient means for preparing him for vigorous effort to surmount
+still greater barriers."
+
+These references are deemed sufficient to indicate the principles and
+leading traits of the youthful Seymour W. Adams, and as we shall see, were
+his unvarying guides through life. To him it was the same to resolve as to
+perform, for whether in earlier or later life he never put his hand to the
+plow and looked back. Therefore, having resolved to become a Christian
+minister, he never swerved from that resolution for a single moment, but
+went forward with his mind fixed upon his purpose and object as the
+mariner's upon his guiding star. In pursuance of his previous
+determination, in the Fall of 1841 he entered the Hamilton Theological
+Seminary at Hamilton, Madison county, New York, from which in regular
+course he graduated, and after acting as ministerial supply in one or two
+places, he was called to and accepted the pastorate of the Baptist church
+at Vernon, his native place, having previously received ordination. Here
+he was greatly beloved by his people and continued there quietly pursuing
+his duties, until sought out at his village home and invited to accept the
+vacant pastorate of the First Baptist church of Cleveland, Ohio.
+
+When first invited to the Cleveland pastorate he refused to listen, and
+declined to entertain the call; but upon the matter being further pressed
+upon him, upon the second call he consented to visit Cleveland for the
+purpose of becoming acquainted with the people and learning their
+situation, but was careful to give them no encouragement that he would
+accept their invitation.
+
+Mr. Adams came to Cleveland in pursuance of this call October 19th, 1846,
+and after remaining three weeks returned home to Vernon, leaving it in
+great doubt whether he would return here. In about a month afterwards, the
+church at Cleveland calling him was relieved of suspense by his acceptance
+of the pastorate. He entered upon it November 22d, 1846. The subject of
+his discourse on this occasion was:
+
+  "For they watch for your souls as they that must give
+  account."--Heb. xiii, 17.
+
+A few words as to this discourse is deemed not out of place here, as it
+has become historic in the church to which it was delivered. The doctrine
+of the discourse was the reciprocal duty of pastor and people. Reference
+will only be made to what appertains to the pastor. He laid down most
+rigid rules for him--"that he should be a holy man,"--that he should be
+one that "hath clean hands and a pure heart; who hath not lifted up his
+soul unto vanity." That the injunction was laid upon him, "Keep thyself
+pure;" that as the conduct of the minister is observed by many it should
+be fitting as an example to others "in word, in conversation, in charity,
+in spirit, in faith, in purity." That in preparation for preaching the
+Word "time, thought and prayer must be given--that the burden of all his
+preaching should be 'Christ and him crucified.'"
+
+How well he observed these will appear hereafter in the language of those
+who made addresses at his funeral, or soon afterwards. The reader is also
+referred to the Memoir of Dr. Adams, edited by Judge Bishop.
+
+In this pastorate Dr. Adams continued till his decease. No extended
+reference can be made to his labors in so brief a sketch as this. A mere
+summary only can be given of his life work. The number of sermons preached
+by him, including addresses at funerals, is three thousand four hundred
+and ninety-three; number of marriages solemnized, three hundred and
+fifty-two; number of funerals attended, five hundred and four; number
+received into the church, including those received both by letter and
+baptism, about seven hundred. In addition to his other labors, in 1858-9,
+he wrote the life of Rev. Dr. Nathaniel Kendrick, so long and honorably
+known as the founder of the Hamilton Theological School, and which has
+since grown to be Madison University and Hamilton Theological Seminary.
+While in this work all display and all mere ornament is avoided, it is a
+work of decided merit, requiring severe application and patient industry
+to accomplish it. His surviving wife has said that "his pastoral labors
+were prosecuted regardless of self."
+
+He was three times married. First to Miss Caroline E. Griggs, who died
+April, 1847. Second, January, 1849, to Mrs. Cordelia C. Peck, widow of
+Rev. Linus M. Peck, and daughter of Rev. Dr. Nathaniel Kendrick; she died
+October, 1852. Third, to Miss Augusta Hoyt, August, 1855, who is the
+mother of his four surviving children.
+
+He was not only a Christian minister, but he was a true Christian patriot,
+and never, during all the terrible struggle for the life of the nation,
+when he offered prayer, did he fail to remember his country. Nearly the
+last work of his life was to accept an appointment in the Christian
+Commission to render service in Washington and at the front, relieving and
+comforting the sick and wounded of our army.
+
+On the sixth of July, 1864, he returned home from this service, quite
+unwell, but he thought he could find no space for repose, and labored on
+more intensely than ever, all which time a crisis was approaching which he
+did not anticipate. He at last began to perceive symptoms of severe
+illness, and Sabbath, September 11th, he preached his last sermon to his
+people from Heb. iii: 7, 8. "To-day if ye will hear his voice harden not
+your hearts," &c. All that can be said here of this discourse is, that if
+he had known it was his last he could not have spoken more appropriately
+or warned more earnestly. From the preaching of this discourse he went to
+the sick-room, and on the 27th of September, 1864, Dr. Adams bade adieu to
+earth and passed away.
+
+His funeral was attended September 30th, by a great multitude of mourners
+and friends, at the First Baptist church, and a large number of the
+clergymen of Cleveland participated in the solemnities.
+
+This sketch can not be better concluded than by referring briefly to some
+of the remarks made on that occasion, as a fitting testimonial to the
+character and worth of Dr. Adams.
+
+Remarks, 1st, by Rev. Dr. Aiken:
+
+  I have known him intimately, and I have thought, as I have seen him on
+  the street, of that passage of Scripture, "Behold an Israelite indeed in
+  whom there is no guile," for there was no guile in him. You might read
+  his profession in his daily life. He commended daily the Gospel that he
+  preached, and gave living witness of its power and showed that he loved
+  the truth. He was eminently successful as a pastor and useful in the
+  cause of the Redeemer.
+
+2d, by Rev. Dr. Goodrich:
+
+  There was manifest a diligence in his study and a thoroughness of
+  thought which commanded increased respect the longer we listened to him.
+  His life and character made him felt in this community even more than
+  his words. He preached one day in the week to his own flock, but he
+  lived forth the Gospel of Christ every day before the world. There was
+  in him a sincerity and consistency which could not be hid. He was
+  transparent as crystal and honest as a little child. No man ever doubted
+  him. He was always himself, true, manly, faithful. Men, as they passed
+  him in the street, said to themselves, "There is a man who believes all
+  the Gospel he preaches." He is gone, but his works follow him. "Being
+  dead he yet speaketh."
+
+3d, by Rev. Dr. Hawks:
+
+  Possessed naturally of a strong intellect, he disciplined it by the
+  severe process of thought and study. His scholarship was accurate and
+  thorough, his reading extensive and profitable, by means of these he
+  intended to serve, as he did, Christ and the church. Dr. Adams was a
+  pastor as well as preacher. He taught not only publicly but from
+  house to house.
+
+
+
+
+J. A. Thome.
+
+
+
+James Armstrong Thome was born in Augusta, Kentucky, January 20, 1813.
+He is of Scotch descent on his father's side, and of North Irish by his
+mother, a native Armstrong of the border land. His father was a
+Presbyterian of the Scotch type, and a ruling elder in the church. His
+mother was a Methodist of the original Wesleyan order and period, having
+been converted under the labors of the Wesleys at the age of nine. This
+difference of the parents in religious beliefs and church affinities
+remained unchanged till the death of the mother, each attending their
+respective meetings; yet, wide as the distinction then was, and warm as
+the prevalent feeling was, between Presbyterians and Methodists,
+particularly in Kentucky, there was neither sectarian width nor warmth
+between the godly pair, the twain were one flesh and one spirit in
+Christ Jesus.
+
+The son usually followed his father to church, though he sometimes
+accompanied his mother; and during week-day evenings he had the double
+advantage of going to prayer-meeting with the one, and to class-meeting
+with the other. To this two-fold, yet harmonious, religious training in
+childhood the son is indebted for a breath of religious sentiment and
+sympathy which made him early a Presbyteria-Methodist in heart, and led
+him subsequently to the mid-way ground of Congregationalism, where many a
+Presbyterian and many a Methodist have met in Christian unity,
+
+He owes his early conversion to the faithful teachings and pious example
+of his parents, to their religious instruction, to family worship, to
+Sabbath observance, to sanctuary means, in prosecution of the covenant his
+parents entered into with God when they consecrated him in infancy.
+
+The son's first great sorrow came when he was in his ninth year, in the
+death of his mother. The loss was irreparable, but it led him to Christ,
+From the sad moment when the dying mother laid her hand upon his head and
+spoke in words never to be forgotten, her last benediction, sorrow for the
+sainted dead was blended with penepenitentialrow towards God, and prayers
+and tears cried to heaven for mercy. It was not, however, until the age of
+seventeen that the blind seeker found the Saviour, and conscious peace in
+Him. This happy event was immediately followed by union with the
+Presbyterian church, and this by personal consecration to the ministry.
+Just before his conversion, his college course, early begun, had been
+completed. Three years were spent in farther study, and in travel, and
+general observation bearing on the chosen calling of life.
+
+At the opening of Lane Seminary, under the Theological headship of Dr.
+Lyman Beecher, the young divinity student chose that school of the
+prophets, and joined its first class in 1833. It was a class destined to
+be made famous by a discussion, in its first year, of the slavery
+question, then beginning to be agitated by the formation of an
+anti-slavery society on the basis of immediate emancipation, and by the
+active agitation of the subject in the neighboring city, Cincinnati,
+whereby the mobocratic spirit was aroused, whence threats of sacking the
+seminary buildings, and thereupon alarm and hasty action of the trustees,
+disallowing further agitation, and enjoining the disbanding of the
+society. The students, too much in earnest to yield, after unavailing
+attempts at reconciliation with the authorities, the professors mediating,
+and Doctor Beecher conjuring his beloved pupils to stay with him, seceded
+in a body, in December, 1834. The young Kentuckian, son of a slave-holder,
+became a thorough convert to the doctrine of emancipation, joined the
+anti-slavery society, agitated with his brethren, delivered an address at
+the first anniversary of the American Anti-Slavery Society, in New York,
+May, 1834, and seceded with the class. "A Statement of the Reasons which
+induced the Students of Lane Seminary to Dissolve their Connection with
+that Institution"--a pamphlet of twenty-eight pages, signed by fifty-one
+names, and bearing date December 15, 1834, was published and went over the
+land, and the city, intensifying the agitation at home, and raising it
+throughout the country. Among the signatures to this document are those of
+Theodore D. Weld, H. B. Stanton, George Whipple, J. W. Alvord, George
+Clark, John J. Miter, Amos Dresser, (afterwards scourged in the Public
+Square of Nashville,) William T. Allen, son of a slaveholding Presbyterian
+minister in Alabama, and James A. Thome.
+
+Exiled from the Seminary halls, these rebel reformers took refuge in a
+building hard by the city, and extemporized a Theological school,
+themselves being both lecturers and students. The following Spring,
+negotiations being matured for adding a Theological department to the
+Oberlin Institute by the accession of Professors Finney and Morgan the
+seceders went in a body to Oberlin, where they prosecuted their
+preparations for the ministry, which were completed in 1836. Among these
+first graduates of Oberlin Theological Seminary was J. A. Thome. The Winter
+of 1835-6, he had spent in lecturing on anti-slavery in Ohio, under
+commission of the American Anti-Slavery Society. The Winter of 1836-7, he,
+with Jos. Horace Kimball, of New Hampshire, visited the British West India
+Islands to investigate the results of the abolition of slavery, two years
+prior, by act of Parliament. A volume entitled "Emancipation in the West
+Indies," prepared by Mr. Thome, and published, in 1837, by the American
+Anti-Slavery Society at New York, embodied these observations. The book
+was timely and told efficiently on the reform in this country. The Winter
+of 1837, was passed in Kentucky, the abolitionist living among
+slaveholders, and officiating as the minister in the church of his father.
+The next Spring he accepted a call to the chair of Rhetoric and Belles
+Lettres in Oberlin college, and in September following was married to Miss
+Ann T. Allen, daughter of John Gould Allen, Esq., of Fairfield,
+Connecticut. After ten years of professorial labors, in association with
+men of great worth, most of whom still retain their connection with the
+college, Mr. Thome entered upon the pastoral work, December, 1848, in
+connection with the church of which he is still the pastor.
+
+He has enjoyed a pastorate of twenty years, uninterrupted by serious
+ill-health, and cheered by successive revivals and consequent accessions
+to the church, which, having a membership at the beginning of his
+pastorate of little over one hundred, now numbers over three hundred,
+after many losses by dismission and death.
+
+Mr. Thome, early converted to anti-slavery, and consistently devoted to
+that cause, has lived to see slavery abolished in America. In addition to
+the volume on West India Emancipation, he wrote, in 1850, a book on
+Slavery in America, which was published by the British Anti-Slavery
+Society. Since, a Prize Tract on Prayer for the Oppressed, also a tract
+during the war on "What are we Fighting for?" and a treatise on "The
+Future of the Freed People."
+
+At the earnest solicitation of the Secretaries of the American Missionary
+Association, and with the generous consent of his church, Mr. Thome,
+accompanied by his wife and daughter, went abroad early in 1867, to
+secure pecuniary assistance from the friends of the freedmen in England
+and Scotland for their education and evangelization. He was absent on
+this mission one year. The result of his efforts have not yet ceased to
+be realized.
+
+After thirty years of unbroken domestic felicity, three beloved daughters
+having been reared to womanhood in the enjoyment of the Christian's hope,
+and two of them happily wedded, Mr. Thome and his wife were overwhelmed
+with sorrow by the sudden death, on the last day of April, 1869, of their
+second daughter, Mrs. Maria E. Murphy, wife of Mr. Thos. Murphy, of
+Detroit. A lady of singular amiability, purity, and Christian excellence,
+she was endeared by her sweet graces to rich and poor, to young and old,
+throughout the circle of her acquaintances.
+
+
+
+
+William H. Goodrich.
+
+
+
+Rev. William H. Goodrich, D. D., pastor of the First Presbyterian Church of
+Cleveland, is a native of New Haven, Conn. His ancestry is among the most
+honorable known in American society. His father was the late Rev. Chauncey
+A. Goodrich, D. D., a greatly distinguished professor in Yale College; and
+his grandfather, Hon. Elizur Goodrich, for some years a representative in
+Congress, and for twenty years Mayor of New Haven; and his
+great-grandfather, Rev. Elizur Goodrich, D. D., distinguished both as a
+clergyman and an astronomer. His mother was the daughter of Noah Webster,
+LL.D., the lexicographer.
+
+He graduated at Yale college, and was subsequently a tutor in that
+institution. He studied theology at the New Haven Theological Seminary.
+While tutor, it was his duty to preserve order about the college grounds,
+and he received, (though not from a student,) during a night disturbance,
+a severe injury upon the head, which put his life in peril and
+interrupted mental labor for a long period. A part of this time was spent
+abroad in 1848; and it was not till 1850 that he entered steadily upon
+the duties of his profession. He was first settled as pastor of the
+Congregational Church of Bristol, Connecticut, where he remained four
+years. He was then called to the pastorate of the Presbyterian Church in
+Binghamton, N. Y., where he remained till 1858, when he removed to this
+city, where, for eleven years, his ministry has been marked by very great
+success. The prosperous condition of the church under his care, together
+with almost unparalleled attachment between pastor and people, afford
+evidence of the ability and faithfulness with which he has discharged his
+ministerial duties. To remarkable mental vigor, he adds great delicacy of
+character and the warmest sympathies; and those who know most of him,
+regard it as no partial judgment which awards him a front rank among
+preachers and pastors.
+
+[Illustration: Yours truly, W. H. Goodrich]
+
+Mr. Goodrich has enjoyed the best of opportunities, and is a writer of
+rare taste and rhetorical force, and an eloquent and impressive speaker.
+As a preacher he is never speculative and theoretical, never dogmatic nor
+sectarian, but eminently spiritual and practical. But the strongest point
+in his character is his downright, never-failing _common sense_. He never
+blunders, and never has to apologize for important mistakes committed. He
+is remarkable for insight to the character of all with whom he has to do.
+This trait gives him influence with many who care little for the gospel
+which he preaches. Though not conspicuously demonstrative in his outward
+life, and though free from all approach to obtrusiveness, so earnest and
+direct are his ways, that he becomes known to thousands with whom he has
+no personal acquaintance.
+
+In this country it is generally regarded as a misfortune to have had a
+grandfather. Most Americans who have reached distinction for abilities and
+usefulness, have been the sons of parents unknown to fame. As a general
+rule, self-made men are the only well made men. By the force of their own
+energies they have surmounted the difficulties that stood in their
+pathway, and achieved distinction by their own efforts. There are very few
+prominent men in our country whose fathers and grandfathers have left
+names which will live for a score of years in the memory of society. But
+to this general truth the history of our country affords honorable
+exceptions. The sons of certain families distinguished for wealth, for
+talent and for the highest position in society, have been so wisely and
+prayerfully trained that they have escaped the dangers which have proved
+fatal to most of those who have inherited honored names, and to this class
+Mr. Goodrich belongs. Though not ignorant of the truth that his ancestry
+is held in the highest honor by all good men, it seems never to have
+occurred to him that anything less than his own personal labors and merits
+would avail to give him a good name with those whose good opinion is
+desirable. "The poet is born, not made." _Character is made, not born_.
+
+In 1867, Mr. Goodrich was prostrated by severe illness, which for a
+season filled the hearts of his friends with most painful apprehension,
+but the prayers of a loving people were answered, and after an interim of
+six months he again resumed the duties of his pastorate. It soon became
+apparent, however, that while the "the spirit" was "willing," "the flesh"
+was "weak," and that a longer respite was necessary before he could again
+enter upon his work with his wonted zeal. Hoping to renew his impaired
+energies by a temporary release from care, and in the pleasures of travel,
+Mr. Goodrich, with his wife, sailed for Europe in 1868, where he remained
+for eight months, re-visiting the scenes with which he had become
+acquainted twenty years before. The ultimate object of his tour was
+secured, and at the close of the year he returned to his people in
+excellent health, and with an enriched experience from which he seemed to
+draw new inspiration for his work.
+
+Soon after his return from abroad, the rapidly failing health of his
+mother, residing in New Haven, became to him a constant source of
+solicitude, more especially so from the fact of his being the sole
+surviving child of that once happy and affectionate household. His
+departure for Europe had been saddened by the sudden death of his only
+brother, Rev. Chauncey Goodrich. In the month of August, 1869, that mother
+passed from a life which seemed rounded to completeness, into the
+"day-break of heaven," leaving this son, Rev. William H. Goodrich, to rear
+the tablet to her memory, and to go out from a vacant, voiceless home, the
+last of his household.
+
+But a quarter of a century has laid grandparents, parents, brother and
+sisters in the grave.
+
+At the present writing, Mr. Goodrich is once more united to his people,
+and we but give utterance to the general voice in the desire, that in the
+love and confidence of this church and community, he may find solace for
+his bereavements; and that henceforth Cleveland may be the home of his
+adoption, and the field of his labors.
+
+
+
+
+Isaac Errett.
+
+
+
+Among the preachers and writers of the nineteenth century who have pleaded
+for a return to primitive Christianity, the subject of this notice stands
+pre-eminently among the most distinguished. For more than thirty-five
+years he has been connected with the Disciples, and, during the greater
+portion of that time, has been an earnest, able and successful advocate
+for their plea for reformation.
+
+Isaac Errett was born in the city of New York, January 2, 1820. His father
+was a native of Arklow, county of Wicklow, Ireland, and his mother was a
+native of Portsmouth, England. His paternal grandfather was shot down in
+sight of his own house during the Irish rebellion of 1798. His immediate
+parents were both of Protestant families, and became identified with the
+Disciples in New York city, as early as 1811--the father being an elder in
+the original church in that place. Hence, the son was trained from infancy
+in the principles which he now cherishes, and, in the Spring of 1832, at
+Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania--where his mother had moved soon after the death
+of his father, in 1825--when only a little over twelve years of age, at a
+time when the church was without preaching, under the instruction of his
+mother, he, in company with an elder brother, went forward and asked the
+privilege of baptism. He was baptized by Robert McLaren, one of the elders
+of the church.
+
+He now became a diligent student of the Word of God, and, under many
+embarrassing circumstances, made constant and encouraging progress.
+
+From the time he was ten years old he has been dependent upon his own
+personal exertions for a living; hence his respectable education has been
+gathered in the midst of toil and care, by dint of untiring, industrious
+application.
+
+While laboring as farmer, miller, lumberman, bookseller, printer,
+schoolteacher, and editor, he never ceased to augment his stock of useful
+knowledge, and to use whatever opportunities he had for the discipline of
+his mental powers.
+
+He commenced preaching in the city of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, in the
+Spring of 1840, and soon gave promise of the distinguished position which
+he has since held as a preacher of the Gospel.
+
+He enjoyed the advantages of frequent and intimate association with
+Walter Scott, Thomas Campbell, Alexander Campbell, and most of the early
+advocates of primitive Christianity in the West; and his association with
+these men was of incalculable advantage to him, for they not only gave him
+valuable instruction in the principles of the Reformation, but he was
+enabled, by coming in frequent contact with them, to draw inspiration from
+their lives and characters for the great work upon which he had entered.
+
+His ministerial labors have been divided between the work of an evangelist
+and pastor. He was pastor of a church in Pittsburgh three years; New
+Lisbon, Ohio, five years; North Bloomfield, Ohio, two years; Warren, Ohio,
+five years; Muir and Ionia, Michigan, eight years; and Detroit, Michigan,
+two years. At all these points he was eminently successful, and, besides
+his regular pastoral labors, did considerable work in the general field.
+
+He removed to Warren, Ohio, in 1851, and while there, was corresponding
+secretary of the Ohio Missionary Society three years; and it was he who
+first put that society into systematic and active operation.
+
+In 1856, he removed his family to Ionia county, Michigan, and while
+laboring to build up a congregation at that point, he was prevailed upon
+to take the corresponding secretaryship of the American Christian
+Missionary Society, which position he held three years, and succeeded in
+bringing the society to a degree of prosperity which it had never before
+reached. When heresigned the Secretaryship he was appointed first
+vice-president, and afterwards presided at the annual meetings of the
+society until 1866, when he was elected president. This, however, he at
+once declined. In the Spring of 1856, he removed to Cleveland, Ohio.
+
+In April, 1866, he established the Christian Standard in Cleveland, which
+has become a leading and influential religions journal. In August, 1868,
+having been elected first president of Alliance College, he removed to
+Alliance, Ohio, and at once gave to the new college a successful position
+among our literary institutions. In May, 1869, he was elected president of
+the Ohio Christian Missionary Society. In August, 1869, he was elected, by
+a unanimous vote of the Board of Curators of Kentucky University, to the
+presidency of the Agricultural and Mechanical College of that University.
+Also, about the same time, Bethany College tendered him the Biblical
+Department of that institution. We have not learned whether he has yet
+accepted either of these positions.
+
+Mr. Errett's personal appearance is striking and prepossessing. He is
+about six feet one inch high, has dark auburn hair, light grey eyes, and a
+well developed muscular organization. As a public speaker he has few, if
+any, superiors. His language is chaste and copious, containing an
+unusually large per cent, of Saxon words; his gesticulation is easy and
+natural, but his voice, though well under control, has not volume enough
+to give full force to his beautiful and stirring thoughts. His writings,
+like his sermons, are full of strong and rugged points, and are frequently
+interspersed with brilliant passages of exquisite beauty that will compare
+favorably with many of the finest word-paintings in the English language.
+
+In the social circle he is companionable, but not a very good
+conversationalist. He needs the inspiration of an audience, or the quiet
+solitude of the study, to bring out his full strength; hence, while he is
+pleasant in company--full of wit and humor--he does not appear there to
+the best advantage.
+
+
+
+
+Benjamin Rouse
+
+
+
+Benjamin Rouse was born in Boston, March 23d, 1795, and was brought up as
+a builder, working at the trade at first in Massachusetts, and
+subsequently removing to New York, where he carried on his business
+extensively for about six years. From an early age he had taken great
+interest in religions matters, and especially in the establishment of
+Sunday schools. In 1830, he accepted the appointment of agent of the
+American Sunday School Union for the purpose of going to the West and
+establishing Sunday schools and book depositories. For this purpose he
+gave up his business and turned his face westward, prepared to endure
+hardships and encounter difficulties for the cause in which he was so
+deeply interested.
+
+Coming directly to Cleveland, he opened his Sunday school book depository,
+near the corner of the Public Square and Superior street. The prospect was
+not a hopeful one, but Mr. Rouse had faith, and persevered. There was but
+one church building in the place, old Trinity, built by the Episcopalians
+with the aid of those of other denominations, and but little religious
+sentiment among the people. A Sunday school had for some time struggled
+hard to maintain its existence, and had but just become established on a
+tolerably firm basis. The depository, aided by the active labors of Mr.
+Rouse in the schools, gave a powerful impetus to the cause.
+
+Three months after the opening of the depository Mr. Rouse purchased the
+lot on which it stood, for six hundred dollars. In making the purchase he
+had little thought of its speculative value, the sole object being a
+permanent home for his agency. Time has, however, so enhanced the value of
+property that the lot on which stood the little book-room, has now, with
+the pile of buildings standing on it, reached a value of eighty thousand
+dollars, thus amply repaying Mr. Rouse for his labors in the cause of
+religion and morality in the earlier days of the place.
+
+For about three years the depository was continued, and then Mr. Rouse
+turned his attention for a while to general store-keeping, abandoning it
+finally for the purpose of removing to Richfield, where he went to benefit
+the health of his wife. In that place hie remained six years.
+
+Mr. Rouse was a member of the Baptist denomination, and was largely
+instrumental in the organization of a Baptist society in Cleveland. When,
+in 1835, it was decided to erect a church building on the corner of Seneca
+and Champlain streets, the experience of Mr. Rouse, then a deacon of the
+church, was called into requisition. In due time the church was built and
+a steeple placed on it, which became the wonder and admiration of the
+country round about, and Trinity, built by the Episcopalians with the aid
+of those of other denominations, and but little religious sentiment among
+the people. A Sunday school had for some time struggled hard to maintain
+its existence, and had but just become established on a tolerably firm
+basis. The depository, aided by the active labors of Mr. Rouse in the
+schools, gave a powerful impetus to the cause.
+
+Three months after the opening of the depository Mr. Rouse purchased the
+lot on which it stood, for six hundred dollars. In making the purchase he
+had little thought of its speculative value, the sole object being a
+permanent home for his agency. Time has, however, so enhanced the value of
+property that the lot on which stood the little book-room, has now, with
+the pile of buildings standing on it, reached a value of eighty thousand
+dollars, thus amply repaying Mr. Rouse for his labors in the cause of
+religion and morality in the earlier days of the place.
+
+For about three years the depository was continued, and then Mr. Rouse
+turned his attention for a while to general store-keeping, abandoning it
+finally for the purpose of removing to Richfield, where he went to benefit
+the health of his wife. In that place he remained six years.
+
+Mr. Rouse was a member of the Baptist denomination, and was largely
+instrumental in the organization of a Baptist society in Cleveland. When,
+in 1835, it was decided to erect a church building on the corner of Seneca
+and Champlain streets, the experience of Mr. Rouse, then a deacon of the
+church, was called into requisition. In due time the church was built and
+a steeple placed on it, which became the wonder and admiration of the
+country round about, and the especial pride of Deacon Rouse.
+
+On his return from Richfield, Mr. Rouse engaged in the coal business in
+connection with Mr. Freeman Butts. About the year 1862, he retired from
+active business and thenceforth devoted his time to the cause of
+patriotism, religion, and charity. From the breaking out of the war Mr.
+and Mrs. Rouse entered vigorously on the work of aiding the nation's cause
+by caring for the nation's defenders. Their zeal and activity were
+irrepressible, visiting the camps and hospitals, ascertaining the needs of
+the soldiers, and then with unresting assiduity collecting money and
+materials to supply those needs. Mrs. Rouse became president of the
+Soldiers' Aid Society of northern Ohio, and was directly instrumental in
+the formation of hundreds of auxiliary societies that made every city,
+village, and nearly every home in northern Ohio busy in the work of
+preparing and sending forward comforts and luxuries for the soldiers of
+the Union. Mrs. Rouse visited camps and hospitals in the South, and her
+visits and reports were productive of great good. Her name was known and
+respected by thousands of soldiers, was repeated with grateful praise in a
+multitude of homes from which brave boys had gone forth to the war, and
+has passed into history. In all her labors she was cordially seconded and
+efficiently aided by her husband.
+
+Three sons and one daughter have been born to this worthy couple.
+
+
+
+
+Medical.
+
+
+
+In the early records of Cleveland, as in those of most western towns, the
+story of sickness and death fills a large part. Fever and ague, brought on
+by exposure, privations, and by the miasma from swamp, river and uncleared
+lands, disabled a large number of the early settlers, and hurried some to
+untimely graves. There were no physicians, and save a few drugs and the
+simples gathered from the river banks and forest, there were no remedies.
+
+In course of time appeared the pioneer doctor with his saddle-bags, and he
+was soon followed by a number of his brethren to practice their skill upon
+the settlers. When the first Cleveland Directory was issued, in 1837,
+there were already established a round two dozen of physicians and
+surgeons, and three "surgeon-dentists." It may be interesting to quote
+the names of these brethren of the lancet and saddlebags who purged and
+bled the good people of thirty-two years ago. They were, J. L. Ackley, F.
+I. Bradley, C. D. Brayton, W. A. Clark, Horace Congar, E. Cushing,
+Jonathan Foote, S. B. Gay, Robert Hicks, M. L. Hewitt, Smith Inglehart,
+Robert Johnston, Burr Kellogg, David Long, P. Mathivet, George Mendenhall,
+Joshua Mills, T. M. Moore, W. F. Otis, A. D. Smith, J. Swain, Charles
+Terry, Samuel Underhill, Joseph Walrath. The surgeon-dentists were B.
+Strickland, and Coredon & Sargeant.
+
+This list has now swollen to proportions that make the two dozen and three
+exceedingly insignificant by comparison, and every school of medicine is
+represented. There are two Allopathic medical colleges--the Cleveland and
+Charity Hospital colleges--and two Homeopathic--the Western Homeopathic
+college and the Homeopathic College for Women. There are also three
+hospitals, the Charity Hospital (Allopathic), the Homeopathic Hospital on
+University Heights, and the Woman's Hospital on Wilson street.
+
+
+
+
+David Long.
+
+
+
+Dr. Long was born at Hebron, Washington county, New York, September 29,
+1787. In early life he qualified himself for the practice of medicine and
+surgery, studying in Massachusetts and graduating in New York city. In
+June, 1810, he arrived at Cleveland and commenced his professional career.
+At this early day there was no physician nearer than Painesville on the
+east, Hudson on the south-east, Wooster on the south, River Raisin (now
+Monroe) on the west. The arrival of a physician was, therefore, a matter
+of no small gratification to the settlers here and the neighboring
+settlements.
+
+In this wild region, without roads, streams without bridges, cabins in
+many places eight to ten miles apart, did the young and ardent Long
+hopefully commence the practice of medicine. Nor were the hopes of the
+early settlers disappointed. In rain and snow, in Winter's cold and
+Summer's heat, by darkest midnight or mid-day sun the doctor ever
+cheerfully responded to all the calls for his services with alacrity and
+zeal, forgetful of self, desirous only to administer timely relief to the
+suffering and afflicted. In this he was eminently successful, as many of
+those who knew him for more than a third of a century can testify.
+
+In proof of the untiring perseverance of Dr. Long in the early part of his
+professional life, it has been stated that on one occasion, in the Fall of
+the year, about midnight, he rode nine miles in fifty-one minutes. In
+another instance of extreme urgency, he rode, in the day time, fourteen
+miles in fifty minutes by changing horses twice on the route. He was a
+surgeon in the army during the war of 1812, and brought the news of Hull's
+surrender at Detroit to this city, from the mouth of Black River, a
+distance of twenty-eight miles, in two hours and fourteen minutes. Such
+was his character for promptitude to all the calls that were made upon
+him, and they were far from being few.
+
+For kindness to his patients and friends he had no superior. In his zeal
+in their behalf, in a few years, he sacrificed in a measure one of the
+finest constitutions.
+
+After following his profession thirty years or more, Dr. Long retired
+from general medical practice, and engaged in other pursuits more
+favorable to his health and congenial to his tastes.
+
+In all public measures for the benefit of our city, in the way of
+improvements, schools, churches, every effort in behalf of humanity,
+religion or science, Dr. Long was ready to place his shoulder to the work
+with all the ardor and enthusiasm of youth.
+
+Dr. Long never had any aspirations for political distinctions, but such
+was his popularity and so great the confidence of the people in his
+judgment and integrity that he could have obtained it had he so desired.
+At one time, however, he was elected to fill a vacancy which had
+occurred by the death of one of the three County Commissioners.
+Unimportant as this may seem now, it then occasioned intense excitement.
+The location of a new county court house, presumptively fixing the
+county seat for all time, devolved upon these Commissioners. Newburg and
+Cleveland were the contestants, both being villages of about an equal
+number of inhabitants--the claims of each supported by a single
+Commissioner, yet Newburg having the more central location. Though hotly
+contested, Dr. Long was elected, and the result was the erection of the
+Court house in the south-west corner of the square, which was demolished
+about ten years since.
+
+In the year 1834, Dr. Long united with the Presbyterian church in this
+city, and by his daily walk and conduct in the community, by his deeds of
+love and charity to the poor, his kindness to the sick and afflicted gave
+the most striking evidence of a heart renewed by grace and made meet for
+the kingdom of heaven. During his last painful illness his calmness and
+resignation showed that he had placed his trust firmly upon the sure
+foundation.
+
+He filled all the relations of life in a most exemplary manner and thus
+embalmed his memory in the hearts of all who knew and survive him. He died
+on the first day of September, 1851, at the age of sixty-four years,
+lacking a single month.
+
+
+
+
+John Delamater.
+
+
+
+Just before the massacre of St. Bartholomew, the ancestors of Dr.
+Delamater fled from France to Holland. The family name was then De La
+Maitre. Being whole-souled protestants, they migrated with other Dutch
+families to the Province of New York, and settled on the banks of the
+Hudson, near Kingston. Their names are still visible on the ancient grave
+stones of that neighborhood. Like the Huguenots, of South Carolina, they
+were Calvinist, or puritans of the French school. They became allied by
+marriage to the Rogardus family of New York, and others partook of the
+blood of Anneke Jans, whose name has become famous in the New York courts.
+The investigation of this connexion and heirship, occupied the last years
+of Prof. Delamater's life. It was closed only about a month before his
+death. His coadjutor in this work, was the late Chancellor Walworth, of
+Saratoga, whose ancestors were also in the line of Anneke Jans.
+
+Dr. Delamater was born in Columbia county, New York, near Chatham, on the
+State line of Massachusetts, April 18th, 1787. He died at East Cleveland,
+in March, 1867, having almost reached the extreme age of four score years.
+
+The Huguenots like English Puritans, and the Scotch Irish, have made their
+mark in North America. John Delamater, while a boy, was destined to be a
+farmer, on the soil where he was born. He was transferred to the medical
+profession on account of an accident, which injured his ability for manual
+labor. His father removed to Schenectady, New York, where his son was put
+under the tuition of one of the self-denying clergymen of those times,
+whose salary did not meet the expenses of living. At the age of nineteen
+his medical education was finished and he commenced practice in his native
+town. From thence he moved to Florence, Montgomery county, N. Y. Then
+stopped a short time in Albany, N.Y., and in 1816, established himself at
+Sheffield, Massachusetts. There was a settlement of negroes in this
+ancient borough. Dr. Delamater was then, as ever since, an active
+philanthropist. He attended the negroes as physician, Sunday teacher, and
+preacher. They also drew money from his purse, which was never very well
+filled, and paid back very little, either of his fees or of their debts.
+After some years of assiduous labor on his colored charge, his views of
+the race underwent a radical change. Among the last utterances of his life
+he expressed the opinion, based upon his experience at Sheffield, that the
+negro is by nature unfit for citizenship. In the days of the Jeffersonian
+Republicans and Adams Federalists, Dr. Delamater was in full accord with
+the new and rising Democratic party. He left it during the administration
+of General Jackson, and since then was a thorough Whig and Republican. No
+one hated slavery more. He saw the remnants of it in his early practice
+over the line in Connecticut, but never recovered faith in the capacity of
+the colored man for self-government.
+
+Returning to his medical career, in which for sixty years he led in the
+profession, it is briefly as follows: While practising in the valley of
+the Housatonic, he rode almost constantly on a racking horse, about
+sixteen hands high, and almost with the speed of the wind, and
+occasionally in a two wheeled vehicle, common in those days, called a
+chaise, or more often a "one horse shay." At such times one of his medical
+students rode beside him, and drove the horse.
+
+Between calls along the road the Doctor read his works, especially those
+relating to cases in hand. This custom of keeping up with the new works
+and periodicals of the profession he never relaxed, even after old age and
+the most distressing physical infirmities prevented his practice. Neither
+was the old shay ever abandoned; our citizens remember it well, moving
+carefully along these streets, with its huge calash top and faithful
+horse. No storm of rain or snow prevented him from keeping an appointment
+while he was able to get in and out of his vehicle.
+
+In 1823, Dr. Delamater was made Professer in the Medical Institute of
+Pittsfield, Berkshire county, Mass.; in 1827, at the Fairfield Medical
+School, Herkimer county, New York. He was at the same time giving lessons
+at Bowdoin College, Mass. While at Fairfield, he was invited to lecture in
+the Medical College of Ohio, where Kirtland, Drake and Mussey have
+occupied chairs. This resulted in an appointment as Professor in the
+Willoughby University, Lake county, Ohio, at that time a flourishing
+institution. In 1842, he became one of the Faculty of the Western Reserve
+Medical College, at Cleveland.
+
+Almost every man has some prominent talent, though with many it is never
+developed. With Professor Delamater it was the ability to give prolonged,
+profound and perspicuous lectures. This was his special gift and as usual
+in such cases he was not a facile writer. It is said he delivered seventy
+courses of medical lectures. His memory was perfect and his reading
+embraced everything relating to his profession. A good lecturer requires
+not only a clear perception of his subject, but a lucid and fluent
+presentation of it. Dr. Delamater never wrote lectures. His memoranda were
+of the most meagre kind. They were frequently nothing more than a few
+hieroglyphics made on the margin of a newspaper drawn from his vest pocket
+as he mounted the desk. Every case he had ever treated and all its details
+appeared to be thoroughly fixed in his recollection. He sometimes wrote
+medical essays for publication, but with evident reluctance. In cases of
+malpractice Dr. Delamater was the especial dread of the attorney whose
+side he did not favor. His full, clear and logical statements made a deep
+and generally an irresistible impression upon the court and jury.
+
+After he became unable to visit patients he was consulted with never
+ceasing confidence by physicians and by patients, especially those
+afflicted with chronic complaints.
+
+His moral and religious qualities were as conspicuous as his mental ones.
+He carried the faculty of conscientiousness to a length which the most
+conscientious would regard as extreme. Against the poor his charges for
+professional service were merely nominal and were never pressed, and with
+the rich he was so moderate and easy that with a large practice he was
+barely able to maintain his family, which, like himself, were afflicted
+with prolonged constitutional diseases. His rare Christian virtues are
+described with fidelity and beauty in the farewell discourse of Rev. W. H.
+Goodrich, of the First Presbyterian Church, which, being in print, may be
+read and preserved by the numerous friends of the good old man.
+
+
+
+
+Jared Potter Kirtland.
+
+
+
+Prof. Kirtland belongs to the class of self-made naturalists who attain to
+greater eminence than others of equal talents and better advantages.
+Success in this branch of science requires not only a native genius, but
+enthusiasm and never tiring perseverance; to the rich and the educated
+these last qualifications are frequently wanting, or, if they are not,
+instead of growing with the progress of life, they become more and more
+weak instead of more and more strong. Industry and ambition are more than
+a match for education in minds of the same order.
+
+[Illustration: Your Fellow Citizen, J. P. Kirtland]
+
+Dr. Kirtland originated at Wallingford, Connecticut. His father,
+Turhand Kirtland, in 1799, was appointed general agent of the
+Connecticut Land Company, on the Reserve. He removed to Poland, in
+Mahoning county, the next year, where he became a prominent citizen of
+the new county then known as New Connecticut. So long as the Company
+existed he was continued in the agency, and survived until 1833 to
+witness the developments of the region.
+
+Jared appears to have been left in Connecticut, probably to secure the
+advantages of those common schools which were wanting in this western
+wilderness. The young man made his appearance in Ohio on horseback, July
+4th, 1810, at the age of fifteen years. He was destined to be a physician,
+and in 1817 he was sent to the celebrated medical school of Dr. Rush, in
+Philadelphia. After leaving that institution he set forth on the way of
+life with horse and saddle bags, dispensing advice and prescriptions,
+according to the custom of the times, to the people of the townships
+around Poland. Every old settler knows what a time the pioneer doctors
+had. Their patients were scattered far and wide in log cabins which stood
+in small clearings in the forest surrounded by gigantic trees. A messenger
+rushed in at any hour of the day or night from a distressed, perhaps a
+distant family, requiring immediate attention. It was the duty of the
+frontier physician to saddle his horse at the moment and return with the
+messenger. The route more often lay along a narrow trail through the
+woods, over roots and logs, with mud and water on all sides. In dark
+nights, or in storms of rain and sleet, the overhanging boughs of the
+trees dripping with water, these visits were not of the most cheerful
+character. In those early days bridges were behind roads in regard to
+condition and repairs, and it was frequently necessary, in order to reach
+a suffering patient, to do as Cassius did--plunge in and trust to a
+faithful horse--in order to cross swollen creeks and rivers.
+
+While engaged in this rude professional practice, acquiring a good
+reputation as a physician, he was closely observing the fishes, reptiles,
+shells and animals of a region teeming with animal and vegetable life.
+Scientific works were scarce in that new region, but living subjects were
+abundant. This exuberance of life was of more value to a scrutinizing
+mind than a surplus of books and a deficiency of specimens. An unusually
+rich field for the naturalist lay open to his daily observation for
+twenty years.
+
+During his residence at Poland, Dr. Kirtland was twice elected to the
+House of Representatives for Ohio. In that body he directed his efforts
+especially to a change in the Penitentiary system. It was mainly through
+his zeal and activity that the old style of treating State prisoners was
+abandoned, and they have been made a source of revenue and not of expense.
+Convict labor has thus proven by experience to be valuable to the public
+and to the convict a relaxation of the rigor of his situation.
+
+It was while studying the habits of the fresh water shells of the
+Mahoning and its branches that Dr. Kirtland made a discovery which
+attracted attention throughout the scientific world. The classification
+of species had been made upon mere difference of form. Dr. Kirtland
+perceived that in the same species a difference of form was due to sex in
+_testacea_ the same as in all other animals, and that too many species
+had been adopted. This bold announcement, coming from the back woods of
+Ohio, created quite a commotion among naturalists. It was, however,
+found, on investigation, to be true, though it rendered obsolete a large
+number of terrible Latin phrases.
+
+In the publication of his views, and afterwards for his descriptions of
+the fishes of Ohio, he found a liberal patron in the Boston Society of
+Natural History. When the State of Ohio organized a geological survey, in
+1838, the department of Natural History was of course given to him. There
+was barely time to make a catalogue of the fauna and flora of the State
+before the survey was suspended, but many of his figures and descriptions
+of the fishes have since been published in the transactions of the Boston
+Society. This appointment broke up his large medical practice in Trumbull
+and adjacent counties. He now accepted the appointment of Professer in the
+Ohio Medical College at Cincinnati. About 1838, Prof. Kirtland removed
+from Poland to Cleveland, to perform the same duties in the Cleveland
+Medical College. With a restless energy he went beyond natural history and
+medicine in his investigations, into the field of horticulture,
+floriculture and agriculture.
+
+Purchasing a rugged farm on the ridge road five miles out of Cleveland, he
+entered with zeal into the business of scientific farming. Here he
+demonstrated that a stiff clay soil derived from the underlying Devonian
+Shales may be made highly productive in fruit. His success stimulated
+others along the ridge road, until the old pastures and meadows on that
+side of the city have been changed into the most profitable orchards and
+gardens in the vicinity. This required twenty years more of time and
+industry, during much of which he came daily to the college and delivered
+one or more lectures. In the lecture his style is entirely
+conversational, but rapid, fluent, and always intelligible. Here all the
+varieties of his studies come into play, as it were, spontaneously. He is
+equally at home among the birds, the insects and the reptiles, the fishes
+or the mammalia. Their habits are as familiar as those of his children and
+grandchildren. He writes but seldom, and thus the teachings of so many
+years on so many subjects are confided principally to the memory of the
+many hundreds of students to whom they have been delivered.
+
+For several years Dr. Kirtland has declined to lecture on any subject. He
+is verging upon four score, a period which with most men, is necessarily
+one of rest if not of weariness, but he has never known what it is to
+rest. No farmer in Rockport is up earlier or attends more closely to his
+grounds. All the valuable varieties of peaches, pears, cherries and
+grapes, have been tested by their actual product, or are in the process of
+being tested. He is enthusiastically fond of the culture of bees and of
+every variety of flowers which will thrive in this climate. A number of
+new varieties of cherries have been originated on the Kirtland farm, and
+after trial those which are valuable have been scattered over the country.
+There are very few men who are enabled to make so many applications of
+science to practical subjects, and still fewer who are permitted to live
+long enough to witness the fruits of their labors.
+
+
+
+
+Theodatus Garlick.
+
+
+
+We are almost at a loss in what class to place Dr. Garlick. By natural
+taste and genius he belongs to the artists. His devotion to the healing
+art arose principally from the necessities of our race for something to
+eat and wear. He had the fortune, probably good fortune, to be born in
+Vermont, at Middlebury, March 30th, 1805, in view of the Green
+Mountains, among rocks and mountains. This region is principally famous
+for marble, slate, iron ore, and hardy young men, generally known as
+Green Mountain boys.
+
+An older brother, Abel B. Garlick, having been apprenticed to a marble
+cutter, came out West, sometime after the war of 1812, and located at
+Cleveland. In 1816, Theodatus, at the age of eleven years, had drifted
+as far as Erie, Pennsylvania; in 1819, to Cleveland. The Winter of
+1819-20, he spent at Black River, which was then the leading ship yard of
+the lakes.
+
+Abel B. had artist's ability also. In this region no marble was to be
+found, but a tolerable substitute existed in the fine grained blue
+sandstone at Newburg. A mill was erected at the quarry on Mill creek,
+below the falls, where these stones were sawed, as they are now, into
+handsome slabs.
+
+Like other New Englanders, the Vermont boys are early impressed with the
+idea of self-support. Although Theodatus much preferred fun and frolic to
+hard labor, he entered cheerfully upon the business of a stone cutter at
+the age of sixteen. Their marble yard (without marble) was on Bank street,
+where Morgan & Root's block now stands. Abel marked the outlines of the
+letters upon incipient grave stones in pencil, and Theodatus carved them
+with his chisel. Most of the renowned sculptors of Ohio, such as Powell,
+Clevenger and Jones, took their first lessons in the same way. All of them
+have left samples of their untutored skill in various angels and cherubs,
+now mouldering in old churchyards. The blue sandstone monuments, on which
+Dr. Garlick cut inscriptions fifty years since, are still to be seen in
+the early cemeteries of the Western Reserve; some are touching enough, but
+not a few are more ridiculous than mournful. When Nathan Perry became so
+prosperous that he proposed to remove the old wooden store on the corner
+of Water and Superior streets and replace it with a brick one, he
+concluded to expend something upon ornament. He ordered two oval stone
+signs to be made and to be built into the walls over the two doors, one on
+each street. These were among the earliest efforts of Dr. Garlick. Both of
+these stones were in existence until the ground was cleared for the
+present Bank building, when they were broken up and put into the cellar
+wall. In those days it was one of the duties of an apprentice to sharpen
+the tools at a blacksmith's forge. The young man concluded to carve flying
+cherubims with their stone trumpets to ring in the ears of coming
+generations no longer.
+
+Having a robust physical constitution, he became passionately fond of
+hunting and fishing. In 1822, he lived with a brother in Newbury, Geauga
+county, which was then a forest full of game. In a letter referring to the
+sporting days of his youth, he wrote as follows:
+
+  My brother and myself started out very early one morning for a deer that
+  we knew had been feeding around the cabin that night; within a quarter
+  of a mile from the cabin my brother shot him, and as he fired, up jumped
+  eleven elk; one of our neighbors shot five of them within an acre of
+  ground; they were near together, at bay, fighting with the dogs. I
+  helped to get them in; they were a part of a larger herd, we counted
+  their beds in the snow where they had lain at night, and there were over
+  one hundred in the drove.
+
+[Illustration: Yours Truly, T. Garlick]
+
+Ten or fifteen years previous to that time, one of those tornadoes, which
+occasionally visit this region, had prostrated the timber along a tract a
+mile wide and several miles in length, through the township of Newbury. A
+thicket of bushes had sprung up among the fallen trees, which furnished
+excellent browsing ground and shelter for game, of which there was an
+abundance of bear, wolves, elk, deer, turkeys, &c., constituting quite a
+paradise for a young Nimrod.
+
+He finally determined to become a physician, and after some years of the
+usual experience of medical students, practicing some, and assisting at
+operations, he entered the medical department of the University of
+Maryland, in the city of Baltimore, where he graduated in 1834.
+
+No sooner was his diploma secured than the artist again broke forth. He
+suddenly produced bas-reliefs in wax of five favorite professors without
+sittings, which were pronounced perfect likenesses. General Jackson and
+Henry Clay gave him a short sitting, and the next day their statuetts were
+on exhibition. Mr. Clay expressed his satisfaction for his own in an
+autograph letter. Another miniature in relief, full length, of Chief
+Justice Marshall, from a portrait by Waugh, was pronounced by Mr. Bullock,
+an English virtuoso, as equal to anything produced by Thorwaldsen. But
+being surrounded by medical men, who, like men of all professions, regard
+their own as more important than any other, Dr. Garlick was induced to
+turn his artistic skill upon anatomical models.
+
+He located at Youngstown, Ohio, the same year that he graduated, at which
+place, and at the Medical College of Cleveland, he devoted nearly two
+years in getting up models of all parts of the human body, taken from
+subjects in the dissecting room. They may yet be seen in the Medical
+Colleges at Cleveland, Buffalo, Toronto, Charleston, South Carolina,
+Cincinnati, and other places. These were such close imitations of nature
+that the late Professer Mussey, of Cincinnati, pronounced them superior to
+the French models at Paris by Auzoux. At Youngstown he made a life size
+bust of Judge George Tod, copies of which are now in the family. In 1853,
+after a successful practice at Youngstown, he came to Cleveland, and
+formed a partnership in surgery with the late Professer H. A. Ackley, and
+for a number of years was a member of the Board of Medical Censors of the
+Cleveland Medical College, and vice president of the Cleveland Academy of
+Natural Science. As he was a naturalist, he applied the principles of the
+anatomical models to animals and parts of animals, especially fishes. He
+entered with great zeal upon the artificial propagation of brook trout and
+other fish in connection with Dr. Ackley. In 1857, he published a small
+book, which is the standard work of the United States on this subject.
+
+He was a skillful physician and surgeon, a diligent student of natural
+history, a keen sportsman, and a great lover of the fine arts. A good
+physical constitution is at least one-half of the capital of any man,
+however gifted in mind. In this respect he was like Christopher North,
+with few equals. In the rude contests of strength among the young men of a
+new country, the races, wrestling matches, and occasional fights, he never
+felt like backing down; but of late years this powerful frame has been
+partially stricken with paralysis.
+
+The doctor still resides in this city, devoted to natural science,
+especially botany, but the days of his personal activity are past.
+
+
+
+
+J. L. Cassels.
+
+
+
+John Lang Cassels, M.D., LL.D., was born in Stirlingshire, Scotland, and
+in 1827, while quite a young man, came to this country. Soon after, he
+studied medicine with Prof. John Delamater, in Fairfield, New York, and
+graduated in 1834, in the College of Physicians and Surgeons located at
+Fairfield, N. Y. He was Demonstrator of Anatomy in that school three years,
+two years during his pupilage and one after his graduation. He opened an
+office for the practice of medicine in Earlville, New York, in the spring
+of 1835, and in the fall of the same year received and accepted the
+appointment of Professor of Chemistry in Willoughby University, Ohio,
+which connection he retained until the fall of 1843, when he and his
+associates opened and established the Cleveland Medical College, in which
+he still occupies the chair of Chemistry.
+
+In 1837, he received the appointment of First Assistant Geologist of the
+New York State Geological Survey, which he occupied for several seasons,
+performing field labor in the summer and lecturing on chemistry in
+Willoughby Medical College during the winter. His connection with the New
+York survey gave him an excellent opportunity to become an expert
+practical geologist; his location being on the Hudson river district,
+offered him a fine field of action, as it is really the key to the geology
+and mineralogy of the State.
+
+In the winter of 1839, he gave a course of demonstrated lectures on
+chemistry before the Young Men's Library Association in Cleveland, the
+first public lectures on science ever given in the city. The following
+winter the citizens of Cleveland invited him to lecture again on the same
+subject, and he complied. The city at that time contained mostly young
+people--only two gray-headed men attended the Stone Church.
+
+In 1815, he spent most of the season in visiting and collecting specimens
+of mineral in the lead region of Wisconsin, Illinois, Iowa and Missouri,
+thus becoming familiar with the geology of their rich mineral region.
+
+In 1846, he spent the whole season in exploring the Lake Superior country,
+coasting the south shore in a bark canoe, having for his traveling
+companions two Indians and a half-breed voyager. At this date there were
+no steamers on Lake Superior, and but a very few small sailing craft. It
+was during this time that he took squatter possession of a mile square of
+the iron region of that country, for the benefit of the Cleveland Iron
+Company. He was the first white man that had visited this region, now so
+famous for its ferruginous wealth. Near the close of the season he spent a
+short time geologizing Isle Royale, and returned to Saut St. Marie on the
+steamer Julia Palmer, which had, during the summer, been hauled over the
+passage of Saut St. Marie. During the winter following, at the request of
+a number of Clevelanders, he gave a public lecture on the Lake Superior
+region; at the close of which he said he would venture a prophecy: "Such
+was the character of the climate, scenery, etc., of Lake Superior that the
+time was not far distant when it would become as great a resort for
+invalids and pleasure-seekers as Saratoga and Newport now are." Also, that
+there is iron enough in the iron district sufficient to furnish a double
+track of the much talked of Whitney's railroad. These statements were then
+received with a stormy manifestation of incredulity.
+
+In 1859, the Jefferson College of Mississippi conferred the Degree of LL.D.
+on Dr. Cassels.
+
+In 1861, he was elected a corresponding member of the Imperial Geological
+Institution of Berlin, Prussia.
+
+For the last ten years, in addition to the duties of his chair in the
+Cleveland Medical College, he has regularly filled the chair of chemistry
+and natural history in the Western Reserve College at Hudson. During the
+past twenty years he has given several courses of popular experimental
+lectures in his favorite branches of chemistry and geology in a number of
+our neighboring towns, Akron, Canton, &c. He is also the regular lecturer
+in these branches in the Female Seminary in Painesville.
+
+Perhaps few men have been as extensively engaged in texicological
+examinations during the past twenty years as Dr. Cassels. Many of these
+have been of great interest, both in a social and moral point of view. In
+all such cases he is regarded with great confidence, both on account of
+his scientific skill and his high sense of moral integrity.
+
+As an analytical chemist he has few superiors, and is much of his spare
+time engaged in the analysis of waters, ores, coal, limestone, &c. In
+1866, he analyzed the water of Cleveland which is brought from Lake Erie
+and distributed through the city. He analyzed this water taken from
+different parts of the city and from the point where it entered the pipes
+to be forced into the reservoir; also from a point in the lake three
+thousand four hundred and fifty feet from the shore, where he advised that
+the inlet pipe ought to be located. All these analyses are embraced in his
+report to the Trustees of the city water works; in which also are many
+valuable suggestions respecting supply pipes and the character of the
+water for steam purposes.
+
+
+
+
+J. S. Newberry.
+
+
+
+J. S. Newberry, M.D., LL.D., was born at Windsor, Connecticut, of old
+Puritan stock, his ancestry having formed part of the colony which in
+1635, emigrated from Dorchester, colony of Massachusetts Bay, and founded
+the town of Windsor, the first settlement made in Connecticut.
+
+[Illustration: Yours Very Truly, J. S. Newberry]
+
+The family continued to reside at Windsor for two hundred years, during
+which time it held an honorable place in that community and contributed
+several representatives, who took an important part in the affairs of the
+State government, or in the defense of the colony against the Indians, and
+in the French and Indian and Revolutionary wars. Dr. Newberry's
+grandfather, Hon. Roger Newberry, a distinguished lawyer, and for many
+years a member of the Governor's council, was one of the directors of the
+Connecticut Land Company, which purchased a large part of the Connecticut
+Western Reserve. The town of Newberry received its name from him. His son,
+Henry Newberry, inherited his interest in the land of the company, by
+which he became possessed of large tracts in Summit, Ashtabula, Medina,
+Lorain and Cuyahoga counties, including one hundred acres now within the
+city of Cleveland. Looking after these interests he made three journeys on
+horseback (the first in 1814,) from Connecticut to Ohio, and, in 1824,
+removed his family to Summit county, where he founded the town of Cuyahoga
+Falls, remaining there till his death, in 1854.
+
+Dr. Newberry graduated at Western Reserve College, in 1846, and from the
+Cleveland Medical College in 1848. The years 1849 and 1850, he spent in
+study and travel abroad. Returning at the close of the latter year he
+established himself, early in 1851, in the practice of medicine in
+Cleveland. Here he remained till 1855, when his professional business
+became so engrossing as to leave him no time for the scientific study to
+which he had been devoted from his boyhood. To escape from too great
+professional occupation, and impelled by an unconquerable passion for a
+scientific career, in May, 1855, he accepted an appointment from the War
+Department, and became connected with the army as acting assistant
+surgeon and geologist to the party which, under Lieutenant R. S.
+Williamson, U.S.A., made an exploration of the country lying between San
+Francisco and the Columbia river. The results of this expedition are
+embodied in Vol. 6 P. R. R. Reports. The reports of Dr. Newberry on the
+"Geology, Botany and Zoology of North California and Oregon," are
+republished in a volume of 300 pp., 4to., with 48 plates. In 1857-8, he
+accompanied Lieutenant J. O. Ives, U.S.A., in the exploration and
+navigation of the Colorado river, one of the most interesting
+explorations made by any party in any country. The object of the
+expedition was to open a navigable route of communication with our army
+in Utah. To this end an iron steamer was constructed in Philadelphia,
+taken in sections to the head of the Gulf of California, where it was put
+together and launched. With this steamer the river, before almost
+entirely unknown, was navigated for five hundred miles, opening a route
+of travel which has since been extensively used. Beyond the point reached
+by the steamer the course of the river is for several hundreds of miles
+through the "Great Canon," as it is called, a chasm worn by the stream in
+the table lands of the "Colorado Plateau." This canon has nearly vertical
+banks, and is nowhere less than three thousand feet deep; in some places
+six thousand feet, or more than a mile in depth.
+
+The party with which Dr. Newberry was connected, spent nearly a year in
+exploring the country bordering the Colorado, adding much to our knowledge
+of our western possessions, and giving, in their report, an interesting
+and graphic description of, perhaps, the most remarkable portion of the
+earth's surface. Half of the report of the Colorado Expedition was
+prepared by Dr. Newberry, and so much importance was attached to his
+observations by his commanding officer, that in the preface he speaks of
+them as constituting "the most interesting material gathered by the
+expedition."
+
+In 1859, having finished his portion of the Colorado Report, Dr. Newberry
+took charge of another party sent out by the War Department, to report to
+Captain J. N. Macomb, topographical engineer, U.S.A., for the exploration
+of the San Juan and upper Colorado rivers. The Summer of 1859 was spent in
+the accomplishment of the object had in view by this expedition, during
+which time the party traveled over a large part of Southern Colorado and
+Utah and Northern Arizona and New Mexico, filling up a wide blank space in
+our maps and opening a great area before unknown, much of which proved
+rich and beautiful, abounding in mineral wealth, and full of natural
+objects of great interest. Among the results of this expedition were the
+determination of the point of junction of Grand and Green rivers, which
+unite to form the Colorado, and the exploration of the valley of the San
+Juan, the largest tributary of the Colorado; a stream as large as the
+Connecticut, before almost unknown, but which, though now without an
+inhabitant upon its banks, is for several hundred miles lined with ruined
+towns or detached edifices built of stone, and once occupied by many
+thousands of a semi-civilized people. The report of this expedition made
+by Dr. Newberry, containing much new and interesting scientific matter,
+was finished just before the war, but yet remains unpublished.
+
+Immediately after the commencement of the war, the United States Sanitary
+Commission was organized. Dr. Newberry was one of the first elected
+members, and it is, perhaps, not too much to say that no other one
+individual contributed more to the great success that attended the labors
+of that organization. In September, 1861, he accepted the position of
+Secretary of the Western Department of the Sanitary Commission, and from
+that time had the general supervision of the affairs of the Commission in
+the valley of the Mississippi; his head-quarters being first at
+Cleveland, and subsequently, as the frontier was carried southward, at
+Louisville, Kentucky.
+
+Through his efforts branches of the Sanitary Commission were established
+in the principal cities of the West, and agencies for the performance of
+its work at all important military points, and with each considerable
+sub-division of the army. Before the close of the war the entire West was
+embraced in one great System of agencies for the production and
+distribution of supplies, and the care of sick and wounded on the
+battle-field, in hospital or in transitu. The magnitude of the work of the
+Sanitary Commission at the West may be inferred from the fact that there
+were at one time over five thousand societies tributary to it in the loyal
+States of the Northwest--that hospital stores of the value of over
+$5,000,000 were distributed by it in the valley of the Mississippi--that
+over 850,000 names were on the records of its Hospital Directory at
+Louisville, and 1,000,000 soldiers, for whom no other adequate provision
+was made, were fed and sheltered in its "homes."
+
+Of this great work Dr. Newberry was the responsible head, and by the
+wisdom and energy displayed by himself very much of the harmony and
+efficiency which characterized this organization are to be ascribed.
+
+As his labors in connection with the Sanitary Commission were drawing
+to a close, Dr. Newberry was appointed Professor of Geology in the
+School of Mines of Columbia College, New York city. He entered on the
+duties of the position in 1866. In 1869, he was appointed by Governor
+Hayes to the office of State Geologist, created by the Ohio General
+Assembly of that year.
+
+The scientific acquirements of Professor Newberry have given him a
+world-wide fame. As a Geologist his reputation ranks among the foremost.
+He has been honored with the membership of the most of the learned
+societies of this country, and of many in Europe; was one of the original
+corporators of the National Academy of Sciences; was recently elected
+president of the American Association for the advancement of Science, and
+is now president of the New York Lyceum of Natural History.
+
+
+
+
+D. H. Beckwith.
+
+
+
+The first Homeopathist in Cleveland was W. K. Adams, who succeeded in
+converting Dr. Hoyt, with whom he formed a partnership. Very soon after,
+in 1845, Drs. Wheeler and Williams were added to the list. There were but
+six families in the city having firm faith in the principles of
+homeopathy, and these were silent followers of Dr. John Wheeler, not
+willing to be known as such, so strong was public opinion against them.
+Dr. Wheeler continued unshaken by the strong opposition he met with, and
+heeded neither sneers nor denunciations. His course was onward and his
+practice successful, every month adding to his list of converts, and the
+profits of each year doubling the preceding one. Dr. Wheeler was the first
+member of the profession to propose that a homeopathic medical college
+should be located in Cleveland, and he earnestly pressed his theory that
+Cleveland should be the centre of homeopathy in the West. His name was the
+first signature to procure a charter, and when the college was organized
+he was selected as the President, and held the office for the first eleven
+years of its existence, contributing materially to its success, and
+resigning only when increasing age rendered its duties too onerous, when
+added to a large practice.
+
+From the little beginnings in the early days of Dr. Wheeler's
+practice, homeopathy has grown in Cleveland, until it now reckons a
+flourishing college, a woman's medical college, two hospitals, an
+insurance company, twenty-six practicing physicians, and a host of
+believers in homeopathic principles and modes of treatment.
+
+Prominent among the number of practicing physicians is D. H. Beckwith,
+M.D., who was born in Huron county, Ohio, in 1826. His father was one of
+the pioneers of the northern part of the State; emigrating from the State
+of New York in 1815, and making the journey the most of the way on foot,
+occupying more than six weeks. He remained a few days in Cleveland, and
+not admiring the soil for agricultural purposes (little thinking it was
+the site for a city of its present beauty and magnitude), he journeyed on
+until he reached more fertile soil in Huron county, where, by economy and
+industry, in a short time he accumulated sufficient to purchase a small
+farm, on which he lived until his death, having seen his family of six
+sons and one daughter arrive at mature age.
+
+[Illustration: Truly Yours, D. H. Beckwith]
+
+The subject of this memoir remained at home during his boyhood, attending
+school during the winter and working on the farm in the summer season. At
+the age of sixteen he entered the Norwalk Seminary, pursuing his studies
+with vigor for a few years, when it became necessary for him to earn his
+own living. He taught several schools and was among the first in the State
+to inaugurate the normal school system to elevate the standard of teaching
+and improve public schools.
+
+Early in life he decided that the medical profession would be his choice,
+and all his leisure hours were spent in studying medical books. After
+securing a sufficiency from teaching (as he supposed,) to meet the
+expenses of a medical education, he studiously applied himself, under the
+tuition of John Tiff, M.D., one of the most scientific practitioners of
+the State. During the third year of his studies his money was expended,
+and not wishing to call on friends for assistance he concluded to commence
+the practice of medicine. A partnership was offered him in an adjacent
+town, and arrangements were made for him to commence his professional
+career. He unfolded his plan to his preceptor, who listened attentively to
+his future plans, and then rising from his chair, exclaimed with much
+emphasis: "If there is anything, sir, that I despise, it is half a
+doctor," and immediately left the office. The brilliant prospect was
+clouded. With but eight months more study the young student could commence
+the practice of medicine and be an honor to his preceptor and to himself,
+but the lack of money was a seemingly impassable barrier. It was a dark
+day to the student, but he had learned "never to let his energies
+stagnate." One resource was left him. He determined to open a select
+school for advanced scholars. In four days from that time he entered the
+school room with one hundred scholars, many of them his former pupils.
+Morning and evening he clerked in a drug store, for which he received his
+board and washing. On Wednesday and Saturday evenings he was examined in
+his medical studies with two other students who devoted their entire time
+to their studies. Thus for thirteen weeks he was daily performing the
+duties of a teacher, so arduous that many would have complained, though
+they had no other occupation. In addition to this he was several hours
+each day compounding and dispensing medicine, and at the same time keeping
+pace with his class in the study of materia medica and botany.
+
+Having already attended one course of lectures in an allopathic college,
+and not being satisfied with that mode of prescriptions for the sick, he
+attended the Eclectic College of Cincinnati, where he listened to the
+first course of lectures ever delivered in any chartered college in the
+country on homeopathic medicine, by the lamented Prof. Rosa who had no
+superior in his profession. After receiving his degree he commenced the
+practice of medicine with his preceptor. The prompt and curative effect
+produced by homeopathic remedies soon convinced him of its superiority
+over other systems of medicine and decided him to adopt it as his system
+of practice for life. The success that has attended his labors ever since
+has well proved the correctness of his choice.
+
+The first few years of his practice were spent among the acquaintances of
+his childhood, in the beautiful village of Norwalk. In 1852, he left a
+large practice and many warm friends to seek a larger field for future
+work, and located in Zanesville, Ohio, where he continued his profession
+until the year 1863. The climate not being adapted to the health of his
+family he moved to Cleveland and soon obtained what he had left in
+Zanesville--a large and lucrative practice. By close attention to his
+patients, being always ready to give his services to the poor as
+cheerfully as to the rich, and his unusual kindness to all persons placed
+under his professional care, he has won the affection and esteem of his
+patients to a degree rarely equaled.
+
+He has always taken a lively interest in the advancement of medical
+science, firmly believing in the immutable principles that govern the
+administration of homeopathic medicine as well as the curative effect. He
+has always been anxious to induce young men that proposed to study the
+science of medicine to follow the example of the illustrious Hahnemann.
+His lectures in the Cleveland Homeopathic College have always been
+characterized by practicability. He has not only published a medical
+journal, but has largely contributed to the pages of many others in this
+country. He has always been a leading member of county and State medical
+societies, as well as of the Northwestern and American Institute of
+Homeopathy, holding the office of Vice President of all the above named
+societies. In 1866, he was chosen by the American Institute as one of the
+committee to prepare an essay on Cholera, its nature and treatment.
+
+He was among the first to establish the Hahnemann Life Insurance Company
+of Cleveland, being one of its incorporators and procuring a large amount
+of capital stock for its support, besides giving his time in organizing
+it. He was chosen their chief medical examiner, and the great success of
+the Company is largely due to his skill in selecting good and healthy
+risks for insurance.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: T. T. Seelye]
+
+
+Thomas T. Seelye.
+
+
+
+Thomas T. Seelye, M.D., was born in Danbury, Connecticut, August 23, 1818.
+His parents were Seth and Abigail Seelye, of English descent. After
+preparing for a collegiate course, it became necessary for him to take
+charge of his father's store. At twenty-one years of age he commenced the
+study of medicine as a private pupil of William Parker, professor of
+surgery in the College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, from which
+college he graduated in the Spring of 1842. He was then appointed
+assistant physician in Bellevue Hospital, where he remained one year, when
+he commenced the practice of his profession in Woodbury, Connecticut.
+There he remained until the Spring of 1848, when he sold out his business
+and removed to Cleveland, having previously leased a tract of land just
+within the suburbs of the city, covered with native forest and such a
+profusion of real natural beauty in glen, woodland, and beautiful springs
+of soft water, that it seemed apparent that art only needed to blend with
+nature to make this one of the most desirable of localities for a great
+health institution.
+
+His system of practice, though called water cure, in fact drew assistance
+from all the experience of the past in relieving physical suffering and
+curing disease. It was not _orthodox_, it belonged to no _pathy_, and in
+consequence had the opposition of all branches of the profession. His
+means were quite limited, as were also his accommodations--not so limited,
+however, but that the expense of construction and furnishing greatly
+exceeded the length of his purse. Business waited for _success_, to
+establish itself, but the sheriff _did not_. Debts became due, and nothing
+with which to pay, but hope in the future, which is rather unsatisfactory
+nutriment for hungry creditors.
+
+But, by and by, patient labor and persistent effort in the right direction
+began to bring forth fruit. Business increased, the visits of the sheriff
+were less frequent, and after about five years he could lie down to rest
+at night without fear of a dun in the morning.
+
+In ten years he purchased the Forest City Cure, which was started in
+opposition, the capacity of the old Cure having become altogether
+inadequate for his increased business. After ten years he sold it to the
+Hebrews for an orphan asylum, preferring to unite the two institutions
+under one roof. He then proceeded to complete the plan he had been
+perfecting for the past five years, for erecting buildings of an extent
+that would amply accommodate his ever increasing patronage, and supplied
+with those conveniences and appliances which an experience of twenty-one
+years had deemed most desirable for the invalid. The architect has
+furnished us a sketch of this institution, of which, when completed, every
+lover of our beautiful city will be proud.
+
+In addition to his professional labors he is largely engaged, in
+connection with W. J. Gordon and others, in the manufacture of the
+non-explosive lamp, which bids fair to be one of the most successful and
+extensive manufacturing enterprises ever started in this city.
+
+Within the past three years, Dr. Seelye has purchased the twenty-six acres
+he originally leased, and twenty-two acres adjoining, making a very
+valuable tract of real estate, taken in connection with the present and
+prospective growth of the city.
+
+Although Dr. Seelye is not engaged conspicuously in public charities, few
+hands are so frequently open as his to the wants of the poor. Great
+comprehensiveness of intellect, an indomitable energy, a rare penetration
+and control over other minds, combined with an unblemished integrity of
+character, have given him a high reputation among physicians in the West.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: Water Corm.]
+
+
+Manufacturing
+
+
+
+With neither water power nor steam power very little can be done in the
+way of manufacturing. Cleveland, until the construction of the Ohio canal,
+was without either of those two requisites for a manufacturing point. The
+Cuyahoga river, though giving abundant water power along a considerable
+portion of its course, enters Cleveland as a slow moving stream, winding
+its sluggish way in so tortuous a course that it seems reluctant to lose
+its identity in the waters of the lake. Water power, under such
+circumstances, is out of the question, and, as with no coal, and a rapidly
+decreasing supply of wood, steam cannot be economically used for
+manufacturing purposes, the people of Cleveland turned their attention
+wholly to buying and selling instead of producing.
+
+The construction of the Ohio canal to the coal fields of Summit county
+opened the eyes of the more enterprising citizens to the possibilities of
+a great future for Cleveland as a manufacturing city. No sooner had the
+canal reached Akron, and an experimental shipment of coal been made to the
+future city--with but poor success, as already narrated--than attention
+was called to the importance of the new field thus opened to Cleveland
+enterprise. On the 7th of March, 1828; a letter appeared in the Cleveland
+Herald, from which the following is an extract:
+
+"We possess, beyond a doubt, decided advantages over Buffalo, or any other
+town on Lake Erie, in our contiguity to inexhaustible beds of pit-coal and
+iron ore, very justly considered the basis of all manufacturing. On the
+one hand, at the distance of about thirty miles, we can obtain any
+quantity of crude iron of an excellent quality, while, on the other, at
+about the same distance, we have access by canal to exhaustless mines of
+coal of good quality. This last most invaluable, and all important article
+in manufacturing, can not be obtained anywhere else on the Lakes without
+the extra expense of shifting from canal-boats to other craft.
+
+"When these mines shall have become extensively worked, coal will be
+delivered in this place very little, if any, above that paid in
+Pittsburgh, say from four to six cents; and good pig-iron can and is now
+delivered at a less price here than in Pittsburgh. Doctor Cooper further
+says: 'The very basis of all profitable manufacturing is, plenty of fuel,
+easily, cheaply and permanently procurable;--the next desirable object is
+plenty of iron ore; iron being the article upon which every other
+manufacture depends. It is to the plentiful distribution of these two
+commodities that Great Britain is chiefly indebted for the pre-eminence
+of her manufactures and her commerce.' Surely it need not be thought
+strange that Cleveland must one day become a great manufacturing place,
+if we consider,
+
+"_First_, That the canal will give us access to one of the finest portions
+of country in the United States, sufficient for vending, to almost any
+extent, articles such as might be manufactured here;--and, _Secondly_,
+That power and materials in great abundance are 'easily, cheaply and
+permanently procurable.' There is probably not a town in the Western
+country, Pittsburgh only excepted, that unites these two objects so
+happily as this place does.
+
+"Every steam-engine wanted for boats on the Lake, for mills and factories
+near the Lake, and on and near the canal should be made at this point.
+
+"Not a pound of nails, a wagon-tire, an anchor, a cable, a cast-iron
+stove, pot, kettle, ploughshare, or any article made of cast-iron--a yard
+of coarse cotton, a gallon of beer, an ax, a shovel, nor a spade, should
+be sent east for. There ought to be in full operation before the
+completion of our canal, at least one steam engine manufactory, one
+establishment for puddling iron, one rolling and slitting mill, and nail
+factory, two or three iron foundries, in addition to the one now going
+into operation under very favorable auspices, a cotton factory, a woolen
+factory, a steam grist and saw mill, a brewery, &c."
+
+On the succeeding week appeared some editorial comments in support of the
+suggestions in the letter, and for some time frequent references, by
+correspondents and editorially, were made to the matter. On the 25th of
+April, 1828, appeared in the Herald a notice of a new iron foundry; the
+first that had been built, and reference to which had been made in the
+letter quoted. This was built by John Ballard & Co., and an editorial
+announcing its opening says it "supplies this place and the surrounding
+country on short notice and on reasonable terms, with the various articles
+of cast iron work, for which, before this foundry was established, our
+citizens were forced to send to a distance, and at the cost of much
+trouble and expense."
+
+But with all this urging of newspapers, and talking of far-sighted
+citizens, the cause of manufacturing progressed slowly. To establish
+manufactories was a costly experiment, requiring capital, patience, and a
+faith, which, though some might profess, few actually possessed. As is
+frequently the case in regard to public improvements, those who pressed
+them most had no funds to invest in them, and those who had the funds were
+little inclined to heed the suggestions of moneyless advisers.
+
+MacCabe's Directory of Cleveland and Ohio City for 1837-8, says that at
+that time there were on the east side of the river, in the corporation of
+Cleveland, "four very extensive iron foundries and steam engine
+manufactories; also, three soap and candle manufactories, two breweries,
+one sash factory, two rope walks, one stoneware pottery, two carriage
+manufactories, and two French run millstone manufactories, all of which
+are in full operation." A flouring mill was in course of erection by Mr.
+Ford which, it was predicted, would be, when finished, "the largest and
+most complete establishment of the kind in the State of Ohio." At the same
+time Ohio City was described as possessing "among the principal
+manufactories of the place, the Cuyahoga Steam Furnace, the Saleratus
+manufactory, and the Glue manufactory." The Cuyahoga Steam Furnace had
+turned off in the previous year five hundred tons of castings, besides a
+great quantity of wrought iron work, and gave employment to seventy men.
+In noticing the description of the iron furnaces and steam engine
+manufactories on the East side of the river as "very extensive", it must
+be borne in mind that the standard of size and importance for such
+establishments in Cleveland was much smaller then than now.
+
+In spite of all the attempts made to stir up an interest in manufactories,
+slow progress was made until a comparatively late period. One great
+obstacle in the way was the opposition or indifference of the
+land-holders, who directly rebuffed the proposals of intending
+manufacturers, or placed a value on their land so high as to require an
+amount of capital sunk in the soil that rendered the chances of profit
+very hazardous. There was also a strong prejudice against factories on the
+part of very many persons because they were "so dirty," and would tend to
+make the neat and trim residences and door-yards of Cleveland as smutty as
+those of Pittsburgh.
+
+It was not until the breaking out of the war for the Union called into
+existence manufactories all over the land to supply the needs born of the
+war, that manufactories found a home and cordial welcome in Cleveland. The
+exigencies of the time, and the intense feeling excited, scattered to the
+wind all the prejudices against the dirt and smoke of iron manufactories,
+and establishments of this kind sprang up on all sides, calling into
+existence a host of other manufactories dependent on and contributing to
+the successful conduct of iron foundries and iron mills. The war found
+Cleveland a commercial city, whose trade, if not languishing, threatened
+to soon reach its turning point; it left Cleveland a busy, bustling
+manufacturing city, over a great part of which hung a perpetual cloud of
+dense smoke, and with a population nearly doubled in numbers and greatly
+changed in character owing to its change from a commercial to a
+manufacturing city. The petroleum discovery in North Western Pennsylvania
+and the coincident opening of direct railroad communication between
+Cleveland and the oil regions, contributed greatly to the rapid increase
+of the population and wealth of the city. Oil refineries grew up rapidly
+like mushrooms in the valleys and ravines around, and lined the railroad
+tracks, but, unlike mushrooms, did not disappear with equal rapidity. A
+great number of people found employment in this new industry, and wealth
+poured in with greater volume from this source than had ever been known to
+flow from any species of trade or manufacture hitherto established. From
+this time the future of Cleveland was assured. Year by year it has grown
+with astonishing increase and new manufactories of every description are
+springing up on every side. The flats that had lain deserted and of but
+little value were brought into requisition for iron furnaces and iron
+mills, and wherever lands could be had at reasonable rates in convenient
+neighborhood to transportation lines, factories of some kind were
+established.
+
+The four or five small iron manufactories in and about Cleveland in 1837,
+have grown to fourteen rolling mills, having two hundred puddling furnaces
+and a daily capacity of four hundred tons of finished iron, not including
+the nails spikes, nuts, bolts, horseshoes, &c. Several of these mills own
+their own blast furnaces, and nearly all have coal mines of their own.
+There are also five stove foundries; one malleable iron works; one axe and
+tool company; half a dozen boiler plate and sheet iron works of large
+capacity; nearly as many factories of steam engines of all descriptions,
+and other machinery; three foundries for making car wheels and castings
+for buildings; one large manufactory of cross cut, circular and other
+saws, and several saw and file works of smaller dimensions.
+
+Although the operations of domestic iron works were seriously affected by
+the large increase of importations from Europe, the following amount of
+iron was produced from the mills of Cleveland in 1868:
+
+  Pig Iron                                 11,037 Tons.
+  Rail Road Iron                           22,344  "
+  Merchant Iron                            11,396  "
+  Boiler, Tank and Sheet Iron               2,676  "
+  Forgings                                  4,125  "
+  Nuts, Washers, Rests, Nails and Spikes    5,607  "
+  Machinery Castings                       18,250  "
+  Wire                                        865  "
+
+Making a total of 76,300 tons. To produce this it is estimated that
+225,000 tons of coal and coke were consumed. The stove foundries produced
+nearly 35,000 stoves, with the attendant hardware and stove furniture;
+requiring nearly 10,000 tons of metal, and 4,000 tons of coal and coke,
+and giving employment to about five hundred persons.
+
+The planing mills and wooden ware manufactures give direct employment to
+six hundred and fifty persons, and the year's business exceeded a
+million dollars.
+
+The growth and magnitude of the petroleum business of Cleveland can be
+seen by the reports of receipts and shipments during the past four years:
+
+  Date.               Crude Received    Refined Forwarded
+  1865                 220,000 bbls.    145,000 bbls.
+  1866                    613,247 "     402,430 "
+  1867                    693,100 "     496,600 "
+  1868                    956,479 "     776,356 "
+
+Between three and four millions of dollars of capital are invested in this
+business in Cleveland, and the annual product will not fall short of ten
+or twelve millions of dollars. The rapid increase of the business created
+an urgent demand for barrels. The receipts of staves in 1868, mainly to
+supply this demand, were nearly three times in excess of the previous
+year. Some 3,000 tons of hoop iron were required for barrels.
+
+It is impossible to give, in the absence of any recent exact census, full
+and correct statistics of the number and classification of the
+manufactories of Cleveland, the capital invested, and the value of the
+product. It has, however, been estimated from the best data that could be
+procured, that the grand total value of all the manufactories of the city
+in 1868, was not less than sixty millions of dollars, and it is daily
+increasing.
+
+
+
+
+William B. Castle.
+
+
+
+William B. Castle was born in Essex, Crittenden county, Vermont, November
+30, 1814. Immediately on the conclusion of the war, his father removed to
+Toronto, where he had been engaged, as an architect, to superintend the
+construction of the first Parliament buildings there. In 1827, he removed
+with his family to Cleveland, William B. Castle being then thirteen years
+old. His father had taken a farm about thirteen miles from the city, and
+there the lad spent most of his time until 1832, when, in company with his
+father and Mr. Charles M. Giddings, he established the first lumber-yard
+in Cleveland. The business was carried on for a couple of years, when Mr.
+Castle, Sen., died, and the son removed to Canada, engaging in
+merchandizing and in manufacturing lumber for the yard in Cleveland. In
+1839, he abandoned the Canada branch of the business, and in the following
+year the partnership with Mr. Giddings was dissolved.
+
+A new partnership was formed with a brother-in-law, under the name of
+Castle & Field, for carrying on the hardware, in connection with jewelry
+and watch making, business, on the west side of the river, then known as
+Ohio City. In 1843, he left the business and entered the Cuyahoga Steam
+Furnace Company, with which he has ever since been connected. So
+thoroughly identified has Mr. Castle been with the history of that
+establishment during the past quarter of a century, that this is a fitting
+place for a brief sketch of the nature and history of the pioneer iron
+company of Cleveland.
+
+In 1830, Mr. Charles Hoyt projected the works which were erected and put
+in operation under the firm name of Hoyt, Railey & Co. In 1834, the firm
+was changed to an incorporated company under the name of the Cuyahoga
+Steam Furnace Company, with a capital of one hundred thousand dollars, of
+which three-fourths were paid in. The principal stockholders at the time
+of the incorporation were Josiah Barber, Richard Lord, John W. Allen, and
+Charles Hoyt. The managing officer was Charles Hoyt. Soon after the
+incorporation the works were burned to the ground, but the company were
+energetic, and soon a substantial brick structure, two hundred and
+thirty-five feet front, with a wing of ninety feet deep, was erected on
+the site of the destroyed building. The pig metal for the use of the works
+was obtained at the company's blast furnace at Dover, twelve miles west,
+and was considered equal in quality to the best Scotch pig. In 1840, Mr.
+Hoyt was succeeded in the management by D. Cushing, who had been secretary
+of the company. In 1843, Mr. Cushing gave place to Elisha T. Sterling, who
+remained the head of the concern until his untimely death, in 1859.
+
+[Illustration: Yours Truly, W. B. Castle]
+
+From the advent of Mr. Sterling and the consequent re-organization of the
+staff of officers of the works, dates the connection of Mr. Castle with
+the establishment. Mr. Castle took the position of secretary, and held
+that post until the death of Mr. Sterling, when he was appointed to fill
+the position of manager. At the time when the sole charge of the works
+devolved upon him the company was in a deplorable financial condition. The
+prospect was sufficient to daunt a less resolute and hopeful spirit, but
+Mr. Castle at once set about the Herculean task of bringing the concern
+through its difficulties and establishing it on a firm financial basis.
+The struggle was long continued, and more than once the advance gained
+seemed suddenly to be again lost, but eventually it was pulled through
+without having compromised a single debt, and without having but a single
+case of litigation under his management. This case was not properly
+chargable to the administration of the works, as it arose from the
+supplying of a defective beam strap, which, there being then no forges in
+Cleveland, had been ordered from Pittsburgh. This unusual exemption from
+litigation was, doubtless, owing to the invariable rule adopted by Mr.
+Castle, to reduce all contracts to careful writing and to live strictly up
+to the letter as well as spirit of the contract.
+
+The heavy work of the establishment in its early years was the supplying
+of most of the mills in Ohio and the new States of the West with mill
+gearing, and the manufacture of agricultural implements. In 1840, was
+commenced the manufacture of stationary and land steam engines. In 1843,
+the manufacture of marine engines was commenced by building the engine for
+the first propeller on Lake Erie, the "Emigrant." About the same time work
+was commenced on engines for the large side-wheel steamers, the largest of
+their day being fitted out with machinery from these works. Among the
+steamers thus equipped, and which were in their successive days the
+wonders of the lakes, was the Europe, Saratoga, Hendrick Hudson, Pacific,
+Avon, and Ohio. Among the propellers receiving their engines from the
+Cuyahoga Works were the Winslow, Idaho, Dean Richmond, Ironsides, S. D.
+Caldwell, Meteor, and a very large number of others, besides a great many
+first-class steam tugs plying on Detroit river.
+
+In 1853, the introduction of the manufacture of locomotives added a new
+feature to the manufacturing industry of Cleveland. The Cleveland,
+Columbus and Cincinnati Railroad was supplied from these works, and
+locomotives were also made for the Cleveland and Pittsburgh, Lake Shore,
+Cleveland and Toledo, and Bellefontaine and Indianapolis Railroads,
+besides several other railroads in the west. In 1857, this branch of the
+business was sold out to the Cleveland, Columbus and Cincinnati Railroad
+Company, who now use the locomotive works for the manufacture and repair
+of their own engines.
+
+In addition to the marine engines, for which the establishment has become
+famous, the company have lately entered upon the manufacture of first
+class engines and blowing machines for blast furnaces. These have been
+supplied to the furnaces in the Mahoning Valley and Wisconsin, and to
+furnaces elsewhere, even supplying Pittsburgh, the home of the iron
+manufacture. A very large engine has been constructed for the Atlantic
+Docks, in Brooklyn, New York. Rolling mill engines and machinery have been
+made for mills at Alliance, in the Tuscarawas Valley, at Harmony, Indiana,
+and at Escanaba, in the Lake Superior iron district. Various engines have
+been supplied to the Newburgh works, including the blowing engines and
+hydraulic cranes for the Bessemer steel works, among the most perfect of
+their kind in America. Railway tools manufactured by the company's works
+have been ordered from so far east as New Jersey.
+
+The Cuyahoga Steam Furnace Company have employed at times two hundred and
+fifty men, and will probably average one hundred and fifty. Year after
+year the company have been compelled to enlarge their facilities, until
+now their property occupies the two corners of Detroit and Centre streets,
+and one corner of Centre and West River streets. The buildings extend
+three hundred and fifty feet on the river, and to a greater length on
+Detroit street. The capital employed amounts to about a quarter of a
+million dollars. The importance of these works in attracting attention and
+capital to Cleveland, in giving employment to the people, and in assisting
+to build up the business of the city, can hardly be overestimated. Taking
+its nature, extent and history together it may probably be said with
+safety that nothing in the city has had a more important influence in
+shaping the future of Cleveland and contributing to its present
+prosperity, and much of this influence is due to the labor and wisdom of
+Mr. Castle. At present the works are organized under the presidency of Mr.
+Castle, with Josephus Holloway as superintendant and designing engineer;
+S. J. Lewis, secretary; W. W. Castle, book-keeper. From 1843 to 1857, the
+superintendent and designing engineer, was Mr. Ethan Rogers, who by his
+knowledge and skill added very much to the celebrity of the works.
+
+In 1853, Mr. Castle was elected mayor of Ohio City, and during his term
+of office the consolidation of the two cities was effected. To bring
+about this desirable end he labored diligently, and was one of the
+commissioners for settling the terms of annexation. In 1855, he was
+elected mayor of the Consolidated city, and his rule was marked by vigor,
+justice, and a strict regard for the rights and interests of the
+citizens. For six years subsequent to his mayoralty he held the office of
+commissioner of water works.
+
+Mr. Castle was married in December, 1836, to Miss Mary Derby, who died in
+Canada in the following year. In 1840, he was married to Miss Mary H.
+Newell, of Vermont, by whom he has had one son and three daughters. The
+son, W. W. Castle, now twenty-six, is book-keeper of the Cuyahoga Steam
+Furnace Company. The oldest daughter is wife of Mr. Robert R. Rhodes, of
+Cleveland. The youngest daughters are still at school.
+
+The success of Mr. Castle has been achieved by a persistent struggle
+against adverse circumstances and with but little to aid him but a
+resolute will and good constitution. At an early age he was left with the
+care of his father's family on his hands, and has had to fight, not only
+his own battles, but to struggle with the difficulties into which
+circumstances had thrown the company with which he became connected. Out
+of the struggle he has come with a spotless reputation, the esteem of his
+friends and the respect of his fellow-citizens, financial prosperity, and
+the blessing of good health and undiminished vigor.
+
+
+
+
+Charles Jarvis Woolson.
+
+
+
+On the sixth of August, 1869, the citizens of Cleveland were surprised and
+pained at the announcement of the death, on the morning of that day, of
+Charles Jarvis Woolson, one of the most active and respected business men
+of the city. Few were aware of his illness, and even by those acquainted
+with the facts his death, up to within a very short time of the event, was
+wholly unexpected.
+
+Mr. Woolson was born in Chester, Vermont, and received careful educational
+training, the family being in good circumstances. His father was engaged
+in various manufacturing enterprises, including cotton and wool fabrics,
+and the making of machine and hand cards. He was one of the very earliest
+manufacturers of cooking stoves in the country.
+
+At the age of nineteen, Mr. Woolson went into business on his own account,
+choosing the newspaper profession instead of manufactures for his _debut._
+His first venture was as editor and publisher of a newspaper in Grafton
+county, New Hampshire. Two years later, he sold out and removed to
+Virginia, where he assumed charge of the Charlotteville Advocate. But the
+political and social atmosphere of the South was uncongenial to one born
+and bred in the free air of Vermont. He could neither feel nor affect to
+feel anything but abhorrence of the "institution," and so he soon
+terminated his connection with the press of Virginia, and returned to the
+land of churches, free schools and free speech. In 1830, he married Miss
+Pomeroy, of Cooperstown, New York, and removing to Keene, New Hampshire,
+engaged in mercantile business; but he who has once dabbled in journalism
+imbibes a taste which it is difficult afterwards to eradicate. Mr. Woolson
+was not at home in a mercantile store, and before long he purchased the
+New England Palladium, a Boston daily newspaper, and conducted it for two
+years, when he bade a final adieu to journalism as a profession, disposing
+of his property in the Palladium and removing to Claremont, New Hampshire,
+where he engaged with his father in the manufacture of stoves. Here he
+remained until 1840, when he removed to Cleveland, taking with him the
+patterns and materials connected with the stove business, and commenced
+on his own account in a small way, his capital having been seriously
+crippled by the financial convulsion of 1837.
+
+Mr. Woolson had, in 1845, succeeded in getting his business into a
+flourishing condition, when, through the defalcation of a trusted partner,
+he was very nearly ruined. But he did not stop his works one day on
+account of this disaster. Collecting together his scattered resources, he
+set to work all the harder, and as the Fall of the year approached, had
+succeeded in accumulating a fine stock of wares for the Fall trade, which
+he had stored in a warehouse at the rear of his factory, but which he
+neglected to insure. A fire broke out, and the building, with its
+contents, was completely destroyed, resolving the valuable stoves into a
+heap of old iron. Even this did not stop the works. With his
+characteristic energy, Mr. Woolson had the ground cleared and set to work
+with redoubled zeal, making new stoves out of the old iron, and succeeded
+in doing a tolerable business that winter, in spite of his accumulation of
+disasters.
+
+When Mr. Woolson commenced business in Cleveland, it was but a lively
+village. His stove foundry, the first of importance in northern Ohio, when
+running to its full capacity, employed but ten hands, and its trade was
+limited to the immediate vicinity, and a few towns on the canal. But few
+of the farmers then used cooking stoves, the fire on the hearth serving
+for all purposes of cooking and warming. The works now employ about one
+hundred hands when running full, and the customers are found in Chicago,
+St. Louis, Kansas, Nebraska, Minnesota and Iowa. The firm was changed
+several years since to Woolson & Hitchcock, and subsequently to Woolson,
+Hitchcock & Carter. Death removed the senior and junior partners of the
+firm within a few months of each other.
+
+Mr. Woolson's death was caused by erysipelas, brought on by debility;
+after an illness of two weeks the disease yielded to medical treatment,
+and he seemed to gain strength rapidly. On Saturday, the 31st of July,
+he joined a party of friends and drove in his buggy twenty miles into
+the country, believing that the fresh air would invigorate him as it had
+done many times before when his health gave way. But the old remedy
+failed, and, leaving his horse behind, Mr. Woolson took the cars and
+reached home in the evening very much exhausted. After lingering five
+days, typhoid symptoms appeared, and at eight o'clock Friday morning he
+died, unconscious, and without suffering, after a life of 63 years and
+one month.
+
+Mr. Woolson possessed a very genial and sociable disposition, was highly
+intelligent and well informed, and in spite of an infirmity of deafness
+was a charming companion. His business qualifications are proven by the
+success of the establishment he founded, in spite of the succession of
+unforeseen and unavoidable disasters with which it had to contend. He was
+a man of very domestic habits, and these habits were mellowed and refined
+by many family losses that might have crushed one less hopeful, and less
+patient and uncomplaining. To his family he was entirely devoted, and all
+the affection of a loving household clustered around him with an intensity
+that made the blow of his sudden loss one peculiarly hard to be borne.
+
+Mr. Woolson had long been connected with Grace Church (Episcopal), of
+which he was senior warden, and very tender domestic ties, sundered by
+death some years since, made that church peculiarly dear to him.
+
+
+
+
+William Hart.
+
+
+
+William Hart, son of Judah Hart, of English descent, was born in Norwich,
+Connecticut, in the year 1811. About the year 1821, Judah Hart removed to
+the West with his family, settling in Brownhelm, Lorain county, where he
+died two years after, and one year from this time, William changed his
+residence to Cleveland. Soon after the arrival of the Harts in Cleveland,
+Governor Clinton, of New York, came to Ohio to formally commence the work
+of constructing the Ohio Canal, which was begun on the fourth of July,
+1825. Governor Clinton landed in Cleveland in June, and one of the
+principal incidents of Mr. Hart's recollection of his early days in
+Cleveland, was the general turning out of the people to receive and
+welcome the father of internal improvements. Cleveland was then but an
+insignificant village, a place "six miles from Newburg, where steamboats
+stopped to wood and water," but great, and well-founded hopes were
+entertained of the benefits to flow from the opening of the canal, and the
+people were therefore much elated at the arrival of Governor Clinton, who
+was to commence the important work, and whose influence had done so much
+to aid the enterprise.
+
+[Illustration: Yours Truly, Wm. Hart]
+
+About this time young Hart went to live with Asabel Abel, to whom he was
+apprenticed for the purpose of learning the business of cabinet making.
+When the term of his apprenticeship had expired, he set up in business on
+his own account, at first opening his modest store and workshop on the
+site of the present Birch House, and subsequently, after five or six years
+of business, removing his location to the opposite side of the street, on
+the spot now occupied by his present warehouse.
+
+In 1852, a fire swept away his entire establishment, destroying
+ware-rooms, factory, and all the appurtenances, and throwing out of
+employment the twenty hands of which his force of workmen then consisted.
+In the succeeding year, he rebuilt the warehouse and factory on a greatly
+enlarged scale, and has since still further enlarged and improved the
+buildings, until, in size and commodiousness, they are not excelled in
+the city. At present, seventy-five hands are employed in the
+establishment, aided by the most improved descriptions of labor-saving
+machinery adapted to the business, and the annual sales reach nearly two
+hundred thousand dollars.
+
+Mr. Hart believed in always putting his shoulder to the wheel, though on
+one occasion a too literal adherence to this principle came near costing
+him his life. In attempting to give some aid in the factory, he came in
+contact with a circular saw, and his right arm was nearly severed from the
+shoulder. This was in the year 1850. On his partial recovery, the
+citizens, to show their sympathy with him in his misfortune, elected him
+City Treasurer, an office then of but little value, requiring only a small
+portion of his time and paying him two hundred dollars a year. For
+nineteen years he held this office uninterruptedly, being elected by both
+parties term after term, and witnessing the growth of the city, under his
+financial administration, from an annual revenue of forty-eight thousand
+dollars to nearly two millions. The emoluments of the office have risen
+from a salary of two hundred dollars to a salary of fifteen hundred
+dollars, and a percentage on special taxes collected. During his nineteen
+years of service, Mr. Hart has negotiated all the loans, sold the school
+bonds, and collected the special taxes, occupying nearly the whole of his
+time, and employing the services of a clerk in transacting the business of
+his office.
+
+When William Hart became City Treasurer, the credit of the city stood
+rather low, city warrants being hawked about at seventy-five cents on the
+dollar. This unsatisfactory state of things was put an end to, mainly
+through the exertions of the Hon. H. B. Payne, then in the City Council,
+who procured the funding of the outstanding debt, and brought the credit
+of the city up to the high standard at which it now stands.
+
+When Judah Hart reached Cleveland, the then far West, a part of the family
+slept in the Mansion House, occupying the site on which now stands
+Cooper's hardware store, but young William and some other members of the
+family slept in the covered traveling wagon, under a shed standing on the
+site of the present Atwater Block. With the revolution of years the then
+poor boy has now become part owner of the splendid block standing where a
+part of the Harts slept, homeless wayfarers, forty-five years ago.
+
+In 1834, Mr. Hart was married in Cleveland, to Miss Elizabeth Kirk,
+daughter of John Kirk, who had left England about a dozen years
+previously. No children were born of this marriage, but the pair have
+adopted four, giving them all the advantages and rights of children born
+to themselves, and three of these are now married.
+
+Still in vigorous life, Mr. Hart has, to a great extent, retired from
+active business, his establishment being carried on mainly by his sons
+through adoption or marriage. This partial rest he has earned by a life of
+labor and enterprise, in which he has watched narrowly his opportunities,
+and availed himself of every chance of improving his facilities for
+manufacture, and enlarging his field of business, has faithfully performed
+his official duties, and has secured the respect alike of his business
+acquaintances, his political constituents, and the public at large.
+
+
+
+
+John Bousfield.
+
+
+
+The wooden ware manufacture of Cleveland is an important part of its
+industry, the manufacturing establishments being the largest within the
+United States and doing a business that covers the entire west. Large as
+the industry now is, it is of but very recent growth, and Cleveland is
+chiefly indebted for its permanent establishment, in spite of a series of
+discouraging disasters, to the enterprise and determination of John
+Bousfield.
+
+[Illustration: Yours Truly, John Bousfield]
+
+Mr. Bousfield was born at Stockport, in the county of Cheshire, England,
+July 22, 1819. After serving an apprenticeship to the saddle and harness
+business for seven years, he engaged in that business on his own
+account, adding to it the manufacture of whips. Four years were thus
+spent, when he decided on removing to America, leaving his native land
+in December, 1843. Having brought two of his workmen with him, he
+established himself in the same business in a small way in the city of
+New York, but his health failing after a few months, he determined on
+leaving for the west, hoping that a change of atmosphere, and possibly
+of business, would be of benefit.
+
+His first stay was at Kirtland, Lake county, Ohio, where he purchased a
+farm and at the same time carried on the harness business. At this he
+continued until about the year 1850, when he purchased a factory and water
+power, put in a pail-making machine, and commenced, in a small way, the
+manufacture of pails. In 1854, he removed to Fairport, in the same county,
+where he purchased a larger building and carried on pail manufacturing
+upon a larger scale. In March, 1855, he sold out the establishment, taking
+in pay for it a note which he still holds.
+
+In May of that year he came to Cleveland and organized the Cleveland
+Wooden Ware Manufacturing Company, built a factory on the ground now
+occupied by the present firm of Bousfield & Poole, and commenced
+manufacturing in the following September. The first operations of the
+company were on a small scale, making tubs, pails, washboards, and similar
+articles in a limited way, but gradually increasing the business until it
+reached what was then considered respectable proportions. In July, 1857,
+the company sold out to Greenman & Co., of Massachusetts, and Mr.
+Bousfield was retained by the new owners as superintendent of the works,
+until January 12, 1859, when the factory was destroyed by fire.
+
+In March of that year, Mr. Bousfield rented a building on the West Side
+and commenced manufacturing again on his own account. Five months
+afterwards he was burned out. Nothing daunted, he immediately purchased
+the ruins of the Greenman & Co. factory, rebuilt it, and in January, 1860,
+associated with him Mr. J. B. Hervey, of Cleveland, and in the following
+month resumed work.
+
+The new partnership was very successful. The business increased rapidly,
+the area of their trade enlarged until it comprised all the principal
+cities and towns in Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, Illinois and Wisconsin. A
+planing mill was added to the factory, and this, too, was highly
+profitable. In 1864, the works were greatly enlarged to meet the rapidly
+increasing demand for their wares. In 1865, Mr. John Poole, of Harmer,
+Ohio, was admitted to the partnership, thus bringing in additional
+capital and experience gained in the management of a similar factory at
+Harmer. Mr. Poole has devoted himself principally to the financial and
+sales departments of the business, and has proved himself a man of more
+than ordinary business ability.
+
+Thus far everything had been going on prosperously, but the old enemy,
+fire, was as relentless as ever. On the 23d of March, 1866, the whole of
+the extensive establishment was reduced to ashes, and the unfortunate
+proprietors sorrowfully contemplated the ruins of years of labor and
+enterprise, whilst a host of workmen stood still more sorrowfully by, and
+saw their daily bread swept from them by the pitiless flames.
+Seventy-five thousand dollars of capital were converted into valueless
+ashes in a few hours.
+
+The owners of the factory wasted no time in fruitless sorrow. An old
+wooden building had partially escaped the flames. This was hastily patched
+up, and within thirty days they were making pails and tubs as earnestly as
+if they had never known a fire. Mr. Hervey sold out his interest to the
+other partners, Messrs. Bousfield & Poole, who went to work with almost
+unparalleled enterprise and energy, built one of the largest and most
+substantial factories in the country, and entered upon the work of
+manufacturing wooden ware upon a larger scale than had ever before been
+attempted. The factory has two hundred feet front on Leonard and Voltaire
+streets, with a depth of sixty feet, and five stories high; attached to
+the main building are the engine and boiler rooms. The cost of the
+building was forty-five thousand dollars. The present capacity of the
+works is twenty-five hundred pails per day, six hundred tubs, a hundred
+and twenty-five churns and other small ware, and a hundred dozen zinc
+washboards.
+
+In May, 1867, the firm commenced the erection of a match factory which
+was ready for operation in September of that year. A superintendent was
+engaged who, unfortunately, was unqualified for his position and did much
+harm to the enterprise, but on his removal, Mr. Bousfield took personal
+charge of the match factory, and has succeeded in building up an
+extensive trade. The daily capacity of the factory is two hundred and
+ninety gross, which, if run to the full capacity throughout the year,
+would yield to the United States government a revenue of over a hundred
+and twenty thousand dollars.
+
+The trade of Messrs. Bousfield & Poole extends from Buffalo through the
+principal cities of the central, southern and western States, to New
+Orleans on the south, and Salt Lake City on the west, two bills having
+been sold to the son-in-law of Brigham Young in that city. A branch
+warehouse has been established in Chicago as an entrepot for the supply of
+the vast territory of which Chicago is the source of supply.
+
+The manufactory of Messrs. Bousfield & Poole is the largest in the
+country, and for the past three years has turned out about fifty per cent.
+more work than any other in the United States. It consumes ten millions of
+feet of lumber and logs annually, besides other material, and gives
+employment to from three hundred to three hundred and fifty persons, men
+women and children. Its influence on the population and prosperity of the
+city can therefore be judged. The money for the support of these people,
+and for the purchase of the materials employed, is almost wholly brought
+from abroad, the amount of the wares used in Cleveland being, of course, a
+very small fraction of the amount produced and sold. The same is true to a
+greater or less extent, of all the manufactories of Cleveland, and serves
+to account for the rapid growth of the city in population and wealth
+within the few years past, in which Cleveland has entered in good earnest
+on its career as a manufacturing centre.
+
+Mr. Bousfield was married January 1, 1855, to Miss Sarah Featherstone, of
+Kirtland, by whom he has had ten children, six of whom are yet living.
+The oldest son, Edward Franklin Bousfield, is engaged with his father in
+the factory.
+
+The secret of Mr. Bousfield's successful career can be found in his
+indomitable perseverance. He has been wholly burned out three times, and
+had, in all, about twenty fires, more or less disastrous, to contend with,
+but each time he seemed to have gained new strength and vigor in business
+as his works rose phoenix like from the ashes. Coupled with his
+perseverance is a remarkable mechanical ingenuity which has served him to
+good purpose in the construction and management of his factories. Whilst
+in England, he invented a machine for braiding whips that would do the
+work of fifteen women working by hand, as was the usual practice.
+
+
+
+
+J. G. Hussey.
+
+
+
+Among the elements that have contributed to the prosperity of Cleveland,
+copper and oil hold no inconsiderable place. Not only has the cupriferous
+wealth of Lake Superior directly enriched many Cleveland citizens who
+interested themselves in its production, but it has led to the
+establishment of a large and steadily increasing commerce between
+Cleveland and Lake Superior. In the other direction, the enterprise of
+Clevelanders in the petroleum region of Western Pennsylvania has built up
+large fortunes for themselves and has established in Cleveland one of the
+most extensive and remunerative of its industries. One of the earliest to
+be identified, first with the copper and afterwards with the oil interest,
+was J. G. Hussey.
+
+Christopher Hussey, the father of the subject of the present sketch,
+emigrated from Baltimore and settled in Cincinnati, in 1804, subsequently
+removing to Jefferson county, Ohio, where J. G. Hussey was born in 1819.
+Young Hussey received such an education as the facilities of a rural
+neighborhood at that early day afforded, and added to his school knowledge
+the practical details of business by becoming clerk in a village store.
+Here he acquired those correct business habits that stood him in good
+service in after life. In 1840, he opened a store on his own account in
+Hanover, Ohio, and was very successful. From Hanover he removed to
+Pittsburgh, where he operated in provisions until 1845. In that year there
+was much excitement over the mineral discoveries on the south shore of
+Lake Superior. The Indian titles to the mineral lands on that lake had
+been but a short time before completely extinguished, and the surveys of
+Dr. Houghton were bringing the cupriferous riches of the region into
+notice. Mining permits were issued under the authority of Congress, those
+permits giving the applicant a lease for three years, with a conditional
+re-issue for three years more. The lessees were to work the mines with due
+diligence and skill, and to pay a royalty to the United States of six per
+cent, of all the ores raised. Early in the Spring of 1845, Mr. Hussey
+formed a company of miners and explorers, with whom he went to Lake
+Superior and opened several copper veins, some of which proved highly
+productive and are still successfully worked. In some of these he has
+retained an interest to the present time.
+
+[Illustration: Yours Truly, J. G. Hussey]
+
+In the Spring of 1847, he became a member of the private banking firm
+of Hussey, Hanna & Co., in Pittsburgh, which did a successful business
+for several years. At the same time he became interested in a banking
+establishment in Milwaukee under the firm name of Marshall, Hussey &
+Ilsley. In 1850, he removed to Milwaukee, to attend to the interest of
+that firm, but the climate proving injurions to his health, he sold out
+and removed to Cleveland, where he took up his residence in 1851. From
+that time he became thoroughly identified with the business interests
+of the city.
+
+His first act was to establish the Forest City Bank, under the regulations
+of the Free Banking Law of Ohio, and during his connection with the
+institution it was eminently successful. During the same summer, he built
+and put in operation a copper smelting and refining works, under the firm
+name of J. G. Hussey & Co., engaging at the same time in the produce
+commission business, under the firm name of Hussey & Sinclair, which
+afterwards changed to Hussey & McBride. It is a matter of fact, on which
+Mr. Hussey justly prides himself, and to which in great measure he
+attributes his success, that he confined himself strictly to the
+legitimate conduct of his business as a commission dealer, never
+speculating in produce when selling it for others.
+
+In 1859, Mr. Hussey became interested in the discoveries of petroleum in
+the creeks and valleys of Venango county, Pennsylvania. With his
+characteristic energy he went to the scene of the excitement just breaking
+out over the discoveries, and becoming satisfied of their importance, he
+immediately commenced the work of exploration, in company with others, who
+purchased the McElhenny Farm, on which was struck the noted Empire well,
+one of the most famous wells on Oil Creek, that by its extraordinary yield
+first added to the petroleum excitement, and then broke down the market by
+a supply far in excess of the then demand. The tools were no sooner
+extracted than the oil rushed up in a torrent, equal to three thousand
+barrels daily. The good fortune of the adventurers was disastrous. It was
+more than they had bargained for, and was altogether too much of a good
+thing. The demand at that time was very limited, the uses to which
+petroleum had been applied being few, and science had not yet enabled it
+to be converted into the cheap and useful illuminator it has now become.
+One day's flow of the Empire would supply all the demands of the United
+States for a week. Barrels, too, were scarce, and when those at hand were
+filled tanks were hastily improvised, but were speedily overflowed. Pits
+were dug and rapidly filled, until at length the well owners, cursed with
+too much good luck, were compelled to turn the oil into the river. Then it
+rapidly fell in price, owing to the superabundant supply. It fell, in the
+autumn of 1861, to ten cents a barrel, and the oil interest was, for the
+time, ruined.
+
+At this juncture Mr. Hussey was induced to erect works for refining the
+oil and preparing it as an illuminator. The first establishment was a
+small one, but as the demand increased and the oil interest revived, the
+capacity was increased until it reached its present limit of from three
+hundred and fifty to four hundred barrels per day.
+
+When the second oil excitement broke out in 1864, Mr. Hussey was again one
+of the leading explorers and adventurers in the oil regions of
+Pennsylvania. Successful wells were put down in Oil Creek and on the
+Allegheny river, and a large proportion of the product was brought to
+Cleveland to be refined. His interest in this department of industry
+became so great and important, that after fifteen years of active
+connection with the produce and copper smelting business of Cleveland, he
+sold out his interest in both the commission house and smelting works and
+devoted his entire attention to oil.
+
+Mr. Hussey is a good example of the success attending faithful,
+intelligent and conscientious attention to business. A self-made man, he
+never lost sight of the fact that the same scrupulous honesty which gave
+him success was necessary to retain it. Debt he looked upon as the road to
+ruin, and he scrupulously shunned it. He never bought an article for
+himself or his family on credit. His business paper was always good and
+never was protested. His engagements were ever punctually kept. His two
+cardinal principles were "Time is money," and "Honesty is the best
+policy," and these rules of action he carefully impressed on the young men
+whom he brought up in business life. The value of his teachings and
+example is shown in the fact that those brought up under his business care
+during the past twenty years have come to hold a place in the front rank
+of business men, and have, by their energy and integrity, accumulated
+competence, and even affluence.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: Yours Truly, A. B. Stone]
+
+
+A. B. Stone
+
+
+
+Andros B. Stone was born in the town of Charlton, Worcester county,
+Massachusetts, June 18, 1824. He is the youngest son of Mr. Amasa Stone,
+(now a hale, old man, ninety years of age, in possession of all his
+faculties,) and brother of A. Stone, Jr., whose biography has been
+sketched in an earlier portion of this work. Mr. Stone's boyhood was
+spent in the various occupations of country farm life, where he received
+in common with other boys the advantages of a public school education. In
+his sixteenth year he left home to try the world for himself, and for a
+year and a half worked industriously at the carpenter's trade with his
+elder brother, to whom he was apprenticed for four years, to receive
+thirty-five dollars the first year, forty the second, forty-five the
+third, and fifty the fourth. An unconquerable desire for a better
+education forced him to leave this occupation for a time, and enter an
+academy, the expenses of which he met in part by teaching a public school
+in the winter season, and which left him only five dollars with which to
+make another start in the world.
+
+In the meantime, Mr. Stone's brother, to whom he was apprenticed, had been
+employed by Mr. Howe, the patentee of the "Howe Bridge," and to Andros was
+assigned the keeping of the time of the workmen, and other similar duties,
+instead of the more direct labors of the shop. In the autumn of 1842, Mr.
+Howe purchased Mr. Stone's unexpired time from his brother, advanced his
+pay, and kept him in the same employment as time-keeper, and adding to
+this duty that of making estimates, drawing bridge plans, etc., allowing
+him in the winter an opportunity of increasing his finances by teaching
+school. Subsequently, Mr. A. Boody and Mr. A. Stone, Jr., purchased the
+Howe Patent for building bridges in New England, and A. B. Stone, then
+about nineteen years of age, made an engagement with the new firm. At
+first he was given the charge of a few men in framing and raising small
+bridges, but an opportunity soon occurred which enabled him to exhibit his
+capabilities in a most advantageous light. Messrs. Boody and Stone were
+constructing a bridge over the rapids of the Connecticut river at Windsor
+Locks, about fifteen hundred feet in length, in spans of one hundred and
+eighty feet. One day the superintendent, who had the immediate charge of
+the work, went to Mr. Stone and complained of being so ill that he was
+obliged to go home, and desired him to take temporary charge of the men.
+Mr. Stone alleged his unfitness for the duty of taking charge of so many
+men at the commencement of so important a work, but as the superintendent
+said he could not stay longer, Mr. Stone was compelled to assume the
+responsibility, against his wishes.
+
+On examining the condition of the work the cause of the superintendent's
+severe illness was made manifest. The lower chords or stringers, of about
+two hundred and sixty feet in length, had been packed without being
+placed opposite each other, one being placed several feet too far in one
+direction, and the other about the same distance in the opposite
+direction. Here was a dilemma and a difficulty, and an ability in the
+mind of the young mechanic to meet it, so that, in a very short time, the
+chords were properly adjusted. He then proceeded with the work, and in
+three days had nearly completed the first span, when his brother paid a
+visit of inspection to the bridge. Not finding the regular superintendent
+in charge, he naturally inquired the cause, and when the circumstances
+were explained, examined the work very minutely. Without any comments
+upon what had been done, Mr. Stone left the place, leaving his younger
+brother in charge, a tacit expression of confidence which was most
+gratifying, and gave him a self-confidence he had not previously
+possessed. About this time Mr. Stone was advanced to the general
+superintendence of construction, which position he retained between two
+and three years, when his brother admitted him as his partner in the
+construction of the bridges on the Atlantic & St. Lawrence railroad. A
+year was successfully spent in the prosecution of this work, when a
+partnership was formed with Mr. A. Boody for constructing the bridges on
+the Rutland & Burlington railroad in Vermont, which, although accompanied
+with grave difficulties, resulted in success.
+
+In 1850, Mr. Stone extended the field of his operations by forming a new
+partnership with Mr. Maxwell, and purchasing the Howe Patent for building
+bridges in the three northern New England States. For two years this field
+was profitably and creditably filled, when, dazzled by the ample resources
+of the West, New England was abandoned for Illinois. Here another
+partnership was formed, with his brother-in-law, Mr. Boomer, and under the
+stimulating effect of an undeveloped country, the new firm of Stone &
+Boomer soon took a high and honorable rank throughout the entire Western
+States. The total amount of bridging built by this firm from 1852 to 1858
+was not less than thirty thousand feet. They constructed the first bridge
+across the Mississippi river, the longest span of a wooden truss that had
+up to that time ever been built. This was done under the most trying
+circumstances, the thermometer at times marking 30 degrees below zero. The
+longest draw-bridge of its period was also erected by this firm across the
+Illinois river, it having a length of two hundred and ninety-two feet, the
+whole structure revolving on its centre, and capable of being opened by
+one man in one and one-half minutes. During this time they built the roof
+of the Union Passenger House, in Chicago, which was of longer span than
+had hitherto been built. The organization for the carrying on of their
+work was so complete, that it was a common remark among the engineers of
+western railroads, "If we want any bridges put up on short notice, we can
+get them of Stone & Boomer; they have them laid up on shelves, ready for
+erection!" In connection with their bridge business the firm carried on
+the manufacture of railroad cars.
+
+In the Spring of 1858, Mr. Stone gave up his home and business in Chicago
+for his present residence in Cleveland and his present business as an iron
+manufacturer. After carefully investigating the advantages which Cleveland
+afforded for such a purpose, and realizing the present and prospective
+demands for an increased development for the manufacture of iron, Mr.
+Stone availed himself of the opportunity of identifying his interests with
+that of the firm of Chisholm & Jones, who at that time had just put in
+operation a small mill in Newburg. Here at once opened a new and
+delightful opportunity for Mr. Stone to develope his natural love for the
+mechanical arts. To manufacture iron required knowledge--was a science,
+and to be master of his business was both his duty and his pride, and
+claimed all his unflagging energy, his undaunted courage and
+determination. Thus the small mill at Newburg grew from the capacity of
+turning out thirty tons of re-rolled rails to its present capacity of
+sixty tons, beside the addition of a puddling mill, a merchant bar mill, a
+wire rod mill, two blast furnaces, spike, nut and bolt works. In the
+meantime the small beginning had grown into such large proportions, and so
+many railroad corporations had centered here, that it was thought best to
+form the same into a stock company, embracing another rolling mill on the
+lake shore, within the city limits. This was done, Mr. Stone filling the
+office of President of the Cleveland Rolling Mill Company. In 1868, the
+Company put into successful operation extensive steel works which they
+had been engaged in erecting with great care and expense for nearly two
+years. During that time Mr. Stone had made two visits to Europe for more
+thorough investigation into the process of making Bessemer steel, and the
+success of this undertaking so far has been admitted by all who have
+visited the works to be without parallel in the American manufacture of
+steel. In addition to this heavy and extended business, Mr. Stone is
+president of another rolling mill company in Chicago, in which he is
+largely interested, also of a large coal mining company in Indiana, and
+vice President of a large iron manufacturing company at Harmony, Indiana,
+also president of the American Sheet and Boiler Plate Company.
+
+Mr. Stone is eminently known, and justly so, as a mechanic, and is widely
+known as a man who crowns his thoughts with his acts. Still in the prime
+of manhood, he stands connected with manufacturing interests, furnishing
+employment to thousands of men, all of which has been the outgrowth of
+scarcely more than ten years. This eminent success has not been the result
+of speculation, or of luck, but the legitimate end of his own hands and
+brain. Neither can it be said he has had no reverses. At one time the
+failure of railroad companies left him, not only penniless, but fifty
+thousand dollars in debt. With an indomitable will he determined to
+liquidate that debt, and how well he succeeded need not be told. Mr. Stone
+at present stands at the head of iron manufacturing companies, second to
+none in the country, possessing almost unlimited credit. This
+extraordinary success has by no means affected Mr. Stone's modest nature
+for which he is so noted. Gentlemanly and affable in his intercourse with
+all ranks and conditions of men, he has won universal respect, and an
+enviable position in the business interests of our country.
+
+Mr. Stone was married in 1846 to Miss M. Amelia Boomer, daughter of Rev.
+J. B. Boomer, of Worcester, Massachusetts.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: Yours truly, Henry Chisholm]
+
+
+Henry Chisholm
+
+
+
+Henry Chisholm is of Scotch origin, having been born in Lochgelly in
+Fifeshire, April 27, 1822. There, as in New England, children, if they are
+heirs to nothing else, inherit the privilege of some early education. When
+he was at the age of ten his father died. At the age of twelve, Henry's
+education was finished and he was apprenticed to a carpenter, serving in
+an adjoining city five years, at the expiration of which time he went to
+Glasgow, as a journeyman. Whilst in Glasgow, he married Miss Jane Allen,
+of Dunfermline.
+
+In 1842, he resolved to quit his native land and seek his fortune in the
+West. Landing in Montreal, in April, he found employment as a journeyman
+carpenter, working at his trade for two years. He then undertook contracts
+on his own account, relying wholly on his own resources for their
+execution, and all his undertakings proved successful. In 1850, he entered
+into partnership with a friend to build the breakwater for the Cleveland
+and Pittsburgh Railroad, at Cleveland, the work occupying three years.
+This, and other similar contracts, such as building piers and depots at
+Cleveland, employed his time and energies until his commencement of the
+iron business at Newburg, as one of the firm of Chisholm, Jones & Co. This
+company, and its business, have developed into the Cleveland Rolling Mill
+Company of Cleveland, with two rail mills, making a hundred tons of rails
+and twenty-five tons of merchant iron per day; two blast furnaces, turning
+out forty tons of pig iron daily, and a Bessemer steel works,
+manufacturing thirty tons of steel per day. Besides these, have been
+established the Union Rolling Mills of Chicago, making seventy tons of
+rails per day; of this extensive establishment Mr. Chisholm's son,
+William, is manager. There are also two blast furnaces and a rolling mill
+in Indiana, making forty tons of iron per day. Fifteen hundred acres of
+coal land are owned in connection with these works. Of all these
+enterprises Mr. Chisholm has been one of the leading managers, and remains
+largely interested, his perseverence and energy aiding materially to crown
+the undertakings, up to the present time, with the greatest success.
+
+In the midst of a business so large, the social and religions duties of
+Mr. Chisholm have not been neglected. He is a zealous and liberal member
+of the Second Baptist church. For more than twenty-three years himself and
+wife have been professors of religion, and their five surviving children,
+the oldest of whom is now twenty-six years old, have become members of the
+same church.
+
+The history of the Scotch boy and his success in America should be read by
+the youth of England and Scotland, as an example for them to follow. In
+these and other European countries such a career would be almost, if not
+quite, impossible. Mr. Chisholm has not been made proud by success, but
+retains the affability and simplicity of his early days. He has still a
+hearty physical constitution, with the prospect of a long life in which to
+enjoy, in the retired and quiet manner most agreeable to his tastes, the
+good fortune of this world, and the respect of his employees, and
+neighbors and friends, which he values more highly than money.
+
+
+
+
+R. P. Myers.
+
+
+
+R. P. Myers was born in Schodack, Rensselaer county, New York, January 1,
+1820. When between two and three years of age, his parents moved to Sand
+Lake, in the same county. His father died May 14, 1823, leaving but very
+limited means for the support of the widowed mother and three young
+children; and it is to the prayers, counsels and Christian influence of
+his mother Mr. Myers is largely indebted for the direction of his life. At
+the age of fifteen he left school and became clerk in a village store, but
+after one year, being dissatisfied with the business prospects of the
+village, he obtained a situation in a dry goods store in Albany.
+
+In 1842, he commenced business in Albany in the same line, with but two
+hundred and twenty-five dollars and a good character, for his capital,
+under the firm name of Allen & Myers, continuing thus about two years. At
+the end of that time, believing the West offered greater inducements to
+young men of small means, he removed to Ohio. His partner had previously
+made a tour of observation through the West and become favorably impressed
+with the business prospects of Akron, Ohio, which was at that time
+attracting considerable attention. Mr. Myers, in company with his wife,
+passed through Cleveland May 3d, 1844, (being the first anniversary of
+their wedding,) on their way to Akron. There he conducted his old business
+under the same name as at Albany, for about one year, and then formed a
+company for the manufacture of stoves, under the style of Myers, Cobb &
+Co., his former partner being the "Co." To this business he gave his
+personal attention. The dry goods business was discontinued about a year
+after engaging in the manufacture of stoves. In addition to this Mr. Myers
+became interested in the manufacture of woolen and cotton machinery,
+machine cards, &c., the name of the firm being Allen, Hale & Co. This was
+developed into a flourishing business.
+
+[Illustration: Respectfully yours, R. P. Myers]
+
+In 1849, he was instrumental in the formation of the Akron Stove Company,
+into which the firm of Myers, Cobb & Co. merged. At the first meeting of
+the stockholders Mr. Myers was chosen general agent, in which position he
+remained with signal profit to the stockholders, until February 1st, 1859.
+This, though a small company, was one of the most successful stock
+companies ever formed in this part of the country. Business continued to
+expand, causing the company to enlarge its facilities for manufacturing
+from time to time, and their products were sold through Ohio, Michigan,
+Indiana, and other Western States. The fact that the stock at the time he
+retired from the company sold for from four hundred to five hundred per
+cent, above par value, after declaring liberal dividends from time to
+time, speaks more plainly of its unparalleled success than anything we can
+say, and is the best compliment that could be paid to the energy,
+enterprise and business capacity of its retiring manager.
+
+After a time, the stove business required his whole attention, and the
+machine branch was sold out to one of the other partners; he then bent all
+his energies to the invention and perfection of the stoves, and the
+vigorous prosecution of the business of the company. After conducting the
+business of the company ten years, he felt the want of a larger field for
+enterprise, cast around for the most eligible situation, and finally
+concluded that Cleveland was destined to be a great stove centre.
+Resigning the management of the company February 1st, 1859, but retaining
+most of his interest, he came to Cleveland and started an individual
+manufactory, at the same time connecting with the stove business the
+wholesaling of tin plate, sheet iron, &c., which was conducted with such
+energy that a large trade was attracted to Cleveland that had previously
+been given to other markets.
+
+The rapid development of business, the demand upon his time in the
+manufacturing department, and the need of extended facilities induced Mr.
+Myers to associate with him Messrs. B. F. Rouse and James M. Osborn, who
+now form the firm of Myers, Rouse & Co. Since the present firm has existed
+they have built a new foundry, of large capacity, with all the modern
+improvements, on West River street, which is now taxed to its full
+capacity to meet the wants of their trade.
+
+The increase of the stove manufacturing of the city is estimated to have
+been full four hundred per cent. in ten years, and has fully justified
+Mr. Myers' estimate of the natural advantages of Cleveland as a
+manufacturing point.
+
+This firm has patented a variety of new stoves that have become very
+popular, and hence remunerative, among which are the Eclipse, in 1850,
+soon followed by the Golden Rule and Benefactor, the last named having
+obtained a most remarkable sale, and the name itself become a household
+word throughout the country, and, in 1868, the celebrated Princess stove.
+
+Of course, close attention to the wants of the country in this
+direction for about one quarter of a century, has given Mr. Myers a
+very valuable experience, which he is continually turning to account to
+the benefit of the public and his own enrichment. The shipments of this
+firm are to nearly all the markets in the northwest, reaching Council
+Bluffs and Omaha.
+
+Mr. Myers is now numbered among the most successful business men of the
+city, and his success has been achieved in a department that has added
+very materially to the progress of the city. The large number of men
+employed, and the still larger number put into requisition in the
+production of the material required for the uses of the manufactory, and
+to supply the needs of the men, have added to the population and wealth of
+Cleveland.
+
+Although so much engrossed in business since coming to Cleveland, Mr.
+Myers has found time to be active in many benevolent movements. For thirty
+years he has been a useful member of the Baptist church. His Christian
+labors have been generously given to the Sunday schools and mission work,
+and he is at this time superintendent of the First Baptist church Sunday
+school of this city.
+
+Mr. Myers is now forty-nine years old, with a vigorous physical
+constitution and strong mind, that give promise of very many years of
+usefulness still to come.
+
+
+
+
+M. C. Younglove
+
+
+
+From 1837 to 1842, when specie payments were resumed, Cleveland saw her
+greatest financial embarrassments; but from the latter year, a new and
+more promising era dawned upon her. The land speculator gave place to the
+business man, and for many years immediately following, her progress,
+though slow, was sure and steady. During these years of depression many
+young and enterprising men settled here, who were, of course, untrammeled
+by old speculating debts, and their business habits were untainted by the
+loose recklessness of the land speculator. Many of these young men are now
+to be found among our most substantial, successful and enterprising
+citizens, and the gentleman whose name stands at the head of this article
+is one of that number.
+
+Mr. Younglove was born in Cambridge, Washington county, New York. His
+immediate ancestors on both sides having been officers in the
+Revolutionary army, gives him a good title to native citizenship. His
+father died before his birth, leaving him sufficient property for all
+educational purposes, but none to commence business with. He first essayed
+a professional life, and with that view began the study of law, but soon
+discovered that a sedentary occupation was uncongenial to him, and
+abandoned the profession.
+
+His first business connection, which was formed before his majority, was
+with an uncle in his native county. But finding the country village of his
+nativity too slow for a sanguine and active temperament, he determined to
+try his fortune in the then comparatively unknown West, and in August,
+1836, came to Cleveland. After a clerkship of eight months in a dry goods
+store, he bought an interest in a book store, and in a few months
+thereafter bought out his partner and added job and news printing, and
+book publishing, to his other business. At this time he introduced the
+first power press into Cleveland--and it is believed the second that was
+run west of the Alleghenies--on which he printed for a long time the daily
+papers of the city.
+
+In 1848, in connection with Mr. John Hoyt, he built the Cleveland Paper
+Mill; the first having steam power west of the mountains, and the first of
+any importance in the United States. This innovation on the old mode of
+obtaining power for such machinery, called out many prophecies of failure.
+But these gentlemen not only made their business a success, but
+demonstrated to Cleveland, that she had, in her proximity to the coal
+fields, and in the steam engine, facilities for manufacturing unsurpassed
+by the best water power in the country--a hint which she has not been slow
+to improve upon.
+
+Messrs. Younglove & Hoyt finally united their business with that of the
+Lake Erie Paper Company, under the name of the Cleveland Paper Company, of
+which latter company Mr. Younglove was elected president, and continued in
+the chief management of its business until the Spring of 1867, when he
+sold his entire interest, leaving the company with a capital of three
+hundred thousand dollars, and one of the most prosperous paper
+manufacturing companies in the country.
+
+Mr. Younglove was one of the first of our citizens to perceive the
+importance and necessity of a gas company for Cleveland. Learning that a
+charter had been obtained by some of our wealthy men, and was laying
+dormant in their hands, he, with some associates, bought it up and
+proceeded to the erection of the works--himself being one of the
+directors. Few, however, know the struggles and discouragements which
+these directors encountered in their efforts to furnish the citizens of
+Cleveland with one of the greatest conveniences and luxuries of
+civilized life. The stock could not be sold here. Aside from that taken
+by Mr. Younglove, only five hundred dollars were subscribed by the
+citizens, and distributed as follows: James Kellogg, four hundred
+dollars, and J. W. Allen, one hundred dollars; and this was subsequently
+all taken off the hands of the subscribers by Mr. Younglove before it
+was paid up. But the directors, well persuaded of the value and
+importance of the work they had in hand, were in no way discouraged, but
+pushed on the work till all present funds were exhausted and not a
+dollar was left in the treasury to meet the demands of the next
+Saturday's pay roll. At this juncture, the Board had a consultation,
+which may be fitly termed an "anxious meeting." The question arose,
+"What is to be done?" and in answer, each member determined to take such
+an amount of stock as he could either pay for or sell. Mr. Younglove
+took five thousand dollars, and determined to make another attempt to
+sell to the wealthy men of the city, but after four days of industrious
+effort he had not one dollar of subscription to reward his labor. Mr.
+P. M. Weddell was the only one who gave any encouragement--"He might take
+a few hundred dollars at seventy-five per cent."
+
+After this failure, Mr. Younglove mortgaged his lot on Euclid avenue,
+where he now lives, and paid up his subscription, thus fulfilling his
+promise to his associates, and placing himself on record as the _only_
+citizen who would help to supply the city with gas.
+
+In 1850, Mr. Younglove, associated with Mr. Dudley Baldwin, bought of
+Howell & Dewitt their machinery for manufacturing agricultural implements.
+This establishment was immediately enlarged to do an extensive business.
+Mr. Baldwin subsequently sold his interest to his partner, who still
+retains his interest in the business, it being at present one of the
+largest and most reputable manufactories in the city.
+
+The writer of this has authority for saying, that Mr. Younglove looks upon
+his connection with the Society for Savings in this city, from its
+organization, as one of the most honorable and reputable of his business
+life. It is an association purely benevolent in its objects and action,
+managed by men who have no hope or desire of pecuniary benefit, with
+matured judgment and an abnegation of self that may well secure for it the
+utmost confidence--as it most happily has--of the laboring poor and the
+helpless, for whose benefit it is maintained.
+
+Mr. Younglove is one of the most enterprising and intelligent business
+men. Having a natural talent for mechanics, he has done much to inaugurate
+and encourage the manufactures of our city.
+
+
+
+
+
+John D. Rockefeller.
+
+
+
+Although yet quite a young man, John D. Rockefeller occupies in our
+business circles a position second to but few. He began life with few
+advantages, save that of honesty of purpose and unflinching morality, and
+a determination to succeed, if unremitting effort would secure that end.
+He, in connection with M. B. Clark, commenced the produce and commission
+business on the dock, with a small capital saved from earnings. For a time
+their profits were exceedingly small, but the firm soon gained the
+confidence of our citizens and bankers, and at the end of the first year
+they had done business to the amount of $450,000. Each successive year
+added to their business, and in the fourth, it amounted to something like
+$1,200,000, the average being, perhaps, about $700,000.
+
+In the Spring of 1863, Mr. Rockefeller engaged in the oil refining
+business, commencing with a capacity of forty-five barrels of crude oil
+per day, and gradually increased it until 1865, when the capacity of his
+works was a hundred and fifty barrels per day. At this time he sold his
+interest in the commission business, and devoted his whole attention to
+the oil refining. Every year witnessed an enlargement of his works, and
+for the last three years it is believed that his has been the largest of
+its kind in the world, the present capacity being twenty-five hundred
+barrels of crude oil per day. The growth of the business, dating back to
+1865, was such that it became necessary to establish a house in New York
+for the disposition of their oil, where they now have warehouses of their
+own, and sell and take care of their property.
+
+The effect of such works as those of Mr. Rockefeller in the city may be
+imagined when we say that there are about one hundred men regularly
+employed in them, besides a force of some fifteen or twenty teams and
+teamsters. To these must be added from seven hundred to eight hundred
+men around the city employed in making barrels for the oil, and from
+$20,000 to $25,000 per year expended among plumbers and various other
+mechanics for repairs. The enlargements of their works this year will
+cost near $40,000.
+
+Mr. Rockefeller never retrogrades; he has always advanced from the
+commencement. Close application to one kind of business, an avoidance of
+all positions of an honorary character that cost time, and strict business
+habits, have resulted in the success, the fruits of which he now enjoys.
+He has worked himself, and kept everything pertaining to his business in
+so methodical a manner that he knows every night how he stands with the
+world. He was drilled to strict economy as an accountant during hard
+times, before his own business history, and he has rigidly adhered to the
+principles then learnt.
+
+He has frequently been so situated as to choose between his own judgment
+and that of older heads, and where he has followed his own opinions in
+opposition to others of more experience he has seen no reason to regret
+his choice. The result of his course has been, that, though still young,
+he stands at the head of one of the most extensive business establishments
+in the city, and is possessed of wealth sufficient to secure a comfortable
+maintainance, and a provision against the ordinary mishaps of business.
+
+Mr. Rockefeller is a valued member of the Second Baptist church
+having long been a sincere believer in the faith and practice of the
+Baptist church.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: Fraternally Yours, Peter Thatcher]
+
+
+Peter Thatcher.
+
+
+
+Peter Thatcher derives his descent in a direct line from the Reverend
+Thomas Thatcher, the first minister of the Old South Church, in Boston,
+who at the age of twelve years left England with his uncle Anthony, and
+arrived in New England in 1635.
+
+Peter Thatcher was born in Attleboro, Massachusetts, July 20, 1812. At the
+age of nineteen, not liking his father's business of farming, he announced
+his intention of seeking other means of livelihood, and, sorely against
+his father's wish, he set out in search of fortune. Two days after leaving
+his father's roof, he found employment with a house-carpenter, in Taunton,
+Massachusetts, to whom he engaged himself to work one year for forty
+dollars and board. After two years service in this employ he, in November,
+1834, commenced work on the Boston and Providence Railroad, laying track,
+in the employ of Messrs. Otis & Co. His industry and ability attracted the
+attention of his employers, and he was retained and promoted by them,
+remaining in the employ of the firm and their successors, railroad
+building, until 1850, with the exception of three years spent on Fort
+Warren and Fort Independence, in Boston Harbor, where he superintended the
+work of construction under the supervision of Colonel Sylvanus Thayer.
+During his career as a railroad builder he was engaged on the principal
+railroads on the sea-coast from Maine to Georgia.
+
+In 1850, the firm of Thatcher, Stone & Co. was formed, for the purpose of
+building bridges, both in the eastern and western States, an office being
+opened in Springfield for the former, and another in Cleveland for the
+latter. In 1851, this firm was dissolved and that of Thatcher, Burt & Co.
+formed. The patent for building the Howe Truss Bridge in the States of
+Ohio, Indiana, Kentucky and Michigan was purchased, and nearly all the
+original railroad bridges in Ohio, with the depots and engine houses,
+together with many in other States, were built by this firm.
+
+After having for thirteen years carried on the bridge building business,
+and added to it a trade in lumber, the firm built the Union Elevator, in
+Cleveland, and the new firm of Thatcher, Gardner, Burt & Co., commission
+merchants and produce dealers, was formed. This firm was dissolved in
+1865, by the withdrawal of Mr. Thatcher.
+
+About this time a company was formed for the purchase of a patent obtained
+for the manufacture of a durable paint and fire-proof mastic from prepared
+iron ore. Mr. Thatcher was chosen president of the company which at once
+entered on a vigorous prosecution of its business and has succeeded beyond
+the anticipation of its projectors. The paint is made of Lake Superior
+iron ore, ground fine and mixed with linseed oil, with which it forms a
+perfect union. It is then used in a thin state as a paint for surfaces,
+whether of wood stone or metal, exposed to the weather, and in a thicker
+state for a fire-proof mastic. The ore is crushed with machinery of great
+strength, and about three tons of the paint are produced daily, besides
+the mastic, and find ready market.
+
+In connection with the above Mr. Thatcher has recently purchased a patent,
+obtained by Mr. Ward, for the manufacture of "Metallic Shingle Roofing,"
+which is now being perfected and introduced to the public, and which, its
+inventor claims, will supercede all methods of roofing now in use for
+cheapness, durability, weight and effectiveness.
+
+Mr. Thatcher has long been identified with the Masonic order, and has
+filled high positions in that body. He is Past M. of Iris Lodge of
+Cleveland, Past H. P. of Webb Chapter, has been Treasurer of Iris Lodge for
+ten years, Past D. G. H. P. of the Grand Chapter of Ohio, and is now Grand
+Treasurer of the Grand Commandery of Knights Templar of Ohio, which
+position he has held six years.
+
+Mr. Thatcher is a genial, whole-souled man, having a host of warm friends,
+and has enjoyed the respect and confidence of all with whom he has been
+connected.
+
+
+
+
+W. C. Scofield,
+
+
+
+W. C. Scofield was born near Wakefield, England, October 25, 1821, and
+spent the earlier years of his life in Leeds, where he was employed on
+machine work until his twenty-first year, when he determined to emigrate
+to the Western continent to seek his fortune. On reaching America he found
+his way westward until he arrived at Chagrin river in Cuyahoga county,
+where he found employment with a Mr. Waite, at eight dollars a month,
+working one year at this rate. The next two years were spent in the brick
+yard of A. W. Duty. Following this, he was for two years turnkey under
+sheriff Beebe, and then established himself in a brick yard of his own on
+the west side of the river. One Summer's work in this experiment gave him
+a start in business life, and laid the foundation, small though it was, of
+his after prosperity.
+
+[Illustration: Yours Respectfully, W. C. Scofield]
+
+After his experiment in the brick making business, he undertook the
+charge of the lard oil and saleratus works owned by Mr. C. A. Dean.
+After three years, Messrs. Stanley, Wick & Camp bought the
+establishment; and shortly after this change, Mr. Scofield purchased
+the interest of Mr. Wick, and after a few months Mr. Camp sold his
+interest to the remaining partners, who carried on the business until
+1857. At that time Mr. Scofield purchased the interest of his partners
+and became sole owner of the whole concern and carried on business in
+this way for the next five years.
+
+In 1861, he added to his lard oil and saleratus business that of refining
+oil, associating himself in this enterprise with Messrs. Halle and
+Fawcett. Their refinery was built on the site of the City Forge works, and
+the capacity of the works was limited to two eight barrel stills.
+Subsequently this land was sold for other purposes and the refinery was
+closed, after a very successful career. Previous to that event the firm
+built an oil refinery on Oil Creek, with a capacity of about forty
+barrels. This is still in operation under the firm name of Lowry, Fawcett
+& Co., turning out about sixty barrels of refined oil daily, and proving
+from its start a continual success. In 1865, Mr. Scofield became
+interested in the oil refining firm of Critchley, Fawcett & Co., in which
+he still retains his interest, and which is in successful operation, with
+a yield of about one hundred barrels per day. About the same time he
+became a partner in an oil commission business in New York, established
+under the name of Hewitt & Scofield, which has also proved a success. He
+is also interested in the Cleveland Chemical Works, being vice president
+of the company, which is doing a heavy business. The extent and importance
+of the works may be inferred from the fact, that the buildings
+necessitated an outlay of a hundred and sixty thousand dollars.
+
+In 1863, the firm of Alexander, Scofield & Co., was formed, and commenced
+operation on the site of the present works, at the junction of the
+Atlantic & Great Western Railway with Liberty street. The works were
+commenced with a capacity of fifty barrels daily, and gradually enlarged,
+until the capacity now reaches six hundred barrels daily.
+
+During the whole of Mr. Scofield's business career, with the extensive
+operations of the firms in which he is interested, there has been but one
+case of litigation. This is noteworthy, and speaks well for the integrity
+and strict business habits of Mr. Scofield. He is not given to jumping
+hastily at conclusions or embarking wildly in business schemes. Before
+entering on an undertaking, he carefully, though rapidly, studies the
+natural effect of the step and having satisfied himself of its probable
+success, he prosecutes it with unflagging energy. The course of events
+within the past few years offered unusual opportunities for a clear headed
+and active business man to advance himself, and Mr. Scofield had the
+forethought and energy to take advantage of those opportunities. From
+first to last he had to depend on his own energies, having been left an
+orphan at sixteen years of age, and from the time of his reaching his
+majority, being compelled to push his way unaided, a stranger in a strange
+land. The efforts of just such men have made Cleveland what it is to-day.
+
+
+
+
+Levi Haldeman.
+
+
+
+Levi Haldeman is a representative of another class of our citizens than
+refiners, who have taken advantage of the petroleum enterprise, and are
+spending their money in building up the prosperity of the city, turning
+its energies into channels that cannot fail to give an impetus to all
+branches of trade, and aid in establishing our financial institutions on a
+basis of unrivalled strength, and who, at the same time, reap their reward
+by putting money into their own pockets.
+
+[Illustration: Respectfully + Truly, L. Haldeman]
+
+The subject of this sketch was born in Chester county, Pennsylvania, Dec.
+14, 1809, received a good common school education, and removed with his
+father to Columbiana county, Ohio, in 1819. Until he was about twenty-five
+years of age he spent his time with his father on his farm, and in
+teaching school. He then commenced reading medicine with Drs. Robertson
+and Cary of that place; after which he attended lectures at Cincinnati,
+and was a private student of Drs. Gross and Parker--the former being now
+Professer in Jefferson College, Philadelphia, and the latter Professor in
+the College of Physicians and Surgeons in New York. Mr. Haldeman commenced
+practice alone in 1839, at Minerva, Ohio, although he had practiced from
+1837 with his old preceptor. He soon obtained an excellent practice in
+medicine, and was noted for his skill in surgery, performing nearly all
+the operations in that part of the country, among them tractreotomy, or
+opening the windpipe and extracting foreign matter from it, and difficult
+cases of lithotomy.
+
+In 1860, Mr. Haldeman, in connection with Messrs. Hussey and McBride, of
+Cleveland, bought the McElhenny Farm, in the Pennsylvania oil regions,
+which proved to be very valuable. For the whole farm of two hundred acres
+the sum of twenty thousand dollars was paid, subject to some leases, which
+were renewed to the lessees. Mr. Funk leased a hundred and thirty acres of
+the farm, subdivided it in into acre lots, and sub-lot them to a number of
+oil companies, representing an aggregate capital of millions of dollars.
+Messrs. Bennet and Hatch, the sub-lessees of one sub-lot, struck the
+largest producing well yet found in the oil region the Empire, a three
+thousand barrel well, which is estimated to have produced no less than six
+hundred thousand barrels of oil and the whole farm is estimated to have
+produced two millions of barrels. At the present time the sub-leases have
+nearly all been forfeited, through breach of covenant, and the farm has
+reverted to the owners, Messrs. Hussey and Haldeman. It is not now worked,
+the wells having been flooded by the unexpected influx of water, against
+which there had been no provision made by the owners of the wells. It is
+expected to remedy this misfortune by plugging the wells below the water
+veins, and pumping, with the hope of thus restoring the value of the farm.
+
+The next enterprise was the purchase of the A. Buchanan farm, of three
+hundred acres, in connection with others, subject, also, to a lease, but
+giving the owners of the farm a royalty of one sixth of the oil produced,
+free of cost, and retaining the use of the land for other purposes. On
+this farm the town of Rouseville has been built since the purchase. This
+has proved a very lucrative investment. The first well struck on it in
+1860 is still producing. In company with others, Mr. Haldeman also bought
+the royalty of the John McClintock farm for ten thousand dollars in gold,
+the Irishman owning it thinking nothing but gold worth having. Mr.
+Haldeman sold his thirty-second part of the same for a hundred thousand
+dollars; another partner sold his for forty-thousand dollars, the
+purchaser subsequently re-selling it for one hundred thousand dollars.
+Besides this, Mr. Haldeman became half owner of two hundred acres not yet
+developed, and he and his sons own about four hundred acres, supposed to
+be excellent oil land. He has also invested about forty thousand dollars
+in iron tanking, in the oil region, and has now tankage for four hundred
+thousand barrels, in connection with others.
+
+Mr. Haldeman was married in 1840 to Miss Mary Ann Gaves, of Columbiana
+county. The oldest and second sons, L. P. and W. P. Haldeman, are engaged
+in business with their father, and by their energy, foresight, and close
+attention to business, have aided materially in the later successes of the
+firm. Mr. Haldeman has, as is evident from the record here given, won for
+himself considerable wealth, but it has been secured only by the exercise
+of sound judgment and intelligent enterprise, which deserves, though it
+does not always achieve, success.
+
+
+
+
+G. Westlake.
+
+
+
+The firm of Westlake, Hutchins & Co., composed of G. Westlake, H. A.
+Hutchins, C. H. Andrews and W. C. Andrews, stands high among the oil
+refining establishments of Cleveland, not only for the extent of their
+operations but for their fair dealing in business matters. The firm
+commenced the erection of their works in October, 1866, and in June of the
+succeeding year began operations with a capacity of two hundred barrels of
+crude oil per day. The business improved, and the works had to be enlarged
+to keep pace with it, until the present capacity of the works is seven
+hundred and fifty barrels per day. In the enlargements, the latest
+improvements in the appliances for the refining of oil have been put in.
+One still now employed has a capacity of eleven hundred barrels, which is
+charged twice a week, and was the first of the kind in the State. Besides
+this are ten stills of thirty barrels each, one of two hundred and fifty
+barrels, and one, recently completed, forty feet in diameter, of the same
+pattern as the monster still just mentioned, and which is calculated for
+two thousand barrels. The total capacity of the works, including this
+still, is fourteen hundred and sixteen barrels of crude per day, which
+will yield, if running to full capacity, two hundred and eighty-eight
+thousand barrels of refined oil in a year, or between three and four
+millions of dollars in value at the stills. Connected with the works are a
+twenty thousand barrel tank, a fifteen thousand barrel tank, two of ten
+thousand barrels each, one of six thousand barrels, and several from two
+thousand barrels down. When all its improvements in progress are completed
+it will be one of the largest refineries in Cleveland and in the United
+States, and with enterprise corresponding to the size and importance of
+its works. A large number of men are employed, either at the works or in
+direct connection with it by providing cooperage and other necessaries for
+the business.
+
+Mr. Westlake, the senior member of the firm, was born in Chemung county,
+New York, January 11, 1822, received a good education and when a young man
+was employed as a clerk in a lumber business for a couple of years. In
+1847, he went into the lumber trade on his own account, remaining in that
+business until 1866, when he removed to Cleveland, and finding that the
+oil refining business held out reasonable prospects of profit, he embarked
+in it, and by his energy of character and enterprise has achieved
+flattering success, although the time in which he has been engaged in the
+business is short. He is still in the prime of life.
+
+Mr. Westlake was married in 1848 to Miss Hatch, of Elmira, Chemung county,
+and has three children.
+
+
+
+
+Stephen Buhrer.
+
+
+
+Stephen Buhrer, the subject of this sketch, is of immediate German
+descent. His father, a native of Baden, and his mother of Wirtemburg,
+emigrated to this country in the year 1817. Their acquaintance was first
+formed on board of the emigrant ship on their passage hither, and they
+were married soon after their arrival in this country. After remaining in
+the State of Pennsylvania about two years, they came to make their home
+in Tuscarawas county, Ohio, where, on the 26th day of December, 1825,
+their son, Stephen Buhrer, was born. That region at that time (fifty
+years ago) was remarkably wild and rough, and inhospitable, but since, by
+the thrifty German population, by whom it was mainly inhabited, it has
+become scarcely inferior to any other part of the State in agricultural
+wealth. But the father of Stephen Buhrer was not destined to live to see
+this prosperity. He died in the year 1829, leaving his widow and two
+young children, Stephen and Catharine, dependent on themselves to make
+their way in the world.
+
+From the severe discipline to which Mr. Buhrer was subjected in early
+life, and from the difficulties which he had to overcome, he acquired that
+energy and force of character which have given him success and by which he
+has attained to a high rank as a self-made man.
+
+Mr. Buhrer does not remember that he was privileged to attend any school
+after he was ten years of age. All the education which he subsequently
+acquired he obtained on Sundays and in evenings, after his day's labor was
+over. He has been a citizen of Cleveland since the year 1844. His first
+business in this city was at his trade, as cooper, and afterwards he
+became extensively engaged, and with success, in the business of purifying
+and refining spirits.
+
+In the Spring of the year 1853, he was elected a member of the City
+Council, and was twice thereafter re-elected to the same office, the last
+time almost without opposition.
+
+By the manner in which he discharged his duty as a member of the City
+Council, public attention was directed toward him as a suitable person for
+the responsible office of Mayor of the city, to which he was elected, at
+the April election, in the year 1867, by a very large majority, although
+he did not belong to the dominant political party. It is conceded by all
+that he has discharged the duties of Mayor, with a zeal and a devotion to
+the interests of the city which have had few examples. Turning aside, on
+his election, from the business in which he was engaged, he has allowed
+the affairs of the city to monopolize his attention. Placed by his office
+at the head of the Board of City Improvements, and having in charge public
+works of great magnitude, involving the expenditure of vast sums of money,
+invested with the sole control and management of the large police force of
+the city, and therefore made responsible for its fidelity and efficiency,
+and exercising a supervision over all the departments of the city
+government, to promote economy and to lessen taxation, Mayor Buhrer has
+found his office to be no sinecure. Among the distinguishing traits of his
+official conduct has been his impartiality, his exemption from favoritism
+and partizanship, when in conflict with the public interests, and
+especially his well-known hostility to "cliques" and "rings," such as
+resort to a city government as a rich placer, where they may work to
+enrich themselves at the expense of the people. The rigid discharge of
+duty which he has required of the police under his charge, and the
+avoidance, at the same time, of everything like oppression, or the
+exercise of undue severity in office, have received the public
+approbation.
+
+[Illustration: Yours Respectfully, Stephen Buhrer]
+
+One of the most prominent institutions of Cleveland will be the House of
+Correction, now in progress of construction, and which is humanely
+intended to reform and reclaim, as well as to punish, the vicious and the
+criminal. To Mr. Buhrer much credit will be awarded for the active and
+leading part he has taken in the establishment of such an institution.
+
+At the expiration of his term of office, it was his wish to be relieved
+from public care and to devote all of his time to his private pursuits,
+and which, the more he expected to do, as no one of his predecessors had
+ever been re-elected, or had entered again upon a second term. But
+yielding to the solicitations of friends, he again became a candidate, and
+at the April election, in 1869, was again elected Mayor of the city of
+Cleveland, by nearly three thousand majority. Such a demonstration by the
+people is a sufficient commentary upon his character as a citizen, and
+upon the public estimation of his official services.
+
+
+
+
+M. B. Clark.
+
+
+
+M. B. Clark was born in Malmsbury, England, September 6, 1827. From early
+boyhood until he was nearly of age he was employed in all the various
+occupations of an agricultural district. About this time the United
+States, as a promising country for the working man, was attracting
+considerable notice in his native village, and young Clark, being
+favorably impressed with reports from America, secretly resolved to
+husband his means and follow the example of those who had recently gone.
+
+In the Spring of 1847, he left home with but barely sufficient means for
+the expenses of the journey. On the 17th of June in that year he landed at
+Boston, amidst martial music and parade of military, celebrating the
+battle of Bunker's Hill. This, however, was but poor consolation to the
+English lad, who found himself penniless and friendless. He used every
+effort to find employment without success, and in the meantime was obliged
+to sleep wherever night overtook him. At last he obtained work on a farm,
+in the little town of Dover, Massachusetts, at ten dollars per month. He
+remained in this situation until October, when, with the regrets of his
+employer, he left for the West.
+
+On arriving in Ohio, he first obtained employment at chopping wood and
+teaming, in Lorain county. In the following Spring he returned to
+Cleveland and obtained a situation as helper in a hardware store. Here it
+became apparent to him that he was sadly deficient in an educational point
+of view, and that it offered an almost insuperable barrier to his
+advancement in life. To remedy this, so far as possible, he devoted all
+his leisure hours to study, and on the establishment of the evening
+schools the following winter, he availed himself of them, and the
+advantage soon became apparent.
+
+With a view to the improvement of his circumstances, in 1851, he engaged
+himself to Hussey & Sinclair, with whom he remained six years, when he
+returned to his former employers, Otis & Co., and remained with them three
+years longer.
+
+In 1859, he established himself in the commission business, associating
+with him John D. Rockefeller, the firm name being Clark & Rockefeller;
+both young men of limited means. By strict attention and honorable conduct
+they soon built up a lucrative business. In 1860, G. W. Gardner became a
+member of the firm, and continued as such for two years, when he retired.
+
+In 1863, Mr. Clark's attention was attracted to the manufacture of
+petroleum oils, a business then in its infancy. In connection with his
+partners, he erected a factory on the Newburg road, the capacity of which
+was about fifty-six barrels of crude oil per day. They soon discovered
+that there was money in the enterprise, and before the end of the year
+they had increased the capacity of their works four-fold; and the
+enterprise of this firm has aided materially in making Cleveland what it
+is to-day, the successful rival of Pittsburgh in the manufacture of
+petroleum oils. In 1865, the manufacturing branch was purchased by his
+partner, and the general commission business was continued by Mr. Clark
+until 1866, when he sold out his interest, remaining nominally out of the
+business until June of that year, when he wearied of idleness and sought
+active business once more. Purchasing the controlling interest in another
+refinery, he set to work, vigorously, enlarging the capacity of the works
+and bringing capital and energy to bear with such effect upon the business
+of the firm, that it now ranks among the leading oil refining
+establishments of the country.
+
+[Illustration: Yours Respectfully, M. B. Clark]
+
+Mr. Clark has been no niggard with the wealth that has accrued to him
+from his business. During the war he contributed liberally and was active
+in aiding the cause of the government by giving every practical measure
+his cordial and generous support. In other matters he has manifested a
+like liberal spirit. In politics he has acted with the Republicans, and
+has been active in furthering the success of that party. In 1866, he was
+elected member of the city council from the fourth ward, and was
+re-elected in 1868. In religions matters he has always connected himself
+with the Wesleyan Methodists, and has been a leading supporter of that
+congregation in Cleveland.
+
+Still in the vigor of life, Mr. Clark has the opportunity of doing much
+more for the prosperity of the city by increasing the manufacturing
+business, and this his practical nature leads him to do.
+
+It will be seen that Mr. Clark has been the architect of his own
+fortune. His sympathies are with the industrial classes, from which he
+sprang, and in return he has the confidence and good will of a large
+portion of that class.
+
+Mr. Clark was married in 1853, and has a family of five children.
+
+
+
+
+Jacob Lowman.
+
+
+
+Jacob Lowman was born in Washington county, Maryland, Sept. 22, 1810. He
+worked with his father on the farm until he was eighteen, at which time he
+became an apprentice to the smithing department of the carriage building
+trade. At the expiration of his apprenticeship, in 1832, he came to Ohio.
+He stopped in Stark county for a few months, and then came to Cleveland,
+in search of work, which he readily obtained, with Elisha Peet, on Seneca
+street, where Frankfort street now intersects it. He worked about a year
+and a half, for which he received nine dollars per month and board. Being
+of steady habits, he saved in that time about seventy-five dollars. Mr.
+Lowman then bought out his employer, and commenced at once on his own
+account, at the same place. After two years, he built a shop where the
+Theatre Comique now stands, and remained there eight years. At first he
+labored alone, after awhile he had one journeyman, soon adding still
+another, and another, till, at the end of the eight years, he employed
+about fifteen men. He then removed to Vineyard street, having built shops
+there to accommodate his increasing business. This was about the year
+1842--3. After moving to the new buildings, his business constantly grew
+with the city, and more men were employed. In 1851, Mr. Lowman commenced
+the erection of a still larger building to meet his increasing demands; he
+was then employing from thirty-five to forty men. About this time too, he
+associated with him Mr. Wm. M. Warden, who had then been in his employ for
+about ten years. Their facilities were sufficient till about the time of
+the war, when they erected a large brick building on Champlain street, now
+occupied as a smith shop, trimming shop, store room, etc., since which
+they have employed about sixty men. Mr. Lowman, for a number of years, did
+little beside a local trade, but for the last five or six years he has
+built up quite a large foreign trade, shipping West extensively--
+Wisconsin, Illinois, Iowa, Michigan, Nebraska, Indiana and Kentucky, being
+the principal markets.
+
+Mr. Lowman has been strictly temperate all his life. He has taken a lively
+interest in the Sunday schools of the city, in connection with the
+Methodist Episcopal Church, of which he has been a member nearly since he
+came to the city.
+
+He was married in 1841 to Miss Minerva E. Peet, by whom he had four
+children, three of whom are now living--the oldest son being in business
+with his father. He suffered the loss of his partner in life in 1857. He
+married again in 1863, to Mrs. Sarah D. Goodwin, of Lorain county, Ohio,
+formerly of Vermont.
+
+He attributes his success in business to the fact that he had an object in
+view, and endeavored to attain it, strict attention to business, economy,
+and studying to give satisfaction by his work.
+
+He is only fifty-eight years of age, and well preserved, and in all
+human probability will live to enjoy the fruit of his labor for many
+years to come.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: Yours Truly W. G. Wilson]
+
+
+W. G. Wilson.
+
+
+
+W. G. Wilson, now president of the Wilson Sewing Machine Company of
+Cleveland, was born in Franklin county, Pennsylvania, on the first of
+April, 1841. His education was obtained at a village school house. When he
+was in his thirteenth year his parents removed to Ohio, and the lad
+remained with them until his eighteenth year, when he left home with a
+somewhat indefinite idea of doing something for himself, although
+possessing neither money nor friends to aid him in his start in life.
+Until the year 1864, he wandered from place to place, turning his hand to
+various employments, but was dissatisfied with them all, being convinced
+that he had not yet found his right vocation or location.
+
+In 1864, he was visiting some friends at Madison county, Ohio, when his
+attention was attracted by a cheap sewing machine. Believing that money
+could be made by the sale of such machines he purchased one, mastered its
+mode of operation, and took a traveling agency. Finding this a more
+profitable business than any he had yet undertaken, he prosecuted it with
+vigor, and being of an inquiring mind, soon picked up important facts
+concerning the business, the manufacture of the machines, and the profits
+of the manufacturers and dealers. He discovered that the largest profits
+were not made by those who retailed the machines, and, therefore, he set
+to work to change his position in the business and so enlarge his profits.
+
+In Fremont, Ohio, he formed the acquaintance of a young man in the grocery
+business, who had thought at times of entering on the sewing machine
+trade. A partnership was formed. Mr. Wilson contributed his whole
+available means, sixty-five dollars, to which he added the experience he
+had gained, whilst his partner contributed to the common stock three
+hundred dollars. With this slender cash capital, but abundant confidence
+in their success, the new firm came to Cleveland, which they selected as
+the base of their operations on account of its superior shipping
+facilities, and opened a wareroom in Lyman's Block, having previously made
+arrangements with manufacturers in Massachusetts to make machines for
+them. The new firm of Mather & Wilson were successful beyond their
+expectations.
+
+About a year had been passed in this way when suits were brought against
+Mather & Wilson, in common with a number of other parties throughout the
+West, for an alleged infringement of a sewing machine patent. Under the
+pressure of these suits, which were prosecuted with a large capital to
+back up the litigating parties, Mr. Wilson endeavored to secure the
+co-operation of the more powerful of the defendants, but without success,
+each party preferring to fight the battle singly. After a hard fight in
+the courts, a compromise was effected, the suit against Mather & Wilson
+withdrawn on each party paying his own costs, and they were allowed to
+carry on the business unmolested.
+
+Shortly afterwards Mr. Wilson sold out his interest in the firm. A few
+weeks subsequently he made an agreement with H. F. Wilson, whereby the
+latter was to perfect and patent a low priced shuttle machine, and assign
+the patent to the former. In two months the machine was in the patent
+office, and in 1867 the manufacture was commenced in Cleveland. No money
+or labor was spared in perfecting the machine, which achieved an instant
+success and became exceedingly profitable.
+
+In 1868, the Wilson Sewing Machine Company was organized with a paid up
+capital of one hundred thousand dollars, the principal portion of their
+stock being owned by Mr. Wilson, who is president of the company. The
+business of the concern has grown until it now reaches five hundred
+machines per week, and branch houses have been established in Boston and
+St. Louis, with general agencies in the principal cities of the United
+States. Through the rapid development of their business the company have
+recently purchased a tract of land at the junction of Platt street and the
+Pittsburgh railroad crossing, in Cleveland, for the purpose of erecting a
+large building for the manufacture of their sewing machines, that will
+give employment to between two and three hundred men.
+
+The Wilson Sewing Machine Company is one of the latest established
+manufactories in Cleveland, but promises to take rank among the most
+important. It deserves especial mention among the record of Cleveland
+enterprises, as producing the first local sewing machine that has
+succeeded, although many attempts have been made.
+
+
+
+
+Albert C. McNairy.
+
+
+
+This department of the present work would be imperfect without a reference
+to the firm of McNairy, Claflen & Co., which ranks among the heaviest and
+most important contracting firms in the country.
+
+Albert C. McNairy, the head of the firm and a man of great enterprise and
+energy of character, was born June 14, 1815, at Middletown, Connecticut,
+and was early engaged in work of a similar character to that now
+undertaken by the firm. In 1848, he constructed the famous Holyoke Dam,
+across the Connecticut river at Holyoke, which is over a thousand feet
+between the abutments, and thirty feet in height. In 1851, he became a
+member of the bridge building firm of Thatcher, Burt & Co., of Cleveland,
+whose operations in the construction of bridges were very extensive. In
+1864, the firm name became McNairy, Claflen & Co., by the admission of
+Henry M. Claflen, who had been in the employ of the firm since 1854. In
+1866, Mr. Thatcher and Mr. Burt retired and Harvey T. Claflen, (who had
+been connected with the establishment since 1852,) and Simeon Sheldon
+were admitted.
+
+From 1851 to a recent date, the Howe Truss Bridge was nearly the only
+bridge made by the concern. They now are largely engaged in the
+construction of iron bridges and all kinds of railway cars. The concern
+has built three thousand two hundred and eighty-one bridges--about sixty
+miles in the aggregate. The streams of nearly every State east of the
+Rocky Mountains are spanned by their bridges, and it is a historical fact
+that not one bridge of their construction has fallen.
+
+Three hundred and fifty men are employed by the firm, and the aggregate of
+their business reaches two millions of dollars yearly.
+
+The firm is now constructing the New York and Oswego Midland
+Railroad, from Oneida to Oswego, a distance of sixty-five miles, and
+furnishing the cars.
+
+The general management of the affairs of the company is in the hands of
+Messrs. McNairy and Henry M. Claflen. The management of the works is
+assigned to Harvey T. Claflen, whilst the engineering department falls to
+the particular superintendence of Mr. Sheldon. The Messrs. Claflen are
+natives of Taunton, Massachusetts, and Mr. Sheldon of Lockport, New York.
+
+
+
+
+J. H. Morley.
+
+
+
+J. H. Morley is a native of Cayuga county, New York. He came to Cleveland
+in 1847, and commenced the hardware business on Superior street, under the
+firm name of Morley & Reynolds. This firm continued, successfully, for
+about twelve years, after which, for some time, Mr. Morley was engaged in
+no active business. In 1863, he commenced the manufacture of white lead,
+on a limited scale. Three years subsequently, a partnership was formed
+with T. S. Beckwith, when the capacity of the works was immediately
+enlarged. Every year since that time they have added to their facilities.
+Their factory has a frontage on Canal and Champlain streets, of over three
+hundred feet. Their machinery is driven by a hundred horse-power engine,
+and four hundred corroding pots are run. About one thousand tons of lead
+are manufactured yearly, and find a ready market in Ohio, Michigan,
+Wisconsin, Iowa and New York.
+
+
+
+
+Telegraphy.
+
+
+
+The telegraphic history of Cleveland is mainly written in the story of the
+connection with this city of the two leading telegraphers whose
+biographical sketches are given in this work. The master spirit of the
+great telegraphic combination of the United States, and the chief
+executive officer of that combination, have made Cleveland their home and
+headquarters. Their story, as told in the immediately succeeding pages, is
+therefore the telegraphic history of Cleveland.
+
+
+
+
+Jeptha H. Wade.
+
+
+
+Foremost on the roll of those who have won a distinguished position in the
+telegraphic history of the West, is the name of Jeptha H. Wade, until
+recently president of the Western Union Telegraph Company, and who still,
+although compelled by failing health to resign the supreme executive
+control, remains on the Board of direction, and is one of the leading
+spirits in the management.
+
+Mr. Wade was born in Seneca county, New York, August 11, 1811, and was
+brought up to mechanical pursuits, in which he achieved a fair amount of
+success. Having a taste for art, and finding his health impaired by the
+labors and close application consequent on his mechanical employment, he,
+in 1835, turned his attention to portrait painting, and by arduous study
+and conscientious devotion to the art, became very successful. Whilst
+engaged in this work, the use of the camera in producing portraits came
+into notice. Mr. Wade purchased a camera, and carefully studied the
+printed directions accompanying the instrument. These were vague, and
+served but as hints for a more careful investigation and more thorough
+development of the powers of the camera. By repeated experiments and
+intelligent reasoning from effects back to causes, and from causes again
+to effects, he at length became master of the subject, and succeeded in
+taking the first daguerreotype west of New York.
+
+When busy with his pencil and easel taking portraits, and varying his
+occupation by experimenting with the camera, news came to him of the
+excitement created by the success of the telegraphic experiment of
+building a line between Baltimore and Washington. This was in 1844. Mr.
+Wade turned his attention to the new science, studied it with his
+accustomed patience and assiduity, mastered its details, so far as then
+understood, and immediately saw the advantage to the country, and the
+pecuniary benefit to those immediately interested, likely to accrue from
+the extension of the telegraph system which had just been created.
+Without abandoning his devotion to art, he entered on the work of
+extending the telegraph system. The first line west of Buffalo was built
+by him, between Detroit and Jackson, Michigan, and the Jackson office was
+opened and operated by him, although he had received no practical
+instruction in the manipulation of the instruments. In the year 1848, an
+incident occurred, which, though at the time he bitterly deplored it as a
+calamity, was, in fact, a blessing in disguise, and compelled him
+perforce to embark on the tide which bore him on to fame and fortune. He
+was an operator in the line of the Erie and Michigan Telegraph Company,
+at Milan, Ohio, when a conflagration destroyed all the materials and
+implements forming his stock in trade as a portrait painter. After a
+brief consideration of the subject, he decided not to replace the lost
+implements of his art, but to cut loose altogether from the career of an
+artist, and hereafter to devote himself solely to the business he had
+entered upon with fair promise of success.
+
+[Illustration: Very Truly Yours, J. H. Wade]
+
+The first years of telegraph construction were years of much vexation of
+spirit to those engaged in such enterprises. Difficulties of all kinds,
+financial, mechanical, and otherwise, had to be encountered and overcome.
+There were those who objected to the wires crossing their land or coming
+in proximity to their premises, fearing damage from the electric current
+in storms. Those who had invested their capital wanted immediate large
+returns. Some of those who had to be employed in the construction of the
+lines were ignorant of the principles of electrical science, and their
+ignorance caused serious embarrassments and delays. Defective insulation
+was a standing cause of trouble, and telegraphers were studying and
+experimenting how to overcome the difficulties in this direction, but
+without satisfactory result. In the face of all these difficulties, Mr.
+Wade proceeded with the work of extending and operating telegraph lines.
+In addition to the interest he had secured in the Erie and Michigan line.
+he constructed the "Wade line" between Cleveland via Cincinnati, to St.
+Louis, and worked it with success. The "House consolidation" placed Mr.
+Wade's interest in the lines mentioned in the hands of the Mississippi
+Valley Printing Telegraph Company, and before long this consolidation was
+followed by the union of all the House and Morse lines in the West, and
+the organization of the Western Union Telegraph Company. In all these acts
+of consolidation the influence of Mr. Wade was active and powerful.
+Realizing the fact that competition between short detached lines rendered
+them unproductive, and that in telegraphing, as in other things, union is
+strength, he directed his energies to bringing about the consolidation,
+not only of the lines connecting with each other, but of rival interests.
+The soundness of his views has been proved by the unremunerativeness of
+the lines before consolidation and their remarkable prosperity since.
+
+Mr. Wade was one of the principal originators of the first Pacific
+telegraph, and on the formation of the company he was made its first
+president. The location of the line, and its construction through the
+immense territory--then in great part a vast solitude--between Chicago and
+San Francisco, were left mainly to his unaided judgment and energy, and
+here again those qualities converted a hazardous experiment into a
+brilliant success. Mr. Wade remained president of the Pacific Company
+until he secured its consolidation with the Western Union Telegraph
+Company, to accomplish which, he went to California, in the latter part of
+1860, and succeeded in harmonizing the jarring telegraphic interests
+there. On the completion of this consolidation, Mr. Wade was made
+president of the Western Union Telegraph Company, his headquarters being
+in Cleveland.
+
+At a meeting of the Board of Directors, in July, 1867, a letter was
+received from Mr. Wade, declining a re-election to the office of
+president. The following resolutions were unanimously adopted by
+the Board:
+
+  _Resolved_, That in receiving the letter of J. H. Wade, Esq., declining
+  re-election to the presidency of this company, we cannot pass it to the
+  officiai files without recording our testimony to the distinguished
+  service he has rendered to the general system of American Telegraphs,
+  and especially to the company whose management he now resigns.
+
+  Connecting himself with it in its earliest introduction to public use,
+  and interesting himself in its construction, he was the first to see
+  that the ultimate triumph of the telegraph, both as a grand system of
+  public utility, and of secure investment, would be by some absorbing
+  process, which would prevent the embarrassments of separate
+  organizations.
+
+  To the foresight, perseverance and tact of Mr. Wade, we believe is
+  largely due the fact of the existence of one great company to-day with
+  its thousand arms, grasping the extremities of the continent, instead of
+  a series of weak, unreliable lines, unsuited to public wants, and, as
+  property, precarious and insecure.
+
+  _Resolved_, That we tender to Mr. Wade our congratulations on the great
+  fruition of his work, signalized and cemented by this day's election of
+  a Board representing the now united leading telegraph interests of the
+  nation, accompanied with regrets that he is not with us to receive our
+  personal acknowledgements, and to join us in the election of a successor
+  to the position he has so usefully filled.
+
+  Office of the Western Union Telegraph Company, New York, July
+  10th, 1867.
+
+  William Orton, President.
+  O. H. Palmer, Secretary.
+
+As before mentioned, Mr. Wade remains a director and leading spirit in the
+Board, where his suggestions are listened to with respect and acted on
+without unnecessary delay. In addition to his connection with the
+telegraph Company, Mr. Wade is heavily interested in several of the most
+important manufactories, in the railroads, and in the leading banks of
+Cleveland. The wealth he has accumulated is mostly invested in such a
+manner as to largely aid in building up the property of Cleveland, a city
+in which he feels a strong interest, not only from the fact that it has
+been for the past twenty years his place of residence, but that the wealth
+enabling him to enjoy the beautiful home he has secured there, was made in
+Cleveland.
+
+It has already been noted that Mr. Wade, when a painter, took the first
+daguerreotype west of New York. Soon after his entering upon the business
+of telegraphy, he put into practice, for the first time, the plan of
+enclosing a submarine cable in iron armor. It was applied to the cable
+across the Mississippi, at St. Louis, in 1850. Weights had been applied
+to the previous cables, at regular distances, on account of the sand,
+change of bottom, drifts, and other difficulties that interfered with the
+safety of the cable. Mr. Wade conceived the idea of combining weight and
+protection in the cable itself. He constructed it with eighteen pieces of
+wire, placed lengthwise around the cable, and bound together with soft
+iron wire at intervals. While the spiral cordage of hemp, such as was
+used at that time on the cable from Dover to Calais, would stretch, and
+allow the strain to come on the cable itself. This invention caused the
+strain to come on the armor. It was a complete success, and lasted until
+the line was abandoned. Mr. Wade also invented, in 1852, what is now
+known as the Wade insulator, which has been used more extensively,
+perhaps, than any other.
+
+Among the strong points in Mr. Wade's character, is his readiness and
+ability to adapt himself to whatever he undertakes to do. The evidence of
+his common sense, business foresight and indomitable perseverance, has
+been proved by the success attending the various pursuits in which
+circumstances have placed him. Finding, in early manhood, his mechanical
+labor undermining his health, he turned his attention to portrait and
+miniature painting, to which he applied himself so close that after a
+dozen years or more at the easel, he was compelled to abandon it and seek
+more active and less sedentary pursuits. Having so long applied himself to
+painting--the business of all others the most calculated to disqualify a
+man for everything else--but few men would have had the courage to enter
+so different a field, but Mr. Wade seemed equal to the task, and with
+appropriate courage and renewed energy grappled with the difficulties and
+mystories of the telegraph business, then entirely new, having no books
+or rules to refer to, and without the experience of others to guide him,
+and having, as it were, to climb a ladder, every round of which had to be
+invented as he progressed. But nothing daunted him. Through perseverance
+and system he succeeded, not only in supplying the United States in the
+most rapid manner with better and cheaper telegraphic facilities than has
+been afforded any other country on the globe, but in making for himself
+the ample fortune to which his ability and energy so justly entitle him.
+And when care and over-work in the telegraph business had made such an
+impression upon his health as to induce him to retire from its management,
+and give more attention to his private affairs, he was again found equal
+to the emergency, and has proved himself equally successful as a financier
+and business man generally, as he had before shown himself in organizing
+and building up the telegraph speciality.
+
+
+
+
+Anson Stager.
+
+
+
+One of the most widely known names in connection with telegraphy in the
+West--and not in the West alone, but probably throughout the United
+States--is that of General Anson Stager. From the organization of the
+Western Union Telegraph Company, General Stager has had the executive
+management of its lines as general superintendent, and the position has
+not only brought him into close relations with all connected in any way
+with the telegraph, but has given him a larger circle of business
+acquaintances than it falls to the lot of most men to possess. The natural
+effect of his position and the extraordinary course of events during his
+occupation of that position, have brought him into communication, and
+frequently into intimate confidential relations, with the leading men in
+commerce, in science, in journalism, in military affairs, and in State and
+national governments.
+
+[Illustration: Very Respectfully Yours, Anson Stager]
+
+Anson Stager was born in Ontario county, New York, April 20, 1825. At the
+age of sixteen he entered a printing office under the instruction of Henry
+O'Reilly, well known afterwards as a leader in telegraph construction and
+management. For four or five years he continued his connection with the
+"art preservative of all arts," and the knowledge of and sympathy with
+journalism which he acquired through his connection with it during this
+period of his life, enabled him during his subsequent telegraphic career
+to deal understandingly with the press in the peculiar relations it holds
+with the telegraph, and has occasioned many acts of courtesy and good will
+which the managers of the press have not been backward in recognizing and
+acknowledging.
+
+In October, 1846, General Stager changed his location from the
+compositor's case to the telegraph operator's desk, commencing work as an
+operator in Philadelphia. With the extension of the lines westward, he
+removed to Lancaster, Pennsylvania, and then crossed the Alleghenies to
+Pittsburgh, where he was the pioneer operator. His ability and
+intelligence were speedily recognized by those having charge of the new
+enterprise, and in the Spring of 1848, he was made chief operator of the
+"National lines" at Cincinnati, a post he filled so well that, in 1852, he
+was appointed superintendent of the Mississippi Valley Printing Telegraph
+Company. Immediately following his appointment to that position the
+company with which he was connected absorbed the lines of the New York
+State Printing Telegraph Company, and General Stager's control was thus
+extended over that State.
+
+Whilst holding the position of executive manager of the lines of this
+company, the negotiations for the consolidation of the competing and
+affiliated lines into one company were set on foot. General Stager warmly
+favored such a consolidation on equitable terms and set to work vigorously
+to promote it. On its consummation, and the organization of the Western
+Union Telegraph Company his services in that respect and his general
+fitness as a telegraph manager, were recognized by his appointment as
+general superintendent of the consolidated company. The position was, even
+then, one of great responsibility and difficulty, the vast net work of
+lines extending like a spider's web over the face of the country requiring
+a clear head, and practical knowledge to keep it free from confusion and
+embarrassment, whilst the delicate and complicated relations in which the
+telegraph stood with regard to the railroads and the press increased the
+difficulties of the position. The rapid extension of the wires increased
+the responsibilities and multiplied the difficulties yearly, but the right
+man was in the right position, and everything worked smoothly.
+
+The extensive and elaborate System of railroad telegraphs which is in use
+on all the railroads of the West and Northwest owes its existence to
+General Stager. The telegraphs and railroads have interests in common, and
+yet diverse, and the problem to be solved was, how to secure to the
+telegraph company the general revenue business of the railroad wires, and
+at the same time to enable the railroad companies to use the wires for
+their own especial purposes, such as the transmission of their own
+business correspondence, the moving of trains, and the comparison and
+adjustment of accounts between stations. How to do this without confusion
+and injustice to one or the other interest was the difficult question to
+be answered, and it was satisfactorily met by the scheme adopted by
+General Stager. That scheme, by the admirable simplicity, complete
+adaptability and perfection of detail of its system of contracts and plan
+of operating railroad telegraph lines, enabled the diverse, and seemingly
+jarring, interests to work together in harmony. Telegraph facilities are
+always at the disposal of the railroads in emergency, and have repeatedly
+given vital aid, whilst the railroad interests have been equally prompt
+and active in assisting the telegraph when occasion arises.
+
+The relations between the journalistic interests of the country and the
+telegraph, through the various press associations for the gathering and
+transmission of news by telegraph, have also given occasion for the
+exercise of judgment and executive ability. The various and frequently
+clashing interests of the general and special press associations and of
+individual newspaper enterprise, and the necessity, for economical
+purposes, of combining in many instances the business of news gathering
+with news transmission, make the relations between the press and telegraph
+of peculiar difficulty and delicacy, and probably occasioned not the
+smallest portion of General Stager's business anxieties. It is safe to
+say, that in all the embarrassing questions that have arisen, and in all
+the controversies that have unavoidably occurred at intervals, no
+complaint has ever been made against General Stager's ability, fairness,
+or courtesy to the press.
+
+Whilst the Western Union Telegraph Company has been developing from its
+one wire between Buffalo and Louisville into its present giant
+proportions, General Stager has had a busy life. His planning mind and
+watchful eye were needed everywhere, and were everywhere present. The
+amount of travel and discomfort this entailed during the building of the
+earlier lines may be imagined by those who know what a large extent of
+country is covered by these lines, and what the traveling facilities were
+in the West before the introduction of the modern improvements in railway
+traveling, and before railroads themselves had reached a large portion of
+the country to be traveled over.
+
+With the breaking out of the rebellion, a new era in General Stager's life
+commenced. With the firing of the first rebel gun on Fort Sumpter, and the
+resultant demand for troops to defend the nation's life, the Governors of
+Ohio, Illinois and Indiana united in taking possession of the telegraph
+lines in those States for military purposes, and the superintendent of the
+Western Union Telegraph Company was appointed to represent these in their
+official capacity. General Stager acted with promptness and vigor, and no
+small share of the credit accorded to those States for the promptness with
+which their troops were in the field and striking effective blows for the
+Union, is due to General Stager for the ability with which he made the
+telegraph cooeperate with the authorities in directing the military
+movements. When General McClellan took command of the Union forces in West
+Virginia and commenced the campaign that drove the rebels east of the
+mountains, General Stager accompanied him as chief of the telegraph staff,
+and established the first system of field telegraph used during the war.
+The wire followed the army headquarters wherever that went, and the enemy
+were confounded by the constant and instant communications kept up between
+the Union army in the field and the Union government at home. When General
+McClellan was summoned to Washington to take command of the Army of the
+Potomac, General Stager was called by him to organize the military
+telegraph of that department. This he accomplished, and remained in charge
+of it until November, 1862, when he was commissioned captain and assistant
+quartermaster, and by order of the Secretary of war, appointed chief of
+the United States Military Telegraphs throughout the United States--a
+control that covered all the main lines in the country. He was
+subsequently commissioned colonel and aid-de-damp, and assigned to duty in
+the War Department, and was also placed in charge of the cypher
+correspondence of the Secretary of War. The cryptograph used throughout
+the war was perfected by him, and baffled all attempts of the enemy to
+translate it. At the close of the war he left the active military service
+of the government, retiring with the brevet of Brigadier General,
+conferred for valuable and meritorious services.
+
+At the close of the war the Southwestern and American Telegraph Companies
+were consolidated with the Western Union Telegraph Company, and a
+re-organization of the latter company effected. The general
+superintendency of the Consolidated company was urged upon General Stager,
+but as this would necessitate his removal to New York, he declined it,
+preferring to live in the west. For a time he meditated retiring
+altogether from the telegraph business and embarking in newspaper life,
+for which his early training had given him a taste, and towards which he
+always maintained an affection. Eventually the company persuaded him to
+remain in connection with them, and to suit his wishes, the field of the
+company's operations was divided into three divisions, the Central,
+Eastern and Southern. General Stager assumed control of the Central, which
+covered the field with which he had so long been identified, and which
+left him with his headquarters in the home he had for years occupied, in
+Cleveland. Early in 1869, the duties of his position rendered it necessary
+that he should remove to Chicago, which he did with great reluctance, his
+relations with Cleveland business, and its people, being close and
+uniformly cordial.
+
+General Stager is a man with a host of friends and without, we believe,
+one enemy. His position was such as to bring him into contact with every
+kind of interest, and frequently, of necessity, into conflict with one or
+other, but his position was always maintained with such courtesy, as well
+as firmness, that no ill feeling resulted from the controversy, however it
+terminated.
+
+Socially he is one of the most genial of companions; in character the
+personification of uprightness and honor; firm in his friendships and
+incapable of malice toward any one. Well situated financially, happy in his
+domestic circle, of wide popularity, and possessing the esteem of those
+who know him best, General Stager is one of those whose lot is enviable,
+and who has made his position thus enviable by his own force of character
+and geniality of disposition.
+
+
+
+
+City Improvements
+
+
+
+Cleveland covers a large extent of territory. The width of its streets and
+the unusual amount of frontage possessed by most of the dwellings, made
+the work of city improvements in the way of paving, sewerage and water
+supply, at first very slow of execution. The light gravelly soil, on which
+the greater portion of the city is built, enabled these works to be
+postponed, until the increased number and compactness of the population,
+and excess of wealth, would render the expense less burdensome.
+
+The first attempts at paving were made on Superior street, below the
+Square, and on River street. The paving was of heavy planks laid across
+the street, and was at the time a source of pride to the citizens; but
+when, in coming years, the planks were warped and loosened, it became an
+intolerable nuisance. On River street the floods of the Cuyahoga sometimes
+rushed through the warehouses and covered the street, floating off the
+planks and leaving them in hopeless disorder on the subsidence of the
+waters. It was at last determined to pave these streets with stone.
+Limestone was at first chosen, but found not to answer, and Medina
+sandstone was finally adopted, with which all the stone paving of the
+streets has been since done. Within two or three years the Nicholson wood
+pavement has been introduced, and has been laid extensively on the streets
+above the bluff. On the low land along the river valley the paving still
+continues to be of stone. At the present time there are between seventeen
+and eighteen miles of pavement finished or under construction, about half
+of which is Nicholson wood pavement, and the remainder Medina sandstone.
+
+Within a few years the work of sewering the city has been systematized
+and pushed forward vigorously. At first, the sewers were made to suit the
+needs of a particular locality, without any reference to a general system,
+and consequently were found utterly inadequate to the growing necessities
+of the city. Proper legislation was obtained from the General Assembly,
+money was obtained on the credit of the city, the territory was mapped out
+into sewer districts, with sewer lines for each district, so arranged as
+to form a part of one harmonious whole, and the work commenced. All the
+main sewers drain into the lake. There are now about twenty-seven miles of
+main and branch sewers finished, and additional sewers are in progress of
+construction.
+
+The rapid growth of the city, and the gradual failure, or deterioration,
+of the wells, in the most thickly settled parts, rendered it necessary to
+find some other source of a constant supply of pure water. It was
+determined to obtain the supply from Lake Erie, and for this purpose an
+inlet pipe was run out into the lake, west of the Old River Bed. The pipe
+is of boiler plate, three-eighths of an inch thick, fifty inches in
+diameter, and three hundred feet long, extending from the shore to the
+source of supply at twelve feet depth of water, and terminating in the
+lake at a circular tower, constructed of piles driven down as deep as they
+can be forced into the bottom of the lake. There are two concentric rows
+of piles, two abreast, leaving eight feet space between the outer and
+interior rows, which space is filled with broken stones to the top of the
+piles. The piles are then capped with strong timber plates, securely
+bolted together and fastened with iron to the piles. The outside diameter
+of the tower is thirty-four feet, the inside diameter is eight feet,
+forming a strong protection around an iron well-chamber, which is eight
+feet in diameter and fifteen feet deep, which is riveted to the end of the
+inlet pipe. An iron grating fixed in a frame which slides in a groove, to
+be removed and cleaned at pleasure, is attached to the well-chamber, and
+forms the strainer, placed four feet below the surface of the lake,
+through which the water passes into the well-chamber and out at the inlet
+pipe. A brick aqueduct connects the shore end of the inlet pipe with the
+engine house, three thousand feet distant. From the engine house the water
+is conveyed to the reservoir, on Franklin, Kentucky and Duane streets,
+built on a ridge thirty feet higher than any other ground in the city.
+
+The Cleveland Water Works were commenced on the 10th day of August, 1854,
+and were so far completed as to let water on the city on the 19th day of
+September, 1856. The time required to build the Works was two years and
+thirty-nine days. The capacity of these Works to deliver water is greater
+than the originally estimated wants of the population the works were
+intended to supply, which was for 100,000. They are, however, capable of
+supplying at least 300,000 inhabitants with abundance of water. By an
+enlargement of the main pump barrel and plunger to each Cornish engine,
+which was contemplated in the plans, the supply may be increased to an
+almost unlimited extent. No fear can be entertained that the present
+Water Works in the next fifty years will fail to yield a superabundant
+supply of water.
+
+The water was first introduced into the city temporarily at the earnest
+solicitation of the Mayor, Common Council, and Trustees of Water Works, in
+which the citizens generally participated, on the occasion of the State
+Fair, on the 24th of September, 1856. Apart from the Fair, this event was
+hailed with demonstrations of great joy as the celebration of the
+introduction of the waters of Lake Erie into the city of Cleveland. At the
+intersection of the road ways, crossing at the centre of the Public
+Square, a capacious fountain, of chaste and beautiful design was erected,
+from which was thrown a jet of pure crystal water high into the air,
+which, as the centre, greatest attraction, gratified thousands of admiring
+spectators. It became necessary after the Fair to shut off the water as
+was anticipated, to remove a few pipes near the Ship Channel which had
+broke in two by the unequal settling of the pipes in the quicksand bed
+through which they were laid. These repairs were promptly made, and the
+water let on the city again; since which time the supply has been regular
+and uninterrupted. The length of pipes laid up to the first of January,
+1869, aggregated thirty-nine and one-half miles. The total cost of the
+Works to that period was $722,273.33. The earnings, over running expenses,
+for 1868, were $36,340.23, being a little over five per cent, on the
+capital invested. The preliminary work is now doing for the construction
+of a tunnel under the bed of the lake, in order to obtain a water supply
+at such a distance from the shore as to be beyond the reach of the winter
+ice-field and the impurities collected beneath the ice-crust.
+
+Three commodious and tasteful markets have been erected within a few
+years, one on the west side of the river, one in the fifth ward, and the
+Central Market, at the junction of Woodland avenue and Broadway.
+
+Four horse railroads are in active operation within the city: the East
+Cleveland, organized in 1859, and running from the junction of Superior
+and Water streets, by the way of Euclid avenue and Prospect street, to the
+eastern limit of the city on Euclid avenue, thence continuing to East
+Cleveland. This line has also a branch running off the main line at
+Brownell street, and traversing the whole length of Garden street, to the
+eastern limit of the city. The Kinsman street line, organized in 1859,
+runs from the junction of Superior and Water streets, through Ontario
+street and Woodland avenue to Woodland Cemetery. The West Side railroad
+runs from the junction of Superior and Water streets, by way of South
+Water, Detroit and Kentucky street, to Bridge street, with a branch along
+Pearl street. The St. Clair street railroad, the latest built, runs along
+St. Clair from Water street to the eastern line of the city. Besides
+these, a local railroad, operated by steam, connects the Kinsman street
+line with Newburg, and another of a similar character connects the West
+Side railroad with Rocky River. Charters have been obtained for a railroad
+to connect the Pearl street branch of the West Side railroad with
+University Heights, and for a line to run parallel with the bluff
+overlooking the north bank of the Cuyahoga from River street, to the
+boundary between the city and Newburg township.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: Yours very truly, H. S. Stevens]
+
+
+Henry S. Stevens.
+
+
+
+To Henry S. Stevens, more than to any other man, are the citizens of
+Cleveland indebted for their facilities in traveling, cheaply and
+comfortably, from point to point in the city, and for the remarkable
+immunity the Forest City has enjoyed from hack driving extortions and
+brutality, which have so greatly annoyed citizens and strangers in many
+other cities. To his foresight, enterprise and steady perseverance is
+Cleveland indebted for its excellent omnibus and public carriage system,
+and for the introduction of street railroads. Both these improvements were
+not established without a sharp struggle, in the former case against the
+determined opposition of the hack drivers who preferred acting for
+themselves and treating the passenger as lawful prey, and in the case of
+street railroads, having to overcome interested opposition, popular
+indifference or prejudice, and official reluctance to permit innovations.
+
+Mr. Stevens was born in Middlesex county, Massachusetts, January, 1821.
+After spending seven years at school in Salem and Boston, his father's
+family moved to New Hampshire. He attended school there for two years.
+Before he was twenty years of age he developed a desire to visit new
+scenes and a propensity for observing strange characters and manners,
+which seems to have strengthened with his years. Our railroad system and
+ocean steam navigation were then in their infancy, and the first journey
+he made was almost equivalent to a journey around the globe at the present
+day. He took passage in a packet ship from Boston for the West Indies,
+visiting Porto Rico, Matanzas and Havana, thence to New Orleans, the
+interior of Texas and Arkansas, and remained a winter at Alexandria, in
+western Louisiana. About a year after his return to New Hampshire the
+family removed to Maryland, where he resided nine years, and finally came
+to Cleveland in 1849, when this city had less than a fifth of its present
+population. He was one of the early proprietors of the Weddell House, and
+upon his retirement from the business, he established the omnibus local
+transit for passengers and baggage at a uniform rate of charge, which
+system has been generally adopted in the principal cities in the country.
+
+In 1856, in company with two other gentlemen from New York, he explored
+the southern part of Mexico from the Gulf to the Pacific ocean, with
+reference to its availability for a railroad and preliminary stage road.
+The result was, that two years later he completed an arrangement with the
+Louisiana Tehuantepec Company to carry out the provisions of their
+charter. He chartered a vessel at New York and shipped mechanics and other
+employees, coaches and materials, and in two months thereafter the line
+commenced moving a distance of one hundred and twelve miles through the
+forests and over the rolling plains of Southern Mexico.
+
+For nearly a year this continued successfully, and it was owing either to
+his good fortune or good management, that no accident to passengers or
+property was incurred, and of the large number of his employees from the
+States, every one returned in good health. The rebellion was then in its
+incipiency, and the Southern owners of the route decided to suspend
+operations until their little difficulty was adjusted with the North.
+
+Mr. Stevens, however, is better known as having started the street
+railroad system here, which has proved so great a convenience to our
+citizens, and which has enhanced the price of real estate in this city
+more than any other one cause. He built the Prospect street, Kinsman
+street and West Side railroads; the first two without aid from
+capitalists, and in the face of many discouragements. In the Fall of 1865,
+he went to Rio Janeiro for the purpose of establishing street railroads in
+that city. These roads are now in successful operation there. In this
+journey Mr. Stevens visited many other places in Brazil, including
+Pernambuco, Bahia, St. Salvador and Para, on the river Amazon. Returning
+by the way of Europe, he stopped at the Cape de Verde Islands, on the
+coast of Africa, thence to Lisbon and across Portugal to Madrid. During
+his sojourn in Spain he visited Granada, the Alhambra, and many cities in
+the south of Spain. His route home was through Paris, London and
+Liverpool. Two years later he made an extended tour over Europe, including
+Russia, Hungary, and other places of the Danube.
+
+Mr. Stevens has served four years in the city council, and for two years
+was president of that body. During his official term he was noted for
+regularity and punctuality of attendance, close attention to business,
+and watchful care of the public interests. As presiding officer he had
+few equals. Dignified, yet courteous, in manner, and thoroughly
+impartial, he possessed the respect of all parties in the council, and
+was always able to so conduct the deliberations as to prevent unseemly
+outbreaks or undignified discussions. Methodical in the disposition of
+business, he was able to get through a large amount in a short time,
+without the appearance of haste.
+
+Mr. Stevens is one of that class of travelers of whom there are,
+unhappily, but few, who not only travel far, but see much, and are able to
+relate what they saw with such graphic power as to give those who remain
+at home a pleasure only secondary to visiting the scenes in person. His
+several wanderings in Mexico and Central America, in South America,
+Western Europe, and Russia, have all been narrated briefly, or more at
+length, in letters to the Cleveland Herald, which for felicity of
+expression and graphic description, have had no superiors in the
+literature of travel. This is high praise, but those who have read the
+several series of letters with the well known signature "H. S. S." will
+unqualifiedly support the assertion. In his journeyings he generally
+avoided the beaten track of tourists and sought unhackneyed scenes. These
+were observed with intelligent eyes, the impressions deepened and
+corrected by close investigation into the historical and contemporary
+facts connected with the localities, and the result given in language
+graphic, direct, and at the same time easy and graceful. A collection of
+these letters would make one of the most delightful volumes of travel
+sketches in the language.
+
+
+
+
+Theodore R. Scowden.
+
+
+
+Theodore R. Scowden, son of Theodore Scowden, of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania,
+was born June 8, 1815, and was educated at Augusta College, Kentucky.
+
+On leaving college, in 1832, he was apprenticed to the steam engine
+business at Cincinnati, and continued at this about four years, when he
+engaged as engineer on a steamer plying between Cincinnati and New
+Orleans. From the time of commencing engine building, he employed all his
+spare moments in studying mechanics, hydraulics and civil engineering. He
+remained in the position of engineer on the river for about eight years,
+when, in 1844, he turned his attention to the work of designing and
+planning engines, and so put into practice the knowledge acquired by
+application for the previous twelve years, and, in fact, for which he
+more particularly fitted himself while at college. He was then appointed
+by the city council of Cincinnati, engineer of water works, the primitive
+works then existing being inadequate to the increased wants of the city.
+The water was conveyed in log pipes, and the work before Mr. Scowden was
+to replace these logs by iron pipes, and to design and erect new works. In
+about a year from his appointment his plans were perfected and he was
+ready to commence operation. A great difficulty under which he labored,
+was, the necessity of keeping up the supply of water all the time, and
+being at the same time compelled to place the new reservoir and engine
+house in the exact spot of the old. This made the construction extend
+through nearly eight years, during which time from forty to fifty miles of
+iron pipe were laid, and a reservoir of great capacity constructed. This
+was his first great public work completed, and was a perfect success.
+
+The first low pressure engine ever successfully used in the Ohio and
+Mississippi valleys, was designed by Mr. Scowden and introduced into these
+works. It was found that the sedimentary matter of the Ohio river cut the
+valves in the condensing apparatus, and so destroying the vacuum, rendered
+the working of the engine ineffective. This Mr. Scowden overcame by
+introducing vulcanized india rubber valves, seated on a grating. Since
+that time he has designed several low pressure engines for the Mississippi
+river, which are still working successfully.
+
+In 1851, Mr. Scowden was commissioned by the city of Cincinnati, to make
+the tour of England and France for the purpose of examining the principles
+and workings of public docks, drainage, paving and water works. After
+returning and making his report he resigned his post and came to
+Cleveland, for the purpose of constructing the water works now in
+operation in this city. The plan and designs were completed during 1852,
+and active operations commenced in 1853. The site of these works is said
+to have presented more engineering difficulties than any other in the
+country. At the time the tests were made for the foundation of the engine
+house, the water was nearly knee deep, and four men forced a rod thirty
+feet long and three-quarters of an inch in diameter twenty-eight feet into
+the ground. By the aid of five steam engines and pumps he succeeded in
+excavating to the depth of fourteen feet, and not being able to proceed
+further, he commenced the foundation. It is well to note the fact here,
+that the soil was in such a semi-fluid state that it could not be handled
+with a shovel, and altogether the chances of success for securing a
+permanent foundation looked, to the public, at least, very dubious. The
+citizens grew uneasy; they thought it was a waste of public money, but Mr.
+Snowden never despaired, though he with his own hand thrust a pole down
+twelve feet from the bottom of the excavation.
+
+He laid down over the whole area two courses of timber laid cross-wise,
+leaving a space of twelve inches between each timber. The first timber was
+drawn by a rope, and floated to its place. In order to get a bed he
+scooped a space of two feet in length at one end, which was filled with
+gravel. This process was continued through the whole length of the timber.
+The second timber was floated to its place, leaving a foot between them,
+and the same operation was performed throughout the whole foundation.
+
+All the spaces between the timbers were filled with broken stone and
+hydraulic cement; then the cross timbers were laid, filling the spans with
+the concrete also. It is to be observed that not a single pile was driven
+in all the foundation.
+
+The masonry was commenced upon the timbers, and carried up about nineteen
+feet, and, notwithstanding the misgivings of scientific and experienced
+contractors and builders, and others, the superstructure was completed in
+1855, and from that day to this not a crack in an angle of the building
+has been seen, although it may with truth be said that the engine house
+floats on a bed of quicksand. There were three thousand feet of aqueduct
+from the engine house to the lake, which presented similar difficulties,
+as did also the laying of pipes under the Cuyahoga river.
+
+The engines in use in the Cleveland works are the first Cornish engines
+introduced west of the Allegheny mountains. After completing the works and
+putting them in successful operation, Mr. Scowden resigned his position
+here, in 1856.
+
+In 1857, Mr. Scowden commenced the construction of the water works of
+Louisville, Kentucky, and finished them in 1860, and for character,
+capacity and finish they are acknowledged to be second to none in the
+United States, if in the world. The second pair of Cornish engines used
+west of the mountains were introduced there.
+
+The next public work of Mr. Scowden was the extension and enlargement of
+the canal around the Falls of the Ohio at Louisville, which comprises a
+new work, as very little of the old was used. The engineering of the work
+was done under the direction of a board of directors, the president of
+which was James Guthrie, former Secretary of the Treasury under Pierce,
+and late United States Senator.
+
+The locks in these works are the largest in the known world for width,
+length, and lift, not excepting the Suez Canal. There are two locks of
+thirteen feet lift, and containing fifty-two thousand yards of masonry.
+The canal is crossed by iron swing bridges. The work has been inspected by
+the United States topographical engineers, and General Wietzel, now in
+charge of the work, has pronounced it unsurpassed by anything within the
+range of his knowledge, and, what is more remarkable, a like tribute to
+the skill of our fellow citizen has been accorded by French, English and
+German engineers, and also by the president of the board.
+
+This was his last and greatest triumph of engineering skill; and being a
+national work, and he a civilian, he may well feel proud of his
+achievement.
+
+After completing the last mentioned work, Mr. Scowden returned to
+Cleveland and engaged in the iron trade, constructing a rolling mill at
+Newburg, for the American sheet and boiler plate company, with which he is
+still connected.
+
+As an engineer, Mr. Scowden stands high. He never was baffled, though
+established principles failed, for he had resources of his own from which
+to draw. Without an exception, every great public work undertaken by him
+has been not only completed, but has proved entirely successful.
+
+As a man he enjoys the respect and confidence of his fellow citizens. His
+manner is affable and unassuming, and his disposition kindly. Constant
+application for twenty-five years has had its effect upon him, but with
+care, he may yet be spared many years to enjoy the fruits of his labors.
+
+
+
+
+John H. Sargent.
+
+
+
+John H. Sargent has been, and is, so intimately connected with the
+construction and management of some of the most important public
+improvements of the city, and notably so with the sewerage system and
+water works management, that it is eminently proper he should be noticed
+here as a representative man in the department of City Improvements.
+
+[Illustration: Yours with Respect, J. H. Sargent]
+
+Mr. Sargent was born March 7, 1814, at Carthage, near Rochester, New
+York. His parents were but recent emigrants from New Hampshire, and when
+he was but three years old they removed again toward the land of the
+setting sun, taking up their residence in what is now the city of Monroe,
+Michigan, but which was then known as River Raisin. In that place they
+remained but a year, at the end of which time they removed to Cleveland.
+Levi Sargent, the father of the subject of this sketch, was by trade a
+blacksmith, and was at one time a partner in that business with Abraham
+Hickox, then, and long after, familiarly known to every one in the
+neighborhood as "Uncle Abram." He soon removed to the west side of the
+river, and thence to Brooklyn, where he built him one of the first houses
+erected on that side, on top of the hill. Hard knocks upon the anvil could
+barely enable him to support his family, so the boy, at the age of nine,
+was sent to the Granite State, where for ten years he enjoyed, during the
+Winter months, the advantages of a New England district school, and worked
+and delved among the rocks upon a farm the remainder of the year. At the
+age of nineteen, with a freedom suit of satinet, and barely money enough
+to bring him home, he returned to Cleveland.
+
+Here, after supporting himself, he devoted all his leisure time to the
+study of mathematics, for which he had a predilection. Subsequently he
+spent some time at the Norwich University, Vermont, at an engineering and
+semi-military school, under the management of Captain Patridge.
+
+When the subject of railroads began to agitate the public mind, and the
+project of a railroad along the south shore of Lake Erie was resolved
+upon, Mr. Sargent was appointed resident engineer upon the Ohio Railroad,
+which position he held until the final collapse of that somewhat
+precarious enterprise, in 1843. Sandusky City had already taken the lead
+in Ohio in the matter of railroads, having a locomotive road in operation
+to Tiffin, and horse road to Monroeville. Upon the reconstruction and
+extension of this last road Mr. Sargent was appointed resident engineer,
+and while there, seeing the advantages that Sandusky was likely to gain
+over Cleveland by her railways, at the solicitation of J. W. Gray, he sent
+a communication to the Plain Dealer, illustrating the same with a map,
+urging the construction of a railroad from Cleveland to Columbus and
+Cincinnati. He also advocated the project in the Railroad Journal, but
+that paper discouraged the matter, as it was likely to be too much of a
+competing line with the Sandusky road already begun. But the agitation
+continued until the preliminary surveys were made, the greater part of
+them under Mr. Sargent's immediate charge. When the project hung fire for
+a time, Mr. Sargent, in company with Philo Scovill, spent two seasons
+among the copper mines of Lake Superior. When the Cleveland, Columbus and
+Cincinnati railroad was begun in good earnest, he was called upon once
+more and located the line upon which it was built. Mr. Sargent remained
+upon the road until opened to Wellington, when he went upon the Michigan
+Southern and Northern Indiana railroad, where, for nearly five years, he
+was engaged in extending and reconstructing that road, and in locating and
+building its branches.
+
+Since 1855, most of his time has been spent in Cleveland, in engineering
+and works of public utility. While city civil engineer he strongly
+advocated, though for the time unsuccessfully, the introduction of the
+Nicholson pavement, and introduced and established the present system of
+sewerage, a work, the importance of which to the health and comfort of the
+citizens, can not be overestimated.
+
+Mr. Sargent has been chosen one of the commissioners for enlarging and
+extending the water works so as to meet the altered circumstances and
+enlarged demands of the city.
+
+In politics Mr. Sargent is, and has always been, a Democrat, but never
+allows party prejudices to sway him, and is in no sense a professed
+politician. The honesty of his convictions and his uprightness of conduct
+have won for him the respect and friendship of men of all parties, who
+have confidence in his never permitting party considerations to interfere
+with his honest endeavor to serve the public interests to the best of his
+ability, whenever placed in a position to do so. During the rebellion he
+was zealous and untiring in his support of the government, and aiding, by
+all the means in his power, to crush out the rebellion.
+
+
+
+
+Military.
+
+
+
+Previous to the rebellion, Cleveland had the honor of possessing military
+companies famous for their drill and efficiency, and which were the pride
+of the citizens and a credit to the State. At the outbreak of the
+rebellion, the Cleveland companies were foremost in tendering their
+services, were among the first Ohio troops that rushed to the scene of
+danger, and were in the first skirmish of the war between the volunteer
+troops of the North and the organized troops of the rebels--that at
+Vienna. The first artillery company organized in the West was formed in
+Cleveland, and kept its organization up for many years before the war. The
+breaking out of the war found this artillery organization ready for
+service, and scarcely waiting for authority, it was speedily on its way to
+the point where its services seemed most needed. To its promptness and
+efficiency is largely due the swift expulsion of the rebels from West
+Virginia and the saving of that State to the Union cause. As the war
+progressed, companies first, and then whole regiments, were rapidly
+organized, and sent forward from Cleveland, until at length every portion
+of the field of war had Cleveland representatives in it. Those who
+remained at home eagerly aided those in the field. Money was raised in
+large sums whenever wanted, to forward the work of enlistment, to provide
+comforts for the soldiers in the field, and to care for the sick and
+wounded. Busy hands and sympathetic hearts worked together in unison,
+enlarging their field of operation until the Cleveland Soldiers' Aid
+Society became the Northern Ohio Soldiers' Aid Society, and that again
+developed into the Western Branch of the Sanitary Commission.
+
+In the imposing ceremonies of the inauguration of the Perry statue on the
+Public Square in Cleveland on the tenth of September, 1860, a few months
+before the breaking out of actual hostilities between the North and
+South, the whole military force of the city participated. The
+organizations represented were the First Regiment Cleveland Light
+Artillery, under command of Colonel James Barnett and Lieutenant Colonel
+S. B. Sturges, composed of the following companies: Co. A, Capt. Simmons;
+Co. B, Capt. Mack; Co. D, Capt. Rice; Co. E, Capt. Heckman. [Co. C, Capt.
+Kenny, belonged to Geneva. It took part in the ceremonies, under the
+general command of Colonel Barnett, but at that time retained its old
+organization as Independent Battery A.] Brooklyn Light Artillery, Capt.
+Pelton; Cleveland Light Dragoons, Capt. Haltnorth; Cleveland Grays, Capt.
+Paddock; Cleveland Light Guards, Capt. Sanford; Hibernian Guards, Capt.
+Kenny. Of these the Cleveland Grays had achieved the greatest reputation
+in past years for its drill and efficiency. It had been the pet of the
+citizens, and in its ranks, at one time or another, had been found the
+very best class of the people of Cleveland, who continued to take pride in
+the organization, and contribute to its maintenance, long after they
+ceased to be actually connected with it.
+
+When President Lincoln's call for troops was received, the Cleveland Grays
+and Hibernian Guards promptly tendered their services, and the first named
+company started for the field without a single hour's unnecessary delay.
+It was formed with the First Ohio Volunteer Infantry, and was in the
+skirmish at Vienna. On the re-organization of the Ohio troops into three
+years' regiments, a large proportion of the Cleveland Grays found
+positions as officers in new regiments, where their knowledge of drill and
+discipline was of great value in bringing the masses of raw volunteers
+into speedy use as efficient soldiers. The Hibernian Guards followed the
+Cleveland Grays and did good service throughout the war. Many of the
+original members of this company also became gradually scattered
+throughout other regiments as company or staff officers. The Cleveland
+Light Guards formed the nucleus of the Seventh Ohio, whose history is
+identical with that of its two principal officers, which will be found in
+subsequent pages. The story of the Cleveland Light Artillery is mainly
+told in that of General Barnett, its commander and leading spirit.
+
+It is, of course, impossible to furnish an exact account of the number of
+men furnished by Cleveland to the army of the Union, or even to designate
+the particular organizations belonging to that city. Clevelanders were to
+be found scattered through a number of regiments not raised in this
+vicinity, and among the regiments organized in Cleveland camps many were
+almost entirely composed of men from beyond the city, or even county
+lines. To the 1st Ohio Infantry Cleveland contributed the Cleveland Grays.
+The 7th Ohio was organized at Camp Cleveland, and contained three
+companies raised exclusively in Cleveland. The 8th Ohio, organized in
+Cleveland, contained one Cleveland company--the Hibernian Guards. The 23d
+and 27th Ohio, organized at Camp Chase, contained Cleveland companies. The
+37th Ohio, (German) was organized in Cleveland, and a large part of its
+members enlisted at this point. The 41st Ohio was a Cleveland regiment,
+recruited mainly in the city. The 54th Ohio, organized at Camp Dennison,
+contained one Cleveland company. The 58th Ohio, (German,) also contained a
+Cleveland contingent. Clevelanders also were in the 61st, organized at
+Camp Chase. The 67th Ohio had a considerable proportion of Clevelanders.
+The 103rd Ohio was organized in Cleveland, and was, to a large extent, a
+Cleveland regiment, in both officers and men. The 107th Ohio, (German,)
+was organized and largely recruited in Cleveland. The 124th Ohio was
+organized in Cleveland, most of its companies recruited there and the
+regiment officered mainly by Cleveland men. The 125th Ohio was organized
+in Cleveland, with some Cleveland recruits. The 128th Ohio, (Prisoner's
+Guards,) was recruited and organized in Cleveland. It did duty on
+Johnson's Island. The 129th Ohio was organized in Cleveland, having been
+partially recruited and officered in the same place. It was organized for
+six months' service. The 150th Ohio, National Guard, for one hundred days'
+service, was organized in Cleveland, and contained eight companies from
+the city, (the 29th Ohio Volunteer Militia,) with one from Oberlin, and
+another from Independence. It garrisoned some of the forts around
+Washington and took part in the repulse of the rebel attack in June, 1864.
+The 177th Ohio, one year regiment, was organized and partly recruited in
+Cleveland. The 191st, organized at Columbus, was commanded and partly
+recruited with Clevelanders. The 2nd, 10th and 12th Ohio Cavalry regiments
+were organized and partially recruited in Cleveland. The 1st regiment of
+Ohio Light Artillery was made out of the 1st regiment Cleveland Light
+Artillery. Besides these Cleveland furnished to the service, in whole or
+part, the 9th, 14th, 15th, 19th and 20th Independent Batteries. Other
+regiments were organized at the Cleveland camps, but probably contained no
+members that could be credited to Cleveland, and mention of them is
+therefore omitted here. In addition a large number of recruits were
+obtained for the regular army, and for the navy, besides contributions to
+the colored regiments raised during the war. A number of Clevelanders, for
+one reason or another, also took service in regiments of other States.
+
+
+
+
+Colonel Charles Whittlesey.
+
+
+
+Although Colonel Whittlesey was trained to the profession of arms, and
+has a military record of which he may well be proud, it is not in the
+field of battle that he has won the honors he prizes most, but in the
+broader fleld of science. It is among the heroes who have achieved
+distinction in grappling with the mysteries of nature and who have
+developed means for making life more useful and comfortable, that Colonel
+Whittlesey would have preferred taking position, rather than among those
+whose distinction comes rather of destruction than construction or
+production. But the exigencies of this work prevent the formation of a
+distinct scientific department, and the military services of Colonel
+Whittlesey have been such that he could not, without injustice, be
+omitted from this department of our work.
+
+Charles Whittlesey was born in Southington, Connecticut, about midnight
+of October 4-5, 1808, being the first born of Asaph and Vesta Whittlesey.
+When four years old he was sent to the old red school house "to be out
+of harm's way," whilst his father was in the Ohio wilderness, exploring
+for a home.
+
+The location was found, and in 1813 the family removed to Talmadge, Summit
+county, Ohio. There the young boy trudged from home to the log school
+house, south of Talmadge Centre, until 1819, when the frame academy was
+finished and the eleven year old lad attended school in the new building
+during the Winter, and in Summer worked on the farm. This mode of life
+continued until 1824.
+
+In 1827, he was appointed a cadet at West Point.
+
+During his second year at West Point, a fiery Southerner made a Personal
+assault upon a superior officer, the military punishment for which is
+death. He was condemned by a court-martial to be shot. While the sentence
+was being forwarded to Washington for approval the culprit was confined in
+the cadet prison, without irons. Cadet Whittlesey was one evening on post
+at the door of the prison, and as he passed on his beat, his back being
+for a moment towards the door, the prisoner, who was a powerful man,
+sprang out and seized the sentinel's musket from behind. At the same
+instant the muzzle of a pistol was presented to the ear of the young cadet
+with an admonition to keep quiet. This, however, did not prevent him from
+calling lustily for the "corporal of the guard." Cadet O. M. Mitchel, of
+subsequent fame, happened to be in charge of the guard as corporal and
+then coming up stairs with the relief. With his usual activity he sprang
+forward and the scion of chivalry ran. The guns of the sentinels at West
+Point are not loaded. The escaping prisoner could not, therefore, be shot,
+but in the pursuit by Cadet Whittlesey he had nearly planted a bayonet in
+his back when the guard seized him.
+
+[Illustration: Yours Truly, Chas Mattingly]
+
+After passing through the regular course of instruction at West Point, he
+graduated, and, in 1831, was made Brevet Second Lieutenant of the Fifth
+United States Infantry, and served in the Black Hawk campaign of 1832. He
+afterwards resigned, and for the next quarter of a century his record is
+wholly a scientific one. Recognizing the right of the government to his
+military services in national emergencies he offered to resume his old
+rank in the Florida war of 1838, and in the Mexican war of 1846, but his
+offers were not accepted.
+
+In 1837, he was appointed on the geological survey of Ohio, and was
+engaged on that work two years, the survey eventually terminating through
+the neglect of the Legislature to make the necessary appropriations.
+Incomplete as the work was, the survey was of immense importance to Ohio,
+as the investigations of Colonel Whitlesey and his associates revealed a
+wealth of mineral treasures hitherto unsuspected, and enabled capital and
+enterprise to be directed with intelligence to their development. The
+value of the rich coal and iron deposits of North-eastern Ohio was
+disclosed by this survey, and thus the foundation was laid for the
+extensive manufacturing industry that has added enormously to the
+population, wealth and importance of this portion of the State. It was
+with the important results of his labors in Ohio in mind, that the State
+Government of Wisconsin secured his services for the geological survey of
+that State, which was carried on through the years 1858, 1859 and 1860,
+terminating with the breaking out of the war. From this survey also very
+important results have already followed, and still more will be arrived at
+in the course of a few years.
+
+From 1847 to 1851, both inclusive, Colonel Whittlesey was employed by the
+United States government in the survey of Lake Superior and the upper
+Mississippi in reference to mines and minerals. In addition to this he has
+spent much time in surveying particular portions of the mineral districts
+of the Lake Superior basin, and has, in all, spent fifteen seasons on the
+waters of Lake Superior and upper Mississippi, making himself thoroughly
+familiar with the topography and geological character of that portion of
+our country.
+
+Colonel Whittlesey was at home in Cleveland quietly pursuing his
+scientific studies and investigations, when the national trouble
+commenced. When the entrance of President Lincoln into Washington was
+threatened by violence in February, 1861, he was an enrolled member of one
+of the companies tendering their services to General Scott. Seeing that
+war was inevitable, he personally urged the Governor and Legislature of
+Ohio to prepare for it before the proclamation of April 15, 1861, and on
+the 17th he joined the Governor's staff as assistant quartermaster
+general. He served in the field in Western Virginia, with the three months
+levies, as State military engineer with the Ohio troops under Generals
+McClellan, Cox and Hill, and at Scary Run, on the Kanawha, July 17, 1861,
+behaved with great gallantry under fire, and conducted himself with
+intrepidity and coolness during an engagement that lasted two hours, and
+in which his horse was wounded under him. At the expiration of the service
+of the three months troops he was appointed Colonel of the 20th regiment
+Ohio volunteers, and detailed by General O. M. Mitchel as chief engineer
+of the department of the Ohio, where he planned and constructed the
+defences of Cincinnati, which he afterwards volunteered to defend, in
+September, 1862. At the battle of Fort Donelson he was with his regiment,
+and was complimented by General Grant on the morning of the surrender by
+being put in charge of the prisoners. A published correspondence from the
+prisoners proves with what kindness and courtesy to the unfortunate this
+task was performed. A testimony to a similar effect is the correspondence
+from the leading residents of the rebel counties of Owen, Grant, Carroll
+and Gallatin, in Kentucky, which in the Winter of 1861, were placed under
+his command, and which he ruled with such firmness, yet moderation, that
+both Union men and rebels bore witness to his conservative, moderate, and
+gentlemanly course, as well as to his promptness and decision.
+
+At the battle of Shiloh, Colonel Whittlesey, on the second day of that
+desperate fight, commanded the third brigade of General Wallace's
+division. The part borne by this brigade in the battle has become
+historic. It was composed of Ohio troops, the 20th, 56th 76th, and 78th
+regiments, and it was against their line that General Beauregard attempted
+to throw the whole weight of his force for a last desperate charge, when
+he was driven back by the terrible fire poured into him. General Wallace,
+in his officiai report, makes especial and honorable mention of the
+important part taken by this brigade and its commander in the battle.
+
+Soon after the battle Colonel Whittlesey sent in his resignation, which
+he had intended sending in earlier, but withheld because he foresaw some
+important military movements in which he desired to take part. The
+critical condition of his wife's health and his own disabilities, which
+had reached a point threatening soon to unfit him for any service
+whatever, compelled him to take this step. After the battle of Shiloh,
+when he could resign with honor and without detriment to the service, he
+sent in his resignation. General regret was expressed by the officers with
+whom he had been associated and by his old command. The application was
+endorsed by General Grant "We cannot afford to lose so good an officer."
+General Wallace, General Cox, and General Force added their commendations
+of his abilities and services, and few officers retired from the army with
+a clearer or more satisfactory record, or with greater regret on the part
+of his military associates.
+
+Since his retirement, Colonel Whittlesey has been leisurely engaged in
+scientific and literary pursuits, has again spent much time in geological
+explorations in the Lake Superior and Upper Mississippi country, has
+organized and brought into successful operation the Western Reserve
+Historical Society, of which he continues to be president, and has
+accumulated in its spacious hall a good collection of historical works
+relating to the West, and a rich collection of geological and antiquarian
+specimens, gathered in Ohio and the Northwest.
+
+Colonel Whittlesey has contributed largely to scientific literature, and
+his works have attracted wide attention, not only among scientific men of
+America, but of Europe. His published works are to be found in the
+Geological Reports of Ohio, 1838-9; United States Geological Surveys of
+the Upper Mississippi, D. D. Owen, 1847, 1849; United States Geological
+Surveys of Upper Peninsula of Michigan, Foster and Whitney, 1850, 1851;
+Life of John Fitch, Spark's American Biography, new series, Volume 6,
+1845; Fugitive Essays, mainly historical, published at Hudson, Ohio, 8vo.,
+pp. 357, 1854; Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge;--Ancient Works of
+Ohio, 1852; Fluctuation of Lake Levels, 1860; Ancient Mining on Lake
+Superior, 1863; Fresh Water Glacial Drift, 1866. In addition to these are
+an essay on the Mineral Resources of the Rocky Mountains, in 1863; a
+handsome and valuable volume on the Early History of Cleveland, in 1866,
+and about thirty essays, reports, and pamphlets, besides very numerous and
+valuable contributions to newspapers and scientific journals.
+
+
+
+
+General James Barnett.
+
+
+
+James Barnett was born on the 21st of June, 1821, at Cherry Valley, Otsego
+county, New York. He came to Cleveland when about four years of age, and
+after receiving a common school education commenced his business career by
+entering the hardware store of Potter, Clark & Murfey, where he served
+three years as clerk. At the end of that time he went into the hardware
+house of George Worthington, and has for many years been a member of the
+firm of George Worthington & Co. As a business man and good citizen he
+stands very high in the estimation of the people of Cleveland, but it is
+with his military record that we have now chiefly to deal.
+
+In 1840, an independent Company of artillery was organized in Cleveland,
+and at its start was made a part of the old Cleveland Grays, afterwards
+the artillery part formed a company by itself, which had for its
+commanders D. L. Wood and A. S. Sanford. This organization was kept up
+until the breaking out of the war, and was, without doubt, the best
+drilled and equipped artillery organization west of the mountains; the
+State supplied the guns, harness and caissons, but the expenses for
+horses, the meeting and drill houses, and equipments, and all their
+expenses, were paid by themselves. They drilled regularly, took an
+excursion every year, visited Niagara, Syracuse, Sandusky, Wooster, and
+also Chicago, on the occasion of the assembling of the River and Harbor
+Convention. At every point they visited they never failed to infuse a
+military spirit into the people, and to create a desire for similar
+companies. Nearly all the artillery organizations of the West sprang out
+of this little nucleus at Cleveland, for at the places visited and
+instructed by the Cleveland company, men were obtained at the breaking out
+of the war who were to some extent familiar with artillery drill, and many
+of them became, because of this, commanders during the rebellion. Such
+commanders were to be found throughout the service.
+
+About two years before the war, the Ohio militia law was so amended as to
+permit the organization of artillery companies, with one gun to a company,
+every six guns to form a command, entitled to elect a colonel,
+lieutenant-colonel, and major. The Cleveland Light Artillery took
+immediate advantage of this by organizing into the First, Regiment Light
+Artillery, O. V. M., with the following officers: Colonel, James Barnett;
+Lieutenant Colonel, S. B. Sturges; Major, Clark Gates; Quartermaster, Amos
+Townsend; Quartermaster's Sergeant, Randall Crawford; Co. A, Captain Wm.
+R. Simmons; Co. B, Captain John G. Mack; Co. C, Captain D. Kenny; Co. D,
+Captain Percy Rice; Co. E, Captain F. W. Pelton. The three city companies
+drilled at what is now the Varieties, on Frankfort street, Captain
+Pelton's company at Brooklyn, and Captain Kenny's at Geneva.
+
+In the Winter of 1860, the regiment tendered their services to the State
+authorities in case of difficulty, as the rebels in West Virginia were
+assuming a threatening attitude. This offer was accepted, but the opinion
+expressed in the acceptance, that the proffered services would probably
+not be needed. Five days after the fall of Fort Sumter the order came for
+the regiment to report with its six guns to Columbus. On the second day
+after the date of the order the organization, with full complement of men
+and guns, passed through Columbus en route to Marietta, where a rebel
+demonstration was expected. Here it remained a little over a month, when a
+detachment with two guns, under command of Lieutenant Colonel Sturges,
+crossed into West Virginia at Parkersburg, and the remainder, under
+command of Colonel Barnett, crossed the river at Benwood and proceeded to
+Grafton, West Virginia. The two guns under Lieutenant Colonel Sturges went
+up the Baltimore and Ohio line to Philippi, and in the affair at that
+place did telling service. Theirs was the first artillery fired in the
+field by the National forces in the war of the rebellion. About a month
+after, the detachment rejoined the main body of the regiment, and the guns
+of the artillery did good service in the attack on the rebels at Laurel
+Hill, the result being the hasty flight of the enemy.
+
+In the pursuit from Laurel Hill, two pieces pushed over the mountains and
+pressed their rear guard with great energy for two days, during nearly the
+whole time in a drenching rain, deep mud, and through fords, the men all
+anxiety to overtake the fleeing foes. The rebels had felled trees to
+obstruct the road. Some chopped the trees asunder, some helped the guns
+through the mud, and all worked like desperate men. Finally the
+transportation of the rebels stuck fast in quicksand and stopped the whole
+train. The rebels were compelled to make a stand to protect their baggage.
+To effect this they drew up their forces on a little table land, near
+Carrick's Ford--the position being hid by a row of bushes on the edge of
+the hill, and overlooking the line of Colonel Barnett's command. The head
+of the column was pushing on with great impetuosity when they were
+suddenly opened upon from the point of land on their right hand, but,
+fortunately, from the elevation, their fire mostly passed over their
+heads. The troops were immediately put into position to repel the attack;
+the guns, to give them scope, were wheeled out into the field and opened
+fire immediately with canister. Although fired upon by two pieces of
+artillery from the eminence, they lost no one, and after a few rounds the
+rebel guns were silenced, and the gallant attack by the infantry under
+Colonel Steadman of the 14th Ohio, Colonel Dumont, 6th Indiana, and
+Colonel Milroy, 9th Indiana, at the same time, drove them from their
+position. When taken, it was found that the gunner of one piece had been
+killed and was lying across the trunnions of the piece with the cartridge
+only half rammed--the horses having been killed at the same time and in
+falling broke the pole, so that it was impossible to get the gun away. Our
+men soon improvised another pole and harness, hitched some mules to the
+piece, and brought it away, together with the captured supplies. The
+pursuing column returned to camp at Laurel Hill.
+
+Immediately after this, Colonel Barnett was ordered to report to General
+McClellan in person, at Beverly. There a consultation was had on the
+policy of taking the artillery on a campaign up the Kanawha, after General
+Wise. There was some question about ordering them on the campaign, from
+the fact that they were not in the United States command, their
+organization then not having been recognized by the General Government.
+They were Ohio troops, and their invasion of West Virginia was excused on
+the plea that it was necessary to the "defence of the State," for which
+purpose only they were mustered into the State service.
+
+While the matter of a new campaign was being submitted to the command, the
+battle of Bull's Run took place, and McClellan was peremptorily ordered to
+Washington to take command of the army of the Potomac. Colonel Barnett
+returned to Columbus with his command, which was mustered in and mustered
+out of the United States service on the same day.
+
+This affair, in connection with the operation at Rich Mountain, under
+Rosecrans, closed the campaign made by General McClellan in Western
+Virginia, and preserved the State to the Union.
+
+Colonel Barnett and his command returned to Cleveland, bringing with them,
+by permission of Governor Dennison, the piece of artillery captured at
+Carrick's Ford, which still remains in Cleveland and is used for firing
+salutes. On reaching Cleveland the returning soldiers were received with
+public demonstrations of joy, and a vote of thanks, couched in the
+strongest terms of commendation, was unanimously adopted by the city
+council at their regular meeting, July 30, 1861.
+
+Governor Dennison had strongly urged the General Government to grant him
+permission to furnish a twelve battery regiment of artillery as part of
+the State quota of troops. This was steadily refused for a considerable
+time, but at length a Mr. Sherwin, of Cincinnati, was granted permission
+to raise such a regiment, provided he could do it within a stated time.
+The attempt proving a failure, Governor Dennison obtained permission from
+the War Department to appoint Colonel Barnett to the task. Colonel Barnett
+at once left for Columbus, and in August, 1861, commenced the work of
+recruiting and equipping, the batteries being sent to the field as rapidly
+as they could be got ready. Co. A and Co. C reported to General Thomas in
+time to participate in the battle of Mill Springs, Kentucky. The other
+batteries were sent to different commands in Western Virginia and
+Kentucky, as soon as ready.
+
+Colonel Barnett reported to General Buell, at Louisville, the following
+Spring, with a portion of the command, and on the arrival of the army at
+Nashville, in March, he was placed in command of the Artillery Reserve of
+the Army of the Ohio, in which capacity he served until ordered to Ohio,
+in July, 1862, on recruiting service, and was in command through the
+campaign embracing the battles of Pittsburgh Landing, Corinth and other
+affairs, up to the time of the occupation of Huntsville by Buell's army.
+
+After having obtained the requisite number of recruits for his regiment,
+he was assigned to duty, in September, upon the staff of General C. C.
+Gilbert, at that time commanding the centre corps of the Army of the Ohio.
+After the battle of Perryville, the Colonel was transferred to the staff
+of Major General McCook, as Chief of Artillery, which position he filled
+until November 24, 1862, when he was designated by General Rosecrans,
+Chief of Artillery of the army of the Cumberland.
+
+In the battles of Stone River, Chickamauga, Mission Ridge, and the various
+other operations of the grand old army of the Cumberland, Colonel Barnett
+was constantly and actively engaged, and is mentioned with special
+commendation by General Rosecrans in his official report, and received the
+confidence and support of the final commander of that department, the
+sturdy and gallant Thomas.
+
+After the close of operations around Chattanooga, Colonel Barnett was put
+in command of the artillery of the department, requiring reorganization
+and remounting, which was formed in two divisions, consisting of six
+batteries in a division; the first division being batteries in the regular
+service; the second division being volunteer batteries, and principally
+composed of batteries of the First Ohio Light Artillery, having their
+camps near the city of Nashville, where they were thoroughly drilled,
+reorganized and equipped, and held in readiness for the field at any
+moment on requisition of the department commander; which command he
+retained until mustered out of the service, October 20, 1864.
+
+Colonel Barnett also participated in the battle of Nashville, in which,
+however, he acted in a volunteer capacity, the battle having taken place
+subsequent to his muster out of the service.
+
+Subsequently he was awarded a Brevet Brigadier Generalship, in
+consideration of his eminent abilities and the valuable services he had
+performed. On his return home he resumed his position in the old firm,
+having, by the generosity of his partners, been allowed to retain his
+interest without detriment during the whole time of his service.
+
+
+
+
+Colonel Wm. H. Hayward.
+
+
+
+Wm. H. Hayward was born at Lebanon, Connecticut, in 1824, was brought to
+Cleveland in 1826, received a good common school education, and at the
+age of fifteen became an apprentice to the printing business in the
+office of Sanford & Lott. At the end of his five years apprenticeship he
+was admitted as partner, solely because of his proficiency, not having
+any capital to put in. Mr. Lott retired on account of ill health, and the
+firm became Sanford & Hayward, which it has ever since remained, and
+which has steadily built up a large and profitable blank-book and
+lithographing business.
+
+From boyhood Mr. Hayward had a taste for military studies, and he was
+early connected with the military organizations of the city. In the early
+days of the Cleveland Light Artillery, when it was under the command of
+his partner, General A. S. Sanford, he was First Lieutenant. When
+permission was received for the organization of the First Ohio Artillery
+as a three years regiment, Mr. Hayward was tendered, and from a sheer
+sense of duty to the country accepted, the Lieutenant Colonelcy of the
+regiment. He took an active part in recruiting, drilling, and organizing
+the men as fast as received, and sending them to the front. When the
+regiment was divided and sent in different directions his command was
+ordered to the Shenandoah Valley to report to General Shields. Under this
+command he took part in the fight at Port Republic, June 12, 1862, fought
+whilst another battle was going on at Cross Keys, seven miles distant.
+Soon afterwards he and his command became part of the Army of the Potomac,
+being attached to the Third Division under General Whipple, who was
+subsequently mortally wounded at Chancellorsville. On being assigned to
+that Division, Colonel Hayward was made Chief of Artillery. At the time of
+the battle of Gettysburg Colonel Hayward was assigned to duty in
+Washington.
+
+His health, never good, having completely broken down, he was compelled to
+resign and return home. Here he remained attending his business duties and
+rendering such aid as lay in his power until the call for hundred days
+troops to defend Washington. At the time he was in command of the 29th
+Regiment Ohio Volunteer Militia, organized for just such emergencies, and
+which contained eight companies. With these two other companies were
+Consolidated, and the organization styled the 150th Ohio National Guards.
+Colonel Hayward led it to Washington, and took a leading part in the
+repulse of Early. The attack of the rebel forces was mainly against that
+part of the defences garrisoned by the 150th Regiment. There were no hopes
+of permanently keeping the rebels out of Washington with so small a force,
+but the main object was to keep them at bay until succor could arrive. To
+do this strategy was adopted. About eight hundred quartermaster's men,
+darkeys and teamsters, were sent off from Washington to swell the force;
+these men were kept marching and counter-marching around a piece of wood,
+then wheeled around and brought again into the view of the rebels, who,
+thinking there was a large force being massed there, deferred the attack
+till morning, when the veteran Sixth corps came up to their relief, and
+Early was driven back in discomfiture.
+
+On the expiration of their term of service the 150th National Guards
+returned to Cleveland, and Colonel Hayward resumed business life.
+
+
+
+
+Colonel Wm. R. Creighton.
+
+
+
+No Infantry regiment raised in Cleveland became so thoroughly identified
+with Cleveland as the "Fighting Seventh." This was in great measure due to
+the fact that it was the first complete regiment sent from Cleveland, and
+that it contained a large number of the spirited young men of the city,
+taken from all classes of the population. The fortunes of the Seventh were
+followed with deep interest, their successes exulted in, and their losses
+mourned over. No public sorrow, saving that for the death of President
+Lincoln, was so general and deep as that which followed the news of the
+fall of the gallant leaders of the "old Seventh," as they led their
+handful of men, spared from numerous murderous battles, in the face of
+certain death up the hill at Ringgold. Grief for the loss was mingled with
+indignation at the stupidity or wanton cruelty that had sent brave men to
+such needless slaughter.
+
+William R. Creighton, with whom the history of the Seventh is identified,
+was born in Pittsburgh, in June, 1837. At ten years old he was placed in a
+shoe store where he remained two years and then was placed for six months
+in a commercial college. From there he entered a printing office, where he
+served an apprenticeship of four years, and came to Cleveland, where he
+entered the Herald office, remaining there, with the exception of a few
+months, until just previous to the breaking out of the war.
+
+In 1858, he became a member of the Cleveland Light Guards and rose to
+become a lieutenant in that organization. He was a great favorite with his
+fellow members of the company, and was not only a genial companion, but an
+excellent disciplinarian. At the breaking out of the war, he organized a
+company with the old Cleveland Light Guards as a nucleus, and soon had so
+many applications that his company was full and a second company was
+organized. A third company was also recruited. This was the beginning of
+the Seventh Ohio.
+
+On a beautiful Sunday morning, in May, 1861, the Seventh marched through
+the streets of Cleveland, the first full regiment that had left the city,
+on the way to the railroad. The whole population turned out to bid them
+farewell. The regiment went to Camp Dennison, unarmed, without
+uniforms--except such uniforms as belonged to the old independent
+organizations--and with but temporary regimental organization. When but a
+few days in Camp Dennison, the call came for three years troops, and the
+regiment, with but few exceptions, volunteered for the three years
+service, with E. B. Tyler as Colonel, and Wm. E. Creighton as Lieutenant
+Colonel. The places of those who declined to enlist for three years were
+soon filled by fresh recruits.
+
+The regiment was ordered to West Virginia to take part in the campaign to
+be opened there. Colonel Tyler had gone in advance, and Lieutenant Colonel
+Creighton took the regiment to Clarksburg, where he turned it over to his
+commanding officer. At Glenville he again took command, drilling the men
+daily when in camp, and bringing them into a high state of proficiency.
+Hard marching and many privations were endured until the regiment reached
+Cross Lanes.
+
+On the 21st of August orders were received to join General Cox, at Gauley
+Bridge. The regiment, then under command of Colonel Tyler, had reached
+Twenty-mile Creek when word was received that the rebels, four thousand
+strong, were preparing to cross the river at Cross Lanes, which the
+Seventh had so recently left. A counter-march was ordered. About six miles
+from Cross Lanes the regiment was attacked by an overwhelming force, and
+after a desperate fight was broken, and compelled to retreat in two
+different directions, with a loss of a hundred and twenty men in killed,
+wounded, and prisoners. Creighton was among those who escaped.
+
+The scattered companies re-united at Charleston, West Virginia, where they
+remained waiting orders, and were in the meantime thoroughly drilled by
+Lieutenant Colonel Creighton, who was in fact, if not in title, the
+commanding officer of the regiment. An order coming for five hundred
+picked men of the regiment to join in the pursuit of Floyd, he was sent in
+command of the detachment, was given the advance in the pursuit, and
+followed Floyd's trail hotly for several days, marching on foot at the
+head of his men. Soon after this Tyler became Brigadier General and
+Creighton was made Colonel of his regiment, which was ordered to the East.
+
+At Winchester, Creighton led his regiment, the first in the famous charge
+of the Third Brigade, having a horse shot under him, and then fighting on
+foot with a musket, among his men, until the time came to assume the
+position of commanding officer again. In the march to Fredricksburgh and
+the return to the Valley he shared every privation and hardship the men
+were obliged to encounter, always refuse to take advantage of his
+privileges as an officer. He endeavored to procure every needful comfort
+for his men, but when they were barefooted and hungry he shared his
+stores with them, and fought and marched on foot with them. At Port
+Republic he headed his regiment in five desperate charges, in each of
+them driving the enemy. In the battle of Cedar Mountain Creighton handled
+his regiment with a dexterity that told fearfully on the ranks of the
+enemy. He was finally severely wounded, and compelled to leave the field.
+In doing so, he kept his face to the foe, saying that "no rebel ever saw
+his back in battle; and never would." He was taken to Washington, where
+the bullet was extracted from his side, which was an exceedingly painful
+operation. Soon after this he came to his home; but while still carrying
+his arm in a sling, he reported to his regiment. While at home the battle
+of Antietam was fought, which was the only one in which he failed to
+participate. Soon after his return, the affair at Dumfries occurred,
+where, through his ingenuity and skill, Hampton's cavalry command was
+defeated by a mere handful of men. For this he was publicly thanked by
+Generals Slocum and Geary. He took part in the battle of
+Chancellorsville, where he won new laurels. It is said that being ordered
+by General Hooker to fall back, he refused to do so until able to bring
+Knapp's Battery safely to the rear; for which disobedience of orders he
+was recommended for promotion. This battery was from his native city, and
+in it he had many friends. Next he was at Gettysburg, where he fought
+with his accustomed valor. He was also at Lookout Mountain and Mission
+Ridge, in "Hooker's battle above the clouds."
+
+After this battle came the pursuit of Bragg, whose rear-guard was
+overtaken at Ringgold, Georgia, where it was securely posted on the top of
+Taylor's Ridge--a naked eminence. It was madness to undertake to drive
+them from this hill, without the use of artillery to cover the assault;
+but in the excitement of the moment the order was given. In this assault
+Creighton commanded a brigade. Forming his command he made a speech.
+"Boys," said he, "we are ordered to take that hill. I want to see you walk
+right up it." After this characteristic speech, he led his men up the
+hill. It soon became impossible to advance against the terrible fire by
+which they were met; he therefore led them into a ravine, but the rebels
+poured such a fire into it from all sides, that the command was driven
+back. Reaching a fence, Creighton stopped, and facing the foe, waited for
+his command to reach the opposite side. While in this position he fell,
+pierced through the body with a rifle bullet. His last words were: "Oh,
+my dear wife!" and he expired almost immediately. The brigade now fell
+rapidly back, carrying the remains of its idolized commander with it.
+
+Lieutenant Colonel Crane fell in the same fight and but just after
+Creighton fell.
+
+The bodies were taken to the rear and sent to Cleveland, where they were
+given such a reception and funeral as had never been witnessed in
+Cleveland before, or after. The whole city was in mourning, and after
+lying in state in Council Hall, to be visited by thousands, the mortal
+remains of the dead heroes were borne, amid the firing of minute guns, the
+tolling of bells, and the solemn dirges of the band, to their last resting
+place in Woodland cemetery.
+
+Colonel Creighton was killed on November 27th, 1863, in the
+twenty-seventh year of his age.
+
+
+
+
+Lieutenant Colonel Orrin J. Crane.
+
+
+
+Orrin J. Crane was born in Troy, New York, in 1829. When he was three
+years old his parents removed to Vermont, where his father died soon
+after, leaving his wife and children poorly provided for. Young Crane was
+taken, whilst still a small boy, by an uncle, and about the year 1852, he
+came in charge of his relative to Conneaut, where he worked as a mechanic.
+He left Conneaut at one time for the Isthmus of Panama, where he spent a
+year, and on returning found work as a ship carpenter in Cleveland, where
+he became connected with one of the military organizations of the city.
+
+At the fall of Sumter he entered the service as first-lieutenant in
+Captain Creighton's company; and on his promotion, was made captain. He
+early devoted himself to the instruction of his company; and it can be
+said that it lost nothing of the efficiency it acquired under the
+leadership of Creighton.
+
+After the regiment entered the field, his services were invaluable. If a
+bridge was to be constructed, or a road repaired, he was sent for to
+superintend it. If the commissary department became reduced, he was the
+one to procure supplies. No undertaking was too arduous for his iron-will
+to brave. All relied on him with the utmost confidence, and no one was
+ever disappointed in him.
+
+At the affair at Cross Lanes, where he first came under fire, he behaved
+with great valor, and inspired his men with true courage. They stood like
+a wall, and fell back only when ordered by their leader, then dashed
+through the strong lines of the enemy, and were brought off with safety
+out of what was seemingly certain destruction. He kept his men well
+together during the long march to Gauley Bridge.
+
+After his arrival at that point he was sent out to the front, up New
+River, where he rendered valuable service. He was in every march and
+skirmish in both Western and Eastern Virginia, until the battle of
+Winchester. In this engagement he showed the same indomitable courage. He
+held his men to the work of carnage so fearfully, that the enemy's slain
+almost equalled his command.
+
+He shared in every battle in which his regiment was engaged in the East;
+Port Republic, Cedar Mountain (where he was slightly wounded), Antietam,
+Dumfries, Chancellorsville, and Gettysburg. In all of these he never sent
+his men forward; he led them on.
+
+At the battle of Antietam, he commanded the regiment, and during the
+latter part of the engagement, a brigade. Before the regiment left for the
+West, he was made lieutenant-colonel; a position which his ability and
+long, as well as faithful, service of his country rendered him eminently
+qualified to fill.
+
+Arriving at the West, he commanded the regiment in the battles of Lookout
+Mountain and Mission Ridge, where he added new laurels to his already
+imperishable name. At fatal Ringgold, he again commanded the regiment. He
+led it up the steep ascent, where the whistling of bullets made the air
+musical; and where men dropped so quietly that they were scarcely missed,
+except in the thinned ranks of the command. The regiment had not recovered
+from the shock produced by the announcement of the death of Creighton,
+when Crane himself fell dead at the feet of his comrades, pierced through
+the forhead by a rifle bullet. He fell so far in the advance, that his men
+were driven back before possessing themselves of his body but it was soon
+after recovered, and shared with the remains of Colonel Creighton the
+honors of a public funeral.
+
+
+
+
+Other Military Men of Cleveland.
+
+
+
+In selecting the five subjects for the foregoing military biographical
+sketches it was not intended to single them out as all that were worthy of
+mention for their services. There are numerous others deserving a place,
+but the materials for full biographical sketches were wanting for most of
+them, and it was thought best, therefore, to confine the separate sketches
+to those military men who, for one reason or another, have come to be
+considered the representative men in the military history of the city. We
+add here brief mention of a few others, from such material as is in our
+posession, and must then, doubtless, omit many equally worthy a place.
+
+Brevet Brigadier Russell Hastings, though not entering the army from
+Cleveland, is now a resident of the city and holds the position of United
+States Marshal. He was commissioned Second Lieutenant in the 23rd Ohio
+Infantry, commanded at first by Major-General Rosecrans and subsequently
+by General Hayes, rose by regular promotion to the Lieutenant-Colonelcy,
+and was subsequently made Brevet Brigadier General "for gallant and
+meretorious services at the battle of Opequan, Virginia." General Hastings
+was permanently disabled by a bullet wound in the leg.
+
+Brevet Brigadier Robert L. Kimberly was on the editorial staff of the
+Cleveland Herald when he joined the 41st Ohio Infantry, as Second
+Lieutenant under Colonel Hazen, was rapidly promoted to Major, in which
+rank he had charge of his regiment during the greater part of the time,
+and sometimes acting as brigade commander. He was made Lieutenant Colonel
+January 1, 1865, and Colonel of the 191st Ohio Infantry in the succeeding
+March. He participated with distinction in several engagements, and for
+these services was breveted Brigadier General.
+
+Brigadier General Oliver H. Payne was commissioned Colonel of the 124th
+Ohio Infantry January 1, 1863. His regiment was distinguished for its
+discipline and for the care taken of the men by Colonel Payne and
+Lieutenant Colonel James Pickands, and also for its gallant services under
+those leaders. At Chickamauga Colonel Payne was wounded and, being unable
+to rejoin his regiment, resigned his position in November, 1864. He was
+subsequently breveted Brigadier General for meritorious services.
+
+Among those who distinguished themselves in the service, but who stopped
+short of null rank of those mentioned above, may be mentioned Major James
+B. Hampson, who commanded the Cleveland Grays in the three years'
+organization of the 1st Ohio Infantry, and subsequently was Major of the
+124th Ohio. Lieutenant Colonel James T. Sterling, who commenced his
+military career as company commander in the 7th Ohio Infantry and
+subsequently became Lieutenant Colonel of the 103rd Ohio, from which
+position he was appointed null General on the staff of General Cox.
+Captain Joseph B. Molyneaux, who served with gallantry in the 7th Ohio
+Infantry. Captain Mervin Clark, the fearless "boy officer" of the same
+regiment, who braved death on every occasion, and fell, colors in hand,
+when leading a forlorn hope over a rebel work at Franklin. Lieutenant
+Colonel Frank Lynch, of the 27th Ohio Infantry. Lieutenant Colonel G. S.
+Mygatt, of the 41st Ohio Infantry, who died of disease contracted in
+serving his country. Major J. H. Williston, of the same regiment. Captains
+G. L. Childs, Alfred P. Girty, and G. L. Heaton, of the 67th Ohio Infantry.
+Lieutenant Colonel John N. Frazee, of the 84th and 150th Ohio Infantry.
+Lieutenant Colonel H. S. Pickands, of the 103rd Ohio Infantry, and Colonel
+James Pickands, of the 124th Ohio, who reached their positions by active
+service in various ranks throughout the war. Captain Isaac C. Vail, of the
+103rd Ohio Infantry, who died in service. Major George Arnold of the 107th
+Ohio Infantry, (German,) who fought with great gallantry. Surgeon C. A.
+Hartman, whose skill as a surgeon was fully equalled by his valor as a
+soldier, and who, unable to content himself as a non-combatant, engaged in
+the thickest of the fight at Winchester and was killed in the terrible
+slaughter the regiment experienced. Captain Wm. C. Bunts, of the 125th
+Ohio Infantry. Lieutenant Colonel E. A. Scovill, of the 128th Ohio
+Infantry, rendered important service in charge of the null affairs of the
+great prison for the rebels on Johnson's Island. Major Junius R. Sanford
+was in service in this regiment. Lieutenant Colonel George L. Hayward, of
+the 129th Ohio Infantry, had seen active service as company commander in
+the 1st Ohio Infantry. In the Cavalry service Cleveland furnished among
+other leading regimental officers Colonel Charles Doubleday, Lieutenant
+Colonel G. G. Minor, Major Albert Barnitz, now in the United States
+service, Major L. C. Thayer, who died soon after his leaving the service,
+and Major J. F. Herrick. To the Artillery service, in addition to General
+Barnett and Lieutenant Colonel Hayward, Cleveland contributed Lieutenant
+Colonel Walter E. Lawrence, who declined promotion and died deeply
+regretted by his comrades in arms and by a host of warm friends at home.
+Major Seymour Race, who ably assisted in the organization of the regiment
+and left Camp Dennison January 10, 1862, with two batteries and reported
+to General Buell at Louisville; had command of the camp at the Fair
+Grounds, composed of seven batteries from Ohio, Indiana and Wisconsin;
+left Louisville February 10, with three batteries on steamers, and
+reported to General Nelson at the mouth of Salt River accompanying him to
+Nashville; was Chief of Artillery of General T. J. Wood's Division at
+Pittsburgh Landing and the siege of Corinth and continued in that position
+in the division through Northern Alabama and back to Louisville;
+participated in the battles of Perryville and Stone River; was highly
+commended by his Division commander for valuable services in all these
+actions; and was also in command of the fortifications at Nashville for
+about five months; Major Warren P. Edgerton, Major W. F. Goodspeed,
+Assistant Surgeon Charles E. Ames, Captains Wm. A. Standart, Louis
+Heckman, Norman A. Baldwin, Joseph C. Shields, Frank Wilson, Louis
+Smithnight, William Backus, and a long list of Lieutenants. From the fact
+that the Cleveland Light Artillery organization was the origin of the
+Light Artillery service of the State, and that the Artillery had long been
+popular in the city, the Ohio Light Artillery service in the war was very
+largely officered and heavily recruited from Cleveland. In the 5th U. S.
+Colored Infantry, officered by white soldiers of Ohio, Gustave W. Fahrion,
+who had done good service in an Ohio regiment, was appointed Captain, and
+did hard service with his men in Virginia and North Carolina.
+
+
+
+
+Journalism
+
+
+
+It would require more space than can be given here to merely enumerate the
+different newspaper ventures that have been set afloat in Cleveland, some
+to disappear almost as soon as launched, others to buffet the waves for a
+few months, or even years, and then to pass away and be forgotten. In the
+days when nothing more was required to start a newspaper than a few pounds
+of type and a hand press, or credit with the owner of a press, new
+journals appeared and disappeared with great rapidity. Even now, when it
+is hopeless to think of attempting the establishment of a journal without
+first sinking a large capital, there are people venturesome enough to try
+the experiment of starting a newspaper upon little or nothing. The end of
+such experiments is always the same.
+
+The first newspaper issued in Cleveland was the Cleveland Gazette and
+Commercial Register, commenced July 31, 1818. It was ostensibly a weekly
+publication, but the difficulty of procuring paper with the desired
+regularity, and other untoward circumstances, sometimes caused a lapse of
+ten, fourteen, and even more days between each issue. In October, 1819,
+the Cleveland Herald was started as a weekly, by Z. Willes & Co.
+
+In the Summer of 1836, the Daily Gazette was issued. This ran until March
+22, 1837, when its owner, Charles Whittlesey, united it with the Herald,
+under the name of the Daily Herald and Gazette, the new firm being
+Whittlesey & Hull, and after a few days Whittlesey & J. A. Harris. The
+Gazette title was subsequently dropped, and that of the Herald preserved,
+Mr. Harris being the sole proprietor and editor. Messrs. W. J. May, A. W.
+Fairbanks, G. A. Benedict and John Coon were at different times added to
+the firm, Mr. May and Coon afterwards retiring, and being followed after
+some years by Mr. Harris, who was the veteran editor of the city. The
+Herald is now the oldest paper in the city, and the oldest daily in
+Northern Ohio. It was always Whig or Republican in politics.
+
+The Cleveland Plain Dealer was the natural successor of the Cleveland
+Daily Advertiser, a Democratic paper published about a third of a century
+since, by Canfield & Spencer. The Plain Dealer was owned and edited from
+its start by J. W. Gray, who made it a sharp and spicy journal. His
+declining health compelled him to take less interest in his paper, which
+soon lost prestige, and having gone into incompetent hands after Mr.
+Gray's death, it was before long compelled to suspend. Being purchased,
+after a short suspension, by Mr. Armstrong, it was resuscitated, and is at
+present, under the ownership and management of Messrs. Armstrong & Green,
+a successful enterprise.
+
+The Leader dates its origin on one side to the True Democrat, an
+Independent Free Soil paper, dating back over twenty years, and on the
+other to the Daily Forest City, a "Silver Gray Whig," started about 1852,
+by Joseph and James Medill. After some coquetting an alliance was formed
+between the two papers, and the name of Forest City Democrat adopted for
+the Consolidated paper which was afterwards changed to the Leader. None of
+those connected with either of the original papers are now connected with
+the Leader. Of those who became the publishers of the latter paper Mr. E.
+Cowles retains his connection and is the largest proprietor.
+
+The German Wachter am Erie completes the list of regular daily papers now
+published in Cleveland. The Herald is published morning and evening, there
+being two editions of the evening issue. The Leader is issued in the
+morning with an evening edition under the name of the News. The Plain
+Dealer publishes two editions in the afternoon, and the Wachter am Erie
+one afternoon edition.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: Yours Truly, A. W. Fairbanks]
+
+
+A. W. Fairbanks.
+
+
+
+A. W. Fairbanks, the senior proprietor of the Cleveland Herald, was born
+March 4, 1817, in Cornish, now Claremont, Sullivan county, New Hampshire.
+When twelve years old he entered a printing office in Waterford, Saratoga
+county, New York, with the purpose of learning the business. In those days
+it was held necessary to serve a regular apprenticeship as a preliminary
+to becoming a journeyman printer, and the apprentice had to pass through
+an ordeal to which the learner of the present day is a total stranger.
+There were then no machine presses out of the city of New York, nor
+rollers for inking. The types were inked by dabbing with buckskin balls,
+as had been done since the invention of printing. Rollers were, however,
+introduced within a short time of our young apprentice entering on his
+course of education as a printer.
+
+The office in which he worked, owned by a man named Johnson, was for book
+and job printing, thus affording the apprentice an opportunity of
+acquiring a more extensive and varied knowledge of the business than could
+have been acquired in a newspaper office. He had a taste for the life on
+which he had entered, and soon made rapid headway in obtaining a knowledge
+of the "art preservative of all arts." He remained in the same office
+until it was discontinued. He afterwards went to Schenectady, Ballston,
+Spa, and Troy, following the fortunes of the man he was apprenticed to,
+before finishing his trade. His first situation, as a journeyman, was in
+Rochester, New York.
+
+In 1836, he removed from Rochester to Michigan, then a territory, and
+assumed charge of the job department of the Detroit Advertiser. In this
+position he remained for a year, when he was induced to remove to Toledo.
+
+Some time previously an attempt had been made to establish the Toledo
+Blade as a newspaper. The town was young, and though giving promise of
+vigorous growth, was yet unable to make such a newspaper enterprise an
+assured success. About fifty numbers were issued, under several
+ownerships, and then the enterprise sank, apparently to rise no more. Mr.
+Fairbanks saw his opportunity and availed himself of it. Possessing
+himself of what remained of the Blade establishment, he announced its
+revival, got up and got out the first number himself, working it off on a
+hand press, and announced to the public that the Blade had this time "come
+to stay." In spite of difficulties and discouragements he persisted in the
+work he had undertaken, and in a short time had secured for the paper a
+good circulation. There was in the office scarcely enough type to get out
+a single issue; there was no imposing stone on which to make up the forms,
+and but one press to do all the work of the office. Mr. Fairbanks worked
+diligently with brain and hands, wrote matter for the Blade, managed its
+mechanical details, and at the same time spent time, labor, and money in
+enlarging the capabilities of the office and building up a valuable
+job-printing business. In fourteen years he built up out of nothing, or
+next to nothing, a newspaper with a profitable circulation and a wide
+reputation, a job office admitted to be one of the most complete in the
+State, having five presses and material abundant in quantity and
+unsurpassed in quality. The office had made money every year since his
+connection with it, except in 1840, when he gave all his labor to the
+Harrison campaign.
+
+In 1850, Mr. Fairbanks left Toledo for Cleveland, and became connected
+with the Cleveland Herald, then edited by J. A. Harris and W. J. May. He
+found the establishment without a press, the newspaper being printed on
+the press of M. C. Younglove, under a contract, giving him twelve and a
+half cents per token, Mr. Younglove having the only steam press in the
+city. Land was purchased on Bank street and the present Herald building
+erected. The entire book and job office of Mr. Younglove was purchased, a
+Hoe cylinder press for working the Herald purchased, and the establishment
+placed on a footing for doing a greatly enlarged and constantly increasing
+business. Additional and improved facilities were furnished yearly, to
+keep pace with the rapidly increasing demands, the single cylinder
+newspaper press was changed for a double cylinder, and that had been
+running but a short time when it proved insufficient for the rapid
+increase of circulation, and its place was taken by a four cylinder, which
+remains the only press of the kind in Ohio outside of Cincinnati, and
+which is capable of running off ten thousand impressions per hour. From a
+small part of the building this establishment grew until it crowded out
+all other occupants; then the building itself was altered so as to
+economise room, and finally additions made, doubling its size, the whole
+of the space being immediately filled with material, presses and machinery
+containing the latest improvements. From an entire valuation of six
+thousand dollars the establishment has reached an inventory value of about
+a hundred and fifty thousand dollars; and from a newspaper without a press
+it has grown to an office with ten steam presses, a mammoth four-cylinder,
+and a large building crowded full with the best machinery and material
+required in a first-class printing office, giving employment to
+ninety-five men, women and boys, and sending out the Morning Herald and
+two regular editions of the Daily Herald, every day, except Sunday,
+besides a Tri-Weekly Herald and Weekly Herald.
+
+The entire mechanical details of the establishment have, from his first
+connection with the office, been under the control of Mr. Fairbanks, and
+he feels a just pride in the perfection to which these details have been
+brought. His heart is in his profession, and it is his constant study. No
+improvement in it escapes his observation, and he is ever on the alert to
+avail himself of everything promising to increase the efficiency of his
+establishment. It is a noticeable fact, that the Herald has never missed a
+daily issue, although at times during the war the scarcity of paper was so
+great that the issue of the Morning Herald, then but a recent venture, had
+to be suspended for a day or two.
+
+The firm, which, when Mr. Fairbanks became connected with it, was Harris,
+Fairbanks & Co., is now Fairbanks, Benedict & Co., Mr. Fairbanks being the
+only member of the original firm yet connected with the concern.
+
+
+
+
+J. W. Gray.
+
+
+
+J. W. Gray was born in the village of Bradport, Addison county, Vermont,
+on the 5th of August, 1813. When only two years of age his parents removed
+to Madrid, St. Lawrence county, New York, where his early life was passed,
+receiving such meagre education as those early days afforded, during the
+Winter months, to farmer lads. He afterwards became a pupil in the
+Institutes at Potsdam and Governeur, founded by the New York State
+Association for Teachers, where he made rapid progress, his mind,
+naturally fond of study grasping knowledge intuitively. His scholastic
+career terminated here, the pecuniary means being wanting to enable him to
+prosecute a collegiate course, and he was soon after launched upon the
+world to carve, with nothing but his own right arm and resolute will, the
+future high public and social position he subsequently attained.
+
+In 1836, he came to Cleveland, then, though recently incorporated as a
+city, in reality but a flourishing village, and was soon engaged as a
+teacher in one of the public schools, the old Academy, on St. Clair
+street, being the scene of his first labors. He continued here but two or
+three terms, when a more advantageous position was offered him as
+instructor of a district school in Geauga county, to which he repaired and
+where he continued about a year. On his return to the city, having fitted
+himself in part previously, he entered the null of Hon. H. B. Payne and
+U. S. Judge Willson, who were then associated under the law firm of Payne &
+Willson, and after a little over a year under their preceptorship, during
+which time his remarkable talents attracted the attention of many, he was
+admitted to the bar, and almost immediately after receiving his diploma
+commenced the practice of his profession. He soon formed a law connection
+which led him to the State of Michigan, where, however he remained but a
+short time.
+
+On January 1st, 1842, in connection with his brother, A. N. Gray, he
+purchased the Cleveland Advertiser, which he converted into the Cleveland
+Plain Dealer.
+
+In July, 1845, the firm of A. N. & J. W. Gray was dissolved, the latter
+becoming sole proprietor and editor. The bold, poignant and dashing
+talents he brought to bear, soon made the Plain Dealer widely known as a
+political journal and placed its editor among the foremost men of his
+party in the State. In 1853, he received the appointment of post master of
+Cleveland from President Pierce, which position he continued to hold till
+the Summer of 1858, when, owing to his refusal to advocate the infamous
+Lecompton constitution of Mr. Buchanan, he was beheaded with the scores of
+other martyrs who remained true to Senator Douglas and the constitutional
+rights and liberties of the people.
+
+In 1858, he received the Democratic nomination for Congress against Hon.
+B. F. Wade, his successful competitor. In 1860, he was chosen, with Hon.
+H. B. Payne, delegate from this district to the Charleston-Baltimore
+convention where he labored with untiring devotion for the nomination of
+Judge Douglas. When the revolt was raised by the traitorous South, he
+rallied at once to the support of the constitution and Union, and,
+following the example of Douglas buried the partizan in the noble struggle
+of the patriot for the preservation of the liberties of the country.
+
+Of the Silas Wright school of politics, he labored during his editorial
+career of over twenty years, for his cherished principles. The friend of
+Mr. Pierce, he was the beloved and confidential exponent of the great
+Douglas. No man possessed the friendship and esteem of the Illinois
+statesman in a larger degree than did Mr. Gray. The Plain Dealer was Mr.
+Douglas' recognized organ--more so than any other paper published in the
+country, and the close intimacy which existed between them was never
+interrupted, and continued to the hour of that statesman's death.
+
+Mr. Gray died May 26, 1862. He had been feeble for a few days previously,
+and for a day or two before his death had not left the house, yet nothing
+serious was apprehended by his family or physicians, and though the nature
+of his illness was such as to have long made him an invalid, the hope was
+firmly entertained that he would regain his general health. On the morning
+of the day of his death, however, paralysis seized his heart and lungs,
+soon depriving him of speech, and under which he rapidly, but gently, sank
+away and died at fifteen minutes past two of the same day.
+
+His life affords another example to the rising young men of the day, of
+the power of will to triumph over all obstacles, when to indefatigable
+industry are added those exemplary virtues, strict integrity and
+temperance.
+
+
+
+
+George A. Benedict.
+
+
+
+George A. Benedict, of the printing and publishing firm of Fairbanks,
+Benedict & Co., and editor-in-chief of the Cleveland Herald, is a native
+of Jefferson county, New York, having been born in Watertown, August 5,
+1813. Mr. Benedict was well educated and in due course entered Yale
+College, from which he has received the degree of A. B.
+
+When eighteen years old he commenced the study of law with Judge Robert
+Lansing, in Watertown, finishing his legal education in the office of
+Sterling & Bronson. He was admitted to practice in New York, and
+immediately thereafter, in 1835, removed to Ohio, taking up his residence
+in Cleveland. Here he entered the office of Andrews & Foot and
+subsequently of that of John W. Allen, being admitted to practice in the
+Ohio Courts in the year 1836.
+
+As soon as admitted to the Ohio Bar a partnership was formed with John
+Erwin, under the name of Erwin & Benedict; this arrangement continued
+three years. On its dissolution Mr. Benedict formed a partnership with
+James K. Hitchcock, the firm of Benedict & Hitchcock continuing until
+1848, when Mr. Benedict was appointed Clerk of the Superior Court, Judge
+Andrews being the Judge. With the adoption of the new constitution of the
+State this court became extinct.
+
+Immediately after the termination of his duties as Clerk of the Superior
+Court, Mr. Benedict purchased an interest in the Herald establishment,
+and became co-partner with Messrs. J. A. Harris and A. W. Fairbanks. The
+subsequent retirement of Mr. Harris from editorial life left Mr.
+Benedict as editor-in-chief of that paper, a position he has from that
+time retained.
+
+In 1843, Mr. Benedict was a member of the City Council, and president
+of that body. For one term previous to that time Mr. Benedict was
+city attorney.
+
+In August, 1865, Postmaster General Dennison, of Ohio, tendered to Mr.
+Benedict the office of Postmaster of Cleveland. The appointment was
+accepted, and at this writing, 1869, he still holds the office.
+
+Mr. Benedict is impulsive in temperament, but his impulses are more of a
+friendly than unkindly character. He is warm-hearted, quick to forgive a
+wrong atoned for, and still quicker to apologize for and atone an injury
+done to others. In nearly a score of years editing a newspaper he has
+never intentionally done injustice to any man, no matter what
+differences of opinion might exist, and has never knowingly allowed the
+columns of his newspaper to be the vehicle of private spite. Nor has he
+ever refused any one, fancying himself aggrieved, the privilege of
+setting himself right in a proper manner in the same columns in which
+the alleged injury was inflicted. He has the genuine and unforced
+respect and esteem of those employed by him, for his treatment of them
+has always been kind and considerate, and although no newspaper
+conductor can possibly avoid creating prejudice and temporary
+ill-feeling. Mr. Benedict has probably no real enemy, whilst among those
+who best know him he has none but warm friends.
+
+In addition to his editorial abilities, Mr. Benedict is one of the few
+really good writers of an occasional newspaper letter, and in his
+journeyings from home his letters to the Herald are looked for with
+interest and read with keen relish.
+
+Mr. Benedict was married June, 1839, to Miss Sarah R. Rathbone, of
+Brownsville, Jefferson county, New York, and has three children, the
+oldest, George S. Benedict, being one of the proprietors and in the active
+business management of the Herald.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: Yours Truly, J. H. A. Bone]
+
+
+J. H. A. Bone
+
+
+
+John H. A. Bone is a native of Cornwall, England, having been born in
+that county October 31, 1830. He received a good education, being first
+intended for the army, but an accident having permanently crippled his
+right arm, that purpose had to be abandoned. He resided awhile in London
+and Liverpool, during which time he was connected with the press of
+those cities, and contributed to periodicals. Having married in his
+native place, he left England in the Autumn of 1851, for the United
+States, and after a brief stay in New York, arrived in Cleveland in
+October of that year.
+
+Early in the Spring of 1857, he joined the editorial staff of the
+Cleveland Herald, to the columns of which he had for some years previous
+been a frequent contributor. At the same time he had contributed to the
+pages of the Knickerbocker Magazine, Godey, Peterson's, the Boston Carpet
+Bag, then conducted by B. P. Shillaber ("Mrs. Partington,") and G. C.
+Halpine ("Miles O'Reilly,") and other literary papers of Boston, New York
+and Philadelphia, as well as to a Cleveland magazine, the New American
+Monthly, and was a regular contributor to the Cincinnati Pen and Pencil, a
+handsome weekly magazine of more than ordinary merit that was run for some
+time under the editorship of W. W. Warden.
+
+Mr. Bone, on joining the Herald, took charge of its commercial, local,
+amusements and literary departments. As the business of the paper
+increased he resigned those departments, one after another, to others, and
+on the retirement of Mr. Harris, transferred his labors to the leading
+editorial department, retaining charge of the literary department also.
+
+In addition to his daily duties on the Herald, Mr. Bone has found time to
+furnish papers to the Atlantic Monthly on matters of scholarly interest
+and historical importance, has for the past three years been on the
+regular staff of Our Young Folks, contributing to it a number of
+historical articles, prepared with much care and research, and is an
+occasional contributor to other periodicals.
+
+Mr. Bone published, about sixteen years ago, a small volume of poems,
+mostly written in boyhood. His after verses, of various characters, are
+scattered through newspapers and magazines and have never been collected.
+With the exception of a few political squibs, he has for some years
+abandoned verse. A work on the oil regions was issued in 1864, and a
+second, enlarged edition, was published in Philadelphia, in 1865.
+
+Aside from his professional duties as a journalist and the fulfilment of
+his engagements as a magazine writer, Mr. Bone's literary tastes are
+chiefly with the older works of English literature. He is a close student
+of what is known as Early English, delighting in his intervals of leisure
+to pick from the quaint and curious relics of the earliest English
+literature bits of evidence that serve to throw some light on the actual
+social and intellectual condition of our English ancestors four or five
+centuries ago. He has been for years, and still is, connected with English
+literary societies for the bringing to light and publishing for the use of
+the members, unpublished documents of historical and literary value. Of
+what is know as Elizabethean literature he has been a diligent student. At
+present he is connected with the management of the Cleveland Library
+Association and Western Reserve Historical Society.
+
+
+
+
+William W. Armstrong.
+
+
+
+William W. Armstrong, one of the present proprietors of the Cleveland
+Plain Dealer, is a native Buckeye, having been born in New Lisbon,
+Columbiana county, Ohio, in 1833. In his fifteenth year he removed to
+Tiffin, Seneca county, with the purpose of learning the printing business.
+In 1852-3, he was appointed to the position of Registrar of the Bank
+Department in the State Treasurer's office at Columbus. In 1854, he
+returned to Tiffin and purchased the Seneca County Advertiser, which he
+made noticeable among the Democratic papers of the State for its vigor and
+ability. He was recognized among the Democrats of the State as one of
+their rising men, and in 1862, he was chosen as the Democratic candidate
+for Secretary of State, and was elected.
+
+In 1865, having completed his term of office and returned to editorial
+life, he purchased the material and good will of the Plain Dealer, which
+had suspended publication, and set about bringing it back to its old
+prosperity and position among the journals of the State. His efforts were
+crowned with success. The reputation of the paper for boldness and
+ability, which had been affected by the death of its founder, was
+restored, and the business knowledge and tact which Mr. Armstrong brought
+to bear upon its management before long put its affairs in a healthy state
+and established the journal on a good paying basis. Although a strong
+partisan in politics, Mr. Armstrong recognizes the importance of fairness
+and courtesy, and hence he has the personal good will of his professional
+and business rivals as well as associates.
+
+In 1868, Mr. Armstrong was elected delegate at large to the Democratic
+National Convention which nominated Horatio Seymour for the Presidency.
+
+
+
+
+Frederick W. Green.
+
+
+
+Frederick W. Green, the associate of Mr. Armstrong in the proprietorship
+and editorship of the Plain Dealer, was born in Fredericktown, Frederick
+county, Maryland, in 1816. In 1833, he removed to Tiffin, Seneca county,
+Ohio. Becoming identified with the Democratic party he was elected by that
+party Auditor of Seneca county, and retained that position six years. In
+1851, he was elected to Congress from the Seneca district, and in 1853,
+was re-elected. At the close of his term he was appointed Clerk of the
+newly organized United States District Court for the Northern District of
+Ohio. In this position he remained twelve years.
+
+In 1867, he purchased an interest in the Plain Dealer, and at once entered
+upon editorial duties on that paper in connection with Mr. Armstrong.
+Their joint labors have made the paper the Democratic organ of Northern
+Ohio. Mr. Green, during his fourteen years residence in Cleveland, has
+been reckoned among its most respectable citizens, and possesses many warm
+friends irrespective of political differences of opinion.
+
+
+
+
+Index.
+
+
+
+Historical and Statistical.
+
+
+History of Cleveland
+Trade and Commerce
+Ship Building
+The Bench and Bar
+Educational
+Railroading
+The Coal Interest
+Religious
+Medical
+Manufacturing
+Telegraphy
+City Improvements
+Military
+Journalism
+
+
+
+Biographical Sketches.
+
+
+Those marked with an asterisk (*) are illustrated with portraits.
+
+
+*Aiken, S. C.
+ Adams, S. W.
+*Allen, J. W.
+*Andrews, S. J.
+*Abbey, G. N.
+ Alcott, Leverett.
+ Armstrong. W. W.
+ Blair, John.
+ Barnett, Melancthon.
+ Baldwin, Dudley.
+ Baldwin, Norman C.
+*Bradburn, Charles.
+ Beardsley, D. H.
+*Bradley, Alva.
+ Barr, John.
+ Bingham, Wm.
+ Beckwith, T. S.
+*Baldwin, E. I.
+ Brayton, H. F.
+*Bolton, Thomas.
+ Backus, F. T.
+*Bishop, J. P.
+*Beckwith, D. H.
+*Bousfield, John.
+*Buhrer, S.
+ Barnett, James.
+ Benedict, G. A.
+*Bone, J. H. A.
+ Cutter, Orlando.
+*Chapin, H. M.
+*Crittenden, N. E.
+*Cooke, W. P.
+ Cobb. J. B.
+ Colwell, A. G.
+*Cannon, A. V.
+ Childs, O. A.
+ Coe, S. S.
+ Coe, C. W.
+*Case, Leonard.
+*Coffinberry, J. M.
+*Collins, W.
+*Case, William.
+*Crawford, L.
+ Cross, D. W.
+ Cassels, J. L.
+ Castle, W. B.
+*Chisholm. H.
+*Clark, M. B.
+ Creighton, W. R.
+*Dangler, David A.
+*Dodge, H. H.
+ Dickman, F. J.
+ Delamater, John
+ Edwards, Wm.
+*Ely, George B.
+ Errett, Isaac
+*Freese, Andrew
+*Farmer, James
+*Fairbanks, A. W.
+ Garretson, Hiram
+ Gordon, W. J.
+*Goodrich, W. H.
+*Garlick, Theodatus
+ Green, F. W.
+ Hilliard, Richard
+ Hickox, Charles
+*Handy, T. P.
+ Hanna, Robert
+ Hurlbut, H. B.
+*Hoyt, J. M.
+*Humiston, R. F.
+*Hart, William
+*Hussey, J. G.
+ Haldeman. L.
+ Hayward, W. H.
+*Johnson, Levi
+*Jenness, B. W.
+*Johnson, S. W.
+*Jones, James M.
+*Kelley, Alfred
+*Kelly, Moses
+*Kirtland, J. P.
+ Lyon, Richard T.
+ Lester, S. F.
+ Long, David
+ Lowman, Jacob
+ Merwin, Noble H.
+*Mygatt, George
+ Morgan, E. P.
+*McDermott, James
+*Martin, John
+*Morris, David
+*Myers, R. P.
+ McNairy, A. C.
+ Morley, J. H.
+*Newberry, J. S.
+ Otis, William A.
+ Otis, W. S. C.
+ Other Military Men
+ Perkins, Joseph
+*Peck, E. M.
+*Palmer, C. W.
+*Perkins, Jacob
+ Philpot, William
+*Price, W. I.
+*Quayle, Thomas
+*Robison, J. P.
+ Raymond, S.
+ Redington, J. A.
+ Ranney, R. P.
+*Rice, Harvey
+*Rhodes, D. P.
+ Rouse, Benjamin
+ Rockefeller, J. D.
+ Scovill, Philo
+ Scranton, Joel
+*Sheldon, S. H.
+ Sackett, Alexander
+ Scott, M. B.
+*Sims, Elias
+ Severance, J. L.
+*Sanford, D.
+ Strong, S. M.
+ Starkweather, Samuel
+*Sherman, C. T.
+*Spalding, R. P.
+*Smyth, Anson
+*Stone, Amasa, Jr.
+*Streator, W. S.
+*Seelye, T. T.
+*Stone, A. B.
+*Scofield, W. C.
+*Stager, Anson
+*Stevens, H. S.
+ Scowden, T. R.
+*Sargent, J. H.
+ Townsend, Amos
+ Tilden, D. R.
+ Thome, J. A.
+*Thatcher, Peter
+ Weddell, P. M.
+ Winslow, Richard
+ White, Moses
+ Walton, T. A.
+*Worthington, George
+ Wick, Henry
+ Warner, J. F.
+ Wood, Reuben
+ Willey, John W.
+*Willson, H. V.
+*Witt, Stillman
+ Woolson, C. J.
+ Westlake, G.
+*Wilson, W. G.
+*Wade, J. H.
+*Whittlesey, C.
+ Younglove, M. C.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's Cleveland Past and Present, by Maurice Joblin
+
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Cleveland Past and Present, by Maurice Joblin
+
+Copyright laws are changing all over the world. Be sure to check the
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+*****These eBooks Were Prepared By Thousands of Volunteers!*****
+
+
+Title: Cleveland Past and Present
+       Its Representative Men, etc.
+
+Author: Maurice Joblin
+
+Release Date: November, 2005 [EBook #9328]
+[Yes, we are more than one year ahead of schedule]
+[This file was first posted on September 23, 2003]
+
+Edition: 10
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CLEVELAND PAST AND PRESENT ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Distributed Proofreaders
+
+
+
+
+CLEVELAND PAST AND PRESENT
+
+Its Representative Men
+
+Comprising Biographical Sketches of Pioneer Settlers and Prominent
+Citizens
+
+With a History of the City and Historical Sketches of Its Commerce,
+Manufactures, Ship Building, Railroads, Telegraphy, Schools, Churches,
+Etc., Profusely Illustrated with Photographic Views and Portraits
+
+1869
+
+Photographically Illustrated by E. Decker
+
+
+
+
+Preface.
+
+
+
+In many ways the story of the survey and first settlement of Cleveland has
+been made familiar to the public. It has been told at pioneer gatherings,
+reproduced in newspapers and periodicals, enlarged upon in directory
+prefaces and condensed for works of topographical reference. Within a
+short time Col. Charles Whittlesey has gathered up, collected, and
+arranged the abundant materials for the Early History of Cleveland in a
+handsome volume bearing that title.
+
+But Col. Whittlesy's volume closes with the war of 1812, when Cleveland
+was still a pioneer settlement with but a few families. The history of the
+growth of that settlement to a village, its development into a commercial
+port, and then into a large and flourishing city, with a busy population
+of a hundred thousand persons, remained mostly unwritten, and no part of
+it existing in permanent form. The whole period is covered by the active
+lives of men yet with us who have grown up with the place, and with whose
+history that of the city is inseparably connected. It occurred to the
+projector of this work that a history of Cleveland could be written in the
+individual histories of its representative men, that such a volume would
+not only be a reliable account of the growth of the city in its general
+features and in the development of its several branches of industry, but
+would possess the additional advantage of the interest attaching to
+personal narrative. This idea has been faithfully worked out in the
+following pages, not without much labor and difficulty in the collection
+and arrangement of the materials. Besides the personal narratives, an
+introductory sketch to each of the departments of business into which the
+biographical sketches are grouped gives a brief account of the rise and
+present position of that particular industry; these, taken together,
+forming a full and accurate business and professional history of the city.
+An introductory sketch of the general history of Cleveland gives
+completeness to the whole, whilst the numerous illustrations and portraits
+add greatly to the interest and value of the work.
+
+Numerous as are the sketches, it is not, of course, claimed that all are
+represented in the volume who deserve a place in it. This would be
+impossible in a work of ordinary dimensions, even were it convenient, or
+even possible, to obtain the necessary materials. The aim has been to
+sketch sufficient of the representative men in each leading business and
+professional department to give a fair idea of the nature and extent of
+that department. It is not a complete biographical dictionary of
+Cleveland, but a volume of biographical selections, made, as the lawyers
+say, "without prejudice."
+
+
+
+
+History of Cleveland.
+
+
+
+For the records of the first sixteen or seventeen years of the history of
+Cleveland, what may be styled its pioneer history, the local historian
+will hereafter be indebted to the work of Col. Whittlesey, where every
+known and reliable fact connected with that period of Cleveland's history
+is carefully preserved.
+
+The city was originally comprised in lands purchased by the "Connecticut
+Land Company," and formed a portion of what is termed the Western Reserve.
+This company was organized in 1795, and in the month of May of the
+following year, it commissioned General Moses Cleaveland to superintend
+the survey of their lands, with a staff of forty-eight assistants. On the
+22d of July, 1796, General Cleaveland, accompanied by Augustus Porter, the
+principal of the surveying department, and several others, entered the
+mouth of the Cuyahoga from the lake. Job P. Stiles and his wife are
+supposed to have been with the party. General Cleaveland continued his
+progress to Sandusky Bay, leaving enough men to put up a storehouse for
+the supplies, and a cabin for the accommodation of the surveyors. These
+were located a short distance south of St. Clair street, west of Union
+lane, at a spring in the side-hill, in rear of Scott's warehouse. During
+the season a cabin was put up for Stiles, on lot 53, east side of Bank
+street, north of the Herald Building, where Morgan & Root's block now
+stands. This was the first building for permanent settlement erected on
+the site of the city, although huts for temporary occupancy had been
+previously built in the neighborhood.
+
+Upon the return of the party from Sandusky, Mr. Porter prepared the
+outlines of the city. He says: "I surveyed a piece of land designed for a
+town--its dimensions I do not recollect--probably equal to about a mile
+square, bounding west on the river, and north on the lake. I made a plot
+of this ground, and laid it off into streets and lots. Most or all the
+streets I surveyed myself, when I left it in charge of Mr. Holley to
+complete the survey of the lots."
+
+The survey of the city was commenced on the 16th of September, and
+completed about the 1st of October, 1796. Holley's notes state that on
+Monday, October 17th, he "finished surveying in New Connecticut; weather
+rainy," and on the following day he records: "We left Cuyahoga at 3
+o'clock 17 minutes, for home. We left at Cuyahoga, Job Stiles and wife,
+and Joseph Landon, with provisions for the Winter." Landon soon abandoned
+the spot and his place was taken by Edward Paine, who had arrived from the
+State of New York, for the purpose of trading with the Indians, and who
+may be considered the first mercantile man who transacted business in
+Cleveland. Thus, during the Winter of 1796-7, the population of the city
+consisted of three inhabitants. During the Winter a child is reputed to
+have been born in the cabin, which had only squaws for nurses.
+
+Early in the Spring of 1797, James Kingsbury and family, from New England,
+with Elijah Gunn, one of the surveying party, all of whom had continued
+during the Winter at Conneaut, where they had endured incredible
+hardships, removed to Cleveland. His first cabin was put up on the site of
+the Case Block, east of the Public Square, but he subsequently removed to
+a point east of the present city limits, somewhere on a line with Kinsman
+Street. Here he remained until his death.
+
+The next families who were attracted to this settlement were those of
+Major Lorenzo Carter and Ezekiel Hawley, who came from Kirtland, Vermont,
+the family of the Major being accompanied by Miss Cloe Inches. In the
+Spring of the following year, (1798,) the former gentleman sowed two acres
+of corn on the west side of Water street. He was also the first person who
+erected a frame building in the city, which he completed in 1802; but an
+unfortunate casualty proved fatal to the enterprise, for when he was about
+to occupy the residence it was totally destroyed by fire. In 1803,
+however, he erected another house on the site of the destroyed building,
+but on this occasion he confined himself to hewn logs.
+
+The fourth addition of the season was that of Nathan Chapman and his
+family, who, like the patriarchs of yore, traveled with his herd, and
+marched into the Forest City at the head of two yoke of oxen and four
+milch cows, which were the first neat stock that fed from the rich
+pasturage on the banks of the Cuyahoga.
+
+In the Summer of 1797, the surveying party returned to the Western Reserve
+and resumed their labors, with Cleveland as a head-quarters. It was a very
+sickly season and three of the number died, one of whom was David
+Eldridge, whose remains were interred in a piece of ground chosen as a
+cemetery, at the corner of Prospect and Ontario streets. This funeral
+occurred on the 3d of June, 1797, and is the first recorded in the city.
+Recently, while making some improvements to the buildings now occupying
+that location, some human bones were discovered.
+
+Less than one month after the first funeral, occurred the first wedding.
+On the 1st of July, 1797, the marriage was solemnized of William Clement,
+of Erie, to Miss Cloe Inches, who had come to this city with the family of
+Major Lorenzo Carter. The ceremony was performed by Mr. Seth Hart, who was
+regarded by the surveying party as their chaplain.
+
+In the beginning of the following year, (1798,) the population had
+increased to fifteen. No other immigration is recorded until that of
+Rodolphus Edwards and Nathaniel Doane and their families, in 1799, the
+latter consisting of nine persons. They journeyed from Chatham,
+Connecticut, and were occupied ninety-two days in their transit--a longer
+period than is now allowed to accomplish a voyage to the East Indies.
+
+In 1799, the Land Company caused a road to be surveyed and partially
+worked, from Cleveland to the Pennsylvania line, about ten miles from the
+lake, which was the first road opened through the Reserve. In the Spring
+of that year Wheeler W. Williams, from Norwich, Connecticut, and Major
+Wyatt, erected a grist mill at the falls at Newburgh, and in 1800 a saw
+mill was also built by them; a substantial proof that sufficient corn and
+wheat were grown and lumber required to warrant the speculation.
+
+The desire of moral culture and education did not relax in this lonely
+region, and in 1800, a township school was organized, and the children
+were taught by Sarah Doane. The site of the school house was near
+Kingsbury's, on the ridge road.
+
+Cleveland received two additions in 1800, in the persons of David Clarke
+and Amos Spafford, the former of whom erected a house on Water street. The
+first sermon preached in Cleveland, was delivered in that year by the Rev.
+Joseph Badger, an agent of the Connecticut Missionary Society.
+
+The years of 1798, 1799 and 1800, were remarkable for the early
+commencement of genial weather. Pinks were in bloom in February, and the
+peach trees were also in full blossom in March.
+
+In 1801, the first distillery was erected by David Bryant. The memorable
+4th of July of the same year was celebrated by the first ball in
+Cleveland. It took place at Major Carter's log house, on the slope from
+Superior street to the harbor, and was attended by thirty of both sexes.
+
+The first village school was held in Major Carter's house in 1802, and the
+children were taught by Anna Spafford.
+
+In 1803, Elisha Norton arrived in Cleveland with a stock of goods
+principally adapted to the Indian trade, which he exhibited for sale in
+Major Carter's house. The State of Ohio was this year admitted into the
+Union, and the first election was held at James Kingsbury's.
+
+The first Post Office was established here in 1804, when letters were
+received and transmitted every seven days.
+
+In 1805, the harbor was made a port of entry, and classed within the Erie
+district. In the same year the territory on the west side of Cuyahoga was
+ceded to the State by treaty. During the negotiations for that treaty, one
+of the commissioners, Hon. Gideon Granger, distinguished for talents,
+enterprise and forethought, uttered to his astonished associates this
+bold, and what was then deemed, extraordinary prediction: "Within fifty
+years an extensive city will occupy these grounds, and vessels will sail
+directly from this port into the Atlantic Ocean." The prediction has been
+fulfilled, though the latter portion of it required an extension of time,
+of a year or two to make the fulfilment literal.
+
+In 1806, Nathan Perry and family and Judge Walworth removed to Cleveland
+the latter from Painesville. In the same year the first militia training
+occurred. The place of rendezvous was Doane's corner, and the muster
+amounted to about fifty men.
+
+In 1809, the county of Cuyahoga was formed, Cleveland chosen as the county
+seat, and Amos Spafford was elected representative. The same year Abraham
+Hickox commenced business as a blacksmith, under the euphonious cognomen
+of "Uncle Abram."
+
+On the 5th of June, 1810, the first Court of Record was held in a frame
+building erected by Elias and Harvey Murray, on the north side of Superior
+Street, of which Judge Ruggles was President, assisted by three Associate
+Judges. George Wallis and family arrived this year and opened a tavern.
+Samuel and Matthew Williamson began business as tanners. Dr. David Long
+commenced practice as a physician, and Alfred Kelley as the first attorney
+in Cleveland. Elias and Harvey Murray opened a store this year in Union
+lane, and may be termed the first general merchants.
+
+In 1812, was the first trial for murder and the execution in Cleveland,
+that of the Indian O'Mic, for the murder of two white trappers near
+Sandusky City. In the same year the court house was built.
+
+The first brick house erected in the city was that of J. E. and I. Kelley,
+in Superior Street. It was built in 1814; but the bricks were very unlike
+those of the present day, being more than twice their size. They were made
+in Cleveland. This edifice was soon succeeded by another of the same
+material, built by Alfred Kelley, in Water street.
+
+In 1815, Cleveland was incorporated by the Legislature with a village
+charter and Alfred Kelley was the first President.
+
+In 1816, the first bank was established in the city, under the title
+of the Commercial Bank of Lake Erie, of which Leonard Case took the
+management. In that year the number of vessels enrolled as hailing
+from the port of Cleveland, was but seven, and their aggregate
+burthen 430 tons.
+
+In 1817, the first church was organized, which was the Episcopal church of
+Trinity; but it was not until 1828 that the edifice was erected on the
+corner of St. Clair and Seneca streets.
+
+On the 31st of July, 1818, the first newspaper was printed in this city,
+"The Cleveland Gazette and Commercial Register." On the 1st of September in
+the same year, the first steam vessel entered the harbor, the
+"Walk-in-the-Water," commanded by Captain Fish, from Buffalo, putting in
+on its way to Detroit. It was 300 tons burthen, had accommodations for one
+hundred cabin and a greater number of steerage passengers, and was
+propelled at eight or ten miles an hour. Its arrival and departure were
+greeted with several rounds of artillery, and many persons accompanied her
+to Detroit.
+
+In 1819, Mr. Barber built a log hut on the west side of the harbor, and
+may be considered the first permanent settler in Ohio City.
+
+In 1830, was established a stage conveyance to Columbus, and in the autumn
+a second proceeded to Norwalk. In 1821, these efforts were followed by
+others, and two additional wagons were started, one for Pittsburgh and
+another for Buffalo.
+
+In 1825, an appropriation was made by Government for the improvement of
+the harbor, being the first Government aid received for that purpose. The
+water in the river was frequently so shallow that it was customary for
+vessels to lie off in the lake and transfer passengers and freight by
+boats. On the 4th of July in that year ground was broken at Licking Summit
+for the Ohio canal, to connect the waters of Lake Erie at Cleveland with
+those of the Ohio river at Portsmouth.
+
+In 1827, Mr. Walworth, the harbor-master and Government agent, proceeded
+to Washington, and after the most strenuous exertions, succeeded in
+obtaining a further grant of $10,000 for the improvement of the harbor. In
+the same year the Ohio canal was opened to Akron, and the first
+importation of coal to Cleveland made.
+
+In 1828, a new court-house was erected on the Public Square.
+
+The light-house, on the bluff at the end of Water street, was built
+in 1830, the lantern being one hundred and thirty-five feet above
+water level.
+
+In 1832, the Ohio canal was finished and communication between the lake
+and the Ohio river opened. In the same year a new jail was built on
+Champlain street.
+
+In 1834, some of the streets were graded, and the village assumed such
+importance that application for a city charter began to be talked of.
+
+The population of the city had grown in 1835 to 5,080, having more than
+doubled in two years. There was at this time an immense rush of people to
+the West. Steamers ran from Buffalo to Detroit crowded with passengers at
+a fare of eight dollars, the number on board what would now be called
+small boats, sometimes reaching from five hundred to six hundred persons.
+The line hired steamers and fined them a hundred dollars if the round trip
+was not made in eight days. The slower boats, not being able to make that
+time with any certainty, frequently stopped at Cleveland, discharged their
+passengers, and put back to Buffalo. It sometimes chanced that the shore
+accommodations were insufficient for the great crowd of emigrants stopping
+over at this port, and the steamers were hired to lie off the port all
+night, that the passengers might have sleeping accommodations. In that
+year fire destroyed a large part of the business portion of Cleveland. At
+the same period James S. Clark built, at his own expense, the old Columbus
+street bridge, connecting Cleveland with Brooklyn township, and donated it
+to the city. Two years later this bridge was the occasion and scene of the
+famous "battle of the bridge," to be noticed in its proper place.
+
+In 1836, Cleveland was granted a charter as a city. Greatly to the
+mortification of many of the citizens, the people across the river had
+received their charter for the organization of Ohio City before that for
+the city of Cleveland came to hand, and Ohio City, therefore, took
+precedence on point of age. This tended to embitter the jealous rivalry
+between the two cities, and it was only after long years that this feeling
+between the dwellers on the two sides of the river died out.
+
+The settlement on the west side of the river had been made originally by
+Josiah Barber and Richard Lord. Soon after Alonzo Carter purchased on
+that side of the river and kept tavern in the "Red House," opposite
+Superior street. In 1831, the Buffalo Company purchased the Carter farm
+which covered the low land towards the mouth of the river, and the
+overlooking bluffs. They covered the low ground with warehouses, and the
+bluffs with stores and residences. Hotels were erected and preparations
+made for the building up of a city that should far eclipse the older
+settlement on the east side of the river. The company excavated a short
+ship canal from the Cuyahoga to the old river bed, at the east end, and
+the waters being high, a steamboat passed into the lake, through a
+natural channel at the west end.
+
+When it was proposed to get a city charter for Cleveland, negotiations
+were entered into between the leading men on both sides of the river with
+the purpose of either consolidating the two villages into one city, or at
+least acting in harmony. The parties could agree neither on terms of
+consolidation nor on boundaries. The negotiations were broken off, and
+each side started its deputation to Columbus to procure a city charter,
+with the result we have already noticed.
+
+Ohio City was ambitions to have a harbor of its own, entirely independent
+of Cleveland and to the advantages of which that city could lay no claim.
+The old river bed was to be deepened and the channel to the lake at the
+west end re-opened. As a preliminary to this ignoring of the Cleveland
+harbor entrance of the Cuyahoga, a canal was cut through the marsh, from
+opposite the entrance to the Ohio canal to the old river bed, which was
+thus to be made the terminus of the Ohio canal.
+
+In 1837, city rivalry ran so high that it resulted in the "battle of the
+bridge." Both sides claimed jurisdiction over the Columbus street bridge
+built by Mr. Clark and donated for public use. Armed men turned out on
+either side to take possession of the disputed structure. A field piece
+was posted on the low ground on the Cleveland side, to rake the bridge.
+Guns, pistols, crowbars, clubs and stones were freely used on both sides.
+Men were wounded of both parties, three of them seriously. The draw was
+cut away, the middle pier and the western abutment partially blown down,
+and the field piece spiked by the west siders. But the sheriff and the
+city marshal of Cleveland appeared on the scene, gained possession of the
+dilapidated bridge, which had been given to the city of Cleveland, and
+lodged some of the rioters in thee county jail. This removed the bridge
+question from the camp and battle-field to the more peaceful locality of
+the courts.
+
+In 1840, the population had increased to 6071, so that, notwithstanding
+that the city had been suffering from depression, there was an influx of a
+thousand persons in the last five years.
+
+In 1841, the Pennsylvania and Ohio Canal was completed, Connecting the
+Ohio Canal at Akron with the Ohio river at Beaver, Pennsylvania, and thus
+forming a water communication with Pittsburgh.
+
+The United States Marine Hospital, pleasantly situated on the banks of the
+lake, was commenced in 1844 and not completed until 1852. It is surrounded
+by eight acres of ground, and is designed to accommodate one hundred and
+forty patients.
+
+In 1845, the city voted to loan its credit for $200,000 towards the
+construction of a railroad from Cleveland to Columbus and Cincinnati, and
+subsequently the credit of the city was pledged for the loan of $100,000
+towards the completion of the Cleveland and Erie or Lake Shore line.
+
+In 1851, the 23d of February, the Cleveland, Columbus and Cincinnati
+Railroad was opened for travel; and on the same day forty miles of the
+Cleveland and Pittsburgh Railroad was likewise completed. These
+circumstances produced great rejoicings, for during the period of their
+construction the city had been almost daily adding to the number of its
+inhabitants, so that it had nearly doubled in the last six years, its
+population being now 21,140, and in the following year (1852) it added
+eighty-seven persons per week to its numbers, being then 25,670.
+
+In 1858, the new court house was built and the old court house on the
+Public Square was taken down.
+
+We have thus glanced at a few of the leading incidents in the history of
+the city. A more full and exact account will be found in the historical
+sketches prefacing each department in the body of the work, and still
+further details will be found in the biographical sketches. There only
+remains to be added here a few data in regard to the population,
+government, and officials of the city.
+
+The population of Cleveland commenced in 1796, with four persons. Next
+year the number increased to fifteen, but in 1800, had fallen back to
+seven. The subsequent figures are: 1810, 57; 1820, about 150; 1825, about
+500; 1830, United States census, 1,075; 1832, about 1,500; 1833, about
+1,900; 1834, city census, 6,071, or with Ohio City, 7,648; 1845, 9,573, or
+with Ohio City, 12,035; 1846, Cleveland 10,135; 1850, United States
+census, 17,034, or with Ohio City, 20,984; 1851, city census, 21,140;
+1852, 25,670; 1860, United States census for combined city, 43,838; 1866,
+67,500; 1869, not less than 100,000.
+
+The village of Cleveland was incorporated in 1814, and the first president
+of the village, elected in 1815, was Alfred Kelley. Twelve votes were cast
+at the election. In the following year he resigned his position, and his
+father, Daniel Kelley, was elected by the same number of votes, retaining
+his position until 1820, when Horace Perry was made president. In the
+following year he was succeeded by Reuben Wood. From the year 1821 to
+1825, Leonard Case was regularly elected president of the corporation, but
+neglecting to qualify in the latter year, the recorder, E. Waterman,
+became president, ex-officio. Here the records are defective until the
+year 1828, when it appears Mr. Waterman received the double office of
+president and recorder. On account of ill-health he resigned, and on the
+30th of May the trustees appointed Oirson Cathan as president. At the
+annual election in June, 1829, Dr. David Long was elected president, and
+during his presidency a fire-engine was purchased. Forty-eight votes were
+cast at this election. For the years 1830 and 1831, Richard Hilliard was
+president, and for the following year John W. Allen was chosen, and
+retained the position until 1835, one hundred and six votes being cast at
+the last named election.
+
+The mayors of Ohio City, up to the time of the consolidation, were as
+follows; 1836, Josiah Barber; 1837, Francis A. Burrows; 1838-9, Norman C.
+Baldwin; 1840-41, Needham M. Standart; 1842, Francis A. Burrows; 1843,
+Richard Lord; 1844-5-6, D. H. Lamb; 1847, David Griffith; 1848, John
+Beverlin; 1849, Thomas Burnham; 1850-51-52, Benjamin Sheldon; 1853, Wm.
+B. Castle.
+
+The first mayor of the city of Cleveland was John W. Willey, who held the
+office for two terms, namely, for the years 1836 and 1837, the term under
+the old constitution being but for one year. In 1858, the term was
+extended to two years, Abner C. Brownell being re-elected for the first
+two-year term. Under that mayoralty the consolidation of the two cities
+was effected, and the next mayor, according to the understanding, was
+taken from the late municipality of Ohio City, William B. Castle being
+elected for the term of 1855-6.
+
+When Cleveland was raised to the dignity of a city, in 1836, it was
+divided into three wards, each ward represented by three councilmen and
+one alderman. In 1851, a fourth ward was added, the increased population
+rendering the re-arrangement necessary. In 1853, under the operation of
+the new constitution, the aldermen were dispensed with; the wards had
+previously been restricted to two trustees, or councilmen, each. In 1854,
+the two cities of Cleveland and Ohio City having been united, the
+consolidated city was divided into eleven wards. This number remained
+until 1868, when, by the annexation of additional territory, a re-division
+was necessitated, and the city districted into fifteen wards.
+
+As an interesting and valuable contribution to the municipal history of
+the city we give the following complete record of the executive and
+legislative government of Cleveland since its organization as a city:
+
+1836. Mayor--John W. Willey. President of the Council--Sherlock J.
+Andrews. Aldermen--Richard Hilliard, Joshua Mills, Nicholas Dockstader.
+Councilmen--1st Ward--Morris Hepburn, John R. St. John, William V. Craw.
+2d Ward--Sherlock J. Andrews, Henry L. Noble, Edward Baldwin. 3d
+Ward--Aaron T. Strickland, Horace Canfield, Archibald M. C. Smith.
+
+1837. Mayor--John W. Willey. President of the Council--Joshua Mills.
+Aldermen--Joshua Mills, Nicholas Dockstader, Jonathan Williams.
+Councilmen--1st Ward--George B. Merwin, Horace Canfield, Alfred Hall. 2d
+Ward--Edward Baldwin, Samuel Cook, Henry L. Noble. 3d Ward--Samuel
+Starkweather, Joseph K. Miller, Thomas Colahan.
+
+1838. Mayor--Joshua Mills. President of the Council--Nicholas Dockstader.
+Aldermen--Nicholas Dockstader, Alfred Hall, Benjamin Harrington.
+Councilmen--1st Ward--George C. Dodge, Moses A. Eldridge, Herrick Childs.
+2d Ward--Benjamin Andrews, Leonard Case, Henry Blair. 3d Ward--Melancthon
+Barnett, Thomas Colahan, Tom Lemen.
+
+1839. Mayor--Joshua Mills. President of the Council--John A. Foot.
+Aldermen--Harvey Rice, Edward Baldwin, Richard Hilliard. Councilmen--1st
+Ward--George Mendenhall, Timothy P. Spencer, Moses Ross. 2d Ward--John A.
+Foot, Charles M. Giddings, Jefferson Thomas. 3d Ward--Thomas Bolton, Tom
+Lemen, John A. Vincent.
+
+1840. Mayor--Nicholas Dockstader. President of the Council--William
+Milford. Aldermen--William Milford, William Lemen, Josiah A. Harris.
+Councilmen--1st Ward--Ashbel W. Walworth, David Hersch, John Barr. 2d
+Ward--David Allen, John A. Foot, Thomas M. Kelley. 3d Ward--Stephen Clary,
+Charles Bardburn, John A. Vincent.
+
+1841. Mayor--John W. Allen. President of the Council--Thomas Bolton.
+Aldermen--William Milford, Thomas Bolton, Newton E. Crittenden.
+Councilmen--1st Ward--Nelson Hayward, Herrick Childs, George B. Tibbets.
+2d Ward--Moses Kelly, W. J. Warner, M. C. Younglove. 3d Ward--Philo
+Scovill, Benj. Harrington, Miller M. Spangler.
+
+1842. Mayor--Joshua Mills. President of the Council--Benjamin Harrington.
+Aldermen--Nelson Hayward, William Smyth, Benjamin Harrington.
+Councilmen--1st Ward--William D. Nott, Robert Bailey, Henry Morgan. 2d
+Ward--George Mendenhall, George Witherell, Jefferson Thomas. 3d
+Ward--William T. Goodwin, George Kirk, Levi Johnson.
+
+1843. Mayor--Nelson Hayward. President of the Council--George A. Benedict.
+Aldermen--William D. Nott, Samuel Cook, Samuel Starkweather.
+Councilmen--1st Ward--Robert Bailey, John B. Wigman, James Church, Jr. 2d
+Ward--Stephen Clary, Alanson H. Lacy, George A. Benedict. 3d Ward--William
+T. Goodwin, John Wills, Alexander S. Cramer.
+
+1844. Mayor--Samuel Starkweather. President of the Council--Melancthon
+Barnett. Aldermen--Leander M. Hubby, Stephen Clary, William T. Goodwin.
+Councilmen--1st Ward--Thomas Mell, George F. Marshall, E. St. John Bemis.
+2d Ward--Charles Stetson, Jacob Lowman, John Outhwaite. 3d Ward--William
+F. Allen, Melancthon Barnett, John F. Warner.
+
+1845. Mayor--Samuel Starkweather. President of the Council--Flavel W.
+Bingham. Aldermen--Charles W. Heard, George Witherell, L. O. Mathews.
+Councilmen--1st Ward--Flavel W. Bingham, Peter Caul, Samuel C. Ives. 2d
+Ward--James Gardner, Ellery G. Williams, David L. Wood. 3d Ward--Arthur
+Hughes, John A. Wheeler, Orville Gurley.
+
+1846. Mayor--George Hoadley. President of the Council--Leander M. Hubby.
+Aldermen--Leander M. Hubby, John H. Gorham, Josiah A. Harris.
+Councilmen--1st Ward--E. St. John Bemis. John F. Chamberlain, John Gill.
+2d Ward--William Case, William Bingham, John A. Wheeler. 3d Ward--William
+K. Adams Marshall Carson, Liakim L. Lyon.
+
+1847. Mayor--Josiah A. Harris. President of the Council--Flavel W.
+Bingham. Aldermen--Flavel W. Bingham, William Case, Pierre A. Mathivet.
+Councilmen--1st Ward--David Clark Doan, Henry Everett, John Gill. 2d
+Ward--John Erwin, Charles Hickox, Henry B. Payne. 3d Ward--Alexander
+Seymour, Alexander S. Cramer, Orville Gurley.
+
+1848. Mayor--Lorenzo A. Kelsey. President of the Council--Flavel W.
+Bingham. Aldermen--Flavel W. Bingham, William Case, Alexander Seymour.
+Councilmen--1st Ward--Richard Norton, John Gill, Charles M. Read. 2d
+Ward--Henry B. Payne, Leander M. Hubby, Thomas C. Floyd. 3d Ward--Samuel
+Starkweather, Robert Parks, William J. Gordon.
+
+1849. Mayor--Flavel W. Bingham. President of the Council--William Case.
+Aldermen--William Case, Alexander Seymour, John Gill. Councilmen--1st
+Ward--David W. Cross, Richard Norton, Henry Everett. 2d Ward--Alexander
+McIntosh, John G. Mack, James Calyer. 3d Ward--Arthur Hughes, Abner C.
+Brownell Christopher Mollen.
+
+1850. Mayor--William Case. President of the Council--Alexander Seymour.
+Aldermen--Alexander Seymour, John Gill, Leander M. Hubby. Councilmen--1st
+Ward--William Given, George Whitelaw, Buckley Stedman. 2d Ward--Alexander
+McIntosh, William Bingham, Samuel Williamson. 3d Ward--Arthur Hughes,
+Abner C. Brownell, Levi Johnson.
+
+1851. Mayor--William Case. President of the Council--John Gill,
+Aldermen--John Gill, Leander M. Hubby, Abner C. Brownell, Buckley Stedman.
+Council-men--1st Ward--Jabez W. Fitch, George Whitelaw. 2d Ward--Alexander
+McIntosh, Thomas C. Floyd. 3d Ward--Stoughton Bliss, Miller M. Spangler.
+4th Ward--Marshall S. Castle, James B. Wilbur.
+
+1853. Mayor--Abner C. Brownell. President of the Council--Leander M,
+Hubby. Aldermen--John B. Wigman, Leander M. Hubby, Basil L. Spangler,
+Buckley Stedman. Councilmen--1st Ward--Henry Morgan, Aaron Merchant. 2d
+Ward--William H. Shell, Robert B. Bailey. 3d Ward--Stoughton Bliss, John
+B. Smith. 4th Ward--Admiral N. Gray, Henry Howe.
+
+1853. Mayor--Abner C. Brownell. President of the Council--William H.
+Shell. Trustees--1st Ward--John B, Wigman, George F. Marshall. 2d
+Ward--William H. Shell, James Gardner. 3d Ward--William J. Gordon, Robert
+Reilley. 4th Ward--Henry Everett, Richard C. Parsons.
+
+1854. Abner C. Brownell. President of the Council--Richard C. Parsons.
+Trustees--1st Ward--John B. Wigman, Charles Bradburn. 2d Ward--William H.
+Sholl, James Gardner. 3d Ward--Christopher Mollen, Robert Reilley. 4th
+Ward--Henry Everett, Richard C. Parsons. 5th Ward--Chauncey Tice, Mathew
+S. Cotterell. 6th Ward--Bolivar Butts, John A. Bishop. 7th Ward--W. C. B.
+Richardson, George W. Morrill. 8th Ward--A. C. Messenger, Charles W.
+Palmer. 9th Ward--Wells Porter, Albert Powell. 10th Ward--Plimmon C.
+Bennett, I. U. Masters. 11th Ward--Edward Russell, Frederick Sillbers.
+
+1855. Mayor--William B. Castle. President of the Council--Charles
+Bradburn. Trustees--1st Ward--Charles Bradburn, E. A. Brock. 2d
+Ward--William H. Sholl, William T. Smith. 3d Ward--Christopher Mollen,
+Thomas S. Paddock. 4th Ward--William H. Stanley, Rensselaer R. Horrick.
+5th Ward--Chauncey Tice, Irad L. Beardsley. 6th Ward--Bolivar Butts, John
+A. Bishop. 7th Ward--W. C. B. Richardson, George W. Morrill. 8th
+Ward--Charles W. Palmer, S. W. Johnson. 9th Ward--Albert Powell, William A.
+Wood. 10th Ward--I. U. Masters, Charles A. Crum. 11th Ward Edward Russell,
+S. Buhrer.
+
+1856. Mayor--William B. Castle. President of the Council--Charles W.
+Palmer. Trustees--1st Ward--E. A. Brock, A. P. Winslow. 2d Ward--Wm. T.
+Smith, O. M. Oviatt. 8d Ward--T. S. Paddock, C. Mollen. 4th Ward--R. R.
+Herrick, C. S. Ransom. 5th Ward--C. Tice, F. T. Wallace. 6th Ward--J. A.
+Bishop, Harvey Rice. 7th Ward--G. W. Morrill, E. S. Willard. 8th Ward--S.
+W. Johnson, R. G. Hunt. 9th Ward--Sanford J. Lewis, Charles W. Palmer.
+10th Ward--Charles A. Crum, I. U. Masters. 11th Ward--S. Buhrer, John
+Kirkpatrick.
+
+1857. Mayor--Samuel Starkweather. President of the Council--Reuben G.
+Hunt. Trustees--1st Ward--A. P. Winslow, L. J. Rider. 2d Ward--O. M.
+Oviatt, Charles D. Williams. 3d Ward--C. Mollen, Charles Patrick 4th
+Ward--C. S. Ransom, R. R. Herrick. 5th Ward--F. T. Wallace, W. B. Rezner.
+6th Ward--Harvey Rice, Jacob Mueller. 7th Ward--E. S. Willard, John A.
+Weber. 8th Ward--R. G. Hunt, B. G. Sweet. 9th Ward--C. W. Palmer, J. M.
+Coffinberry. 10th Ward--I. U. Masters, Charles A. Crum. 11th Ward--John
+Kirkpatrick, Daniel Stephan.
+
+1858. Mayor--Samuel Starkweather. President of the Council--James M.
+Coffinberry. Trustees--1st Ward--L. J. Rider, George B. Senter. 2d
+Ward--Chas. D. Williams, O. M. Oviatt. 3d Ward--Levi Johnson, Randall
+Crawford. 4th Ward--R. R. Herrick, C. S. Ransom. 5th Ward--Wm. B. Rezner,
+G. H. Detmer. 6th Ward--Jacob Mueller, L. D. Thayer. 7th Ward--J. A. Weber,
+Thos. Thompson. 8th Ward--B. G. Sweet, Charles Winslow. 9th Ward--J. M.
+Coffinberry, John N. Ford. 10th Ward--A. G. Hopkinson, I. U. Masters. 11th
+Ward--Daniel Stephan, Alexander McLane.
+
+1859. Mayor--George B. Senter. President of the Council--I. U. Masters.
+Trustees--1st Ward--L. J. Rider, James Christian. 2d Ward--O. M. Oviatt,
+Wm. H. Hayward. 3d Ward--Randall Crawford, Louis Heckman. 4th Ward--C. S.
+Ransom, Isaac H. Marshall. 5th Ward--G. H. Detmer, Jacob Hovey. 6th
+Ward--L. C. Thayer, Jared H. Clark. 7th Ward--Thos. Thompson, James R.
+Worswick. 8th Ward--Charles Winslow, C. L. Russell. 9th Ward--John H.
+Sargeant, E. H. Lewis. 10th Ward--I. U. Masters, A. G. Hopkinson. 11th
+Ward--A. McLane, Thomas Dixon.
+
+1860. Mayor--George B. Senter. President of the Council--I. U. Masters
+Trustees--1st Ward--James Christian, Thomas Quayle. 2d Ward--W. H.
+Hayward, .M. Oviatt. 3d Ward--Louis Heckman, H. S. Stevens. 4th
+Ward--I. H. Marshall, E. Thomas. 5th Ward--Jacob Hovey, W. B. Rezner. 6th
+Ward--Jared H. Clark, C. J. Ballard. 7th. Ward--Jas. R. Worswick, E. S.
+Willard. 8th Ward--C. L. Russell, J. Dwight Palmer. 9th Ward--E. H.
+Lewis, Wm. Sabin. 10th Ward--A. G. Hopkinson, I. U. Masters. 11th
+Ward--Thos. Dixon, Daniel Stephan.
+
+1861. Mayor--Edward S. Flint. President of the Council--Henry S. Stevens.
+Trustees--1st Ward--Thomas Quayle, J. J. Benton. 2d Ward--O. M. Oviatt,
+T. N. Bond. 3d Ward--Henry S. Stevens, A. C. Keating. 4th Ward--E. Thomas,
+Henry Blair. 5th Ward--W. B. Rezner, Joseph Sturges. 6th Ward--C. J.
+Ballard, William Meyer. 7th Ward--E. S. Willard, P. M. Freese. 8th
+Ward--J. Dwight Palmer, Solon Corning. 9th Ward--Wm. Sabin, A. Anthony.
+10th Ward--I. U. Masters, Wm. Wellhouse. 11th Ward--J. Coonrad, Thos.
+Dixon.
+
+1862. Mayor--Edward S. Flint. President of the Council--I. U. Masters.
+Trustees--1st Ward--J. J. Benton, C. C. Rogers. 2d Ward--T. N. Bond. A.
+Roberts. 3d Ward--A. C. Keating, H. S. Stevens. 4th Ward--Henry Blair, E.
+Thomas. 5th Ward--Joseph Sturges, N. P. Payne. 6th Ward--Wm. Meyer, Jno.
+Huntington. 7th Ward--P. M. Freese, E. S. Willard. 8th Ward--Solon Corning,
+J. Dwight Palmer. 9th Ward--A. Anthony, A. T. Van Tassel. 10th Ward--Wm.
+Wellhouse, I. U. Masters. 11th Ward--Thos. Dixon, J. Coonrad.
+
+1863. Mayor--Irvine U. Masters. President of the Council--H. S. Stevens.
+Trustees--1st Ward--C. C. Rogers, Thos. Jones, Jr. 2d Ward--A. Roberts,
+T. N. Bond. 3d Ward--H. S. Stevens, A. C. Keating. 4th Ward--E. Thomas,
+Henry Blair. 5th Ward--N. P. Payne, Joseph Sturges. 6th Ward--John
+Huntington, Geo. W. Gardner. 7th Ward--E. S. Willard, Peter Goldrick.
+8th Ward--J. D. Palmer, Jos. Ransom. 9th Ward--A. T. Van Tassel, Percival
+Upton. 10th Ward--H. N. Bissett, George Presley. 11th Ward--J. Coonrad,
+Stephen Buhrer.
+
+1864. Mayor--Irvine U. Masters. Mayor--George B. Senter, President of the
+Council--Thomas Jones, Jr. Trustees--1st Ward--Thomas Jones, Jr., Chas. C.
+Rogers. 2d Ward--T. N. Bond, Ansel Roberts. 3d Ward--A. C. Keating, Amos
+Townsend. 4th Ward--Henry Blair, David A. Dangler. 5th Ward--Joseph
+Sturges, B. P. Bowers. 6th Ward--George W. Gardner, John Huntington. 7th
+Ward--Peter Goldrick, E. S. Willard. 8th Ward--Joseph Randerson, Wm. H.
+Truscott. 9th Ward--Percival Upton, John Martin. 10th Ward--George
+Presley, Michael Crapser. 11th Ward--Stephen Buhrer, Edward Russell.
+
+1865. Mayor--Herman M. Chapin. President of the Council--Thomas Jones, Jr.
+Trustees--1st Ward--Charles C. Rogers, Thomas Jones, Jr. 2d Ward--Ansel
+Roberts, Henry K. Raynolds. 3d Ward--Amos Townsend, Randall Crawford. 4th
+Ward--David A Dangler, Simson Thorman. 5th Ward--B. P. Bower, Joseph
+Sturges. 6th Ward--John Huntington, George W. Calkins. 7th Ward--E. S.
+Willard, Charles Pettingill. 8th Ward--William H. Truscott, Joseph
+Randerson. 9th Ward--John Martin, Fredrick W. Pelton. 10th Ward--John J.
+Weideman, George Presley. 11th Ward--Edward Russell, Stephen Buhrer.
+
+1866. Mayor--Herman M. Chapin. President of the Council--P. W. Pelton.
+Trustees--1st Ward--Thos. Jones, Jr., Charles C. Rogers. 2d Ward--H. K.
+Raynolds, Ansel Roberts. 3d Ward--Randall Crawford, Amos Townsend. 4th
+Ward--Simson Thorman, Maurice H. Clark. 5th Ward--Joseph Sturges, Wm.
+Heisley. 6th Ward--George W. Calkins, John Huntington. 7th Ward--Charles
+B. Pettingill, Christopher Weigel. 8th Ward--Joseph Randerson, William H.
+Trascott. 9th Ward--Frederick W. Pelton, John Martin. 10th Ward--George
+Presley, Reuben H. Becker. 11th Ward--Stephen Buhrer, Robert Larnder.
+
+1867. Mayor--Stephen Buhrer. President of the Council--Amos Townsend.
+Trustees--1st Ward--Charles C. Rogers, Silas Merchant. 2d Ward--Ansel
+Roberts, Peter Diemer. 3d Ward--Amos Townsend, J. C. Shields. 4th
+Ward--Maurice B. Clark, Proctor Thayer. 5th Ward--William Heisley, Thomas
+Purcell. 6th Ward--John Huntington, Edward Hart. 7th Ward--Christopher
+Weigel, Charles B. Pettingill. 8th Ward--William H. Truscott, Joseph
+Houstain. 9th Ward--John Martin, F. W. Pelton. 10th Ward--Reuben H. Becker,
+William Wellhouse. 11th Ward--Robert Larnder, Charles E. Gehring.
+
+1868. Mayor--Stephen Buhrer. President of the Council--Amos Townsend.
+Trustees--1st Ward--Silas Merchant, C. C. Rogers. 2d Ward--Peter Diemer, H.
+G. Cleveland. 3d Ward--J. C. Shields, Amos Townsend. 4th Ward--Proctor
+Thayer, Maurice B. Clark. 5th Ward--Thos. Purcell, Nathan P. Payne. 6th
+Ward--Edwin Hart, John Huntington. 7th Ward--Charles B. Pettingill, George
+Angell. 8th Ward--Joseph Houstain, Patrick Carr. 9th Ward--F. W. Pelton,
+John Martin. 10th Ward--William Wellhouse, John J. Weideman 11th Ward
+--Charles E. Gehring, George L. Hurtnell. 13th Ward--E. C. Gaeckley, Benj.
+R. Beavis. 13th Ward--George Rettberg, Major Collins. 14th Ward--John
+Jokus, A. E. Massey. 15th Ward--B. Lied, John A. Ensign.
+
+1869. Mayor--Stephen Buhrer. President of the Council--Amos Townsend.
+Trustee--1st Ward--C. C. Rogers, Silas Merchant. 2d Ward--H. G. Cleveland,
+Peter Diemer. 3d Ward--Amos Townsend, Charles Coates. 4th Ward--R. R.
+Herrick, Proctor Thayer. 5th Ward--Nathan P. Payne, Thomas Purcell. 6th
+Ward--John Huntington, W. P. Horton. 7th Ward--George Angell, Horace
+Fuller. 8th Ward--Patrick Carr, Patrick Smith. 9th Ward--John Martin, L.
+L. M. Coe. 10th Ward--John J. Weideman, Wm. Wellhouse. 11th Ward--George L.
+Hartnell, John G. Vetter. 12th Ward--Benj. R. Beavis, Eugene C. Gaeckley.
+13th Ward--Major Collins, J. H. Slosson. 14th Ward--A. E. Massey, A. A.
+Jewett, 15th Ward--John A. Ensign, C. W. Coates.
+
+[Illustration: With Respect, Levi Johnson]
+
+
+
+
+Trade and Commerce.
+
+
+
+The commercial history of the early years of Cleveland does not differ
+from that of most western settlements. When the white population numbered
+from a few dozen to a few hundred, it is difficult to define what was
+commerce and what mere barter for individual accommodation. Every man did
+a little trading on his own account. The carpenter, the tailor, the judge
+and the preacher were alike ready to vary their customary occupations by a
+dicker whenever an opportunity offered. The craftsman purchased what
+necessities or comforts he needed, and paid in the work of his hands. The
+possessor of one article of daily use traded his superfluity for another
+article, and for all articles furs and skins were legal tender, as they
+could be sent east and converted into money or merchandise.
+
+The first strictly commercial transactions were with the Indians. They
+needed powder and lead for hunting, blankets for their comfort, beads for
+the adornment of the squaws, and the two great luxuries--or
+necessities--of frontier life, salt and whisky. In payment for these they
+brought game, to supply the settlers with fresh provisions, and skins, the
+currency of the West. In course of time the opening up of the country
+beyond made a new market for the salt, whisky, and salt provisions
+collected at Cleveland, and with these staples went occasionally a few
+articles of eastern made goods for the use of the frontiermen's wives. As
+the country became more settled the commercial importance of Cleveland
+increased, until it divided with Detroit and Buffalo the honors and
+profits of the commerce of the lakes.
+
+Cleveland was settled in 1796. PFiveyears later the first commercial
+movement was made by the erection of a distillery for the purpose of
+providing an adequate supply of the basis of early western
+commerce--whisky. The trade operations were of a promiscuous and desultory
+character until about the year 1810, when a log warehouse was built by
+Major Carter, on the bank of the lake, between Meadow and Spring streets,
+and this was speedily followed by another, built by Elias and Harvey
+Murray, which became the centre of business and gossip for the village
+and the country round about. Of course a full supply of the great
+staple--whisky--was kept.
+
+In 1813 Cleveland became a lively and prosperous place, it having been
+chosen as a depot of supplies and rendezvous for troops engaged in the
+war. A good business was done in selling to the army, in exchanging with
+the quartermasters, and in transporting troops and supplies. This was a
+flourishing time for Cleveland, and its inhabitants in many cases made
+small fortunes, realizing several hundred dollars in hard cash.
+
+The close of the war brought the usual reaction, and the commerce of the
+embryo city lagged, but gradually improved under the stimulus of
+increasing emigration to the West. In 1816 it had reached such a point
+that a bank was deemed necessary to the proper transaction of trade, and
+the Commercial Bank of Lake Erie was opened, with Leonard Case as
+president. It had the misfortune of being born too soon, and its life
+consequently was not long. At the same time, the projectors of the bank
+were not wholly without warrant for their anticipations of success, for
+Cleveland was doing a good business and owned an extensive lake marine of
+seven craft, measuring in the aggregate four hundred and thirty tons.
+
+The harbor facilities of Cleveland at this time were very few. The river
+mouth, to the westward of the present entrance, was frequently choked with
+sand, and sometimes to such an extent that persons could cross dry shod.
+Vessels of any considerable size--and a size then called "considerable"
+would now be held in very slight estimation--made no attempt to enter the
+river, but came to anchor outside, and were unloaded by lighters. In 1807
+a scheme was set on foot for opening a line of communication for trading
+purposes between Lake Erie and the Ohio river, by cleaning out the
+channels of the Cuyahoga and Tuscarawas riverspretentiousssage of boats
+and batteaux; a wagon road, seven miles long, from Old Portage to New
+Portage, making the connection between the two rivers. It was supposed
+that twelve thousand dollars would suffice for the purpose, and the
+Legislature authorized a lottery by which the funds were to be raised.
+There were to be twelve thousand eight hundred tickets at five dollars
+each, with prizes aggregating sixty-four thousand dollars, from which a
+deduction of twelve and a half per cent, was to be made. The drawing never
+came off, and the money paid for the tickets was refunded some years
+afterwards, without interest. In 1816 an attempt was made to improve the
+entrance to the harbor by means of a pier into the lake. A company was
+organized for the purpose, a charter obtained from the Legislature, and
+something done towards building the pier, but the storms soon washed the
+slight construction away.
+
+Ten years later, the work of improving the harbor under the direction of
+the National Government was begun, the first appropriation being of five
+thousand dollars. A new channel was cut, piers commenced, and the work
+entered upon which has been carried on with varying energy to the present
+time. The opening of the river gave considerable impetus to the commerce
+of the place, which was then carried on wholly by lake.
+
+The opening of the Ohio canal was the first grand starting point in the
+commercial history of Cleveland. It brought into connection with the lake
+highway to market a rich country rapidly filling up with industrious
+settlers, and the products of dairies, grain farms, and grazing lands were
+brought in great quantity to Cleveland, where they were exchanged for New
+York State salt, lake fish, and eastern merchandise. Two years after the
+opening of the canal, which was completed in 1832, the receipts amounted
+to over half a million bushels of wheat, a hundred thousand barrels of
+flour, a million pounds of butter and nearly seventy thousand pounds of
+cheese, with other articles in proportion. Business went on increasing
+with great rapidity; every one was getting rich, in pocket or on paper,
+and Cleveland was racing with its then rival, but now a part of itself,
+Ohio City, for the distinction of being the great commercial centre of the
+West. At that moment, in the year 1837, the great crash came and business
+of all kinds was paralyzed.
+
+Cleveland was one of the first places in the West to recover. Its basis
+was good, and as the interior of Ohio became more peopled the trade of the
+canal increased and, of course, Cleveland was so much the more benefited.
+The opening of the Pennsylvania and Ohio canal, in 1841, opened
+communication with Pittsburgh and added a trade in iron, nails, and glass
+to the other branches of business. In 1844 the commerce of Cleveland by
+lake had reached an aggregate of twenty millions for the year.
+
+The opening of the railroad to Columbus in 1851 marked the second step in
+the business history of the city. The canals brought business from the
+south-east, and by a slow and uncertain route from Cincinnati. The
+completion of the railroad gave direct and speedy connection with
+Cincinnati, with the rich valleys of the Miami, and with lands hitherto
+undeveloped or seeking other markets for their produce. Other railroads
+were rapidly built, and developed new avenues of commerce and new sources
+of wealth. The population increased rapidly. The streets were extended and
+lined with new buildings. Additional stores were opened and all
+departments felt the rush of new life. The lake commerce of the port, in
+spite of the business drawn off by competing railroads, increased in 1853
+to a total of eighty-seven million dollars, more than four times the
+amount reached nine years before, after the canal System had been
+completed and was in full operation. The grain trade which once was the
+foundation of the commerce of the city, had fallen away owing the gradual
+removal of the wheat producing territory westward. It was asserted, and
+generally believed, that the canals had done all they could for the
+prosperity of the city, and that unless something new turned up for its
+benefit, Cleveland would remain at a stand-still, or increase only by very
+slow degrees. Business was extremely dull, the prospect looked dubious,
+many business men moved to other cities and more were preparing to follow.
+Just then two things occurred. The war broke out, and the Atlantic and
+Great Western railway was extended to Cleveland. The latter event opened a
+new market for trade in north-western Pennsylvania, and soon after, by
+sending a large proportion of the product of the oil regions to this point
+for refining or shipment, built up an immense and lucrative department of
+manufacture and commerce, whose effect was felt in all classes of
+business. The war stimulated manufactures, and by a sudden bound Cleveland
+set out on the path of permanent prosperity long pointed out by some
+far-seeing men, but until the time referred to strangely neglected. In a
+very few years the population more than doubled the existing facilities
+for business were found totally inadequate for the suddenly increased
+demands, and the most strenuous exertions of the builders failed to meet
+the call for new stores. Manufactory after manufactory came into
+existence, and with each there was an influx of population and a
+consequent increase in all departments of trade. And the work still goes
+on, every manufactory started creating some need hitherto unfelt, and thus
+rendering other manufactories necessary to supply the need.
+
+A careful census of population and business, made towards the close of
+1868, in compliance with a request from one department of the Government
+at Washington, showed that the population had increased to ninety
+thousand; the value of real estate was valued at fifty millions of
+dollars, and of personal property at thirty millions. The commerce,
+including receipts and shipments by lake, canal, and railroad, was taken
+at eight hundred and sixty-five millions of dollars; the value of
+manufactures for the year at nearly fifty millions; the lake arrivals and
+clearances at ten thousand, with an aggregate tonnage of over three
+millions of tons; and the number of vessels and canal boats owned here at
+nearly four hundred. Seventy years ago Major Carter resided here in lonely
+state with his family, being the only white family in the limits of what
+is now the city of Cleveland. The cash value of the entire trade of
+Cleveland at that time would not pay a very cheap clerk's salary
+now-a-days.
+
+
+
+
+Levi Johnson
+
+
+
+The biography of Levi Johnson is, in effect, the history of Cleveland, and
+a sketch of the more active period of his life involves the narrative of
+life in Cleveland during the earlier years of its existence. It is,
+therefore, of more than ordinary interest.
+
+Mr. Johnson is a native of Herkimer county, New York, having been born in
+that county April 25th, 1786. He commenced life in a time and place that
+admitted of no idlers, young or old, and in his tenth year it was his
+weekly task to make and dip out a barrel of potash, he being too young to
+be employed with the others in wood-chopping. Until his fourteenth year he
+lived with an uncle, working on a farm, and laboring hard. At that age he
+determined to be a carpenter and joiner, and entered the shop of Ephraim
+Derrick, with whom he remained four years. At eighteen, he changed masters
+and worked with Laflet Remington, and at twenty-one changed again to
+Stephen Remington, with whom he worked at barn building one year.
+
+It was whilst he was with Stephen Remington that an event occurred that
+shaped Levi Johnson's future life. Considerable interest had been excited
+in regard to Ohio, towards which emigrants were frequently seen taking
+their way. A brother of Stephen Remington was sent west to spy out the
+land and report on its desirableness as a home. This committee of one, on
+lands, came to Newburgh, and was so strongly impressed with the advantages
+of the place from which Cleveland was afterwards said to be but six miles
+distant, that he allowed his imagination to run away with his veracity. He
+wrote back that he had struck the richest country in the world; that the
+soil was marvelously fertile, and that corn grew so tall and strong that
+the raccoons ran up the stems and lodged on the ears out of the way of the
+dogs. Great was the excitement in Herkimer county when this report was
+received. Such wonderful growth of corn was never known in York State, but
+Ohio was a _terra incognita_, and Munchausen himself would have had a
+chance of being believed had he located his adventures in what was then
+the Far West. Stephen Remington quit barn-building, shut up his shop,
+packed up his tools and started in the Fall of 1807 for the new Eden, on
+Lake Erie. In the succeeding Spring, Johnson followed in his footsteps as
+far as East Bloomfield, near Canandaigua, where he worked during that
+Summer, building a meeting-house.
+
+In the Fall of 1808, he shouldered his pack and set out on foot for the
+West. At Buffalo he found work and wintered there until February, when his
+uncle came along, bound also for the land of promise. There was room in
+the sleigh for Levi, and he was not loth to avail himself of the
+opportunity of making his journey quicker and easier than on foot. On the
+10th of March, 1809, the sleigh and its load entered Cleveland.
+
+By that time it had come to be hard sledding, so the sleigh was abandoned
+and the two travelers, determining to put farther west, mounted the horses
+and continued their journey to Huron county. Here they fell in with Judge
+Wright and Ruggles, who were surveying the Fire Lands. They wanted a
+saw-mill, and Johnson's uncle contracted to build one at the town of
+Jessup, now known as Wakeman. Levi turned back to Cleveland, and was
+fortunate in finding a home in the family of Judge Walworth. The Judge
+wanted an office built, and Johnson undertook to make it. Hitherto, all
+the houses were of logs; but the Judge, having a carpenter boarding in his
+family, aspired to something more pretentions. The building was to be
+frame. At that time Euclid was a flourishing settlement, and rejoiced in
+that important feature--a saw-mill. The lumber was brought from Euclid,
+the frame set up on Superior street, about where the American House now
+stands, and every day the gossips of the little settlement gathered to
+watch and discuss the progress of the first frame building in Cleveland.
+The work occupied forty days, and when it was completed, there was great
+pride in this new feature of Cleveland architecture. The erection of the
+first frame building marked the commencement of a new era.
+
+That job done, Levi turned back to Huron to fulfill the contract made by
+his uncle for the erection of a saw-mill. This was a heavy job for so
+small a force, and between three and four months were spent in it.
+Slinging his kit of tools on his back, he then turned once more towards
+Cleveland, in which he settled down for the remainder of his life, the
+next two or three years being spent in building houses and barns in
+Cleveland, and in the more flourishing village of Newburgh. A saw-mill
+also was put up on Tinker's creek.
+
+When Mr. Johnson was building the saw-mill at Jessup, he fell in with a
+young lady, Miss Montier, who enjoyed the distinction of being the first
+white girl that landed in Huron, where she lived with a family named
+Hawley. The young carpenter fell in love with the only pretty girl to be
+found in the neighborhood, and she was not unkindly disposed to the young
+man. When he returned to Cleveland she was induced to come also, and lived
+with Judge Walworth, at that time the great landed owner, and consequently
+prominent man in the thriving village of sixty inhabitants. In 1811, the
+couple were married.
+
+In the Fall of 1812, Johnson made a contract with the County
+Commissioners, Messrs. Wright, Ruggles and Miles, to build a Court House
+and Jail on the Public Square, opposite where the First Presbyterian
+Church now stands. The material was to be logs, laid end-wise for greater
+security. The work was pushed forward rapidly the next Summer, and towards
+noon of September 12th, Johnson and his men were just putting the
+finishing touches to the building, when they were startled by what seemed
+the roar of distant thunder. On looking out of the windows not a cloud
+could be seen in the sky, but the reverberations continued, and at once
+the conviction that the noise was of cannons seized them. Throwing down
+their tools they ran to the bank of the lake, where nearly all the
+villagers at home to the number of about thirty, were already gathered,
+stretching their eyes to the westward, whence the sounds came. Now the
+reports of the cannon could be plainly distinguished. They knew that
+Perry's fleet had passed up the lake, and that, consequently, a battle
+could be at any moment expected. The louder reports told when the
+Americans fired, for their guns were of heavier caliber than the English.
+At last the firing ceased for a while. Then three loud reports, evidently
+American, were heard, and the little crowd, convinced that their side had
+won, gave three hearty cheers for Perry.
+
+About two days afterwards, Johnson and a man named Rumidge picked up a
+large flat-boat that had been built by General Jessup for the conveyance
+of troops, and then abandoned. Each of the finders purchased a hundred
+bushels of potatoes, took them to the army at Put-in-Bay, quadrupling the
+money invested, and giving Johnson his first financial start in life.
+
+As General Jessup needed the boat to transfer his troops to Malden, he
+retained it, taking Rumidge also into service, and leaving Johnson to
+return to Cleveland on the gunboat Somers, of which he was made pilot for
+the voyage. Shortly afterwards Rumidge returned with the boat and brought
+news that the American forces had fought a battle with the British at
+Moravian Town. Johnson resumed command of the flat-boat, and with his
+associate freighted it with supplies for the army at Detroit. The
+speculation was successful, and Johnson engaged with the quartermaster of
+the post to bring a cargo of clothing from Cleveland to Detroit. The
+season was far advanced, and the voyage was cut short by the ice in the
+upper part of the lake, so that the boat was headed for Huron, where the
+cargo was landed and the freight for that distance paid.
+
+Johnson was now a man of means, the successful transactions with the army
+having given him more money than he had ever possessed at one time before.
+His voyages and trading success had given him a taste for similar
+occupations in the future, and his first step was to build a vessel for
+himself. His first essay in ship-building was something novel. The keel
+was laid for a ship of thirty-five tons, to be named the Pilot. There was
+no iron for spikes, but wooden pins supplied their place. Other devices of
+similar primitiveness were resorted to in the course of the work, and at
+last she was finished. Now came the question of launching, and it was not
+lightly to be answered. Modern builders sometimes meet with a difficulty
+owing to the ship sticking on the "ways," but this early ship-builder of
+Cleveland had a greater obstacle than this to overcome. He had built his
+ship with very slight reference to the lake on which she was to float. For
+convenience in getting timber, and other reasons, he had made his
+ship-yard about half a mile from the water, near where St. Paul's Church
+now stands on Euclid avenue, and the greasing of the "ways" and knocking
+out of the blocks would not ensure a successful launch. Here was a
+dilemma. Johnson pondered and then resolved. An appeal for aid was
+promptly responded to. The farmers from Euclid and Newburgh came in with
+twenty-eight yoke of cattle. The ship was hoisted on wheels and drawn in
+triumph down the main street to the foot of Superior street hill, where
+she was launched into the river amid the cheers of the assembled crowd.
+
+This was not the first of Cleveland ship-building. About the year 1808,
+Major Carter built the Zephyr, used in bringing goods, salt, &c., from
+Buffalo. After good service she was laid up in a creek, a little below
+Black Rock, where she was found by the British during the war and burned.
+In 1810, the firm of Bixby & Murray built the Ohio, an important craft of
+somewhere about sixty tons burden, the ship-yard being lower down the
+river than the point from which Johnson's craft was subsequently
+launched. Towards the close of the war she was laid up at Buffalo, when
+the Government purchased her, cut her down, and converted her into a
+pilot boat.
+
+Whilst Johnson was building his vessel another was under construction on
+the flats near the present location of the works of J. G. Hussey & Co. This
+craft, the Lady of the Lake, about thirty tons, was built by Mr. Gaylord,
+brother of the late Mrs. Leonard Case, and was sailed by Captain Stowe,
+between Detroit and Buffalo.
+
+Johnson was now literally embarked on a sea of success. His little ship
+was in immediate requisition for army purposes. Cargoes of army stores
+were transported between Buffalo and Detroit. Two loads of soldiers were
+taken from Buffalo to the command of Major Camp, at Detroit, and on one of
+the return voyages the guns left by Harrison at Maumee were taken to Erie.
+The absconding of a quarter-master with the funds in his possession, among
+other sums three hundred dollars belonging to Johnson, was a serious
+drawback in the Summer's operations.
+
+In the Spring of 1815, he recommenced carrying stores to Malden, reaching
+there on his first trip March 20th, and on this voyage Irad Kelley was a
+passenger. His second trip was made to Detroit. When passing Malden he was
+hailed from the fort, but as he paid no attention, Major Putoff fired a
+shot to make the vessel heave-to and leave the mail. The shot passed
+through the foresail, but was not heeded. A second shot was fired and then
+Johnson considered it prudent to heave-to and go ashore. He was sternly
+questioned as to his inattention to the first orders to heave to, and
+replied that being a young sailor he did not understand how to heave-to.
+The officer told him to bring the mail ashore, but was met with a refusal,
+it being contrary to instructions. Johnson started back to his craft and
+was followed by a party of men from the fort, who manned a boat and gave
+chase. Johnson, on boarding his vessel, spread sail, and being favored
+with a good breeze, drew away from his pursuers and reached Detroit, where
+he placed the mail in the post-office.
+
+During the early part of the war, whilst Johnson was building his vessel
+and in other ways kept busy, he was chosen coroner of Cuyahoga, being the
+first to hold that office in the county. The sparseness of the population
+rendered his duties light, the only inquest during his term of office
+being over the body of an old man frozen to death in Euclid.
+
+Samuel Baldwin was the first sheriff of the county, and Johnson was his
+first deputy. His first experience in office was noticeable. Major
+Jessup, in command of the troops, had brought to Cleveland from
+Pittsburgh a Mr. Robins, who built from thirty to forty flat bottomed
+boats, or batteaux, to be used in the transportation of the troops. The
+Major ran short of funds and left a balance unpaid in the cost of
+construction. Robins brought suit, and the Major, thinking the deputy
+sheriff probably had some unpleasant business for him, studiously avoided
+an interview with Johnson, and whenever they met by chance, pulled out
+his pistols and warned Johnson to keep his distance. It so happened,
+however, that no legal documents had been put in his hands for execution,
+so that the Major was alarmed without cause.
+
+But the groundless scare of the impecunious Major was a trifling affair
+compared with the grand scare that overtook the whole people along the
+lake in the autumn of 1812, at the time of Hull's surrender One day a
+fleet of vessels was seen bearing down upon the coast. It was first
+noticed in the vicinity of Huron by a woman. No sooner had she seen the
+vessels bearing down towards the coast from the westward, than she rushed
+into the house, emptied her feather bed and placed the tick on a horse as
+a pack-saddle; then catching up one child before her and another behind,
+she rode at the top of the animal's speed, thinking torture and death lay
+behind her. Whenever she passed a house she raised an alarm, and at two
+o'clock in the morning, more dead than alive with terror and fatigue, she
+urged her jaded horse into the village of Cleveland, screaming at the top
+of her voice, "The British and Indians are coming! The British and Indians
+are coming!" Men slept lightly at that time, with their senses attent to
+every sound of danger. The shrieks of the woman and the dreaded notice of
+the approach of the merciless foe awoke the whole village and curdled the
+blood of the villagers with horror. In that brief announcement, "The
+British and Indians are coming," were concentrated possibilities of
+frightful outrage, carnage and devastation. Wild with the terror of her
+long and agonized night ride, the woman reiterated her piercing warning
+again and again, filling the air with her shouts. A chorus of voices, from
+the childish treble to the deep bass of the men, swelled the volume of
+sound and added to the confusion and alarm. In a few minutes every house
+was empty, and the entire population of the village swarmed around the
+exhausted woman and heard her brief story, broken by gasps for breath and
+by hysterical sobs. She insisted that a fleet was bearing down upon the
+coast with the purpose of spreading carnage and devastation along the
+whole lake frontier, that the vessels were crowded with British troops and
+merciless savages, and that before long the musket bail, the torch and the
+scalping knife would seek their victims among the inhabitants of
+Cleveland.
+
+At once all was hurry; the entire population prepared for speedy flight.
+The greater part took to the woods in the direction of Euclid, the women
+and children being guarded by some of the men, the others remaining to
+reconnoiter, and, if possible, defend their property. As soon as the
+non-fighting portion of the settlement was cared for, a picked force of
+twenty-five men, contributed by Cleveland, Euclid and Newburgh, marched to
+the mouth of the river and kept guard. It was evening when this little
+army reached the river, and for hours after dark they patrolled the banks,
+listening intently for the approach of the enemy. About two o'clock in the
+morning a vessel was heard entering the river; the guards hastily gathered
+for the attack, but before firing, hailed the supposed foe; an answering
+hail was returned. "Who are you, and what have you on board?" shouted the
+river guards. "An American vessel loaded with Hull's troops!" was the
+reply. The astounded guard burst into laughter at their absurd scare. The
+alarm spread with greater swiftness than the report of the facts, and for
+days armed men came pouring into Cleveland from so far as Pittsburgh,
+prepared to beat back the enemy that existed only in their imagination.
+
+It was during this year that the Indian, Omic, was hung for participating
+in the murder of the trappers, Gibbs and Wood, near Sandusky, in return
+for the shelter given by the trappers to their two murderers. After
+committing the murder, the Indians set fire to the hut, and the flames
+became the instrument of their capture, for some boys returning from Cold
+Creek Mill saw the fire, went to it, and discovered the partly consumed
+bodies of the murdered men. The murderers were demanded from the Indians,
+and Omic was captured by them and surrendered.
+
+The prisoner was lodged in Major Carter's house until the trial which was
+held under a cherry tree at the corner of Water and Superior streets.
+Alfred Kelly prosecuted for the State, and Johnson was one of the jury.
+Omic was convicted and sentenced to be hung. Johnson, who sat on the jury
+that condemned him, was now employed to build the gallows to hang the
+criminal. When Omic was led out by Sheriff Baldwin to execution, he
+remarked that the gallows was too high. He then called for whisky and
+drank half a pint, which loosened his tongue, and he talked rapidly and
+incoherently, threatening to return in two days and wreak his revenge on
+all the pale-faces. More liquor was given him, and he asked for more, but
+Judge Walworth denounced the giving him more, that he might die drunk, as
+an outrage, and his supply of liquor was therefore stopped.
+
+Time being up, Sheriff Baldwin was about to cut the drop-rope, when he
+saw that the condemned man had clutched the rope over his head to save
+his neck from being broken. The Sheriff dismounted from his horse,
+climbed up the gallows and tied the prisoner's hands more firmly behind
+his back. The gallows was braced, and Omic contrived to clutch one of
+the braces with his hands, fastened behind his back as they were, as he
+fell when the drop-rope was cut. He hung in that position for some time,
+until his strength gave way and he swung off. When he had hung
+sufficiently long, the by-standers drew him to the cross-beam of the
+gallows, when the rope broke and the body of the wretched murderer fell
+into his open grave beneath.
+
+In the same year Mr. Johnson was path-master of Cleveland, and he retains
+in his possession the list of names of those who did work on the roads in
+that year, armed with good and sufficient shovels according to law.
+
+Mr. Johnson's success as a ship-builder encouraged him to persevere in
+that business. In the autumn of 1815, he laid down the lines of the
+schooner Neptune, sixty-five tons burden, not far below the neighborhood
+of the Central market. In the following Spring she was launched, and run
+on Lake Erie, her first trip being to Buffalo, whence she returned with a
+cargo of merchandise for Jonathan Williamson, of Detroit. In the Fall of
+that year a half interest in the Neptune was sold to Richard H. Blinn,
+Seth Doan, and Dr. Long. In 1817, she made a trip to Mackinac, for the
+American Fur Company, and remained in that trade until the Fall of 1819.
+
+In the Summer of 1818, Major Edwards, Paymaster Smith, and another army
+officer came to Mackinac on the Tiger, and engaged Mr. Johnson to take
+them to Green Bay, agreeing to pay him three hundred dollars for the trip.
+The same vessel, under Johnson's command, took the first load of troops
+from Green Bay to Chicago, after the massacre, Major Whistler engaging the
+ship for the purpose.
+
+In 1824, Johnson left the Neptune, and in company with Turhooven &
+Brothers, built the steamer Enterprise, about two hundred and twenty
+tons burden. This was the first steam vessel built in Cleveland, and her
+hull was made near the site of the Winslow warehouse. The engine, of
+sixty to seventy horse power, was brought from Pittsburgh. Johnson ran
+her between Buffalo and Detroit until 1828, when hard times coming on
+and business threatening to be unprofitable, he sold his interest in
+her, and left the lakes. In company with Goodman and Wilkeson, he built
+the Commodore, on the Chagrin river, in the year 1830, and that closed
+his ship-building career.
+
+By this time he had accumulated about thirty thousand dollars, a
+respectable fortune in those days, with which he invested largely in real
+estate, and waited the course of events to make his investments
+profitable.
+
+In 1831, he contracted with the Government officers to build the
+light-house on Water street. In 1836, he built a light-house at Sandusky.
+In the following year he constructed seven hundred feet of the stone pier
+on the east side of the Cuyahoga river mouth. The first thing done in the
+latter work was the driving of spiles. Mr. Johnson became dissatisfied
+with the old system of driving spiles by horse-power, and purchased a
+steam engine for four hundred dollars. Making a large wooden wheel he
+rigged it after the style of the present spile-drivers, and in the course
+of two or three weeks, had the satisfaction of seeing the spiles driven
+with greatly increased speed and effect by steam-power.
+
+About 1839, he took his new spile-driver to Maumee Bay and drove about
+nine hundred feet of spiling around Turtle Island, filling the enclosed
+space with earth to the height of three feet, to protect the light-house.
+In 1840, he built the Saginaw light-house, sixty-five feet high, with the
+adjoining dwelling. In 1842-3, he built the light-house on the Western
+Sister Island, at the west end of Lake Erie. In 1847, he completed his
+light-house work by building the Portage River light-house.
+
+Besides his light-house building, Mr. Johnson erected in 1842 his stone
+residence on Water street, and in 1845, the Johnson House hotel on
+Superior street. The stone for the former was brought from Kingston,
+Canada West. In 1853, he built the Johnson Block, on Bank street, and in
+1858, he put up the Marine Block at the mouth of the river. This completed
+his active work.
+
+Since 1858, Mr. Johnson's sole occupation has been the care of his
+property and occasional speculations in real estate. By a long life of
+activity and prudence, and by the steady rise in real estate, he is now
+possessed of personal and landed property to the value of about six
+hundred thousand dollars, having come to the city with no other capital
+than his kit of tools, a strong arm, and an energetic purpose. Though
+eighty-three years of age, his health is good, his memory remarkably
+active, and all his faculties unimpaired. He has two sons and one daughter
+yet living, having lost two children. He has had nine grandchildren, and
+five great-grandchildren.
+
+
+
+
+Noble H. Merwin.
+
+
+
+In classifying the early commercial men of Cleveland, the name of Noble H.
+Merwin is justly entitled to stand among the first on the list. In fact he
+was the founder and father of her commerce, and a man not only noble in
+name, but noble in character.
+
+He was born in New Milford, Ct., in 1782, received a good common school
+education, and married Minerva Buckingham, of that town. Soon after the
+war of 1812, he went to Georgia and there engaged in mercantile pursuits,
+having established a store at Savannah and also at Milledgeville. He came
+to Cleveland in 1815. His family rejoined him at Cleveland in February,
+1816. In coming from Georgia they crossed the Alleghanies, and were six
+weeks in accomplishing the journey, having traveled all the way in wagons.
+The two elder children were born at New Milford, the other four at
+Cleveland. The oldest son, George B. Merwin, of Rockport, is now the only
+surviving member of the family.
+
+After the family arrived at Cleveland, Mr. Merwin engaged in keeping a
+public house or tavern, as it was then designated, on the corner of
+Superior street and Vineyard lane, and about the same time established a
+warehouse at the foot of Superior street and commenced his career in the
+commerce of the lakes. He built the schooner Minerva, which was the first
+vessel registered at Washington, from the District of Cuyahoga, under the
+U. S. Revenue Laws. For many years Mr. Merwin, under contracts with the
+Government, furnished the supplies required at the U. S. Garrisons on the
+western frontiers, at Fort Gratiot, Mackinaw, Sault St. Marie, Green Bay
+and Chicago, as well as the Hudson Bay Company at the Sault St. Marie.
+
+In a commercial point of view his business became extensive for those
+times, and he enjoyed the entire confidence of the Government and of
+business men generally throughout the lake country. He succeeded in
+accumulating a handsome fortune, which consisted mostly in vessel stocks
+and in lands. He owned a large breadth of lands, extending from the south
+side of Superior street to the river, which, since his time, has become
+exceedingly valuable.
+
+But owing mainly to over-work in the various departments of his
+increasing business, while he was yet in the noon of manhood, his
+health became seriously impaired, and with a view to recruit it he
+sailed for the West Indies in 1829, and on the 3d day of November, of
+that year, died of consumption, at the Island of St. Thomas, in the 47th
+year of his age. He was a gentleman of fine personal appearance,
+measuring six feet and four inches in height, erect and well
+proportioned. In a word, he was a man of heart, and of generous
+impulses, honest, frank and cordial. In the circle in winch he moved, he
+was the friend of everybody and everybody was his friend.
+
+
+
+
+John Blair.
+
+
+
+The race of men who remember Cleveland in the day of its small beginnings,
+is fast passing away. Of those who were residents of the little village on
+the Cuyahoga fifty years ago, only about half a dozen now live in the
+flourishing city that occupies its site and inherits its name. One of
+these is John Blair, well known to all the Clevelanders of ante-railroad
+days, but who is probably a mere name to a large proportion of those who
+have crowded into the city of late years. Mr. Blair is one of the few
+remaining links that connect the rude village in the forest with the
+modern Forest City.
+
+John Blair was born in Maryland on the 18th of December, 1793. His early
+years were spent in farming, but at the age of twenty-three he dropped the
+hoe and turned his back to the plow, resolving to come west and seek his
+fortune. From the time that he shook from his feet the dirt of the
+Maryland farm, he says, he has never done a whole day's work, at one time,
+at manual labor.
+
+In 1819, he reached Cleveland, then an insignificant village of about a
+hundred and fifty inhabitants, who dwelt mostly in log houses, grouped at
+the foot of Superior street. At the corner of Water street and what is now
+Union lane, stood the pioneer hotel of Cleveland, the tavern of Major
+Carter, where good accommodations for man and beast were always to be
+found. The young Maryland adventurer was not overburdened with wealth when
+he landed in his future home, his entire cash capital being three dollars.
+But it was no discredit in those days to be poor, and three dollars was a
+fine capital to start business upon. In fact sonic of the then "old
+settlers," would have been glad to possess so much capital in ready money
+as a reserve fund.
+
+But even in those days of primitive simplicity, three dollars would not
+support a man for any great length of time if there were no other sources
+of supply. Mr. Blair recognized the fact that no time must be wasted, and
+at once turned his attention to a chance for speculation. An opportunity
+immediately offered itself. An old Quaker, with speculation in his eye,
+entered Cleveland with two hundred and fifty fat hogs, expecting to find a
+good market. In this he was mistaken, and as hogs on foot were expensive
+to hold over for a better market, he determined to convert them into salt
+pork. Mr. Blair offered to turn pork-packer for a proper consideration;
+the offer was accepted, and this was Mr. Blair's first step in business.
+
+Pork-packing, as a steady business, offered but little inducement, so Mr.
+Blair decided on establishing himself on the river as produce dealer and
+commission merchant. The capital required was small, and the work not
+exhaustive, for the facilities for shipping were slight and the amount to
+be shipped small; warehouses were of the most modest dimensions, and
+docks existed only in imagination. When the shipping merchant had a
+consignment to put on board one of the diminutive vessels that at
+intervals found their way into the port, the stuff was put on a flat boat
+and poled or rowed to the vessel's side, Business was conducted in a very
+leisurely manner, there being no occasion for hurry, and everybody
+concerned being willing to make the most of what little business there
+was. The slow moving Pennsylvania Dutch who had formed settlements in
+northeastern Ohio, and drove their wide wheeled wagons along the
+sometimes seemingly bottomless roads to Cleveland, plowed through the mud
+on the river bank in search of "de John Blair vat kips de white fishes,"
+and after much chaffer, unloaded the flour and wheat from their wagons,
+and loaded up with fish and salt, sometimes giving three barrels of flour
+for one barrel of salt.
+
+In 1827, the Ohio Canal was partially opened to Cleveland, and a
+revolution in trade was effected. The interior of the State was soon
+brought into communication with the enterprising merchants on Lake Erie
+and the Ohio river. Mr. Blair was prompt to avail himself of the
+opportunity to increase his trade. He built the first canal boat
+constructed in Cleveland, and launched her in 1828, near the site of the
+present Stone Mill, amid the plaudits of all the people of the village,
+who had turned out to witness the launching. As soon as the craft settled
+herself proudly on the bosom of the canal, Mr. Blair invited the
+spectators of the launch to come on board, and, with a good team of horses
+for motive power, the party were treated to an excursion as far as Eight
+Mile Lock and return, the whole day being consumed in the journey.
+Subsequently Mr. Blair became interested, with others, in a line of twelve
+boats, employing nearly one hundred horses to work them.
+
+From this time Cleveland continued to grow and prosper. The products of
+the interior were brought in a steadily increasing stream to Cleveland by
+the canal, and shipped to Detroit, then the great mart of the western
+lakes. A strong tide of emigration had set towards Northern Michigan, and
+those seeking homes there had to be fed mainly by Ohio produce, for which
+Michigan fish and furs were given in exchange. But the opening of the
+Erie Canal placed a new market within reach, and Mr. Blair was among the
+first to take Ohio flour to New York, selling it there at fourteen
+dollars the barrel.
+
+In 1845, Mr. Blair, then in the prime of his vigor, being but fifty-two
+years old, resolved to quit a business in which he had been uniformly
+successful, and spend the remainder of his life in enjoying what he had
+acquired by diligence and enterprise. He was then the oldest merchant in
+the city, having been in business over a quarter of a century. For the
+past twenty-four years he has taken life easy, which he has been able to
+do from the sensible step he adopted of quitting active business before it
+wore him out. At the age of seventy-five he is still hale, hearty and
+vigorous, looking younger than his actual years, and possessing that great
+desideratum, a sound mind in a sound body.
+
+
+
+
+Philo Scovill.
+
+
+
+Familiar as is the name of Philo Scovill, but few of our citizens are
+aware that he was one of Cleveland's earliest merchants. It appears that
+circumstances, not altogether the choice of Mr. Scovill, induced him to
+come to Cleveland with a stock of drugs and groceries. His father was a
+millwright, and had brought up his son to the use of tools. He had no
+taste for his new calling, and so worked out of the store-keeping as
+speedily as possible, and commenced the erection of dwellings and stores
+in the then new country, being only second in the trade here to Levi
+Johnson. He continued in the building business until 1826, when he erected
+the Franklin House, on Superior street, on the next lot but one to the
+site of the Johnson House. Mr. Scovill at once became the landlord, and
+continued as such for twenty-three years, excepting an interval of a five
+years' lease.
+
+About 1849, he left the hotel business to attend to his real estate
+interests. He was successful in his hotel business; and from time to time
+invested his surplus capital in lands adjacent to the city, which, within
+the last few years have become exceedingly valuable. Streets have been
+laid out upon his property, and inducements offered to settlers that
+insured a ready sale, and materially aided the growth of the city.
+
+Mr. Scovill, as a man, has enjoyed the confidence of his fellow citizens
+to an unusual degree. He was hardworking, resolute, and exactly fitted by
+nature for the pioneer life of his choice, a life that, though toilsome,
+has left him still hale and vigorous, with the exception of the fruits of
+overwork, and perhaps exposure, in the form of rheumatism.
+
+Mr. Scovill was born in Salisbury, Ct., November 30, 1791. He lived at
+that place until he was nine years of age, when his father moved to
+Cornwall, in the same county; thence to Shenango county, and from thence
+to Seneca county, N. Y. Here he lived on the banks of Seneca Lake nine
+years. After that he lived in Buffalo one year, from which point he came
+to Cleveland, as before stated.
+
+Mr. Scovill was married February 16, 1819, to Miss Jemima Beebe. Mrs. S.
+is still living and enjoying excellent health.
+
+
+
+
+Melancthon Barnett.
+
+
+
+He who has had occasion to traverse Bank street many times, or to pass
+along Superior at the head of Bank, must have become familiar with the
+figure of a hale old gentleman, to be seen frequently on sunny days,
+standing on the steps of the Merchants Bank, or passing along Bank street
+between the bank and his residence, beyond Lake street. His clothes are
+not of showy material or fashionable cut, one hand is generally employed
+in holding a clay pipe, from which he draws comfort and inspiration, and
+which rarely leaves his lips when on the street, except to utter some bit
+of dry humor, in which he especially delights. That is Melancthon Barnett,
+one of the "oldest inhabitants" of the Forest City, and whose well known
+figure and quaint jokes will be missed by his many friends out of doors,
+as will his wise counsels within the bank parlor, when death shall at
+length summon him to leave his wonted haunts.
+
+Mr. Barnett was born in Amenia, Dutchess county, New York, in 1789. At six
+years old he was taken with the remainder of the family to Oneida county,
+where he remained until 1812, when he removed to New Hartford, near Utica,
+and remained two years as clerk in a store. From that place he went to
+Cherry Valley, Otsego County, where he went as partner in the mercantile
+business, and continued there until 1825. In that year Mr. May came west
+to Cleveland for the purpose of opening a store, and Mr. Barnett came with
+him as clerk. In course of time he was advanced to the position of
+partner, and continued in business until 1834, when May and Barnett wound
+up their affairs as merchants, and became speculators in land. Their real
+estate business was carried on successfully for many years, the steady
+growth of the town making their investments profitable.
+
+In 1843, Mr. Barnett was elected Treasurer of Cuyahoga county, and proved
+himself one of the most capable and scrupulously honest officers the
+county has ever had. He held the position six years, and the business not
+occupying his entire time, he also filled the office of Justice of the
+Peace, continuing his real estate transactions at the same time.
+
+At the close of his career as a public officer he was elected Director of
+the City Bank, with which he has remained to the present time, rarely, if
+ever, being absent during the business hours of the bank.
+
+Mr. Barnett was married May 15, 1815, to Miss Mary Clark, at Cherry
+Valley. Mrs. Barnett died April 21, 1840, in Cleveland, having borne five
+children. Only two of these yet live, the oldest, Augustus, being in the
+leather business at Watertown, Wisconsin, and the younger, James, in the
+hardware business in Cleveland. The latter is well known for his brilliant
+services at the head of the Ohio Artillery during the war, in Western
+Virginia and Tennessee, and no name is cherished with greater pride in
+Cleveland than that of General James Barnett.
+
+
+
+
+Joel Scranton.
+
+
+
+Joel Scranton, whose name is associated with much of the history of
+Cleveland, during the period when it grew from a small village to a city
+well on the way to permanent prosperity, was born in Belchertown, Mass.,
+April 5, 1792. Whilst yet a child his parents removed with him to Otsego
+county, N. Y., where a considerable portion of his early life was spent.
+About the year 1820 he removed to Cleveland, where he engaged in business
+and remained until his death, of apoplexy, on the 9th of April, 1858,
+having just completed his sixty-sixth year.
+
+In the later years of the village of Cleveland and the early days of the
+city, Mr. Scranton's leather and dry goods store, at the corner of
+Superior and Water streets, was a well known business landmark. In the
+prosecution of his business he succeeded in saving a comfortable
+competence, which was increased by his judicious investments in real
+estate. These last have, by the rapid growth of the city, and increase in
+value since his death, become highly valuable property.
+
+Mr. Scranton was industrious, economical, and judicious in business
+transactions; of strong mind and well balanced judgment; a kind parent and
+a firm friend.
+
+
+
+
+Orlando Cutter.
+
+
+
+Orlando Cutter first beheld the harbor and city of Cleveland on the 30th
+of June, 1818, having spent nine dismal days on the schooner Ben Franklin,
+in the passage from Black Rock. He was landed in a yawl, at the mouth of
+the river, near a bluff that stood where the Toledo Railroad Machine Shops
+have since been built, about seventy-five rods west of the present
+entrance to the harbor. In those days the river entrance was of a very
+unreliable character, being sometimes entirely blocked up with sand, so
+that people walked across. It was no uncommon thing for people to ride
+over, or jump the outlet with the help of a pole.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Mr. Cutter walked along the beach and on the old road to Water street,
+and thence in a broiling sun to the frame tavern of Noble H. Merwin, on
+Vineyard lane, near Superior street. Here he was first introduced to Philo
+Scovill, a robust young carpenter, who was hewing timber for Merwin's new
+brick tavern, afterwards called the Mansion House.
+
+Mr. Cutter had experienced what our city boys would regard as a rough
+beginning in life. At sixteen he went into a store at Royalton,
+Massachusetts, at a salary of _four dollars a month_ and board; and at the
+end of a year had saved one dollar and a half. His pay being increased to
+one hundred dollars for the next year, he ventured upon the luxury of a
+pair of boots. In September, 1815, having proven his mettle as an active,
+capable and honest young man, he was translated to a large jobbing house,
+on Cornhill, Boston, the salary being board and clothing. Having been born
+at Jeffrey, New Hampshire, June 5, 1797, at the end of three years
+apprenticeship in the Boston establishment, he arrived at the age of
+twenty-one, and became his own master. The firm offered him a credit for
+dry goods to the amount of $10,000, with which to go west and seek his
+fortune, but before accepting the offer he concluded to go and see if he
+could find a suitable place for trade, but as he had no money, it was
+necessary to borrow $400 for the expenses of the trip. With a pair of well
+filled saddlebags as an outfit, he started, and in due time arrived at
+Black Rock, and from thence proceeded, as above narrated, to Cleveland, on
+a tour of examination.
+
+Cleveland had then about two hundred inhabitants, and four stores. Water
+street was cleared out sufficiently for the purposes of travel to the
+lake. It was also prepared for a race course--for which purpose it was
+used for a number of years.
+
+Twenty or thirty German teams from Pennsylvania, Stark, Wayne and other
+counties, laden with flour, each team having from four to six horses,
+encamped in Superior street at night, and gave Cleveland such a business
+appearance that Mr. Cutter took a fancy to it.
+
+After two weeks, Mr. Cutter set sail in the schooner Wasp for Sandusky,
+where there was a natural harbor, and from thence in the Fire Fly, for
+Detroit. But his thoughts reverted to Cleveland, and forming a partnership
+with Messrs. Mack & Conant, of Detroit, the firm purchased twenty
+thousand dollars worth of dry goods, groceries, and a general assortment
+for an extensive establishment here.
+
+In February, 1820, he married Miss Phelps, of Painesville, Ohio, who died
+in 1829, two of whose children are now living. His competitors in business
+were Nathan Perry, J. R. & I. Kelly, S. S. Dudley and Dr. David Long. It
+was only about a year after he opened in Cleveland when Mack & Conant
+failed, throwing the Cleveland purchase entirely upon him. After ten years
+of hard work, and close application, he paid off the whole, but at the
+close it left him only five hundred dollars in old goods. Ohio currency
+was not exactly money in those days. It was at a discount of twenty-five
+to thirty per cent. for eastern funds. There was, moreover, little of it,
+and there were stay laws, and the appraisal of personal, as well as real
+estate, under execution, rendering collections almost impossible. To
+illustrate: a man in Middleburg, Cuyahoga county, Ohio, owed Mr. Cutter
+seventy-five dollars. He went to attend the constable's sale, and found
+among the effects a dog appraised at ten dollars; rails ten cents each,
+and a watch worth five dollars valued at twenty dollars, so he left the
+place in disgust and hurried home, through the woods, in no placid frame
+of mind. Of four new shoes put on his horse that morning, three had been
+torn off by the mud, roots, and corduroy between Cleveland and Middleburg.
+
+After closing up the old business, he posted books or turned his hand
+to whatever employment presented itself. Inactivity and despondency
+formed no part of his character. About 1827, there was a temporary
+business connection between himself and Thos. M. Kelly, after which he
+started again alone, adding the auction and commission business to that
+of a merchant.
+
+Mr. Cutter, in November, 1832, was married to Miss Hilliard, sister of the
+late Richard Hilliard. Of this marriage there are seven children now
+living, most of them settled in the city. William L. is cashier of the
+Merchants National Bank; Edwin succeeded his father two years since at the
+old auction store in Bank street, and R. H. is the principal partner of
+Cutter & Co., upholsterers.
+
+Going east in the Fall of 1821, Mr. Cutter, on his return, preferred the
+staunch steamer Walk-in-the-Water, to the Wasps, Fire Flies and Franklins,
+on board of which he had experienced so many buffetings. George Williams
+and John S. Strong were also of the same mind. These three old settlers,
+and about seventy others, went on board at Black Rock, in the afternoon.
+Eight yoke of oxen were required to assist the engines in getting her over
+the rapids into the open lake. In the night a furious gale arose, Capt.
+Rogers put back, but not being able to get into Buffalo Creek, came to
+anchor near its mouth. Being awfully sea sick, Mr. Cutter lay below,
+little caring where the Walk-in-the-Water went to. Her anchor, however,
+parted before morning, and she went ashore sidewise, on an easy sand
+beach, without loss of life.
+
+This year completes his semi-centennial as a citizen of Cleveland, yet he
+is still hale and vigorous. He has gone through revulsions, and has
+enjoyed prosperity with equal equanimity, never indulging in idleness or
+ease, and has now come to a ripe old age possessed of an ample competence.
+
+
+
+
+Peter Martin Weddell.
+
+
+
+One of the most noted historical and topographical landmarks of Cleveland
+is the Weddell House. Its builder was one of the most valuable citizens of
+the Forest City.
+
+Mr. P. M. Weddell was born in Westmoreland county, Pennsylvania, in 1788.
+His father died before his birth, and his mother, marrying again, removed
+to Paris, Bourbon county, Kentucky, the State at that time deserving its
+sobriquet of the "dark and bloody ground," as the contest with the native
+savages was carried on with relentless fury on both sides. Under such
+circumstances it may well be supposed that he grew up with few educational
+or other advantages, and that his youth was one of vicissitudes and
+hardships.
+
+At the age of fourteen he applied at a store for employment, what surplus
+clothing and effects he then possessed being carelessly flung over his
+shoulders. He promised to do any work they were pleased to set him at, and
+he thought he could satisfy them. This broad pledge was so well kept that
+at the age of nineteen he was made a partner. This partnership was soon
+closed by the death of the old member.
+
+Young Weddell, with a vigorous body, good habits, a clear judgment, and
+some money, removed to Newark, Ohio, during the war of 1812. While he was
+successfully trading there, Miss Sophia Perry, of Cleveland, was sent to
+her friends at Newark for greater safety, and to acquire an education.
+She was but little past fifteen when she consented to be Mrs. Weddell, and
+they were married in November, 1815.
+
+In 1820, Mr. Weddell removed from Newark to Cleveland and established
+himself in business on Superior street, taking a stand at once among the
+leading merchants of the place, a position he retained as long as he
+continued in business.
+
+In 1823, Mrs. Weddell died, leaving three children, of whom H. P. Weddell
+is the only survivor. A portrait of her, by Peale, still remains in the
+family house, which confirms the remembrances of her friends that she
+possessed many charms both of person and of disposition. In the
+following year Mr. Weddell married Mrs. Eliza A. Bell, of Newark, who is
+still living, and whom every old citizen of Cleveland well knows and
+sincerely respects.
+
+In 1825, he formed a partnership with Mr. Edmund Clade, from Buffalo, and
+retired from active participation in business. In 1828, the partnership
+was dissolved. Three years afterwards he took into partnership with him
+his two clerks, Greenup C. Woods, his half brother, and Dudley Baldwin,
+the firm name being P. M. Weddell & Co. The firm lasted but four years,
+when Mr. Woods established himself in Newark, and Messrs. Weddell and
+Baldwin continued the business together until 1845.
+
+When Mr. Weddell commenced his mercantile life it was no child's play.
+At that time there were no canals or railroads to facilitate
+commerce--scarcely were there any roads at all--specie was the only
+currency west of the mountains, and that had to be carried across the
+mountains from Pittsburgh on the backs of mules, and the merchandise
+returned in the same way. Long after, when traveling over the
+Alleghanies with a friend, Mr. Weddell frequently pointed to places on
+the road which he remembered, and of which he related interesting
+anecdotes. Several merchants would travel together and sometimes they
+would have guards, as the lonely uninhabited mountains were not
+altogether safe even in those days.
+
+In 1823, Mr. Weddell built what was regarded as a princely brick residence
+and store on the corner of Superior and Bank streets, afterwards the site
+of the Weddell House. His surplus funds were invested in real estate,
+which soon began to increase in value at an astonishing rate, as the city
+grew in population and importance. On one of his lots upon Euclid street
+he built the stone cottage which he designed as a country retreat, and
+after his taking his clerks into partnership, he left the store mainly to
+their management, devoting his attention to the purchase and improvement
+of real estate, being generally regarded as a gentleman of wealth.
+
+In the Spring of 1845 he began work upon the Weddell House, tearing away
+the store and mansion, where his fortune had been made. It was finished in
+two years. He then made a journey to New York to purchase furniture. On
+the way home he was attacked by typhoid fever, and in three weeks was in
+his grave.
+
+As a merchant, Mr. Weddell had few superiors. His urbanity, industry,
+and care made him popular, successful, and safe, while his integrity and
+his liberality were well known to his correspondents and to all the
+religious and benevolent institutions of the times.
+
+He was always willing and ready to aid and assist his young men; when he
+found one correct and capable he never refused a helping hand. Very few of
+his day were so liberal in this respect, or could point to so many who
+became prominent merchants by their aid as could Mr. Weddell.
+
+At his death, Mr. Weddell was a man of such personal energy and business
+capacity, that he had promise of twenty more years of active life. Soon
+after the Rev. S. G. Aiken became pastor of the old Stone Church, Mr.
+Weddell became a communicant, and he died in the Christian faith. He
+bequeathed to the American Board of Foreign Missions the sum of five
+thousand dollars; to the Home Missionary Society five thousand dollars,
+and several other bequests amounting to some thousands to other benevolent
+institutions.
+
+
+
+
+Dudley Baldwin
+
+
+
+In 1819, Dudley Baldwin came to Cleveland from Ballston, New York, having
+as his principal capital a fair common school education. In course of time
+be found employment in the mercantile store of Mr. Weddell, and became one
+of his trusted clerks, being, after a few years, taken into partnership.
+The death of Mr. Weddell in 1847, terminated a connection that had existed
+pleasantly for over twenty years.
+
+For the next few years Mr. Baldwin was chiefly engaged in closing up the
+affairs of Mr. Weddell, after which he engaged for a time in the
+manufacture of agricultural implements, until, from ill heath, he was
+compelled to relinquish business and seek restoration of health by travel
+and in quiet retirement.
+
+Mr. Baldwin was identified with the Cleveland and Mahoning Railroad from
+its inception, and during the darkest days of the undertaking he stood
+firmly by it, in connection with the other directors, never losing faith
+in its ultimate success--a success he has lived to see perfected. He has
+also, for a number of years, been a director of the Commercial Bank of
+Cleveland.
+
+In religious principles Mr. Baldwin is a Presbyterian, and has long
+been connected with the Euclid street Presbyterian Church. He is known
+to all his acquaintances as a man of quiet unassuming manners, and of
+sterling worth.
+
+
+
+
+Norman C. Baldwin.
+
+
+
+Very many of those who settled on the Western Reserve, in the early days
+of its history, came from Connecticut, and the fact of so many Connecticut
+families being already here induced considerable emigration from that
+State long after the first rush was over. Among others of Connecticut
+birth who found their way eventually to Cleveland, was Norman C. Baldwin,
+born at Litchfield, July 29th, 1802, and spending his early years in the
+struggles which so many of the New England families of limited resources
+had to pass through in the early portion of the present century.
+
+Whilst yet but a mere child he assisted his father in the work of the
+farm, but being left fatherless at the age of eight, he was sent two years
+afterwards to work in his cousin's store, where he remained four years. In
+his fourteenth year he left Litchfield for New Haven, where he found
+employment for a year with a provision packer.
+
+At that time his mother joined the stream of emigration setting towards
+the Ohio, and with her came her children. Stopping at Hudson, Summit
+county, young Baldwin commenced trading on his own account, and built up
+a good business, which he managed alone for eighteen months and then
+formed a partnership with two of his brothers, the partnership lasting
+eight years. Then the firm was dissolved and Norman C. came to
+Cleveland, where he formed a partnership with Noble H. Merwin in the
+general produce business.
+
+In 1830, the firm of Giddings, Baldwin & Co., which had succeeded that of
+Merwin & Baldwin, contained seven partners, of whom Mr. Baldwin is the
+only survivor. The business was mainly forwarding and commission, the
+forwarding being mostly by canal. The firm was one of the most important
+on the lakes, owning a line of boats, the Troy and Erie, from Portsmouth,
+on the Ohio river, to New York In those days the canal lines carried
+passengers as well as freight, the boats usually taking about thirty
+passengers and one thousand bushels of wheat. For emigrants, of whom many
+were pouring into the West, special boats were fitted up with
+accommodations, such as they were, for about a hundred and fifty
+passengers. In 1836, Mr. Baldwin left the mercantile business altogether,
+and thereafter devoted his attention to operations in real estate.
+
+As illustrating the growth of the city and the consequent increasing value
+of city property, Mr. Baldwin relates having purchased in 1833 three
+parcels of land, neither of which cost over two thousand dollars, which
+are now estimated to be worth half a million of dollars each. In 1831, he
+was offered, in the course of his operations, a strip of land fronting on
+Superior street and running back to the canal, with a comfortable frame
+house thereon, for one thousand dollars. The price looked high and Mr.
+Baldwin, distrusting his own judgment, consulted 'Squire Cowles, then a
+prominent attorney. Mr. Cowles hesitated, thought the investment somewhat
+risky, although they might live to see the land worth thirty dollars a
+foot front. Heeding his own fears, which were not abated by the doubtful
+opinion of his adviser, Mr. Baldwin refused to purchase. That same land is
+worth now not merely thirty dollars a foot, but equivalent to three or
+four thousand dollars a foot front.
+
+As showing the condition of the roads around Cleveland, and the mode of
+traveling in the early days of its history, it is narrated by Mr. Baldwin,
+that when living in Hudson he was fond of good horses and kept a team of
+which he was proud. The distance between Hudson and Cleveland was but
+twenty-four miles, but that distance had never been done in one day by any
+team. Mr. Baldwin thought the time had come for performing the feat, and
+accordingly set out on the journey. Just at tea time he drew rein in front
+of Merwin's tavern, at the corner of Superior street and Vineyard lane,
+and shouted to the landlord. The guests had just seated themselves to tea
+when Mr. Merwin rushed into the room in a state of great excitement,
+exclaiming, "For God's sake, gentlemen, come out and see a team that has
+been driven from Hudson to-day!" The guests left the table in a hurry and
+rushed to the door, scarcely crediting their own eyes.
+
+Mr. Baldwin was married in 1829, and lost his wife in the Spring of 1867.
+Of this marriage there are now six children living and three dead. One
+son, Norman A., is engaged in agriculture in the neighborhood of the city.
+
+
+
+
+Leverett Alcott.
+
+
+
+Leverett Alcott was born in Walcott, New Haven county, Connecticut, in
+1820. From early boyhood his taste was for mercantile pursuits. At the age
+of seventeen he obtained a position in an extensive country store at
+Bristol Basin, on the Farmington Canal, (now Plainville.) By diligence and
+perseverance, he was soon promoted from the duties of errand boy to a
+responsible position, and in course of time stood at the head of all the
+clerks in the establishment.
+
+For the benefit of neophytes in commercial life, it may not be
+uninteresting to state how boys were made merchants in those days, and the
+remuneration they received for services. They were not (as is too often
+the case at the present time) transformed in a few months from crude green
+boys to merchants, but were obliged to learn the business by actual
+experience. An arrangement was made in this case for three years, on the
+following conditions: fifty dollars for the first year, seventy-five
+dollars for the second year, and one hundred dollars for the third and
+last year, with board in his employer's family. With this modest salary it
+required the utmost care and rigid economy to clothe and keep himself; but
+where there's a will there's a way, and the economy thus practiced in
+early life was no detriment in laying the foundation for a sound business
+career in after life. After having fulfilled his engagement with his
+employer, he spent some three years of mercantile life at the South, but
+the customs of the country, and the barbarous system of slavery were so
+repulsive to his feelings that he abandoned that field for the more
+congenial and prospectively profitable activities of the West, and in
+December, 1842, landed at Medina, in this State. In the Spring of 1845, a
+mercantile copartnership was formed with Mr. Augustus W. North, under the
+firm name of North & Alcott. During the subsequent Fall he married Miss
+Mary A. Williams, with the view of permanently settling at that place, but
+the mercantile prospects, and the growth of the town not appearing
+satisfactory to his views, the firm of North & Alcott was dissolved and
+the business discontinued, to be reconstructed and opened in a wider field
+and on a broader basis. Accordingly, in the Spring of 1849, (just twenty
+years ago,) a business arrangement was entered into with his present
+partner, Mr. Burrett W. Horton, a former school mate, under the firm name
+of Alcott & Horton. The business was to be the retailing of dry goods, and
+located at 177 Superior street, in Harrington's Block. The beginning was a
+moderate one, with a very limited capital, but what was lacking in capital
+was made up in energy, industry and perseverance. At first a retail trade
+only was contemplated, which was continued some four years, when the rapid
+growth of the city and increase of business induced them to open a
+wholesale department in the lofts of their store. Subsequently they closed
+their retail business and occupied the whole building for their jobbing
+trade; but their apartments were soon found to be too strait for their
+rapidly growing trade, and in August, 1855, they removed to the large new
+store, No. 141, in Clark's Block.
+
+Mr. Alcott has a knowledge of human nature that imparts a keen perception
+of the character and motives of men, and hence, almost instinctively knows
+whom to trust. He is also quick in forming his judgment, ready in the
+adaptation of means to secure an end, vigorously prosecutes his plans, and
+seldom fails of a successful issue.
+
+In a young and vigorous country like the United States, where so many
+opportunities are offered to ambition and laudable enterprise, and where
+too often, everything else but gold is lost sight of, it is refreshing to
+find some among our heaviest merchants, who recognize the fact, that man
+"cannot live by bread alone." Mr. Alcott, through all his active life has
+found time to attend to his religious duties. He has been for a long time
+connected with the Second Presbyterian Church, and for many years one of
+its elders. He was formerly President of the Young Men's Christian
+Association; actively engaged in missionary Sunday School work in the
+city--taking a lively interest in all Christian labor; a ready and willing
+giver toward public improvements, and all benevolent enterprises.
+
+
+
+
+Richard Winslow.
+
+
+
+On the evening of Sunday, August 9th, 1857, died, at nearly the ripe age
+of eighty-eight, Richard Winslow, the father of the Winslow family that
+have filled so important a place in the commercial and shipping history of
+Cleveland.
+
+Mr. Winslow was born in Falmouth, Maine, September 6th, 1769, being
+descended in a direct line from Knelm Winslow, brother of Governor Edward
+Winslow, who played so important a part in the early history of Plymouth
+colony. In 1812, Mr. Winslow removed to North Carolina, where he lived
+for fourteen years, at Ocracoke, becoming largely interested in commerce,
+both internal and marine. Soon after his removal to that State, he
+married Miss Mary Nash Grandy, of Camden, N. C., who became the mother of
+eleven children, of whom but four, N. C., H. J., R. K., and Edward, are now
+alive. Mrs. Winslow died October, 1858, having survived her husband a
+little over one year.
+
+In 1830, he decided to leave North Carolina and try his fortune in the
+West. A preliminary tour of observation brought him to Cleveland, then
+lively with business, and more lively still with expectancy of business to
+come from the completion of the canal, then in partial operation. Like
+many who preceded, and more who followed him, Mr. Winslow was struck with
+the natural advantages of Cleveland and concluded to try his fortunes
+here. The site of what is now known as the "Winslow warehouse," on the
+river, was owned by C. M. Giddings and Captain Belden, and a building was
+then in course of erection on it. Mr. Winslow purchased the property. He
+had strong faith in the growth of the city, but others did not have it to
+the same extent, and he was strongly urged not to attempt business so far
+down the river, where it was impossible that trade would ever reach him.
+
+Immediately on concluding his purchase, he went to the eastern cities,
+where he purchased a large stock of teas and groceries, which he sent with
+his son, N. C., to Cleveland in the Fall. The stock arrived in December and
+was at once opened on Superior street, opposite Union lane. In the
+following May, Mr. Winslow followed with his family, purchased a lot on
+the south-east corner of the Public Square, and contracted with Levi
+Johnson for the erection of the house that was occupied by the Winslow
+family until the death of Mr. Winslow.
+
+Unlike most of the early settlers in Cleveland, Mr. Winslow came with
+capital to invest at once in business, and by prudent management and far
+seeing enterprise that capital rapidly increased. He soon became agent for
+a line of vessels between Buffalo and Cleveland, and also of a line of
+canal boats. The first step toward his own shipping interests here, which
+subsequently assumed such proportions, was commenced by building the brig
+North Carolina. A few years later he was interested in building the
+steamer Bunker Hill, of 456 tons, which at that time was considered a very
+large size. To these were added, by himself and his sons, so many other
+lake craft that the family ranked among the foremost, if not the very
+foremost ship-owners on the chain of lakes, their sail vessels, propellers
+and steam-tugs being found everywhere on the western lake waters.
+
+In 1854, Mr. Winslow retired from business, leaving his interest to be
+carried on by his sons, who inherited their father's business qualities.
+In his retirement, as in his active business life, he enjoyed the
+friendship of a very large social circle, to whom his frank, generous
+manners, warm attachments, and spotless honor commended him. He was a
+favorable specimen of the old school gentleman, warm and impulsive in his
+nature, quick to conceive and prompt to act, cordial in his greeting,
+strong in his attachments, and courteous to all.
+
+His death was accelerated by an accident which seriously injured a leg he
+had badly injured several years before. To the last he preserved his
+faculties and his cheerfulness, and but for the injuries he had received
+would probably have lived for many years longer.
+
+He was no politician, never sought office, but at the same time took a
+keen interest in public affairs, and did not neglect his duties or
+privileges as a citizen.
+
+The three brothers in active conduct of the large marine interests known
+as the Winslows', are distributed as follows: N. C. at Buffalo, H. J. at
+New York, and R. K. at Cleveland, all of whom have been eminently
+successful.
+
+
+
+
+Richard Hilliard.
+
+
+
+Amongst Cleveland's earliest merchants who have already passed away, none
+deserve more honorable mention than Richard Hilliard. Like nearly all our
+men of mark, in early life he was obliged to sail against wind and tide.
+He was born at Chatham, New York, July 3, 1797. His father, David
+Hilliard, died when Richard was 14 years of age, he being at the time
+serving an apprenticeship with a hatter named Dore, at Albany. He was a
+lad of superior organization, and so, although obedient and obliging, had
+an extreme distaste for drudgery. A son of Mr. Dore one day threw down a
+pair of boots, saying, "Clean those boots Dick," when the lad concluded he
+would not do it, and at once prepared to leave for parts unknown. None of
+his friends knew of his whereabouts for several months, but at length
+learned he was at Skaneateles, with an older brother. Here he remained
+until he was about 18 years of age, being employed at clerking and school
+teaching, and ever mindful of his widowed mother and fatherless sisters.
+
+From Skaneateles he removed to Black Rock and engaged himself as clerk to
+Mr. John Daly, a general merchant at that place. The young man soon gained
+the confidence of his employer and was admitted as a partner without
+capital. After a year or two, the firm moved to Cleveland, as a place of
+greater promise for trade. This occurred in 1824. They at once commenced
+business in the same line here on the site of the present Atwater Block,
+in a frame building of two compartments, one of which was used for dry
+goods, and the other for groceries. Mr. Daly was not an active partner in
+the business here, having given the entire management to Mr. Hilliard.
+
+In 1827, Mr. Hilliard purchased Mr. Daly's entire interest, and continued
+alone for several years, till at length the demands of trade making it
+desirable to have a resident partner in New York to make purchases, he
+associated with himself Mr. William Hays, of that city. This partnership
+existed till the close of Mr. Hilliard's life.
+
+As soon as business prospects warranted the investment, Mr. Hilliard
+secured a lot on Water street, and erected the block now occupied by
+Raymond & Lowe, and on taking possession of the new place of business,
+commenced the wholesale branch, and continued the same until 1856, when,
+being on his way home from New York, he took a severe cold, which was soon
+followed by congestion, and after one week's illness, died, deeply
+regretted by all who knew him.
+
+He was a man of great business ability, and of strict integrity. He was
+not always appreciated, because his accurate foresight led him to advocate
+projects which the public generally were not ready to adopt. He labored
+most indefatigably for the construction of our Water Works, because he saw
+what the future wants of the city would be. The scheme was strongly
+opposed by many on account of the debt it would involve. But it was
+finally accomplished, and we are more indebted to Richard Hilliard for its
+achievement than to any other man.
+
+Shortly after coming to Cleveland he became engaged to Miss Mary Merwin,
+daughter of Noble H. Merwin, who died before the marriage. He then brought
+his sister Sarah A. (now Mrs. O. Cutter) to live with him. In about a year
+from this time he was married to Miss Catharine Hays, of New York, who
+died about four years before Mr. Hilliard, leaving seven children.
+
+
+
+
+S. H. Sheldon.
+
+
+
+The lumber trade has grown to be a very important branch of the commerce
+of Cleveland, and some of its best and most enterprising citizens have
+been, or are now, engaged in it. Among these the name of Mr. Sheldon holds
+honorable prominence as one of the earliest in the trade, and who has
+always held place among the foremost engaged in it.
+
+Mr. Sheldon's birth place was in Clinton, Oneida county, N. Y., where he
+was born August 12th, 1813. His early days were not passed among thornless
+roses. His father, a hard working farmer, died when the future lumber
+merchant was but eight years old. Young Sheldon remained on the homestead
+until he was sixteen years old, working hard, as did the others of the
+fatherless family, and snatching such crumbs of knowledge as could be
+obtained in the winter days, when time could be spared for schooling. On
+nearly reaching his sixteenth year, he went to Troy, N. Y., where he was
+received as an apprentice to the drug business, and served seven years in
+that capacity. As soon as his term of apprenticeship expired he set his
+face westward in search of fortune, as so many hundreds had done before
+him, and hundreds of thousands have done since.
+
+In the year 1835, he reached Cleveland and at once started in trade as a
+druggist on Detroit Street, then in Ohio City, but now the West Side of
+Cleveland. At that time the West, generally, was enjoying seeming
+prosperity; everything was inflated and everyone was growing rich, on
+paper. Ohio City was then the city of the future, and fortune smiled on
+all its residents, and particularly on those who held real estate within
+its borders.
+
+Four years later the commercial earthquake came and toppled over the whole
+fabric of trade and commerce in the West, reducing it to ruins. The entire
+West was devastated, and Ohio City received a blow from which, as a
+separate municipality, it never recovered. Among the others who suffered
+greatly by the disaster was Mr. Sheldon.
+
+In 1842, he sold out his drug business, and went into the employ of
+another firm as an accountant, continuing in that position about two
+years. From this he went into business on his own account once more, this
+time dealing in groceries and provisions, which he continued to trade in
+until 1846, when he was attracted to the lumber trade, which he entered,
+in partnership with S. H. Fox. Four years later he disposed of his
+interest in the firm, and operated in lumber on his own account, not
+keeping a yard, but buying and selling by the cargo. In 1852, the firm of
+Sheldon & French was formed, a lumber yard opened, and the firm continued
+until the failure of the health of Mr. C. French. For a year after this
+event Mr. Sheldon carried on his business alone, and then took into
+partnership his son, Edward P. Sheldon, the firm becoming Sheldon & Son.
+
+In April, 1869, the firm of Sheldon & Son merged into that of S. H.
+Sheldon & Co., being comprised of S. H. Sheldon & Son, and Sears &
+Holland, of East Saginaw, Mich.
+
+The lumber trade of the city has been, generally, one of steady growth,
+and Mr. Sheldon's share in it has been of that character. It developed
+gradually, as the city grew in size and importance, and as the demand from
+the interior increased with the growth of towns and villages on the lines
+of canal and railroads. The beginning was small, and the earlier years of
+its progress full of difficulties, but in the end the trade reached large
+and lucrative proportions. Its highest point of prosperity was during the
+war, when the establishment of permanent camps through the State created a
+sudden and extensive demand for lumber, to build the numerous camp
+buildings. At that time the only perplexity of the lumber dealer was to
+find a supply sufficient for the demands pressing in from all quarters,
+for certain qualities.
+
+[Illustration: Yours Truly, S. H. Sheldon]
+
+From lumber to ship building is an easy transition, and Mr. Sheldon, five
+or six years since, became interested in lake craft, and added a fine
+three masted schooner to the lake marine. With the growth of manufactures
+in the city, he became interested in that direction also, connecting
+himself with the Etna Iron and Nail Works enterprise. He also took a deep
+interest in the formation of the People's Gas Company, for the supply of
+the West Side with gas, being one of the original supporters of the
+organization, and at present one of its directors.
+
+In all his undertakings Mr. Sheldon has kept steadily in view the
+necessity of industry and economy, and it is the practice of these two
+mercantile virtues that has brought about his success. One trait of his
+business character is peculiar. He has, so far as possible, avoided
+recourse to law, holding the doctrine that, in most cases, when a debt
+could not be collected without the aid of a lawyer, it was not worth
+spending money for. In religious principles Mr. Sheldon is a
+Congregationalist, and has been connected for more than thirty years with
+the First Congregational Church, and during most of this time has
+discharged the duties of deacon, serving the church with fidelity and
+acceptance, in this official position. He has been identified with Sabbath
+school labors, as teacher and superintendent, and to his zeal and
+liberality the Detroit street Mission Sabbathe school largely owes its
+prosperity, and its present commodious chapel. In every Christian
+enterprise Deacon Sheldon has been among the foremost. No benevolent
+cause, whether local or general, has appealed to him in vain for pecuniary
+support, or Christian sympathy and countenance.
+
+In 1836, Mr. Sheldon was married to Miss Cordelia H. Buxton, of Cleveland,
+a descendent of the English Buxtons, of philanthropic memory. Of the
+family of six children, one, the eldest, Henry A. Sheldon, died in 1842.
+The only surviving son became a partner with his father in 1866.
+
+
+
+
+Charles Hickox.
+
+
+
+Whether the conversion of wheat into flour can more properly be classed
+among manufactures or trade and commerce is a question for casuists to
+determine. There can be no question, however, that Charles Hickox takes
+his place, by right, among the merchants and commercial men of Cleveland,
+whether the grinding of wheat be a manufacture or not, for it is not alone
+by the milling business that Mr. Hickox has identified himself with the
+commerce of the city. He has gone through all the phases of Cleveland
+commercial life, having been connected with the produce and commission
+trade, owned lake vessels, and otherwise qualified himself for a place
+among the merchants and "river men," aside from the business in which he
+is widely known--that of an extensive mill owner.
+
+Mr. Hickox came to Cleveland in 1837, from the state of New York, making
+his debut in the Forest City in the year of its greatest depression. For
+the first two years he engaged as clerk, and served his employers
+faithfully. Then, gaining confidence, and seeing an opening he struck out
+boldly for himself, setting up, as was usual in those days, in the
+commission and produce business. The constantly growing commerce of the
+place increased his business and made it lucrative. With far-seeing
+enterprise Mr. Hickox pushed his operations so that his trade rapidly
+increased and his consignments steadily grew in number and quantity. To
+accommodate it he purchased interests in shipping on the lake, and
+eventually became a large ship owner.
+
+Seeing his opportunity, Mr. Hickox turned his attention to milling, and
+commenced operations at a mill in Akron, which he soon made known to the
+commercial world by the excellence and reliability of its brand. To this
+was, in time, added the water mill, on the canal, in Cleveland, near the
+weigh lock, which he held for five years and then sold. After the sale of
+the latter mill, he purchased the Cleveland Steam Mills on Merwin street,
+with a capacity of about three hundred and fifty barrels per day, and in
+1867, he added the National Steam Mills, with a capacity of from five
+hundred to six hundred barrels daily. Whilst a large capital is invested
+in these mills, the number of men employed is less than in establishments
+where labor saving machinery has not been brought to such a pitch of
+perfection. About fifty men are directly employed in the mills, and a
+large number additional in the manufacture of barrels and sacks. A very
+large proportion of the flour from these mills is sold in sacks, from the
+fact that the entire product is sold in the home market, which speaks well
+for the estimation in which the brands are held. Mr. Charles W. Coe is in
+active partnership with Mr. Hickox, in the milling interests, the firm
+name being Coe & Hickox.
+
+Mr. Hickox has taken deep interest in the railroad affairs of the city,
+and has been for some time a director of the Cleveland, Columbus &
+Cincinnati Railroad Company. He is still as active and energetic as ever,
+well preserved in body and mind, and making his positive influence felt in
+all departments of business in which he becomes interested. He never tires
+of work, and, as he says of himself, he "holds his own well, at
+fifty-five."
+
+
+
+
+Alexander Sackettt.
+
+
+
+Alexander Sackett, son of Augustus Sackett, of Sackett's Harbor, N. Y.,
+was born August 17th, 1814. He received a good mercantile education in New
+York City, and came from thence to Cleveland in 1835, and at once engaged
+in the wholesale and retail dry goods line, in the old block of Mr.
+Weddell, on Superior street. He continued with success in this business
+until 1854, when he went into commercial business on the river, and in
+which he remained until 1868, when he retired from trade circles to devote
+his whole attention to his real estate interests.
+
+Mr. Sackett was married in 1836, to Harriet, daughter of Levi Johnson,
+Esq., of this city. They have five children living, and have lost two. The
+eldest daughter is the wife of Mr. Virgil T. Taylor, of this city, and the
+son is in his father's office.
+
+Mr. Sackett is still hale, and may reasonably expect, without accident, to
+long enjoy the fruit of his labor.
+
+
+
+
+George Mygatt.
+
+
+
+Mr. Mygatt is a genuine pioneer of the Western Reserve, having come with
+his father, Comfort S. Mygatt, at the age of ten years, to the new
+settlement at Canfield, Mahoning county, Ohio, in the year 1807. He was
+born at Danbury, Ct., on 14th of June, 1797, when that village had not
+recovered from its conflagration by the British, during the Revolution.
+There were then visible, and for many years during his boyhood, buildings
+which were charred by fires kindled by English soldiers.
+
+Mr. Mygatt's father was a merchant and farmer, at Canfield. He was an
+active, honest and successful man. The year previous to his emigration,
+his daughter, Polly, was married, at Danbury, to the late Elisha
+Whittlesey, who removed at once to Canfield, Ohio. Mr. Whittlesey, his
+son-in-law, took the contract to clear a piece of ground for Mr. Mygatt,
+laboring on the job with his axe and team.
+
+At Danbury, George had as good an opportunity in school as any Connecticut
+lad could have, under the age of ten years. At Canfield there was little
+opportunity for gaining book knowledge. He was engaged with his father as
+clerk and general helper, until he was twenty years old. In 1818, he
+became clerk in the Western Reserve Bank, at Warren, and remained in that
+position two years, when he engaged in mercantile business in connection
+with his father-in-law, Mr. A. Adams. This partnership lasted five years,
+after which he carried on the business alone until 1833.
+
+From 1829 to 1833, he was sheriff of Trumbull county, and had the
+disagreeable office of executing the murderer, Gardner.
+
+In 1834, Mr. Mygatt became a financier, which may be said to be his
+profession. He was then appointed cashier of the Bank of Norwalk, Ohio. In
+1836, he was appointed cashier of the Bank of Geauga, at Painesville,
+Ohio; and in 1846 he became President of the City Bank of Cleveland,
+holding the last named office until 1850. The firm of Mygatt & Brown was
+then formed, for private banking, and continued until 1857.
+
+In 1855, he was elected a member of the House of Representatives, from
+Cuyahoga county, serving two sesssion.
+
+[Illustration: Very Respectfully, George Mygatt]
+
+The Merchants Bank of Cleveland, in 1857, became deeply involved, by the
+failure of the Ohio Life and Trust Company, of Cincinnati. Mr. Mygatt was
+appointed cashier at this time, when a memorable panic in finances was
+sweeping over the country. The bank sank a large part of its stock, but
+maintained its integrity, and continued to redeem its notes.
+
+In 1861, he retired from active business, but, with his long habits of
+employment, it soon became irksome to him to be out of work, and in 1865
+he became Secretary of the Cleveland and Mahoning Railroad Company, a
+position he still retains, for the sake of being employed.
+
+A large portion of Mr. Mygatt's time and means have always been devoted to
+benevolent purposes; Sunday schools, the annual contributions for the
+poor, the church, industrial schools, and, in fact, all charitable
+movements have found in him a ready response; he will long be remembered
+for his work's sake.
+
+As a business man he was characterized by the strictest integrity, always
+preserving a quiet, considerate policy, and by incessant industry
+accomplished a great deal. For one who has reached the age of seventy-two,
+he possesses remarkable vigor, and we should judge, from the position he
+occupies, that his mental faculties are little impaired.
+
+Mr. Mygatt was married in March, 1820, to Miss Eliza Freeman, of Warren,
+who is still living. Of their six children, four of whom arrived at mature
+age, and were married, only Mrs. F. T. Backus now survives.
+
+
+
+
+Martin B. Scott.
+
+
+
+Among the names of those who have done business on the river during the
+past quarter of a century, that of M. B. Scott, until his retirement a few
+years since, held a foremost place. Mr. Scott is a native of New York,
+having been born at Deerfield, near Utica, in that State, in March, 1801.
+
+Mr. Scott is of Quaker stock; a lineal descendent in the sixth generation
+from the first American Quaker, (Richard Scott, one of the first settlers
+of Providence, R. I.,) and in the nineteenth generation from William
+Baliol Scott, of Scotts-Hall, Kent, England, in the line of Edward I. His
+Quaker ancestors suffered persecution at the hands of the Boston Puritans
+in 1658. The daughters of Richard Scott were cast into prison by Endicott,
+for avowing their Quaker faith, and his wife Katharine (_né_ Marbury,
+youngest sister of the famous Mrs. Anne Hutchinson) was publicly scourged
+in Boston by order of court, for visiting and sympathizing with her Quaker
+brethren in prison.
+
+One of the maxims of Mr. Scott's life, was to despise no honest
+employment, however laborious; if he failed to obtain such business as he
+desired, he took the next best opportunity that offered, a principle that
+might be profitably practiced by many young men of the present day.
+Deprived of a liberal education, by the pecuniary embarrassments of his
+father, who had a large family to support, he left the Utica Academy in
+1820, and made an effort to learn a mechanical trade, with only partial
+success. He, for a time, alternately taught a country school in winter,
+and was engaged for the remainder of the year in internal commerce, as
+master of a boat, or as forwarding clerk, in the then prominent houses of
+De Graff, Walton & Co., and Cary & Dows, on the Mohawk river and Erie
+canal. This early training in the elements of commerce and navigation was
+the nucleus of his subsequent pursuits, and the foundation of his
+commercial success, although his operations were not on the gigantic scale
+of many others, who either amassed great fortunes, or sank into
+bankruptcy; he managed his affairs with such prudence, sagacity and
+integrity, that he never had occasion to compound with his creditors, or
+even ask for an extension.
+
+Mr. Scott was interested in the first line of canal boats that ran through
+from Utica to New York. In the outset of Erie canal operations it was
+supposed that canal boats could not sail down the Hudson, and the freight
+was consequently transhipped at Albany. Experiment proved the fallacy of
+this belief, and thenceforward canal boats ran through to New York. A new
+line of steam tow-boats on the North river, called the Albany & Canal
+Tow-Boat Company, was formed, and Mr. Scott was appointed principal
+manager, first at Albany and then at New York.
+
+In 1836, his health failed, owing to his close application to business,
+and under medical advice he performed a horseback journey through
+Michigan, Indiana, Illinois and Wisconsin. On his way westward he stopped
+at Cleveland and was favorably impressed with what was then a small but
+flourishing town. In 1837, he returned from his western journey and
+resumed business, but again his health failed, and he was ordered to
+permanently abandon Albany and seek a more favorable climate. Remembering
+the advantages of Cleveland both for business and residence, he concluded
+to remove to that point.
+
+Here he continued his connection with the forwarding business by opening
+an agency for the American Transportation Line of canal boats on the Erie
+canal, his office being at the foot of Superior street. In 1841, he
+engaged in the purchase and shipment of staves, the markets for which
+were Albany and New York. This branch of business he continued for about
+five years.
+
+In 1844, he built a steam elevator on River street, near his old stand, it
+being the first brick building erected on the river front. With the
+completion of this building he turned his attention more particularly to
+grain, receiving it by canal from the interior. On the opening of the
+Cleveland, Columbus and Cincinnati railroad, his elevator was easily
+connected with that line, and the first load of railroad wheat stored in
+Cleveland was received into his elevator.
+
+About the year 1840, Mr. Scott became interested in the lake marine by
+the purchase of the brig Amazon, of 220 tons, then considered a craft of
+good size. At the time of the purchase, the West was flooded with wild-cat
+money, and specie was very scarce. The brig was sold by order of the
+Chancellor of Michigan, and specie demanded from the purchaser, a
+condition that made buyers shy. In 1842, Mr. Scott purchased the schooner
+John Grant, of 100 tons, and in the following three years added to his
+little fleet the schooner Panama, of 100 tons, and the brig Isabella, of
+over 300 tons, the latter being something highly respectable in the way of
+lake shipping.
+
+Prudence, foresight, and careful enterprise made all his ventures
+reasonably successful. In 1865, he resolved to quit business and enjoy the
+competence he had acquired, first in foreign travel, to free himself more
+thoroughly from business cares, and then in lettered ease at home. In
+pursuance of this purpose he spent six months in Europe, returning with
+recruited energies to the enjoyment of the well stocked library of rare
+volumes collected during his years of active business, and largely added
+to during his foreign travels.
+
+A few facts in Mr. Scott's life, exhibiting his thorough confidence in the
+Government and the cause of the Union, should not be passed over. The
+first investment in the original War Loan taken in Cleveland, if not in
+Ohio, was made by Mr. Scott, August 12th, 1861. He still retains and
+exhibits with justifiable pride, a certificate from the Acting Secretary
+of the Treasury, dated August 29th, 1861, stating that five thousand
+dollars had been received from him on account of the three years'
+treasury notes, and promising that they should be sent him as soon as
+prepared. From that time to the present he has invested freely in
+Government securities, being fully convinced of their safety.
+
+Since his retirement from business and return from European travel, he has
+employed his leisure in literary pursuits, especially in genealogical and
+historical studies, and has frequently contributed to the journals of the
+day curious and interesting facts relating to the early settlers in New
+England, in correction of erroneous beliefs regarding them.
+
+In 1840, Mr. Scott was married to Miss Mary Williamson, by whom he has had
+seven children, of whom three still live.
+
+
+
+
+J. P. Robison.
+
+
+
+Among the soldiers present at Braddock's defeat at Fort Duquesne, near
+Pittsburgh, was John Decker Robison, an American of Scotch descent, who
+also did good service during the Revolutionary war. When the war was over
+he married a Hollander living on the North River, and when a young family
+grew up about him, moved to western New York, where, building the first
+house in Canandaigua, he received a patent of six hundred acres of land and
+settled down as a farmer in Vienna, N. Y. One of his family was a boy,
+Peter Robison, who stuck to the farm until the ex-Revolutionary soldier
+had gone down to the tomb, and until he himself had reached several years
+beyond the meridian of life, when he obeyed the general law of American
+human nature, and moved toward the setting sun. Years before this step was
+taken he had married Miss Hetty H. Havens, of Lyons, N. Y., and raised a
+family of children, among them J. P. Robison, the subject of this sketch,
+who was born in Ontario county, on the 23rd of January, 1811.
+
+Like his father, young Robison spent the earlier years of his life in
+working on the farm, and it was not until his sixteenth year that it was
+decided to give him a good education. He was then sent to Niffing's High
+School, at Vienna, N. Y., where he attained considerable proficiency in
+his studies, including Latin and Mathematics. Having developed a taste for
+medical studies he was admitted as a private pupil of Professer Woodward,
+of the Vermont College of Medicine, and graduated in November, 1831.
+Immediately on the completion of his studies he moved into Ohio and
+commenced practice in Bedford, Cuyahoga county, in February, 1832. He soon
+succeeded in building up a good practice, and for eleven years continued
+in the exercise of his profession.
+
+[Illustration: Yours Truly, J. P. Robison]
+
+Then Dr. Robison concluded to change his business. In company with W. B.
+Hillman he engaged in mercantile business at Bedford, opening a store and
+at the same time carrying on other descriptions of trade, such as milling,
+packing provisions, dealing in land, and other operations such as the
+speculative American is always ready to engage in. Among other things he
+started a chair factory and a tannery, and his active mind was always
+revolving projects for the increase of business, and, of course, of
+business profits.
+
+But, whilst his hands were full of all kinds of business enterprises, Dr.
+Robison found abundant leisure for a different kind of occupation. He was
+an intimate friend and associate of Alexander Campbell, the leader of the
+Disciple movement, and organized a congregation of this faith in Bedford,
+which he preached to for sixteen years. When he commenced his ministerial
+labors in Bedford, (from whom, at no time, did he receive fee or reward,)
+his congregation numbered less than a dozen, but when he closed his term
+of service as a voluntary minister he left for his successor a
+congregation numbering four hundred and forty, showing conclusively that
+his ministering had not been in vain. Nor was his zeal for the faith as
+understood by the Disciples content with preaching during this long term
+of service. His purse was always ready for the calls of the church, and,
+in company with Alexander Campbell, he traveled from place to place
+throughout a great part of Ohio, addressing the vast concourses called
+together by the fame of the Disciple leader, then in the plenitude of his
+power and influence as a preacher and teacher. In these gatherings and in
+such company Dr. Robison enriched his mind and developed a great talent
+for extemporaneous address and discussion. Of a positive nature he brought
+strong earnestness and unflagging energy to the work in which he was
+engaged, and carried his hearers with him, as he himself was frequently
+borne away by the enthusiasm of his subject. The same earnestness and
+energy which made him so successful as a preacher served to make him
+popular and effective on the political platform, and in the cause of the
+soldiers of the Union in recent years. During the war he was active in
+procuring volunteers for the Union army, and whenever an effort was made
+to aid the cause of the Union Dr. Robison was among the foremost in the
+work. In politics Dr. Robison was an old Clay Whig. After the demolition
+of that party he voted with the Democrats. In 1861, he was chosen to the
+State Senate by the union of the War Democrats and Republicans, receiving
+the largest vote for any senator from this county. Since that time he has
+voted with the Republican party. His Senatorial career was highly
+honorable to himself and of value to his constituents, who found in him a
+faithful, active and intelligent representative.
+
+It is as a packer of provisions that Dr. Robison has been for many years
+chiefly known. For twenty-five years he had been associated with General
+O. M. Oviatt in the packing business at Cleveland, and the brand of the
+firm had grown to be recognized everywhere as thoroughly reliable. In
+1865, this partnership was dissolved, and Dr. Robison continued the
+business at first alone and afterwards in company with Archibald Baxter of
+New York. The scarcity of fat cattle in this vicinity compelled him in
+1866 to remove his principal packing house to Chicago, where he continues
+to operate heavily, the amount paid out for cattle during the last season
+being over $300,000. In addition to the Chicago packing he has continued
+the work in Cleveland, and also for several years did something in that
+line at Lafayette, Indiana. The firm's brand, "The Buckeye", is well known
+and highly esteemed both in the United States and England, to which
+provisions bearing that mark are largely shipped.
+
+Had Dr. Robison continued his practice as a physician he would undoubtedly
+have attained eminence in his profession, a leading physician having
+frequently borne testimony to his extraordinary skill in diagnosing
+disease, and urged him to devote his entire attention to his profession.
+But he preferred curing beef and pork to curing human bodies, and, so far
+as financial results are concerned, probably made a wise choice, though
+the judgment of human nature and insight into men's motives to which he
+attributes his success, would have served him in good stead in either
+line. At the age of fifty-eight, Dr. Robison is found in possession of a
+handsome competency, although he has all through life dealt with marked
+liberality toward all worthy objects of charity and patriotism. He is
+still in possession of much of the vigor that has characterized his
+business career, and we trust his life of usefulness may yet be long.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: Yours Truly, T. P. Handy]
+
+Truman P. Handy.
+
+
+
+The oldest banker in Cleveland, and probably the oldest active banker in
+the State, is Truman P. Handy, now president of the Merchants National
+Bank. He has been identified with the banking business of Cleveland from
+his first arrival in the city, thirty-seven years ago, and throughout the
+whole time has been a successful financier, managing the institutions
+under his charge with unvarying skill and good fortune.
+
+Mr. Handy was born in Paris, Oneida county, New York, January 17th, 1807.
+He had the advantage of a good academical education, and made preparation
+for entering college, which, however, he did not do, and at the close of
+his school term, spent the remaining time, until his eighteenth year,
+upon his father's farm, with the exception of two winters in which he
+taught school.
+
+On reaching his eighteenth year it was decided that he should enter on a
+commercial life, and a year or two were spent in stores in Utica and New
+Hartford, N. Y., leaving the latter place in October, 1826, to take a
+position in the Bank of Geneva, Ontario county, N. Y., of which the Kev. H.
+Dwight was president. With this commenced Mr. Handy's long banking career.
+Five years were spent in this bank and then he accepted an invitation to
+remove to Buffalo, for the purpose of assisting in the organization of the
+Bank of Buffalo, of which he was made teller, and remained one year in
+that position. In March, 1832, the young banker married Miss Harriet N.
+Hall, of Geneva, and with his bride set out on the wedding tour, which was
+also one of business, to Cleveland.
+
+Under other circumstances the journey would scarcely be deemed a pleasant
+one. It was in early Spring, and the weather was still inclement. The
+roads were bad, and the lumbering stage floundered heavily through mud,
+and amid obstructions that made the way one of discomfort, not unmixed
+with peril, for six weary days, between Geneva and Cleveland. But in
+addition to the fact that it was a bridal tour, the young couple were
+cheered by the prospect before them. The charter of the old Commercial
+Bank of Lake Erie, established in 1816, and which had gone under, had been
+purchased by the Hon. George Bancroft and his family in Massachusetts, and
+it was designed to resuscitate it under better auspices. Mr. Handy had
+been invited to become the cashier, and in pursuance of his acceptance of
+the invitation, was, with his bride, on his way to Cleveland.
+
+The bank was organized on his arrival and commenced business on the lot
+now occupied by the Merchants National Bank, at the corner of Superior
+and Bank streets, the bank lot running back to the present site of the
+Herald building. Leonard Case, the president of the old Bank of Lake
+Erie, was president of the resuscitated bank, with T. P. Handy as cashier.
+It did a thriving business until 1842, when the term of its charter
+expired, and the Legislature refused to renew it, compelling the bank to
+go into liquidation. When the great crash of 1837 occurred, the bank had
+been compelled to take real estate in settlement of the liabilities of
+its involved customers, and thus the corporation became one of the
+greatest landholders of the city. Had the property been retained by the
+bank owners, it would by this time have been worth to them many millions
+of dollars.
+
+The close of the bank and the winding up of its affairs necessitated the
+disposal of the real estate for the purpose of dividing the assets among
+the stockholders. Messrs. T. P. Handy, H. B. Payne, and Dudley Baldwin were
+appointed commissioners to close up the affairs of the bank and discharge
+its liabilities. This being done, the remaining cash and real estate were
+divided among the stockholders, who appointed Mr. Handy their trustee to
+dispose of the property. This was accomplished in 1845, when Mr. Handy
+made his final settlement. During the time subsequent to the close of the
+bank, he had been carrying on a private banking business under the name of
+T. P. Handy & Co.
+
+In the Winter of 1845, the State Legislature passed a law authorizing the
+establishment of the State Bank of Ohio, and of independent banks. In
+November of that year, Mr. Handy organized the Commercial Branch of the
+State Bank of Ohio, with a capital of one hundred and seventy-five
+thousand dollars, and took position in it as cashier, the president being
+William A. Otis, and the directors, additional to Messrs. Otis and Handy,
+being John M. Woolsey, N. C. Winslow, and Jonathan Gillett. Mr. Handy was
+the acting manager of the institution, and so successful was his conduct
+of its affairs that the stockholders received an average of nearly twenty
+per cent. on their investment through nearly the whole time until the
+termination of its charter in 1865, a period of twenty years. His policy
+was liberal, but with remarkable judgment he avoided hazardous risks, and
+whilst the bank always had as much business as it could possibly
+accommodate, the tightest times never affected its credit.
+
+Whilst the Commercial Branch Bank was having such uninterrupted success,
+the Merchants Branch of the State Bank of Ohio, on the same street, was
+experiencing a run of bad fortune. The failure of the Ohio Life and Trust
+Company embarrassed it for a time, and other causes conspired with this to
+cripple its resources. In 1861, the stockholders invited Mr. Handy to take
+charge of its affairs as president, and he accepted the trust. His usual
+success followed him to his new position, and the affairs of the bank were
+suddenly and permanently improved.
+
+In February, 1865, in common with most of the State banking institutions,
+the Merchants Branch Bank stockholders decided to wind up the concern as a
+State institution, and avail themselves of the provisions of the National
+Banking Act. The Merchants National Bank was organized with an authorized
+capital of one million of dollars, of which six hundred thousand dollars
+was paid in, Mr. Handy assuming the presidency, and having associated
+with him in the management, Messrs. T. M. Kelley, M. Barnett, William
+Collins, James F. Clark, Samuel L. Mather, and William Bingham. Under this
+management the bank has thus far had an uninterrupted tide of prosperity,
+with every prospect of its continuance.
+
+It is not alone as a banker that Mr. Handy has made himself prominent
+among the citizens of Cleveland, He has been intimately connected with
+other enterprises tending to increase the prosperity of the city, and it
+is remarkable that all the undertakings he has been connected with have
+proved profitable, to himself to a greater or less extent, as might be
+expected, but in a far greater degree to others, the stockholders, for
+whose interests he was laboring. Few, if any, men in Cleveland have made
+more money for others than has Mr. Handy.
+
+In addition to his banking duties, he filled the position from 1850 to
+1860, of treasurer of the Cleveland, Columbus and Cincinnati railroad, and
+managed its finances with that skill and ability which were peculiarly
+needed in the earlier portion of that period, when the road was an
+experiment, carried on under the heaviest difficulties. In 1860, he
+resigned his position as treasurer, and is now a director in that company.
+He has also been interested in other railroads centering in Cleveland.
+
+In 1856, a Cleveland built schooner left the lakes for the ocean, and
+crossed the Atlantic to Liverpool, thus commencing the direct trade
+between the lakes and European ports. In 1857, another Cleveland built
+vessel was sent across, loaded with staves and lumber, and returned with
+crockery and iron. The success of these Tentures attracted the attention
+of the enterprising business men of the lakes, and in the Spring of 1858,
+a fleet of ten vessels left Cleveland, all but one loaded with staves and
+lumber, for European ports. Their departure was marked by demonstrations
+on the part of the authorities and leading men of business, and with a
+fair breeze and good wishes the fleet bore away for salt water. Of the ten
+vessels, three were sent by Mr. Handy, the R. H. Harmon, bound for
+Liverpool, the D. B. Sexton, for London, and the J. F. Warner, for Glasgow.
+All of the vessels made quick and profitable trips, and the trade thus
+begun has been carried on with profit to the present time, although at the
+breaking out of the war American vessels were compelled to withdraw from
+it, leaving the enterprise wholly in the hands of English parties, who
+purchased vessels for the trade.
+
+Whilst his vessels were in Europe, Mr. Handy availed himself of the
+opportunity to visit Great Britain and the Continent, to attend to his
+interests, and at the same time to study some of the institutions of the
+old world, especially the financial, religious and educational. In
+educational matters he had always taken a deep interest, having watched
+with a careful eye the growth of the public schools of Cleveland, and for
+some time was associated with Mr. Charles Bradburn in their management, as
+members of the Board of Education. And this, which was wholly a labor of
+love, with no remuneration but the consciousness of having done some good
+by hard work, was the only public office ever held by Mr. Handy, or ever
+desired by him. At the same time he was deeply interested in the growth
+and management of the Sunday schools of the city, and for many years has
+taken a leading part in all movements calculated to extend their field of
+usefulness and increase their efficiency. In Great Britain he visited the
+Sunday schools and was warmly welcomed by teachers and scholars, who were
+greatly interested in his account of the working of Sunday schools here,
+whilst the narration of his experiences on that side of the Atlantic
+frequently delighted the scholars at home on his return.
+
+Although rapidly approaching the period allotted by the psalmist to man as
+his term of life, Mr. Handy is still as full of vigor and business energy
+as much younger men, and is as earnest as of old in managing large
+financial undertakings, or in teaching his class in Sunday school. His
+heart is as young at sixty-two, as at twenty-seven, and the secret of his
+continued health and vigor undoubtedly lies in his temperate and upright
+life, his kindly disposition, and that simple cheerfulness of spirit that
+makes him thoroughly at home in the society of children, who, in their
+turn, are thoroughly at home with him. One of the most energetic and
+successful of business men, he has never allowed business to so engross
+his time and attention as to leave no opportunity for religions or social
+duties or enjoyments. In this way he has won the confidence and esteem of
+all classes of citizens as a successful financier, a good citizen, a man
+of the strictest probity, a warm friend, and a genial acquaintance.
+
+Mr. Handy has but one child living, a daughter, now the wife of Mr. John
+S. Newberry, of Detroit. His only other child, a boy, died in infancy.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: C. Bradburn]
+
+
+Charles Bradburn.
+
+
+
+That Charles Bradburn is a merchant long and honorably known in the
+commercial history of Cleveland, and that he still retains a prominent
+place in the business circles which he entered thirty-three years ago, are
+undeniable facts. And yet, the great feature of Mr. Bradburn's busy life,
+and that of which he is justly most proud, is not his business successes,
+but his connection with the public schools of this city. His money, made
+by anxious care in his warehouse and among business men, was freely spent
+to promote the cause of education, and the labor, solicitude and anxiety
+with which he prosecuted his business, great as they necessarily were,
+must be counted small compared with his sacrifices of time and labor in
+the effort to extend and improve the school system and make the school
+houses of the city a source of gratulation and pride to the citizens. But
+whilst his hardest labor was in the service of the schools, it was purely
+a labor of love, whilst his work on the river was a labor of business, and
+therefore he must, in this record of Cleveland's noted men, take rank
+among his commercial brethren.
+
+Mr. Bradburn was born at Attleborough, Massachusetts, July 16th, 1808. His
+father was a cotton manufacturer when that great industrial interest was
+in its infancy. The first manufacture in this country of several articles
+of twilled fabrics was in his factory.
+
+At the age of seven years Charles Bradburn had the misfortune to lose his
+mother, a lady highly esteemed by all who knew her. This loss was a
+serious one, as it left him almost entirely to his own resources. When
+sixteen years old he entered the Lowell machine shop as an apprentice, and
+after a service of three years, graduated with a diploma from the
+Middlesex Mechanics Association. He served as a journeyman for two years,
+when, feeling that his education was not adequate to his wants, he left
+the mechanic's bench for the student's desk, entering the classical school
+of Professor Coffin at Ashfield, in the western part of the same State.
+Subsequently he resumed his mechanical labors, which he continued until
+1833, part of the time as a journeyman, but during the greater part as a
+manufacturer on his own account. At that date he changed his business from
+manufacturing to commerce, opening a store in Lowell.
+
+In 1836, he decided to remove to the West, and in that year brought his
+family to Cleveland, where he commenced the wholesale and retail grocery
+business in the wooden building now standing, adjoining the old City
+Buildings, which were not then finished. The next year he rented the two
+stores adjoining in the then new City Buildings, of which but a portion
+now remains. In 1840, he built the warehouse now standing at the foot of
+St. Clair street and moved his business to that place, abandoning the
+retail branch. At the same time he established a distillery on what was
+then known as "the island," on the west side of the river. In 1854, he
+removed to the spacious warehouses, 58 and 60 River street, now occupied
+by him and his partners under the same name, "C. Bradburn & Co.," that
+graced the walls of the City Buildings in 1836. During his long
+commercial life Mr. Bradburn has enjoyed largly theturnpikesnce and esteem
+of the commercial community and is now one of the most energetic business
+men of the city.
+
+But it is in his devotion to the cause of knowledge and popular education
+that Mr. Bradburn appears especially as a representative man. He was one
+of the first officers of the Mercantile Library Association, and in its
+early history took much interest in its prosperity. His great work,
+however, lay in the schools. In a letter to a friend recently written, he,
+with characteristic modesty, writes: "After a life almost as long as is
+allotted to man, the only thing I find to glory in is having been able to
+render some service to the cause of popular education; to be called by so
+many of our ablest educators the father of our public schools, was glory
+enough, and ample compensation for many years of hard labor and the
+expenditure of much money in the cause."
+
+Mr. Bradburn was in 1839 elected to the City Council from the Third ward.
+As chairman of the Committee on Fire and Water he reorganized the Fire
+Department, which was then in a wretched condition, and, with the
+assistance of Mr. J. L. Weatherly, who was made Chief Engineer, and the
+aid of new laws, made it one of the most efficient of any at that time
+existing in the country. As chairman of the Committee on Streets, at that
+time an office of much responsibility and labor, he rendered the city
+valuable service.
+
+In 1841, he was elected a member and made chairman of the Board of School
+Managers. This body was merged into the Board of Education, and for
+several years he filled the office of president. For thirteen consecutive
+years he served as member of the Board of School Managers and of the Board
+of Education, during much of which time he had almost unaided control of
+the educational affairs of the city. Mr. Bradburn succeeded in getting
+through the Legislature a bill authorizing the establishment of a High
+School, the first institution of the kind, connected with the public
+schools, in the State of Ohio. A school of this character was started in
+June, 1846, and maintained in spite of fierce opposition. But there was no
+building to receive it, and its earlier years were spent in the basement
+of a church on Prospect street, the room being fitted up by Mr. Bradburn
+and rented by the city for fifty dollars per annum.
+
+Feeling strongly that he could render better service to the cause of
+popular education in the City Council than he could in the Board of
+Education, in 1853 he resigned his seat in the latter body and was elected
+to the City Council. When Ohio City was united with Cleveland, he was
+chosen president of the united Councils.
+
+Having, on taking his seat in the Council, been appointed to a position on
+the Committee on Schools, his first and continuous efforts were directed
+to bringing the Council to provide suitable buildings, not only for the
+High School, but for all the schools of the city. In consequence of his
+earnest and persistent labors an ordinance was passed authorizing a loan
+for school purposes of $30,000. The loan was negotiated at par without
+expense to the city. Mr. Bradburn, and the Building Committee, of which he
+was chairman, immediately made plans for the Central High School, and the
+Mayflower, Eagle and Alabama street Grammar schools, all of which were put
+under contract without delay, and finished under their supervision to the
+entire satisfaction of the Council and Board of Education. The teachers
+of the public schools in gratitude for his services in the cause of
+education, induced Mr. Bradburn to sit to Allen Smith, Jr., for his
+picture, which was then hung in the hall of the Central High School. At a
+subsequent date the High School teachers presented him with a massive
+gold-headed cane, engraved with a complimentary inscription, but this
+highly prized token was unfortunately lost, together with a number of
+other cherished mementoes and all the family pictures, in a fire which
+destroyed his residence in February, 1868. In the fire also perished a
+valuable library of over four hundred volumes, the result of a lifetime's
+collection, and Mr. Bradburn barely escaped with his own life from a third
+story window, being badly injured in the descent.
+
+In public matters he has done but little during the past few years,
+devoting himself entirely to his business, but he may be seen on all
+occasions where the cause of popular education can be benefited by his
+presence. In 1848, he was the Whig candidate for Mayor, but, being ill at
+the time, gave the canvass no personal attention, and was defeated by a
+few votes, the opponents of the High School, of whatever party, voting
+against him.
+
+To Mr. Bradburn the credit belongs of procuring, after a hard battle
+against parsimony and prejudice, the establishment of the first free High
+School in the West.
+
+
+
+
+Samuel Raymond.
+
+
+
+Samuel Raymond was born in Bethlem, Connecticut, March 19, 1805. Like most
+of the sons of New England, his boyhood was passed in plowing among the
+rocks on one of the stony farms of that rocky and hilly State. At the age
+of sixteen he commenced teaching the village school, and continued
+teaching for six years, a portion of that time being spent in New York
+State, in one of the many pretty towns that are scattered along on either
+side of the Hudson. Returning to Connecticut at the end of his six years'
+trial of teaching, he was employed to keep the books of the old and
+wealthy firm of Messrs. A. & C. Day, dry goods commission merchants, at
+Hartford. The late Governor Morgan, of New York, was, at the same time, a
+salesman in the house.
+
+In 1833, Mr. Raymond married Mary North, daughter of James North, of New
+Britain, Conn.
+
+In the Spring of 1835, he determined to try his fortune in the Far West,
+away out in Ohio. With Kansas as the present geographical centre of the
+Union, it is difficult for us to conceive of the New Englanders' idea of
+the West at that time. It was something of an undertaking. It was a
+journey of weeks, not a ride of twenty-three hours in a sleeping coach or
+palace car. It meant long and tedious days of staging--a monotonous ride
+along the Erie canal from Schenectady to some point a little farther west,
+and finally, when the lake was not frozen over, the perils of lake
+navigation. In 1835, Cleveland, Erie and Sandusky were all struggling for
+supremacy. When Mr. Raymond got as far west as Erie, he thought that might
+be a good place for him "to drive a stake," but the number of newly made
+graves suggested to him, on second thought, the propriety of getting out
+of the place as speedily as possible. Cleveland at that time was beginning
+to put on city airs--Kellogg's great hotel (the American) was slowly going
+up. The only vacant store to be had by Mr. R. was a little wooden building
+on the site of the present Rouse block--a location at that time about as
+far out of town as it would be safe for a prudent merchant to venture.
+Henry W. and Marvin Clark were associated with him in business, under the
+firm name of Raymond & Clark.
+
+Mr. Raymond was a merchant of more than ordinary business ability, a man
+of scrupulous exactness in his business dealings. His extreme conservatism
+in business management carried him safely through every commercial crisis.
+
+Like most business men Mr. Raymond had but little time to devote to
+political discussions. He voted the Whig ticket as long as the old Whig
+party had an existence. In religions principles he was a Presbyterian, and
+united with the First Presbyterian Church in 1840, at that time under the
+pastoral charge of Rev. Dr. S. C. Aiken.
+
+In the Winter of 1866, in compliance with his physician's advice, he took
+a journey south for the benefit of his health, which had been impaired by
+his unremitting devotion to business. In company with a party of friends
+from Cincinnati, he and his wife left Louisville for Havana, in January.
+On the 2d of February a telegram was received by the remaining members of
+his family in Cleveland, informing them that Mr. Raymond was among the
+missing on the ill-fated steamer Carter, which was burned when within a
+few miles of Vicksburg.
+
+When the alarm was given, Mr. Raymond and his wife were asleep. Hastily
+dressing themselves and providing themselves with life-preservers, they
+jumped through the cabin window, Mr. Raymond having a state-room door
+which he had wrenched from its hinges. Mrs. Raymond clung to a floating
+bale of hay and was saved after an hour of peril and suffering in the icy
+water. Nothing was seen of Mr. Raymond after he floated away from the
+wreck, clinging to the door. His death was mourned by a large circle of
+friends who appreciated his worth.
+
+By diligence and economy he accumulated a valuable estate, leaving to his
+family property valued at two hundred and fifty thousand dollars.
+
+
+
+
+Richard T. Lyon.
+
+
+
+The first secretary of the Cleveland Board of Trade, and its president for
+the year 1869, Richard T. Lyon, is probably the oldest established
+merchant now doing business on the river. He arrived here in 1823, when
+there were but a few hundred people in the village, and for some time
+resided with his father-in-law, Noble H. Merwin, on the lot now occupied
+by Bishop's Block, about where M. Heisel's confectionary store now stands.
+In 1838, he entered as clerk in the forwarding house of Griffith, Standart
+& Co., at the foot of Superior street, continuing in that position until
+the Spring of 1841, when he formed a partnership with I. L. Hewitt, and
+carried on a forwarding and commission business on River street, under the
+firm name of Hewitt & Lyon. The partnership continued until 1847, when Mr.
+Hewitt retired, and Mr. Lyon continued the business in his own name at 67
+Merwin street, where he has remained until the present time. In the Spring
+of 1868, his son, R. S. Lyon, was taken into partnership, the firm name
+being changed to R. T. Lyon & Son. For a number of years Mr. Lyon has been
+the largest dealer of salt in the city, having had the agency of the salt
+works in western New York.
+
+Mr. Lyon has held, from his first entry into commercial life to the
+present time, the esteem and confidence of the business men of Cleveland,
+and that confidence has been shown by the fact, that for many years he was
+the treasurer of the Board of Trade, having been elected to that position
+on the organisation of the Board; was subsequently made vice-president,
+and in the Spring of 1869, was elected president. This compliment was well
+merited, for he is now one of the very few remaining members of the Board
+who took part in its organization, and has never flagged in his interest
+in its affairs.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: Yours Truly, H. M. Chapin]
+
+
+H. M. Chapin.
+
+
+
+In the commercial, political, patriotic, and literary history of Cleveland
+for the past fifteen or twenty years, the name of H. M. Chapin will always
+have honorable prominence. In all these departments his persistent energy
+and unshaken faith, even in the darkest hours, have been potent for good.
+
+Mr. Chapin was born in Walpole, N. H., July 29th, 1823, and received a good
+common school education. When fifteen years old, he removed to Boston, and
+entered a dry goods importing house, in which he remained nearly ten
+years. In the Spring of 1848, he left Boston for Cleveland, where he
+became a partner in the wholesale grocery warehouse of Charles Bradburn &
+Co., with whom he remained four years. In 1852, he commenced business as a
+provision dealer and packer of pork and beef. For a time it was up-hill
+work, but his native perseverance overcame all difficulties, and in the
+season of 1862-3, his business had grown to seven hundred and fifty
+thousand dollars. From that time there was a steady decline in the amount
+of packing done in Cleveland, the supply of cattle and hogs decreasing
+until but a very small quantity, in proportion to the facilities for
+packing, could be depended on. The slaughter-houses of Chicago arrested
+the great stream of live stock, and what escaped them went forward to the
+Atlantic cities for immediate consumption. In the Winter of 1867-8, Mr.
+Chapin, therefore, resolved to remove his packing business to Chicago, and
+commenced operations there with gratifying success. He intended abandoning
+Cleveland altogether as a packing point, but, contrary to his
+expectations, he has been able to resume the business here to a moderate
+extent. From 1862 to 1867, he carried on, in connection with the packing
+business, a very extensive coopering establishment, employing about fifty
+men, besides a large amount of machinery. Over a hundred and twenty-five
+men were at the same time employed in slaughtering and packing.
+
+In addition to his ordinary business, and partly in connection with it,
+Mr. Chapin turned his attention to the question of insurance. It was a
+favorite maxim with him that the West was able to do its own insurance,
+and with this idea ever present, he was favorable to the establishment of
+home insurance companies. Of the Sun Fire Insurance Company, of
+Cleveland, he was for some years the vice-president, and labored earnestly
+for its success. Being a thorough believer in the principles of
+Homoeopathy, as well as an enthusiast on the subject of western insurance,
+he was a willing co-worker with a number of prominent citizens engaged in
+the organization of the Hahnemann Life Insurance Company, of Cleveland.
+The novel character of this company--it being the first of the kind in the
+United States--is sufficient warrant for a brief statement of its history.
+It was established in 1865, and numbered among its stockholders such
+leading business men and substantial capitalists as Wm. A. Otis, George
+Worthington, William Bingham, Stillman Witt, Selah Chamberlain, Dudley
+Baldwin, D. P. Eells, M. G. Younglove, and the Hon. B. F. Wade. The
+leading feature was the offer to insure those whose medical belief and
+practice were exclusively Homoeopathic, at lower rates than those
+subjecting themselves to Allopathic treatment. The theory on which this
+offer is based is, that all the evidence goes to show a lower rate of
+mortality under Homoeopathic than under Allopathic treatment. The
+Honorable William Baines, Insurance Commissioner of New York, in speaking
+of this company in his report, says: "The Hahnemann Life Insurance
+Company, of Cleveland, Ohio, is the first western company admitted into
+this State. It starts with a paid up capital of $200,000, one-half of
+which is deposited with the State Treasurer of Ohio, for the protection of
+policy holders. The company is organized on a basis of strength and
+capital, even larger than that required of New York corporations; it
+reduces the rate of premium to Homoeopathic members."
+
+Of this company Mr. Chapin was made president, and in the management of
+this, as in everything which he undertakes, he infused a large amount of
+his energy, and made the company a complete success. During the present
+year his almost undivided attention has been given to the company's
+affairs, with marked effect on its rapidly increasing business.
+
+In 1865, Mr. Chapin was elected Mayor of the city of Cleveland. The honor
+was not only unsought, but he was in entire ignorance of the whole affair
+until after his election. His name had not been mentioned in connection
+with that or any other office when he left the city on a business trip
+that kept him absent for several days. In the meantime the nominating
+convention of the Union Republican party was held, and there was some
+difficulty as to a choice between the persons named for the nomination as
+Mayor. In casting around for a way out of the difficulty, the name of Mr.
+Chapin was mentioned and instantly met with favor. He was nominated,
+elected by a strong majority, and the first intimation he received of the
+movement was reading the election returns in the Cleveland Herald, on his
+homeward journey.
+
+He accepted the office in the spirit in which it had been conferred upon
+him. He understood that the people believed he was disposed and able to
+manage the affairs of the city vigorously and honestly, and he was not
+disposed to evade the responsibilities of the office. His time was devoted
+to the duties of his position, the different departments under his charge
+were carefully scrutinized, and whilst his strictness and vigorous
+execution of the laws made the offenders complain of his severity, there
+was no question raised as to his ability, integrity, or honest zeal for
+the city's interest. He discharged the duties of his office with
+scrupulous exactness, and he endeavored to make others do the same. During
+his administration it was no longer a reproach that the ordinances of the
+city stood
+
+  "Like the forfeits in a barbers shop,
+  As much in mock as mark."
+
+At the breaking out of the war, Mr. Chapin took an early and active part
+in stirring up the people to defend the Government of the Union. Wherever
+his money, influence, or active energy could be made serviceable, there he
+was always to be found. Having obtained the appropriation for the
+Twenty-Ninth Regiment, he worked diligently in raising, equipping, and
+sending it to the field, and spent much of his own time at the front in
+various capacities. The ladies who worked diligently for the comfort of
+the soldiers and the care of the sick and wounded, through the medium of
+the Ladies' Aid Association, found in Mr. Chapin an indefatigable
+assistant. He was ever ready with suggestion, active aid, and money,
+laboring day and night, either at the front, in the hospitals, or at
+home, in behalf of the soldier.
+
+The Cleveland Library Association was another field in which Mr. Chapin's
+energy and business tact were manifested. In 1854, he was elected
+president of the Association, which had struggled along, a feeble
+organization, contending against numerous difficulties. Under his vigorous
+management the Association was brought to a higher degree of prosperity
+then it had ever witnessed; the income was largely increased, the number
+of books increased one-half, and a lively interest excited in the public
+mind concerning it. Mr. Chapin retired at the close of his term of office,
+and the affairs of the Association gradually lapsed into their former
+unsatisfactory condition. In 1858, an attempt was made to save it by
+revolutionizing its constitution and management. A new constitution was
+adopted, and under it Mr. Chapin was again elected president. The result
+was even more marked than in the previous instance. The number of members
+was nearly doubled, a load of debt that had accumulated through a number
+of years was removed, a large number of books added to the library, and
+the reading-room enlarged and improved. Again, after the lapse of ten
+years, Mr. Chapin has been called to the presidency of the Association,
+under circumstances precisely similar to those under which he had twice
+before assumed the duties of the position.
+
+Mr. Chapin was married October 15th, 1849, to Matilda, daughter of John
+Fenno, of Boston. Of this marriage have been born six children, the oldest
+of whom, a son now nineteen years of age, is in the wholesale grocery of
+Edwards, Townsend & Co.; the others are all attending school.
+
+
+
+
+Moses White.
+
+
+
+Moses White, now one of the very few remaining early citizens of
+Cleveland, was born at Warwick, Hampshire county, Mass., February
+25th, 1791. His father's name was Jacob White, a native of Menden,
+Mass., who traces back his ancestors as natives of that town, to as
+early a date as 1665.
+
+Moses White, the subject of this memoir, being deprived, at a very early
+age, of his mother, by death, went to live in Mendon, with his maternal
+grandfather, Peter Penninian. Afterwards he went to Boston, where he
+learned the merchant tailor business, with one John Willson. From Boston
+he went to Providence, R. I., where he remained about two years, and where
+he became acquainted with Miss Mary Andrews, whom he afterwards married.
+
+In 1813, being desirons of settling further west, he first went to Utica,
+N. Y., and after remaining there a few months, he proceeded, with a horse
+and buggy, to Cleveland, where he arrived in October, 1816, the population
+of the place then being only about 150.
+
+He established himself here as a merchant tailor, and pursued the business
+steadily about twenty years, and with success. He afterwards established a
+store at Chillicothe, Ohio, which, not being under his own care, did not
+prove successful.
+
+From his arrival in Cleveland, he was forward in all the moral and
+religious enterprises of the place, first in union with all the religious
+denominations represented, and afterwards he was more particularly
+identified with the Baptist Church, in which he has been for nearly forty
+years a deacon.
+
+He now enjoys more than usual health and vigor for one of his age, and has
+the respect, confidence and esteem of every person who knows him.
+
+His wife having died in 1858, he has since that date made it his home with
+his daughter, Mrs. J. P. Bishop, of Cleveland, with whom he now resides.
+
+In many respects Deacon White's history furnishes an example worthy of
+imitation. In the times of his boyhood, in New England, when a boy did not
+possess the means for establishing himself in business, or of educating
+himself for some professional calling, and particularly if he was an
+orphan, he was required to learn some trade. In his case, his friends not
+only recommended this, but he was desirous himself, of doing it. He
+accordingly went from Mendon to Boston, a distance of about forty miles,
+where, alone and among strangers, he sought a place where he might serve
+as an apprentice. For days he wandered about seeking such an opportunity
+and finally fell in with John Willson, the merchant tailor before
+mentioned, who received him as an errand boy, and finally as an
+apprentice, in which position he continued, passing through all the grades
+incident to such employment, till he was twenty-one years of age.
+
+Without father or mother, or friends to look up to for counsel and advice,
+he persevered, and preserved his integrity, having the confidence of all
+with whom he was associated.
+
+In those early days, nothing was more common than to emigrate to the
+West, leaving the principles of New England education, in religion and
+morality, behind. Judging from accounts of society in Cleveland in very
+early times, such must have been the case of some, at least.
+
+But such was not the case with the youthful Moses White. Though he found
+not many congenial spirits in this far-off western region, yet whenever,
+in the little village of Cleveland, he heard of a place of prayer, or a
+meeting, or association for the promotion of temperance or morality,
+thither he bent his footsteps. Now in a ripe and happy old age he enjoys,
+not only the retrospect, but also the present--and not only these, but he
+is constantly looking for a consummation of perfect happiness, beyond what
+either the past has, or the present life can afford.
+
+Finally, so far as accumulating wealth is concerned, he has not been as
+fortunate as some, and yet less unfortunate than many others, and now
+enjoys a competence abundantly sufficient to provide for all his wants and
+to transmit something to his children. Well may worldly ones say, "O that
+my last days might be like his!"
+
+
+
+
+David H. Beardsley.
+
+
+
+Mr. Beardsley does not claim to be a pioneer, but an early settler of the
+second class, having arrived in Cleveland with his family in June, 1826.
+Cleveland is supposed to have then had about five hundred people. He was
+of Quaker origin, and lived at New Preston, Connecticut, before he removed
+to Ohio. He was of course anxious to obtain employment, and being a
+beautiful penman, a contract was soon made with the late Judge Willey, who
+was the county auditor, to serve as his clerk, at one dollar per day. He
+was employed about thirty days in making the county duplicate. The taxable
+property of the county at that time amounted to the sum of two hundred and
+sixty-eight thousand, seven hundred and seventy-one dollars. When Mr.
+Beardsley was deputy auditor, all the public business centered in the old
+log court house, on the northwest quarter of the Square.
+
+On the fourth of July, 1827, the Ohio canal was opened to lock seventeen,
+near Akron, and the canal commissioners, prominent among whom was his
+friend Alfred Kelley, were in need of a scrupulously honest man, and a
+good clerk, for the purpose of collecting tolls. They found all the
+necessary qualifications of integrity, assiduity, and accuracy in Mr.
+Beardsley, who was therefore appointed, the day not having arrived when
+qualification for office should be the last of recommendations. The
+collectorship may be said to have been Mr. Beardsley's profession. He
+spent in the office most of the period of active life, in twenty-three
+years, undisturbed by the changes of administration. To our ears this may
+sound incredible.
+
+Mr. Beardsley's salary was at first three hundred dollars per annum,
+increasing to twelve hundred before the close of his services. He
+collected the sum of one million, three hundred and ninety-eight thousand,
+six hundred and forty-two dollars and sixty-eight cents. His accounts were
+models of nicety as well as accuracy, errors and discrepancies being
+equally unknown.
+
+Being a gentleman of simple tastes and habits, with few wants, he has
+acquired a comfortable competence, without acquiring a thirst for gold,
+and without withholding his substance from charitable and public purposes.
+He is highly esteemed by all who know him, for a life-long consistency of
+character, and sterling qualities as a man and a friend. The writer
+occasionally sees him on our crowded streets, although quite feeble, with
+a mind perfectly serene, and well aware that his race is almost run. His
+record is worthy of emulation.
+
+
+
+
+Thomas Augustus Walton.
+
+
+
+When the genial countenance and kindly voice of T. A. Walton were missed
+from the customary gatherings of the river merchants, it was felt that
+something had been lost which not even a lucky speculation, or a good run
+of trade, could not restore. When the news of his sudden death, whilst on
+a foreign tour for the restoration of his health, was received, there was
+genuine sorrow among his old business associates, and poignant grief with
+many who had learned to look on him not merely as a successful merchant,
+but as a man of tender heart and open hand when suffering and distress
+appealed to him for sympathy and aid.
+
+Mr. Walton was born in London, and to the last he looked with affection to
+the city of his birth. His education was gained at the City of London
+School. After leaving school he was brought up to mercantile pursuits, and
+in 1830, concluding that there was a better opening in that line in
+America, he came to this country, bringing with him a considerable amount
+of money. For a few years he remained in New York, loaning his capital,
+for which he always found ready customers, but unfortunately they were not
+all as ready to pay as to borrow. He lost large sums, and was driven to
+the conclusion that for a man of his openness of character and confiding
+honesty, New York was an unprofitable location. The representations of a
+friend, combined with dissatisfaction with his experience in the
+commercial metropolis, determined him to seek his fortune in the West.
+Evansburg, Ohio, had been represented to him as a desirable place in which
+to live, a thriving business point, and adjacent to good hunting ground.
+This combination of attractions determined him, and he set out for
+Evansburg with what remained of his capital.
+
+But the attractions of Evansburg soon wearied him. Neither his social,
+commercial, nor sportsmanlike hopes were fulfilled by the facts, and Mr.
+Walton speedily turned his back on the place of so much promise and so
+little realization. Cleveland was the rising place of the West, and to
+Cleveland he came, and established himself, as was the custom with new
+comers of a commercial turn, in the produce and commission trade.
+Following the old maxim, he stuck to his business and his business stuck
+to him. The old frame warehouse in front of which he hung out his sign in
+1838, was occupied by him for twenty-five years, until January, 1863,
+when he retired from active business and was succeeded in the same
+building by his nephew, Thomas Walton, who still retains the business and
+the old location.
+
+Mr. Walton's nice sense of honor commended him to a large circle of
+customers in the interior and in Michigan, whilst nearly all the Canadian
+business with Cleveland passed through his hands. His Canadian customers
+relied implicitly on his word, and the fact that he always retained his
+old friends, and received constant accessions of new, sufficiently proved
+that their confidence was not misplaced.
+
+In the Spring of 1863, soon after his retirement from business, he went to
+England with the intention of staying a year or two and then returning to
+enjoy the remainder of his life in ease in this country. Whilst in
+England he paid a visit to some friends in Southampton, and whilst taking
+a bath in a movable bathing-house on the beach, probably was seized with
+cramp and suffocated by water getting into his lungs. The news of his
+death caused a painful shock in business, social, and religious circles,
+where he had been so well known and so highly esteemed.
+
+For a long term of years Mr. Walton was the presiding officer of the St.
+George's Society of Cleveland, and that benevolent institution owed its
+usefulness in great measure to his indefatigable zeal in the cause, and to
+his unstinted liberality. To the distressed of any nation he never turned
+a deaf ear, but to the needy and suffering of his native country he was
+ever liberal, and accompanied his unostentatious charities with kind words
+and manifestations of sincere interest that were frequently as beneficial
+to the recipient as the money itself. He was also a valued member of the
+Masonic Order.
+
+In religious belief he was an Episcopalian, and was long one of the
+leading members of Trinity Church. His devotion was unaffectedly sincere,
+and though he made no vaunt of his religious principles or hopes, there
+could be no question of his deep, earnest convictions. Kind, courteous,
+ever thinking of the good of others, and wholly unselfish, Mr. Walton was
+a good specimen of the true Christian gentleman.
+
+Although of English birth, and clinging affectionately to all that
+reminded him of his native land, he was a thorough supporter of American
+institutions, and an admirer of the American character. Deeply and warmly
+as he loved the land of his birth, his affection was even stronger for the
+land of his adoption, and it was his purpose to have returned from his
+visit to his boyhood's home and settle down in peaceful content in the
+chosen home of his manhood, until death should lay him in an American
+grave. When the war broke out he was an earnest and unshrinking supporter
+of the Government, and his means were freely used for its support, and for
+the comfort of the soldiers who were fighting its battles. Though alien
+born, and associated intimately with people of like birth, there was no
+native American that could surpass him in love for the Union, and few that
+exceeded him, in proportion to his means, in contributions to the defence
+of the Union.
+
+In the language of his favorite Shakespeare, it might be said of him
+
+  His life was gentle, and the elements
+  So mixed in him, that nature might stand up
+  And say to all the world, _This was a man_!
+
+
+
+
+George Worthington.
+
+
+
+Prominent among the business firms of Cleveland, is that of George
+Worthington & Co., a house which stands in the front rank both on account
+of the business done, and of its integrity and honorable dealing.
+
+Mr. Worthington, the founder and head of the firm, was born in
+Cooperstown, N. Y., September 21st, 1813. He received a good common school
+education, and then entered on a business career by becoming clerk in a
+hardware store in Utica, in 1830, remaining in that position until 1834,
+when he came to Cleveland and commenced business as a hardware dealer on
+his own account. His first store was on the corner of Superior and Union
+lane, on the site of the clothing store of Isaac A. Isaacs, and the first
+goods received by him were drawn by oxen owned by a man who did all the
+carting at that time. Cleveland was then but a small town, and most of the
+trading was done with the teamsters that came from Wooster and other
+points south, bringing pork, grain, and other products, and taking back
+merchandise. Trade was brisk, but cash scarce, nearly all the operations
+being more in the nature of barter than of purchase and sale.
+
+After remaining three years in his first store, he removed to the corner
+of Water and Superior streets, on the site of the present National Bank
+building, and in that location he remained thirty years, during which time
+he witnessed the growth of Cleveland from a small town to a large and
+prosperous city.
+
+When he had been established about fifteen years, Mr. Worthington began
+rapidly to enlarge his business, and he associated with him Mr. James
+Barnett and Mr. Edward Bingham, at present members of the firm. About that
+time they commenced wholesaling, and gradually built up a business from
+five thousand dollars the first year, to a million dollars. This, however,
+involved a vast amount of labor, and an indomitable determination to
+succeed by driving business. Mr. Worthington, in the absence of railroads
+or other public conveyance, traveled through the adjacent townships and
+counties on horseback, introducing his wares, and obtaining orders which
+would be filled by the carriers' wagons.
+
+[Illustration: Yours Truly, G. Worthington]
+
+Railroads revolutionized trade and gave an impetus to everything, and
+establishments that were on a firm footing before were prepared to take
+advantage of circumstances. This was the case with Mr. Worthington. His
+wholesale business has grown enormously, especially since 1860.
+
+About 1862, Mr. Worthington projected the Cleveland Iron and Nail Works,
+and, in connection with Mr. W. Bingham, matured the plans and got the
+works into successful operation in about one year from broaching the
+project, the work turned out being of the best quality. The owners of the
+works can sell readily all they make, and furnish active and steady
+employment for about two hundred men.
+
+Mr. Worthington has also been extensively interested in blast furnaces and
+coal mining, in the vicinity of Cleveland, and has been very successful in
+them also.
+
+At the present time the Cleveland Iron and Nail Company is erecting the
+first blast furnace within the city limits, calculated for a capacity of
+about three hundred tons per week. The firm have also built works on their
+grounds for the manufacture of gas pipe, which have been in successful
+operation for about a year, with the exception of a delay caused by a
+fire. This is an important work in a city so rapidly growing as Cleveland,
+and will retain many thousand of dollars formerly sent to Philadelphia and
+other points.
+
+On the passage of the National Bank Law, Mr. Worthington and a number of
+other capitalists of the city, organized the First National Bank of
+Cleveland, with a capital of four hundred thousand dollars, which has
+been very successful. Mr. Worthington was elected president on its
+organization, and still retains the office. He is a director of the Ohio
+Savings and Loan Bank, of this city. He is also largely interested in
+the local Insurance interests; vice-president of the Sun, and also
+interested in the Cleveland and Commercial, and is a director of the
+Hahnemann Life Insurance Company. He is also president of the Cleveland
+Iron Mining Company, one of the most successful organizations of the
+kind in the country.
+
+No one man, probably, has done more towards building up the business
+portion of the city than has Mr. Worthington. His first building was
+erected on the corner of Ontario and St. Clair streets, now occupied by H.
+Johnson. Since that time he has erected fifty dwelling-houses, and
+fourteen stores.
+
+In 1840, he was married to Miss Maria C. Blackmar, of Cleveland, by the
+Rev. Dr. Aiken. Of the marriage six children have been born, two sons
+and four daughters, all living. The oldest son, Ralph, is now a member
+of the firm.
+
+In 1862, Mr. Worthington became interested in the wholesale dry goods
+business in New York City, and has been quite successful in the
+enterprise.
+
+Mr. Worthington is a good specimen of a self-made man, who was not
+spoiled in the making. Hard work did not harden his character, nor has
+prosperity turned his head. Coming to Cleveland without a dollar, he has
+built up a large fortune by sheer hard work, close application to
+business and strict business habits. He at the same time built up a fine
+reputation by his integrity of character and scrupulous honesty in his
+dealings. At fifty-six years of age, his health is now, as it has always
+been, remarkably good; he has never been detained from business on
+account of sickness.
+
+
+
+
+N. E. Crittenden.
+
+
+
+One of the best known names in this city, to new as well as old citizens,
+is that of N. E. Crittenden. For very many years his jewelry establishment
+has been a landmark in the business district "on the hill," and the
+greater part of the population, for about forty years, have taken their
+time from his clock.
+
+Mr. Crittenden is a Massachusetts Yankee in birth and pedigree, having
+been born at Conway, July 25th, 1804. In his earlier years he received a
+good common school education, and at the age of eighteen was bound
+apprentice to the jewelry and watch-making business, serving four years at
+Geneva, N. Y., and then removing to Batavia, where he was employed two
+years at the trade, and in Albany one year. In the latter city he married
+Miss Mary A. Ogden, soon after the ceremony moving to Batavia, where,
+however, he made but a short stay. He had determined on setting up on his
+own account, and Batavia presented no opening for him. That land of hope
+and promise, the West, tempted him as it had tempted others, and with five
+hundred dollars in jewelry, purchased on credit, he started westward in
+search of a place in which to turn his jewelry into cash.
+
+Taking vessel at Buffalo he came to Cleveland, but there was no harbor,
+and the vessel stopped outside to land any passengers for that place, and
+then resumed her trip. Mr. Crittenden concluded not to end his voyage
+until he had gone farther, and stuck by the ship until he reached Detroit,
+where he landed and investigated with a view to settling. The prospect was
+not inviting. In order to do business there it was necessary to understand
+and speak Canadian French, and Mr. Crittenden's acquirements in that
+direction were not extensive. Detroit was clearly no place for him.
+
+Whilst roaming around the place he fell in with Mr. Walbridge, who was
+seeking a location to open a dry goods business. He too was dissatisfied
+with the inducements Detroit offered, and had almost resolved to abandon
+the attempt and go home. Mr. Crittenden had reached the same conclusion,
+and the two took the boat on the return trip, thoroughly disenchanted with
+the business prospects of the West. When the boat reached Cleveland they
+concluded to land and take a look at the place before they utterly turned
+their backs on the western country.
+
+It was in September, 1826. The village was pleasantly situated, and the
+location impressed the strangers favorably. The houses had an appearance
+of thrift and comfort, and there was an air of New England enterprise
+about the settlement that confirmed the good impression formed at the
+approach. Mr. Crittenden turned to his companion and announced his
+determination to go no farther; he had found the object of his search.
+That he might satisfy himself of the probable future of the settlement he
+got a conveyance and rode into the country to see what were the
+surroundings of the embryo city. As he passed up through the street his
+ears were saluted with drum and fife, the people were all out in their
+holiday clothes, and teams, loaded with old folks and young folks, were
+coming into town, for it was "general training." The farther he rode and
+the more he saw, the more firmly he became convinced that here was to be
+his future home, and before long his five hundred dollars' worth of
+jewelry found purchasers among the lads and lasses, and some of the older
+folks, of Cleveland.
+
+His first store occupied the site of his present store on Superior street,
+and here, in a little building, he opened his original stock. The land he
+subsequently purchased of Levi Johnson, through the medium of Leonard
+Case, the purchase money being one thousand dollars for twenty-eight
+feet, with three years' time in which to make the payments. The exorbitant
+price horrified some of the old settlers, and one of them gravely shook
+his head, announcing his firm belief that such a sum of money for such a
+bit of land would turn Levi Johnson's head with unlooked for prosperity.
+The price would scarcely be called high in the present day, when land then
+considered far away in the distant country sells readily at higher rates.
+In the spring of 1827, having secured his store and sold out most of his
+original stock, he started East to make his first purchases and to bring
+his wife to Cleveland. His friends were surprised and gratified at his
+early return on such an errand. With his wife he brought some housekeeping
+articles, among other things the third carpet ever brought to the
+settlement.
+
+In 1833, he had so far succeeded in business as to warrant his tearing
+down the old store and building in its stead a store and dwelling
+combined. Great was the admiration of the people at this building and it
+was considered a just source of pride by the people of Cleveland, for to
+the store was an open front, the first seen in the place, and to the
+private entrance to the dwelling was attached the first door-bell in
+Cleveland. The glass front and the tingling bell were unfailing sources of
+attraction until others adopted the novelty and public curiosity became
+sated. The building was well known to all who lived in the city previous
+to 1865, for it remained until, at that date, it had to give way to the
+larger, more elegant, and far more costly structure.
+
+In 1843, Mr. Crittenden purchased the Giddings place, on the north side of
+the Public Square, with the stone residence on it, then considered an
+elegant mansion. The price paid for the lot, house and furniture was ten
+thousand dollars--a high price as rates then were, but marvellously cheap
+now. To that house he removed his family from over his store, and lived
+there twenty-five years, when it was turned over to business purposes.
+
+About the year 1853, he erected the fine business block on Water street,
+now occupied by Stillson, Leek & Doering, at a cost of fifteen thousand
+dollars. In 1868, he put up the handsome block on the same street that is
+occupied by Childs & Co. The cost of this was not less than forty thousand
+dollars, and it is a decided ornament to the street. The purchase of the
+land and the erection of those elegant blocks, in addition to the one
+occupied by his own business, furnish sufficient evidence of the
+prosperity of his jewelry business, the regular stock of which has grown
+from an investment of five hundred dollars to one of more than a hundred
+and twenty-five thousand dollars.
+
+[Illustration: Yours Truly, N. E. Crittenden]
+
+But it must not be supposed that this prosperity was uninterrupted
+throughout Mr. Crittenden's business life. There were dark storms which
+threatened disastrous wreck, and nothing but stead-fastness of purpose and
+force of character brought him through. In 1836 the financial tornado
+swept over the land and stripped nearly every business man bare. When the
+storm was at its height Mr. Crittenden found himself with fifty thousand
+dollars of New York debts past due, and without the money to pay them.
+Collections were cut off, and whilst he was thus unable to raise the means
+from his debtors, his creditors were likewise stopped from pouncing upon
+him. Other men in like condition were compounding with their creditors,
+and thus getting out of their difficulties by partial repudiation. Mr.
+Crittenden declined to avail himself of the opportunity, and, in course of
+time, his creditors were paid in full, though that result was brought
+about by years of toil, of steady, persistent application to business, of
+shrewd financiering, and of rigid economy.
+
+In his early days in Cleveland he was chosen one of the village
+trustees. In 1828, when he held that office, and Richard Hilliard was
+president of the Board of Trustees, the members gathered one afternoon
+in an office and voted an appropriation of two hundred dollars to put
+the village in proper order. Great was the outcry at this wastefulness,
+on the part of some of the tax payers. One of the old citizens, who yet
+lives, met Mr. Crittenden and wanted to know what on earth the trustees
+could find in the village to spend two hundred dollars about. At a later
+date, when Cleveland was a city and Mr. Crittenden a member of the
+Council, it was voted to appropriate ten thousand dollars to protect the
+lake front from encroachments by the lake. Again was Mr. Crittenden met
+and upbraided for his extravagance in municipal affairs, such conduct
+tending to bankrupt the city.
+
+It is Mr. Crittenden's pride that he has had no serious litigation, his
+care in making contracts having saved him the unpleasant necessity of
+resorting to legal means to compel his debtors to fulfil their
+obligations. But whilst looking thus sharply after his own interests,
+avarice or parsimony has formed no part of his character, and he has been
+liberal according to his means.
+
+
+
+
+William A. Otis.
+
+
+
+William A. Otis was one of those pioneer business men, who settled in Ohio
+during the dark times which followed the war of 1812. He was one of those
+to whom we owe much, but of whom the present generation know little; who
+without capital or education gave an impetus to the Western settlement, by
+integrity, personal energy, economy, and good sense. By force of character
+alone, which was their only capital, they wrought such wonders that the
+wilderness was literally transposed into fruitful fields.
+
+Mr. Otis left his paternal home in Massachusetts, about the year 1818, on
+foot, to seek a home in the West. Having reached Johnstown, in the
+Allegheny Mountains, he hired for a few months as man of all work, in an
+iron establishment, and thence set forward, travelling as before, by way
+of Pittsburgh, to the township of Bloomfield, in Trumbull county, Ohio.
+His physical constitution was equal to the labors of a new country, which
+had nothing to recommend it but a rich soil, and which required above all
+things perseverance and hard work. He cleared land, furnished the settlers
+with goods, for which they paid in ashes, or wheat, and kept a comfortable
+tavern for the accommodation of travelers. The ashes were manufactured by
+himself into "black salts" or impure potash, more often styled "Pots,"
+which was the only strictly cash article in the country. It was necessary
+to haul the casks of potash to the mouth of Beaver river, or to
+Pittsburgh, from whence they drifted on flat boats down the Ohio and
+Mississippi to New Orleans, and from thence were shipped to New York. Much
+of the teaming he did himself.
+
+The "Pots" were exchanged at Pittsburgh for goods, or if shipped furnished
+a credit for the purchases, with which his wagon was loaded, on the return
+to Bloomfield. Currency did not in those days enter into the course of
+trade, because there was barely enough of it in the country to pay taxes.
+Mr. Otis was frequently obliged to furnish his customers with cash for
+this purpose. When the Erie Canal was finished to Buffalo, the wheat of
+the settlers on the Reserve, for the first time, became a cash article.
+They had an abundance of grain, which they were glad to dispose of at
+twenty-five cents a bushel, payable principally in goods. The canal
+furnished a better outlet for potash than the river. Mr. Otis determined
+to try a venture in flour at New York, which he considered the first lot
+sent there from the Reserve.
+
+There were no flour barrels, and no coopers, at Bloomfield, but a few
+miles north towards the lake there was a good custom grist mill. He went
+into the woods, cut an oak tree, set his men to saw it into blocks of the
+right length, from which the rough staves were split. The wheat which his
+customers brought in, was stored at the mill and ground. When the cooper
+stuff was seasoned, the barrels were made, rough enough, but strong, and
+his stock of flour and potash hauled through the mud thirty-five miles to
+the mouth of Ashtabula creek. A schooner was at anchor outside, and as
+soon as his venture was on board, he took passage with it to Buffalo, and
+by canal to New York. The New York dealers were surprised and gratified,
+for they perceived at once the capacity of a new country on the shores of
+Lake Erie, of which they had hitherto only known in theory, not in
+practical results. In quality the flour was not behind that of the Genesee
+country, which seemed a wonder in their eyes. They purchased it readily
+and offered every encouragement to the trade and the trader. In process of
+time, wool and pork were added to the staples for the New York market. It
+was by this course of incessant activity during near twenty years of
+country business, coupled with a sure judgment, that Mr. Otis gradually
+acquired a moderate money capital. In 1835 or 1836, he came to this city,
+with his hard earned experience in traffic, and with more ready cash than
+most of our produce dealers then possessed, and entered upon a wider field
+of enterprise. He continued to purchase and sell the old class of
+articles, pork, flour and potash, to which iron soon became an important
+addition. His capital and experience brought him at once into connection
+with many public enterprises, which became necessary to an expanding
+country, especially such as relate to transportation. One of the earliest
+tumpikes in northeastern Ohio was made through Bloomfield, from Warren to
+Ashtabula. Steamers made their appearance on Lake Erie, and the Ohio canal
+extended navigation into the interior. In all these auxiliaries to trade
+in the heavy products of the country, Mr. Otis had a friendly interest,
+and when railways began to be discussed he saw their value at once.
+Finally, after his usual deliberation, he decided that the manufacture of
+iron was a safe and profitable business at Cleveland; he became the
+pioneer iron master of the place, with the usual result of his
+operations--a large profit on his investment.
+
+This example and success laid the foundation of iron manufactures here.
+It required something more than the talents of a shrewd country merchant,
+or of a mere money lender, to foresee the coming wants of trade in a
+growing State, to invest in its banks, railroads and manufactures, and to
+render all these investments profitable. With his increase in wealth there
+was in Mr. Otis no increase of display, and no relaxation of the economy
+of early life, but an increasing liberality in public charities,
+particularly those connected with religion. When compared with the
+briskness of modern traffic he was slow and cautious; but having finally
+reached a conclusion he never flagged in the pursuit of his plans. He
+belonged to a past generation, but to a class of dealers whose judgment
+and perseverance built up the business of the country on a sure basis. In
+the midst of a speculative community in flush times, he appeared to be
+cold, dilatory, and over cautions, but he saw more clearly and further
+into the future of a business than younger and more impulsive minds, who
+had less experience in its revulsions.
+
+For a number of years previous to his death Mr. Otis was largely
+interested in the banking business of the city. He took a prominent part
+in the organization of the State Bank of Ohio, was the originator of the
+Society for Savings in Cleveland, and was for thirteen years its
+president, and at the time of his death was president of the Commercial
+National Bank. He was also connected with the banking firm of Wicks, Otis
+& Brownell.
+
+In connection with a notice of the originator of the Savings Bank in
+Cleveland it is appropriate to briefly sketch the history of that
+organization, which has worked so much good and which ranks to-day among
+the most important and most valued institutions in the city. The
+suggestion was first made by Mr. Otis in the Winter of 1848-9, and its
+organization was advocated on the ground of public benevolence. At the
+request of several prominent persons, Mr. S. H. Mather, the present
+secretary and treasurer, examined the character and practices of several
+eastern institutions of a similar character. A charter was drafted,
+principally from those of two well known institutions of the kind then in
+operation at Boston and Hartford. In the New England States every city and
+many villages and country towns have organizations of this character.
+
+In March, 1849, the Legislature granted corporate powers to W. A. Otis, H.
+W. Clark, L. Handerson, J. Lyman, M. L. Hewitt, N. Brainard, Ralph Cowles,
+J. H. Gorham, A. Seymour, D. A. Shepard, James Gardner, J. A. Harris, J.
+H. Bingham, J. A. Briggs, S. H. Mather, J. A. Foot, and C. J. Woolson, and
+their successors, to be appointed by themselves, the corporate powers to
+continue thirty years. The corporators appointed John W. Allen president,
+S. H. Mather secretary, and J. F. Taintor treasurer, and commenced business
+in August, 1849, at the rear of the Merchants Bank, on Bank street. Mr.
+Taintor was at the time teller in the Merchants Bank, and it was supposed
+that he could attend to all the business of the Savings Society outside of
+banking hours. This was soon found to be impracticable, and at the end of
+about two years Mr. Taintor withdrew, leaving to Mr. Mather the joint
+office of secretary and treasurer.
+
+At the end of three years the deposits were only $100,000. In the latter
+part of the year 1856, the society became able to have a better office,
+and moved into 118 Bank street, corner of Frankfort, under the Weddell
+house. The deposits in 1859, after ten years of business, were only about
+$300,000, but the concern had been so closely managed that a surplus was
+accumulating from the profits on investments over the six per cent.
+interest paid to depositors. From that time the business of the
+institution steadily increased until on the 1st day of January, 1869, its
+deposits considerably exceeded two and a half millions of dollars, and out
+of a large surplus had been built one of the finest and most substantial
+buildings in the city, on the north side of the Park. Such have been the
+fruits of the suggestion of Mr. Otis; such the success of the organization
+in which he took so deep an interest during his life.
+
+On the announcement of the death of Mr. Otis, a meeting of bankers was
+immediately called for the purpose of taking some action in testimony of
+their respect for the deceased. All the banks were fully represented, as
+were the private banking firms. T. M. Kelly, of the Merchants National
+Bank, was called to the chair, and J. O. Buell, of the Second National
+Bank, appointed secretary. Appropriate remarks were made by the chairman
+and others, after which a committee, composed of T. P. Handy, H. B. Payne,
+Joseph Perkins, Henry Wick, and E. B. Hale, reported the following
+resolutions, testifying to the respect and esteem felt for Mr. Otis as a
+man of business, as a good citizen, and as a Christian:
+
+  It having pleased God to remove from our midst, on the morning of the
+  11th inst., Wm. A. Otis, who, for more than 22 years, has been
+  associated with many of us in the business of banking, and has occupied
+  a prominent position both in the early organization of the State Bank of
+  Ohio, and of the Society for Savings of Cleveland, of which latter
+  Society he was for thirteen years president, and at the time of his
+  death was the president of the Commercial Bank of this city, and who by
+  his wise counsels, his high regard for integrity and mercantile honors as
+  well as by an exemplary Christian life, had secured the esteem and
+  confidence of his associates and fellow citizens, and who, after a good
+  old age, has been quietly gathered to his rest, therefore,
+
+  _Resolved_, That while we deeply mourn the loss of our departed brother,
+  we commend his virtues, and especially his high standard of Christian
+  integrity, for the imitation of the young men of our city as the most
+  certain means to a successful business life, and a fitting preparation
+  for its final close.
+
+  _Resolved_, That we deeply sympathize with the family of our deceased
+  friend in the loss that both they and we are called to sustain, feeling
+  assured that after so long a life of Christian fidelity this loss, to
+  him is an infinite gain.
+
+  _Resolved_, That a copy of these resolutions, signed by the Chairman and
+  Secretary, be furnished the family of the deceased and be duly published
+  in our city papers.
+
+  J. C. Buell, Secretary. T. M. Kelly, Chairman.
+  Cleveland, May 12, 1868.
+
+
+
+
+E. P. Morgan.
+
+
+
+"He who works most achieves most," is a good motto in business, and in
+pursuits of all kinds. This has been the principle on which E. P. Morgan
+has acted throughout life, and a faithful persistence in carrying it out
+has resulted in building up a mammoth business and the consequent
+possession of a handsome fortune.
+
+Mr. Morgan was born in New London, Connecticut, in 1807. His early years
+were spent at home and in attending school, where a good common education
+was gained. In his fifteenth year he was taken from school and placed in a
+store, where he acquired those business habits which have made him a
+successful and wealthy merchant. At the age of twenty-one, he set up in
+business for himself, at Middlefield, Massachusetts, carrying on a store,
+and at the same time engaging in the manufacture of woolen goods. In this
+store he continued twelve years, doing the whole time a thriving and
+profitable business.
+
+In 1841, he bade adieu to Massachusetts and came west to Ohio, taking up
+his future home in Cleveland. He plunged into business immediately on
+arriving, opening a store on the north side of Superior street, in the
+place now occupied by the store of Mould & Numsen. In 1857, he saw what he
+believed to be a more eligible site for business in the corner of Superior
+and Seneca streets, and to that point he removed in 1858. At the same
+time the firm of Morgan & Root was formed by admitting to partnership Mr.
+R. R. Root. To the retail dry goods business was now added a wholesale
+department, as also a millinery department, and subsequently a grocery.
+The business was vigorously pushed and every department grew with
+remarkable rapidity, until store after store was added to the
+establishment. The "corner store" became known far and wide, and a very
+large country trade was built up in the jobbing department. During the
+last three years of the war, the business of the firm reached an amount
+greater than had ever been anticipated by its members, and the old
+quarters, capable no longer of extension, became too strait for the
+expanding operations. A number of lots on the east side of Bank street,
+between the Herald building and Frankfort street, being purchased by
+Morgan & Root, were speedily disencumbered of the drinking saloons and
+petty shops that covered them, and on their site soon arose one of the
+finest business blocks in the city, estimated to cost sixty thousand
+dollars in addition to the cost of the land. When the block was finished
+the wholesale department of the business was removed to the new building,
+leaving the retail department to be carried on in the old store. In
+February, 1869, the retail business was sold out to new parties, and
+thereafter the firm of Morgan & Root confined itself exclusively to the
+wholesale trade.
+
+That Mr. Morgan is one of the best business men of the city is proved by
+the fact that he has failed in no one of his undertakings; not that he
+has always sailed on a smooth current of success, but that when
+difficulties arose his indomitable perseverance enabled him to overcome
+them. He engaged in no enterprise without its having been based on good
+evidence and sound judgment; he never wavered in his adherence to it, nor
+slackened for a moment his endeavors to prove his faith sound; nor has he
+once been disappointed as to the result. Few men have shown a like
+perseverance. His habits of keen investigation and strict attention to
+his affairs, enabled him to do a very safe, though a very enterprising
+business, and consequently he had little occasion for professional
+acquaintance with lawyers.
+
+In addition to his mercantile business, Mr. Morgan has interested himself
+in insurance matters, being president of the State Fire Insurance Company,
+of Cleveland, which position he has held since the organization of the
+company in 1863. Under his presidency the company has done a safe and
+successful business, and has extended its operations so that it has
+offices in Connecticut and other parts of New England. He is also
+connected with the banking affairs of the city. In the earlier years of
+his business in Cleveland, he became interested in the construction of the
+canal around the rapids of Saut St. Marie, and during the progress of the
+work had a store open at the Saut.
+
+In 1864, he built his residence on Euclid street, near the corner of
+Huntington street, where he has resided since that time. Though sixty-two
+years of age, he is still as active and vigorous as ever, and bids fair to
+long be an active member, in fact as well as in title, of the firm of
+Morgan & Root.
+
+In religious principles Mr. Morgan is a Presbyterian. For a long time he
+was a member of the Second Presbyterian Church, but of late has been
+connected with the Euclid street Presbyterian Church.
+
+In 1832, he was married to Miss Laura Nash, of Middleford, Mass., by whom
+he has had seven children, all but one of whom still live. The oldest son,
+William Morgan, now thirty-one years old, is engaged in the manufacture
+and sale of lubricating oils. The second son, Edmund N. Morgan, is an
+assistant in his father's store. A daughter, Helen, is the wife of Mr.
+J. B. Merriam, of Cleveland.
+
+
+
+
+Robert Hanna.
+
+
+
+The commercial interests of Cleveland and of the Lake Superior mineral
+region have for many years been intimately connected, several of the now
+prominent citizens of Cleveland having been attracted to Lake Superior by
+the reports of its mineral riches at the time those riches were first made
+generally known, and Cleveland being found a convenient base of supplies
+for the mining enterprises on the shores of the "father of lakes."
+
+One of the earliest to take an interest in this trade was Robert Hanna.
+Whilst living in Columbiana county, Ohio, where he had been brought up, he
+was attracted by the representations of the mineral riches of the far off
+northern lakes, and in 1845 he started off to see for himself what was
+truth in these reports, and what exaggeration. Traveling and exploration
+in the wilds of the Lake Superior country were very difficult in that day,
+and those who were anxious to make a fortune out of the bowels of the
+earth had to rough it, pretty much as the seekers of gold have to now in
+the tangled wilderness to the west of Lake Superior. Mr. Hanna spent four
+months in careful exploration, and at length becoming satisfied that there
+was something in the rumors of mineral riches, obtained from the
+department, in whose charge the territory then was, a permit to locate
+three square miles of copper lands. This being accomplished, he returned
+to set about the organization of a company to work the prospective mines.
+
+Whilst at Marquette, on his return from exploring the copper region, Mr.
+Hanna fell in with a man who had been exploring the country back of that
+place, and who brought in a specimen of iron ore which he had come
+across in his search. The ore was so heavy, and apparently rich in iron,
+that it was taken to a blacksmith, who, without any preparatory
+reduction of the ore, forged from it a rude horseshoe. The astonishment
+of those hitherto unacquainted with the existence of raw iron so nearly
+pure metal, can be imagined.
+
+But Mr. Hanna's attention, like those of most of the searchers after
+minerals in that region, was absorbed in copper, and as we have seen, he
+located his copper tract and returned home to provide means for working
+it. A company was formed, materials purchased and miners engaged, and the
+work pressed forward vigorously. The question of forwarding supplies being
+now an important one, Mr. Hanna removed to Cleveland, that being the most
+favorable point for the purchase and shipment of the articles needed, and
+opened a wholesale grocery establishment in 1852, combining with it a
+forwarding and commission business. At that time the wholesale grocery
+business was in its infancy, there being but two or three establishments
+of the kind in Cleveland.
+
+For some time after the establishment of Mr. Hanna in the wholesale
+grocery business, the carrying trade between Cleveland and Lake Superior
+was mostly in the hands of the Turner Brothers, whose one steamer, the
+Northerner, was able to do all the business that offered, both in freight
+and passengers. Mr. Hanna's firm, then composed of himself, his brother,
+Leonard Hanna, and H. Garretson, under the firm name of Hanna, Garretson &
+Co., decided on the bold step of competing for the trade by building a
+steamer of their own. The City of Superior, a screw steamer, was built in
+Cleveland, under the especial supervision of Dr. Leonard Hanna, and the
+most scrupulous care was exercised to make her in all respects a model
+boat for the trade. Great strength of hull and power of machinery were
+insisted on, in order to withstand the dangers of the formidable coast
+when the fierce storms of the Fall season rendered navigation hazardous.
+Accommodation for passengers on the voyage, which took several days for
+its full extent, had to be provided, and great care was taken in this
+respect to make the voyage as attractive as possible, attention having
+been somewhat turned to the Lake Superior country as a Summer resort,
+where the sultry beats of the "lower country" could be exchanged for pure
+air and cooling breezes. When launched, the City of Superior proved a
+complete success, and her first voyage up was a perfect ovation, a new era
+having been opened in the history of travel between the upper and middle
+lakes. But, unhappily, this fine steamer was lost in a storm after a few
+voyages, although the great strength of her hull kept her intact, though
+lying across a rock, until she could be completely stripped of her cargo,
+furniture and machinery.
+
+No time was spent in fruitless lamentations over the destruction of the
+work of which they were so proud, and about which so many anticipations
+for the future had been indulged in. No sooner had the news been
+confirmed, than a contract was made for the construction of another
+steamer, larger and better in all respects than her unfortunate
+predecessor, and the result was the Northern Light, which proved a great
+favorite, and is still running. Other steamers were chartered to run in
+connection with her, and their success caused rival lines to be run, thus
+building up the Lake Superior trade to dimensions exceeding the most
+sanguine expectations of the pioneers in it. To this house belongs a very
+large share of the credit due for bringing such an important proportion
+of this trade to Cleveland. When Mr. Hanna first endeavored to interest
+the people of Cleveland in Lake Superior matters, he was frequently met
+with inquiries as to the whereabouts, not only of the copper region of
+Lake Superior, but of Lake Superior itself, about which very confused
+notions existed.
+
+The copper company organized by Mr. Hanna expended over half a million
+dollars in developing the deposit, and produced several hundred tons of
+ore, but it was not a financial success, the fine copper not being in
+paying proportion in the ore. After a few years Mr. Hanna sold out his
+interest in this company, but has retained interests in other enterprises
+in that region, some of which have been very remunerative.
+
+By the death of Dr. Leonard Hanna, and the withdrawal of Mr. Garretson,
+the firm of Hanna, Garretson & Co. became dissolved, and was changed to
+Robert Hanna & Co., the younger members of the Hanna families taking
+interest in the firm. Recently Robert Hanna has retired from active
+participation in its affairs, having turned his attention in other
+directions. During the past four years he has been engaged in the oil
+refining business, having a refinery with a capacity of a hundred and
+sixty barrels a day, which has proved very successful. He is also
+president of the Cleveland Malleable Iron Works, the first of the kind in
+this part of the country, and which at present promises well. The
+gentlemen associated with Mr. Hanna in this enterprise have united with
+him in the determination to make it a successful enterprise, and have such
+management for it that it can scarcely fail to meet their expectations.
+
+In 1868, Mr. Hanna projected what resulted in the organization and
+establishment of the Ohio National Bank, of Cleveland, on January 1st,
+1869, with an authorized capital of one million dollars, and with a paid
+up capital of six hundred thousand dollars. It was organized with more
+especial reference to the interests of merchants, mechanics and
+manufacturers, and men representing these respective interests are the
+principal owners of its stock. The institution thus far gives promise of
+complete success. Mr. Hanna is the president; A. Cobb, vice-president;
+John McClymonds, cashier.
+
+Still in the prime of life, Mr. Hanna has the satisfaction of knowing that
+he has been very successful, has built up a large fortune for himself and
+done a very important work in building up the material interests of the
+city, both commercial and manufacturing. Although well able to retire from
+active life, and live in ease at his fine residence on Prospect street, he
+prefers to do what yet lies in his power to build up the prosperity of
+Cleveland still higher.
+
+
+
+
+S. F. Lester.
+
+
+
+Samuel F. Lester was born in Albany county, New York, in 1818. His youth
+was spent under advantageous circumstances, and he obtained a good
+education. At the age of fifteen he left the Academy where he had been
+studying and entered on his commercial education by becoming clerk in a
+country store, where he remained five years. Having reached his twentieth
+year, he bade adieu to home, and came west to seek his fortune. His
+first stay was at Clinton, Michigan, where he carried on business
+successfully for three years, and married Miss Cornelia Eliza Brown, of
+Tecumseh, daughter to General Joseph W. Brown, and niece of Major General
+Jacob Brown, of Brownville, N. Y., the hero of Chippewa, Fort Erie and
+Sackett's Harbor.
+
+At the expiration of the three years Mr. Lester's health gave way, through
+his assiduous devotion to business, and he returned to his father's house
+in Albany county, New York, remaining there a year, unable to engage in
+business of any kind. For the two succeeding years he worked on his
+father's farm, and in this way succeeded in regaining his health.
+
+In March, 1845, he again turned his face westward, and landed at
+Cleveland, where he became a member of the firm of Hubby, Hughes & Co.,
+remaining in it until its dissolution. The house of Hubby, Hughes & Co.
+carried on a very extensive business on the lakes and canal. The firm, in
+connection with J. C. Evans, of Buffalo, projected the first line of
+propellers between Buffalo, Cleveland and Toledo, and the line was a
+decided financial success. It continued to do a steadily increasing
+business until the consolidation of most of the independent lines into the
+American Transportation Co.'s line. A number of lake vessels also belonged
+the house, and a line of canal boats belonging to the firm ran between
+Cleveland and Portsmouth, and between Cleveland and Pittsburgh.
+
+In connection with the firm of William A. Otis & Co., the firm built the
+first elevator for railroad business in the city, the elevator, at the
+foot of River street, being now occupied by W. F. Otis & Son. Subsequent to
+this the firm erected the National Mills, at the heavy cost of seventy
+thousand dollars, it being then, and now, one of the finest and most
+costly mills in the State of Ohio.
+
+In 1858, the firm of Hubby, Hughes & Co. was dissolved, and the business
+was carried on under the firm name of Hughes & Lester, which was continued
+successfully until 1862. In January of that year, Mr. Lester went to New
+York on the business of the firm. Whilst there he was suddenly stricken
+with paralysis, and lay unknown and helpless for sometime. He was at
+length identified and cared for, but for a long time was in great danger,
+and for a still longer time utterly unable to do business of any kind. His
+serious and continued illness necessitated the breaking up of the firm,
+and accordingly on the first of January, 1863, the firm of Hughes & Lester
+was dissolved. On the following March, his health having been partially
+restored, Mr. Lester once more entered into business, opening a produce
+commission warehouse, and meeting with success.
+
+It is the just pride of Mr. Lester that he has always escaped litigation
+It is also a fact worthy of notice and imitation, that Mr. Lester has
+always given strict personal attention to all the details of his business
+knowing them all from the cellar to the counting-room, in the latter of
+which places he is most thoroughly at home.
+
+Mr. Lester was one of the original stockholders of the Commercial
+Insurance Company, and a director and member of the executive committee
+for several years. He has twice been elected Commissioner of Water Works.
+Mr. Lester has, all through his commercial life enjoyed to an unusual
+degree, the confidence and esteem of his fellow citizens.
+
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: "Yours Truly, A. Bradley"]
+
+
+Alva Bradley.
+
+
+
+To the very many who see for the first time the name of Alva Bradley, the
+question will naturally arise, "Who is he?" and some wonder may be
+expressed at finding a name so little known to the general public on the
+list of those who have contributed largely to the commercial prosperity of
+Cleveland. And yet Alva Bradley is one of the largest ship-owners of the
+city, and his name is well enough known among those interested in the
+shipping of the western lakes. That he is no better known outside of his
+peculiar circle of business men is owing solely to his modest and
+unostentatious character, he preferring to pursue the even tenor of his
+way and confine himself strictly to his own affairs.
+
+Captain Bradley was born in Connecticut in the year 1814, and lived in
+that State until his ninth year. Then his father emigrated to Ohio, taking
+his family with him, and settled in Lorain county. Young Bradley had few
+advantages in early life. He earned his first pair of boots by chopping
+wood, and when the first suspenders, knitted by his mother, were worn out,
+the next pair were paid for by chopping hoop-poles.
+
+Until his twenty-first year he worked with his father on a farm, and
+then left to seek his fortune in the world, with all his effects carried
+under his arm, wrapped in a cotton handkerchief. His first entry on
+independent life was as a deck-hand, before the mast of the schooner
+Liberty. In that capacity he remained two years, and then, having acquired
+a good knowledge of seamanship, was made mate, holding that rank two
+years. In 1839, he rose a step higher, and for two seasons was master of
+the Commodore Lawrence.
+
+Captain Bradley now commenced his career as an owner as well as master of
+vessels. In 1841, he had built for him, in company with Mr. A. Cobb, then
+a merchant at Birmingham, Ohio, the schooner South America, of 104 tons.
+When she was completed he took command of her and sailed her for three
+seasons. In 1844, in company with Mr. Cobb, he had built the schooner
+Birmingham, of 135 tons burden, and taking command of her himself, sailed
+her three years. In 1848, the same parties built the Ellington, of 185
+tons, which Capt. Bradley sailed for one year. The following year he
+shifted his command to the propeller Indiana, 350 tons burden, which he
+and his associate, Mr. Cobb, had built for the Buffalo and Chicago trade.
+Capt. Bradley ran her himself three years and then returned to a sailing
+vessel, having late in the season of 1852, turned off the stocks a smart
+new schooner, the Oregon, of 190 tons burden, which he ran to the end of
+her first season, and then bade adieu to sea-faring life. During his many
+years' life on the lakes, in various craft and under all kinds of
+circumstances, it is remarkable that he never met with a serious casualty;
+he was enterprising, active, vigorous in mind and body; a prudent business
+man and at the same time a thorough sailor.
+
+In the spring of 1853, he resumed his work of increasing his lake navy by
+building the Challenge, of 238 tons, followed by one or more vessels
+yearly. In 1854 was built the Bay City, 190 tons; in 1855 the C. G.
+Griswold, 359 tons; in 1856 the schooners Queen City, 368 tons, and
+Wellington, 300 tons; in 1858 the schooner Exchange, 390 tons. At this
+point he rested three years and then resumed work.
+
+In 1861 was built, in company with other parties, the S. H. Kimball, 418
+tons; in 1863 the Wagstaff, 412 tons; in 1864 the J. F. Gard, 370 tons; in
+1865 the schooner Escanaba, 568 tons; in 1866-7, the schooner Negaunee,
+850 tons, a splendid vessel, costing over $52,000, which has been running
+in the Lake Superior iron ore trade, and which has proved a very
+profitable investment; in 1868 he built the schooner Fayette Brown, 713
+tons, and the tug W. Cushing, for harbor towing; in 1869 the S. F. Tilden,
+1,000 tons, was launched from the yard of Quayle & Martin, completing the
+list of vessels built by or for Captain Bradley, making a list of nineteen
+vessels, and a tug, besides a number of vessels purchased. The present
+fleet is composed of nine vessels, with an aggregate tonnage of nearly
+five thousand tons, besides two tugs, one plying in Cleveland harbor and
+the other, in which he has half interest, at the Sault.
+
+The record of the vessels built for Captain Bradley, and their respective
+tonnage, given above, shows at a glance the gradual development of the
+lake shipping commerce. The first of his fleet, the South America, 104
+tons, built in 1841, was a very respectable craft in her day. From that
+time there was a steady increase in the tonnage of the vessels built,
+until it culminates in the S. F. Tilden, with carrying capacity of a
+thousand tons burden, but just launched from the stocks.
+
+Though owning at one time or another such a large fleet of vessels, the
+casualties to them were very few, and the enterprise has proved steadily
+remunerative. The schr. Dayton, Maria Cobb, Oregon, South America, and
+Queen City, is the complete list of vessels lost.
+
+Though shipping absorbed the greater portion of Captain Bradley's
+attention, his interest was not wholly confined to this branch of
+business. His time, means, and energy were largely employed in the
+manufacture of iron, and in other commercial interests. It is his pride
+that though so largely interested in business of different kinds, he has
+had but one case of litigation, and that with an insurance company. His
+record needs no eulogy; it speaks for itself as the record of a man of
+energy, enterprise and prudence.
+
+Captain Bradley's health had for some years not been good, but is now
+improving, and there is a reasonable prospect that one who has done so
+much to develop the shipping interest of the port will live for some time
+yet to enjoy the fruits of his energy and industry.
+
+Mr. Bradley was married in August, 1849, to Ellen Burgess, of Milan, Ohio,
+who is still living. Of the marriage, four children have been born, three
+girls and one boy.
+
+
+
+
+Wellington P. Cooke.
+
+
+
+The history of W. P. Cooke is an instance of what can be
+accomplished under the most adverse circumstances, when to
+persistent energy and laudable ambition are added the patience and
+faith born of religions training.
+
+The parents of Mr. Cooke were pioneer settlers in Otsego county, New
+York, where his father died whilst Wellington was quite a small boy. His
+mother removed to a still newer country, Macomb county, Michigan, and
+there died, leaving the lad to fight his own way through the world
+without the advantages of either money or education. In the year 1838,
+being then but thirteen years old, he became a printer's apprentice.
+Subsequently he removed to Chagrin Falls, Ohio, where he secured some
+educational privileges at a seminary, obtaining the money for his
+necessary expenses by working early in the morning, at night, and on
+Saturday. He found employment in the village and among the neighboring
+farmers. But with all his efforts his lot was a hard one. He often needed
+the necessaries, to say nothing of the comforts of life, frequently
+making his morning and evening meal out of potatoes and salt, the former
+being of his own cooking, as he boarded himself. These articles were
+purchased in many instances by money received for sawing wood on the
+school holiday of Saturday.
+
+In 1843, he came to Cleveland, tramping in from Chagrin Falls on foot, and
+having half a dollar as his sole capital with which to commence life in
+the city. His first attempt to gain work was in a printing office, where
+he succeeded in getting a case, receiving his pay, according to the custom
+of the times, in orders on grocery and clothing stores. After this he was
+foreman and compositor in the office of a monthly publication, called the
+Farmers' Journal, where he continued to devote his spare time to reading
+and study. Subsequently he became a clerk in a grocery store at a salary
+of ninety-six dollars a year. With this small sum he not only supported
+himself, but gave pecuniary aid to a sister, and something to the church.
+
+In 1848, he obtained an interest in the business, and the partnership thus
+continued for three years. His reputation as a moral and religious man,
+together with a great spirit of enterprise, rapidly enlarged his business,
+and pointed out new channels for money-making.
+
+[Illustration: W. P. Cooke]
+
+In 1850, he disposed of the grocery business, and directed his whole
+efforts to the hide and leather trade. In this he showed much judgment,
+for the business he selected has proved to be one of the most extensive
+and profitable of the West. A nephew, since deceased, about this time
+became a partner. The premises occupied became too small, and a lot on
+Water street was purchased, where a fine store was erected, which is the
+present place of business.
+
+The firm, which for some time existed as W. P. Cooke & Co., has been
+changed to Cooke & Denison, the junior partner being a former clerk, and
+under that name it is well known throughout the country, and especially in
+the West, as one of the largest establishments in the West dealing in
+leather, hides, wool, pelts and oil.
+
+Mr. Cooke joined the Methodist Church at a very early age, and to the
+religious influences with which he was thus surrounded, he attributes much
+of his success in life. As a Church-member he was led to avoid all places
+of doubtful morality, and thus escaped the temptations and vices which
+destroy so many young men. He has always been strictly temperate, and does
+not use tobacco in any form. He is now prominently connected with the
+First Methodist Episcopal Church of Cleveland, and is noted as a zealous
+laborer in the Sunday School cause.
+
+Mr. Cooke's religion is not of that kind that is left in the church pew
+on Sunday night, to remain undisturbed until the next Sunday morning, but
+is carried into all his relations of life and influences all his
+movements. The principles of justice and charity taught by the Christian
+faith are by him carried into his business dealings and social relations.
+Strictly just in business transactions, liberal in his charities to
+worthy objects, and generous to the church, he exemplifies in his life
+the fact that true Christian principles are not incompatible with strict
+business habits, and conduce to commercial success. Remembering his early
+difficulties, he takes particular interest in young men, sympathizing
+with them in their struggles, and aiding them with counsel and timely
+assistance where needed.
+
+
+
+
+Hiram Garretson.
+
+
+
+The firm of Hanna, Garretson & Co. has already been mentioned. The second
+member of the firm, while it existed under that name, Hiram Garretson,
+came like the others from Columbiana county, where he had been brought up,
+although not a native of the county. Mr. Garretson was born in York
+county, Pennsylvania, his parents being respectable members of the Society
+of Friends. When he was very young the family removed to Columbiana
+county, Ohio, where the senior Garretson opened a country store in New
+Lisbon. Hiram was sent to school, receiving a good district school
+education, and was then taken into his father's store as clerk, in which
+occupation he remained until he was nineteen years old. At that age he
+left home and engaged in trade on the rivers, taking charge of a trading
+boat running from Pittsburgh to New Orleans. This class of boats has not
+yet entirely passed away from the Ohio and Mississippi rivers. The
+villages along the river banks were small and badly supplied with stores,
+depending mainly for their supplies on the coasting boats. These are
+rudely constructed craft, well stocked with merchandise of all kinds, that
+drop leisurely down the river, tying up at every village or place where
+there is probability of a trade, and remaining there as long as the stay
+can be made profitable, then passing on to the next. When New Orleans has
+at last been reached, the boat is sold to be broken up for its materials,
+and the trader returns by steamer to get ready for another voyage down. It
+was in business of this description that Mr. Garretson engaged for a time,
+and in his voyages down the river and dealings with all sorts of people in
+different States, he acquired a valuable knowledge of business and men
+that has stood him since in good stead.
+
+At length he tired of this kind of trading and returned to New Lisbon, and
+carried on a moderately successful business until the Winter of 1851. At
+that time a marked change came over the fortunes of New Lisbon. Up to that
+period it had been a flourishing business place, its advantages of
+location on the canal in a fertile district, making it one of the best
+places of trade in that portion of the State. But the construction of Fort
+Wayne and Cleveland and Pittsburgh Railroads effected a great and
+disadvantageous change in the business of New Lisbon. The Fort Wayne road
+passed it a few miles north, and the Cleveland and Pittsburgh road ran
+about an equal distance west. Thus New Lisbon was cut off from all the
+commercial cities, and found its sources of supply tapped at every point
+by the railroads. Realizing the fate that had overtaken the town, Mr.
+Garretson, at the opening of the year 1852, closed up his affairs in
+Columbiana county and removed to Cleveland. There he became associated in
+business with Messrs. Leonard and Robert Hanna, and the firm of Hanna,
+Garretson & Co. was established.
+
+The successful operations of that firm have already been chronicled in
+these pages, and it only remains in this place to note the fact, that to
+the success achieved, the energy and uprightness of Mr. Garretson
+contributed in full proportion. The partnership lasted nine years.
+
+On its dissolution Mr. Garretson established the house of H. Garretson &
+Co., on Water street, with a shipping house on the river. The business of
+the new firm was exactly similar to that of the old one, including a
+wholesale grocery trade, with a Lake Superior commission and shipping
+business. A line of fine steamers was run to Lake Superior, and the high
+reputation Mr. Garretson enjoyed among the people of that section of
+country, enabled him to build up a very large business in supplying their
+wants. In addition, the new firm found customers rapidly increasing in
+northern and western Ohio, in Michigan, and in other adjoining States. The
+operations of the firm extended rapidly until it stood, at the close of
+the year 1867, among the very foremost in the amount of its annual sales,
+whilst the business was eminently a safe and solidly successful one.
+
+On the first of November, 1867, Mr. Garretson sold out his wholesale
+grocery business, and thus closed a mercantile career extending in this
+city over sixteen years. His attention was then turned to banking. No
+sooner had he retired from mercantile life than he projected and
+organized the Cleveland Banking Company, which went into operation under
+his presidency February 1st, 1868, with a capital of three hundred and
+twenty-five thousand dollars. It immediately found all the business it
+was able to do, and under the skillful management of Mr. Garretson it
+has become one of the most reliable and important financial institutions
+of the city.
+
+It can truthfully be said of Mr. Garretson, that his success in business
+has been owing not more to his shrewdness and foresight than to his
+mercantile honor and social qualities. He made personal friends of his
+business customers, and by courteous attention, as well as by scrupulous
+regard for their interests, retained their good will and secured their
+custom. In all the relations of business and social life, Mr. Garretson
+has uniformly borne himself in such manner as to win the respect and
+confidence of those brought into contact with him.
+
+
+
+
+John Barr.
+
+
+
+John Barr was born in Liberty township, Trumbull county, (now Mahoning,)
+Ohio, June 26th, 1804. His ancestors, on both sides, were from
+Westmoreland county, Pennsylvania, though on his father's side they
+originally came from the north of England, in the days of William Penn;
+and his mother's, from Germany.
+
+His grandfather, Alexander Barr, was killed by the Indians, in 1785, on
+the Miami, a short distance below, where Hamilton, in Butler county, now
+stands. His parents removed from Westmoreland county, Pa., to Youngstown,
+in 1800; and his father settled as the Presbyterian pastor of a church in
+that place, and resided there till 1820, when he removed to Wooster, Wayne
+county, in this State. The subject of this sketch was raised on a farm,
+literally in the woods, and experienced the usual privations and
+vicissitudes attendant on pioneer life. The new country and poverty of his
+parents prevented his receiving a common English education, and it was not
+until after he was of age that he mastered Murray's syntax and Daboll's
+arithmetic.
+
+On leaving home in 1825, he repaired to the Ohio canal, (then in process
+of construction,) where he labored for two years, at various points
+between Boston and Tinker's creek; where, with hundreds of others, he was
+prostrated by the malaria of that unhealthy valley.
+
+In 1828, he settled in Cleveland, and acted as deputy for the late Edward
+Baldwin, sheriff. He took the census of the county in 1830, and was
+elected sheriff that year, which office he held till 1834. Cleveland city
+at that time, contained one thousand and seventy-one inhabitants; its
+northern boundary was the lake, Erie street on the east, and the Cuyahoga
+river on the west.
+
+In 1835, when the idea of connecting Cleveland with other places by means
+of railroads, was conceived by John W. Willey, James S. Clarke, T. P.
+Handy, Edmund Clark, R. Hilliard, O. M. Gidings, H. B. Payne, Anson Haydn,
+H. Canfield and others, Mr. Barr joined in and spent a good deal of time
+in furthering the project. Late in the Fall of that year, he visited
+Cincinnati, distributing petitions along the line of a proposed route to
+Cincinnati from Cleveland, and spent most of the Winter at Columbus,
+during the session of the Legislature. A charter for that road, and one
+for a road to Pittsburgh, being granted, Mr. Barr brought the first copies
+of them, duly certified under the seal of the State, to this city.
+
+During 1836 and 7, Mr. Barr devoted a good deal of time in collecting
+statistics of this port, the business of the city, its population, &c.,
+&c., and also of the west generally, and laying them before the public in
+the papers of Philadelphia and other eastern cities. In company with Mr.
+Willey and the late Governor Tod, he visited Baltimore, Philadelphia, New
+York and Boston, endeavoring to enlist the attention of capitalists to
+aid in those enterprises. But the crash of 1837, and the general
+prostration of business, that followed all over the country, rendered it
+unavailing. In the Winter of 1838, Mr. Gidings, S. Starkweather,
+Frederick Whittlesey, Wm. B. Lloyd and Mr. Barr were appointed a
+committee to attend a railroad convention at Harrisburgh, Pa., to promote
+the project of the railroad from Cleveland to Philadelphia, by way of
+Pittsburgh. In 1838 and 9, at the request of John W. Willey, he still
+spent much of his time in sending a series of articles on the importance
+of the project, that were published monthly in the North American, a
+paper in Philadelphia devoted to such projects.
+
+Through the disastrous state of the times, these various measures had to
+yield, and become, for the time being, failures; but time has shown that
+those who were engaged in them were only in advance of the spirit and
+means of the age.
+
+In 1844, when this subject again arrested the attention of the Cleveland
+public, Mr. Barr, although crushed by the storm of 1837, again resumed
+the subject with his pen, and gave to the public in the National
+Magazine, published in New York, quite a history of the city, its early
+settlement, &c., together with a full description of the shipping on
+their lakes, tonnage, trade, &c., that cost weeks of hard labor and
+patience, more particularly to place our city in a favorable view before
+the eastern public.
+
+In 1846, a friend of Mr. B. sent him a petition to circulate and send to
+the Hon. Thomas Corwin, one of Ohio's Senators, asking Congress for aid to
+survey and establish a railroad to the Pacific.
+
+In circulating this petition, Mr. Barr was gravely inquired of by one of
+our citizens, "if he expected to live to see such a road built?" Mr. Barr
+replied, "if he should live to the usual age of men, he did expect to see
+it commenced, and perhaps built." The reply was, "If you do, you will be
+an older man than Methusalah!" Both have lived to know that great work has
+been achieved.
+
+Mr. Barr procured over six hundred names to his petition, which was duly
+presented by Mr. Corwin. Cleveland has now reason to be proud of the
+interests she manifested in that great work, at so early a day.
+
+In 1857, Mr. Barr brought the first petroleum to this city, made from
+cannel coal, to be used as a source of light. This was new and regarded as
+utopian. The article was very odorous, and failed to be acceptable to the
+public, but as time rolled on, improvements in refining were made, and now
+the largest manufacturing business in our city is that of petroleum.
+
+Few, if any, of citizens have spent more time and pains in collecting and
+giving to the public reminiscences of early days and early settlers--those
+who located in this region, and who under such privations, trials,
+hardships and sufferings commenced levelling these mighty forests,
+erecting log cabins, and in due time made this formidable wilderness "bud
+and blossom as the rose." In that respect Mr. Barr has done much to
+preserve and lay before the public from time to time, brief histories of
+many of those brave men and women who left their homes and friends in the
+east, and comparative comforts, to settle in the western wilderness, to
+build up homes for their children and future generations. Howe's history
+of Ohio, and Col. Chas. Whittlesey's history of the city of Cleveland,
+bear witness that his generous heart and gifted pen have furnished
+tributes of respect to the memory of the noble pioneers, after the battle
+of life with them was over, and thus supplying links to our historic chain
+that makes it comparatively perfect.
+
+Among the many reminiscences of early times related to us by Mr. Barr,
+there is one we cannot deny ourselves the pleasure of relating, and
+preserving: William Coleman, Esq., came to Euclid in 1803, selected a lot
+of land and with his family settled upon it in 1804. For several years the
+few settlers experienced a good deal of inconvenience in having only the
+wild game of the country for meat, and which, at certain seasons of the
+year, was unfit for the table. In the Spring the streams that put into the
+lake abounded with excellent fish, and the season lasted about four weeks.
+The question arose, "could these fish be preserved in salt for future
+use?" The universal answer was No! The idea of preserving _fresh water_
+fish in salt seemed incredible; the red man was appealed to, but he shook
+his head in contempt at the idea, and in broken English said, "put him on
+pole, dry him over smoke." One Spring Mr. Coleman repaired to Rocky River,
+famous for its fine pike and pickerel, and laid in his stock, carefully
+laid them down in salt, which cost him over thirty dollars a barrel, (at a
+great risk, as his neighbors thought,) and watched them carefully from
+time to time till harvest. Much to his own and his neighbors'
+satisfaction, he found it a success, and proved not only a happy change of
+diet for health, but also a luxury, unknown before. From this
+circumstance, small at that time, originated a new source of comfort,
+which proved, in time, a mine of wealth to the West, and a luxury to the
+persons who located in the interior of the State. Well was it said by the
+school boy of Massachusetts about those days, "Tall oaks from little
+acorns grow, large streams from little fountains flow."
+
+Mr. Barr says he made this circumstance a matter of much research and
+inquiry, and fully believes that to William Coleman belongs the credit for
+so useful and important a discovery.
+
+
+
+
+J. B. Cobb.
+
+
+
+The oldest bookselling house in Cleveland is that of the Cobbs, now
+existing under the firm name of Cobb, Andrews & Co. It has grown with
+the growth of the city, from a small concern where a few books and a
+limited stock of stationery were kept as adjuncts to a job printing
+office, to a large establishment doing an extensive business throughout
+the northern half of Ohio and north-western Pennsylvania, and in parts of
+Michigan and Indiana, and which has planted in Chicago a branch that has
+grown to be equal in importance with the parent establishment. Through
+financial storm and sunshine this house has steadily grown, without a
+mishap, and now ranks as one of the most important and staunchest
+business houses in the city.
+
+The head of the firm, Junius Brutus Cobb, was born in 1822, received a
+good common school education, and was then sent to learn the trade of a
+cabinet-maker. When his apprenticeship expired he worked for a short time
+as a journeyman, but was dissatisfied with the trade, and for a year or
+two taught school. In 1842, he decided to try his fortune in the West, and
+reached Cleveland, where he found employment as clerk in the store of M.
+C. Younglove. Mr. Younglove was then doing a job printing business, and
+kept in addition a stock of books and stationery. Opportunity sometime
+after offering, two younger brothers of Mr. Cobb followed him, and were
+employed by Mr. Younglove. In 1848, the three brothers united in the
+purchase of an interest in the establishment, and the firm of M. C.
+Younglove & Co. was formed, the store being located in the American House
+building. Here the firm remained some years, the book trade steadily
+increasing, until the old quarters were too strait for its accommodation.
+
+In April 1852, Mr. Younglove parted with his entire interest in the
+concern to his partners, and the firm name of J. B. Cobb & Co. was
+adopted. Before this the printing department had been abandoned, and the
+concern was run as a book and stationery store, with a bindery attached.
+The old store being too small, new and more commodious quarters were found
+further up Superior street on the opposite side, and with the change the
+business increased with greater rapidity than previously.
+
+In February, 1864, it was decided to open a similar house in Chicago. A
+store was engaged, and Mr. J. B. Cobb went up to open it, taking with him a
+relative of the firm who had formerly been their clerk, Mr. Daniel
+Pritchard. The business of the new establishment instantly became large
+and remunerative, the jobbing trade commencing auspiciously, and rapidly
+increasing to extensive dimensions. At the same time the parent house in
+Cleveland added a wholesale department to its former retail trade, and
+this grew rapidly, the need of such an establishment being keenly felt by
+the numerous small stores throughout the country that had hitherto been
+dependent on Cincinnati or the dealers at the East. The rapid growth of
+business in the two establishments necessitated a new arrangement of the
+firm, and Cobb, Pritchard & Co. took charge of the Chicago house, whilst
+Cobb, Andrews & Co. manage the Cleveland establishment. The latter firm
+was made by the accession of Mr. Theodore A. Andrews, who had been brought
+up as a clerk in the house, taking his place as a partner in April, 1865.
+Mr. J. B. Cobb took up his residence in Chicago, leaving his brothers, C.
+C. and B. J., in Cleveland.
+
+The Cobbs have maintained for themselves a high reputation for honesty,
+fair dealing, and courtesy in business, and in this way have secured
+prosperity. The trade that, when they first took it, amounted to about
+$25,000 a year, had grown, in 1868, to over $200,000. The qualities that
+gained for the head of the firm so many valuable business friends, was
+shared in by his brothers, and these again impressed them on the young men
+brought up under their control. The result is seen in the large number of
+customers frequenting the store daily, and in the extensive wholesale
+trade done.
+
+
+
+
+A. G. Colwell.
+
+
+
+Mr. Colwell is a native of Madison county, New York, and came to Cleveland
+in 1852, soon after the opening of the different railroads had given the
+city an important start in the road to prosperity. Mr. Colwell immediately
+engaged in the hardware trade, on Ontario street, where he has continued
+to the present day. As the city grew in size, and its area of commerce
+extended, the business of Mr. Colwell steadily increased. The retail trade
+gradually developed into wholesale, and this grew into important
+proportions, pushing its ramifications through northern Ohio, Michigan,
+and north-western Pennsylvania.
+
+Mr. Colwell has attended closely to his business, taking no other interest
+in public affairs than is the duty of every good citizen. But whilst
+carefully conducting his business he has found time for the gratification
+of a cultivated taste in literature, and has taken pleasure in
+participating in every movement designed to foster a similar taste in
+others. In a recent tour in Europe, undertaken for the benefit of his
+health, he visited the principal points of literary and artistic interest,
+and brought back with him many rare and curious souvenirs of travel.
+
+
+
+
+William Bingham.
+
+
+
+Whilst few men, if there are any, in the city of Cleveland are more highly
+respected than William Bingham, there are none less desirous of notoriety
+in any form. To do his duty to himself, his family, and his fellow men,
+and to do it quietly and unobtrusively, is the extent of Mr. Bingham's
+ambition, so far as can be judged by the whole tenor of his life. Did the
+matter rest with him, no notice of him would have appeared in this work,
+but to omit him would be a manifest injustice, and would at the same time
+render the volume imperfect.
+
+Mr. Bingham is a native of Andover, Connecticut, and on his arrival here
+from the East, became a clerk in George Worthington's hardware store.
+After a few years' service in this capacity, he set up in the same line
+for himself, and for about a quarter of a century has carried on
+business with marked success. The operations of the firm of William
+Bingham & Co., though at first small, have grown to large proportions,
+and Mr. Bingham has grown rich, not through lucky operations, but by
+steady, persistent application to business, aided by sound judgment and
+powerful will. In addition to his hardware business, he is interested
+with Mr. Worthington in the Iron and Nail works, and has furnace
+interests in the Mahoning Valley.
+
+In all his dealings, commercial or otherwise, he has been strictly
+conscientious, and this has secured for him the esteem of all with whom he
+has come in contact, and the respect and confidence of the general public.
+His word is inviolable, and no one has ever uttered a whisper against his
+unsullied integrity. In all works of genuine charity, his aid is
+efficaciously, though unobtrusively given, whenever required. To the young
+men in his employ, he is as much a father in his care of their interests
+and conduct, as he is an employer.
+
+In politics, Mr. Bingham has steadily acted with the Republican party, but
+he is in no degree a politician. He has been chosen by the people to
+places of municipal trust, but always without any desire on his part, and
+solely because those selecting him considered his services would be
+valuable to the city; and whenever selected as a candidate, he has been
+elected, the opposing party having full confidence in his ability and
+integrity. In his case, the place invariably sought the man, and not the
+man the place; and it has always been with great reluctance, and because
+it seemed the good of the people required it, that he consented to hold
+public office. It would be better for the people were there more men like
+William Bingham, and sufficient wisdom among political managers to invoke
+their services on behalf of the public.
+
+
+
+
+William J. Gordon.
+
+
+
+A history of the leading commercial men of Cleveland, with no mention of
+W. J. Gordon, would be not much unlike the play of Hamlet with the part of
+the Danish prince omitted. Few men in the city have occupied so prominent
+a position in its mercantile history as has Mr. Gordon; but, from a
+natural distaste of public notice of any kind, on the part of Mr. Gordon,
+we are comparatively without data, and obliged to depend upon what we know
+of his history in general.
+
+Mr. Gordon was brought up on a New Jersey farm, on which the battle of
+Monmouth was fought, and that had remained for generations, and still
+is, in the possession of his family. His earliest recollections were of
+rural life, its boyish enjoyments and boyish tasks. He obtained a good
+common school education, such as could be obtained in that neighborhood.
+Whilst yet a lad he manifested a strong taste for business pursuits; and
+to gratify and develop that taste he was sent to New York, where he
+became a clerk.
+
+But, young as he was, he reasoned that there was a better chance for a
+successful struggle in the new West than in the already crowded marts of
+the East, and that for the young man of energy and enterprise, there was
+every prospect of achieving distinction and fortune in assisting to build
+up the business of the new western cities. With this impression he bade
+adieu to New York in 1838, and started westward on a tour of observation,
+he being then in his twentieth year. He reached Erie without stopping, and
+remained there for some time, carefully observing its commercial
+facilities and its prospects for the future. Not altogether satisfied
+with these, he moved farther west, and made his next stay in Cleveland.
+Here he speedily became convinced that a great future was before that
+city, and he determined to remain and share in its benefits. A wholesale
+grocery establishment was opened, small at first, as suited his means and
+the limited requirements of the place, but which more than kept pace with
+the progress of the city.
+
+Mr. Gordon believed that to shrewdness and persistence all things are
+possible. His constant endeavor was to discover new avenues of trade, or
+new modes of doing business, and then to utilize his discoveries to the
+full extent, by persistent energy and unwearied industry. He was always on
+the alert to find a new customer for his wares, and to discover a cheaper
+place to purchase his stock, or a better way of bringing them home. Whilst
+thus securing unusual advantages in supplying himself with goods, Mr.
+Gordon was losing no opportunity of pushing his business among the buyers.
+His agents were diligently scouring the country, looking up new customers,
+and carefully observing the operations of old customers, to ascertain how
+their trade could best be stimulated and developed, to the mutual profit
+of the retailer and the wholesale dealer from whom he obtained his
+supplies. Men of pushing character and large business acquaintance were
+sought out and engaged, that they might aid in developing the business of
+the establishment. As these withdrew, to set up in business for
+themselves, others took their place. It is a noticable fact that no house
+has sent out more young men who have achieved success for themselves; and
+that success was undoubtedly in large measure due to the training received
+under Mr. Gordon.
+
+He tolerated no sluggards around his establishment. A hard worker himself,
+those around him were stimulated to hard work. He was at the warehouse
+with the earliest clerk and left it with the latest. He demanded
+unflagging industry from his employees, but asked no more than he
+manifested himself. It was through this persistent energy that he achieved
+success where others might have failed.
+
+When Mr. Gordon's capital had increased to such an extent as to warrant
+his employment of some of the surplus in investment outside of his regular
+business, he made some highly profitable operations of this kind. Among
+them was his uniting with some others of like foresight in the purchase of
+a tract of mineral land on Lake Superior, and the formation of iron mining
+companies which, though not immediately profitable, eventually yielded an
+enormous percentage on the original outlay, and bids fair to be equally
+profitable for many years to come, besides being a source of immense
+wealth to the city.
+
+In 1857, Mr. Gordon's health failed, and since that time he has paid but
+little personal attention to business, but by an extended tour to Europe,
+it has been in a great measure restored, and being still in the meridian
+of life, he has the prospect, unless some mishap occurs, of long enjoying
+the fruits of his far-sighted intelligence and unwearied industry.
+
+
+
+
+Henry Wick
+
+
+
+Lemuel Wick, the father of Henry, was among the early settlers of
+Youngstown. The Rev. William Wick, his uncle, preached from time to time
+as a missionary of the Presbyterian church, in the settlements on the
+border of Pennsylvania and Ohio, as early as 1779. Henry's father was a
+merchant, in whose store be became a clerk at the age of fifteen. At
+twenty-one he engaged in the project of a rolling-mill at Youngstown,
+which proved successful. In company with a brother, his father's interest
+in the store was purchased, and, having a successful future in prospect,
+Mr. Wick married, about that time, Miss Mary Hine, of Youngstown, whose
+father was a prominent lawyer of that place. In 1848, he became a citizen
+of Cleveland, disposing of the rolling mill to Brown, Bonnell & Co., who
+have since become leading iron men of the Mahoning Valley.
+
+After a few years of mercantile business at Cleveland, the banking house
+of Wick, Otis & Brownell was formed, and was successfully managed for two
+years, when the brothers Wick purchased the interest of the other
+partners, and continued together until 1857, when the firm name was
+changed to Henry & A. H. Wick, father and son, and has thus continued
+until the present time.
+
+Mr. Wick is a man of more than ordinary business ability, and has,
+throughout his long commercial life, so directed his talent as to preserve
+an unsullied character, and enjoy the unlimited confidence of his fellow
+citizens, in addition to a handsome competence. Speculations were always
+avoided by him, because he believed that, in a young and healthy country
+like this, men may accumulate property fast enough in the legitimate
+channels of trade, coupled with frugality, temperance and industry. Many
+of his employees, by following his example, have become eminently
+successful in business.
+
+Mr. Wick was born February 28, 1807, and, consequently, is in his
+sixty-third year, although he has lost little of the elasticity of his
+step or his business faculty.
+
+
+
+
+William Edwards
+
+
+
+The firm of Edwards, Townsend & Co. now ranks among the leading houses in
+the city, doing an enormous business, and respected everywhere for its
+enterprise and integrity. The head of the firm, William Edwards, was born
+in Springfield, Massachusetts, June 6, 1831. At the age of fifteen, he
+entered mercantile life as a clerk, and remained in that position in
+Springfield six years. In 1852, he came to Cleveland, that year having
+brought many New Englanders here on account of the recent opening of the
+railroads. His first year was spent in clerking for W. J. Gordon, who then
+had by far the most important wholesale grocery establishment in the city.
+
+At the end of the year Mr. Edwards, having two thousand five hundred
+dollars capital, resolved on setting up a jobbing grocery establishment
+for himself, and in company with Mr. Treat, opened a store on Canal
+street, doing business in a small way, and being their own accountants,
+salesmen and porters. The first year's business footed up sales to the
+amount of thirty-seven thousand dollars only, but the young firm was not
+discouraged. The next year opened with brighter prospects. The first
+year's customers were pleased with the firm, and satisfied that they were
+honest, as well as active and energetic, they returned to buy again and
+brought new customers. Orders came in rapidly, and by the middle of the
+third year the sales had grown to the rate of sixty thousand dollars per
+year. At that point, Mr. Edwards purchased the interest of his partner and
+looked about for a new associate in business.
+
+Mr. Hiram Iddings, of Trumbull county, became partner, and with his
+accession, the business increased more rapidly than before. Both members
+of the firm used every honorable means to push their business, and with
+almost unvarying success. New fields were sought out and the old ones
+carefully canvassed. As before, nearly every new customer became a
+constant purchaser, being thoroughly satisfied with the treatment
+received, and new customers were added. The territory served widened, and
+the reputation of the house for enterprise and fair dealing spread. In
+1862, the sales had grown to two hundred and forty thousand dollars. More
+aid was necessary to attend to the business of the firm, and on the first
+of October, in that year Mr. Amos Townsend was added to the firm, which
+then became Edwards, Iddings & Co. A year from that time Mr. Iddings died,
+and on the first of January, 1864, a change was made in the title of the
+firm to Edwards, Townsend & Co., Mr. J. B. Parsons being admitted as the
+third partner. Under that title and organization it still continues.
+
+The business of the firm has kept fully abreast with the progress of the
+city. The members are shrewd, enterprising, always on the lookout for new
+openings for trade, and ready to take instant advantage of them. They each
+have a happy faculty of making friends, and still happier faculty of
+retaining them. The proof of this is seen in the increasing sales, which
+now amount to one million dollars a year, the customers being scattered
+through northern Ohio, Pennsylvania, and a portion of Michigan. Their
+extensive stores on Water street are constantly busy with customers and
+with the receipt and shipment of goods.
+
+Mr. Edwards has attained prosperity, not by the favor of others, but by
+fighting his own battle of life with indomitable perseverance and
+imperturbable good humer. He has worked hard and persistently, but at the
+same time acted on the belief that "care killed a cat," and that "a light
+heart makes work light." His hearty good humor has had no small share in
+attracting and retaining customers, and has at the same time enabled him
+to rationally enjoy the prosperity his labors have brought him. But his
+good humor never leads him to abate a jot of his shrewd watchfulness in
+business matters, and to his prudence and keen observation are owing the
+fact that he has almost wholly escaped litigation. At thirty-eight years
+old he takes rank among the foremost and most successful marchants of
+Cleveland, whilst his frank, hearty manners, his warm friendship, and his
+liberal unselfish benevolence which distributes charity with an
+unstinting, though intelligent hand, rank Mr. Edwards among the most
+valued and most valuable of citizens.
+
+
+
+
+Amos Townsend
+
+
+
+Amos Townsend was born near Pittsburgh in 1831, and received a good common
+English education. At fifteen years old, he left school and entered a
+store at Pittsburgh, in which he remained three years, and then removed to
+Mansfield, Ohio, where, young as he was, he set up in business for
+himself, retailing goods, and remaining a citizen of that town during the
+greater part of nine years.
+
+During his residence in Mansfield, the Kansas troubles broke out and
+arrived at such a pitch that a Congressional committee, comprised of
+Messrs. John Sherman of Ohio, W. A. Howard of Michigan, and W. A. Oliver
+of Missouri, was appointed to proceed to Kansas and investigate the facts
+in regard to General Stringfellow's opposition to Governor Reeder's
+administration. Mr. Sherman procured the appointment of Mr. Townsend as
+United States Marshal, and he accompanied the commission to the scene of
+disturbance. He was on a hill near Lawrence when he saw the _passe
+comitatus_ of the United States Marshal of the Territory batter down the
+Free State Hotel, it having been indicted as a nuisance by the Grand Jury.
+Shortly afterwards, Mr. Townsend was taken prisoner by General
+Stringfellow, but on ascertaining his position he was released.
+
+In 1858, he came to Cleveland, having been engaged by Gordon, McMillan &
+Co. In that establishment, he remained nearly five years, and then became
+partner in the firm of Edwards, Iddings & Co., which, on the death of Mr.
+Iddings, became Edwards, Townsend & Co. The operations of that firm have
+already been spoken of.
+
+Mr. Townsend has served a full apprenticeship to the business in which he
+is now engaged, and is familiar with all its details from the cellar to
+the counting-room. As a skillful financier, he has few superiors, and the
+large operations of the firm bear evidence to this in the regularity and
+safety with which they are conducted.
+
+In 1866, the Republicans of the Third Ward chose him as their candidate
+for member of the City Council, of which he was afterwards chosen
+president. He not only polled the full vote of the party, but drew a large
+number of Democratic votes, and was elected by a good majority, although
+the ward has generally been considered Democratic, and has retained his
+seat to the present time, his personal popularity among all classes,
+combined with the unexceptionable record he made in the Council,
+overcoming all opposition. At the organization of the new Council for
+1869, he was unanimously re-elected president, a fact as complimentary as
+it is rare, it being the almost invariable custom for each party to vote
+for its own candidate, even where the result of the election is a foregone
+conclusion. He was in the same year suggested as the Republican candidate
+for Mayor, and would undoubtedly have been chosen to that office had he
+not considered it incompatible with proper attention to the large and
+rapidly increasing business of his firm.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: Your Friend, D. A. Dangler]
+
+
+David A. Dangler.
+
+
+
+David A. Dangler, like scores of other successful men in Cleveland, is a
+conqueror of adverse circumstances. In taking a cursory glance at the
+early history of representative Clevelanders, noticed in this volume, it
+will be readily seen that our business firms are largely composed of men
+who, in early life, were compelled to divide their time between work on
+the farm and attendance at the district school. Much of the debilitating
+dissipation common in cities has been escaped by them; and hence, they
+have both sound minds to project, and vigorous bodies to execute.
+
+Mr. Dangler found it necessary, at the early age of seven years, to do
+something towards carrying on his father's farm in Stark county, Ohio.
+During the Winter months, he had the benefit of a district school until
+1838, when, at the age of fourteen, he was employed in a dry goods store
+at Canton, as boy of all work. Here, he won the confidence of his
+employers, and by closely saving his limited wages, was able to attend
+school six months more, which completed his education. With this
+exception, he continued to serve in the same store until 1845, when, with
+a very limited capital, the savings from his wages, he commenced on his
+own account, in the same business.
+
+In 1850, he left the trade in dry goods and took up that in hardware. The
+late Mr. John Tennis, who was also a Stark county man, and Mr. Dangler, in
+1853, formed a partnership for jobbing in this line at Cleveland. The
+success of the concern was all that reasonable men could expect. Their
+connection continued until 1867, when it expired by limitation. They were
+among the first wholesale firms on Water Street, and this enlarged field
+of commercial operations gave full exercise to the talent and energy of
+Mr. Dangler. Trade was pushed in all directions, and in a remarkably short
+time they succeeded in building up a lucrative business.
+
+Success did not make a miser of Mr. Dangler. On the breaking out of the
+rebellion, he entered with all his native enthusiasm into the home duties
+of the war. In August, 1862, he took a prominent part in the organization
+of ward committees for raising recruits and providing for the familles of
+soldiers. A large part of his time during the war was devoted to this
+work, and will ever be remembered with gratitude by scores of families for
+timely assistance rendered during that trying ordeal. In the Fourth ward,
+where he lives, there never was a man drafted to fill its quota.
+
+In 1864, he was elected a member of the City Council, and in 1865, a
+member of the House of Representatives for Cuyahoga County, by the
+Republican party. These public trusts were so well filled that in 1867, he
+was returned to the Senate, representing the most important commercial
+district of the State except one, and at all times being watchful and
+active in the interests of his constituents. Among the important measures
+originated by him in the Legislature, are the Metropolitan Police, State
+Charities, State Gas Inspection, and the Building and Loan Association
+Acts. The last mentioned act has been very extensively taken advantage of
+among his immediate constituents. No less than ten societies have been
+organized in this city, under it, and have already been productive of much
+good among the laboring class, by enabling them to obtain homesteads on
+easy terms. The capital stock of these societies amounts to over three
+million dollars, and if the act is as highly appreciated throughout the
+State as it is here, the benefit accruing therefrom will be almost
+incalculable, inasmuch as the monthly payments would, in many cases, be
+squandered; whereas, now, they are not only saved, but secure a share of
+the profits of the association in proportion to the stock held. The
+successful working of these institutions must be exceedingly gratifying to
+Mr. Dangler. He is an active, energetic and impulsive member, though not
+without considerable tact, and generally successful in putting his
+measures through. As a speaker he is clear-headed, terse and forcible, and
+on subjects appealing to patriotism, really eloquent.
+
+Mr. Dangler is liberal with his means, with broad plans, not for himself
+alone, but for the public; indeed, we have few men among us more public
+spirited than he. To this new element of self-made and successful men, the
+city owes much of the unparalleled development of the few past years.
+Their energy and commercial intelligence have inaugurated a new order of
+things here, placing Cleveland in the front rank of western cities.
+
+Mr. Dangler has recently formed a new partnership, and is again engaged in
+the hardware business, having established the new firm of Dangler &
+Bowman, on Superior Street. He is still young and vigorous, and has it yet
+in his power to accomplish much.
+
+
+
+
+T. S. Beckwith.
+
+
+
+In speaking of the mercantile interests of Cleveland as developed by her
+prominent operators, it is with pleasure we produce a brief notice of Mr.
+T. S. Beckwith, one of our well known and most successful merchants. He
+was born in Lyme, CT, Jan. 11, 1821. Until he was fourteen, he remained
+on the farm with his father, at which time he commenced clerking in a
+store in Brownville, Jefferson Co., N. Y., and remained four years. He
+then came to Cleveland and at once engaged as a clerk with Alexander
+Sacket, who was then carrying on business on Superior Street, precisely
+where Mr. Beckwith's carpet store now stands. After two years with Mr.
+Sacket, he went as clerk with P. M. Weddell & Co., in which capacity he
+served four years, when he was taken into partnership with P. M. Weddell,
+Dudley Baldwin and W. E. Beckwith, his brother, and in this firm did
+business in the dry goods line for about four years, when he and his
+brother, alone, carried on business several years, and finally Mr. Henry
+Wick became associated with them and another store was started. Both
+stores were continued about four years, when the firm dissolved, and
+another formed under the name of Beckwith, Sterling & Co., composed of T.
+S. Beckwith, F. A. Sterling and G. Clayes. This firm was dissolved after
+two or three years and the subject of this sketch left the dry goods
+business and opened the first store for the exclusive sale of carpets in
+Cleveland. After five or six years, his former partner, F. A. Sterling,
+again became associated with him. The firm of Beckwith & Sterling existed
+three years when they admitted two young men in their employ, O. Baker
+and W. R. Havens.
+
+Mr. Beckwith is a thorough business man, quick to form judgment and quick
+to act upon it. He is among our best financiers, nearly always makes an
+investment pay. When he was regularly employed as a salesman, he was hard
+to match, and one great secret of his success as such was his courteous
+demeanor to all, whether rich or poor, and an industrious effort to
+please. We recommend those of our young men who desire to succeed in
+business to study one of the principal keys to T. S. Beckwith's success--a
+polite attention to all. It will pay.
+
+Mr. Beckwith's business has grown with the city, and the profits with it,
+and although he has only attained to the meridian of life, and in the full
+enjoyment of mental and physical energy, he has acquired a handsome
+competency.
+
+Besides his mercantile interest, Mr. B. has aided in giving to Cleveland
+the character of a manufacturing city, having invested largely in the
+white lead factory of this city, which is under the management of Mr. J.
+H. Morley, an account of which will be seen in the Manufacturing
+Department of this work.
+
+Business has not, however, engrossed the whole of Mr. Beckwith's time and
+talents. He is as thorough a worker in the cause of religion, morality and
+benevolence as in trade. For a number of years, he has been an active
+member of the Second Presbyterian church of this city, always taking a
+lively interest in the Sunday school connected with the church. He was
+also as indefatigable in the interests of the Bethel Church and Sunday
+school of this city, and which is now doing a noble work in the city.
+
+Mr. B. was married in 1849, to Miss Sarah Oliphant of Grandville,
+Washington Co., N. Y. Two children of this marriage are living and a
+third dead.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: Yours Truly, Elias Sims]
+
+
+Elias Sims.
+
+
+
+Although Mr. Sims has not been strictly a man of commerce among us, his
+life labor has been one wholly devoted to enterprises that are strictly
+conducive to that foundation of a commonwealth. Properly placed, he would
+be with general contractors, but as we have not material sufficient for a
+department under that head, he must take rank among the men whose trade
+has been facilitated by his enterprise.
+
+Elias Sims was born at Onondaga, New York, August 4. 1818, and is another
+striking instance of the value of early dependence on one's own
+resources. Until he was fifteen years of age, Elias worked on a farm,
+when he concluded to leave it, and strike out for himself on another
+line. He worked as a laborer on the New York canal for some time, and
+being a lad of great force of character with a keen eye to business, he
+was very soon selected as an overseer. He held this situation for about
+two years when he became deputy superintendent of the works, being at the
+time only in his eighteenth year. After considerable experience in this
+business, he concluded there was an opportunity to make more money by
+contracting than by working on a salary, and consequently resigned his
+office and commenced on a work for which he was eminently adapted by
+nature, and one in which he subsequently became remarkably successful,
+as, indeed, was his first contract, for it resulted in a profit of
+several thousand dollars. Men did not become millionaires in such short
+order then as now, and so much money so easily obtained almost unbalanced
+the young contractor. It made him less careful in his estimates, and, as
+may be easily judged, his next job swallowed the whole of his capital,
+and compelled him to become overseer again.
+
+The next speculation he engaged in was the building of a tug, in
+connection with two others, and which proved a success. After some time,
+he obtained a dredging contract at Port Stanley, Canada, and being very
+successful in this he entered into it as a permanent business, and
+appeared among the live men of Cleveland in 1856, as a contractor for
+dredging the "old river bed". From year to year, this contract for
+dredging at Cleveland has been continued, and in addition to this, he has
+executed some immense jobs at Grand Haven, Mich., Erie, Pa., and
+Milwaukee, Wis., in which he has been uniformly successful. He also
+contracted largely in the construction of the Great Western Rail Road, in
+Canada, and canal locks in Iowa. He is interested in propellers on the
+lakes, and has two tugs and three dredges in this harbor.
+
+Mr. Sims may well be styled a pioneer in the system of dredging, by means
+of which all the lake harbors have been able to receive vessels of double
+the old tonnage. Although of a quiet, he is not by any means of an
+indolent temperament, and has exhibited business energy in a way that did
+not make much noise, but which led to sure results. Mr. Sims was one of
+the contractors and one of the proprietors of the Rocky River Rail Road
+and Hotel. He is also interested in the People's Gas Company of the West
+Side, and we are driven to the conclusion that such a long series of
+successes in such undertakings cannot be due to accident; there must be
+for foundation, a clear, calculating mind, and the ability to execute well
+what is well planned. Projects in which others had failed became
+profitable under his management. He is still in the vigor of life going on
+as usual with his contracts.
+
+In 1838, Mr. Sims married Miss Fosburgh, of Onondaga Co., N. Y.; of the
+marriage three children were born, Mrs. Sloane of Buffalo, Mrs. Evatt of
+Cleveland, deceased, and Mrs. Wm. Starkweather of Cleveland.
+
+
+
+
+Joseph Perkins.
+
+
+
+One of the most noticeable mansions on the north side of Euclid Avenue is
+the tasteful and substantial stone building a little west of Sterling
+Avenue, which, from its general style of architecture and its handsome
+surroundings of lawn and shrubberies, resembles the comfortable country
+home of a family of wealth and taste in England. This is the residence of
+Joseph Perkins, and in its neat, home-like beauty, gives at once a good
+idea of the character of its owner, and a perpetual invitation to repose.
+
+Mr. Perkins was born July 5, 1819, in Warren, Ohio, his father being Simon
+Perkins of that place. His educational advantages were food, and after
+leaving school he entered his father's office. Born to comfortable
+circumstances he never had occasion to struggle for an existence as have
+so many of the now wealthy citizens of Cleveland, but, on the other hand,
+the acquisition of riches without hard labor for it did not, as in so many
+other cases, prove his ruin, nor did he spend his days in idleness. On his
+father's death, he was one of his executors and gave his whole attention
+to the task of closing up the estate. That duty performed, he came to
+Cleveland and found abundant occupation in managing his own estate and in
+executing the duties devolving upon him through his appointments to places
+of trust in banks, railroads, and other organizations. For several years,
+he was a director of the Cleveland and Mahoning Railroad Company and took
+an active part in its affairs. On the death of Governor Tod, he was chosen
+president of the company, a position he still retains and the duties of
+which he performs with scrupulous fidelity. He is also president of the
+Second National Bank. During the building of the Euclid Street
+Presbyterian Church, he was a member of the building committee, and has
+taken an active interest in the affairs of that church for many years. He
+was also a member of the building committee of the Savings Bank Society
+and of the building committee of the National Bank Building.
+
+In 1837, Mr. Perkins united with the Presbyterian Church, of which he has
+since remained an active and influential member, the scene of his
+profession being in Marietta, where he listened to the teachings of the
+Rev. Mr. Bingham.
+
+In October, 1840, he married Miss Martha E. Steele, of Marietta, by whom
+he has had six children, four of whom still survive.
+
+Mr. Perkins is a man of no ordinary character, and it is unfortunate for
+the world that there are so few of his mould in comparison with the whole
+number of people. The governing principle of his life is religion, his
+actions are directed by his conscience. Although rich and controlling large
+means, he is utterly free from the sin of avarice, and, though fully
+appreciating the value of money, he respects it mainly for the power of
+doing good it gives the possessor. His liberality is great, but is guided
+by a wise caution instead of being squandered indiscriminately. He
+dislikes being imposed upon by unworthy petitioners, and therefore
+narrowly investigates alleged cases of distress before relieving them.
+When satisfied that the object is worthy, his aid is generous and
+ungrudging. His ear is ever open to the tale of distress, his hand ever
+open when the distress is found to be real instead of simulated to impose
+upon the charitable. He has been known to leave his mails untouched all
+day that he might trace out and relieve cases of genuine affliction or
+suffering. His time and best judgment are given to the widow and
+fatherless, nor is his counsel empty-handed. In business matters, the rule
+of his life is not to claim the lion's share, although furnishing the
+means for an enterprise, but to deal with others as he would have done by
+him under similar circumstances. He believes that by pursuing this policy,
+he has reaped greater material advantages than if he had pursued a
+grasping policy, whilst his conscience is the easier for his forbearance.
+His firm determination to do right in every transaction and under all
+circumstances has in his case given fresh proof of the truth of the adage
+that "honesty is the best policy."
+
+Nor, though among the wealthy of the city, is he an aristocrat in feeling.
+To him, the poor soldier's widow, the laborer's wife, and the wife of the
+millionaire are equal in their claims upon his courtesy and his attention.
+He is in feeling one of the people, yet utterly innocent of the arts of
+the demagogue, and repudiating with firmness any attempt to bring him
+forward into political life, against the heats and confusion of which his
+modest and quiet character revolts.
+
+Although not of robust health, he is enabled to get through a large amount
+of work by methodical habits and by a strict avoidance of injurious haste
+and worry. His leisure is spent in the enjoyments of his beautiful home
+and in the cultivation of a fine artistic taste which has been developed
+and gratified by a tour among the principal art centers of Europe.
+
+
+
+
+Hinman B. Hurlbut.
+
+
+
+Himnan B. Hurlbut, a lineal descendant of Governor Hinman, of Connecticut,
+was born in St. Lawrence County, New York, July 29, 1818. In his boyhood,
+he received such education as the common schools provided, and the time
+not spent in the school room was employed on his father's farm, he being
+the youngest of a large family and required to help along with the others.
+
+At the age of fifteen, he left the farm and engaged as clerk in the
+mercantile business in Washington, St. Lawrence County, where he remained
+about three years.
+
+In 1836, he removed to Cleveland and commenced the study of law with his
+brother, H. A. Hurlbut, then practicing law here. On August 7th, 1839, he
+was admitted to practice, and at once went to Massillon, Stark county,
+where he opened an office for the practice of his profession. His cash
+capital when he started for his prospective field of labor, consisted of
+three dollars and twenty-five cents. The disbursement of this sum was as
+follows: three dollars for his packet fare to Massillon; twenty-five cents
+for three sheets of paper and two packets of tobacco. His worldly goods
+were all contained in a hair trunk; the most valuable item of which was
+his law library, comprising two volumes, Blackstone and Kent's
+Commentaries. Our readers may well be assured that Mr. Hurlbut was
+dreadfully in earnest about that time to commence business. He soon
+succeeded in making a commencement; his talent and industry were rewarded
+by one of the largest and most lucrative practices in that section,
+extending through Wayne, Holmes, Tuscarawas, Carroll, Columbiana, and
+Summit counties. As a lawyer he was very successful. He continued the
+practice of his profession until 1850, four years of which time he was the
+law partner of Hon. D. K. Cartter.
+
+Some three years before retiring from his law practice, he became
+interested in banking at Massillon, and in 1850, organized the Merchants
+Bank, of Massillon, with a capital of $100,000. This was in connection
+with Dr. I. Steese, who is still president of the bank, with the capital
+increased to $200,000. It was and is a very successful enterprise.
+
+In 1852, still retaining most of his interest in the bank at Massillon, he
+came to Cleveland, and commenced a private banking business, under the
+firm name of Hurlbut & Go., under the American House, and continuing about
+one year, when he purchased from the directors of the Merchants Bank the
+charter of the Bank of Commerce, and at once commenced business under it,
+with Mr. Parker Handy as president, and himself as cashier. About a year
+afterwards Mr. Handy resigned, and Mr. Joseph Berkins became president.
+The stock was increased from time to time till it reached $250,000, and
+then reorganized under the name of the Second National Bank of Cleveland,
+with the same officers, and nearly the same board, with a capital stock of
+$600,000, and its success may be judged when we say that it has a reserve
+fund of over $400,000, and it may well be characterized as one of the
+strongest, if not the strongest bank in Ohio.
+
+Mr. Hurlbut was cashier from the commencement, and labored assiduously in
+its interests, so that the Second National Bank of Cleveland is eminently
+the fruit of his labor and skill. Mr. Hurlbut was obliged to resign his
+position January 1, 1866, on account of failing health, induced by
+excessive mental application, and was succeeded by the assistant cashier,
+J. O. Buell, who still retains the office. On resigning, he was made vice
+president, which position he still retains. He took a trip to Europe,
+where he remained two years, returning much improved.
+
+Besides his official duties here, in 1864, in connection with Messrs. J.
+Perkins, A. Stone and S. Witt, he purchased of the Board of Control, the
+charter of the Toledo Branch of the State Bank of Ohio, which also proved
+a great success, paying in the neighborhood of twenty-five percent per
+annum. It was reorganized under the National Bank Law. Mr. Hurlbut held no
+official position in this bank, but assisted in its management.
+
+For some years, he has been a director of the Bellefontaine Railroad
+Company, and on the consolidation of that company with the Cleveland,
+Columbus and Cincinnati Railroad Company, was made a director of the
+consolidated line. He has added to his interests in banks and railroads
+some important investments in the iron interests of the city, and through
+his shrewd observation and extensive business knowledge, has managed to
+make his investments profitable. For fifteen years, he was a member of the
+State Board of Control of the State Bank of Ohio. From the organization of
+the Protestant General Hospital of Cleveland, he has been its president.
+
+Mr. Hurlbut's sole official connection with politics was his serving as a
+delegate from the Seventeenth Ohio District in the Philadelphia Convention
+that nominated General Taylor. He is in no degree a politician, but always
+takes an active interest as a private citizen and voter, in the discussion
+of political questions. His tastes are elegant and refined, and since his
+virtual retirement from the pressing duties of business, he has found
+enjoyment in the cultivation of those tastes. His manners are affable and
+genial, his disposition frank and generous. In business matters, he has
+always been prompt, and has never allowed his engagements to lie
+unfulfilled or be postponed.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: "Yours truly, E. I. Baldwin"]
+
+
+Elbert Irving Baldwin.
+
+
+
+The dry goods establishment of E. I. Baldwin & Co. is one of the best
+known business houses of Cleveland. Its reputation extends widely beyond
+the limits of the city, and throughout a large portion of the State it is
+known as one of the places to be visited whenever a shopping excursion is
+made to Cleveland.
+
+Elbert Irving Baldwin, the founder and head of the firm, was born in New
+Haven, Connecticut, May 13, 1829. He received excellent early educational
+advantages, in preparation for a literary life, but as his health was not
+equal to this, he turned his attention to mercantile pursuits, when about
+eighteen years of age, by engaging as clerk in the dry goods house of
+Sandford & Allen, in his native town. With the firm he remained several
+years, and then engaged for about two years with a dry goods firm in New
+York city.
+
+In October, 1853, Mr. Baldwin came to Cleveland, and on the completion of
+Northrup & Spangler's Block, commenced the retail branch of the dry goods
+business, his father, S. I. Baldwin, being a partner in the business for
+the first three years. Mr. Baldwin opened out with a stock of goods
+costing sixteen thousand dollars, and at the close of the first year had
+made sales to the amount of forty-three thousand dollars. This was an
+encouraging result for those times, and he correctly judged that it was
+but the foundation of a large and lucrative business. Each succeeding
+year, without any exception, has brought an increase of business, till the
+annual sales of the firm are in the vicinity of a million dollars, which,
+in a retail business, in a city of Cleveland's size, is very large; and
+fairly entitles him to be regarded as the most successful dry goods
+merchant Cleveland has ever had. Having from the first conducted business
+in a strictly honorable manner, selling only good articles at reasonable
+profits, and allowing no misrepresentations, the result is, that many of
+the customers of the house are of fifteen years' continuance. This, in
+conjunction with the natural growth of the trade growing out of an
+increase in the population, now gives his house the appearance of a
+central dry goods market.
+
+Besides endeavoring to deal faithfully with customers, he inaugurated the
+one price and cash system of trade, so as to be faithful to himself and
+his creditors, and the result of all is--immense success.
+
+To meet the demands of trade, in 1868, his firm purchased a piece of land
+whereon stood part of the well known City Buildings, on Superior street,
+and erected the elegant store now occupied by them, at an expense of over
+one hundred thousand dollars. It has been selected by us as a symbolic
+title page, representing Cleveland present, and is at once an ornament to
+the city, and a monument to untiring industry and integrity. The building
+has a frontage of forty-two and a half feet, a depth of one hundred and
+fifty feet, and a height of eighty feet, overtopping all the blocks in the
+city. The front is of Amherst sandstone. The building is divided into five
+stories, with a basement; the ground floor, occupied by the store, having
+five hundred feet of counter-room. Without, the architectural taste
+displayed was unexceptionably good, the building having an appearance of
+lightness and elegance, whilst at the same time conveying an idea of
+strength and solidity. The store is fitted up in the most sumptuous
+manner, and is of itself an attraction to visitors, to say nothing of the
+rich wares always there displayed.
+
+On the retirement of his father, Mr. Baldwin associated with himself his
+brother-in-law, H. R. Hatch, and in 1863, Mr. W. S. Tyler, an employee, was
+admitted to an interest in the business, and in 1866, Mr. G. C. F. Hayne,
+another employee, became a partner. This is an excellent custom, and we
+are glad to see so many of our heavy merchants acknowledging the integrity
+and ability of their clerks in the same way.
+
+Mr. Baldwin has now the general superintendence of the whole business;
+and, although he is not, nor ever has been, physically strong, is very
+active, and there is little that escapes his observation.
+
+He was married, August, 1855, to Miss Mary Janette Sterling, of Lima,
+Livingston county, New York. The fruits of the marriage were three
+children now living, and one daughter who died.
+
+Mr. Baldwin has been connected with the Second Presbyterian church about
+thirteen years, and has taken an active interest in the Sunday school. He
+was trustee of the church for several years, and has always been found
+ready to aid in the furtherance of every good work.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: Yours Truly, G. N. Abbey]
+
+
+Grove N. Abbey.
+
+
+
+The trade in stoneware is a very important branch of the business of
+Cleveland, and this lies in the hands of one firm, of which Grove N. Abbey
+is the leading member. As the West generally is supplied from the parent
+house of the Abbeys, or from one or other of the branch establishments
+through the West, in which Mr. Abbey holds an interest, it would be
+manifestly out of place to omit, in a work of this character, a reference
+to him and his operations.
+
+Mr. Abbey was born in Portland, Connecticut, August 19th, 1818. He was the
+eleventh of a family of thirteen, of whom seven yet live. The father,
+Asaph, died at the age of fifty-five. The mother, Ruth Hollister, survived
+her husband thirty years, the last twenty-two of which were spent in the
+family of her son Grove N., and died February 20th, 1868, at the advanced
+age of eighty-six. As before said, she had thirteen children, twelve of
+whom married, and thus enabled her to remark, as she repeatedly did, that
+she had had twenty-four children. Before her death she had seventy-one
+grandchildren added to the list of her descendants, besides fifty-seven
+great-grandchildren, and one of the fourth generation, making in all one
+hundred and forty-two descendants.
+
+At the age of sixteen, G. N. Abbey bade adieu to his New England home and
+set out for the West. A good portion of his first year after leaving home
+was spent in Pittsburgh, which he then left for Ohio, where he has since
+resided; twenty-one years in Akron, and the remainder of the time in
+Cleveland. His first experience in Akron was as a clerk, from which he
+rose to the position of merchant on his own account, carrying on business
+until 1856. In the Spring of the preceding year he commenced business on
+River street, Cleveland, in the sale of Akron stoneware, in which he had
+become interested, and in 1856, removed his family to Cleveland, where he
+has since that time resided, retaining his mercantile interests in Akron
+until 1858.
+
+When Mr. Abbey was carrying on a mercantile business in Akron, his
+attention was called to the growing importance of the manufacture and
+trade in stoneware, made from the clay of the Springfield clay-bed, which
+has since become famous for the superior quality of stoneware made from
+it. The pioneer in the business was David Abbey, a brother of Grove, who
+died in Chicago, in 1856. The extension of railways to Akron rapidly
+developed the trade in stoneware, and the Abbey family turned their
+exclusive attention to it. The trade grew to importance wherever the
+articles found their way. To obtain greater facilities for sale and
+distribution, Mr. Grove N. Abbey came to Cleveland and obtained storage
+privileges in a warehouse on River street, at the foot of St. Clair hill.
+Soon the increase of business justified the engagement of the whole
+building, and from that time the growth of the trade has been rapid and
+permanent. Brandi houses were established in Chicago, Indianapolis, and
+St. Louis, and the parent houses in Akron and Cleveland have been kept
+busy in supplying the needs of these branches as well as of their own. The
+character of the article dealt in became known throughout the West, and
+wherever introduced the trade soon increased in importance. The result has
+been a gratifying success to the Abbeys, and the addition of a large
+revenue to the county of Summit.
+
+In all their various ramifications of business, Mr. Abbey has occupied an
+important position. In addition to providing for the home trade, he has
+exercised constant personal supervision over the supplying of the western
+branches. The negotiations between dealers and manufacturers have mostly
+been managed by him, and the importance of these negotiations may be
+judged from the fact that the requirements of the customers of Abbey & Co.
+regulate the amount of stoneware manufactured in Summit county, and thus
+affect the business and revenues of the county.
+
+The business of the Cleveland house of G. N. Abbey & Co. has gradually
+been increased by the introduction of other articles of a kindred nature,
+such as the brown and yellow ware, manufactured at East Liverpool, Ohio,
+glassware from Pittsburgh and New York, and fire-brick and fire-clay. The
+position of Cleveland renders it the natural distributing point for those
+wares, and the extensive facilities possessed by Mr. Abbey, and his long
+experience in the business, place the monopoly of the trade in his hands.
+That nothing but good has grown out of this virtual monopoly, is seen in
+the fact that the business is steadily increasing, that no dissatisfaction
+is expressed by the customers, and that no litigations have taken place
+during the long business career of the house, extending over a hundred
+years in Cleveland.
+
+During the last six years the firm has had some interest in vessels on the
+lakes, and these interests have been carefully watched by Mr. Abbey, who
+has entire control.
+
+It will be rightly inferred from what has already been said, that Mr.
+Abbey has achieved success in business. That success is due to no lucky
+accident or extraneous circumstances, but is the natural result of devoted
+attachment to business, keen insight, and a determination to follow, as
+far as practicable, the golden rule of doing as you would be done by, and
+of a desire to avoid all misunderstandings.
+
+If there be one business faculty more than another, prominent in Mr.
+Abbey, it is that of ability to do a large business, on a small capital;
+having, like nearly all of our merchants, commenced business with nothing
+that his own hands had not earned, and passing through all the trials
+incident to mercantile life in a young country, he has become an excellent
+financier. Naturally of a genial temperament, and inclined to look on the
+bright side of things, he glides over reverses and difficulties easier
+than some people, yet he has always keenly felt, and often deplored, the
+want of such early advantages as children of the present day possess.
+
+Being early interested in the cause of temperance, he has persistently
+endeavored to spread its beneficial effects by means of temperance
+organizations, and in April, 1869, he was nominated as temperance
+candidate for Mayor on the first strictly temperance municipal ticket ever
+put in nomination in Cleveland. The result was the polling of a temperance
+vote of about ten per cent, of the whole vote cast.
+
+Twenty-seven years since, whilst in business at Akron, he was induced to
+make a profession of faith and be received into the Congregational church.
+The faith then professed has never been renounced, and he is now an active
+member of Plymouth Congregational church in Cleveland.
+
+On November 4th, 1844, Mr. Abbey married Miss Sarah Goodale, of Kent,
+Ohio, but who came originally from Massachusetts. Of this marriage there
+were four children, three of whom are still living; the oldest being
+married to Charles H. White, of Chicago, Illinois. The other daughter and
+a son remain with the family at home.
+
+
+
+
+B. W. Jenness.
+
+
+
+Mr. Jenness was born in Deerfield, New Hampshire, July 14, 1806, received
+a good academical education and in 1823 removed from Deerfield to
+Strafford, in the same State, where he engaged in merchandizing,
+continuing in that occupation for thirty years, and finding it reasonably
+remunerative. In addition to keeping his store he filled the position of
+postmaster of the town for fifteen years, being appointed under several
+successive administrations. He represented the town in the lower branch
+of the State Legislature, and held the office of High Sheriff for over
+five years, the county which he officiated in having since been carved
+out into several counties. On leaving that office he became Probate
+Judge, which position he retained five years and then resigned, although
+the terms of office were such that he could have retained his position
+until he was seventy years of age. He was nominated by the Breckenridge
+party for Governor of the State, but declined. In 1845-6, he was
+appointed to the Senate of the United States, to fill out the unexpired
+term of the Hon. Levi Woodbury, who was appointed to the Supreme Court of
+the United States. In 1850, he was a member of the Constitutional
+Convention to revise the constitution of New Hampshire, after which he
+retired to private life, and has allowed politics to take their own
+course without his aid.
+
+Mr. Jenness came to Cleveland seven years ago, but immediately after his
+arrival started into the lumber business here with vigor, and has followed
+it up in the same way, until now he has become so intimately connected
+with Cleveland commerce that he seems like an old settler who has grown up
+with the city. He superintended the whole business here from the first,
+whilst his partners attended to the manufacturing department at their
+mills in Michigan, until May 1st, 1869, when Mr. Jenness bought out their
+entire interests. He has succeeded in building up a business equal to the
+best in that line in the short space of seven years, which speaks well for
+the energy and business ability displayed.
+
+In addition to his lumber business Mr. Jenness, in connection with three
+others, built the propeller B. W. Jenness, for carrying lumber and trading
+from Buffalo to Chicago and intermediate ports. She carries about 330,000
+feet of lumber, and cost $50,000. He has also been part owner of several
+other vessels since he has resided here.
+
+[Illustration: Very Truly Yours B. W. Jenness?]
+
+Mr. Jenness is a man of the most active temperament, he no sooner decides
+that a thing has to be done than he does it with all his might. One may
+form an idea of him by seeing him write his name; as quick as the pen
+touches the paper it is off like a flash of lightning, with the signature
+complete. He is broad and powerfully built, and to all appearance can
+endure as much as most men, although sixty-three years of age. Like other
+successful men, he attributes his success to strict attention to business
+in person. In politics he has always been a Democrat. In religion he is
+very liberal, favoring Baptists, Presbyterians, Congregationalists and
+Unitarians when occasion serves. He is held in esteem by all who know him,
+and we trust he may have many years of usefulness before him.
+
+Mr. Jenness was married in 1827 to Miss Nancy Shackford, of Strafford,
+New Hampshire, whom it was his misfortune to lose in May, 1868, leaving
+two daughters the sole survivors of a family of five, the three sons
+being dead.
+
+
+
+
+John Fletcher Warner.
+
+
+
+The late J. F. Warner was a native of Burlington, Vermont, on the border of
+Lake Champlain. His parents were poor, and his early advantages were
+limited. At an early age he became a sort of cabin boy on one of the Lake
+Champlain steamers. Mr. Warner came to Cleveland in 1833 or 1834, and went
+into the employ of Wellman, Winch & Co., who then kept a warehouse near
+the present site of the Erie elevator. Mr. Warner often related to his
+friends with much glee, a little incident that occurred in connection with
+his engagement to labor for this firm. It appears that it was represented
+to him that he was desired to travel for the house; and he, with visions
+of a span of white horses, elegant outfit, and an easy time, readily
+accepted the proposition to travel for them. But his bright expectations
+were soon clouded; his horse was shown him and his course of travel was
+the circle around a horse power used for elevating grain from vessels,
+prior to the erection of any steam grain elevators in the city. He saw he
+had been the victim of a practical joke, and commenced his travel with as
+good a grace as possible, under the circumstances.
+
+Mr. Warner remained with this firm for about two years, and then became
+warehouseman for Ransom, Baldwin & Co., which was composed of John G.
+Ransom, now residing in Hamilton, Canada, Stephen A. Baldwin, deceased,
+Charles M. Giddings, deceased, and William H. Bruce, then residing at
+Green Bay, and, we believe, now deceased. In 1838 or 1839, this firm was
+dissolved, and merged into Ransom, McNair & Co. Mathew McNair, Jr., the
+junior partner of this firm, whom the older residents will recollect, is
+now residing in California. Mr. Warner continued with this firm until
+they retired from business, and then he formed a business connection with
+Augustus Handy and Ralph H. Harmon. We do not know whether it was prior
+or subsequent to this partnership that he lived for a year or two at
+Tonawanda, but are under the impression that it was prior; but at the
+time of the Tonawanda speculation, gotten up by Clevelanders, he was
+induced to go there.
+
+After about two or three years, the firm with which Mr. Warner was
+connected, moved to Chicago, but being all Clevelanders, and Chicago not
+being congenial to them, the firm soon dissolved, and the members of it
+moved back to Cleveland, since which time Mr. Warner was employed in no
+active business. At intervals he had made investments that proved
+profitable, and not being in very robust health, had but little
+ambition, and lived in comparative retirement. He was one of those who
+loved to talk over old times, and never forgot old faces. He was as
+charitable as his means would permit towards worthy objects, and
+preserved through all his business relations a character for strict
+integrity. He was a man of strong friendships, frank in his avowals, and
+left a circle of business and social friends who will remember him as an
+upright, warm-hearted, and public spirited man, who lived in good
+report, and died sincerely lamented.
+
+For many years Mr. Warner had been more or less an invalid, though not
+often confined to his house, with Bright's disease of the kidneys. In
+November, 1868, it assumed a more serious phase, and on December 19th,
+1868, terminated his life. About eight months previously, he suffered the
+loss of his beloved wife, while spending the colder months in Florida,
+which had a very depressing effect upon him, and took from him a very
+necessary incentive to life.
+
+
+
+
+A. V. Cannon.
+
+
+
+On the 10th of July, 1867, died, after a very short illness, A. V. Cannon,
+one of the most promising of the young business men of Cleveland, beloved
+by his intimate associates, and esteemed by the whole business community
+brought in contact with him, and thus able to learn his worth.
+
+Mr. Cannon was a native of the Western Reserve, having been born in
+Streetsboro', Portage county, in 1834. On leaving school he entered the
+store of Babcock & Hurd, in Aurora, in that county, and when those
+gentleman removed to Cleveland he accompanied them and remained in their
+establishment some time, making a twelve years' stay with them altogether.
+
+He then went into the produce and commission business, and one year later
+formed a partnership with Mr. J. F. Freeman, which existed until dissolved
+by death. For two years before his death his health had been impaired, and
+he had been confined to his house for about eighteen months with an
+affection of the leg, but had recovered sufficiently to attend to
+business, and was in a fair way of perfect recovery. As a relaxation from
+business, he visited some friends in the West. On his return he was seized
+with inflammation of the bowels and died after a very brief illness.
+
+Mr. Cannon was one of the kindest of men, universally respected in
+business circles for his integrity and probity, and in the social circle
+for his mild and gentle manners and Christian spirit. He died at the early
+age of thirty-three, without an enemy, and with the confidence, the esteem
+and the love of all who knew him. On the announcement of his death the
+Board of Trade passed resolutions of respect and sorrow, paying high
+tributes to his business, social, and Christian qualities. He was buried
+with full Masonic honors, being a valued member of that order.
+
+Mr. Cannon was married June 8th, 1863, to Mary, daughter of the late David
+Morris, and left one child, a daughter, now five years of age, very bright
+and promising.
+
+At the meeting of the Board of Trade, the announcement of Mr. Cannon's
+death was made by Mr. H. S. Davis, in the following terms:
+
+  It is with feelings of profound sorrow that I announce the decease of
+  A. V. Cannon, Esq., a much respected member of this Board. He has been
+  stricken down suddenly, in the hour of his manhood, and in the midst of
+  his usefulness. I have known Mr. Cannon from his early manhood, and can
+  bear testimony to his untiring industry, strict integrity, and the
+  purity of his character in all the relations of life. He was earnest in
+  business, pleasant and affable in his demeanor, beloved by all who knew
+  him, and it is not too much to say that in his death the Board has met
+  with an irreparable loss.
+
+  We cannot lose such men without feeling that it comes very close to
+  ourselves, and let us pause in the midst of our daily avocations to pay
+  our parting respects to the memory of one who, were he living, would be
+  first to recognize it as being due to others, and I would therefore
+  suggest to the meinbers of this Board, that so far as possible they
+  attend his funeral.
+
+Mr. R. T. Lyon offered the following resolutions, which were
+unanimously adopted:
+
+  _Resolved_, That we learn with much regret and sorrow the death of our
+  esteemed friend and member of this Board of Trade, Mr. A. V. Cannon,
+  noted for his modesty, honesty, business qualifications, strict
+  integrity and moral principles, and worthy of the imitation of us all;
+  and in these manifestations of our respect and regard we sympathise with
+  the family and friends of the deceased in their sorrow and affliction.
+
+  _Resolved_, That we will make it our duty to attend the funeral of the
+  deceased at the appointed time.
+
+  _Resolved_, That the daily session of this Board be suspended on the day
+  of the funeral of the deceased.
+
+  _Resolved_, That a copy of the above resolutions be transmitted to the
+  family of the deceased, by the Secretary.
+
+
+
+
+H. F. Brayton.
+
+
+
+If there be a business man in Cleveland without an enemy, we think it must
+be H. F. Brayton. He has been connected with various branches of business
+in this city for thirty-three years, and enjoyed to an unusual degree the
+confidence of his fellow citizens.
+
+H. F. Brayton was born in Jefferson county, New York, November 22, 1812.
+He obtained a good academical education, and at the age of eighteen went
+to New York city and engaged as a clerk in a dry goods store, where he
+remained six years. During that time he became secretary of the first
+total abstinence society ever organized in that city. He was also
+treasurer of the Young Men's Anti-Slavery Society in that city, so far
+back as 1834, when Abolition doctrines were very unpopular. He it was that
+engaged the noted Theodore D. Weld and sent him out to the Western Reserve
+to lecture on the subject, and who succeeded in a very marked degree in
+bringing the masses over on to Abolition ground, and from which, in this
+section, they never receded until every bondman's fetter was broken. John
+Jay, our present minister to Austria, was, at the same time, one of the
+directors of the Society. He also connected himself with the Liberty
+party, being associated with Salmon P. Chase, in its early history. He
+next glided into the Free Soil party, and from that to the Republican.
+
+In 1836, Mr. Brayton left New York and came to Cleveland, and very soon
+became book-keeper of the old Bank of Cleveland, and remained in the same
+position three years. He then went to Columbus and became cashier of a
+bank. After one year he resigned and came back to Cleveland, where he
+engaged in private banking, and continued the same for about ten years.
+
+In 1850, Mr. Brayton became the first agent of the Continental Insurance
+Company, in this city, and still retains the office. This has been one of
+the most successful companies in the country. He is also the agent of the
+Washington Insurance Company, and the peculiarity of the two companies is,
+that the assured participate in the profits.
+
+In January, 1869, his son, H. G. Brayton, became interested in his
+father's business, under the firm name of H. F. Brayton & Son. H. F.
+Brayton is also a partner in another insurance agency in the city. About
+six years since he went to New York and took charge of the agency
+department of the Columbia Insurance Company, and continued in the
+discharge of the duties of the office for one year, when the agency
+business was discontinued in that company, and Mr. Brayton accepted a like
+situation in the Resolute Insurance Company, where he remained about two
+years, and then returned to Cleveland, where his business had been carried
+on as usual during the three years of his absence.
+
+Mr. Brayton has not devoted his entire attention to banking and insurance
+since his residence in Cleveland. From 1854 to 1857, he was connected with
+the firm of I. C. Pendleton & Co. in the coal trade, and previous to this
+he was the secretary of the Ohio Coal Company, which dealt principally in
+Pittsburgh coal for gas purposes. He is also at present engaged in the
+foreign passenger and real estate business.
+
+Mr. Brayton was for a number of years president of the Cleveland Board
+of Underwriters, but resigned on leaving the city for New York, as
+already narrated.
+
+On coming to Cleveland Mr. Brayton united with the First Presbyterian
+church, and has continued his connection with that denomination in the
+various societies in the city until the present time, and has been a
+worthy and consistent member.
+
+The first impression a stranger receives of H. F. Brayton is, that he is a
+high toned gentleman, and every subsequent interview is certain to confirm
+it. He is a man of strict business habits, and expects his dues, and yet
+his large benevolence and goodness of heart not only prevents the
+slightest approach to meanness, but often causes him to suffer wrong
+rather than be thought to be doing wrong himself. Were it otherwise, he
+would have been one of the richest men in Cleveland to-day, for he
+posseses both the ability and energy.
+
+
+
+
+O. A. Childs.
+
+
+Among our most energetic firms is that of O. A. Childs & Co., manufacturers
+and wholesale dealers in boots and shoes, Water street. It was commenced
+by Messrs. Seymour & Crowell near twenty years since. It became Crowell &
+Childs in 1856, and so continued until 1864, when, by the death of Mr.
+Crowell, it became O. A. Childs & Co. The business of this firm has
+steadily increased from the first and their yearly sales now amount to
+about $700,000.
+
+In 1857, they commenced manufacturing a portion of their own goods, and
+since 1860 have manufactured all their leading lines, i.e., those they
+depend upon for service. Their trade extends through Ohio, Michigan,
+Indiana, Pennsylvania, a large amount being annually transacted in the
+Lake Superior region.
+
+Although born in Massachusetts, Mr. Childs has lived in this city from
+boyhood and may with propriety be called a Clevelander. He is still a
+young and active merchant and one who has made himself a thorough,
+competent business man in all its details, from the cellar to the counting
+room. This, with unlimited energy, has brought him success.
+
+
+
+
+James McDermott.
+
+
+
+Among the mercantile interests, having their headquarters at Cleveland,
+which during a comparatively few years have grown into prominent sources
+of wealth and are yearly expanding in value and adding to the material
+prosperity of the city, the Building Stone and Grindstone interest is
+worthy of especial mention. Only a very few years since this trade was in
+its infancy, and as late as 1863 had not come to be recognized as worthy
+of special efforts for its development. That it then became so is in great
+measure owing to the sagacity and enterprise of the firm of James
+McDermott & Co.
+
+James McDermott was born in the village of Whitby, county of Ontario,
+Canada West, on the 19th of September, 1836. His father, who is still
+living, is by birth an Irishman and a native of the city of Dublin. His
+mother, who is also living, was born in the county of Ontario, Canada
+West. The father of Mr. McDermott is a man of considerable culture, and in
+all the relations of life has been distinguished for great energy and the
+strictest probity. His mother is no less distinguished for her uprightness
+and her clear perception of moral duty, and especially for the energy and
+determination of her character.
+
+James McDermott is the oldest of a family of eleven children, and as not
+unfrequently happens to an oldest son, where the parents are in moderate
+circumstances, James found himself at an early period of his life clothed
+with important duties connected with the care of the family. When in his
+twelfth year the family moved from the village of Whitby to a farm in the
+same township, and here came a change in the relations of the young lad,
+in the new duties he was required to assume, which laid the foundation of
+those correct business habits which have given him his present honorable
+position in the business community. His father occupied the post of United
+States Consul and Harbor Master (the latter embracing all the functions of
+a Collectorship) at the port of Whitby, together with several local
+offices which required his whole attention on every day of the week except
+Sunday. During the week, therefore, much of the business connected with
+the working and care of the farm was devolved upon James. The farm, being
+a new one, required to be cleared, and in this labor the young lad did his
+full share, manifesting always the most indefatigable industry. The family
+remained on the farm some seven or eight years, during which time James
+became an adept in all kinds of farm work.
+
+Young McDermott's opportunities for obtaining an education, at best
+limited, were still further restricted by his farm life, and during the
+years thus spent his progress in mental attainments was very moderate,
+embracing only what he could gather during a few weeks of winter from a
+country school in the elementary branches.
+
+A change at last came when the family quit the farm and removed to Whitby,
+in the year 1856. James was now twenty years of age, and being thrown into
+intimate contact with a larger number of his fellow men than ever before,
+the ambitions and impulses of his young manhood were more keenly stirred.
+He entered the office of his father, who still occupied the position of
+Harbor Master, and, though entirely ignorant of the duties, he quickly
+acquired a knowledge of the entire business and fulfilled all its
+requirements with entire satisfaction. He here realized, however, more
+fully, his defective education, which he determined to improve with the
+least possible delay. Only a few months were spent in his new position
+when he decided to set out in the world to seek his own fortune.
+Accordingly on the 10th of June, 1856, having packed all his personal
+property in a diminutive trunk, he bade adieu to his old home. Two days
+after his departure from home young McDermott arrived in Cleveland and
+went thence to Berea, where, as the sequel shows, was to be the scene of
+his future enterprise. He had acquired some knowledge of carpenter work,
+and so obtained a situation on the Methodist Episcopal church, then in
+course of erection. Here he worked until harvest time, when he went into
+the harvest field, working for one dollar per day. He worked through
+harvest and upon its conclusion took the first step in fulfillment of his
+design to improve his education, and entered school at Baldwin University.
+He had no money to pay for tuition, but this he provided for by sweeping
+the chapel, laboratory and halls of the college, earning sufficient money
+to meet his other wants, which were of course kept down to a very modest
+scale (as he boarded himself), by working in the stone quarries and
+cutting wood for the students. He studied hard and earnestly, and made
+good progress, finishing his first term with very satisfactory results.
+Among his acquirements during this period was a knowledge of the art of
+Oriental pearl painting, and during the Fall vacation he turned this
+accomplishment to advantage by teaching the art in Cleveland, going from
+house to house for this purpose, and obtaining fifty cents per lesson. In
+this way he earned sufficient to pay his tuition at the University during
+the next term, provide himself with necessary books, and furnish his means
+of living. Having concluded another term at the University, in the Fall of
+1857, young McDermott came to Cleveland and took a course of writing
+lessons at a Commercial College. He attained considerable proficiency in
+penmanship, and in the winter of 1857-8 taught writing classes at
+Loweville and Youngstown, Mahoning county, and at the Female College at
+Poland, Ohio, meeting with good success and giving entire satisfaction. In
+February, 1858, Mr. McDermott got his first introduction to the grindstone
+business, having received an appointment from a firm at Berea to travel in
+Canada and solicit orders on commission. He visited Canada and worked
+hard, often walking twenty miles a day, from station to station, to save
+time, carrying his satchel on his back, and paying his expenses by
+teaching the process of pearl painting. The trip was entirely successful,
+and Mr. McDermott returned to Berea in the Summer with a handsome sum in
+pocket. Still anxious regarding his education, he again entered Baldwin
+University, attending through the Fall term. In November of this year he
+came to Cleveland, passed an examination and received a certificate to
+teach school, and upon this opened a school in Middleburgh township,
+Cuyahoga county, making his evenings available by teaching writing and
+spelling classes. At the conclusion of the first term, in February, 1859,
+he started upon a second trip to Canada, to solicit orders for stone, this
+time on his own account. The venture was prosecuted with his usual
+industry, and was highly successful. He returned to Berea in the Summer
+considerably better off financially than when he left it, and having,
+meanwhile, placed a brother and two sisters at school in the University at
+his own expense, he once again entered upon a course of study. He
+remained, however, but two months, in consequence of the illness of his
+father calling him to Whitby to assume the duties of his father's office.
+Here he remained some two months, when his father's recovery enabled him
+to return to Berea. He commenced a commercial course, but was permitted to
+pursue it barely a month when he was prostrated by a severe attack of
+typhoid fever from which he did not recover for nearly four months, his
+life being several times despaired of. As soon as his health was
+sufficiently restored, Mr. McDermott again identified himself with the
+grindstone trade and made two trips to Canada, both very successful,
+between May and September, 1860, and then finished his commercial course.
+On the 19th of September, his twenty-fourth birthday, Mr. McDermott was
+married at East Townsend, Huron county, Ohio, to Miss Henrietta Scott, who
+had been a teacher in the Baldwin University, and a lady of superior
+accomplishments.
+
+In this year he met with the most serious misfortune of his business life.
+He shipped a cargo of stone for Canada, and the vessel encountering a
+storm which disabled her, a large portion of the cargo was thrown
+overboard. The cargo was insured in the Quaker City Insurance Company of
+Philadelphia, but before the claim could be adjusted the Company failed,
+and Mr. McDermott was rendered a considerable sum worse off than nothing.
+This misfortune, however, only served to stimulate his energy, and having
+established a good credit by the promptitude with which he had always met
+his business engagements, and at the same time created a high impression
+of his business qualifications, those with whom he had traded, and in
+whose debt he had been brought, encouraged him to continue business by
+allowing him all the time he should require to repair his losses and make
+himself whole. He soon made another trip to Canada with the most
+gratifying result, taking orders for upwards of three hundred tons of
+stone, the returns from which paid off all his indebtedness and left him
+something more than even with the world.
+
+From January to August, 1862, was spent by Mr. McDermott in Lower Canada,
+chiefly among the French population, and was one of the most successful
+periods of his business experience thus far. Returning to Berea, we next
+find him on his way to Cincinnati as one of a company of "Squirrel
+Hunters" in response to a well-remembered call of Gov. Tod for a force to
+resist the threatened invasion of the State by the Confederate forces
+under Kirby Smith. Arriving at Cincinnati it was found that the patriotic
+citizens of Ohio had so freely answered the demand upon them that more
+than enough to protect the State against several times the menacing army
+were already on the ground, and the Berea company was permitted to return
+home. The remaining months of the year were passed by Mr. McDermott in
+making preparations and perfecting plans for the ensuing year's business.
+
+[Illustration: Yours Respectfully, James McDermott]
+
+On the 30th of January, 1863, Mr. McDermott formed a copartnership with
+John Worthington, who was engaged in the building stone trade at
+Brownhelm, Lorain county, Ohio, the firm taking the title of Worthington &
+McDermott. The firm immediately erected works for turning large
+grindstones for manufactories, and distinguished their first Spring's
+business by sending to New York city the first cargo of building stone
+ever shipped there from Ohio. During this year they furnished the stone
+for all the trimmings and carved work on the Government buildings at
+Ottawa, the capital of the Dominion of Canada, and also for a number of
+buildings in Montreal and other cities and towns of Canada. The year's
+business was heavy, and the result was largely due to the energy and
+enterprise of Mr. McDermott. In the latter part of the year Mr. McDermott
+took up his residence in Cleveland, where he had purchased a house, and in
+the spring of 1864 the office of the firm was removed to Cleveland.
+
+The business of the firm was now growing vigorously, the result of the
+year 1864 being in the highest degree satisfactory, not alone in the
+pecuniary returns, but in the wider extension of the trade and the
+introduction of the Ohio stone to markets where it had previously been
+unknown, and where it has since been in steady and large demand. Near the
+close of the year the firm of Worthington & McDermott was dissolved, and
+Mr. McDermott purchased of the Wallaces the old quarry at Berea originally
+opened by John Baldwin over forty years ago. He took into partnership his
+brother William and established the firm of J. McDermott & Co. The new firm
+went actively to work in developing its quarry, mining and manufacturing
+block and grindstones, and succeeded rapidly in establishing valuable
+business connections and enlarging the stone trade of this section. Among
+the first improvements introduced was the building of a railroad track
+Connecting the quarry with the Cleveland, Columbus and Cincinnati track,
+and other facilities for the expeditions handling and getting out stone
+were added as promptly as practicable. In the spring of 1865 the firm
+filled a contract with the Cleveland and Toledo Railroad Company for stone
+with which to replace the wooden bridges along the line of the road.
+During the year the firm made extensive progress in developing its quarry,
+trenching to a greater depth than had yet been reached in any of the
+quarries, and obtaining a quality of building stone superior to any
+produced up to this time in Ohio, which very soon became, and is still, in
+large demand. In the spring of 1866, the firm sold the first five hundred
+tons of Berea rock block stone that ever went to New York city, and
+succeeded in so far interesting several of the largest builders of the
+metropolis in this stone as to induce them to visit the Berea quarries.
+During the year 1867, the firm sent to New York all the clear rock block
+stone they could get out, and also filled several large contracts for
+block stone with the Cleveland and Toledo and Lake Shore Railroad
+Companies, doing this year a very large business. On the 1st of January,
+1867, the firm was increased by taking in another brother, Mr. Michael
+McDermott, the firm name remaining unchanged.
+
+The house of J. McDermott & Co. occupies at this time a leading position
+in the stone trade of Ohio, and indeed of the West, not alone in the
+amount of its annual business, but in credit, character and influence, and
+in these latter respects it is hardly surpassed by any mercantile house in
+Northern Ohio. The trade of the house not only extends to nearly every
+State of the Union and the Dominion of Canada, but the product of its
+quarries finds a market in Mexico, South America and other parts of the
+world. During 1867, this house furnished the stone for fourteen blocks and
+fronts in New York city, and a number of buildings in Boston, New Haven
+and other cities, and in 1868, the business was largely increased. A
+single firm of builders in New York city erected during that year fifteen
+buildings and fronts for which J. McDermott & Co. furnished the stone.
+
+The quarries owned by this firm embrace twenty-five acres of land of which
+less than an acre has been worked out. In 1867, they turned out 106,200
+cubic feet of block stone, 46,000 feet of flagging, 119 car loads of rough
+block stone, and 1,510 tons of small grindstones. These quarries are
+valued at $200,000, and the excellent quality of the stone produced is
+amply attested by the large and increasing demand for it.
+
+The business of the house of J. McDermott & Co. is under the immediate
+personal supervision of Mr. James McDermott, to whose experience,
+enterprise and business capacity its marked success is due. Mr. McDermott
+has taken an active interest in all that relates to the stone business,
+and also to whatever tends to build up the prosperity of Cleveland. In
+1866 and 1867, he visited Washington to procure the modification of the
+internal tax and import duty on stone, and was successful in his
+endeavors. He also brought about the organization of the "Association of
+the Grindstone and Block Stone Manufactures of Northern Ohio," a work
+which was not accomplished without much difficulty, in spite of the fact
+that it was for the mutual benefit of all engaged in the trade. It should
+be mentioned in this connection that the firm issued a valuable series of
+tables of weights of grindstones, and rules for computing the same, now in
+general use by manufacturers, and which was chiefly compiled by Mrs.
+McDermott. The most recent public work of Mr. McDermott was his active
+labor in organizing the Cleveland, Wooster and Zanesville Railroad
+Company, to which he has devoted time, money and labor.
+
+Mr. McDermott is still young, being but thirty-two years old, of fine
+physical proportions, a robust constitution, and clear, comprehensive
+mind. His healthfulness, and also his success in business, he attributes
+in large measure to his habit of strict temperance. In business matters he
+is prompt, scrupulously conscientious, and holding a verbal engagement to
+be as binding as the most carefully drawn contract. In private and social
+circles he is warm-hearted, cheerful, and every way a pleasant companion.
+
+
+
+
+J. A. Redington.
+
+
+J. A. Redington is son of Captain John Redington, formerly of Saratoga
+county, New York, who, when nineteen years of age, ran away from his
+stepfather, who abused him, and volunteered into the Revolutionary army,
+where he served seven years, and was taken prisoner by the British, and
+incarcerated in the Sugar House, New York. There the privation that fell
+to his lot in the great struggle for freedom, nearly killed him. Had Capt.
+Redington lived till the present time he would have been one hundred and
+twelve years old. J. A. Redington, the subject of this sketch, was born
+June 4, 1818, when his father was sixty-one years old, and there were five
+children born to the old soldier afterwards. At the birth of the last, he
+was seventy-two years of age.
+
+Ten years of the boyhood of J. A. was spent with an uncle in Vermont, where
+he received a good common school education. While living at that place his
+father died, and at the age of sixteen he had a keen realization of the
+situation. He had nothing, and could not mend matters where he was, so he
+determined to go home to his mother and see if he could be of service
+there. After remaining with his mother a year, he engaged with a
+ship-chandler at Oswego, for twenty-five dollars per year and board. After
+a few months his employer closed up, leaving him out of employment. About
+a year from this time, his former employer, who had gone to Cleveland,
+wrote him that if he would come to Cleveland he would employ him again. He
+worked his passage on a canal boat from his home to Oswego, where he took
+passage on board a vessel just leaving for Cleveland.
+
+The late Chester Deming was the gentleman who had engaged his services. He
+received two hundred dollars the first year, three hundred the second
+year, and four hundred the third, on which handsome salary, for those
+times, he concluded to marry.
+
+Mr. Deming closed up his business here in 1841, and Mr. Redington
+commenced on his own account, dealing in oats, wheat and other grains.
+This continued about a year when he formed a partnership for the purpose
+of opening a general furnishing house for vessels. He did a successful
+business, but as it was only during the summer months, he established a
+dry goods store in connection with it on the West Side. This enterprise
+was only partially successful, and so he closed it up, and for several
+years was employed as clerk on board a steam boat.
+
+In 1856, he, in connection with Mr. Bacon, commenced the shipping and
+forwarding business, built the vessel E. C. Roberts, which was a
+profitable investment, and also ran the propeller Manhattan. This
+partnership was dissolved after two years, Mr. Redington retaining his
+vessel interests. He is now engaged in mercantile pursuits on the river,
+dealing principally in pig metal.
+
+By dint of hard work and a determination to succeed in spite of adverse
+circumstances, and by strict integrity, he has accomplished his purpose
+and acquired a comfortable competency.
+
+
+
+
+Samuel Sage Coe.
+
+
+
+S. S. Coe has been favorably known in the business circles of Cleveland
+for over thirty years, and, although he has not succeeded in amassing as
+much wealth as some of his competitors, yet his fortitude has enabled him
+to glide over reverses easily, and enjoy somewhat of life as it came.
+
+Mr. Coe was born in Oswego, New York, October 6th, 1819. He obtained all
+the education a widowed mother could give him before he was twelve years
+of age, when he entered a country store and remained five years. The only
+recreation he had during that time was a trip to Niagara, on the schooner
+Saratoga, with Capt. Dolph. Howe, with whom some of our citizens are well
+acquainted. In 1836, he went to New York and clerked in the hardware store
+of Wolf, Bishop & Co., and returned to Oswego in June, 1837. Not being
+able to find employment there, he concluded to try his fortune in the
+West, and at once took the schooner Charles Crooks, bound for Cleveland.
+Mr. Coe landed in this city July 19th, 1837, his cash capital being at the
+time one dollar and twenty-five cents. After a few days a situation was
+obtained in the office of Ransom, McNair & Co., with a salary of thirty
+dollars per month, out of which he had to board himself. He remained with
+this firm until about 1841, when he went into the employ of B. F. Smith &
+Co., composed of B. F. Smith, now residing at Buffalo, as superintendent of
+the Buffalo and Erie Railroad, and George Woodward, now residing at
+Milwaukee, with whom he remained until 1845, when he engaged in business
+for himself, in the firm of Doddridge & Coe, in the forwarding and
+commission line. In about one year this firm dissolved, and Mr. Coe went
+into the same business with his brother, Chas. W., under the style of S. S.
+Coe & Co. This firm was unfortunate, and existed only one year.
+
+In 1848, while doing a small commission business alone, he was offered,
+and accepted, the agency of the Merchants' Insurance Company, of
+Milwaukee, and labored faithfully for them one year, and, at its close,
+his premiums amounted to less than two hundred dollars. This was the first
+insurance company with which he was ever connected.
+
+In 1851, Mr. Coe organized and got into operation the Commercial Mutual
+Insurance Company, of this city, acting as its Secretary for about one
+year and a half, when he resigned, and went into the insurance agency
+business, with which he has ever since been identified.
+
+In 1865, Mr. Henry F. Clark desired him to reorganize the Cleveland
+Insurance Company, the charter of which was granted by the State of Ohio
+in 1830, and which was successfully managed by his father, Mr. Edmund
+Clark, until his death. Mr. Coe undertook and completed the task, and
+operations re-commenced April 1st, of the same year, on a paid up cash
+capital of one hundred thousand dollars, increased in 1866, to one hundred
+and fifty thousand; and in 1867, to two hundred thousand dollars, and now
+increased to its limit, five hundred thousand dollars, making it the
+largest cash capital company in the State of Ohio, a credit to the city
+and to the State at large.
+
+Mr. Coe is the right man in the right place, as the successful workings of
+this company fully demonstrate. He, as secretary, devotes his whole
+attention to the interest of the company. H. B. Payne is the president,
+and S. D. McMillan, vice-president.
+
+In looking over a correspondence of about twenty years ago, in search of
+some data connected with Mr. Coe's history, we came on the following
+letters, which will be read with amusement by old Clevelanders, as
+reminiscences of the ante-railroad period, and for the allusions to public
+and political events of that day, as well as for the contrast between the
+irascible tone of one letter, and the cool humor of the other:
+
+  Messrs. S. S. Coe & Co., Cleveland, Ohio:
+
+  Gentlemen,--No one dislikes, more than we do, to grumble or find fault,
+  but we hate just as bad to have our boats detained beyond a reasonable
+  time, at your place; and when our boats leave here for your place, we
+  look for them back at a certain time; and if they do not get here soon
+  after that time, it disarranges all our calculations and proves a great
+  loss to us. All our boats were detained a week on account of a break in
+  our canal, and then to be detained beyond a reasonable time in port,
+  makes it worse. Mr. Wheeler, at Akron, is the only man on the Ohio
+  canal, that we know of, that has been in the business longer than we
+  have on our canal, and we defy you to find a boatman on our canal or
+  river that will say we ever detained them beyond a reasonable time; and
+  there is no need of it if men do as they would be done by, and the
+  situation our river has been in this geason has been vexatious enough
+  for any one. Time is money, and eight or ten boats being detained a day
+  or two counts up. The J. Larkin left for your place to-day.
+
+  Tours truly,
+
+  S. Adams & Co.
+
+
+  Cleveland, July 29th, 1848. Messrs. Sam'l Adams & Co., Dresden, O.:
+
+  Gentlemen,--Your esteemed favor of the 25th inst. is at hand.
+
+  It has been a matter of some considerable interest to us to ascertain,
+  if possible, as to which city takes precedence in age, Zanesville or
+  Cleveland.
+
+  As, which incident is first in date, the cutting of the bridle path from
+  Wheeling to the Muskingum by Old Zane, or the coasting of our lake to
+  the Cuyahoga of the exploring party under Old Stow. Your Mr. Adams, we
+  are quite sure, can give us the much desired information.
+
+  We see it stated that our good Democratic candidate for President once
+  resided at or near your beautiful village. You may be familiar with
+  his early history--we wish to know, if such a thing is possible,
+  whether he commenced his political career as a Federalist or a
+  Democrat, and whether he did or did not break his sword at the
+  disgraceful surrender of that old coward Hull; but more than all, as
+  we think it most important of all, is, did he, or did he not, when at
+  the age of nineteen, wear that emblem of Federalism, the black
+  cockade. To this last question we beg you will give us an answer if
+  such a thing be possible.
+
+  While troubling you in this manner, for which we beg your kind
+  indulgence, may we also ask you as to the condition, moral and physical
+  of your returned volunteers? Report says they have been badly treated;
+  we are anxious to know as to this, for if so, and commanded by Whig'
+  officers, we can make political capital out of it against the Whig
+  party; if not, we can make capital against the administration; we do not
+  care which, as our object is to do justice to both parties. Can you tell
+  us which candidate they will support. They are important in numbers, and
+  from their high character, will carry a great, moral force with them;
+  and on this last account we have supposed they would oppose General
+  Taylor, as it has been said he used profane language at the battle of
+  Buena Vista.
+
+  We are erecting here a new and beautiful theater, it opens Aug. 21. We
+  hope we may see you here at that time.
+
+  Your ob't serv'ts,
+
+  S. S. Coe & Co.
+
+  P.S. You are right as to the _unnecessary_ detention at this place of
+  canal boats; it is an evil of great turpitude. _We never do so_. Aside
+  from the great loss to owner, it affects the morals of the crews, and
+  in this we know the oldest forwarder on the canal, Mr. Wheeler, will
+  agree with us.
+
+
+
+
+John Long Severance.
+
+
+
+Conspicuous among those former residents of Cleveland who have passed away
+and left only a pleasant memory behind them, is John Long Severance, who
+died about ten years ago, mourned by a wide circle of friends, whom his
+many lovable qualities had brought around him.
+
+Mr. Severance was born in 1822, his father being Dr. Robert Severance, of
+Shelburne, Massachusetts. His parents dying within a few months of each
+other, when he was but nine years old, young Severance was adopted by the
+late Dr. Long, of Cleveland, who gave him every advantage in the way of
+education that could be procured in the city. A college course was
+intended but his delicate health forbade this, and in his sixteenth year
+he was taken into the old Commercial Bank of Lake Erie, and then into the
+reorganized institution, remaining there twenty years.
+
+His health, never good, broke down entirely under the fatiguing duties of
+the bank, and he was compelled to resign his connection with that
+institution and seek a restoration of his wasted vigor by a voyage to
+Europe. At Southampton, England, he died on the 30th August, 1859, at the
+age of thirty-seven, surrounded by every attention which kind friends and
+sympathizing strangers could bestow upon him.
+
+Mr. Severance was a man of many rare and sterling attractions. His social
+qualities, passion for music, and love for little children, as well as
+sincere attachment to a large circle of friends, caused general mourning
+for his death. He was one of the founders of the Second Presbyterian
+church, and by the members of that body his loss was keenly felt. He had
+always felt a deep interest in the prosperity of the church, contributing
+largely through his rare ability as a musician, both in the choir and in
+the Sunday schools, to the welfare of the congregation, until he was
+obliged to abandon those services on account of advancing disease. With
+rare energy and many reasons for desiring to live, he was slow to believe
+that he must fall in early manhood before the destroyer. And while he was
+not afraid to die, and expressed a firm confidence in God in whatever
+event, he felt it to be his duty to struggle for a longer life, and no
+doubt prolonged his days in this manner. He was consistent, uniform,
+earnest, stable, both in faith and practice; always punctual in the
+discharge of his business and Christian duties, his attendance in the
+church, and his labors in the mission and Sunday schools. His last letter
+before death, written to an intimate personal and business friend, said:
+"I feel quite sure the disease is making rapid progress, but this gives me
+no uneasiness or alarm, nor have I experienced any feeling but that I am
+hastening home. The prospect would be dark indeed with no hope in Christ,
+no deep and abiding trust in God's pardoning love. This trust in him has
+sustained me through every trial, and this hope in Christ and his
+all-atoning blood grows brighter every day, taking away the fear of death,
+and lighting up the pathway through the dark valley, through which so many
+of my loved ones have already passed."
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: D. Sanford]
+
+
+Daniel Sanford.
+
+
+
+The late Daniel Sanford, whose name is held in esteem by old Clevelanders,
+was born in Milford, Connecticut, in 1803. At a very early age he left his
+home and went to New York where he learned the trade of a ship joiner, one
+of his first jobs being upon the cabins of the Fairfield, the first
+steamer on the East River.
+
+In 1834, he came to Cleveland and worked for some time at his trade as a
+journeyman ship joiner. In coming time he aspired to build ships on his
+own account, and for this purpose formed a partnership with Luther Moses.
+The first work done by the firm was on the steamer New York, and
+subsequently the steamers Ohio and Saratoga were built by them. In
+addition to these a very large number of propellers and sailing vessels
+were built, and canal boats almost without number. The mere list of crafts
+of one description and another, built by this firm, would take
+considerable space in our pages.
+
+In 1849, the firm, which had done so much important work in the ship
+yards, was dissolved and Mr. Sanford changed his business from
+ship-building to dealing in lumber, which he entered upon on a large scale
+and continued under the title of D. Sanford, and subsequently Sanford &
+Son, until his death, which occurred on Sunday morning, September 22,
+1864, after an illness of about four weeks, the disease being inflammation
+of the bowels.
+
+Mr. Sanford came to Cleveland with but five hundred dollars in his pocket,
+but he worked his way with prudence and economy till he had acquired a
+handsome property. His business on his death descended to his third son,
+Nelson Sanford, who has conducted it prudently and with success.
+
+He was earnestly patriotic, and on the outbreak of the war for the
+Union he took a lively interest in everything pertaining to it.
+Becoming satisfied that the rebels never intended submission to the
+lawful authorities until they were flogged into submission, he strongly
+urged their severe punishment, and contributed liberally to send men
+into the field.
+
+Mr. Sanford was a strong advocate of the consolidation of Ohio City and
+Cleveland, and in his position of member of the Ohio City Council aided
+materially in bringing about the result. He was no politician, but was not
+one of those who make that fact an excuse for taking no interest in public
+affairs. He had decided views on public matters, and never avoided his
+duties as a citizen.
+
+In whatever concerned the welfare of the city he took strong interest, and
+was one of the first stockholders of the Cleveland, Columbus and
+Cincinnati Railroad Company, as he was also of the Cleveland and Mahoning
+Railroad Company.
+
+Every dollar of Mr. Sanford's money was honestly earned; not a hard,
+mean, or wrongful action tarnished a single penny passing into his
+hands. Had he been avaricious he might have died worth half a million
+dollars, but he was infinitely richer in the blessings of hundreds of
+poor people who were the secret recipients of his bounty. He had "a hand
+open as day for melting charity." Yet in his good deeds he never let his
+left hand know what his right hand did. His last words on earth were of
+a character in keeping with his whole life. Calling his youngest son to
+his bedside he said, "Benjamin, be honest in all your transactions." On
+the tomb of David Sanford can with truth be written: "An honest man--the
+noblest work of God."
+
+
+
+
+Charles W. Coe.
+
+
+
+Charles W. Coe, so long and favorably known in our business circles, was
+born in Oswego, New York, March 19th, 1822. His grandfather, Col. Eli
+Parsons, was a soldier in the Revolution, and prominent in the Shay's
+Rebellion, in Massachusetts. His father was a physician of much note in
+Oswego, and died about 1828, leaving two children; Charles, the younger,
+is the subject of this sketch. Like a great many other physicians, he left
+a number of old accounts of no value, and not a great deal besides, so
+that Charles and his brother had to strike out early in life to do
+something towards getting a living, and hence educational matters did not
+receive all the desired attention.
+
+Charles came to Cleveland in 1840, and at once engaged as clerk with N. E.
+Crittenden, jeweler. He remained in that situation about a year, when he
+returned to Oswego, and after the lapse of two years, came back to
+Cleveland, and entered into the employ of Pease & Allen, produce and
+commission merchants, with whom he remained until 1849. At that time, he
+went into the employ of Mr. Charles Hickox, and continued with him until
+1855, when he took an interest with Mr. Hickox in the milling business,
+already referred to in this work, and in which he still continues.
+
+Mr. Coe has won his present prominent position among the business men of
+Cleveland by shrewd foresight and close attention to business. He is a
+hard worker and a keen observer of the fluctuations of business, mingling
+prudence with enterprise to such a degree that, whilst he has driven a
+profitable business, it has always been a safe one. He is frank,
+unselfish, and free hearted. Whilst having had reason to appreciate the
+value of money, he esteems it not so much on its own account as on account
+of the domestic comforts and enjoyments its judicious expenditure brings.
+
+
+
+
+S. M. Strong
+
+
+
+The drug establishment of Strong & Armstrong stands foremost in that
+branch of the business of Cleveland and has achieved a wide reputation,
+having an extensive trade not only through Northern Ohio, but in Indiana,
+Michigan and Pennsylvania, drawing custom away from Pittsburgh, Cincinnati
+and Detroit in territory previously considered naturally tributary to
+those places.
+
+S. M. Strong, the leading partner of the firm, is a native Buckeye, having
+been born in Lorain County, Ohio, in 1833. His boyhood was spent in
+acquiring a good common school education, after obtaining which he became
+clerk in a drug store at Elyria, entering it at the age of sixteen and
+remaining about two years when, in 1850, he accompanied his employer, who
+removed to Cleveland, and remained with him there three years more.
+
+At the end of that time, he entered Gaylord's drug store, in which he
+continued about two years, when he turned his attention to pushing a
+fever and ague remedy which he had been at work on for several years
+previous. Four years he devoted to this work, finding a partial success,
+and then he formed a partnership with A. C. Armstrong, of Medina county,
+for the purpose of building up a wholesale and retailing business. The
+business of Henderson & Punderson, which was established in 1836, was
+purchased, and the new firm of Strong & Armstrong opened business in the
+old place, No. 199 Superior street. At first the business was carried on
+in a limited way, the total of jobbing and retail sales for the first year
+amounting to but $75,000. But the partners were young, energetic, and full
+of hope. They pushed their trade vigorously, attended closely to the
+details of the business, and mingled enterprise with prudent economy so
+well that they were soon gratified at finding their business annually
+growing larger and more profitable. In less than ten years their trade has
+grown from about $75,000 in a year to over $600,000, and their limited
+establishment so enlarged as to require the services of twenty-four
+assistants. The business, though large, has been managed with such care
+and prudence as to render losses very light and litigation almost wholly
+unnecessary.
+
+
+
+
+Ship Building
+
+
+
+For years Cleveland has been the principal ship building port on the
+lakes. Of late the ship building interest here has shared the depression
+felt by it throughout the Union, but it is still an important interest,
+and before long will probably resume its activity.
+
+The first vessel reported built in the vicinity of Cleveland was the
+Zephyr, thirty tons burthen, built by Mr. Carter, in 1808, for the trade
+of the village. The precise spot of her building is not recorded. She was
+burned at Conjocketa Creek, near Black Rock. The next was the Ohio, of
+sixty tons, built by Murray and Bixby, in 1810, and launched from the East
+bank of the river near the spot now occupied by Pettit & Holland's
+warehouse. She was sailed by John Austen and afterwards became a gunboat
+in Perry's fleet, but took no part in the battle of Lake Erie, being
+absent on special service.
+
+In 1813, Levi Johnson built the Pilot. The story of her construction and
+launch has already been told in the sketch of Levi Johnson's life. In that
+sketch also will be found the account of most of the early ship building
+of Cleveland, he being the principal ship builder of the pioneer days.
+
+In 1821, Philo Taylor built the Prudence, which was launched on the river
+opposite where the New England block now stands.
+
+In 1826, John Blair built the Macedonian, of sixty tons, and in the same
+year the Lake Serpent, forty tons, was built by Captain Bartiss and
+sailed by him.
+
+The first steamboat built in Cleveland was the Enterprise, built by Levi
+Johnson in 1826, but not floated into the lake until the following year.
+
+The enterprise of ship building pursued a steady course in Cleveland for a
+number of years, a few vessels being added annually, until about the year
+1853, when the business took a sudden start and made rapid progress. For
+the next few years the ship yards were busy and the ship building interest
+was one of the most important branches of the business of the city. In
+1856, a total of thirty-seven lake crafts, sail and steam, was reported
+built, having a tonnage of nearly sixteen thousand tons. During the past
+twenty years, nearly five hundred vessels of all kinds, for lake
+navigation, have been built in the district of Cuyahoga, and of these all
+but a small proportion were built in Cleveland. The description of vessels
+built has greatly altered during that time, the size of the largest class
+having more than trebled. During the year 1868, there were built in this
+port four propellers, one steamer and three schooners, with an aggregate
+of 3,279 tons. This is much less in number and tonnage than in some
+previous years, but still gives Cleveland the lead in the ship building of
+the lakes. The absorption of the flats on the lower part of the river for
+railroad and manufacturing purposes, and for lumber yards, has seriously
+incommoded the ship building interests by restricting the space available
+for ship yards.
+
+In the division of the ship building business of the lakes in past years,
+the construction of large side-wheel steamers was principally carried on
+at Buffalo, whilst in first class propellers and sailing vessels Cleveland
+immeasurably distanced all competitors, both in the quantity and quality
+of the craft turned out. As the demand for side-wheel steamers lessened,
+the site of their construction was removed from Buffalo to Detroit.
+Cleveland-built propellers, however, take front rank, and Cleveland-built
+sail vessels have found their way over every part of the lake chain,
+sailed down the Atlantic coast from the Gulf of St. Lawrence to South
+American ports, and crossing the Atlantic, have penetrated nearly every
+European sea. Everywhere they have done credit to their builders by their
+speed, sea worthiness, and excellent construction.
+
+Just here it is proper to place, on record the history of an attempt to
+establish a direct trade with Europe, which gave abundant promise of good
+results, both to the commercial and ship building interests of the city.
+It has already been referred to in this work, but it appropriately falls
+within the scope of this sketch.
+
+In the year 1856, the schooner Dean Richmond, of 379 tons, was built by
+Quayle & Martin in Cleveland, for C. J. Kershaw, of Chicago. This vessel
+was loaded with wheat and under the command of Capt. D. C. Pierce, sailed
+from Chicago to Liverpool. She arrived in good time, having made a quick
+passage, and astonished the English people by her rig, and from the fact
+of her having come from the inland lakes of America to Europe. The
+schooner was sold in Liverpool, and her new owners changed her name to
+the Belina, and placed her in the trade between Liverpool and Brazil, on
+which route she made quick and successful trips.
+
+In 1857, the same builders turned out the barque c.J. Kershaw, of 380 tons
+burthen, having built her for Capt. D. G. Pierce, who was the pioneer
+captain in the trade. The Kershaw was loaded with staves, cedar posts and
+black walnut lumber. In the Fall, she started on her return with a load of
+crockery and iron, but was twice driven back by terrific gales and had to
+go into dock for repairs. This brought her into St. Lawrence river so
+late, that she was frozen in the Lachine Canal. Early in 1858, she arrived
+in Cleveland with her cargo in excellent order and to the perfect
+satisfaction of the consignees.
+
+About the time that the Kershaw was launched, a small British schooner,
+the Madeira Pet of 123 tons, came from Liverpool through the rivers and
+lakes to Chicago, with a cargo of hardware, cutlery, glass, &c., on
+speculation. The enterprise was not successful, and no more attempts were
+made to establish a direct trade between Chicago and European ports.
+
+During the Spring and Summer of 1858, several of the leading business men
+of Cleveland entered with vigor into the trade, and a respectable fleet of
+vessels was dispatched to European ports. A new barque, the D. C. Pierce,
+was built for Messrs. Pierce & Barney and sent to Liverpool with a cargo
+of staves and black walnut lumber. The same parties sent the C. J. Kershaw
+to London with a similar cargo, and the Chieftain and Black Hawk, with the
+same kind of freight. Mr. T. P. Handy sent the R. H. Harmon with staves and
+black walnut lumber to Liverpool, the D. B. Sexton with a similar cargo to
+London, and the J. F. Warner with a cargo of the same kind to Glasgow. Mr.
+H. E. Howe sent the new barque H. E. Howe to London with a cargo of staves
+and lumber. Col. N. M. Standart sent the Correspondent to Liverpool with a
+load of wheat, and Mr. C. Reis freighted the Harvest to Hamburgh with a
+cargo of lumber, staves and fancy woods. This made a fleet of ten vessels,
+owned and freighted by Cleveland merchants, with a total tonnage of about
+3,600 tons. Two vessels were sent out from Detroit with similar cargoes,
+but the enterprise was pre-eminently a Cleveland one.
+
+All of the Cleveland fleet disposed of their cargoes to good advantage.
+Six of them returned with cargoes of crockery, bar iron, pig iron, and
+salt. This part of the trip also proved successful. It was the intention
+of the owners to sell some of the vessels in England, but the shipping
+interests were so prostrated that it was impossible to dispose of the
+ships at anything like a fair price. They therefore still remained in the
+hands of Cleveland owners, but four of them did not return to the Lakes.
+The D. B. Sexton went up the Mediterranean; the H. E. Howe went on a
+voyage to South America, the Harvest to the West Indies, and the C. J.
+Kershaw was employed in the Mediterranean trade. Wherever any of the
+Cleveland vessels went, they called forth complimentary remarks by their
+fleetness and steadiness in heavy weather.
+
+In the following year, other vessels were sent out and made successful
+trips. The remarkable sea-going qualities exhibited by these lake-built
+crafts, outsailing, as they did, ocean clippers and weathering gales that
+sent sea-going ships flying helpless before the storm, attracted the
+attention of Eastern ship-owners, and orders were received for vessels to
+be built for the Atlantic coasting trade. The outbreak of the war gave a
+severe check to the direct trade, which passed into the hands of an
+English firm who still continue to run vessels between Cleveland and
+Liverpool, and in the depressed condition of the American carrying trade
+on the ocean there was no longer a demand for new vessels for the coasting
+trade. With a revival of business in that line, and an enlargement of the
+canals between Lake Erie and tidewater, so as to allow the passage of
+larger vessels, there is a probability that a brisk demand for Cleveland
+vessels for the salt water will yet spring up.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: Respectfully, S. W. Johnson]
+
+
+Seth W. Johnson.
+
+
+
+The name of Seth W. Johnson has for more than thirty years been closely
+and prominently identified with the ship building interests of
+Cleveland. He saw the business in its infancy, was largely accessory to
+its growth into the important proportions it at last assumed, and though
+no longer engaged in the business, his withdrawal from it is so recent
+that the mention of his name suggests, to those familiar with the
+affairs of the city for a number of years, the incessant tapping of the
+shipwrights' hammers and visions of skeleton ships gradually assuming
+the form and substance in which they are to carry the commerce of the
+great West to market.
+
+Mr. Johnson was a native of Middle Haddam, Middlesex County, Connecticut,
+his mother, who died October 17, 1868, being formerly Miss Mary Whitmore,
+born at Middletown, Middlesex County, Connecticut, in 1780, and his
+father, Henry Johnson, born in 1776, and died July 6, 1869. Seth W.
+Johnson was the second son and third child of a family of nine, all of
+whom, with both father and mother, were alive on the 16th of October,
+1868, the oldest child being then about sixty-one years old, and the
+youngest over forty.
+
+Young Johnson worked with his father a short time as a farmer, but not
+feeling in his element in the plow field or in the cow yard, he followed
+the bent of his mechanical tastes, and engaged himself to work in a ship
+yard. He commenced work in this line when about fourteen years old, and
+served out his full apprenticeship of seven years, when he set up in
+business for himself, taking full charge of the work of finishing ships.
+This he carried on for three years with considerable success.
+
+But New England, he rightly judged, was too narrow a field for the young
+man who wished to improve his prospects and with narrow means lay the
+foundation of a liberal competence. The West offered the most promise, and
+to the West he accordingly came, taking his kit of tools with him. Landing
+in Cleveland in the Fall of 1834, he satisfied himself that here was the
+proper place for the exercise of his knowledge and abilities, and here,
+accordingly, he prepared to make his home. Before settling down to steady
+business in Cleveland he made a trip to Perrysburgh, on the Maumee, where
+he assisted in finishing the Commodore Perry. This work done he returned
+to Cleveland in the Spring of 1835, and opened his ship yard, at first
+confining himself to the repair of vessels. But soon he was called on to
+build as well as repair. The steamboat Constellation was completed by him
+at Black River, and the steamboat Robert Fulton, built at Cleveland by
+Griffith, Standart & Co.
+
+In 1844, Mr. Johnson associated with him Mr. E. Tisdale, and the firm of
+Johnson & Tisdale acquired honorable fame as ship builders along the
+entire chain of lakes and beyond. The copartnership lasted nineteen years.
+Before the formation of this partnership, Mr. Tisdale had commenced the
+building of a railway for docking vessels, and this was the first firm to
+lift vessels for the purpose of repairing them. With his first work, in
+1835, in Cleveland, he commenced the acquisition of vessel property, and
+steadily pursued the policy of taking this kind of stock, until he became
+a large ship owner as well as ship builder.
+
+The discovery of the mineral resources of the Lake Superior region
+attracted a large number of people to that locality, the only feasible
+means of communication with which was by lake. The Saut rapids prevented
+the assent of vessels from the lower lakes, and to meet the requirements
+of the trade that suddenly sprung into existence two vessels were built on
+Lake Superior, the freights being carried across the portage around the
+rapids. These vessels being insufficient for the needs, it became a
+question whether others could not be taken across the portage from below
+and launched on the waters of the upper lake. Messrs. Johnson & Tisdale
+thought it could be done, and took the contract for thus transporting the
+schooner Swallow and steamer Julia Palmer. They were hauled two miles on
+greased slides or ways and safely launched on the bosom of the "father of
+lakes." The undertaking was considered one of great difficulty, if not of
+absolute impossibility, and its success gave Messrs. Johnson & Tisdale
+widespread notoriety.
+
+When the first considerable fleet of Lake-built vessels left Cleveland for
+European ports direct--as already described in this volume--Mr. Johnson
+took one of his vessels, loaded with staves. She made a successful voyage,
+remained in Europe two years, engaged in the coasting trade, and then
+returned. His strange looking craft attracted considerable attention among
+the skippers of about forty sea-going vessels wind bound at the same time
+at the Land's End, and much ridicule was thrown on her odd looks, so
+unlike the English salt water shipping. But the laugh came in on the other
+side when her superior sailing qualities enabled her to run so close to
+the wind as to quickly double the point, make her port, unload and reload,
+and sail for another voyage before one of the others could beat around the
+Land's End and get in. Since that time he has sold two vessels, the
+Vanguard and Howell Hoppeck, to be placed by other parties in the direct
+line between Cleveland and Liverpool.
+
+Mr. Johnson has taken considerable interest in matters outside of the
+ship building business, but which aided in developing the trade and
+increasing the prosperity of Cleveland. He aided in the formation of
+some of the railroad enterprises of the city although he has now
+withdrawn his interests from all but one. He also was interested in the
+Commercial Insurance Company, but has retired from active business and
+devotes his whole care to the management of his property, which has been
+added to by large investments in real estate in various portions of the
+Southern States.
+
+He was married July 15, 1840, to Miss A. S. Norton of Middle Haddam, Conn.,
+the native place of both, and by the marriage has had three children. The
+oldest, a daughter, died when seven years old; the two sons are still
+living, the oldest being engaged in the coffee and tea business in
+Buffalo, N. Y., with his father; the other at present being in North
+Carolina engaged in the lumber trade.
+
+With commendable prudence Mr. Johnson has known when to quit active
+business and enjoy the fruits of his labor while he has a healthy mind
+and body capable of enjoying it, and which, without accident, he
+undoubtedly will have for many years to come. Hard work and close
+attention to business have been the cause of his success, and hence he
+will be able to appreciate the blessings of an ample competency. In
+social life Mr. Johnson is looked upon as a man of genial temperament,
+kindly disposition, and strong social qualities. He is universally
+respected by all who know him.
+
+
+
+
+Thomas Quayle.
+
+
+
+The names of Quayle and Martin are as familiar in the mouths of vessel men
+on the lakes as household words. The firm attained honorable prominence in
+the ship building records of Cleveland, and their work is among the best
+that floats upon the western waters.
+
+Thomas Quayle, the senior member of the firm of Quayle & Martin, was born
+in the Isle of Man, May 9th, 1811, and came to America in 1827, coming
+straight to Cleveland, where he has remained ever since. He learned his
+trade of ship building from Mr. Church, of Huron, Ohio, who enjoyed an
+excellent reputation in that line. After working as journeyman till 1847,
+he formed a copartnership with John Codey, and at once started business.
+This firm lasted about three years, during which time, among other work,
+they built a vessel named the Caroline, and another, the Shakespeare. When
+the last named was completed, the California fever had just broken out.
+Mr. Codey caught the disease, the firm dissolved, and he went off to the
+land of gold. Mr. Quayle soon after associated himself with Luther Moses,
+with whom he did business for about two years, during which time they did
+an almost incredible amount of business, considering the short space of
+time, having from six to seven vessels on the stocks at once, and turning
+out two sets a year. One year after Mr. Moses left the firm a
+copartnership was formed with John Martin.
+
+The new firm at once went into business on a large scale. From the time of
+their organization to the present, the firm built seventy-two vessels,
+comprising brigs, schooners, barques, tugs, and propellers. In one year
+they built thirteen vessels, and eight vessels, complete, in a year has
+been no unfrequent task successfully performed. Among others, they built
+the barque W. T. Graves, which carried the largest cargo of any fresh water
+vessel afloat. The propeller Dean Richmond is another of their build, and
+is also one of the largest on the lakes; besides these, four first class
+vessels built for Mr. Frank Perew, deserve mention as giving character to
+Cleveland ship building. They are named the Mary E. Perew, D. P. Dobbin,
+Chandler J. Wells, and J. G. Marston. Besides the building of vessels, they
+have for some years been owners of vessels, and are at present interested
+in several large craft. The firm of Quayle & Martin recently finished a
+new tug of their own, the J. H. Martin intended to be used by them in the
+port of Erie.
+
+[Illustration: Yours Respectfully, Thomas Quayle]
+
+Mr. Quayle was married in 1835, to Eleanor Cannon, of the Isle of Man, by
+whom he has had eleven children, of whom seven are living. The eldest son,
+Thomas, is ship builder by trade, and is still connected with the vessel
+interests, though not building them. W. H. is also of the same trade as his
+father, and engaged with him, as is also Geo. L. Chas. E. has been a
+number of years with Alcott & Horton.
+
+Mr. Quayle stands high among the citizens of Cleveland for integrity and
+sterling character generally. He always fulfills his obligations, whether
+to employer or employed. He has worked hard with his own hands, and given
+personal supervision to all his work, believing that the eye of the master
+and the hand of the workman combined assure good work. He is strict in
+fulfilling all his contracts, and in this way has acquired a fine
+reputation and a handsome fortune. But that point has not been reached
+without a severe and continuous struggle against adverse circumstances,
+which were overcome only by a determined will and patient labor that
+conquered all.
+
+Mr. Quayle's first wife died in September, 1860. He was married again
+February 8th, 1867, to Miss Mary Proudfoot, of this city.
+
+
+
+
+Elihu M. Peck.
+
+
+
+Another of the ship builders who have assisted greatly in building up the
+commerce and reputation of the port of Cleveland, is Elihu M. Peck. The
+vessels built by him, or by the firm of Peck & Masters, which existed
+about nine years, are known over the lakes. A large proportion of the work
+done, especially in the later years, was in the construction of
+propellers, of which several of the finest specimens afloat were made in
+that yard.
+
+Mr. Peck was born in Otsego county, New York, in 1822, and on reaching his
+sixteenth year, came west and learned the art of ship building in this
+vicinity. On completing his education in this business, he worked for a
+time as a journeyman. In 1847, he set up for himself, and his first work
+was the construction of the schooner Jenny Lind, of 200 tons. When she was
+finished he ceased building new vessels for some years, and turned his
+attention exclusively to the repair of old vessels, at which he found
+abundant occupation. His yard was always busy, for the growing lake marine
+demanded a large and steadily increasing amount of annual repairs.
+
+In 1855, a partnership was formed with I. U. Masters, and the new firm
+immediately entered upon the construction of new vessels. The first craft
+launched from their stocks was the Ocean Wave, the first of a fleet of
+fifty built by the firm previous to its dissolution and the death of Mr.
+Masters. They form a fleet of which the builders had good reason to be
+proud, for a glance at their names will recall the whole history of the
+lake marine for the past fourteen years. What strides have been made in
+the improvement of the lake marine is plainly shown by the increase in the
+tonnage of the vessels built, whilst to those familiar with the lake
+trade, the names will call up recollections of the crafts that will give a
+yet better idea of the progress made.
+
+The barque Ocean Wave, the first built by the new firm, was followed by
+the Julia Dean, of 460 tons. These were followed in rapid succession by
+the Kenosha, schooner Iowa, 370 tons, barque B. S. Shephard, 500 tons,
+schooners Ralph Campbell, 240 tons, A. H. Stevens, 240 tons, David Tod, 460
+tons, and Ellen Williams, 380 tons; barque De Soto, 570 tons; schooners
+John S. Newhouse, 370 tons, W. B. Castle, 230 tons, Baltic, 360 tons,
+Midnight, 370 tons, and J. T. Ayer, 380 tons. At this time they undertook
+the construction of propellers, and the first two built were at once
+remarked for their correct proportions, beauty of finish, and strength of
+hull. They were the Evergreen City, 612 tons, and the Fountain City, 820
+tons. The schooner Ellen White, 160 tons, was built, and then the firm
+resumed work on propellers. The Cornet, 624 tons, and Rocket of the same
+size, were built and put into the railroad line running from Buffalo
+westward. These were models of beauty and strength. Next came the
+schooners Metropolis, 360 tons, Mary B. Hale, 360 tons, and E. M. Peck, 168
+tons; barque Colorado, 503 tons; propeller Detroit, 398 tons; barques
+Unadilla, 567 tons, C. P. Sherman, 568 tons, Sunrise, 598 tons, Golden
+Fleece, 609 tons, and Northwest, 630 tons; tugs W. B. Castle, 219 tons and
+I. U. Masters, 203 tons; barque S. V. R. Watson, 678 tons; propeller
+Toledo, 621 tons; tug Hector, 204 tons; propellers Winslow, 920 tons,
+Idaho, 920 tons, Atlantic, 660 tons, Meteor, 730 tons, Pewabic, 730 tons,
+Metamora, 300 tons, and Octavia, 450 tons. This ended the operations of
+the firm of Peck & Masters, in 1864. The firm was dissolved and Mr. Masters
+died.
+
+[Illustration: Truly, E. M. Peck]
+
+Mr. Peck now carried on his ship yard alone, and his first work was the
+filling of a contract to build two steam Revenue cutters for service on
+the lakes. The John Sherman, of 500 tons, and the A. P. Fessenden, of the
+same size, were turned out, and no better work could possibly be found.
+The Government officers promptly accepted the vessels and declared them
+more than up to the requirements of the contract. They were pronounced
+models of beauty, strength, and speed.
+
+The cutters were followed by the schooner Oak Leaf, 390 tons; propellers
+Messenger, 400 tons, and Nebraska, 1,300 tons, the latter, one of the
+finest steamers put on the lakes; schooner David Stewart, 675 tons;
+propellers Manistee, 400 tons, and City of Concord, 400 tons. Two other
+propellers, one of 1,000 tons, and one of about 300 tons, were added in
+the season of 1869.
+
+It will be seen that nearly all the vessels, whether sail or steam, built
+by Mr. Peck, were of the first class, being mainly barques and large
+propellers. They will be recognized by those familiar with lake commerce,
+as models in size, beauty, and strength, whilst several have made
+unusually quick trips.
+
+Mr. Peck has enjoyed an unusual measure of success. The work of his hands
+has prospered, and he has earned his reward, not only in reputation but in
+substantial prosperity. He has aimed not only to equal the best work done
+by others, but studied how to improve on his own work. The result has been
+a constant improvement in the style and quality of his vessels, so that
+excellent as the last new hull may have been, it was almost sure to be
+excelled by the next one that left the stocks. And whilst thus giving
+close attention to the mechanical details of his business, he was skillful
+in managing the financial part of it so as to secure the rewards honestly
+won by industry and skill. He always kept his affairs in such order that
+no serious financial difficulty ever troubled him.
+
+Nor was he an avaricious, though a prudent man. A working man himself, he
+was in thorough sympathy with his workmen, and in the slack season,
+instead of discharging his men and thus entailing want upon them, he built
+vessels on speculation, merely that he might keep the men busy and their
+families from suffering. Providentially these speculations were always
+successful, thus illustrating the proverb, that "there is he that
+scattereth, and yet increaseth."
+
+Mr. Peck took an active part in the formation of the People's Gas Light
+Company, and is now president of that organization. He is also a director
+of the Savings Loan Association.
+
+
+
+
+John Martin.
+
+
+
+John Martin, of the firm of Quayle & Martin, was born in the county of
+Antrim, Ireland, December 15th, 1824, of poor parents, with whom he came
+to Canada when but nine years of age. At the age of fourteen he commenced
+working in a ship yard in Montreal, by turning grindstone. He soon
+attracted the attention of the proprietor by his using handily the tools
+of the workmen while they were at dinner, and he was furnished tools and
+set to work at the trade. He continued in this employ for about two years,
+and during the time, with a view to fitting himself for the business of
+life, he attended school in the evenings. He then worked his passage to
+French Creek, New York, having at the time of leaving only a dollar and a
+half in money. At French Creek he engaged with G. S. Weeks, one of the best
+ship builders on the lakes, and remained with him at French Creek two
+years, when Mr. Weeks moved to Oswego, Mr. Martin accompanying him to that
+place, and continuing in his employ two years longer. Mr. Martin then went
+to Detroit, where he worked a year on the steamboat Wisconsin.
+
+In 1843, he came to Cleveland and commenced work for G. W. Jones, on the
+steamboat Empire. This work finished, he commenced sub-contracting,
+wrecking, planking, and jobbing generally, until 1846, when he went into
+the employ of another firm, with whom he worked two years.
+
+At the end of that time his employers were owing him more than they could
+pay, so, to square the matter, he bought an interest in their business.
+But this did not mend the matter, as it proved to be an interest in their
+debts, more than in their business, they being deeply involved. The firm
+owned the brig Courtland, and one of the members had sailed her for some
+time at a great loss. Young Martin took his place and proved himself
+master of the situation, by reducing the liabilities of the firm to about
+$2,500. That done he sold the vessel, dissolved partnership, and commenced
+planking and general jobbing again. After a time he built a vessel for
+Moses & Quayle. He found frequent employment in wrecking jobs, being very
+successful at such work.
+
+[Illustration: Yours truly, John Martin]
+
+The three years thus occupied gave him a start in life. He cleared off
+the indebtedness of the old firm and had $3,000 ahead. He then took the
+contract for building the brig John G. Deshler, for Handy, Warren & Co.
+This was a very successful contract, and gave Mr. Martin a handsome lift,
+and enabled him to take an interest with Mr. Quayle, under the firm name
+of Quayle & Martin, a brief mention of its operations being made in the
+sketch of Mr. Quayle's life.
+
+In 1858, Mr. Martin loaded the John G. Deshler and D. C. Pierce with staves
+and made a successful trip to England, and on the return brought one of
+the spans for the Victoria bridge at Montreal. In 1859, he took over two
+more cargoes in the same vessels, selling one in Cork, and the other in
+Glasgow. Nor was this the only connection of the firm with the direct lake
+and ocean trade. They have built vessels for Liverpool parties, for ocean
+service, and also two vessels for New York parties for the same purpose.
+Six of these vessels have also been sold out of the lake service for ocean
+navigation, and have been used on the ocean for five or six years with
+great success. The John G. Deshler, which had been transferred to the
+ocean, as previously mentioned, was sunk by the rebels at the outbreak of
+the war, and was a total loss to the firm. The latest work of the firm is
+a fine vessel for A. Bradley, that will carry a thousand tons of iron ore.
+
+Mr. Martin has proved himself admirably adapted to the line of business it
+was his fortune to learn, and this, of course, together with close
+attention to business, furnishes the clue to his success. He is
+emphatically a self-made man, and can therefore appreciate the handsome
+competence that has crowned his labors so early in life, he being now but
+45 years of age.
+
+During the war Mr. Martin was actively and earnestly on the side of the
+Government. He was never idle, and always ready to furnish his share, and
+far more than his share, to the work of suppressing the rebellion. He
+furnished three substitutes for the army, and was active in promoting
+volunteering.
+
+Mr. Martin was married to Miss Mary Picket, of Devonshire, England, whose
+father and grandfather were both Episcopal clergymen. Three children were
+born of this marriage; a son, who is now book-keeper for the firm, and two
+daughters.
+
+Mr. Martin has enjoyed the confidence of his neighbors to so high a
+degree, that he has represented the Ninth Ward in the City Council for six
+successive years.
+
+
+
+
+The Bench and Bar
+
+
+
+The leading points in the history of legal affairs in Cleveland have
+already been noticed with sufficient fullness in the sketch of the
+history of Cleveland, especially so far as relates more immediately to
+the earlier portion of that history. The following biographical sketches
+give a good general idea of the progress of affairs in relation to the
+Bench and Bar of the city within the active life of the present
+generation. It is therefore unnecessary at this place to detail more than
+a few incidental facts.
+
+The township of Cleveland, of the county of Trumbull, was organized in
+1800. The first justice of the Quorum, for the new township, was James
+Kingsbury, and the first Justice, not of the Quorum, was Amos Spafford.
+The first constables were Stephen Gilbert and Lorenzo Carter.
+
+In 1810, the county of Cuyahoga was organized and Cleveland made the
+county seat. The court-house, of logs, was two years afterwards built on
+the Public Square, as narrated in previuos portions of this work. The
+county was organized on the 9th May, and on 5th of June a County Court was
+held with the following officers:
+
+  _Presiding Judge_.--Benjamin Ruggles
+  _Associate Judges_.--Nathan Perry, Sen., Augustus Gilbert, Timothy Doan.
+  _Clerk_.--John Walworth.
+  _Sheriff_.--Smith S. Baldwin.
+
+The first lawyer in Cleveland, under the county organization, arrived here
+the same year and put out his shingle with the name of "Alfred Kelley"
+inscribed thereon. Previous to this the law business had all been done by
+Samuel Huntington, who arrived in 1801. At the time of the organization of
+the court, the court-house had not been built, and the first session was
+held in Murray's store, which had just been built. The first business was
+the finding of a bill by the grand jury for petit larceny, and several for
+the offence of selling whisky to Indians, and selling foreign goods
+without license.
+
+The first execution was that of the Indian Omic, which took place June
+24th, 1812, as previously narrated.
+
+In March, 1836, Cleveland was incorporated as a city, and henceforth to
+the ordinary courts of the county was added a city court for cognizance of
+offences against the ordinances.
+
+In the year 1848, a Superior Court was organized, with Sherlock J. Andrew
+as judge, and G. A. Benedict as clerk. This court existed but a short time,
+when it expired by reason of the adoption of the new constitution of the
+State, which made no provision for its continuance.
+
+In 1855, Cleveland was selected as the seat of a District and Circuit
+Court of the United States.
+
+As a matter of curiosity, the following list of Attorneys and Counsellors
+in Cleveland, in 1837, is taken from McCabe's Cleveland and Ohio City
+Directory, those not practising at that time being marked with an
+asterisk: Joseph Adams, John W. Allen, Sherlock J. Andrews, Oliver P.
+Baldwin, John Barr, Phillip Battell, George A. Benedict, Henry W.
+Billings, Elijah Bingham,* Flavius Bingham, Thomas Bolton, James A.
+Briggs, Varnum J. Card, Leonard Case,* Richard M. Chapman, Alexander L.
+Collins, James L. Conger, Samuel Cowles,* Henry H. Dodge, John Erwin,
+Simeon Ford, John A. Foot, James K. Hitchcock, George Hoadly, James M.
+Hoyt, Seth T. Hurd, Moses Kelley, George T. Kingsley, William B. Lloyd,
+George W. Lynde, Samuel Mather, Daniel Parish, Henry B. Payne, Francis
+Randal, Harvey Rice, O. S. St. John, Wyllys Silliman, George W. Stanley,
+Samuel Starkweather, John M. Sterling,* Charles Stetson, Charles
+Whittlesey, Frederick Whittlesey,* John W. Willey,* Samuel Williamson,
+Hiram V. Wilson.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: Alfred Kelley]
+
+
+Alfred Kelley.
+
+
+
+Alfred Kelley was born at Middletown, Conn., Nov. 7th, 1789. He was the
+second son of Daniel and Jemima Kelley. His mother's maiden name was Stow.
+She was a sister of Judge Joshua Stow, and also of Judge Silas Stow of
+Lowville, N. Y. The latter was the father of Judge Horatio Stow, of
+Buffalo, N. Y., and of Alexander Stow, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court
+of Wisconsin, both of whom were men of great talents and distinction. In
+the winter of 1798, Alfred Kelley removed with his father's family to
+Lowville, N. Y. His father was President Judge of the Court of Common
+Pleas of Lewis county, N. Y., was one of the founders of Lowville Academy
+and President of its Board of Trustees.
+
+Alfred Kelley was educated at Fairfield Academy, N. Y. He read law at
+Whitesboro, N. Y., three years, in the office of Jonas Platt, a judge of
+the Supreme Court of that State.
+
+In the Spring of 1810, in company with Joshua Stow, Dr. J. P. Kirtland, and
+others, he removed to Cleveland,--traveling on horseback. At the November
+term 1810, on motion of Peter Hitchcock, Alfred Kelley was admitted as an
+attorney of the Court of Common Pleas for Cuyahoga county. On the same
+day, being his 21st birth day, he was appointed Public Prosecutor as the
+successor of Peter Hitchcock, late Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of
+Ohio. Mr. Kelley continued Prosecutor till 1821, when he resigned. In
+October 1814, he was elected from Cuyahoga county a member of the Ohio
+House of Representatives, being barely old enough under the Constitution
+when the Legislature met to take his seat in that body and being the
+youngest member. Chillicothe was then the temporary State capital.
+
+On the 25th of August, 1817. Alfred Kelley was married to Mary S. Welles,
+oldest daughter of Major Melancthon Wolsey Welles, of Lowville, N. Y.
+They had eleven children of whom six are now living.
+
+He continued, with intervals, a member of the Ohio Legislature from
+Cuyahoga county, from 1814 until 1822, when he was appointed, with
+others, State Canal Commissioner, by an act of the General Assembly,
+empowering the Commissioners to make examinations, surveys and estimates,
+to ascertain the practicability of connecting Lake Erie with the Ohio
+River, by canal.
+
+The Ohio Canal is a monument to the enterprise, energy, integrity and
+sagacity of Alfred Kelley. He was acting Commissioner during its
+construction and the onerous and responsible service was performed with
+such fidelity and economy that the _actual cost did not exceed the
+estimate!_ The dimensions of the Ohio Canal were the same as those of the
+Erie Canal of N. Y., but the number of locks was nearly double. The Erie
+Canal was 363 miles in length, its total cost was $7,143,789, and cost per
+mile $19,679. The Ohio Canal is 307 miles in length, its total cost was
+$4,695,824, and cost per mile $15,300, being less than that of any other
+canal constructed on this continent. The Ohio Canal was finished about
+1830. The labor in the then facilities for conducting important public
+enterprises was Herculean, but Mr. Kelley's indomitable will, and iron
+constitution and physique triumphed over all difficulties. Mr. Kelley
+neither charged nor received any pay for his first year's services in
+superintending the preliminary explorations and surveys for the Ohio
+Canal. The pay of the Acting Canal Commissioner was $3,00 [sic] per day.
+When the work was done he resigned as Canal Commissioner, and retired from
+public service to attend to his private affairs, and recuperate his
+shattered constitution and health. In the Fall of 1830, he became a
+resident of Columbus. In October, 1836, he was elected to the Ohio House
+of Representatives from Franklin county, and was re-elected to the same
+office in the next two Legislatures. He was Chairman of the Ohio Whig
+State Central Committee in 1840, a year distinguished for a great
+political revolution and the election of Wm. H. Harrison to the
+Presidency, and was one of the most active and influential managers of
+that campaign.
+
+Mr. Kelley was appointed State Fund Commissioner in 1840, a period of
+great financial embarrassment and distress. In 1841 and '42, a formidable
+party arose in the Legislature and in the State, which advocated the
+non-payment of the maturing interest upon the State debt, and the
+repudiation of the debt itself. This was a time which indeed tried the
+souls of men. Mr. Kelley went to New York, and such was the confidence
+reposed in his integrity and practical ability--notwithstanding the
+underhanded and atrocious means employed by the repudiators, to defeat his
+object--that he was enabled to raise in that city (where no one could be
+found willing to loan money to the sovereign State of Ohio) nearly a
+quarter of a million of dollars on his own personal security, and thus by
+his generous efforts, and by his alone, the interest was paid at maturity,
+and the State of Ohio was saved from repudiation. At the time that Mr.
+Kelley thus volunteered himself as security for the State, (an act which
+was done contrary to the advice of his friends,) such was the
+unenlightened state of public opinion, such the moral obtuseness of some,
+nay, many men in power, that the chances were a hundred to one that no
+effective measure would be adopted to save the public credit--none to
+indemnify him.
+
+In 1844, he was elected to the State Senate from the Franklin district. It
+was during this term that he originated the bill to organize the State
+Bank of Ohio, and other banking companies, which by general consent among
+bankers and financiers, was the best of American banking laws. His banking
+System was successfully in operation during the whole twenty years of its
+charter. Many of the most valuable provisions of the present National
+banking law were taken from Mr. Kelley's bill to "organize the State Bank
+of Ohio." Many of the provisions of this law were original and novel, and
+evinced deep thought and a profound knowledge of this department of
+political science. For several years, and during some of the most trying
+periods in the financial history of Ohio, and of the country, Mr. Kelley
+was a member of the Board of Control of the State Bank of Ohio; and part
+of the time was President of the Board. It was also during this Senatorial
+term that Mr. Kelley originated the present Revenue System of the State.
+The main principles of this Revenue or Tax law were subsequently
+incorporated in the new Constitution of Ohio.
+
+While Mr. Kelley was a member of the Legislature few valuable general laws
+can be found in the Statute books which did not originate with him, and
+most of the measures requiring laborious investigation and profound
+thought were entrusted to him. He was the author, in 1818, of the first
+Legislative bill--either in this country or in Europe--to abolish
+imprisonment for debt.
+
+It then failed to become a law. In a letter to a friend, dated Jan. 16th,
+1819, Mr. Kelley said: "The House has to-day disagreed by a small
+majority, to my favorite bill to abolish imprisonment for debt. I was not
+disappointed, although at first, a large majority seemed in favor of it.
+The time will come when the absurdity as well as inhumanity of adding
+oppression to misfortune will be acknowledged; and if I should live to see
+that day I shall exult in the consciousness of having early combatted one
+of the worst prejudices of the age." In 1831, the Legislature of New York
+passed the first law abolishing imprisonment for debt.
+
+At the end of this Senatorial term he was elected President of the
+Columbus & Xenia Railroad Company, and was actively engaged upon all
+the duties of that enterprise until it was finished; soon after which
+he resigned. While this road was in progress, upon the urgent
+solicitation of the active promoters of the C., C. & C. R. R., Mr. Kelley
+accepted the Presidency of that Company, and began the work with his
+usual order and ability.
+
+His zeal and labors upon this enterprise were only surpassed in his work
+upon the Ohio Canal. He solicited subscriptions to the capital stock;
+located much of the route; procured rights of way; attended in person to
+the purchase of materials; the procuring of money, and the details of the
+construction of the road, and continued the ever working president of the
+road until he resigned, a short time after its completion. With his own
+hands he dug the first shovel of earth, and laid the last rail upon this
+road. It is but just to say, that the citizens of Cleveland and the people
+of Ohio are more indebted to Alfred Kelley than to any other man for the
+C., C. & C. R. R. He was still acting president of the C. & X. and the
+C., C. & C. Companies, when he was chosen, in 1850, president of the
+C., P. & A., or Lake Shore R. R. Company. He was actively engaged upon
+this road in the performance of duties similar to those done upon the
+C., C. & C. road until its completion in 1853, when he resigned. It was
+while he was president of this road that the famous riots occurred at
+Erie and Harbor Creek, Pa., in opposition to the construction of the road
+through Pennsylvania. The success of the company in this formidable
+contest was largely due to the sagacity, forbearance and indomitable will
+of Alfred Kelley. When he took charge of these railroads, such enterprises
+at the West had but little credit at the East. The roads constructed by
+him have paid regular dividends from the time of their completion. He
+continued until his death an active director in these companies.
+
+In October, 1857, he was again elected to the State Senate from Columbus,
+being then 64 years of age, and the oldest member of the Legislature. This
+was his last appearance in public life. During the last year of this
+service his health was declining. Although so much debilitated that
+prudence required confinement to his house, if not to his bed, yet such
+was his fidelity to his trust, that he went daily to the Senate and
+carried through the Legislature several important measures to ascertain
+the true condition of the State Treasury, and to secure the public funds
+from further depredations.
+
+At the end of this term he retired from public life hoping to regain his
+health; but his constitution was too much broken to admit of
+re-establishment. He did not appear to be affected with any specific
+disease, but seemed gradually wasting away from an over-taxed mind and
+body. His oft quoted maxim was, "It is better to wear out than to rust
+out." He was only confined to his room a few days previous to his death,
+and on Friday, the 2d day of December, 1863, his pure spirit left its
+earthly tenement so gently that the friends who surrounded him could
+scarcely determine when it ascended. Mr. Kelley was twenty-four years in
+the service of the people of Ohio, in the Legislature, and as Canal
+Commissioner, and Fund Commissioner. His history would be almost a
+complete financial and political history of Ohio. He gave a greater
+impulse to the physical development of Ohio, and left upon its statute
+books higher proofs of wisdom and forecast than any who had preceded him.
+Indeed, few persons have ever lived who, merely by personal exertions,
+have left behind them more numerous and lasting monuments of patient and
+useful labor.
+
+Note.--For much of this sketch we are indebted to an unpublished "Memoir
+of Alfred Kelley," by the late Judge Gustavus Swan, of Columbus.
+
+
+
+
+Leonard Case
+
+
+
+The late Leonard Case was the second child and oldest son of Magdalene and
+Mesech Case, of Westmoreland county, Pennsylvania. His mother, who was a
+native of Winchester, Virginia, was of German extraction, her maiden name
+being Extene. His father, believed to have been of English ancestry, was
+born in Sussex county, New Jersey. For nearly forty years Mr. Mesech Case
+suffered from asthma to the extent of making him a partial invalid, and
+hence much of the management of his affairs devolved upon his wife, a
+woman of superior character, educated beyond the average of those days,
+energetic, having good executive ability, and blessed with robust health.
+The family cultivated a small farm in Pennsylvania, which yielded but a
+moderate support, so that when news came of the land of rich promise
+beyond the mountains, where the soil yielded with an abundance marvellous
+in the eyes of those who painfully cultivated and carefully gathered in
+the older States, they collected their implements and stock, packed their
+household effects, disposed of the farm, and, crossing the mountains,
+settled down somewhere between the western foot of the Alleghanies and
+Pittsburgh. This, however, was not the land of promise. The reports they
+had heard in their Westmoreland home of the soil which produced crops
+almost without care, and which embarrassed by their abundant yield, came
+from still farther west, and again the Case household took up the line of
+march, settling down finally upon a farm of two hundred acres near Warren,
+Trumbull county, Ohio, in the year 1800.
+
+There were then five children in the Case household, Leonard, the oldest
+son, and the subject of this biographical sketch, being then sixteen years
+old, having been born in Westmoreland county, Penn., July 20th, 1784. In
+the invalid condition of his father, and being the oldest son of the
+family, young Leonard was compelled to take a prominent part in the
+management of the affairs of the farm. In the Spring succeeding the
+removal to Trumbull, he started out in search of working oxen needed for
+the Spring work. The task was a difficult one, and he traveled for some
+time, becoming much heated with the walk and the anxiety. On his return he
+had to cross a stream several times whilst he was in this heated
+condition, the result being the contracting of a severe cold which settled
+in his limbs and brought on an inflammation that confined him to his bed
+for months.
+
+It was late in the Fall of 1801, when he recovered sufficiently to arise
+from his bed. But he arose as a cripple. The injury he had received from
+his unfortunate journey was permanent, and he was unable for some time
+after his rising from a sick bed to walk, or even to stand. Thus helpless
+in body, whilst active in mind, he pondered over his future. As a farmer
+he was no longer of any use, and unless some other mode of livelihood was
+adopted he must remain a dependent on his relations. This was galling his
+independent nature, and he determined to avoid it if possible.
+
+[Illustration: I am Respectfully Leonard Case]
+
+His hands were free if his feet gave promise of but little usefulness. He
+concluded that the pen would be a fitter implement for his purposes than
+the plow, and he took measures accordingly. Whilst lying in bed, unable to
+rise, he had a board fastened before him in such a manner as to serve for
+a desk. With this contrivance he worked diligently, whilst lying otherwise
+helpless, to acquire the rudiments of knowledge. He learned to write and
+cipher with moderate ease and correctness, and when he had matured the
+contents of an arithmetical text book, which was the property of his
+mother, he borrowed a few works on the higher branches of mathematics from
+some surveyors in the neighborhood. From the knowledge in this way
+acquired, he conceived the desire to be a surveyor and he set to work
+energetically to perfect himself in that science so far as it could be
+done by books. He was embarrassed by the want of even the most simple
+instruments. A semi-circle for measuring angles was made by cutting a
+groove the required shape on a piece of soft wood, and filling it by
+melting and running in a pewter spoon, making an arc of metal on which the
+graduated scale was etched. A pair of dividers was improvised from a piece
+of hickory, by making the centre thin, bending it over, putting pins at
+the points, and regulating its spread by twisting a cord.
+
+But more education was needed, and if he expected to pursue the path he
+had marked out in his mind, he must leave his home and venture out in the
+world. To do this, money was needed, for to a cripple like him the first
+struggle in the battle of life would be almost hopeless, if he entered on
+it totally without resources. As seen, he had already manifested a strong
+mechanical bent. He was domestic carpenter, making and repairing such
+articles as were needed in the household. This ability he immediately
+commenced to turn to account. A rude chair suitable to his needs was
+mounted on wheels, and in this he was able to reach the edge of the woods
+surrounding the house, where he cut twigs and made baskets, which were
+purchased by the neighbors. Other jobs requiring mechanical skill were
+done by him for the neighborhood, and in this way a small fund was
+gradually accumulated with which to make his meditated start in life.
+
+In 1806, he was able to set out from home and reach the village of
+Warren, where he concluded that a better opportunity existed for
+obtaining work with his pen. He found employment as clerk in the Land
+Commissioner's office, where his industry, zeal, and strong desire to
+improve both his knowledge and opportunities, soon brought him into
+notice and gained for him many valuable friends. Chief among these was
+Mr. John D. Edwards, a lawyer, holding the office of recorder of Trumbull
+county, which then comprised all the Western Reserve. Mr. Edwards proved
+a fast friend to Mr. Case, and his memory was ever held in respect by the
+latter. He advised the young clerk to add a knowledge of law to his
+other acquirements, and furnished him with books with which to prosecute
+his studies, until he was at length admitted to the bar. In addition, he
+gave him such writing as fell in his way to be given out, and thus aided
+in enabling him to support himself.
+
+The war of 1812 found Mr. Case at Warren, having, among his other duties,
+that of the collection of non-resident taxes on the Western Reserve, for
+which he had to furnish what was then considered heavy bail. Having to go
+to Chillicothe to make his settlement, he prepared for the journey by
+making a careful disposition of all his official matters, so that in case
+of misfortune to him, there would be no difficulty in settling his
+affairs, and no loss to his bail. The money belonging to the several
+townships was parcelled out, enveloped, and marked in readiness to hand
+over to the several trustees. The parcels were then deposited with his
+friend, Mr. Edwards, with directions to pay over to the proper parties
+should he not return in time. The journey was made without mishap, but on
+his return Mr. Case found that his friend had set out to join the army on
+the Maumee, and had died suddenly on the way. To the gratification of Mr.
+Case, however, the money was found where he had left it, untouched.
+
+In 1816, Mr. Case received the appointment of cashier of the Commercial
+Bank of Lake Erie, just organized in Cleveland. He immediately removed to
+Cleveland and entered on the discharge of his duties. These did not occupy
+the whole of his time, so with the avocations of a banker he coupled the
+practice of law and also the business of land agent. The bank, in common
+with most of the similar institutions of the time, was compelled to
+suspend operations, but was revived in after years with Mr. Case as
+president. Of those who were connected as officers with the original
+organization, Mr. Case gave the least promise of a long life, but yet he
+outlived all his colleagues.
+
+With the close of the bank he devoted himself more earnestly to the
+practice of the law and the prosecution of his business as a land agent.
+The active practice of the law was abandoned in 1834, but the land agency
+was continued until a comparatively recent period, when his infirmities,
+and the care of his own estate, grown into large proportions, rendered it
+necessary for him to decline all business for others.
+
+Mr. Case had a natural taste for the investigation of land titles and
+studying the history of the earlier land owners. His business as a land
+agent gave him scope for the gratification of this taste, and his
+appointment as agent for the management of the Western Reserve school
+lands, enabled him still further to prosecute his researches, whilst his
+strong memory retained the facts acquired until he became complete
+master of the whole history of the titles derived from the Connecticut
+Land Company.
+
+From his earliest connection with Cleveland, Mr. Case took a lively
+interest in the affairs of the village, the improvement of the streets,
+maintenance and enlargement of the schools, and the extension of religious
+influences. For all these purposes he contributed liberally, and spent
+much time and labor. To his thoughtfulness and public spirit are due the
+commencement of the work of planting shade trees on the streets, which has
+added so much to the beauty of the city, and has won for it the cognomen
+of the Forest City. From 1821 to 1825, he was president of the village,
+and was judicious and energetic in the management of its affairs. On the
+erection of Cuyahoga county, he was its first auditor. He was subsequently
+sent to the State Legislature, where he distinguished himself by his
+persistent labors in behalf of the Ohio canals. He headed the subscription
+to the stock of the Cleveland, Columbus and Cincinnati Railroad Company
+with the sum of five thousand dollars, and became a director in the
+Company. His good sense, a judgment that rarely erred, his extensive
+knowledge of the village and surrounding country, and the cheerful
+readiness with which he gave counsel, whenever requested in good faith,
+caused him to be the confidential adviser of the county and municipal
+officials, after he had ceased to take an active part in public affairs.
+
+One of the rules from which he never deviated, was in no case to contract
+a debt beyond his ability to pay within two years without depending on a
+sale of property. In this way he was enabled to accumulate acre after acre
+in what has since proved to be valuable portions of the city, and thus to
+acquire a vast estate, which, in his later years, became steadily
+remunerative.
+
+Mr. Case was a man of uncommon industry, of high integrity, and strong
+common sense. His manner to strangers, especially when interrupted in
+business, was brusque, and gave an unfavorable impression to those
+unacquainted with his real character, which was uniformly cheerful and
+kind. As a seller of land, he was both just and generous, and from no one
+ever came the complaint of oppressive or ungenerous treatment. Although
+not a member of any church organization, he had strong religious
+tendencies, of a liberal cast.
+
+Mr. Case died December 7th, 1864, leaving one son, Leonard Case, the other
+son, William, having died a short time earlier.
+
+
+
+
+Reuben Wood.
+
+
+
+Honorable Reuben Wood, an early settler of Cleveland, was born in Rutland
+county, Vermont, in 1792. In early life he worked on a farm in Summer and
+taught school in Winter. Resolving to achieve more than this, he went to
+Canada and studied the classics under the tuition of an English clergyman,
+and while there commenced the study of law with Hon. Barnabas Bidwell.
+When war was declared in 1812, young Wood, with all other resident
+Americans were required to leave Canada. He then went to Middletown, Vt.,
+where he completed his legal studies in the office of Gen. Jonas Clark, an
+eminent lawyer of that place.
+
+In 1818, he married, and emigrated to Cleveland, where he arrived
+September of that year, a stranger, and without money. He at once
+entered upon a successful practice, and soon became distinguished as a
+lawyer and advocate.
+
+In 1825, he was elected a member of the State Senate, and was twice
+re-elected to the same position.
+
+In 1830, he was elected President Judge of the Third Judicial Circuit.
+
+In 1833, he was elected a Judge of the Supreme Court, and at the close of
+his term was re-elected. For the last three years of his second term he
+was Chief Justice. As a Judge he was noted for sound logic, and the
+clearness of his decisions.
+
+In 1850, Judge Wood was elected by the Democratic party Governor of the
+State by eleven thousand majority, and was re-elected Governor in 1851,
+under the new constitution, by a majority of twenty-six thousand.
+
+In 1853, he was appointed, by the Government, Consul to Valparaiso, South
+America. While there, he, for some months, at the request of the
+Government, discharged the duties of a Minister Plenipotentiary to Chili.
+
+On his return from Chili, he returned to his farm in Rockport, near
+Cleveland, where he died, October 2, 1864, generally esteemed, and highly
+respected by all who knew him.
+
+
+
+
+John W. Willey.
+
+
+
+John W. Willey was a native of New Hampshire, being born in 1797. He
+pursued a regular course of study at Dartmouth College, under the
+encouragement of the distinguished President Wheelock, after whom he had
+been named. He studied law in New York.
+
+In 1822, being then twenty-five years of age, he came West and settled in
+Cleveland. At that time it had but one tavern, no church, no railroads, no
+canal, an occasional steamboat only, three or four stores and a few
+hundred inhabitants; such was the then picture of a settlement now
+approaching to a city of a hundred thousand people. Small as Cleveland
+then was, professionally, Mr. Willey had been preceded by men of decided
+ability. Alfred Kelley, Leonard Case, and the late Gov. Wood, had taken
+possession of the field four, six and twelve years before him, and were
+men of far more than ordinary ability. Mr. Willey was peculiarly adapted
+to such circumstances as these. Thoroughly versed in legal principles, of
+a keen and penetrating mind, a logician by nature, fertile and ready of
+expedient, with a persuasive eloquence, enlivened with wit and humor, he
+at once rose to prominence at the bar of Northern Ohio. The Cuyahoga bar
+was for many years considered the strongest in the State, but amongst all
+of its talented members, each with his own peculiar forte, for the faculty
+of close and long-continued reasoning, clearness of statement, nice
+discrimination, and never ending ingenuity, he had no superior.
+
+In 1827, Mr. Willey was partially withdrawn from practice, by being
+elected to the Legislature, where he served three years as Representative
+and three as Senator, until 1832.
+
+He was the first Mayor of Cleveland, being elected in 1836, and re-elected
+in 1837, by large majorities, and prepared the original laws and
+ordinances for the government of the city.
+
+He was amongst the earliest projectors, prior to the reverses of 1836 and
+1837, of the railroads to Columbus and Cincinnati, and to Pittsburgh.
+
+In 1840, he was appointed to the bench, thus restoring him to those
+studies and subjects of thought from which years of public and of
+business life had diverted him. No sooner had he assumed this new position
+than by common consent it was recognized as the one above all others he
+was best fitted to adorn. Possessing the power which so few men have, of
+close, concentrated, continuous thought, he was at the same time prompt in
+his decisions. His instructions to juries, and his legal judgments,
+usually pronounced at considerable length, were marked by that precision
+of statement, clearness of analysis, and felicity of language, which made
+them seem like the flowing of a silver stream.
+
+Judge Willey, at the time of his death, which occurred in June, 1841, was
+President Judge of the Fourteenth Judicial District. He died deeply
+regretted by a large circle of professional and other friends, who had
+become much attached to him for his many virtues, uniform and dignified,
+yet unostentatious life.
+
+In the Western Law Journal for 1852, we find a judicial anecdote related
+of Mr. Willey, in illustration of his wit, and immovable self-possession.
+The writer says: "At his last term in Cleveland we happened in while he
+was pronouncing sentence upon a number of criminals who had been
+convicted during the week, of penitentiary offenses. One of them, a
+stubborn looking fellow, who, to the usual preliminary question of
+whether he had anything to offer why the sentence of the law should not
+be pronounced upon him, had replied somewhat truculently, that he had
+'nothing to say,' but who when the judge was proceeding in a few
+prefatory remarks to explain to the man how fairly he had been tried,
+etc., broke in upon the court by exclaiming that 'he did'nt care if the
+court had convicted him, he wasn't guilty _any_ how.' 'That will be a
+consolation to you,' rejoined the judge, with unusual benignity, and with
+a voice full of sympathy and compassion, 'That will be a consolation to
+you, in the hour of your confinement, for we read in the good Book that
+it is better to _suffer_ wrong, than _do_ wrong.' In the irrepressible
+burst of laughter which followed this unexpected response, all joined
+except the judge and the culprit."
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: Truly Yours, S. Andrews]
+
+
+Sherlock J. Andrews.
+
+
+
+Judge Andrews was born November, 1801, in the quiet New England village
+of Wallingford, Connecticut. His father was a prominent physician at
+that place, where he spent a long and useful life in the practice of
+his profession. He lived to a good old age, a Christian gentleman of
+the old school.
+
+Although Wallingford is but a short day's travel from Yale, even under the
+old System of horse and shay, or horse and saddle, young Andrews was sent
+out of New England to Union College, at Schenectady, New York, where he
+graduated about the year 1821.
+
+Soon after this time the elder Silliman was at Wallingford, and being in
+need of an assistant in Chemistry and a private secretary, he offered the
+position to Mr. Andrews, which was accepted. It seems to have been
+mutually a happy relation. In his diary, Prof. Silliman says, "he was a
+young man of a vigorous and active mind, energetic and quick in his
+decisions and movements, with a warm heart and a genial temper, of the
+best moral and social habits, a quiet and skillful penman, an agreeable
+inmate of my family, in which we made him quite at home. We found we had
+acquired an interesting and valuable friend as well as a good professional
+assistant. It is true he had, when he came, no experience in practical
+Chemistry. He had everything to learn, but learned rapidly, as he had real
+industry and love of knowledge. Before the end of the first term he proved
+that we had made a happy choice. He continued about four years serving
+with ability, and the zeal of an affectionate son, without whom I could
+scarce have retained my place in the College." During this experience in
+the field of sciences, Mr. Andrews had pursued the study of the law at the
+Law School of New Haven, with the same ardor, and in 1825, removed to
+Cleveland, and established himself as an attorney.
+
+In 1828, he married Miss Ursula Allen, of Litchfield, Connecticut,
+daughter of the late John Allen, a member of Congress from that State, who
+was also the father of Hon. John W. Allen, of this city. The late Samuel
+Cowles had preceded Mr. Andrews here in the profession and offered him a
+partnership. Their competitors were the late Governor Wood and Judge John
+W. Willey, who were partners, and Judge Starkweather, who still survives.
+Considering the limited business of the place, which scarcely numbered
+five hundred inhabitants, the profession was evidently overstocked then,
+as it has been ever since. Briefless lawyers had, however, a wide field to
+cultivate outside this county, embracing at least all the counties of the
+Reserve; with horse and saddle-bags, they followed the Court in its
+travels, judges and attorneys splashing through the mud on terms of
+democratic equality.
+
+Judge Andrews gave immediate promise of celebrity as an advocate. With a
+sensitive and nervous temperament, he entered sympathetically into the
+case of his client, making it his own. He possessed a brilliant readiness
+of manner, full of skillful thrusts, hits, and witticisms. His correct New
+England morals were not deteriorated by contact with the more loose codes
+of a new western town. In his clear and earnest voice there was that
+magnetic influence, which is necessary to complete the style of any
+orator, and which is a gift solely of nature. As a technical pleader,
+though he stood high, there were others upon the circuit equally gifted.
+But in a cause where his convictions of justice and of legal right were
+fixed, there was not among his contemporaries, in the courts of this
+State, an advocate, whose efforts were so nearly irresistible before a
+jury. He has command of sarcasm and invective, without coarseness. He
+attacks oppression, meanness and fraud as if they were offences not only
+against the public, but against himself. He has never strayed from the
+profession to engage in any speculations or occupations to divert his
+thoughts from pure law, except for two years from 1840, while he held a
+seat in Congress. In 1848, the Legislature elected him judge of the
+Superior Court of Cuyahoga county, a place he continued to hold till the
+Court was abolished. As a judge he was eminently successful, his decisions
+having been overruled by higher courts only in a single instance, and that
+owing to a clerical mistake. In politics he was evidently not at home.
+After leaving the bench, Judge Andrews returned to the practice, but has
+been chiefly employed as associate counsel, occasionally addressing juries
+on important cases.
+
+As an advocate, Judge Andrews, during his whole professional career, has
+been in the very foremost rank, with a reputation confined neither to
+county, or even State lines. Distinguished for clear conceptions of legal
+principles, and their varied relations to practical life, he has also
+shown rare ability in judging of mixed questions of law and fact. His
+legal opinions, therefore, have ever been held in the highest esteem.
+
+But as jury lawyer, Judge Andrews has achieved successes so remarkable as
+to have secured a permanent place in the traditions of the bar, and the
+history of judicial proceedings in Northern Ohio. The older lawyers have
+vivid recollections of a multitude of cases when he was in full practice,
+and in his prime, in which his ready insight into character--his power to
+sift testimony and bring into clear relief the lines of truth involved in
+complicated causes--his ability to state the legal principles so that the
+jury could intelligently apply them to the facts--his humor--his pure
+wit--his pathos, at times bringing unfeigned tears to the eyes of both
+judge and jurors--his burning scorn of fraud--and his appeal on behalf of
+what he believed to be right, so impetuous with enthusiasm, so condensed
+and incisive in expression, and so felicitous in illustration, as to be
+well nigh irresistible.
+
+Yet, highly as Judge Andrews has adorned his profession, it is simply
+justice to say in conclusion, that his unblemished character in every
+relation has adorned his manhood. He has been far more than a mere lawyer.
+With a keen relish for historical and philosophical inquiry--a wide
+acquaintance with literature, and an earnest sympathy with the advanced
+lines of thought in the present age, his life has also been practically
+subordinated to the faultless morality of Christianity. A community is
+truly enriched, when it possesses, and can present to its younger members,
+such shining instances of success in honorable endeavor, and sterling
+excellence in character and example.
+
+
+
+
+John W. Allen.
+
+
+
+Mr. Allen, though not among the first attorneys who settled in Cleveland,
+was upon the ground early among the second generation. Samuel Huntington
+was the first lawyer of the place, becoming a resident here in the year
+1801. Alfred Kelley was his successor, commencing his legal career as soon
+as the county courts were organized in 1810. In 1816, Leonard Case was
+added to the profession and in 1818 the late Governor Wood and Samuel
+Cowles, and about 1822, John W. Willey About the year 1826, soon after the
+construction of the Ohio canal was commenced, a troop of young lawyers
+took possession of the field, some of whom still survive, Sherlock J.
+Andrews, Samuel Starkweather and John W. Allen. They were all from Yankee
+land, in pursuit of fame and fortune. Mr. Allen originated in Litchfield
+county, Connecticut, a place prolific in prominent characters. His father,
+John Allen, was a member of Congress from that State.
+
+From 1831 to 1835, inclusive, he was elected annually to be president of
+the village corporation of Cleveland, and mayor of the city corporation
+of Cleveland 1841. In 1835-7, Mr. Allen represented the district of
+which Cuyahoga county was a part, in the Ohio Senate, and in 1836 was
+elected to the Congress of the United States, commencing with the famous
+extra session of September, 1837, as an old line Clay Whig, and was
+re-elected in 1838.
+
+As soon as Cleveland assumed the position of a city in 1836, the subject
+of railways became one of the prominent public questions. A portion of the
+citizens were of the opinion that they had yielded enough to the spirit of
+modern innovation when the Ohio canal was suffered to enter Cleveland.
+This had banished the Dutch wagons entirely, and railroads might complete
+our ruin entirely, by banishing canal boats. Mr. Allen, and the new comers
+generally, took the opposite side. While he was rising to a leading public
+position he labored zealously in the cause of railways in harmony with his
+political opponents John W. Willey, Richard Hilliard, James S. Clark and
+others, most of whom are dead. But for his zeal and perseverence the
+Cleveland & Columbus Railroad Company would not have been organized
+probably for years after it was and then it was done almost in spite of
+many of the large property holders of that day, who looked upon the
+enterprise as chimerical.
+
+Mr. Allen's free and generous manner not only rendered him popular among
+his political friends, but prevented bitterness and personality on the
+part of his opponents. During those years of prosperity he led a
+thoroughly active life, not only as an attorney with a large practice,
+but as an indefatigable public servant. In fact, through life he has
+given to the public the first and best of his efforts. He never became a
+finished advocate and speaker, but his enterprise and integrity secured
+him a large business, most of which was litigated in the counties of the
+Western Reserve.
+
+Not long after Mr. Allen commenced practice in Ohio he married Miss Ann
+Maria Perkins of Warren, Trumbull county, an auspicious connection which
+was soon terminated by her death. His second wife was Miss Harriet Mather,
+of New London county, Connecticut, who is now living, and was the mother
+of two sons and two daughters, one son and one daughter now surviving.
+
+[Illustration: J. W. Allen]
+
+The financial storm of 1837-8 did so much damage to Mr. Allen's fortune,
+as well as some unsuccessful efforts in the construction of local rail
+roads ahead of time, that its effects are not yet gone. Being young and
+energetic, with a large property, with few debts of his own, it would have
+affected him but little, had he not been too generous towards his friends
+in the way of endorsements.
+
+In the winter of 1849-50, he was appointed under a resolution of the
+Legislature the Agent of the State to examine into the claims of the State
+on the General Government growing out of the grants of land in aid of the
+canals and which had been twice settled and receipted for in full, which
+occupied him five years at Washington. In this he was eminently successful
+and did the State great service, and had the State performed its part of
+the bargain as well as Mr. Allen did his, the result would have been a
+rich compensation for his labors. His was the only case of repudiation
+ever perpetrated by Ohio and he may well charge the State with punic faith
+toward him.
+
+When the State Bank of Ohio, consisting of branches scattered throughout
+the State under the general management of a board of control, was
+authorized by an act of the Legislature about the year 1846, and which was
+the soundest system ever devised by any State Government, Mr. Allen was
+one of the five Commissioners charged with the duty of putting the
+machinery in operation.
+
+Very few of the present generation realize the obligation of this city to
+him, and his public spirited coadjutors of thirty years since, for the
+solid prosperity it now enjoys.
+
+
+
+
+Hiram V. Willson.
+
+
+
+The first judge of the United States District Court for the Northern
+District of Ohio, will long be remembered by the bar and public of that
+District, for the ability, dignity, and purity with which, for over eleven
+years, he administered justice. When at last he lay down to his final
+rest, there was no voice raised in censure of any one of his acts, and
+tributes of heartfelt praise of his life, and sorrow for his loss, were
+laid on his grave by men of all parties and shades of opinion. As lawyer,
+judge, citizen, and man, Judge Willson won the respect and confidence of
+all with whom he was brought into social or official contact.
+
+Hiram V. Willson was born in April, 1808, in Madison county, New York.
+Graduating at Hamilton College in 1832, he commenced the study of law in
+the office of the Hon. Jared Willson, of Canandaigua, New York.
+Subsequently he visited Virginia, read law in the office of Francis S.
+Key, of Washington, and for a time aided his slender pecuniary means by
+teaching in a classical school in the Shenandoah Valley. During his early
+legal studies he laid the foundations of that legal knowledge for which he
+was afterwards distinguished, and acquired that familiarity with the
+text-books and reports which made him a safe, prompt, and prudent
+counsellor. At school, college, and in the Shenandoah Valley, he
+maintained a close intimacy with the Hon. Henry B. Payne, then a young man
+of about his own age. In 1833, he removed to Painesville, but soon changed
+his residence to Cleveland, where he and his intimate friend, H. B. Payne,
+formed a law partnership.
+
+Long after, when at a banquet tendered by the bar of Cleveland in honor of
+the organization of the United States Court for the Northern District of
+Ohio, Judge Willson referred to the auspices under which the young firm
+commenced business. The following toast had been offered:
+
+  The First Judge of the Northern District of Ohio: In the history and
+  eminent success of a twenty years' practice at the Bar, we have the
+  fullest assurance that whatever industry, talent, and integrity can
+  achieve for the character of this long sought for court, will be
+  accomplished by the gentleman who has been appointed to preside over its
+  deliberations.
+
+In responding to the toast, Judge Willson spoke highly of the character
+of the profession, and then made a warm appeal to the young lawyers. He
+said that all there had been young lawyers and knew the struggles and
+difficulties that hang around the lawyer's early path, and which cloud to
+him his future, and nothing is so welcome, so genial to a young lawyer's
+heart as to be taken in hand by an older legal brother. He said he could
+talk with feeling on the subject, for the memory was yet green of the days
+when two penniless young men came to Ohio to take life's start, and when
+as discouragements, and almost despair, seemed to lie in wait for them,
+there was an older lawyer who held out a friendly hand to aid them, and
+who bid them take courage and persevere. Who that friend was he signified
+by offering, with much feeling, a toast to the memory of Judge Willey.
+
+But the young firm did not long need friendly counsel to cheer them in the
+midst of discouragements. Although they were but young men, and Willey,
+Congar, and Andrews were eminent lawyers in full practice, they soon took
+place in the front rank of the profession. Business flowed in upon them,
+and from 1837 to 1840, the number of suits brought by them in the Court of
+Common Pleas averaged two hundred and fifty per year; whilst during the
+same time they appeared for the defence in twice that number of cases
+annually. Briefs in all those cases were, to a great extent, prepared by
+Judge Willson. Upon Mr. Payne's retirement, a partnership was formed with
+Hon. Edward Wade and Reuben Hitchcock, and after a while the firm was
+changed to Willson, Wade & Wade. Under these partnerships the extensive
+business and high reputation of the old firm were preserved and increased.
+
+In 1852, Judge Willson ran for Congress on the Democratic ticket, against
+William Case on the Whig and Edward Wade on the Free Soil tickets. Mr.
+Wade was elected, but Judge Willson received a very handsome vote.
+
+In the Winter of 1854, a bill was introduced to divide the State of Ohio,
+for United States judicial purposes, into two districts. The members of
+the Cleveland Bar pressed the matter vigorously, and after a sharp
+struggle in Congress, the bill creating the United States Court for the
+Northern District of Ohio was passed. During the pendency of the measure,
+and when the prospects were unfavorable for its passage, Judge Willson was
+chosen by the Cleveland Bar to proceed to Washington and labor in the
+interest of the bill. This was done, and the final triumph of the bill was
+doubtless owing in great measure to his unwearied industry in its behalf.
+In March, 1855, President Pierce appointed Mr. Willson judge of the
+District Court just authorized.
+
+The formation of the court and the appointment of Judge Willson as its
+presiding officer, gave general satisfaction. A banquet was held by the
+lawyers to celebrate the event, and although Judge Willson was a strong
+political partizan, the leading lawyers of all parties vied with each
+other in testifying their entire confidence in the ability and
+impartiality of the new judge. Nor was their confidence misplaced. In
+becoming a judge he ceased to be a politician, and no purely political, or
+personal, motives swayed his decisions. He was admitted by all to have
+been an upright judge.
+
+The new court found plenty to do. In addition to the ordinary criminal
+and civil business, the location of the court on the lake border brought
+to it a large amount of admiralty cases. In such cases, the extensive
+knowledge and critical acumen of Judge Willson were favorably displayed.
+Many of his decisions were models of deep research and lucid statement.
+One of his earliest decisions of this character was in relation to
+maritime liens. The steamboat America had been abandoned and sunk, and
+only a part of her tackle and rigging saved. These were attached for debt
+for materials, and the question arose on the legality of the claim
+against articles no longer a part of the vessel. Judge Willson held that
+the maritime lien of men for wages, and material men for supplies, is a
+proprietary interest in the vessel itself, and can not be diverted by the
+acts of the owner or by any casualty, until the claim is paid, and that
+such lien inheres to the ship and all her parts wherever found and
+whoever may be the owner. In the case of L. Wick _vs._ the schooner
+Samuel Strong, in 1855, Judge Willson reviewed the history and intent of
+the common carrier act of Ohio, in an opinion of much interest. A case,
+not in admiralty, but in the criminal business of the court, gave the
+judge another opportunity for falling back on his inexhaustible stores of
+legal and historical knowledge. The question was on the point whether the
+action of a grand jury was legal in returning a bill of indictment found
+only by fourteen members, the fifteenth member being absent and taking no
+part in the proceedings. Judge Willson reviewed the matter at length,
+citing precedents of the English and American courts for several
+centuries to show that the action was legal.
+
+A very noticeable case was what is known in the legal history of
+Cleveland as "The Bridge Case," in which Charles Avery sued the city of
+Cleveland, to prevent the construction of a bridge across the Cuyahoga,
+at the foot of Lighthouse street. The questions arising were: the
+legislative authority of the city to bridge the river, and whether the
+bridge would be a nuisance, damaging the complainant's private property.
+The decision of Judge Willson, granting a preliminary injunction until
+further evidence could be taken, was a thorough review of the law
+relating to water highways and their obstructions. In the opinion on the
+Parker water-wheel case, he exhibited a clear knowledge of mechanics, and
+gave an exhaustive exposition of the law of patents. In the case of Hoag
+_vs_ the propeller Cataract, the law of collision was set forth and
+numerous precedents cited. In 1860, important decisions were given in
+respect to the extent of United States jurisdiction on the Western lakes
+and rivers. It was decided, and the decisions supported by voluminous
+precedents, that the admiralty and maritime jurisdiction possessed by the
+District Courts of the United States, on the Western lakes and rivers,
+under the Constitution and Act of 1789, was independent of the Act of
+1845, and unaffected thereby; and also that the District Courts of the
+United States, having under the Constitution and Acts of Congress,
+exclusive original cognizance of all civil causes of admiralty and
+maritime jurisdiction, the Courts of Common Law are precluded from
+proceeding _in rem_ to enforce such maritime claims.
+
+These are but a very few of the many important cases coming before Judge
+Willson's court and decided by him in a manner that made his decisions
+important precedents.
+
+The judicial administration of Judge Willson was noticeable also for its
+connection with events of national importance. And here it should be again
+repeated, that in all his conduct on the bench he divested himself of
+personal or party predilections and prejudices. To him it was of no
+consequence who were parties to the case, or what the political effect of
+a decision would be; he inquired only what were the facts in the matter
+and what the law bearing upon them. The keynote of his character in this
+respect may be known from an extract taken from his charge to the grand
+jury in the Winter term of 1856, in which it was expected a case would
+come before that body of alleged impropriety or crime by a Government
+officer, growing out of party zeal during a very heated political canvass.
+The passions of men were intensely excited at the time of the delivery of
+the charge, and that address had the effect of suddenly cooling down the
+popular mind, in the city and vicinity at least, and of bringing about a
+better state of feeling. After referring impressively to the language of
+the oath taken by the grand jury, to present none through malice, and
+except none through favouritism, Judge Willson said:
+
+  It was but yesterday our ears were deafened by the turmoil and clamour
+  of political strife, shaking the great national fabric to its centre,
+  and threatening the stability of the Government itself. In that fearful
+  conflict for the control of the Executive and Legislative Departments of
+  the Federal Government, all the evil passions of men seem to have been
+  aroused. Vituperation and scandal, malice, hatred and ill-will had
+  blotted out from the land all brotherly love, and swept away those
+  characteristics which should distinguish us as a nation of Christians.
+
+  How important, then, it is for us, coming up here to perform the duties
+  incident to the courts, to come with minds free from prejudice, free
+  from passions, and free from the influence of the angry elements around
+  us. To come with a fixed purpose of administering justice with truth,
+  according to the laws of the land. A dangerous political contagion has
+  become rampant in our country, invading the holy sanctuaries of the
+  "Prince of Peace" and polluting the very fountains of Eternal Truth.
+
+  God forbid the time may ever come when the temples of justice in our
+  land shall be desecrated by this unhallowed and contaminating influence,
+  or by wanton disregard of the Constitution, or by a perfidious
+  delinquency on the part of the ministers of the law. Here let passion
+  and prejudice find no abiding place. Here let equal and exact justice be
+  meted out to all men--to rich and to the poor--to the high and the low,
+  and above all things, with you, gentlemen, here preserve with scrupulons
+  fidelity the sanctity of your oaths, and discharge your whole duty
+  without fear and without favour. Put justice to the line and truth to
+  the plummet, and act up fully to the obligations of that oath, and you
+  will ever enjoy those rich consolations which always flow from a
+  conscientious discharge of a sworn duty.
+
+  To men of your intelligence and probity, these admonitions are, perhaps,
+  unnecessary. Knowing, however, the reluctance and pain with which the
+  misconduct of men in office is inquired into, by those who cherish the
+  same political sentiments, I am confident, gentlemen, that in times like
+  these, you can not exercise too great caution in excluding from your
+  minds all considerations, as to whether the party charged before you is
+  the appointee of this or of that administration, or whether he belongs
+  to this or that political organization or party.
+
+In 1858, came before the court the historic case of the Oberlin-Wellington
+Rescue. The facts of the case were, briefly, that on the first of March,
+1857, a negro slave named John, the property of John G. Bacon, of
+Kentucky, escaped across the river into Ohio. In October, 1858, the negro
+was traced out and arrested within the Northern District of Ohio, by one
+Anderson Jennings, holding a power of attorney from Bacon. In company with
+an assistant named Love, Jennings took the negro to Wellington, Lorain
+county, with the purpose of taking the cars for Cincinnati, and thence
+returning the negro to Kentucky and remitting him to slavery. A number of
+residents of Oberlin concerted a plan of rescue marched to Wellington,
+entered the hotel where John was kept, took him from his captors, placed
+him in a buggy, and carried him off. Indictments were found against the
+leading rescuers, who comprised among others some of the leading men of
+the college and village of Oberlin, and they were brought to trial, fined,
+and imprisoned. The trial created great excitement, and, whilst it was
+pending, a monster demonstration against the Fugitive Slave Law was held
+on the Public Square, midway between the building where the court held its
+sessions and the jail in which the accused were confined. At one time
+fears were entertained of violence, threats being freely uttered by some
+of the more headstrong that the law should be defied and the prisoners
+released by force. Cooler counsels prevailed, and the law, odious as it
+was felt to be, was allowed to take its course. In this exciting time the
+charges and judgments of Judge Willson were calm and dispassionate, wholly
+divested of partisanship, and merely pointing out the provisions of the
+law and the necessity of obedience to it, however irksome such obedience
+might be, until it was repealed.
+
+[Illustration: H. V. Willson]
+
+In the November term of 1859, when the public mind was still agitated by
+the John Brown raid and by the tragic affairs succeeding it, and when the
+excitement of the Oberlin-Wellington Rescue had not wholly subsided, the
+attention of Judge Willson was called to these matters by the District
+Attorney, and in his charge to the grand jury he took occasion to define
+the law of treason, with especial bearing on those events. It was a clear,
+logical exposition of the law, pointing out the line of distinction
+between a meeting for the expression of opinions hostile to the Government
+and a gathering for the purpose of violently opposing or overturning the
+Government.
+
+In 1861, when the rebellion had broken out, and it was supposed
+sympathizers with it were in Ohio plotting aid to the rebels, Judge
+Willson delivered a charge to the grand jury, again defining the law in
+regard to conspiracy and treason, and in the course of his address
+took occasion to unreservedly condemn the motives and actions of the
+rebels. He said:
+
+  The loyal people of this great nation have enjoyed the blessings of our
+  excellent Constitution too long and too well, to be insensible of its
+  value or to permit its destruction. They have not yet been schooled to
+  the heresy, that this noble Government is a mere myth, or that it is
+  destitute of the inherent power of perpetuating its own existence. On
+  the contrary, next to their religion, they love and cherish it above all
+  things on earth, not only because it is the rich and sacred legacy of a
+  revered and patriotic ancestry, but because it is a Government of law,
+  possessing the authority to maintain social and civil order, giving to
+  its citizens security of property, of person and of life.
+
+  It is not surprising, therefore, that this bold and mad rebellion in the
+  Southern States, has excited, in all patriotic hearts, a spontaneous and
+  indignant feeling against treason and traitors, wherever they may be
+  found in our land. It is a rebellion without cause and without
+  justification. It had its conception in the wicked hearts of ambitious
+  men. Possibly, some of the chief conspirators may be actuated by the
+  spirit of the sacrilegious incendiary who fired the Ephesian temple to
+  immortalize his name by the infamy of the act.
+
+  Let the motives of the conspirators be what they may, this open,
+  organized and armed resistance to the Government of the United States is
+  _treason_, and those engaged in it justly merit the penalty denounced
+  against traitors.
+
+  Nor should we be misled by false notions of the reserved right of the
+  States to secede from the Union. This assumed right, claimed by the
+  States in rebellion, is false in theory; it is of the highest criminalty
+  in practice, and without the semblance of authority in the Constitution.
+  The right of secession, (said the lamented Webster,) "as a practical
+  right, existing under the Constitution, is simply an absurdity; for it
+  supposes resistance to Government under the authority of the Government
+  itself--it supposes dismemberment without violating the principles of
+  Union--it supposes opposition to law without crime--it sanctions the
+  violation of oaths without responsibility, and the total overthrow of
+  the Government without revolution."
+
+  The history of this wicked rebellion already shows that many of those
+  who have shared the largest in the offices and emoluments, as well as in
+  the blessings of the National Government, have fallen the lowest in
+  infamy in attempting its overthrow.
+
+  If this Union is to be perpetuated, and the Government itself is to
+  exist as a power among the nations, its laws must be enforced at all
+  hazards and at any cost. And especially should courts and juries do
+  their whole duty, without respect to persons, when crimes are committed,
+  tending to the subversion of the Government and the destruction of our
+  cherished institutions.
+
+At the January term, 1864, he delivered another admirable charge, in which
+he discussed the questions arising under the then recent act of Congress
+authorizing a draft under the direction of the President without the
+intervention of the State authorities, and by a very logical and
+conclusive argument established the constitutional validity of the act in
+question. The crime of resisting the draft, obstructing its execution by
+the officers appointed for that purpose, and enticing soldiers to desert,
+were defined with great clearness, resisting the enrolling officer being
+held to be within the offences embraced in the act. These were but a few
+of the topics treated by the Judge. The entire charge was able, well-timed
+and patriotic, and was admirably calculated to conciliate and unite public
+opinion in support of the law and the measures of the Government to
+enforce it.
+
+In 1865, the health of Judge Willson began to give way and symptoms of
+consumption appeared. He was strongly urged by his friends to leave his
+business for a time and seek the restoration of his health in a milder
+climate. As Winter approached he yielded to their persuasions and visited
+New Orleans and the West Indies. Unhappily the weather was unusually
+severe for those latitudes, and he derived no benefit from his trip. He
+was glad to reach the quiet and comfort of home once more. His sense of
+duty was so strong that, though unfit to leave his home, he came down to
+the city, opened court, so as to set the machinery in order, but found
+himself unable to preside and was compelled to return home, where he
+awaited in patience the coming of the destroyer.
+
+On the evening of November 11th, 1866, he died. A few hours before his
+death he suffered much, his breathing being labored and painful. As his
+end approached, however, he became easier, and his life went out without a
+struggle. Some months earlier, the Judge, who had for years been an
+attendant of the services in the First Presbyterian church, and an active
+supporter of that congregation, made a profession of religion and received
+the rite of baptism. He was perfectly conscious to the close of his life,
+and although hopeful of recovery, as is usual with the victims of
+consumption, had been fully aware of his precarious situation, and had
+thoughtfully contemplated his approaching end. He left a widow and a
+daughter, Mrs. Chamberlin, well provided for.
+
+On the announcement of his death the members of the Cleveland Bar
+immediately assembled, and young or old, of all shades of opinion in the
+profession, vied with each other in bearing testimony to the uprightness,
+ability, and moral worth of the deceased. His death occasioned unaffected
+sorrow among those who had known him, and among the large number of his
+legal brethren who had greater or less opportunities of official
+intercourse with him he did not leave a single enemy. The Bar meeting
+unanimously adopted the following resolutions of respect:
+
+  We, the members of the Bar of the Northern District of Ohio having
+  learned that our brother, the Hon. Hiram V. Willson, departed this life
+  yesterday evening, (Nov. 11,) at his residence, and desiring to pay a
+  tribute of affection and respect to one who was our beloved associate at
+  this Bar for twenty-one years, and anxious also to acknowledge our
+  obligation to him, by whose influence and labors the Courts of the
+  United States were established in our midst, and who has so ably and
+  uprightly presided over those Courts for a period of more than eleven
+  years, do hereby
+
+  _Resolve,_ 1st. That in the death of Judge Willson the Bench has lost a
+  learned, upright and fearless Judge, ever doing right and equity among
+  the suitors of his Court, fearing only the errors and mistakes to which
+  a fallible human judgment is ever liable. Urbanity and courtesy to the
+  older members of the Bar, protecting and loving kindness to its younger
+  members, and deep and abiding interest in the reputation of all, were
+  among his distinguishing characteristics.
+
+  2d. That in him we have lost a near and dear friend, disliked,
+  disrelished by none, but esteemed and loved by all.
+
+  3d. That we wear the usual mourning and attend his funeral in a body, on
+  Wednesday next.
+
+  4th. That the Chairman of this Committee present this report to our
+  Court of Common Pleas, and request the same to be entered on the record
+  of said Court.
+
+  5th. That the United States District Attorney for Northern Ohio be
+  requested to present this report to the Circuit and District Courts of
+  said District at their next term and request that the same be entered
+  and recorded in said Courts.
+
+  6th. That the officers of this meeting be directed to send a copy of its
+  proceedings to the family of the deceased.
+
+At the opening of the next term of the United States District Court under
+Judge Sherman, the successor to Judge Willson, these resolutions were
+read, and warm eulogies on the deceased were made by U. S. District
+Attorney, F. J. Dickman, U. S. Commissioner Bushnell White, George W.
+Willey Esq., Hon. K. P. Spalding and Judge Sherman.
+
+The funeral services over the remains of Judge Willson were held in the
+First Presbyterian church, conducted by Rev. Dr. Atterburry, assisted by
+Rev. Dr. Aiken. The Supreme Court of Ohio, United States Courts of
+Pennsylvania and Michigan, the Cleveland Bench and Bar, and the City
+Government were fully represented at the ceremonies, which were also
+participated in by a very large concourse of citizens.
+
+
+
+
+Samuel Starkweather.
+
+
+
+As a member of the legal profession, both on the Bench and at the Bar, as
+the chief magistrate of the city, and as an United States revenue officer,
+and as a citizen of Cleveland, Samuel Starkweather has held honorable
+prominence for forty years.
+
+He was born in the village of Pawtucket, Massachusetts, on the border of
+Rhode Island, a village celebrated as the seat of the first cotton
+manufactures in the United States. He was the son of the Honorable Oliver
+Starkweather, an extensive and successful manufacturer, and grandson of
+the Honorable Ephraim Starkweather, who was prominent among the patriots
+of the Revolution.
+
+The subject of this sketch worked on a farm until nearly seventeen years
+of age, when he began to fit himself for college, after which he entered
+Brown University, Rhode Island, where he graduated with the second honors
+of his class, in the year 1822, and was soon afterward elected a tutor in
+that institution, which position he held until the year 1824, when he
+resigned, to commence the study of the law, which he pursued in the office
+of Judge Swift, in Windham, Connecticut, and afterwards in attendance upon
+the lectures of Chancellor Kent, of New York. He was admitted to the Bar
+of Ohio at Columbus, in the Winter of 1826-7, and soon after settled in
+Cleveland, then a village of a few hundred inhabitants, and was recognized
+as a lawyer of learning and ability in this and the adjoining counties.
+
+Mr. Starkweather was prominent among the leaders of the Democratic party
+of this State, when its principles were well defined, and was a strong
+adherent to the administrations of Presidents Jackson and Van Buren, but
+his being always in the political minority in the part of the State in
+which he lived, prevented those high political preferments which otherwise
+would have been conferred upon him. In this connection it is proper to
+say, that for Mr. Starkweather to have attained the highest eminence in
+the legal profession, it was only necessary that he should have made it
+his specialty.
+
+Under the administrations of Presidents Jackson and Van Buren, Mr.
+Starkweather held the office of Collector of Customs of this District, and
+Superintendent of Light-Houses, and under his supervision most of the
+sites were purchased, and the light-houses erected on the Southern shore
+of Lake Erie. He continued to hold these offices in connection with his
+practice of the law, until 1840.
+
+In 1844, Mr. Starkweather was elected Mayor of the city of Cleveland,
+having previously taken a leading part in the City Councils. He was
+re-elected in 1845, and was again elected Mayor in 1857, for two years,
+and in these positions was active in promoting those improvements in the
+city which have tended to its prosperity and beauty. To Mr. Starkweather
+the public schools of the city are much indebted for the interest which he
+has always taken in their behalf; and to his advocacy and efforts, with
+those of Mr. Charles Bradburn, the High School of the city owes its first
+establishment.
+
+In the early struggles for advancing the schemes of railroads, the
+accomplishment of which has made Cleveland the great city of commerce and
+manufactures, no one was more active than Mr. Starkweather. When the
+project of building the Cleveland & Columbus road was at a stand-still,
+and was on the point of being, for the time, abandoned, as a final effort
+a meeting of the business men of Cleveland was called. The speech of Mr.
+Starkweather on that occasion, parts of which are quoted to this day, had
+the effect to breathe into that enterprise the breath of life, and from
+that meeting it went immediately onward to its final completion. So well
+were the services of Mr. Starkweather in behalf of that road appreciated
+at the time, that one of the Directors proposed that he should have a
+pass upon it for life.
+
+Mr. Starkweather, in 1852, was the first Judge elected to the Court of
+Common Pleas for Cuyahoga county, under the new constitution of the State,
+in which position he served for five years with ability and satisfaction
+to the members of the Bar and the public generally. For a considerable
+portion of his term, the entire docket of both civil and criminal business
+devolved on Mm, when an additional Judge was allowed the county. He
+presided at some very important State trials, in which, as in the
+disposition of a very large amount of civil business, he exhibited
+abundant legal learning and judicial discrimination.
+
+Since he retired from the Bench he has been known as a citizen of wealth,
+of retired habits, but of influence in public affairs, and retaining to
+the full the conversational gifts which have made him the life and charm
+of social and professional circles. Indeed it may be said that either at
+the Bar, in well remembered efforts of marked brilliancy as an advocate,
+or on the Bench, occasionally illuminating the soberness of judicial
+proceedings, or in assemblies on prominent public occasions occurring all
+through his life, eloquence, wit and humor seemed ready to his use. A fine
+_belle lettres_ scholar, classical, historical and biographical adornments
+and incidents seemed always naturally to flow in to enrich his discourse,
+whether in private or public. He has often been spoken of as of the Corwin
+cast, perhaps a slight personal resemblance aiding the suggestion. He
+certainly has the like gifts of the charming conversationalist and the
+popular orator, in which last capacity, for many years, he was the prompt
+choice of the public on leading occasions, such as at the grand reception
+given to Van Buren after his defeat in 1840; the magnificent reception
+tendered by the city to Kossuth; at the completion of the Cleveland &
+Columbus Railway on the 22nd of February, 1852; at the dedication of
+Woodland Cemetery, and at many other times when the public were most
+anxious to put a gifted man forward.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: Truly Yours, Moses Kelly]
+
+
+Moses Kelly.
+
+
+
+The subject of this sketch was born January 21st, 1809, in the township of
+Groveland, now county of Livingston, then county of Ontario, State of New
+York. He was the oldest son of Daniel Kelly, who emigrated from the State
+of Pennsylvania to Western New York in the year 1797. He is of
+Scotch-Irish descent in the paternal line, and of German descent on the
+side of his mother. His great grandfather, on his father's side, emigrated
+from the North of Ireland to America, early in the eighteenth century, and
+settled in the State of Pennsylvania, within a few miles of the city of
+Philadelphia; his grandfather, born there, was a Revolutionary soldier.
+Mr. Kelly lived with his father, on a farm in Groveland, until he was
+eighteen years old, having the usual advantages, and following the
+ordinary pursuits of a farmer's son.
+
+At the age of eighteen he entered the High School on Temple Hill, in the
+village of Genesee, Livingston county, New York, and commenced preparing
+for college, under the tuition of that eminent scholar and accomplished
+educator, the late Cornelius C. Felton, who subsequently became President
+of Harvard University. Mr. Kelly entered the Freshman class at Harvard in
+1829, and graduated with his class in the year 1833. He immediately
+commenced the study of the law, with the late Orlando Hastings, Esq., of
+Rochester, N. Y., and read three years in his office and under his
+direction, when he was admitted to practice. He came to Cleveland in the
+year 1836, and formed a law copartnership with his old friend, college
+classmate and chum, the Hon. Thomas Bolton; the firm name was Bolton &
+Kelly. This partnership continued until the year 1851, when S. O. Griswold
+Esq., who had been their law student, was taken into the firm; the firm
+name thereafter being Bolton, Kelly & Griswold. This connection continued
+until the close of the year 1856, when Mr. Bolton was elected Judge of the
+Court of Common Pleas. Since Judge Bolton retired from the firm Messrs.
+Kelly & Griswold have continued the practice of law under that firm name,
+and are still engaged in the practice.
+
+Mr. Kelly has made commercial law and equity jurisprudence his special
+studies, and in these branches of the law his great skill and learning are
+acknowledged by all his brethren. Indeed, as an equity lawyer he stands at
+the head of the profession.
+
+It will be seen from the year 1836 until the present time, Mr. Kelly has
+devoted himself closely to the practice of the law; the only interruption
+to this was a two years service as State senator in the legislature of
+Ohio during the years 1844 and 1845. He was elected to the senate by the
+Whig party of the counties of Cuyahoga and Geauga, these two counties then
+composing one senatorial district. During the first session of the General
+Assembly, of which he was a member, the Democrats had a majority in the
+Senate while the Whigs had the control of the lower house. As is usual
+when a legislature is thus politically divided, no measures of general
+interest were adopted. But there happened during that session to arise a
+question which showed Mr. Kelly's independence, and true character. The
+Democracy had made complaint of the Whig extravagance and laid great claim
+on their own part to retrenchment and economy in the State administration.
+The Whigs to make political capital, proposed a bill reducing the salaries
+of all State officers; the salary of the Judges was put at $750 per year
+and the pay of all other State officials in the same ratio. The measure
+was adopted by the party caucus, and was carried through the lower house.
+
+It was hoped by many that the Senate, being Democratic, would defeat the
+bill, and thus the Whigs would have credit for great economy at the
+expense of the Democrats. But when it came to that body, the Democracy,
+not to be out done by their opponents, favored the bill.
+
+Mr. Kelly, singly and alone of all his party, opposed the measure, and
+spoke and voted against it. The bill was finally carried but was repealed
+in the course of a year or two afterwards.
+
+The most prominent subject before the legislature at the second session
+was the establishment of a suitable banking system for the State. The
+business men of Cleveland were in favor of free banks, but the great body
+of the Whig party were strongly in favor of a State Bank and branches, and
+having a majority in both houses in the session of 1845 were determined to
+establish that system. Mr. Kelly succeeded in engrafting upon the State
+Bank scheme the Independent Bank system, with State stocks pledged to
+secure the circulation, and also in adding additional checks and
+safeguards to the State Bank. His efforts in this direction were duly
+appreciated by his constituents, and at a public meeting, called by the
+principal business men of the city, irrespective of party, his action on
+the Bank bill was specially approved.
+
+It is to be observed also that the present National Bank system is modeled
+after the plan of free banking advocated by Mr. Kelly at that time.
+
+During the same session a question arose in which Mr. Kelly took an
+active part, in opposition to the great body of his party, the event of
+which vindicated his sagacity and practical statesmanship. The question
+was upon a bill to grant to the Ohio Life and Trust Company authority to
+issue bills to circulate as currency, to the extent of half a million of
+dollars. At the time this bill was introduced no banking System had been
+adopted by the legislature; most of the charters of the old banks had
+expired prior to that time, and the State was without an adequate bank
+circulation of its own. The chief stockholders and managers of that
+corporation were men of high character and great wealth. The company had
+been successfully managed, and its credit was then deservedly high. Also
+the principal men of the company were leading Whigs, among these were
+Judges Jacob Burnett and John E. Wright of Cincinnati, Nathaniel Wright
+of Cincinnati and Alfred Kelley Esq., who was also at the same time a
+member of the senate from the Franklin district, and this application on
+the part of the company was backed by the presence and Personal influence
+of these gentlemen. The plea made by this company for this additional
+banking privilege was exceedingly plausible, and the measure was approved
+in a caucus of the Whig members almost without inquiry. The bill was
+introduced into the Senate by the Hon. Alfred Kelley, and its success was
+considered certain. Mr. Moses Kelly, alone of his party, expressed his
+opposition to the bill. Urged as the measure was by so many leading men,'
+and introduced by the acknowledged leader of the party, it seemed that
+such opposition must be fruitless. But on the third reading of the bill
+Mr. Kelly attacked it in a speech of great vigor, and strength of
+argument. He opposed it as unjust towards any banking system that might
+be established and as unwise in giving additional privileges to an
+already powerful corporation. Bat he opposed it chiefly because it gave
+to the corporation power to issue bills as money simply on individual
+security. He contended that whenever the State permitted any corporation
+or organization to issue bills to pass as money the faith of the State
+should be pledged to their ultimate redemption. While paying a high
+compliment to the ability and integrity of the managers of the Ohio Life
+and Trust Company, he declared there was no security but what in the
+future it might pass into the control of Wall street shavers and brokers,
+and from thence to ruin, and the people of the State left remediless with
+a worthless circulation in their hands. His vigorous opposition, and the
+strength of his argument awakened the attention of the party to the evils
+of the measure, and notwithstanding its powerful backing, the bill was
+effectually killed by Mr. Kelly's speech.
+
+Mr. Alfred Kelley was greatly grieved at the failure of this measure. He
+however lived to see his error, and the ruinous failure of that company
+through the recklessness of the Wall street management into whose hands,
+as had been predicted, that company finally fell. Judge John C. Wright,
+now in Columbus, advocated the aforesaid measure. He was then the senior
+editor of the Cincinnati Gazette, and the influence of his paper was given
+to the bill. Although old, he was in the full enjoyment of his powers of
+intellect, and at that time wielded a great influence in the political
+affairs of the State. It happened that he was present in the senate
+chamber when Mr. Kelly made his speech against the bill; although
+chagrined at the defeat of the measure in which he had such personal
+interest, so struck was he with the originality and force of the argument
+of Mr. Kelly, and with his independence of character, and ability to rise
+above mere party considerations in his legislative career, that he sought
+Mr. Kelly's personal acquaintance, and during the remainder of his life
+there existed a warm personal friendship between them.
+
+At the expiration of his term of service Mr. Kelly returned to the
+practice and ever since has devoted his energies to his profession. The
+office of Bolton & Kelly has been the school of many prominent lawyers.
+Among the members of the Cleveland Bar who studied under them are Messrs.
+F. T. Backus, George Willey, John E. Cary and his present partner, Mr.
+Griswold. Mr. Kelly was City Attorney in the year 1839, and a member of
+the City Council in 1841. While he was in the Council he was active in
+support of the Lake Shore improvement, which stopped the rapid
+encroachment of the Lake upon the shore in front of Lake street.
+
+In 1849, Mr. Kelly was appointed by the legislature one of the
+Commissioners of the city of Cleveland to subscribe on behalf of the city
+to the capital stock of the Cleveland & Pittsburgh Railroad Company. He
+accepted the trust, and for a number of successive years thereafter, until
+the stock of the city in that road was disposed of, was chosen a Director
+of the Cleveland & Pittsburgh Railroad Company, to represent the
+interests of this city in the capital stock of that company.
+
+In September, 1866, he was appointed by President Johnson District
+Attorney of the United States for the Northern District of Ohio, and held
+the office until the next March, not having been confirmed by the Radical
+senate for the reason that he had been a member of the Philadelphia
+Convention of the previous summer.
+
+On the organization of the City Bank of Cleveland under the law of 1845,
+Mr. Kelly became a stockholder therein and was a director, and its
+attorney, during its existence, and has continued in the same connection
+with the National City Bank which succeeded the former. He also for a
+number of years has been a director and attorney of the Cuyahoga Steam
+Furnace Company.
+
+Mr. Kelly was one of the organizers of St. Paul's Episcopal church, and
+has always remained a liberal supporter of the same.
+
+He was married in the year 1839 to Jane, the daughter of Gen. Hezekiah
+Howe, of New Haven, Conn.
+
+In 1850, Mr. Kelly purchased a tract of about thirty acres, being a part
+of what was then known as the "Giddings farm," fronting on Euclid avenue,
+a short distance East of Willson avenue. Here he soon after erected a
+tasteful dwelling, where he has since resided, and where in the leisure
+snatched from professional avocations he has gratified his taste for
+horticultural and agricultural pursuits.
+
+In person Mr. Kelly is tall and spare, and dignified in demeanor, and
+although he has reached three score, he is still active and in good
+health. His character for integrity is unblemished and in his long
+professional career has never been known to uphold or defend a
+dishonorable cause. His rule has been to decline advocating causes which,
+in his judgment, have neither merits nor justice. In social intercourse he
+is affable and genial, and in public, private and professional life, has
+always commanded the respect, esteem and confidence of his fellow men.
+Firm in his convictions of duty, and resolute in doing it, yet so
+respectful and courteous to opponents is he that he may be said to be a
+man without an enemy.
+
+The great rise in real estate and his professional earnings have rendered
+Mr. Kelly, if not what in these days would be called wealthy,
+comparatively rich, and surrounded, as he is, by an affectionate family
+and kind friends and possessed of all the enjoyments which culture and a
+successful life brings, we trust he may long continue amongst us.
+
+
+
+
+Thomas Bolton.
+
+
+
+It has been said of history, that it should never venture to deal
+except with periods comparatively remote. And this was doubtless true
+when literature was venal, or in any way subservient to royal or to
+party power.
+
+It has been alike suggested of biography, that it cannot be securely
+trusted in the portrayal of the living. And this is no doubt true where
+political or partisan objects are sought to be subserved. But with this
+exception the most faithful portraits may naturally be expected where
+the subjects of them are before us, and familiarly known to us. And so
+that the hand refrains from those warmer tints which personal friendship
+might inspire, and simply aims at sketches which the general judgment
+may recognize and approve, the task, however difficult, cannot be said
+to be unsafe.
+
+Thomas Bolton was born in Scipio, Cayuga county, New York, November 29th,
+1809. His father was an extensive farmer in that section of western New
+York, where rich fields, and flowing streams, and beautiful scenery, are
+happily combined.
+
+At seventeen he entered the High School on Temple Hill, in Geneseo, where
+he fitted for college; and in the Fall of 1829, he entered Harvard
+University, where he graduated in 1833, the first in his class in
+mathematics. In this connection, it is pleasant to advert to the fact
+that his most intimate schoolmate, classmate and fellow graduate, was
+Hon. Moses Kelly, who was afterwards his partner in the law for many
+years at Cleveland, and that between the two from boyhood down to the
+present day, there has been a steadfast and unbroken life-friendship
+almost fraternal, both now in affluence, but still living side by side.
+Such life-long friendships are unusual, but whenever they do exist, they
+imply the presence in both parties of true and trusty qualities which
+preserve their character as pure cement, exposed to any atmosphere, or
+tried in any furnace.
+
+[Illustration: Yours Truly, Thomas Bolton]
+
+After graduating, Mr. Bolton entered upon the study of law at
+Canandaigua, in the office of John G. Spencer, now deceased, but then a
+strong and distinguished name in the profession. At the end of a year he
+came west, to seek a permanent location to further pursue his studies and
+enter upon the practice, first stopping at Cleveland, on finding that any
+further west was hardly within the pale of civilization. Cleveland itself
+was then, September, 1834, but a mere village, of about twenty-five
+hundred inhabitants. Superior street had not been graded, and at its
+western terminus was higher than the first story of the Atwater Block, and
+the bank of the lake extended fifteen rods out beyond the present Union
+Depot. The village did not become a city till 1836, when at a public
+meeting to determine upon the corporate limits, Mr. Bolton was appointed
+on a committee to draft the charter, and urged that both sides of the
+river should be embraced, but was overruled, and Ohio City was established
+on the other side of the river as a sort of rival, but since consolidated
+with Cleveland. His connection with city affairs was renewed as
+Councilman in 1839, and as Alderman in 1841.
+
+But to go back to his professional life. Having studied law in the office
+of James L. Conger, at Cleveland, for a year, he was admitted to the Bar
+in September, 1835, by the Supreme Court of Ohio, on the Circuit, Chief
+Justice Peter Hitchcock, that Nestor among judges, then presiding. He was
+in partnership with Mr. Conger for a year, when he bought him out and sent
+for his old college friend, Mr. Kelly, with whom he formed a partnership,
+which continued until the Fall of 1856, a period of twenty years, when he
+was elected to the Bench.
+
+As bearing upon his political career, it may be narrated, that in the Fall
+of 1839, he was elected prosecuting attorney of the county, at which time
+the Whig party was largely in the ascendancy, commanding from 1,500 to
+2,000 majority, though he was a Democrat and nominated by the Democrats
+for the office. Two years later, at the expiration of his term, he was
+strongly solicited by both parties to take the office another term, but
+declined in consequence of the inadequacy of the salary.
+
+An incident occurred during his term as prosecuting attorney which had a
+marked effect upon the politics of Cleveland and its vicinity. Up to 1841,
+slave-owners were in the habit of sending their agents to Cleveland and
+causing their runaway slaves to be arrested and taken before a magistrate,
+when a warrant would be obtained to return the slave, and he would be
+carried back into slavery. All this was done openly and publicly, creating
+little or no excitement, and Mr. Bolton, in the practice of his
+profession, was more frequently employed for this purpose than any other
+attorney in the city. In the Spring of 1841, three negroes, who were
+claimed as slaves, had run away from New Orleans and were in Buffalo. The
+agent of their master applied to a law firm in Cleveland for assistance.
+At that time, slaves arrested in Buffalo were in the habit of claiming a
+trial by jury, which was granted. To avoid a jury, with its sympathies, it
+was thought advisable to get the negroes into Ohio, and, accordingly, one
+of the attorneys, the agent and a negro of Cleveland, repaired to Buffalo.
+On their return the three negroes came with them, and it was said they had
+been kidnapped. On their arrival at Cleveland, the negroes were arrested
+under the law of Congress as fugitives from service, and lodged in the
+county jail. This information coming to the ears of the few Abolitionists
+then in the city, among others the late Hon. Edward Wade and Hon. John A.
+Foot, lawyers at the time in full practice, they applied to the jailor for
+admission to consult with the negroes. But public opinion was so strongly
+prejudiced against the Abolitionists that neither the jailor nor the
+sheriff would permit any of them to communicate with the prisoners.
+Accidentally, a colored man inquired of Mr. Bolton if he would take up
+their defence. He readily assented, and being prosecuting attorney of the
+county, and it being well understood that he was not an Abolitionist, the
+doors of the jail were readily opened to him, and he immediately made
+preparations for a vigorous defence of the prisoners. A writ of _habeas
+corpus_ was immediately applied for to Judge Barber, one of the associate
+judges at the time; the negroes were brought before him, and their case
+continued for ninety days, to prepare for a defence.
+
+When it was known about town that Mr. Bolton had undertaken the defence of
+the negroes, great indignation was excited, and many threatened to tear
+down his office, and to use violence toward his person. This only aroused
+him to greater energy and effort in behalf of the prisoners. In the
+meantime indictments were procured in Buffalo against the alleged
+kidnappers, and the excitement in the city greatly increased, so that on
+the day of the trial the court-house was packed with people. After an
+investigation, which lasted two days, the court discharged the defendants
+and they went acquit.
+
+From the iniquitous proceeding in the case, and the manner in which it
+was prosecuted, and the excitement it produced, the community was led to
+reflect upon the iniquity of the system and the oppression of the law;
+and from that day till the slave-girl Lucy was sent back into Virginia
+slavery, in 1862, (to appease, it is said, the wrath of the rebels,) not
+a negro was sent back into slavery from the city of Cleveland, or county
+of Cuyahoga.
+
+Mr. Bolton left the Democratic party in 1848, or, as he claims, it left
+him when it adopted its national platform of that year. He then joined the
+Free Soil party, and was a delegate to the Buffalo Convention, and one of
+its secretaries. In February, 1856, he assisted in organizing the
+Republican party at the Pittsburgh Convention, and in the Summer of the
+same year was a delegate from this Congressional District in the
+Philadelphia Convention, which nominated Fremont and Dayton.
+
+When he was admitted to the Bar, the Court of Common Pleas, under the old
+Constitution, consisted of four members, a president judge and three
+associates, elected by the Legislature, and the Supreme Court of the State
+consisted of four judges, also chosen by the Legislature. A session of the
+Supreme Court was held by two of its members once a year in each county,
+and three sessions a year were held by the Court of Common Pleas in this
+and the adjoining counties. In 1835, Hon. Matthew Birchard, of Warren, was
+president judge. He was succeeded by Hon. Van R. Humphrey, of Hudson, and
+he by Hon. John W. Willey, of Cleveland, who died during his term. Hon.
+Reuben Hitchcock was appointed by the Governor to fill the vacancy, and
+Hon. Benjamin Bissel, of Painesville, was elected by the Legislature during
+the next session. Hon. Philemon Bliss, then of Elyria, and now Supreme
+Judge of Missouri, was afterward elected, and his term was cut short in
+1851, by the adoption of the new Constitution, under which the judges were
+elected by the people for the term of five years. Hon. Samuel Starkweather
+was the first judge elected under the new system, and in 1856. Mr. Bolton
+was chosen his successor. In 1861, he was unanimounanimouslynated and
+elected without opposition, and in 1866, at the expiration of his second
+term, he retired from the Bench and the Bar.
+
+We thus complete our outline sketch of the professional, judicial, and
+political career of one of our most prominent and respected citizens.
+
+He came to the Bar of Cleveland before Cleveland was a city, and entered
+upon practice with that force and earnestness which were the ruling
+elements of his nature. He had able competitors, but he was a strong man
+amongst them. His promptness in the courts was proverbial. He was always
+ready, and if he granted indulgences he never asked for any. He was less
+given to books than his partner, Mr. Kelly, who was the student and
+chancery member of the firm, but in the ordinary departments of the common
+law and in criminal practice, he was always at home. He prepared his
+causes with the most thorough premeditation of the line of his own
+evidence, and of all the opposing evidence that could possibly be
+anticipated. Hence he moved with rapidity and precision, and was never
+taken by surprise. His arguments were not elaborate, or studied in point
+of finish, but they were strong, downright practical, and to the point. In
+this sense he was a fine and effective speaker to courts and juries.
+
+These same characteristics he exhibited upon the Bench. Hardy and vigorous
+in his perceptions and understanding--thoroughly versed and ready in the
+law of pleadings and evidence--bringing to bear on the civil code, the
+logical training of the common law system--his ten years of service as a
+judge were honorable to himself and valuable to the public. In all the
+phases of his career and life he has been thoroughly upright.
+
+Retired upon an ample fortune, amassed by forecast and business
+energy--fond of his home, and devoted with entire liberality to the
+education of his children--independent of office and in all other
+ways--strong and robust as ever in person and in mind--he is still a power
+in any direction wherever he chooses so to be. His broad, projecting
+brow, his direct and forcible speech and bearing, symbolize his character.
+They assure you of vital energy, strong, practical comprehension,
+directness and will. He may have more of the "_fortiter in re_" than of
+the "_suaviter in modo_" but all who know him have faith in his truth,
+implicit reliance upon the hearty fidelity of his friendships, and
+assurance, that he is always loyal to his convictions, both in public and
+in private life.
+
+
+
+
+James M. Hoyt.
+
+
+
+Several years since, the writer of this was in conversation with a poor
+man who had a hard struggle with misfortune and sickness in his attempt to
+rear a large family, and secure them a humble homestead. In the course of
+conversation the name of James M. Hoyt was mentioned, and the poor man was
+inquired of who that gentleman was. "Lawyer Hoyt?" he replied, "why he's
+the _honest lawyer_, God bless him!" He who could acquire this title among
+the poor must be no ordinary man.
+
+[Illustration: James M. Hoyt]
+
+James M. Hoyt was born in Utica, New York, January 16, 1815. The
+circumstances of his parents were such that he was enabled to acquire a
+good education, and graduated at Hamilton College, Clinton, New York, in
+1834. On leaving College he commenced the study of law in Utica, but soon
+removed to Cleveland, where, in February, 1836, he read law in the office
+of Andrews & Foot. He remained with them in that capacity for one year,
+when a partnership was formed under the name of Andrews, Foot & Hoyt,
+which lasted about twelve years, and was dissolved only by the appointment
+of Judge Andrews to the bench of the Superior Court of Cuyahoga county.
+The firm of Foot & Hoyt continued four years longer, until in 1853, Mr.
+Hoyt withdrew from the practice of law and turned his attention wholly to
+the business of real estate, not as a broker, but as an operator on his
+own account, or in company with others, nearly all his operations being
+adjacent to the city. For the last twenty years his transactions have been
+very heavy, having made of land belonging to him wholly, or in part, in
+the city of Cleveland and its environs, thirty-one recorded sub-divisions,
+covering an area of five hundred acres, on which he has personally, or in
+connection with others interested with him, opened and named no less than
+seventy-six streets, including the well-known Croton, Laurel, Greenwood,
+Humbolt, Mahoning, Kelly, Lynden, Maple, Mayflower and Siegel streets, and
+Longwood avenue. He was also largely instrumental in opening Prospect
+beyond Hudson, and sold nearly half of the land on Kinsman street, besides
+selling a large amount of land on Superior and St. Clair streets; also on
+the West Side, Madison avenue, Long street, Colgate street and Waverly
+avenue. He has sold in all 3000 lots in Cleveland.
+
+Mr. Hoyt united with the Baptist church in Utica in 1835. Soon after
+coming to Cleveland he became connected with the First Baptist church
+Sunday school, and was its superintendent twenty-six years, when he
+resigned, and became teacher of a congregational Bible class, which labor
+of love he has performed for about three years, and still continues.
+
+In 1854, he was licensed to preach the Gospel, by the church with which he
+was connected. He was never ordained, and never contemplated being, but
+simply desired to testify to Christian truth as a business man on the
+principle of "He that heareth, let him say come." For the past fifteen
+years he has labored in that capacity more or less in nearly all the
+Protestant denominations in the city and elsewhere.
+
+In 1854, he was elected President of the Ohio Baptist State Convention,
+and has been re-elected annually ever since, and has held anniversaries
+in nearly every city of the State. In 1866, he was elected president of
+the American Baptist Home Mission Society, being the national
+organization for missions for North America, has been re-elected
+annually, and still holds the office. Through all this time Mr. Hoyt has
+made many public addresses, and given lectures on both secular and
+religious subjects, in addition to publishing a number of articles,
+reviews and other literary work.
+
+He was married in 1836 to Miss Mary Ella Beebe, in the city of New York.
+Of this marriage have been born six children, five of whom are living. The
+oldest daughter, Mary Ella, died in 1854, aged fourteen. The oldest son,
+Wayland, is in the Baptist ministry, and is now pastor of the Strong Place
+Baptist church, Brooklyn, N. Y. The second son, Colgate, is now clerk and
+assistant in his father's business. The daughter, Lydia, is the wife of
+Mr. E. J. Farmer, banker of this city.
+
+We do not think it is exaggeration to say, that not a man in the city has
+more entwined himself with the affection of the people than Mr. Hoyt. For
+many years he has had the power to do untold evil to the poor, and to do
+it with a show of justice and legality, but this power was never
+exercised. Of the thousands of lots sold by him, a very large proportion
+have been for homesteads for the poor, hundreds of whom became involved
+through sickness, or other misfortunes, and were not able to make payments
+when due; many men died and left encumbered homes for widows to struggle
+on with, but they never lacked a friend in James M. Hoyt. Other creditors
+would sometimes crowd such persons, but to the extent of his ability he
+always kept them at bay, and if the load was in any case too heavy, would
+sell for the embarrassed owners, and give them the benefit of the rise in
+property. Time and again have we heard such things from the grateful poor.
+
+He is liberal with his means, contributing freely for religious and
+charitable purposes. In politics he has ever sided with the party of
+progress, and, although not a politician, has added his means and
+exertions to the cause whenever necessary. During the war against the
+rebellion he was an energetic supporter of the Government, and rendered
+valuable aid to the cause of loyalty by his money and influence.
+
+Mr. Hoyt, since his retirement from the legal profession, has devoted much
+time to those liberal studies which are too apt to be neglected amid the
+engrossing engagements of the Bar. He is a ripe scholar in English
+history, and especially in the period between the Revolution of 1688 and
+the accession of the House of Hanover. With an eminently practical turn of
+mind, he is not disinclined to meta-physical investigations, and we well
+remember the enthusiasm and keen zest with which he passed many winter
+evenings at the house of a friend in reading, analyzing, and applying the
+canons of criticism to Burke's Essay on the Sublime and Beautiful. His
+article on Miracles, published in the October number, 1863, of the
+Christian Review, contains one of the most searching examinations of
+Hume's doctrines extant. It presents a vexed subject in a new and striking
+light, and offers an unanswerable argument to the sophistries of the great
+skeptic. The article has been widely circulated and much admired for its
+logical acumen, and its striking simplification of an apparently complex
+subject. With the faculty, in a large degree, of presenting abstract truth
+in a form plain, attractive and intelligible to the common understanding,
+it is to be hoped that Mr. Hoyt will continue to contribute to the higher
+departments of our periodical literature, and thus by his studies and his
+pen add to his present usefulness in his daily avocation, for we seldom
+find one blessed with such a versatility of talent. He is methodical in
+everything, and thorough in everything. In short, he is a good lawyer, a
+good preacher, a good citizen, a good business man, a good father, a good
+neighbor, and a true friend. He is now only fifty-four years of age, both
+mentally and physically vigorous, and we sincerely hope his life of
+usefulness may be extended many years.
+
+
+
+
+Franklin T. Backus.
+
+
+
+Franklin T. Backus, was born in Lee, Berkshire county, Massachusetts, May
+6th, 1813. He was the son of Thomas and Rebecca Backus. While Franklin T.
+was very young, his father removed to Lansing, New York, where he shortly
+died, leaving a large family of young children to the care of his
+surviving widow, with limited means for their support and education. In
+consequence of this, the subject of this sketch was early in life inured
+to hardy exercise upon a farm, to which, in after life, he has attributed
+his strong constitution, and ability to endure confinement, and the
+severest mental toil incident to an extensive legal practice.
+
+It would be inappropriate in a brief sketch, to refer to and narrate
+incidents of boyhood days, and they are therefore passed over. Mr. Backus,
+while in early youth, became possessed of an unconquerable desire for
+knowledge, and while laboring with his hands, his mind was busy
+determining how he should secure the advantages of education. No
+superficial acquirements could satisfy him. Added to native talents, of a
+high order, were thoroughness and perseverance in everything which he
+resolved to undertake, and these traits applied particularly to him as a
+student. After resolving to obtain a thorough classical education, he set
+about it in earnest, and in an unusually short period of time, prepared
+himself, and on examination, entered the junior class of Yale College in
+1834. Though the only time actually spent in college was during his junior
+and senior years, yet his standing was very high, and he graduated at Yale
+in 1836, occupying a position of one of the best mathematicians in his
+class. Soon after, he was tendered the position of assistant professor, or
+instructor in that venerable institution, an honor accorded to but few in
+so short a time after graduation.
+
+On leaving Yale, Mr. Backus settled in Cleveland, Ohio, where he
+established a classical school, which at once became very popular and
+successful, and shortly afterwards commenced the study of law with
+Messrs. Bolton & Kelly, who were among the leading members of the
+Cuyahoga county Bar.
+
+In August, 1839, he was admitted to the practice of law at Cleveland, the
+Supreme Court then being in session there, and entered at once upon the
+practice of his profession, in which, from the beginning, he took a high
+position. He was also an active politician, and as a member of the Whig
+party, participated largely in its active operations in the State, as well
+as in his own district, and was frequently a recipient of its honors.
+
+In 1841, he was elected to the office of prosecuting attorney of Cuyahoga
+county, having been nominated to that office in a contest in which several
+who were older and more experienced in the profession than he, were
+candidates. His administration of the office was in the highest degree
+able and successful, and so met the approval of the public, that he was
+renominated by his party and elected for the second term of two years.
+
+In January, 1842, Mr. Backus was married to Miss Lucy Mygatt, daughter of
+George Mygatt, Esq., then of Painesville, now of Cleveland. The choice was
+a most suitable and wise one, and Mrs. Backus still lives, the light and
+joy of their home.
+
+In 1846, Mr. Backus was elected as a member of the House of
+Representatives in the Ohio Legislature, and continued there only one
+term, refusing a renomination. In 1848, he was elected to the Senate of
+Ohio, in which he took a commanding position, and was widely talked of
+among his friends in various parts of the State as a suitable candidate
+for the United States Senate, as well as for the House of Representatives
+in Congress.
+
+From the breaking out of the Rebellion to its close, he was as strenuous
+an advocate as any one could be, of putting down the Rebellion at any
+hazard of blood and treasure, but differed widely as to some of the
+measures and policy adopted by the Government, and consequently, did not,
+at, or about the close of the war, act with the Republican party, nor has
+he since; and though not an active politician, he is now generally
+recognized as a member of the Democratic party.
+
+In 1840, Mr. Backus associated himself in the legal practice with J. P.
+Bishop, Esq., with whom he continued for fifteen years. Mr. Bishop was
+afterwards chosen one of the judges of the Court of Common Pleas of the
+Cleveland district. Afterwards, for several years, he was associated with
+that able jurist, Judge R. P. Ranney, and now, for some years, he has been
+associated with E. J. Estep, Esq., in his profession.
+
+That he stood high in his profession in the State as well as in Cleveland,
+is shown by the fact that he was nominated, by the Whig party, as
+candidate for Supreme Judge of Ohio, and afterwards by the Republican
+party for the same office, but failed of an election because the party
+nominating him was unsuccessful each of those years in Ohio.
+
+Mr. Backus' life for the last twenty years has been almost exclusively
+devoted to his profession. When the railroads were projected which made
+Cleveland one of their terminations he embarked in the enterprise of their
+location and construction, and was early retained as their attorney and
+counsel, and has been acting as such to the present time. The Cleveland,
+Columbus & Cincinnati Railroad, from the beginning, so far as legal
+services have been required, has been under his special supervision. His
+knowledge of the department of law appertaining to corporations, and his
+ability as a corporation lawyer, it is believed, is not surpassed. The
+same may be said of him as a land lawyer, especially in regard to all
+questions arising in the northern part of this State. In short, Mr. Backus
+has had a very wide and varied experience in almost every branch of legal
+practice, and in every case in which he has suffered himself to be
+retained, he has made it a principle to be thorough and accurate, and to
+possess himself of a full knowledge of his case in all its aspects.
+
+As a summary as to Mr. Backus as a lawyer, it is the opinion of those best
+acquainted with him and his professional ability, acquirements and
+experience, that, as a whole, he is unsurpassed by any in the State.
+
+In nearly all the great enterprises of the city his advice and
+co-operation have been sought, and where legal advice and aid have been
+required, his services have often been called into requisition by the
+city. He not only has occupied the position professionally, before spoken
+of, but has, and does, still occupy high positions of trust, both for the
+city and individuals, and in such matters it may be safely said, there are
+few men living in whom more implicit confidence is reposed.
+
+The extent of his varied legal practice can only be judged of in part, by
+his appearance in court. His business out of court has constituted by far
+the largest and most important part of his practice, and has always been
+done with a view to saving his client from litigation in future, so far as
+possible, and this he has accomplished.
+
+In pecuniary matters Mr. Backus has been successful, not only as the
+fruits of arduous professional labors, but in other respects.
+
+Mr. Backus is a very benevolent and liberal man, also, but his generosity
+is not in the beaten track. It is bestowed unseen and unknown by the
+public, and his own judgment selects the object of his bounty. His
+friendship when once bestowed is undying and changes not with time or
+circumstances so long as the person on whom it is bestowed proves worthy
+of his confidence.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: Yours truly, J. P. Bishop]
+
+
+Jesse P. Bishop.
+
+
+
+Judge Bishop was born in New Haven, Vermont, June 1, 1815, and was taken
+with his father's family to St. Lawrence county, New York, whilst yet a
+child. His father died when he was but nine years old, and his mother
+returned to Vermont, taking her children with her. As soon as he was of
+age to be serviceable, he was apprenticed to a farmer until his
+fourteenth year, at the expiration of which time he resided with an uncle
+until his seventeenth year, when he left farm work in order to acquire an
+education. He studied hard for four or five years, partly maintaining
+himself by teaching school, and at length had prepared himself for a
+collegiate course.
+
+In 1836, he came to Cleveland, and after an experience in a counting-room
+one season, he concluded that he was better adapted for a literary life.
+Accordingly he entered Western Reserve College, and on examination was
+admitted to the senior class.
+
+In 1838, he began the study of law with Hon. Rufus P. Spalding, afterwards
+with Andrews, Foote & Hoyt, and subsequently with Varnum J. Card, and was
+admitted to practice August, 1839, when he immediately entered into
+partnership with Mr. Card, who, however, died about one year later, and
+Mr. Bishop formed a partnership with F. T. Backus. This business connection
+continued fifteen years.
+
+In 1856, Mr. Bishop was elected to the Common Pleas Judgeship of this
+county and district, and served with great satisfaction both to members
+of the profession and to the public. His decisions were characterized by
+a painstaking research, and an exhaustless consideration of the
+principles of law involved, indicating a clear, accurate and
+discriminating mind. It is believed that very few of his decisions were
+ever reversed by a higher court, which is of itself sufficient testimony
+to his ability and industry. At the end of his term he declined being a
+candidate, and at once resumed the practice of law. In this he still
+continues, having associated with him Seymour F. Adams, recently of the
+Lewis county Bar, New York.
+
+Mr. Bishop's life has been one of constant application to business, having
+no idle time, and scarcely any leisure moments. With him a decision is not
+reached by intuition, but by careful study, but when he takes hold of a
+subject he studies it thoroughly to its conclusion, and is master of all
+its points. Although Mr. Bishop has never been what may be termed
+physically robust, he possesses great power of prolonged mental
+application. And being also endowed with a most remarkably retentive
+memory, his mind is stored with a very comprehensive knowledge of law. And
+if there be one faculty of his mind more than another, that gives
+character to the man, it is his prodigious memory of facts. In a case that
+recently came under our notice, Judge Bishop gave evidence pertaining to a
+matter that occurred some twenty years since, with apparently as much
+precision as if the events occurred but yesterday.
+
+In social and religions circles Judge Bishop ranks high. He is agreeable
+in private life, and thoroughly conscientious in moral and religious
+matters. He has long been a valued and honored member of the Baptist
+denomination. By his uprightness of character, courtesy of demeanor, and
+general good qualities, he has won the respect and esteem of a very
+large circle.
+
+
+
+
+Henry H. Dodge.
+
+
+
+Amongst the very earliest settlers in Cleveland, was Samuel Dodge, the
+father of the subject of this notice, who emigrated from Westmoreland, New
+Hampshire, to this place, in 1797, being then about 21 years of age. On
+arriving at Cleveland he built a log shanty, and remained about one year,
+when he went to Detroit, and remained about the same length of time, and
+returned to Cleveland, which he considered his home. Here and in the
+adjoining township he resided to the day of his death, which occurred
+October 3d, 1854, aged 78 years. About seven years after coming to
+Cleveland he married a Miss Nancy Doan, of Connecticut, who died in
+Cleveland, December 19th, 1863, leaving two sons, George C. and Henry H.
+
+It is said that Samuel Dodge built the first frame building in this city,
+about the year 1800, and which was a barn for Governor Samuel Huntington,
+at that time living at Painesville. His proper business was that of a
+wheelwright, but adapted himself to all kinds of wood-work in the new
+country. During the war of 1812, he took a contract of Major Jessup, the
+commander at this point, for building a large number of boats for the
+Government, both here and at Erie.
+
+[Illustration: Respectfully Yours, Henry H Dodge]
+
+Henry H. was born August 19th, 1810, and enjoyed what educational
+advantages Cleveland afforded, finishing his education under Hon. Harvey
+Rice. At the age of twenty he commenced the study of law with Hon. John
+W. Willey. In 1835, he married Miss Mary Ann Willey, a niece of Mr.
+Willey, of which marriage seven children were born. Mrs. Dodge died
+February 4, 1867.
+
+Mr. Dodge was admitted to the Bar at the same time with H. V. Willson and
+H. B. Payne, in 1834. He at once entered into partnership with Mr. Willey,
+and continued with him until the latter was elected to the president
+judgeship of the Court of Common Pleas, in 1840. Mr. Dodge then withdrew
+from the practice of law to devote his whole attention to the duties of a
+disbursing agent of the United States, for public works, to which he had
+been appointed two years previously. He held that position until 1841. He
+was also commissioner of insolvents during 1837 and 1838.
+
+In 1850, he was appointed State engineer, having charge of public works,
+and retained the position until 1855. On the organization of the United
+States District Court for Northern Ohio, he was appointed United States
+Commissioner, and held that office for three years. In 1859, he was again
+appointed State engineer, and continued as such until 1862, since which
+time he has devoted himself wholly to his real estate interests, opening
+up new streets, building tenement houses, and materially aiding in the
+growth and beauty of the eastern portion of the city. As early as 1837, he
+built the large brick block on the corner of Ontario and Prospect streets,
+formerly known as the Farmers' Block, which was, at that time, one of the
+largest in the city.
+
+Mr. Dodge, through all his offices of trust as well as private business,
+has maintained a character for integrity and honor. He is unassuming and
+affable, and well calculated to enjoy the handsome competency accruing
+from the rise of his early real estate purchases, and being of a
+remarkably kind and benevolent disposition, one of his chief pleasures
+arises from the consciousness of doing good, by assisting those who are in
+need, to the extent of his ability. During the war he was most active in
+the country's cause, and spent his time and means freely in furnishing
+substitutes and rendering comfort to the families of our brave defenders,
+and we think, more than anything else, this desire to promote the
+prosperity and happiness of mankind, gives character to him.
+
+Mr. Dodge has resided on Euclid avenue over thirty years, having built
+the residence now owned by General Oviatt, adjoining the present residence
+of Mr. D. P. Eells, in 1838, the site at that time being outside the city
+limits. After a few years he sold this to Thomas Bolton, and in 1840,
+built a brick cottage opposite Brownell street, which he occupied about
+fifteen years, when it gave place to the present edifice, the land having
+been in the family since the year 1800.
+
+
+
+
+James M. Coffinberry.
+
+
+
+Judge Coffinberry is a native of Mansfield, Ohio, having been born in that
+town in 1818. He studied law with his father, Andrew Coffinberry, Esq.,
+then located at Perrysburg, in the western part of the State, and upon his
+admission to the Bar in 1841, opened a law office in connection with his
+father in Maumee City. He very early obtained the public confidence, being
+appreciated for his high personal and professional integrity, and giving
+evidence of fine abilities as a lawyer and advocate, he was elected and
+served as prosecuting attorney for Lucas county for several years. About
+the year 1845, he removed to Hancock county, and purchased and edited the
+Findlay Herald, a Whig paper of that day, and for about ten years
+practiced his profession with credit and success in the large circuit of
+Hancock, Allen, Putnam, Van Wert, and Wood counties.
+
+In 1855, he removed to Cleveland, where he entered very readily into a
+good practice, and for six years confirmed the good reputation which he
+brought with him, and took high rank at a Bar which numbers among its
+members sortie of the best lawyers in the State.
+
+In 1861, he was elected judge of the Court of Common Pleas, and performed
+the duties of the office for his full term of five years, with credit to
+himself and to the eminent satisfaction of the public, and an appreciative
+Bar. The kind and genial traits are characteristics of Judge Coffinberry's
+mind, and his quiet manners upon the Bench made it always agreeable for
+both lawyers and suitors doing business in his court. His charges to the
+jury were always plain, clear, and forcible, and in the course of his
+judicial service, he delivered some very able opinions, verbal and
+written, which elicited the favorable consideration of the profession, and
+it is understood that no judicial opinion pronounced by him has ever been
+reversed on review of a higher court. The charge to the jury on the trial
+of Dr. John W. Hughes, for the murder of Tamzen Parsons, of Bedford, which
+took place in December, 1865, was acknowledged by the Cleveland Bar to be
+one of the ablest ever delivered from the Cuyahoga Bench.
+
+[Illustration: Yours Truly, J. M. Coffinberry]
+
+Judge Coffinberry is remarkable for an apparently intuitive perception of
+legal truth, which gives to his argument at the Bar, and as a lawyer and
+judge, to his opinions, a tone of originality. He has a fine appreciation
+of the learning of the profession, but though not, strictly speaking,
+technical in his administration of the law, he is never unmindful of its
+nicest distinctions, but makes them subservient to his broad and liberal
+views of the case. He has now returned to the practice of his profession,
+and is regarded as among the best advocates of the Cleveland Bar.
+
+While Mr. Coffinberry has won distinction as a lawyer, the following
+record will show that he is amongst our most enterprising and energetic
+business men, outside of his profession: He is president of the Midas
+Insurance Company; a director in the Willow Bank Coal Company; a director
+of the Tuscarawas Iron and Coal Company; was one of the projectors of the
+People's Gas and Coke Company, of the West Side; has been a director of
+the Mahoning Railroad Company; director and attorney for the Fremont and
+Indiana Railroad Company; took an active interest in the construction of
+the West Side street railroad, and also the Rocky River Railroad; he was a
+member of the City Council for two years, and president of that body.
+
+In politics, he was formerly a Whig, but now acts with the Democrats. He
+was principal Secretary of the Great Union Convention that nominated the
+late David Tod for Governor.
+
+Judge Coffinberry has been successful in almost every undertaking, and has
+richly deserved it.
+
+
+
+
+James Mason.
+
+
+
+No member of the Cleveland legal fraternity stands higher in the respect
+of his colleagues and the general public, both for legal abilities and
+personal qualities, than James Mason. As a lawyer he stands in the front
+rank of the profession, his extensive reading, well balanced judgment, and
+logical reasoning, making him one of the most reliable counsellors and
+successful practitioners, whether before a court or a jury, whilst no more
+valuable or respected citizen is found among the list of residents of
+Cleveland.
+
+Mr. Mason was born in the Autumn of 1816, in Canton, Ohio, of Vermont
+stock, his parents having early emigrated to this State. He was carefully
+educated at a good school in Trumbull county, and spent two years in
+Western Reserve College. In 1835, he entered the senior class in Jefferson
+College and graduated with the class of 1836.
+
+On leaving College he studied law with Hon. A. W. Loomis, in New Lisbon,
+Ohio, and was admitted to the Bar in 1839, when he practiced in
+partnership with his preceptor until 1845. With the close of this
+partnership he went abroad and spent some time in foreign travel,
+returning in 1851, when he removed to Cleveland and opened a law office.
+His abilities and assiduous attention to business soon brought him a
+large and remunerative practice. Among other business he became the
+legal adviser of the Cleveland & Toledo Railroad Company, and also one
+of its directors. The value of his connection with the company was
+speedily recognized and acknowledged. Business of the highest class came
+to him until he has come to find his time fully occupied by the best
+class of practice.
+
+The duties of his profession, though laborious, are not allowed to engross
+the whole of his time to the exclusion of domestic pleasures and social
+enjoyments. The general culture of Mr. Mason's mind, in addition to his
+legal attainments, and his affable manner, make him an agreeable companion
+for social intercourse, and together with his sterling qualities as a man,
+and his patriotism as a citizen, have won for him a host of friends warmly
+attached to him, and loyally resolved to do him honor.
+
+Mr. Mason was married in 1853, to Miss Caroline Robinson, of Willoughby.
+Of this marriage there are five children.
+
+
+
+
+Daniel R. Tilden.
+
+
+
+The name of Daniel R. Tilden has long been familiar in Cleveland and its
+vicinity. For fifteen years he has held the office of Probate Judge of
+Cuyahoga county, and from the nature of his office, has been brought into
+connection with a large proportion of the citizens, and become intimately
+acquainted with their personal and family affairs. Many of these business
+acquaintances became warm personal friends, and it is believed that
+neither by his official, nor by his private life, has Judge Tilden made
+one real enemy.
+
+Mr. Tilden was born in Lebanon, Connecticut, November 5th, 1806, He
+received a fair common school education, and on reaching his eighteenth
+year, left his native State for the South, residing four years in North
+Carolina and Virginia. But the South was not a congenial soil for the son
+of the genuine Yankee State, so he turned his steps westward, and set out
+for Ohio. At Garrettsville, Portage county, he halted awhile, and then
+went to study law with Mr. Pierson, at Ravenna. To complete his legal
+education, he entered the office of R. P. Spalding, and studied with him
+for some time.
+
+In 1831, a movement was on foot to agitate the question of abolishing
+slavery. The movement was exceedingly unpopular, and it required
+considerable nerve to profess abolition sentiments. Now, when no other
+principle is avowed, it scarcely seems possible that men, now among us in
+the prime of life, had to endure obloquy, ridicule, and even danger, for
+expressing sentiments that no one now dreams of dissenting from. Among the
+first to espouse the abolition doctrines was Judge Tilden. With Robert F.
+Paine he commenced the work of organizing an Abolition Society in
+Garrettsville, the first of the kind in Portage county. In this work he
+labored with unwearied zeal, and became extensively known as one of the
+most prominent and active of anti-slavery leaders.
+
+In 1832, Mr. Tilden was elected justice of the peace, and continued in
+that office four years; soon after the conclusion of the term, he formed a
+law partnership with Judge Spalding, at Ravenna. This arrangement
+continued about four years, when he formed a partnership with W. S. G.
+Otis, which lasted about three years, and was terminated by Judge Tilden
+becoming prosecuting attorney, an office he held four years.
+
+In 1842, Judge Tilden was elected to Congress as a Whig, from the district
+composed of Summit, Portage, and Trumbull counties, and was in the House
+of Representatives during the exciting debates relative to the annexation
+of Texas and the Mexican war. He, with twelve others, took a bold stand
+against the war, making several speeches of very marked ability. He and
+his associates, among whom were Gov. Vance, Columbus Delano, and Joseph
+Root, refused to vote for the bill furnishing means to carry on the war,
+because of the preamble to the bill, which said: "Whereas, we are, by the
+act of Mexico, become engaged in war," &c., &c. This, Judge Tilden and his
+associates considered false, they would not vote for the bill until it was
+stricken out, and the names of these thirteen were sent throughout the
+country surrounded with a funeral border.
+
+At the Baltimore Convention that nominated General Scott, Judge Tilden
+represented Lake and Summit counties; and at the Philadelphia Convention
+that nominated Taylor, he represented Summit, Trumbull, and Portage.
+
+In 1852, Judge Tilden removed to Cleveland and formed a law partnership
+with Hon. H. B. Payne. Two years afterwards he was elected Probate Judge,
+of Cuyahoga county, and filled the position with such marked satisfaction
+to his constituents that he was re-elected at the close of every term, and
+still holds the office he has filled for fifteen consecutive years.
+
+When practicing law, Judge Tilden was distinguished for his abilities as
+an advocate, and his qualifications for the judicial office he fills is
+attested by his repeated re-elections to it. His officiai conduct has been
+marked by uniform kindness, attention to the duties of his office, and the
+interests of those having business with it, and a constant endeavor to do
+right by all, whether rich or poor, learned or ignorant. If he has
+committed any errors--and no Judge, from the Supreme Court down, but must
+plead guilty to some--they have been errors of judgment only, and not of
+interest. No one can deny to Judge Tilden unimpeached honesty of purpose,
+warmth of heart, and an earnest endeavor to deal justly with all men.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: Yours Truly, C. M. Palmer]
+
+
+Charles W. Palmer.
+
+
+
+Prominent among the young men of the profession who promise to take
+and worthily fill the places of the old leaders of the Cleveland Bar
+now partly superannuated and soon to retire from active life, is
+Charles W. Palmer.
+
+Mr. Palmer was born in Norwich, New London county, Connecticut, September
+8, 1826. Nine years after, his father, Joseph B. Palmer removed to
+Cleveland with his family, and was for a time engaged in the storage
+business on the river. He is now in the employ of the Cleveland &
+Pittsburgh Railroad Company. Charles had only the advantages of the common
+schools until he was sixteen, but before he reached that age he had
+manifested an industry at his books which promised well for his future. He
+taught school on "the ridge" West of Cleveland, walking out to the school
+house and back before and after school hours, and at the same time
+prosecuting his own studies. He prepared for College under Rev. S. B.
+Canfield and W. D. Beattie, of Cleveland, and when nearly eighteen was
+admitted to Western Reserve College at Hudson. He graduated in 1848, with
+the highest honors of his class. For two years after graduation he was
+principal of the High School in Akron, and the next year a tutor in
+Western Reserve College. Coming to Cleveland again after this, he studied
+law in the office of Judge Foote, and was admitted to the Bar in the Fall
+of 1853. In the Spring of the following year he made his first success in
+political life, being elected to the City Council. In the Spring of 1859,
+he was elected city attorney. The duties of this office he discharged
+satisfactorily to all, and found the practice it brought a material help
+in his profession. In the Fall of 1863, Mr. Palmer was elected prosecuting
+attorney for the county. Here he was brought very prominently into notice
+by the successful prosecution of several important cases.
+
+In his profession, Mr. Palmer has been a constantly rising man, until now
+he is on one or the other side of most of the important cases in our
+courts. His reputation as a criminal lawyer is especially high. In 1865,
+he prosecuted the celebrated Hughes murder case successfully. Two years
+afterwards he defended McConnell, the murderer, and in 1868, defended
+Mrs. Victor, in one of the most remarkable poisoning cases ever brought
+into court. His argument in the latter case was a masterpiece of legal
+acumen, forcible exposition, and polished speech. Mr. Palmer began the
+practice of law in Cleveland in the firm of Palmer & Austin. Afterwards he
+was associated with R. B. Dennis, Esq., and at present he is senior in the
+firm of Palmer & De Wolf.
+
+In July, 1819, Mr. Palmer married Miss Sabrina Parks, of Hudson, Ohio.
+This estimable lady died in little more than a year after the marriage,
+leaving a son but a few weeks old. The son still survives. In 1855, Mr.
+Palmer married Miss Minerva Stone, a sister of Mr. S. S. Stone, of
+Cleveland. This second wife died in childbed eleven months after marriage,
+and in 1858, Mr. Palmer married his present wife. She was Miss Lucy
+Hubbell, a daughter of Calvin Hubbell, Esq., of New York. By this marriage
+there is a son now about ten years old.
+
+In politics, Mr. Palmer has been a member of the Republican party since
+its organization. He gave the war for the Union an earnest, active and
+powerful support. No man appreciated more thoroughly the principles
+involved in that contest, and few indeed have the power to present those
+principles so well as he. His party services have been numerous and
+efficient. A man of fine personal appearance, with a fair, open face,
+which carries with it the conviction of sincerity in all he says,
+possessed of a grace of manner which makes it a pleasure to hear him on
+any subject, and having such a command of language as to enable him to put
+his thoughts in the fittest words, he is of course a favorite speaker
+always. He has a conscientiousness in all he does, which never allows him
+to treat carelessly any matter, even in an unexpected public speech. There
+are few men in Cleveland who carry so much weight in speaking, whether it
+be before a court and jury, or to a general assembly of people. Taking an
+intelligent interest in all public affairs, he yet devotes himself
+studiously to his profession, in which he has as bright prospects as any
+man at his age need wish for.
+
+
+
+
+William Collins.
+
+
+
+William Collins was born at Lowville, New York, the county seat of Lewis
+county, February 22, 1818. He was a son of Ela Collins, who was a son of
+General Oliver Collins, of Oneida county, New York, and Maria Clinton,
+daughter of Rev. Isaac Clinton, of Lowville.
+
+Mr. Collins read law with his father, and was admitted to practice in the
+courts of New York, at Rochester, in September, 1813. In October, 1843, he
+formed a copartnership with his father, under the firm name of E. & W.
+Collins. They continued in active and successful practice until the death
+of his father, in 1849. Immediately after Mr. Collins' admission to the
+Bar, he was elected, as the successor of his father, public prosecutor.
+This office he held until 1846, when he resigned, having been elected, by
+the Democratic party, in November, 1846, at the age of twenty-seven, a
+member of the House of Representatives, in the Thirtieth Congress. The
+district represented by him was composed of Lewis and St. Lawrence
+counties. He was in Congress in the years 1847-8-9, during the first
+agitation of the question of extending slavery to the free territories.
+Mr. Collins opposed the proposed extension with much zeal and ability.
+Among his speeches will be found one delivered July 28, 1848, on the "Bill
+to establish the territorial government of Oregon," advocating the Wilmot
+Proviso. Apart from its merit as a brilliant literary production, it
+contains many passages that will be read with much interest by the general
+reader, as showing the beginning of the end at which we have arrived.
+Slavery itself having now become a matter of history, we think it will be
+of interest to introduce the following extracts from the Congressional
+Globe of July, 1848:
+
+  I shall assume, then, sir, that the institution does not exist in our
+  late Mexican acquisitions, but that it has been effectually prohibited.
+  The real question, then, is shall the laws securing _freedom_ in these
+  Territories be abolished, and _slavery_ established? This is indeed,
+  sir, a question of the gravest magnitude. To millions of the oppressed
+  and degraded children of Africa, it is an issue upon which depends all
+  that is dear to them in life--all that is bitter in the hour of death.
+  It seems to me, sir, that they are even now stretching forth their dark
+  hands, and beseeching us, in the name of the God of liberty whom our
+  fathers worshipped, to remove from them the poisoned cup of bondage--to
+  forge for them no more chains. The termination of this question also
+  involves the dearest interests of every person in this country who
+  desires to sustain himself by honorable labor. It intimately concerns
+  our national honor, reputation, and progress in the great family of
+  nations. The two hundred and fifty thousand immigrants who annually land
+  upon our shores are in pursuit of 'free soil and free labor.' Can we
+  pronounce in favor of slavery, without danger to our experiment at
+  self-government? If we thus decide, what will become of the cherished
+  hopes of the friends of civilization, Christianity, and human progress?
+
+  Those who insist upon preserving freedom in the Territories, have no
+  desire to disturb the institution of slavery in the States. The
+  Constitution confers upon them no such authority. They could not
+  interfere with it if they would, and they would not if they could. They
+  have ever heretofore been, and still are, ready strictly to fulfil the
+  constitutional provisions upon this subject.
+
+  I shall aim to discuss this question with a proper regard for the most
+  sensitive feelings of our brethren of the slave States, but also, sir,
+  with a plainness commensurate with its profound importance. The
+  legislatures of thirteen of the States of the Union, including Delaware,
+  which still has two thousand slaves, have passed resolutions instructing
+  their Senators and requesting their Representatives in Congress to
+  oppose any further extension of slavery. There is but one sentiment upon
+  this subject throughout the free States--it is that of eternal and
+  _uncompromising_ hostility to the project. They will never consent that
+  the free and virgin soil of the Territories shall be blighted and cursed
+  by the tears of the slave, while they have a will to determine, or a
+  muscle to resist.
+
+  The proposition to make this Government the instrument for planting
+  slavery upon soil now free, is regarded by a few at the North as so
+  improbable and monstrous, that they have refused to believe that it is
+  seriously entertained. Startling as the proposal is, it is nevertheless
+  true.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+  Another argument employed by these apologists is, that the 'Proviso,' or
+  a law prohibiting slavery in these Territories, is unnecessary; that it
+  is an abstraction--a 'firebrand' employed by demagogues and factionists
+  to kindle strife in the Democratic party; that the Territories are now
+  free, and that they will so continue, unless an act of Congress is
+  passed establishing slavery. It is impossible to avoid asking ourselves
+  why, if these gentlemen are sincere--if they truly believe that slavery
+  can not and will not go there, and they do not desire that it
+  should--why they so strenuously oppose the passage of such a
+  prohibition? If their views are correct, then such a law would be a mere
+  harmless superfluity. But, sir, this '_firebrand of freedom_' is a thing
+  more exalted and noble than a mere abstraction. It is wielded by men of
+  strong arms, adamantine will, and hearts animated by the divine impulses
+  of patriotism and liberty. They have registered a vow in Heaven to
+  employ every lawful and constitutional means to roll back the dark tide
+  of slavery from the temple of Freedom, and vindicate the character of
+  the Republic from the disgrace and reproach of establishing slavery in a
+  free territory. We are no abstractionists. The Representatives in this
+  Congress from the fifteen slaveholding States of the Union, without an
+  exception, and without distinction of party, avow an intention to carry
+  their slaves into these Territories, and there hold them in bondage.
+  They assert, with passionate vehemence, that they have such a
+  constitutional right. They have even told us, sir, that, regardless of
+  the remonstrances of the people of the North--heedless of any
+  prohibitory law of Congress upon the subject, they would invade the free
+  soil of the Pacific, and take with them their slaves, and weapons of
+  defence! Are these declarations abstractions? Do they make no appeal for
+  immediate, energetic and prohibitory legislation?
+
+[Illustration: W. Collins]
+
+  When driven from every other argument, gentlemen of the South
+  threaten, that if the 'Proviso' or a law prohibiting slavery in free
+  territory, is passed, they will dissolve the Union. At the North, the
+  dissolution of the Union is not regarded as among possible events. Its
+  value is never calculated. It has been cemented by too many common and
+  glorious sacrifices and struggles; it is protected by too many pious
+  invocations of its magnanimous founders, to be easily severed. The
+  cause by which these fraternal bonds are sundered must be other than a
+  refusal on the part of the free States to allow the Government to
+  establish slavery in free territory. A submission to the will of the
+  majority is a fundamental principle of our institutions. If the North
+  are overborne in this contest, they must and will submit. If the
+  demands of the South are denied by the decision of the majority, a like
+  cheerful and ready acquiesence is expected. Until, however, the
+  majority have decided, no legal and constitutional efforts to exclude
+  slavery from these Territories will be abated by passionate threats
+  against the peace and perpetuity of the Union. The Union would never
+  have been formed had the present demand of the slave States been made
+  and insisted upon. A proposition in the Constitutional Convention to
+  make the Government a propagandist of slavery in free territory, would
+  have been indignantly rejected.
+
+  Whilst we stand here, upon the floor of the American Congress, at the
+  noon of the nineteenth century, gravely discussing whether or not we
+  will extend and perpetuate slavery, the monarchical governments of
+  Europe are striking off shackles and 'letting the oppressed go free.'
+  Slavery has been abolished by the French colonies. Portugal, Spain,
+  and Russia, are moving in the work of emancipation. Within a few
+  years England has given liberty to eight hundred thousand slaves. She
+  has expended, within the last forty years, one hundred millions of
+  dollars in suppressing the slave trade. Is it reserved for the
+  Government of 'free, happy America,' in the midst of examples like
+  these, to be fastening corroding chains upon human beings? Sooner
+  than be involved in such stupendous guilt, let our name and existence
+  perish among the nations.
+
+  On the part of the North no 'compromises' can be made. But one answer--
+  a stern, unyielding NO--will be given to all such proposals. We have
+  made all the concessions that we can make, or ought to make. If a law
+  under the name of a 'compromise' is passed, planting slavery upon a
+  single square mile of free territory, it will have no rest. REPEAL! will
+  be shouted from the mountain tops of the North, and reverberated in
+  thunder tones through the valleys. The preservation of 'free soil for
+  free men,' will alone be satisfactory. For this purpose, the passage of
+  an act of Congress prohibiting slavery in free territory, will be
+  unceasingly urged, until the great measure is consummated.
+
+During this Congress, although the anti-slavery-extension men were in a
+minority in both branches, all compromise bills were defeated, and their
+defeat was due in a good degree to the industrious and vigilant efforts of
+Mr. Collins, and a few associates in the House.
+
+Mr. Collins was tendered a renomination to the thirty-first Congress, but
+having determined to remove to the West, he declined, and Preston King was
+elected in his stead. He continued, with much success, the business of
+the late firm of E. & W. Collins, until December, 1853, when he removed to
+Cleveland and opened a law office. He was soon elected a director of the
+Merchants Bank of Cleveland, and of the Lake Shore Railway Company.
+Subsequently he became a director in the Bellefontaine Railway Company;
+the Cleveland, Columbus, Cincinnati and Indianapolis Railway Company; the
+Jamestown and Franklin Railway Company, of Pennsylvania; the East
+Cleveland Street Railroad Company; the Mercer Iron and Coal Company, of
+Pennsylvania, and the Merchants National Bank, of Cleveland, the active
+duties of which positions have absorbed very much of his attention and
+time. He has occasionally appeared in the courts here in litigated cases,
+but has mainly confined his professional work to his office. Mr. Collins
+had a high standing as a lawyer in New York, and has fully sustained his
+early reputation here. He is most remarkable for an admirably fair and
+clear way of stating and arguing to the court and jury, the questions both
+of law and fact. This contributed greatly to his success, not only as a
+forensic advocate, but as a political orator, and legislative debater.
+
+The sympathies of Mr. Collins having always been on the side of freedom,
+he joined the Republican party on its organization, and has remained
+faithful to its principles. When the Rebellion broke out he threw himself
+heartily into the cause of the Union, and contributed freely with money
+and labor in every available way for the furtherance of the Union cause.
+He served on the local military and other committees, working faithfully
+and energetically, and contributing largely to the excellent record
+Cleveland and the county made during the war, by repeatedly and promptly
+filling the quota of troops required, and by liberal contributions in aid
+of the sick and wounded soldiers. Whenever an effort was needed, the voice
+of Mr. Collins was heard exhorting the people earnestly to energetic
+action and liberal contributions, and his exhortations were promptly and
+efficiently seconded by his own example. With him precept and practice
+went together.
+
+Such men as Mr. Collins would do the people valuable service were they
+chosen to fill responsible places in the legislative councils and
+executive departments of the State and Nation. But in these days something
+more than--or it may too often be said--something different from abilities
+of the description possessed by Mr. Collins, seems to be required to
+secure the favor of the people, or rather of the political managers. He is
+of too ingenuous a nature to yield to the intrigues and servility, too
+often, now-a-days, demanded of political candidates by the managers.
+
+On November 20th, 1816, Mr. Collins was married at Columbus, to Jane,
+second daughter of the late Alfred Kelly--the two families having been
+early neighbors and friends in New York. Two children of this marriage
+survive, Frederick and Walter, the former seventeen years of age at the
+present time, and the latter fourteen.
+
+
+
+
+Rufus Percival Ranney.
+
+
+
+Rufus P. Ranney, one of the most profound jurists this country has
+produced, was born at Blandford, Massachusetts, October 30, 1813. His
+father, Rufus Ranney, was an honest, industrious farmer, of Scotch
+descent. His mother, whose maiden name was Dottie D. Blair, came from
+revolutionary stock.
+
+About the year 1822, Rufus Ranney removed with his family to Ohio. After a
+short stay at Fairport, Lake county, they finally located at Freedom,
+Portage county, where they made a permanent settlement upon a farm. It was
+there that Rufus P. Ranney spent the years of his early manhood, and there
+his parents lived until their decease. Judge Ranney's father was highly
+respected in the neighborhood where he lived, and, though in humble
+circumstances, did all within his power for the education of his children,
+training them in the pathway of honesty and integrity--traits of character
+which have marked the public and private career of his distinguished son.
+His mother, an amiable woman who had received a good education, was very
+attentive to her children, and her son, Rufus P. doubtless owes much of
+whatever he has been in life to her early teachings.
+
+Until he became of age, Rufus P. Ranney was engaged upon his father's
+farm, obtaining, during the winter season, a few weeks education at such
+schools as a country village then afforded. He attended the college at
+Hudson for a season, but circumstances prevented his remaining long enough
+to graduate with his class.
+
+In the year 1835, having determined to make a start in life for himself,
+he left his home and traveled on foot to Jefferson, Ashtabula county. In a
+speech made by him at Ashtabula in September, 1868, he referred to the
+time of his arrival at Jefferson, his worldly goods consisting of the
+clothing upon his person, and _one_ extra shirt, which he carried in the
+top of his hat.
+
+Entering the office of Benjamin F. Wade, he applied himself with
+diligence to the study of the law, and after a clerkship of one year was
+admitted to the Bar. Soon afterward he entered into partnership with his
+preceptor. The firm of Wade & Ranney was a powerful one, and "ruled the
+circuit" of North Eastern Ohio. For several years it enjoyed an extensive
+practice. The firm was dissolved upon the removal of Judge Ranney to
+Warren, (1844,) and Mr. Wade was soon afterward chosen President Judge of
+the Third Judicial District, from which position he was transferred to the
+Senate of the United States.
+
+In 1846, and again in 1848, Judge Ranney was an unsuccessful candidate for
+Congress. In the Trumbull district the Whig party was largely in the
+majority, and though Judge Ranney was defeated, he ran considerably ahead
+of the general ticket, reducing the Whig majority to hundreds, when
+before, that party had triumphed by thousands.
+
+The people having determined that a convention be held to form a new
+constitution, Judge Ranney was chosen to represent the counties of
+Trumbull and Geauga. The convention was held in 1850. It was composed of
+the first men of the State; both parties seem to have vied with each other
+in sending their ablest representatives. There were William Medill, its
+President, who afterwards became Governor of the State; the venerable
+Ex-Governor Vance; Henry Stanbery, late Attorney General of the United
+States; Peter Hitchcock, for thirty years a judge of the Supreme Court;
+Benjamin Stanton, long a member of Congress; Judges Joseph E. Swan,
+Sherlock J. Andrews, Simeon Nash and William Kennon; Charles Reemelin,
+D. P. Leadbetter, William Sawyer, and others not less prominent in the
+Judicial and political annals of Ohio.
+
+In that convention, Rufus P. Ranney greatly distinguished himself.
+Although but thirty-six years of age he commanded the respect and
+admiration of all its members, and won for himself a high reputation as a
+sound lawyer and ready debater. No one was more looked to for advice, and
+none more generally correct in giving it. He was, in fact, a leader, whose
+council, in almost every instance, was acceded to by the convention. All
+the propositions which he introduced were for the welfare and benefit of
+the people. In the official report of the debates will be found his views
+upon nearly or quite all of the questions which agitated the convention.
+He was the champion of the people against monopolies, and many of the most
+important provisions in the constitution are the work of his hand.
+
+The course which he pursued met the hearty approval of the people and
+made his name prominent throughout the State. In response to the wishes of
+the members of the legal profession, and the general desire of the public,
+he was, by the legislature of 1851, chosen one of the judges of the
+Supreme Court. When the new constitution went into effect, he was elected
+to the same position by a large majority.
+
+Judge Ranney occupied a place upon the Supreme Bench until 1856, when he
+resigned on account of ill health. That year he was a member of the
+Cincinnati National Convention, which nominated James Buchanan for
+President.
+
+In March, 1857, Judge Ranney, unsolicited on his part, received from
+President Buchanan the appointment of United States Attorney for the
+Northern District of Ohio. This position he held until July, when he
+resigned. He then removed to Cleveland, where he resumed the practice of
+his profession, as a member of the firm of Ranney, Backus & Noble.
+
+In 1859, Governor Chase tendered him the appointment of commissioner to
+examine and report upon the condition of the State Treasury, this being
+soon after the Gibson-Breslin defalcation, by which the State lost several
+hundred thousand dollars. Judge Ranney declined this appointment. The same
+year he was unanimously nominated by the Democratic State convention as
+the candidate of that party for Governor--his opponent on the Republican
+ticket being the Hon. William Dennison, of Franklin county, late
+Post-Master General of the United States. After a most gallant canvass,
+Judge Ranney failed of an election, though he ran ahead of the other
+candidates on the ticket in all parts of the State.
+
+In 1862, against his personal wishes, he was nominated by the Democracy
+for Judge of the Supreme Court. He consented to be a candidate only
+after the convention had _positively refused_ to accept his declination.
+The Republican nominee was his law partner, the Hon. Franklin T. Backus,
+one of the most prominent members of the Cuyahoga Bar. The result was
+the election of Judge Ranney by a decided majority, and although party
+lines were closely drawn, he again ran ahead of his ticket several
+thousand votes.
+
+He held the position of judge of the Supreme Court until 1864, when he
+resigned. Some months afterwards he resumed the practice of his profession
+in connection with his son-in-law, Mr. T. Kelley Bolton.
+
+During the same year, (1864) he was chosen one of the delegates at large
+to the Democratic National Convention, which nominated George B.
+McClellan for President, and was selected by the Ohio delegation as the
+member from Ohio of the Democratic National Committee, holding that
+position until 1868. In the late Presidential campaign, his name headed
+the Democratic electoral ticket. This closes his public record. It is an
+interesting one, and though briefly given, exhibits this fact, viz.: the
+confidence and regard in which he has ever been held by the Democracy of
+Ohio. Year after year his voice has been heard throughout the State in
+defence of the Constitution and laws, and the honors which his party have
+bestowed upon him, are but a merited tribute to his energy, ability, and
+integrity of character.
+
+As a lawyer, Judge Ranney has ever held the front rank in his
+profession. His practice has been extensive and important; probably no
+attorney in the State has, during the past ten years, been retained in
+as many cases. Possessed of a strong, discriminating mind, capable of
+enduring long continued mental labor, he unites with activity and energy
+a determined spirit, which enables him to overcome obstacles which would
+appal most men.
+
+Judge Ranney is as logical as eloquent, and when his great reasoning
+powers are brought into full sway, formidable must be the opponent to
+overcome him. His arguments in court are peculiarly appropriate, clear,
+calm, and strong; without wordy declamation, vehement gesture, or
+passionate appeal; he seldom fails to carry his point, even when the odds
+seem overwhelmingly against him.
+
+Judge Ranney has a mind richly stored with not only the treasures of his
+profession, but of ancient and modern classics, and the best literature of
+the day. He is a great reader, and though he writes but little, whatever
+proceeds from his pen is marked by elegance and culture.
+
+As a Judge, he was courteous, affable and indulgent. His decisions are his
+best _monuments_. They exhibit profound learning, sound judgment and
+extensive research. No judge was more popular upon the Bench. Dignified
+and benevolent, he enjoyed in an eminent degree the confidence of the Bar
+and the public. He had the constant respect of those who differed from him
+in opinion, and when he resigned his seat upon the Bench, the best men of
+all parties expressed regret at his retirement from a position which he
+had so much adorned. Pre-eminent in legal knowledge, Rufus P. Ranney has
+reflected honor upon the judiciary of our country, and is one of the
+ablest of the many learned men who have graced the Supreme Bench of our
+State with their presence.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: Yours Truly, C. T. Sherman]
+
+
+Charles Taylor Sherman.
+
+
+
+The Sherman family was among the earliest settlers in Massachusetts and
+Connecticut. They and their descendants were men of note in their
+respective Colonies, of strong, practical minds, pure and lofty in moral
+tone and character.
+
+They were early actors in the settlement and development of Ohio. Taylor
+Sherman, the grandfather of the subject of this sketch, was a judge of
+one of the Superior Courts of Connecticut, and was one of the trustees of
+the Fire Land Company, to whom was granted, by the State of Connecticut,
+the lands now comprised by the counties of Huron and Erie, in Ohio. As
+early as 1800, he was in Ohio, and also in subsequent years, attending to
+the surveying and allotting the lands to the owners, who suffered from
+fire in the excursions of Arnold and Tryon, in Connecticut, in the
+Revolutionary war.
+
+His son, Charles R. Sherman, and father of Charles T. Sherman, emigrated
+to Ohio in 1810, and settled in Lancaster, Fairfield county, Ohio. He
+early became distinguished at the Bar, among the strong and able lawyers
+then practicing in Central Ohio. In 1824, he was elected one of the judges
+of the Supreme Court of Ohio, and died in 1830, whilst in the performance
+of his duties.
+
+Charles T. Sherman, of whose life these notes are made, was born in
+Lancaster, February 3, 1813, and is Ohio born and reared. He was educated
+and graduated at the Ohio University, in Athens, Ohio, in 1832, and
+admitted to the Bar in 1835. He settled in Mansfield, Richland county,
+and continued in the practice of his profession until he was appointed
+judge of the United States Court for the Northern District of Ohio, in
+Mardi, 1867.
+
+He never sought to obtain any public office, but rather carefully avoided
+it. He always esteemed it fortunate that he resided in a county and
+section in which the majority was opposed to him in political sentiments.
+He however took a leading part in developing and forwarding public
+improvements in his county. He contributed liberally by his labors and
+influence in locating and constructing through his county the Pittsburgh,
+Fort Wayne & Chicago Railroad, and the Mansfield & Sandusky Railroad. For
+many years he was a director in both roads, and general soliciter of the
+Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne & Chicago Railroad, and a leading spirit in its
+management.
+
+He was also appointed by Mr. Lincoln to serve four years as one of the
+Government Directors of the Pacific Railroad, and largely contributed to
+its success in its early days.
+
+The Bar of Richland county always ranked among the first in Northern Ohio.
+Among the oldest members who were in full practice when Judge Sherman went
+there, were Jacob Parker, afterwards Judge of the Common Pleas, Andrew
+Coffinberry, one of the most genial and kind hearted men, and, withal, an
+excellent lawyer, John M. May, who commenced the practice of the law in
+1815, and is still living, and James Purdy, Orris Parrish of Columbus,
+William Stanbery, of Newark, Hosmer and Henry B. Curtis, of Mt. Vernon,
+and Edward Avery, of Wooster, afterwards Judge of the Supreme Court, all
+practiced in that county. In later days and cotemporaneous with Judge
+Sherman, were Thomas W. Bartley, Jacob Brinkerhoof, and Josiah Scott, all
+of whom occupied the Bench of the Supreme Court of Ohio, James Stewart,
+Judge of the Common Pleas, S. J. Kirkwood, afterwards Governor of Iowa, and
+U. S. Senator from that State, together with R. G. Hurd and Columbus
+Delano, of Mt. Vernon, and C. L. Boalt and J. M. Root, of Norwalk.
+
+Judge Sherman ranked with those later and younger members of the Bar, and
+enjoyed a practice equal to any, and more lucrative probably, than any of
+them. He was quiet and unostentatious in his profession, and, seemingly,
+only sought to do his whole duty to his clients and obtain the good will
+of his fellow citizens.
+
+A short time after the breaking out of the rebellion, he was appointed
+Provost Marshal of some twenty counties in Northern Ohio, by the War
+Department, and organized four regiments that went into the service, and
+subsequently served on a commission to settle and adjust claims on the
+Government arising in the West.
+
+Upon his appointment to the Bench he resigned his position on the
+Railroads, with the intention of devoting his whole time to the duties of
+his judicial office. For more than two years he has presided with entire
+satisfaction to the public and the members of the Cleveland Bar, proving
+himself to be a strong, capable, common-sense, business judge; and by his
+habitual courteous demeanor has made a host of legal and other friends
+during his short residence in this city.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: Very Respectfully, R. P. Spalding]
+
+
+Rufus P. Spalding.
+
+
+
+In a work professing to deal with the "representative men" of Cleveland,
+it is eminently proper that he who has represented the interests of
+Cleveland in Congress for six years with a fidelity unsurpassed by any of
+his predecessors in the national councils, and who won for the district he
+represented a prominence hitherto not accorded to it, should find a
+conspicuous place. The six years' service of Judge Spalding in Congress as
+the Representative from the Eighteenth Ohio District forms a period in the
+history of the city of which the citizens, irrespective of party
+predilections, have reason to be proud.
+
+Rufus Paine Spalding is a native of Massachusetts, having been born on the
+3rd of May, 1798, at West Tisbury, on the island of Martha's Vineyard. The
+remote ancestor of the Spaldings was Edward Spalding, who is recorded as
+having been "made a Freeman" at Braintree, Massachusetts, in 1640. Edward
+Spalding's son Benjamin emigrated from Massachusetts to Connecticut about
+fifteen years after that date, and settled in Plainfield, Windham county.
+The great grandson of Benjamin Spalding, and the father of Rufus Paine
+Spalding, Dr. Rufus Spalding, had in 1798, been for some time a resident
+of West Tisbury, where he practiced medicine.
+
+When his son was fourteen years old Dr. Spalding removed to Connecticut
+and resided in Norwich. Rufus P. Spalding, having been prepared for
+college, entered Yale at the proper time, and graduated in 1817, with the
+degree of Bachelor of Arts. The class in which he graduated contained
+names that afterwards acquired lustre in judicial, legislative, and
+ecclesiastical circles.
+
+From the first Mr. Spalding's tendency was towards the legal profession,
+and immediately on leaving college he prepared himself by study for the
+practice of the law. He was fortunate in the choice of an instructor,
+having entered the office of the Hon. Zephaniah Swift, Chief Justice of
+Connecticut, who is known to the profession as the learned author of the
+"Digest." He profited so well by the instructions he received, that, on
+his leaving the office, Judge Swift complimented him highly on his
+proficiency, and predicted for the young lawyer a successful career, if he
+remained true to his profession. On completing his term of reading law,
+and being admitted to the Bar, he left New England to push his fortune in
+the West, and in December, 1819, reached the old "Post of Arkansas,"
+removing soon after to Little Rock, where he put out his shingle as a
+lawyer, in partnership with Samuel Dinsman, who has since reached the
+gubernatorial chair of New Hampshire. Here he remained about a year and a
+half, when he turned his face eastward, and in passing through Ohio,
+stopped at Warren, the county town of Trumbull county. Here he was induced
+to remain, the chances of practice being represented as good, and his
+profound knowledge of law, ability in making that knowledge serviceable,
+and unwearied industry, enabled him to soon build up an extensive legal
+connection, which he retained and increased during his sixteen years stay
+in Warren.
+
+From Warren he removed to Ravenna, in the adjoining county of Portage. He
+had not long been in the county before the people recognized the abilities
+and power of Mr. Spalding, and he was chosen to represent that county in
+the State Legislature. The contest for the position was sharp, for Mr.
+Spalding was a new man in the county, and it was considered by many proper
+that older residents should represent so important a constituency. But the
+recognized ability of Mr. Spalding outweighed all objections on the ground
+of recent residency, and he was elected by a majority of one.
+
+During his term in the Legislature, and mainly through his efforts, the
+county of Summit was erected, and Mr. Spalding at once became a resident
+of the new county by removing his place of residence to Akron. At the next
+election he offered himself as a representative of Summit in the
+legislature, and was accepted. On the organization of the House of
+Representatives he was chosen speaker, and won the approbation of the
+whole body by the ability and impartiality with which he presided over the
+proceedings. During this term of office the question of repudiating the
+State debt was broached. Mr. Spalding took strong ground against such a
+course, holding it not only disgraceful but suicidal. In this he was
+supported by the late John Brough, then Auditor of State, and largely
+through the bold and persistent opposition of these gentlemen the scheme
+was dropped.
+
+In the Legislative session of 1848-9, the two houses of the General
+Assembly united in electing Mr. Spalding a judge of the Supreme Court of
+the State for the constitutional term of seven years. But when four years
+of the term remained unexpired, the operation of the new constitution
+ended the pending terms of all offices, and devolved the election of
+Supreme Court judges upon the people instead of on the General Assembly.
+Judge Spalding declined being a candidate for the office in a popular
+canvass, and so the advantages of his ripe legal and judicial knowledge
+was lost to the Bench of the State. Concurrent testimony shows that no
+decisions were held in greater respect by the lawyers and the public, for
+their uprightness and justice, whilst to the legal fraternity in
+particular, they commended themselves by their logical force, and terse,
+clear, emphatic style and precision of expression that rendered them
+models of judicial literature. His judicial opinions are contained in
+volumes 18, 19 and 20 of the Ohio Reports.
+
+On his retirement from the Bench of the State, Judge Spalding returned to
+the practice of the law with renewed ardor. Cleveland, presenting a wider
+field for the exercise of his abilities, he removed to that city and at
+once took front rank among the many able members of the profession. His
+profound knowledge of the law, power as a debater, and his ability of
+creating a strong impression on both courts and juries, built up for him
+an extensive and lucrative practice. When he spoke he carried conviction,
+it being all but impossible to resist the solid array of arguments and
+terse, incisive style. The same characteristics that made him afterwards
+so powerful in Congress had great effect on the most intelligent juries,
+and exercised a marked influence on the judges engaged in trying the
+causes in which he was interested as advocate.
+
+Although the law claimed his first attention, and was his choice, Judge
+Spalding was no indifferent spectator of the course of politics. He had
+been trained a Democrat, and was a powerful worker in that party. But all
+his convictions were on the side of justice and freedom, and when, in
+1850, the Fugitive Slave Law wedded Democracy to slavery, Judge Spalding,
+in common with thousands of others, broke through the party traces, and
+joined the "Free Soil" party, opposed to the extention of slavery. At the
+Free Soil convention of 1852, he was an active and prominent delegate, and
+on his nomination, John P. Hale was made the candidate for the Presidency.
+
+On the formation of the Republican party, pledged to the restriction of
+the slave power, Judge Spalding took an active part in carrying out the
+principles of that organization. He was a member of the Pittsburgh
+Convention of 1856, at which the party was organized, and was a delegate
+at large for the State of Ohio at the Philadelphia Convention that
+nominated John C. Fremont. From that time he labored earnestly for the
+success of Republican principles, and the good effect of his efforts
+were frequently acknowledged by the party.
+
+In October, 1862, he was chosen to succeed Mr. Riddle as Representative of
+the Eighteenth Congressional District in Congress. The wisdom of the
+choice was almost immediately made manifest. Judge Spalding had not long
+occupied his seat in the House of Representatives before "the member from
+the Cleveland District" became noticed for the interest he took in
+questions of importance, the soundness of his views, and the ability with
+which they were urged. He took part in all the leading debates, and with
+such effect that he commanded the attention of the House whenever he
+spoke, and the leaders listened respectfully to his suggestions. He was
+appointed a member of the Standing Committee on Naval Affairs, and of the
+Committee on Revolutionary Pensions, and on the formation of a Select
+Committee on the Bankrupt Law, he was made its Chairman. In committee he
+was noticeable for his punctuality, patient and conscientious attention to
+the drudgery of committee work, and the system with which he was enabled
+to despatch large amounts of it satisfactorily.
+
+In 1864, he was re-elected to his seat, and in that term was made a member
+of the Standing Committee on Appropriations, and retained his former
+position on the Committee on Bankruptcy, the chairmanship of which was
+held by Mr. Jenckes. In this Congress Judge Spalding took a leading part
+in the important debates on the subject of Reconstruction, and impressed
+his influence on the Legislation upon this matter. In the early days of
+the session he made a speech, in which he indicated the measures he
+regarded best adapted for the for the purpose of properly reconstructing
+the rebel States. The speech attracted great attention, both within and
+without Congress, and the suggestions therein contained were for the most
+part subsequently adopted, and worked into the Reconstruction Laws. The
+military features of Reconstruction, which formed an integral part of the
+legislation, originated in an amendment proposed by Judge Spalding, when
+the first Reconstruction Bill of Thaddeus Stevens was presented.
+
+In 1866, he was again re-elected to Congress, his national services, as
+well as his fidelity to the local interests of his constituents, having
+secured for him that distinguished compliment. In this Congress he
+continued to occupy a prominent position, and was recognized as one of the
+leading men on the Republican side, though not so thoroughly partizan as
+to accept all the measures proposed in the name of the Republican party.
+He differed occasionally with the dominant section of the party, when he
+believed their zeal outran discretion and sound policy, and the judgment
+of the country has in most cases pronounced him to have acted rightly. In
+this Congress he served on the Committee on Appropriations, the Committee
+on the Revision of the Laws of the United States, and upon the Joint
+Committee on the Library of Congress. In the debates on the financial
+questions that enlisted the attention of Congress at this session he took
+a leading part, and in May, 1868, he delivered a speech on "The Political
+and Financial condition of the Country," which took strong ground against
+the unconstitutionality of the Legal Tenders, whilst approving the passage
+of the Legal Tender Act as a measure of military necessity at the time.
+With this Congress Judge Spalding's legislative career closed. The duties
+of the position, always faithfully performed by him, were growing too
+onerous, and at his time of life, though still full of activity and
+healthy vigor, it was urged that he should enjoy more ease than was
+possibly consistent with his idea of a proper fulfillment of the trust of
+member of Congress. He therefore wrote a letter to his constituents
+several months before the period of nomination, positively declining a
+renomination, and withdrawing from public life.
+
+The determination of Judge Spalding to withdraw from active political life
+was a matter of surprise and regret to his colleagues in Congress, who had
+learned to value his sound judgment, ripe scholarship, earnest patriotism,
+and great legislative ability. It was a positive loss to the people of the
+Eighteenth Ohio District, for never had the interests of that district
+been better cared for. To Cleveland, especially, he proved in reality a
+representative member. The wishes of his constituents were promptly
+attended to, their interests carefully guarded, and no stone left unturned
+in the endeavor to benefit the city and its people. In the Congressional
+session and out of it, he was ever on the watch for opportunities to
+advance the interests of his constituents, and in complying with the daily
+requests for advice and assistance, he did so, not grudgingly or
+reluctantly, but with earnestness and hearty good will, as if it were a
+matter of his own personal concern. The withdrawal of Judge Spalding from
+public political life, was a loss to the national councils in which he had
+achieved distinction, but was a still greater loss to the constituency he
+represented.
+
+Judge Spalding has returned to the legal profession, of which he ranks
+among the brightest lights, and finds in its practice, and in the quiet
+enjoyment of social and domestic life, a satisfaction which his public
+career, brilliant as it was, failed to give. In his seventy-second year,
+he is yet in the full enjoyment of all his faculties, physical and mental,
+and is the picture of sound health and mental vigor.
+
+Judge Spalding has been married twice. In October, 1822, he was married to
+Lucretia A. Swift, oldest daughter of his preceptor in legal studies.
+Seven children were born of this marriage, of whom but three yet live:
+Col. Zeph. S. Spalding, United States Consul at Honolulu, Brevet Captain
+George S. Spalding, First Lieutenant 33d U. S. Infantry, and Mrs. Lucretia
+McIlrath, wife of Charles McIlrath, of St. Paul, Minnesota. In January,
+1859, Judge Spalding was married to his present wife, oldest daughter of
+Dr. William S. Pierson, of Windsor, Connecticut.
+
+
+
+
+W. S. C. Otis.
+
+
+
+W. S. C. Otis was born in Cummington, Hampshire county, Massachusetts,
+August 24th, 1808. His father was a farmer in narrow circumstances, who,
+owing to the loss of property, was able to bestow upon his children only
+such an education as could be obtained in the district schools of a purely
+agricultural district. Books were scarce, and as poor in quality as meagre
+in quantity; but being a lad with literary tastes, a desire for
+information, and an omnivorous appetite for reading, every book that fell
+in the way of young Otis was eagerly seized and its contents ravenously
+devoured. The life of a poor farmer, with its ceaseless drudgery and petty
+needs, was distasteful to the lad, and he was anxious to obtain a
+collegiate education, and thus become fitted to fight the battle of life
+with brain instead of muscle. His ambition was not discouraged by his
+father, but there was a great difficulty in the way of its
+gratification--the want of money. Mr. Otis was utterly unable to give his
+son any pecuniary assistance, though ready to resign his claim on his
+son's time; an important sacrifice when the demands of a large family and
+the straitness of his means are taken into consideration. Application was
+made for admission to West Point Military Academy, but unfortunately a
+Congressman's son was also a candidate for the appointment, and of course
+the friendless son of a poor struggling farmer had to go to the wall. This
+was a heavy blow and sore discouragement.
+
+When the subject of this sketch was about seventeen or eighteen years old
+his father emigrated to Ohio, leaving his son behind with only forty
+dollars in money, who, after making arrangements with his brother, W. A.
+Otis, to furnish him such pecuniary aid as he might need, proceeded to fit
+himself for college under the Rev. Roswell Hawks, of Cummington, devoting
+only one year to preparation, and entered Williams College in the Fall of
+1826. In order to lighten the burden upon his brother, he taught school
+two Winters during his college course, and graduated in the autumn of
+1830, among the best scholars of the class.
+
+Before graduating, he was appointed principal of Gates' Academy, in
+Marlborough, Massachusetts, and entered upon the duties of the
+appointment; but at the expiration of the year he followed the rest of the
+family to Ohio, and in the month of September, 1831, commenced reading law
+with Whittlesey & Newton, of Canfield, Ohio. In September, 1833, he was
+admitted to the Bar, and immediately commenced the practice of the law in
+Ravenna, Portage county, where he continued to reside till 1840.
+
+In June, 1840, after the county of Summit was organized, Mr. Otis moved to
+Akron, where he resided and continued to practice his profession until
+January, 1854. While a resident of Summit county he was elected
+Prosecuting Attorney of the county for two years. He also filled the
+position of president of the Akron Bank, from its organization, till
+January, 1854, and was a member of the Board of Control of the State Bank
+of Ohio, and member of the Convention which formed the present
+Constitution of the State of Ohio. While a member of the Convention he
+devised and reported to that body the scheme for the apportionment of the
+members of the House of Representatives, which, with slight modifications,
+was adopted into the Constitution, and is now the system in this State.
+While a member of the Constitutional Convention, he acquired a distaste
+for political life, and resolved to abandon it, a resolution to which he
+has since constantly adhered.
+
+In January, 1854, Mr. Otis was elected vice-president of the Cleveland and
+Pittsburgh Railroad Company, and in order to better perform the duties of
+the position, he removed to Cleveland, taking charge of the operations of
+the road and the finances of the Company. In the Winter of 1854 and 1855,
+he was tendered the presidency of the Bellefontaine and Indiana Railroad
+Company, but declined, and in the Spring of 1855, resumed the practice of
+his profession. Soon afterwards he was elected the Solicitor of the
+Cleveland and Pittsburgh Railroad Company, and continued to act as such
+until he resigned the position in May, 1869, and since that time he has
+confined himself strictly to the practice of law.
+
+As a lawyer Mr. Otis ranks high in his profession, having a very extensive
+knowledge of the law in all its ramifications, and a readiness in the
+application of his knowledge that enables him to baffle and confound his
+opponents without descending to mere pettifogging.
+
+For many years he has been a member either of the Congregational or
+Presbyterian churches in the places in which he has resided; and has
+always taken great pleasure in studying the Bible, and great satisfaction
+in teaching it to others, hence the secret of the spotless morality and
+unswerving integrity he has maintained through life.
+
+Mr. Otis was married in January, 1836, to Hannah, daughter of the late G.
+Mygatt, and sister of George Mygatt, of Cleveland. She died without issue
+in April, 1840. In November, 1842, he was married to Laura L., daughter of
+the late Judge Lyman, of Ravenna.
+
+
+
+
+Franklin J. Dickman.
+
+
+
+Franklin J. Dickman is a native of Petersburg, Virginia, where his
+parents have long resided. At the age of sixteen he entered the Junior
+class of Brown University, at Providence, Rhode Island, and at the age of
+eighteen graduated with the salutatory honors of his class. In the same
+class were the Hon. S. S. Cox, Lieutenant Governor Francis Wayland, of
+Connecticut, and the Rev. James C. Fletcher, now so well known for his
+travels in Brazil.
+
+On leaving college Mr. Dickman studied law in the office of the late
+Charles F. Tillinghest and ex-Chief Justice Bradley, at Providence, and
+after completing his studies he commenced the practice of his profession
+in the same city, continuing with success until he removed to Cleveland.
+
+His entry on public life was early. In 1857, the Democracy of Rhode
+Island selected him as their candidate for Attorney General of the State,
+and it is a noticeable fact that although running on the Democratic
+ticket, he received almost the entire colored vote of the State. In 1858,
+he was appointed a member of the Board of Visitors to the Military Academy
+at West Point, and was chosen Secretary of the Board. In that capacity he
+drew up the report of the Board for that year, which was subsequently
+published by order of the Secretary of War.
+
+In December, 1858, he removed to Cleveland, rightly considering that its
+growth and prosperity, and the important cases continually arising out of
+its commercial business, rendered it a good field for a man of knowledge
+and of energy to put that knowledge to account. He entered on the
+practice of his profession with zeal, and speedily reaped his reward in a
+large business.
+
+Up to the breaking out of the war Mr. Dickman had acted with the
+Democratic party, but when treason culminated with rebellion, he joined
+those of his political associates who disregarded party lines and united
+with the Republicans in forming the Union party. Although fitted for
+college with Roger A. Pryor, of Petersburg, and though his parents
+remained in Petersburg during the war, Mr. Dickman took strong ground
+against the rebellion and all who gave it encouragement.
+
+In 1861, he was nominated for member of the State Legislature from this
+city, and was elected by a large majority. In that body he was made
+chairman of the Committee on Railroads and also placed on the Judiciary
+Committee. In the latter capacity the subject of military arrests came
+under his notice, and his speech on that subject was considered so able
+and exhaustive an exposition of that subject that it was published at
+the request of the Judiciary Committee and widely circulated through
+the State.
+
+At the close of his legislative term he formed a law partnership with
+Judge Spalding, which still continues, and re-entered assiduously on the
+duties of his profession, devoting most of his attention to admirality,
+marine insurance, and patent cases. In these he has been very successful.
+
+In 1867, President Johnson appointed Mr. Dickman United States District
+Attorney for the Northern District of Ohio. The appointment was received
+with satisfaction by all shades of political opinions, and Mr. Dickman
+continued to perform its duties to, the approbation of all having business
+with the court until early in 1869, when he resigned the position in
+order to confine himself more closely to his private practice. It is
+admitted on all sides that the duties of his office were faithfully and
+ably performed. Of the great number of criminal cases brought before the
+court by him only two escaped conviction, thus evidencing the merit, care
+and attention given to the getting up of the cases for trial. Such
+uniformity in securing conviction is very unusual.
+
+Mr. Dickman is a gentleman of fine literary tastes, extensive reading, and
+rare classical attainments. The relaxation from his legal duties is found
+mainly in his library among the highest class of authors. His frequent
+orations for the literary societies of Brown University and the University
+of Michigan, and other occasions, have been marked by scholarly finish and
+have always been received with approval. During the existence of the
+Knickerbocker Magazine, before its decadence, he contributed to its pages
+a series of valuable articles on "Butler's Horae Juridical," and on "The
+Revolution of 1688."
+
+Cherishing a high ideal of professional attainments and ability, Mr.
+Dickman has realized it to a degree remarkable for a young man. With
+ample acquirements he has clear conceptions, and broad views of the
+principles of legal science, frequently never attained by older lawyers,
+even after a large and life-long practice. His habits of study are wisely
+methodized, so as to husband time, and make his efforts tell without
+waste upon results.
+
+A very marked feature also in his character, is a rigorous but highly
+intelligent economy. Upon a limited practice in Rhode Island, before
+coming to Cleveland, he not only sustained himself, but accumulated a
+considerable sum as a basis upon which he could rely with honorable
+independence in a new field. This was done in circumstances in which
+multitudes of young men at this day, would by self-indulgence and lavish
+outlay, have become embarrassed by debt.
+
+The example of a wise economy in one familiar with the first social
+surroundings--an economy supplying means for a rich and broad literary
+culture, under the guidance of liberal tastes, yet rigid as to
+self-control--but ever avoiding parsimony, is far too rare among young men
+in this lavish and wasteful age. The young man who shows what enlightened
+self-control, what high probity and fidelity to the details of little
+wants and expenditures can do to lift a man high above debt, to thrift and
+self-reliance, is a valuable citizen, exerting an influence as wholesome
+as it is wise, manly, and rare.
+
+Mr. Dickman, in his mental growth, aims at the solid, rather than the
+merely sensational; the lasting, rather than the transient. Gifted
+naturally with vigorous and admirably balanced powers, the right use of
+which has enriched him already with ample mental furniture, and with
+habits the most exemplary, and a high character, established upon an
+intelligent religions basis, the future to him is full of promise of the
+most honorable achievements.
+
+In 1862, Mr. Dickman was married to Miss Annie E. Niel, daughter of Robert
+Neil, of Columbus, Ohio, and has two children living.
+
+
+
+
+James M. Jones.
+
+
+
+The subject of this sketch is the third son of Thomas and Mary Ann Jones,
+who emigrated from England to the United States, and settled in Cleveland
+in the Spring of 1831, where they still reside, They were the parents of
+nine sons and four daughters, all of whom, save one son and one daughter,
+are still living.
+
+James Milton Jones enjoyed only such moderate advantages in the way of
+education as were afforded by the common and high schools of the day, and
+by the classical and English school of the late lamented and most
+accomplished educator, H. D. Beattie, A. M.; but his memory was good, he
+was a close student, and he therefore readily and easily familiarized
+himself with the studies in which he engaged. He early manifested unusual
+taste and fondness for composition, and his inclination and talent in that
+direction were much cultivated and improved by assiduous study of the best
+standard works in prose and poetry.
+
+On leaving school he became interested as a partner in the marble
+manufactory of T. Jones & Sons, and acquired a practical knowledge of the
+business, but never applied himself very closely to its duties.
+
+He joined various literary and forensic societies about the year 1850,
+composed of some of the best literary and professional talent among the
+young men of the city, where essays, poems, and discussions on all topics
+of the day were embraced in the order of exercises; and he soon became
+marked for his thorough preparation of and familiarity with the subjects
+of debate, and regarded as a speaker of more than ordinary promise.
+
+He became a frequent contributor, (but never in his own name,) in prose
+and poetry, to the literary, as well as the daily papers of the day, and
+especially to the daily Plain Dealer, of which the late J. W. Gray, Esq.,
+was then the accomplished and witty editor, and by whom Mr. Jones was much
+encouraged, and his contributions frequently commended. As specimens of
+his poetic contributions, we give the following. It should be noted that
+with his entry on the actual duties of professional life, Mr. Jones bade a
+final adieu to the muses:
+
+      Woodland Reveries.
+
+      In this deep shady dell,
+      Where the soft breezes swell,
+  And beautiful wood-sprites by pearly streams wander--
+      Where the sweet perfume breathes,
+      O'er angel twined wreaths,
+  Luxuriantly blooming the mossy trees under--
+      Here, beneath the bright vine
+      Whose leaves intertwine,
+  I'm dreaming of thee, my lost Angeline!
+
+      Oh! I think of the time--
+      Of the warm spring time,
+  When with thee I've wandered, and with thee I've dallied;
+      E're my soul had once dreamed
+      That the roses which seemed
+  So fadeless, could leave thy warm cheek cold and pallid,
+      Or thy dear form decline,
+      From its radiance divine,
+  To press the cold grave sod, my own Angeline!
+
+      While the pale starlight laves,
+      With its shadowy waves,
+  A brow, that with memory's anguish is throbbing;
+      Each quivering leaf,
+      Seems trembling with grief,
+  That's borne on the zephyr's low sorrowful sobbing.
+      For that dear form of thine,
+      So oft pressed to mine,
+  My angel-claimed lost one, my own Angeline!
+
+      As the stream leaps along,
+      And I list to its song,
+  It sounds like the surging of sorrow's dark river;
+
+      When o'er my young bride,
+      Passed its dark rolling tide,
+  And bore her away from my bosum forever;
+      Yes; bore thee to shine
+      In regions divine,
+  Resplendently lovely, and pure, Angeline!
+
+      And _there_, as I gaze
+      On its bright sparkling face,
+  Where pearly white ripples are merrily gleaming,
+      Reflecting each star
+      That shines from afar,
+  The face of my lost one seems tenderly beaming;
+      Yes! there beside mine,
+      Are thy features benign,
+  By memory mirrored, my own Angeline!
+
+      As I gently recline,
+      'Neath the clustering vine,
+  The veil from futurity's vista is lifted,
+      And adown life's wild tide,
+      I rapidly glide,
+  And into eternity's ocean am drifted;
+      And there, soul of mine
+      In regions divine,
+  I meet thee, to part _nevermore_, Angeline!
+
+
+    A Wreck! A Wreck! "Man the Life Boat."
+
+  The blackness of midnight hung over the ocean,
+    And savagely, shrilly, the Storm Spirit screamed.
+  Athwart the dark billows, which wild in commotion,
+    Sublimely, yet awfully, heavenward streamed.
+
+  A bark that but rode from her moorings at morning,
+    'Neath bright sunny skies, and prosperous gales,
+  With streamlet and banner, in beauty adorning
+    Her tapering masts and snowy white sails,
+
+  Now rolls in the trough of the tempest-plowed surges!
+    A wreck! madly urged to a rocky bound shore;
+  Where from the dark jaws of wild ocean emerges,
+    To fear-stricken hearts its ominous roar
+
+  Her sails are in ribbons, her banners in tatters!
+    Her masts are afloat from the perilous wreck,
+  And now o'er the billows the Tempest Fiend scatters
+    With one mighty effort her hurricane deck!
+
+  The voice of the clarion-toned captain is ringing,
+    Above the hoarse murmuring roar of the surge,
+  And an echoing voice, seems sepulchrally flinging,
+    Far back o'er the waves, for the vessel, a dirge.
+
+  And now the doomed vessel is beating and crashing,
+    With violence on the dark, rough, rugged rocks;
+  And the tempest-tossed surge, while resistlessly dashing
+    Around her, each effort to save her but mocks.
+
+  The lightnings play luridly, fiercely above her,
+    Illuming with horror the wind-cloven waves!
+  Displaying the wreck, as their flashes discover,
+    The victims despairingly gaze on their graves.
+
+  For forked and furious, the fiery flung flashes,
+    Gleam o'er the sad wreck like a funeral pyre;
+  And louder and louder each thunder clap crashes.
+    The air in a roar! the billows on fire!
+
+  The heart-anguished cries o'er the pitiless waters,
+    Are borne on the blast of the thunder-rocked air,
+  As husbands and wives, as sons and as daughters,
+    Unite in a wild shrieking wail of despair.
+
+  But now from the moss covered fisherman's dwelling,
+    The _Life-Boat_ is manned by the chivalrous brave!
+  Though the wild howling storm of the tempest is swelling,
+    They'll peril their own lives, the wrecked ones to save.
+
+  And now to the merciless surges they launch her,
+    And back she is flung to the white-pebbled beach!
+  Now cleaves the wild surf, for never a stauncher,
+    Or braver crew mounted a deadlier breach.
+
+  Now swift o'er the waves madly bounding and dashing!
+    The nobly manned life-boat speeds on her lone way,
+  Now sinks she below, the waves o'er her splashing,
+    Now cleaves like arrow, the white foaming spray.
+
+  And now for a moment she's hid from our vision,
+    As darkness, and thick gloom enshroud her frail form;
+  A flash! and we see that the life-saving mission,
+    Still skims o'er the waves like a Bird of the Storm.
+
+  Hurrah! they have triumphed! the wrecked ones no longer
+    Resignedly list to the ocean's hoarse roar;
+  But now with strong arms, that bright Hope has made stronger,
+    They pull with a hearty good-will for the shore.
+
+  Hurrah! and Hurrah! on the whirlwind's commotion,
+    And the howl of the storm, uprose cheers from the land;
+  From hearts throbbing wildly with grateful emotion,
+    As safely she reaches the surf-beaten strand.
+
+
+    The Æronaut's Song.
+
+  Up! up! from the ground, for the chords that bound
+    Us to earth are rent in twain;
+  And our Aerial boat shall gracefully float,
+    Far, far, o'er the sea and main.
+
+  O'er the forest trees, on the rippling breeze,
+    We'll proudly soar away:
+  And higher and higher, will still aspire,
+    Toward realms of endless day.
+
+  To regions on high, like an arrow we fly,
+    Through limitless fields of air;
+  And away apace, through trackless space,
+    The giddiest flight we dare.
+
+  Earth's brilliance fades, and her everglades
+    Assumes a softer hue;
+  Her hills and dales, her lake gemmed vales
+    Are glorious to the view.
+
+  Meandering round enchanted ground,
+    Earth's crystal rivers seem;
+  So far below to brightly flow,
+    Like liquid silver's stream.
+
+  Her cloud capped hills o'er rocks and rills,
+    That proudly seem to stand,
+  Now fade like gleams in passing dreams
+    Of lovely fairy land.
+
+  Yet on we mount to the drainless fount,
+    Of wild tempestuous storms;
+  And our fairy shrouds now kiss the clouds;
+    In all their varied forms.
+
+  Proud man, who at birth was king of the earth,
+    Soon made himself lord of the sea;
+  And now we arise to empyrean skies,
+    For kings of the air are we.
+
+  Grim centuries old to the past have rolled,
+    Since the stars from chaos-woke;
+  Yet no earth-born sound hath this deep, profound
+    And solemn silence broke.
+
+  The highest note of the lark ne'er floats
+    To this region of sunless cloud;
+  Nor hath eagle bird the silence stir'd,
+    With his screaming, shrill and loud.
+
+  Yet our joyous song, as we sweep along
+    In pathless realms afloat,
+  Rings on the air and trembles there,
+    From out our fairy boat.
+
+  On eddying waves a thousand caves,
+    Where Aerial spirits throng,
+  Repeat each tone as though they'd known
+    Our unfamiliar song.
+
+  O'er billowy seas with fresh'ning breeze,
+    'Tis glorious oft to roam;
+  And joy to mark a graceful bark,
+    Divide the salt sea foam:
+
+  And joy to wake at morning break,
+    When huntsman's bugle sounds,
+  And gaily lead on fiery steed,
+    In chase of deer and hounds.
+
+  But moonlight sail with fresh'ning gale,
+    Or merry chase afar,
+  Can ne'er compare with flight through air,
+    In our Aerial Car.
+
+Early in 1853, Mr. Gray, who was also then postmaster, offered him a
+position in the Cleveland post-office, which he accepted, and entered upon
+its duties; but at the end of two months, being dissatisfied with the dull
+routine and monotony of such an occupation, he threw up his position; and
+having, on the very day he left the post-office, decided to adopt the
+legal profession, before night he had secured a position in the law office
+of Charles Stetson, Esq., then in large and active practice, and had
+entered upon the study of the law, where he continued for over a year and
+a half, pursuing his studies with assiduity and success. He then entered
+the law office of Hon. William Collins and pursued his studies with him
+until June, 1855, when he was admitted to the Bar by the District Court in
+Delaware, Delaware county, Ohio.
+
+[Illustration: Yours Very Truly, James M. Jones.]
+
+Shortly after his admission to the Bar, he was retained as leading
+counsel for the defence in the famous "Townsend McHenry" extradition case,
+a proceeding pending before U. S. Commissioner Grannis, on the charge that
+the prisoner, who claimed to be Robert McHenry, was no other than the
+notorious William Townsend, a well known, desperate Canadian highway
+robber and murderer; and in this Mr. Jones attracted attention by the
+skill with which he managed it. Indeed, it became necessary to send to
+Canada for several successive lots of witnesses, before they could make a
+case. The prisoner was, however, taken to Canada and put upon his trial
+for murder as William Townsend, the sole question on the trial being one
+of identity; and a more extraordinary trial in that respect cannot be
+found in history. And although on the trial about one hundred witnesses
+testified to his being the veritable William Townsend, he was,
+nevertheless, able to produce a still larger number of equally credible
+witnesses to testify that they knew Townsend, and this was not the man,
+and also such an array of circumstances as satisfied the jury he was not
+the man, and he was acquitted!
+
+Mr. Jones was nominated by the Republican party of Cleveland as judge of
+the City Court, in 1857, but in common with the entire ticket, was
+defeated. He was an early adherent of the old Liberty party, and a warm
+advocate on the stump and elsewhere, of the election of John C. Fremont to
+the Presidency, and a firm supporter of Lincoln's administration.
+
+He was appointed Attorney for the Western Union Telegraph Company, one of
+the largest corporations in the United States, in the year 1865, and has
+ever since continued, as such attorney, to have charge and supervision of
+a large and peculiar legal business for the company, extending over the
+various States and Territories embraced in what is known as the Central
+Division of the territory covered by its lines. He has made telegraph law
+a speciality for several years, and has probably had as large and extended
+experience in that comparatively new and peculiar branch of the law as any
+other attorney in the country.
+
+He was elected Prosecuting Attorney for the county of Cuyahoga, in the
+Fall of 1867, and was distinguished during his term for the zeal,
+fidelity, and ability with which he discharged his officiai duties. It
+fell to his lot to prosecute many important and difficult criminal cases;
+prominent among them was the trial of Sarah M. Victor, for the murder, by
+poison, of her brother, William Parquette. The case was peculiar and
+remarkable; the murdered man had lain in his grave a whole year before
+suspicions were aroused that his death was caused by foul play; slight
+circumstances directed attention to suspicious appearances in the case,
+which a quiet investigation did not diminish. The prosecutor, therefore,
+caused the body to be secretly disinterred, and engaged J. L. Cassells, an
+accomplished chemist, to subject the body to a chemical analysis, which on
+being done, arsenic in sufficient quantity to produce death was found in
+the stomach and other internal organs. Her arrest for murder, therefore,
+immediately took place. The circumstances of the case were well calculated
+to arouse an intense interest in the public mind as to the result of the
+trial. The facts that the alleged poisoner was a woman, that the murdered
+man was her own brother, that her own sister was supposed to be an
+important witness against her, that the murder, if murder it was, was in
+the highest degree cruel, mercenary, and devilish, that at the time of her
+arrest she was prominently connected with religious and benevolent
+institutions of the city, though it was well known she had previously led
+an irregular life, and the profound secrecy in which the dark deed had
+slumbered for a whole year, all seemed to concur in riveting public
+attention upon it; and yet, previous to the trial, the belief was
+prevalent in the community generally, as well as among the members of the
+Bar, that however guilty the prisoner might be, she would not be
+convicted. In this belief the prosecutor did not share, but at once went
+to work with his accustomed energy to unravel the evidences of the great
+crime; and for many weeks, with an energy that never flagged, himself and
+his assistant, H. B. DeWolf, Esq., patiently and persistently explored the
+dark secrets of her life, examined hundreds of witnesses, and inextricably
+wound the coils of evidence around her.
+
+The case, which was tried in the May term of the Court of Common Pleas,
+1868, lasted fourteen days, was fully reported phonographically, and made
+about twenty-seven hundred pages of testimony, which was pronounced, when
+closed on the part of the State, "a marvelous net-work of circumstantial
+evidence."
+
+The case was closed by Mr. Jones in an able and conclusive speech of six
+hours in length. The prisoner was convicted by the jury after but a
+brief deliberation, and she was sentenced to be hanged, but her sentence
+was afterward commuted to imprisonment for life. In numerous other
+important and warmly contested criminal cases Mr. Jones has been almost
+uniformly successful, displaying in them all, much tact, self-possession,
+and legal ability.
+
+Mr. Jones was married at Chagrin Falls, Cuyahoga county, Ohio, February
+8th, 1860, by the Rev. Luther Lee, to Ermina W., daughter of Harmon and
+Leonora Barrows, of the latter place.
+
+
+
+
+Educational.
+
+
+
+Citizens of Cleveland are justly proud of their Public Schools, and of the
+system of education under which they are conducted, but yet the history of
+these schools, until within a few years, was one of struggle against
+parsimony and prejudice. It was only by persistent efforts on the part of
+a few public-spirited citizens, who believed that money spent in educating
+the masses is the best investment that can possibly be made, that the
+Public School system of Cleveland has attained its present excellence, and
+the miserable make-shift school buildings, in which the children of the
+city were taught have given place to the large, convenient and elegant
+buildings of the present.
+
+The first public school of Cleveland, the "Cleveland Free School," was
+established in March, 1830, "for the education of male and female children
+of every religious denomination," and was supported by the city. It was
+held for years in the basement of the Bethel church, which was then a
+frame building, measuring forty by thirty feet, situated at the corner of
+Diamond street and Superior Street hill. In 1837, the average number of
+pupils in attendance was ninety males and forty-six females. There were
+also the Young Ladies' Seminary, or the old "Academy," on St. Clair
+street, presided over by Miss Harrison, and the Cleveland Female Seminary,
+in Farmer's Block, corner of Ontario and Prospect streets, incorporated
+April, 1837, with Henry Sexton, Benjamin Rouse, H. H. Dodge, A. P. Smith,
+and A. Wheeler as trustees. At that date, Ohio City supported two district
+and one free school, but the attendance is not recorded.
+
+The story of the growth of the school system of the State and of its local
+development in the city of Cleveland is mainly told in the biography of
+Mr. Harvey Rice, on pages following this, and in the preceding pages which
+sketch the history of Mr. Charles Bradburn. All that is necessary to be
+given here, is a brief summary of some of the leading events in the
+history of the Cleveland Public Schools as prepared by one who took a
+leading part in their organization and development.
+
+The Public Schools were organized under the city charter in 1837, and the
+control vested in a board of five school managers, elected by the Council.
+The chairman of the board was styled the acting manager, and was secretary
+and Superintendant of repairs and of discipline. This original arrangement
+was succeeded in 1853, by a board of seven members, appointed by the
+Council. In 1854, when Cleveland and Ohio City were united, another change
+occurred. One member of the school board from each of the eleven Wards was
+chosen by the Council. In 1856, the number was reduced to five, and
+finally, in 1859, by authority of a law of the State, the members of the
+Board of Education, one from each Ward, were elected by the people, for
+the term of one year, which was extended to two years in 1862, and so
+remains to the present time. The powers of the board were greatly enlarged
+by a law passed in the Spring of 1869.
+
+Charles Bradburn was the first acting manager, secretary and
+superintendent, assisted and encouraged by a few warm friends of
+education, chief of whom, at this time, was Geo. Willey. In 1840, Mr.
+Andrew Freese was employed as principal teacher, and soon became actual
+superintendent, though not formally clothed with that authority until
+several years afterwards. In the meantime, school buildings were erected
+on Prospect street, Rockwell street, West St. Clair street and Kentucky
+street, (West Side).
+
+For several years the course of instruction was quite limited, and of low
+grade. The school buildings, then supposed to be large and commodious,
+were soon crowded with scholars very much mixed, as to standing, and
+moving forward amid much confusion. In 1841, the second stories of the
+Prospect street and Bockwell street buildings were converted into grammar
+schools of a higher grade. The West St. Clair street school was the first
+one arranged for the improved grading of primary and secondary schools in
+separate departments.
+
+In 1850, the board directed Mr. Freese to exercise a general
+superintendence over the classification, instruction and discipline in all
+the grammar and subordinate schools, but no superintendent was authorized
+by law, until 1853. It was full time that some authority should be
+introduced to correct the abuses which had insensibly and unavoidably
+crept into the discipline and course of instruction, and vigorous
+enforcement of strict rules brought out a fierce opposition from anxious,
+but ill-informed and partial parents, who felt provoked and discouraged by
+the discovery that their children were in classes far ahead of their
+actual qualifications and must be put back to be more thoroughly drilled
+in preparatory studies. Gradually confusion gave place to order, scholars
+were ranked as near as could be according to their actual standing; the
+grades arranged as Primary, Secondary, Intermediate and Grammar
+departments, the entire course consummated in the East and West High
+Schools. But all this was the work of immense labor, extending through
+years of ceaseless effort and expense, little anticipated by the people,
+or perhaps by the hopeful projectors of the system, when they so manfully
+entered upon the undertaking. Twenty-six years ago the entire corps of
+teachers numbered only fifteen. In 1848, they had increased to twenty. In
+that year, children under six years of age were excluded, to the great
+disgust of many fond mothers who thought the public school the very best
+place to keep the troublesome young ones out of their way.
+
+Under the general school law a portion of the taxes collected was set
+apart for the support of the schools, while a special fund for school
+buildings was raised, from time to time, by direct taxation, or by
+loan, and buildings erected in the different Wards as the city
+increased in extent.
+
+In 1846, the East High School was opened in the basement of the old
+Universalist Church (now the Plymouth Church) on Prospect street, near
+Erie street. A strong opposition was made to this advanced step. It was
+objected to as illegal, which it actually was, though that was soon
+remedied; and as unnecessary and unreasonable.
+
+It is gratifying to know that many of those strenuous opponents are
+now among the warm friends of the High Schools, and justly proud of
+their success.
+
+Richard Fry, then Principal of the West St Clair school, distinguished
+himself by his writings through the press, and his speeches at public
+meetings, in advocating the claims of the High School, and thus powerfully
+sustained its friends in their unpopular contest. The law authorizing a
+High School limited the whole course to two years, and required one year's
+previous attendance at one of the grammar schools.
+
+In 1851, a regular course of instruction was adopted, extending to three
+years, but still confined to English studies. In 1856, the Latin and
+Greek languages were introduced, and in 1859, the German was added to
+the full course. These ancient and foreign languages were optional with
+the students, as well as the French language, which was introduced some
+years later.
+
+The first graduated class consisted of ten scholars, eight of whom
+afterwards became teachers. Indeed, it soon became evident that the High
+School was not only the best, but almost the only reliable source of
+supplying teachers for the subordinate schools, which were fast
+increasing. The extreme difficulty of procuring competent and reliable
+teachers had, all along, been one of the greatest embarrassments in
+carrying forward a course of instruction, extensive, thorough, and
+heretofore almost unknown west of the mountains.
+
+The original design of one central High School was found to be unsuited to
+the extended territory on both sides of the river, and two High Schools
+were substituted.
+
+The East High School building was completed and opened in 1856. The West
+High School was first opened in the Kentucky street building, and
+continued there for several years, until in 1861, the new building was
+completed.
+
+In 1861, Mr. Freese was relieved from the superintendency which had become
+too laborious for his declining health, and L. M. Oviatt took the
+management for two years, when he was succeeded by Anson Smyth, formerly
+State Superintendent. On his resignation, Mr. Andrew J. Rickoff, of
+Cincinnati, was called to the position. Under his management important
+changes in the classification and management of the schools have been
+introduced.
+
+The prominence given to Messrs Bradburn, Willey and Freese, in the history
+of the public schools, is not intended to disparage or undervalue the
+services rendered by many others, without whose hearty and efficient
+co-operation the whole undertaking would have failed. Prominent among these
+cooperators were J. D. Cleveland, J. Fitch, Dr. Maynard, Harvey Rice, Bev.
+J. A. Thome, T. P. Handy, W. D. Beattie, (since deceased,) R. B. Dennis,
+Ansel Roberts, L. M. Oviatt, and Thos. Jones, Jr.
+
+In 1868, there were eighteen male, and one hundred and thirty-nine female
+teachers employed in the public schools of the city, making an aggregate
+of one hundred and fifty seven. The total number of pupils enrolled was
+10,154. The average number belonging to the schools, 7060, and the average
+daily attendance, 6623.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: Yours Truly, Harvey Rice]
+
+
+Harvey Rice
+
+
+
+In the Ohio Educational Monthly for April, 1860, appeared a pretty full
+biography of Hon. Harvey Rice, who has filled an important position in
+connection with the educational interests of Ohio. From that account we
+learn that Mr. Rice is a native of Massachusetts. He was born June 11th,
+1800. In 1824, he graduated from Williams College, and the same year
+removed to Cleveland. He came to Ohio a stranger and without influential
+friends here or elsewhere to aid his efforts for advancement. When he
+landed at Cleveland he owned nothing but the clothes he wore, and three
+dollars in his pocket. At that time Cleveland contained but 400
+inhabitants.
+
+Making no disclosure as to the low state of his treasury and the rather
+dull prospect for an immediate replenishing of the same, he took lodgings
+at the best public house the town afforded, at the rate of two dollars and
+a half per week. At the expiration of one week he paid his board bill and
+removed to a private boarding-house, with but fifty cents left, and
+commenced teaching a classical school in the old academy on St. Clair
+street. About the same time he commenced the study of the law under the
+direction of Reuben Wood, then a prominent member of the Cleveland Bar,
+and at the expiration of two years was admitted to practice, and entered
+into copartnership with his former instructor, which continued until Mr.
+Wood was elected to the Bench.
+
+In 1829, he was elected Justice of the Peace, and in 1830, elected to
+represent his district in the State Legislature. Soon after, without
+solicitation on his part, he was appointed an agent for the sale of the
+Western Reserve school lands, a tract of fifty-six thousand acres,
+situated in the Virginia Military District. He opened a land office at
+Millersburgh, in Holmes county, for the sales, and in the course of three
+years sold all the lands, and paid the avails, nearly one hundred and
+fifty thousand dollars, into the State Treasury, as a school fund for the
+exclusive benefit of educating the children of the Western Reserve, the
+interest of which is now annually paid by the State for that purpose.
+
+In 1833, Mr. Rice returned to Cleveland, and was appointed Clerk of the
+Common Pleas and Supreme Courts, an office in which he faithfully served
+for seven years, and in 1834 and 1836, was nominated by the Democratic
+Convention as a candidate for Congress, and received the united support of
+the party, though without expectation of success, as the Democrats were
+largely in the minority. He was the first Democrat ever sent to the
+Legislature from Cuyahoga county, and, while serving in that body, was
+considered one of its ablest and most influential members. He was
+appointed by the House one of the select committee for revising the
+statutes of the State, and while in that capacity, introduced and
+advocated with acknowledged ability many new provisions, which still
+retain their place upon our statute book.
+
+The natural abilities of Mr. Rice are of a very high order. His mind is
+thoroughly disciplined and cultivated, and for the comparatively short
+time he practiced at the Bar, he obtained an enviable reputation for legal
+ability, sound, practical, discriminating judgment and gentlemanly
+deportment.
+
+He is well known as an able contributor to many of the best periodicals of
+the day, and is a graceful and exceedingly vigorous writer. His
+imagination is rich and glowing, and his mind well stored by a long and
+judicious course of mental training. We have seen some articles of Mr.
+Rice's which compare favorably with those of the best writers of the day.
+
+The following, which we find in the "Nineteenth Century," we take the
+liberty of publishing here, and look upon it as a meritorious and
+beautiful poem:
+
+
+    The Moral Hero.
+
+  With heart that trusteth still,
+    Set high your mark;
+  And though with human ill
+    The warfare may be dark,
+  Resolve to conquer, and you will!
+
+  Resolve, then onward press,
+    Fearless and true:
+  Believe it--Heaven will bless
+    The brave--and still renew
+  Your hope and courage in distress.
+
+  Press on, nor stay to ask
+    For friendship's aid;
+  Deign not to wear a mask
+    Nor wield a coward's blade,
+  But still persist, though hard the task.
+
+  Rest not--inglorious rest
+    Unnerves the man;
+  Struggle--'tis God's behest!
+    Fill up life's little span
+  With God-like deeds--it is the test--
+
+  Test of the high-born soul,
+    And lofty aim;
+  The test in History's scroll
+    Of every honored name--None
+  but the brave shall win the goal'
+
+  Go act the hero's part,
+    And in the strife,
+  Strike with the hero's heart
+    For liberty and life--
+  Ay, strike for Truth; preserve her chart'
+
+  Her chart unstain'd preserve,
+    'Twill guide you right.
+  Press on and never swerve,
+    But keep your armer bright,
+  And struggle still with firmer nerve.
+
+  What though the tempest rage,
+    Buffet the sea!
+  Where duty calls, engage:
+    And ever striving be
+  The moral hero of the Age!
+
+In the fall of 1851, Mr. Rice was put in nomination for the State Senate,
+and was elected by a majority exceeding seven hundred votes.
+
+The General Assembly to which he was now returned, was the first that
+convened under the new Constitution. Upon this body devolved the
+responsibility of reconstructing the statutes of the State, and adapting
+them to the requisition of the Constitution, so as to secure to the people
+the practical benefits of the great reforms which had been achieved by its
+adoption. Mr. Rice contributed quite as much as any other member to the
+important legislation of the two sessions held by that General Assembly.
+It was said of him that he _was always at his post_. The degree of
+influence which he exercised as a legislator, was such as few have the
+good fortune to wield.
+
+Among the variety of measures which engaged his attention, he took a
+prominent part in procuring the passage of the act which authorized the
+establishment of two additional lunatic asylums in the State.
+
+His course in relation to the subject of common schools attracted public
+attention throughout the State, and called forth from the press
+commendations of a very complimentary character. The correspondent of a
+paper published at Newark, writing from Columbus, remarks as follows:
+
+  Senator Rice, of Cuyahoga, has in charge a bill for the reorganization
+  of schools and providing for their supervision.
+
+  No better man than Mr. Rice could have been selected for this work. He
+  is a model man and a model Senator. Clear headed, sound minded,
+  carefully and fully educated, with a painstaking disposition, he is the
+  ablest chairman of the standing committee on schools that any Ohio
+  Legislature ever had. Deeply impressed with the great importance of the
+  subject--of the stern necessity which exists for basing our whole
+  republican form of government on the intelligence of the people, he has
+  carefully provided a bill, which, if enacted into a law, will give a
+  good _common_ school education to every child in the State, and in so
+  doing, has been equally careful that the money raised for that purpose
+  be not squandered. The bill provides for a State Commissioner of Common
+  Schools, and it has been mentioned to me as a matter of deep regret,
+  that the Constitution excludes Mr. Rice from being a candidate for that
+  office--no member of the Legislature being eligible to an office created
+  while he was a member, until one year after the expiration of his term
+  of office.
+
+On the question of the final passage of the bill, Mr. Rice addressed the
+Senate in a concluding speech, which was published, and very generally
+noticed by the press. Among these notices, a leading paper published at
+Cleveland, with a magnanimity rarely possessed by a political opponent,
+makes the following comments and quotations:
+
+  Mr. Rice made the closing speech on the School Bill, in the Senate, on
+  the 24th. It was his Bill. He had labored over it, and for it, a long
+  time, and given to it every consideration, and gained for it every
+  counsel, which, by any possibility, he could gain.
+
+  The text of his speech was the language of the Constitution itself; the
+  duty of securing 'a thorough and efficient system of common schools
+  throughout the State.'
+
+  Mr. Rice goes into detail on the school bill, and, regretting that we
+  have not room for the detail, we close our synopsis of his very sensible
+  speech by quoting its conclusion:
+
+  "It is certainly much cheaper, as well as much wiser, to _educate_ than
+  to _punish_. How much of crime would be prevented if a higher order of
+  education were generally diffused among all classes. A well educated and
+  enlightened people will have but little occasion for criminal courts,
+  jails and penitentiaries. The educated man has ordinarily too much
+  self-respect, too much regard for moral principle and the value of a
+  good character to stoop to crime. In short, sir, the perpetuity of the
+  government, and security of the citizen, and of property, depend upon
+  the virtue and intelligence of the people.
+
+  "By the provisions of this bill, it is intended to make our common
+  schools what they ought to be--the colleges of the people--'cheap enough
+  for the poorest, and good enough for the richest.' With but a slight
+  increase of taxation, schools of different grades can be established and
+  maintained in every township of the State, and the sons and daughters of
+  our farmers and mechanics have an opportunity of acquiring a finished
+  education, equally with the more favored of the land. And, in this way,
+  the elements of mind now slumbering among the uneducated masses, like
+  the fine unwrought marble in the quarry, will be aroused and brought out
+  to challenge the admiration of the world-Philosophers and sages will
+  abound everywhere, on the farm and in the workshop. And many a man of
+  genius will stand out from among the masses, and exhibit a brilliancy of
+  intellect, which will be recognized in the circling years of the great
+  future, as
+
+    'A light, a landmark on the cliffs of time.'
+
+  "It is only the educated man who is competent to interrogate nature, and
+  comprehend her revelations. Though I would not break down the
+  aristocracy of knowledge of the present age, yet, sir, I would level up,
+  and equalize, and thus create, if I may be allowed the expression, a
+  democracy of knowledge. In this way, and in this way only, can men be
+  made equal in fact--equal in their social and political relations--equal
+  in mental refinement, and in a just appreciation of what constitutes man
+  the brother of his fellow man.
+
+  "In conclusion, sir, allow me to express my belief, that the day is not
+  far distant when Ohio, in the noble cause of popular education and of
+  human rights, will 'lead the column,' and become, what she is capable of
+  becoming--a star of the first magnitude--the brightest in the galaxy of
+  our American Union."
+
+  A proud hour now came for Mr. Rice! A good and glorious one for the
+  State! The roll of the Senate was called, and that body, on the 24th day
+  of January, 1853, proceeded to cast its final vote upon the bill, when
+  only two negatives were announced.
+
+Another bill, of scarcely less importance than the school bill, was
+introduced into the Senate by Mr. Rice, near the heel of the adjourned
+session, which with him was a favorite measure, and which seemed to meet
+with the hearty approbation of the public. It had for its object the
+establishment of a "State Reform School," expressly designed for juvenile
+offenders.
+
+But owing to the late day of the session in which the bill was introduced,
+though very favorably received by the senate, a motion was made to
+postpone it until the next session. In reference to this motion, without
+attempting to make a formal speech, Mr. Rice explained briefly the object
+contemplated by the bill. His remarks relating as they did to a subject of
+public interest, were reported and published. The bill, at a subsequent
+session, resulted in establishing the present Reform Farm School.
+
+The eminent services which he has rendered the State in the promotion of
+her educational interests will be long and gratefully remembered by those
+of his fellow citizens who properly appreciate the true objects of life,
+and who wish to secure to themselves, to their children, and to the
+generations which will follow them, the social blessings which flow from a
+high degree of refinement, intelligence and moral virtue.
+
+While a member of the City Council, in 1857, Mr. Rice took the lead in
+establishing the Cleveland Industrial School, and was chairman of the
+committee that put it into successful operation. It has now grown to be
+one of the most important charitable institutions in Cleveland. Mr. Rice
+is still active in extending its usefulness.
+
+In the same year he originated the project, and introduced the resolution
+into the Council, authorizing the erection of the Perry Monument which now
+graces the Public Park of the city. The cost of the Monument, by the terms
+of the resolution, was made to depend on the voluntary subscriptions of
+the citizens. Mr. Rice was appointed Chairman of the Monument Committee,
+and after three years of persevering effort, succeeded in carrying the
+object of the resolution into effect. The Monument was inaugurated with
+imposing ceremonies, on the 10th of September, 1860, the anniversary of
+Perry's victory on Lake Erie. Mr. Bancroft, the historian, delivered the
+Inaugural Address. As carefully estimated, not less than one hundred
+thousand people attended the inauguration. In carrying out the programme
+the battle of Lake Erie was reproduced, in a mock fight, on the Lake in
+front of the city. It was a proud day for Cleveland. Both the Monument and
+the inauguration were pronounced a perfect success.
+
+In 1861, Mr. Rice, being elected to the Board of Education, was appointed
+President of the Board, and during his term of office rendered essential
+service in promoting the educational interests of the city. In fact, he
+has always been a zealous friend and advocate of popular education. In his
+literary career he has become widely known as the author of "Mount Vernon,
+and Other Poems"--a volume containing two hundred and fifty pages which
+has reached a fifth edition.
+
+In 1862, Mr. Rice was appointed by the Governor of the State, with the
+concurrence of the War Department, a commissioner for Cuyahoga county, to
+conduct the first draft made in the county during the late civil war. In
+executing this delicate task he acquitted himself with firmness,
+integrity, and discretion. While in the discharge of his duties he found
+his office one morning suddenly besieged by some five or six hundred
+excited citizens, who were armed with pistols and other weapons,
+threatening to demolish the office and destroy the records. They had been
+instigated to make this demonstration by false rumors regarding the
+fairness of the draft. Mr. Rice met the crisis firmly, sent to the
+military camp on the Heights for a detachment of soldiers, infantry and
+artillery, who came to his relief on the "double quick," and dispersed the
+riotous assemblage. To satisfy the disaffected that all was right and just
+in relation to the draft, Mr. Rice proposed that they should appoint a
+committee of their own to investigate the state of affairs in the draft
+office. They did so, and with his aid an elaborate examination was made,
+and the committee reported that the draft had been conducted fairly and
+justly in all respects. Mr. Rice then proceeded with the draft, and as
+luck would have it, two of the committee, who had been ring-leaders in
+getting up the demonstration, were drafted on the spot, and every body
+seemed pleased with the result.
+
+In 1867, Mr. Rice, wishing to express his regard for the cause of
+Missions, as well as for the college where he graduated, erected at his
+own expense, and with the approval of the college authorities, a beautiful
+marble monument in Mission Park, at Williamstown, Mass., commemorative of
+the origin of American Foreign Missions. The park is a part of the college
+domains, and within it there is a maple grove where a few pious young
+students of the college, in the summer of 1806, held occasional
+prayer-meetings. At one of these meetings a shower of rain compelled them
+to seek the shelter of a neighboring haystack, where they continued their
+exercises, and where one of their number, Samuel J. Mills, first suggested
+the idea of a mission to foreign heathen lands, as being a religions duty.
+In this noble and philanthropic thought his associates all concurred, and
+there, while at the haystack, consecrated themselves in solemn prayer, to
+the great work. From this circumstance originated American Foreign
+Missions. The monument was planned by Mr. Rice It is erected on the spot
+where the haystack stood, is twelve feet in height, and surmounted with a
+marble globe three feet in diameter, and cut in map lines. The face of the
+monument has the inscription, "The Field is the World," followed with a
+haystack, sculptured in bas relief, and the names of the five young men,
+who held the prayer-meeting, and the date 1806. The monument was dedicated
+July 28th, 1867, at the maple grove, in the park. A large audience was
+present. Mr. Rice, by special request, delivered the dedicatory address,
+which was received with a high degree of satisfaction, and afterwards
+published, with the other proceedings, in pamphlet form.
+
+Mr. Rice has accumulated a reasonable share of "this world's goods;" has
+been twice married--first in 1828, and afterwards in 1840.
+
+He has a wife, three sons and three daughters still living, and now
+leads, comparatively, a retired, yet not an idle life.
+
+He still has the appearance of a well preserved gentleman, he is six
+feet in height, erect and of good proportions, and his general personal
+appearance is pleasing. In manner he is a true gentleman,--modest and
+kind, but prompt and decided. Two of his sons, Capt. Percy W. Rice and
+James S. Rice, are settled in business at Cleveland. The youngest son,
+Harvey Rice, Jr., resides in California. The three daughters are
+married and settled--one in California and the other two in Cleveland.
+Mrs. Rice is a lady of refinement, exemplary, and much beloved and
+respected. As a family, but few have been more highly favored, or lived
+in more perfect harmony.
+
+
+
+
+Andrew Freese
+
+
+
+The name of Andrew Freese will always hold a place of honor in the
+scholastic records of Cleveland. No educator in the city is held in such
+affectionate esteem by a large class of former pupils, and none better
+deserves the grateful tributes paid to his abilities as a teacher and his
+worth as a citizen.
+
+Mr. Freese was born in Levant, Penobscot county, Maine, on November 1st,
+1816. His father was a farmer, but Andrew was of such slender frame and
+weak constitution that he was completely unfitted for farming life. His
+father destined him to be a printer, and took him to the nearest printing
+office to show him how types were set and newspapers printed. The boy was
+not favorably impressed with what he saw, and begged to be allowed to
+enter college. This was considered out of the question, his father being
+too poor to provide the necessary funds. But the boy's heart was set upon
+it, and he thought that by teaching school for a time he could obtain
+money enough to complete his own education. This idea he carried into
+execution, and had no sooner entered on the business of teaching than he
+realized that he had found his true vocation. He continued to teach and
+study until his collegiate course was completed, and then he resolved to
+fit himself for the business of teaching by studying the best systems of
+education, as laid down in the most approved books and practiced in the
+most successful schools. He examined the best school buildings, and
+brought away plans of construction, and models of their furniture. The
+most thorough teachers were consulted as to the results of their
+experience, and when he had thus acquired a thorough mastery of the whole
+science of teaching, instead of setting out as an educational empiric, he
+resolved to seek the West as a better field for turning his knowledge to
+account, than was the East, where educators were far too numerous to make
+the business profitable.
+
+[Illustration: Yours Truly, Andrew Freese]
+
+Mr. Freese came to Cleveland in 1840, and offered his services to the
+Board of School Managers as a teacher. His rare ability was appreciated,
+he was immediately engaged, and was at once recognized as the head of the
+schools. There was then only the general school law to work under. The law
+as then understood, made it almost a crime to give instruction in the
+higher branches of even an English education. There was then no high
+schools, or graded schools in the great State of Ohio. To Cleveland, and
+to Mr. Freese, belong the honor of establishing the first free high school
+in the State. The scholars from that school may now be found in almost
+every State in the Union, eminent in all departments of life. They have
+been met with as Governors, jurists, mechanicians, and artists, and the
+first inquiry from them _all_ has been, "Is Mr. Freese still with you? All
+I am, and all I have, I owe to him; may God forever bless him."
+
+The high school was established in July, 1846, and Mr. Freese at once
+placed at its head. Those unfriendly to public schools, and especially to
+this department, offered him large inducements to engage in a private
+school, but Mr. Freese had faith in the success of the experiment, and was
+determined not to abandon it until its success was insured. The pay given
+by the city was but a beggarly pittance, and his labors inside and out of
+the school room were exceedingly arduous, but no discouragement could
+daunt his zeal, and he resisted blandishments as he treated opposition,
+with indifference. The unexpected and severe labors imposed upon him
+shattered his health, but with him love overcame all other considerations,
+and he persisted. In June, 1853, the office of Superintendent of
+Instruction was created, and tendered to Mr. Freese, who held it until
+1861, when his failing health admonished him to retire. Recently he was
+summoned from his retirement to take the position of principal of the
+Central High school, now grown to proportions its founders scarcely dared
+hope for it. It was with extreme reluctance that Mr. Freese consented to
+resume his old profession, but he finally did so, working with great zeal
+and success until the close of the Summer term of 1869, when, immediately
+after re-election by a highly complimentary vote, he was compelled, by the
+condition of his health, to resign his position and bid a final farewell
+to the profession he so much loved. The proceedings of the Board of
+Education in relation to the resignation of Mr. Freese are of interest, as
+showing the high value set upon his services to the cause of education.
+
+The following communication was presented to the Board:
+
+  To the Honorable the Board of Education of the city of Cleveland:
+
+  Gentlemen: I have to submit herewith the resignation of Mr. Andrew
+  Freese, who has for the past year acted as principal of the Central
+  High school.
+
+  On account of ill health it was with great reluctance that Mr. Freese
+  went into this position. In accordance, however, with the advice of
+  friends, he finally yielded to persuasion and entered upon the discharge
+  of its duties with the well known earnestness of his character. The
+  result has been marked in the earnestness with which his able corps of
+  assistants associated with him have co-operated to promote the highest
+  interests of the school, and of each and all its pupils. It has been
+  specially marked, too, by the increased devotion of all the scholars to
+  their studies, and the ready acquiescence with which they have obeyed
+  all the rules and regulations of your Board.
+
+  In taking leave of Mr. Freese it is due to him that I should thus
+  formally and earnestly record my high appreciation of his services.
+  Furthermore, it may not be inappropriate for me testify to the fact,
+  that much of the hearty earnestness of the corps of teachers with which
+  I am now laboring, is due to the influence of this gentleman when he
+  held the office which I now hold.
+
+  Andrew J. Rickoff,
+  Superintendent of Instruction.
+
+
+  The Board of Education having received and accepted the resignation of
+  Andrew Freese, Esq., principal of the Central High School, Mr. Perkins
+  offered the following resolutions, which were adopted:
+
+  _Resolved_, That the thanks of the Board are hereby tendered to Mr.
+  Freese, for the valuable services he has rendered in the various
+  relations he has sustained to the public schools of this city during the
+  last quarter of a century. In every position he has been called to fill,
+  he has proved himself faithful to the trust committed to his keeping. To
+  him more than any other are we indebted for the deservedly elevated
+  character of our System of graded schools.
+
+  _Resolved_, That the president and secretary of the Board be requested
+  to communicate to Mr. Freese the feeling of regret occasioned by his
+  withdrawal from our service, together with a certified copy of its
+  action this evening.
+
+Mr. Freese was the originator of the celebrated outline maps. Many years
+before any were published by Mitchell, they were in use here, and may
+still be found on some of the walls and floors of our old school houses,
+where they were placed by Mr. Freese. What Horace Mann and William Colburn
+did for the schools of New England, Andrew Freese has done for the schools
+of the West. Almost immediately after commencing his labors he began to
+protest to the Board of School Managers against our school laws; under
+them he could do no justice to himself or his scholars. His efforts were
+aided by the Board of School Managers, and after a hard contest with city
+and State authorities, the laws were altered so as to give us one of the
+best school systems in the world. The first free high school in the State
+was started by Mr. Freese, in the basement of an old church, at a rent of
+fifty dollars per annum, and this was regarded by some of our largest tax
+payers as so great an outrage that they threatened to resist the payment
+of their taxes. The school now enjoys the use of a palatial building, and
+our grammar schools have the use of the most elegant and convenient
+structures for educational purposes in the State. Many of our citizens
+devoted their time and money to bring about this great change, which has
+done and is doing so much for the welfare of our city. But perhaps no one
+man has done so much as Mr. Freese.
+
+It would be difficult, if not impossible, to overrate the services of Mr.
+Freese to the cause of education in Cleveland. It was the sole business of
+his life, and he entered on it with utter unselfishness. With him the
+cause was everything, self nothing. He traveled far, spent his own slender
+funds freely, and labored assiduously in the endeavor to secure the best
+of everything in plan and machinery, for the city schools. He had no
+ambition outside or beyond the school room, and his shrinking modesty
+prevented him claiming the credit justly due him for the unintermitted and
+successful labors performed within the school walls.
+
+
+
+
+Anson Smyth.
+
+
+
+Among the citizens of Ohio, few are more worthy of mention than Rev. Anson
+Smyth. There is not a township in the State in which his influence has not
+been felt, nor a school district in which his name is not honored. He has
+labored to uplift the intellectual, social, and moral status of our great
+commonwealth, and his impress is left on the highest and most sacred
+interests of the people.
+
+Though born in Pennsylvania, Mr. Smyth is none the less a New Englander.
+His parents and older brothers and sisters were natives of New England.
+There many of his early years were spent, and there he received both his
+collegiate and his theological education. There for two years he taught
+school, and for three, was pastor of a church. Thus it is seen, that
+while his birth makes him a Pennsylvanian, his blood and education make
+him a Yankee.
+
+Mr. Smyth is a self-made man. By his unaided energies he surmounted the
+difficulties that stood in the way of his advancement, and has achieved
+distinction by a career of great usefulness. His father was a man of high
+respectability, and most excellent character. He was a farmer in moderate
+circumstances, and being well advanced in life, and declining in health,
+when his youngest son, the tenth of twelve children, determined to acquire
+a liberal education, he was unable to do anything for his assistance. But
+the boy had a brave heart, and he went forward, strong in the idea that
+"there is nothing impossible to him that wills." At first by manual labor,
+and afterwards by teaching, he contrived to secure funds for meeting those
+expenses which demanded ready payment. When he left the theological
+seminary he owed several hundred dollars, all of which he paid from his
+first earnings.
+
+After preaching for three years at the East, Mr. Smyth accepted a call to
+the pastoral charge of a church in Michigan. It was a village of a few
+hundred people, in a new and wild region. Society was in a chaotic
+condition, and there were but few who had either the ability or the
+disposition to do much for the young pastor's support or encouragement.
+The locality was unhealthy, and Mr. Smyth suffered severely from prevalent
+diseases. But during a ministry there of four years, he was eminently
+successful, and he left the church four times as strong as he found it.
+
+In 1847, Mr. Smyth came to Ohio, and, after spending a few months in
+Cleveland, received and accepted a call to the pastorate of the
+Presbyterian church in Toledo. He entered upon his new charge with zeal
+and energy. He labored faithfully for the advancement of the cause of
+Christ in that rising town, but owing to chronic alienation among the
+members of his church, from the beginning he felt the need of that degree
+of co-operation and sympathy necessary to insure the full benefit of his
+labors. Still, the condition of affairs greatly improved under his
+ministry; the membership of the church being nearly doubled, and the
+congregation largely increased. At the end of three years he resigned his
+charge and entered upon that department of public service in which he has
+acquired most honorable distinction.
+
+[Illustration: Yours truly, Anson Smyth]
+
+Until 1850, the facilities for education in Toledo were all in the future.
+While pastor of the church there, Mr. Smyth felt keenly the need of
+establishing a good system of schools ere the town should become confirmed
+in the habit of neglecting so important an interest. A few of the citizens
+took hold of the business with energy; the "Akron School Law" was adopted,
+and a Board of Education elected. Mr. Smyth was placed at the head of the
+movement. This was a position he had never expected to fill, but,
+regarding it as a field of usefulness, a field in which to serve God and
+society, not less sacred than that of the pastoral office, he went to his
+new work without a doubt that thereby he was doing the will of God. In
+many particulars the business Mr. Smyth found upon his hands was new and
+strange to him. He had had no experience in organizing schools upon the
+graded plan. Eighteen years ago there were very few good schools in Ohio.
+Lorin Andrews, at Massillon, Dr. Lord, at Columbus, M. F. Cowdery, at
+Sandusky, Andrew Freese, at Cleveland, and H. H. Barney, at Cincinnati,
+were the leaders in the educational reformation, then rising into notice.
+Not till three years afterwards was our noble school law enacted. But Mr.
+Smyth took hold of the great work entrusted to him with characteristic
+energy. He read much and thought more upon the best plan of organizing a
+school system for the city, and when he left there, in 1856, the schools
+of Toledo had gained a most enviable character. They were regarded as
+among the best in the country, and their Superintendent had acquired the
+reputation of being one of the wisest and most successful educators in
+America. The Board of Education committed the entire management of the
+schools to him. The selection of teachers, the classification and
+discipline of the schools, the course of study, and the examinations were
+just what Mr. Smyth was pleased to make them. He gathered around him a
+corps of teachers equal to the best in the State, and the schools were the
+pride of the citizens. When he resigned, in closing an article upon the
+subject, the Blade remarked: "_We regard the retirement of Mr. Smyth as no
+less than a public calamity_."
+
+At a meeting of the State Teachers Association, in December, 1855, Mr.
+Smyth was unanimously elected President of that body, also editor of the
+Journal of Education. In the following February he removed to Columbus,
+and entered upon his editorial duties. His success in his new field was
+most satisfactory to all who were interested in the cause which he
+represented.
+
+In May, 1856, the Republican State Convention nominated Mr. Smyth for the
+office of State Commissioner of Schools. This was an honor as unexpected
+by him as it was satisfactory to the people. He was elected by a large
+majority, and in February, 1857, entered upon the discharge of the duties
+of his new office. In this high position he remained six years, having
+been re-elected in 1859.
+
+Mr. Smyth was not disheartened when he found his post at the head of the
+educational forces of the State, environed with most serious
+embarrassments. The general school law had been in operation three years,
+encountering the hostility of a large portion of the people, who were
+persistent in their efforts to secure its repeal, or extensive
+modification. It was regarded as doubtful whether it could much longer
+survive in the face of the antagonism which confronted it. But when Mr.
+Smyth turned the office over to his successor, in 1863, the law had become
+popular, and strong in the regards of nearly all the people. The changes
+which it had experienced were improvements, and it was everywhere working
+out its own praise.
+
+In this sketch, Mr. Smyth's labors and successes in the Commissionership
+can not be detailed. He spared no pains in promoting the interests which
+the State had confided to him. Whether looking after members of the
+legislature who were working against the law, or performing ordinary
+office duties, or traveling and addressing the people, he showed untiring
+industry and enthusiastic devotion to the good cause. When he declined,
+another nomination, the State Teachers' Association, at their meeting in
+Mount Vernon, passed a resolution highly approving his administration.
+David Tod, then Governor, wrote of him to a friend: "The most faithful
+manner in which Mr. Smyth has discharged the arduous duties of School
+Commissioner of our State for the last six years, involving, as it did,
+the expenditure of millions of money, without the loss of a dollar, has
+won for him my fullest confidence and profound respect. He is an excellent
+business man, and a Christian gentleman." No man ever left an office
+stronger in the confidence and esteem of the people.
+
+Mr. Smyth did not propose to continue longer in the educational field, and
+declined many invitations to positions at the head of institutions of
+learning. But, very unexpectedly to him, he was elected Superintendent of
+Instruction for Cleveland. A strong inclination to reside here, and the
+urgency of friends, secured his acceptance. He removed to this city in
+July, 1863, and was warmly welcomed by the people.
+
+At that time, the Board of Education was in many things subordinate to
+the City Council, and these two bodies not always working harmoniously
+prevented the adoption of many reforms advocated by the Superintendant.
+Still, Mr. Smyth's administration was a period of great prosperity and
+advancement with the Cleveland schools. The gradation and classification
+were improved; modes of teaching were introduced which greatly promoted
+the purposes of education. Through his influence the use of the rod in the
+schools was to a great extent discontinued, while better order was
+secured. His success in the selection of teachers was remarkable. He
+seemed to have an intuitive knowledge of character, and next to none of
+those he placed in charge of schools proved failures. His power over
+teachers was very great. While he was exacting in his demands, never
+excusing negligence, he knew how to temper authority with kind and
+courteous manners.
+
+In the management of schools, Mr. Smyth required that due regard be had to
+manners and morals. Arithmetic and grammar were not, in his estimation,
+more important than politeness and Christian morality. He encouraged the
+ornamentation of the school rooms with plants, flowers and engravings,
+which has been so generally adopted, thus rendering them attractive and
+conducive to taste and refinement.
+
+For five successive years Mr. Smyth was re-elected, but the last election
+he declined to accept, having entered into business arrangements, that he
+might pay needed attention to pecuniary interests. During his
+superintendence the number of teachers employed in the schools increased
+from eighty to one hundred and thirty; the splendid school buildings now
+approaching completion, were planned and put under contract, the School
+Library was established, and all school interests were most prosperons.
+When he retired from the superintendence of the schools, nearly two years
+ago, the Leader expressed the public sentiment in regard to his services,
+in the following terms: "It is with unfeigned regret that we announce the
+resignation of Rev. Anson Smyth, as Superintendent of Instruction in this
+city. He has discharged the duties of this office for four years with
+ability and efficiency. The educational interests of the city have been
+guarded with jealous care; and the excellent condition of our public
+schools, the firm, judicious discipline that is enforced, and the thorough
+system of instruction well attest his zeal, ability and faithfulness. To
+the teachers of the schools and the citizens generally, he has given the
+most unqualified satisfaction, and all will sincerely regret the
+circumstances which have induced him to retire."
+
+Mr. Smyth has never given up pulpit services, but has averaged to preach
+one sermon per Sunday ever since resigning his pastoral charge in Toledo,
+eighteen years ago. Though a Presbyterian in doctrine, and loyal to that
+church, he is remarkably free from sectarian exclusiveness, and all
+evangelical churches seek and obtain his ministerial services.
+
+Within the last year he has given more than twenty addresses at college
+commencements, and before literary and educational associations, while he
+has been obliged to decline numerous applications for like labors.
+
+The weight of fifty years and the work of a life of very great activity
+rest lightly upon him. He is possessed of robust health, and is as marked
+for energy and vivacity as he was twenty years ago. But few men, who at
+his age have accomplished so much labor, seem still so able to repeat
+their life-work.
+
+
+
+
+R. F. Humiston.
+
+
+
+The family of Humiston, or Humbastone, as it was originally called, is one
+of considerable antiquity, and its American branch dates from an early
+period in the history of this country, John Humbastone, its founder,
+having settled in New Haven, Connecticut, towards the middle of the
+seventeenth century. For over two hundred years the family, or a portion
+of it, resided in the same neighborhood, about seven miles out of New
+Haven, on the Quinnipiac river. At the breaking out of the Revolutionary
+War, several members of the family took part in the struggle on the side
+of the patriots, and did good service.
+
+Caleb Humiston (the name had been corrupted in the course of time) was of
+the third generation in descent from John Humbastone, the original settler
+in New Haven. He was born on the old homestead on the Quinnipiac river,
+inherited a portion of it, and lived there until he was thirty years old.
+Then he removed to Berkshire county, Massachusetts, settling down in 1816
+on a farm he had purchased in Great Barrington. He was at this time a
+farmer in comfortable circumstances, but misfortune came upon him, his
+property passed from his control, and he was reduced to extremely narrow
+circumstances. When this misfortune came upon him he had already been
+burdened with a large family. Ten children had been born, one of whom
+died, but the others grew up and had to be provided for, the family
+consisting of seven boys and two girls. It is a noteworthy fact, that with
+the exception of the child who died in infancy, and Caleb Humeston
+himself, there has been no death in the family for over half a century,
+the youngest of them now living being thirty-eight years old. The family
+had been noted for its longevity, the average age of the ancestors of the
+present generation being between seventy and eighty years.
+
+R. F. Humiston, whose life we propose briefly to sketch, was born in Great
+Barrington, July 29th, 1821. The misfortune suffered by his father
+overtook him when R. F. was nine years old, and from that time each one of
+the children was capable to do something towards earning a living. Tools
+were provided for each, proper work marked out, and every one held
+responsible for the faithful performance of the allotted task. As long as
+could be afforded, the children were sent to the district school, but the
+grade of education provided was low, and the knowledge acquired meagre. In
+his ninth year, R. F. Humiston was taken from school and put to earn his
+living with a neighbor, with whom he remained a year, and was then placed
+to work in a cotton factory at Stockbridge, Mass. His duty in this
+establishment was to tend a spinning jenny, and the winter hours of labor
+were from six o'clock in the morning to eight at night, with half an
+hour's intermission for dinner.
+
+His health failing through the severity of this labor, his parents took
+him from this factory and placed him in another factory, for the
+manufacture of cotton batting and wadding, in West Stockbridge. Here he
+remained several months, but was obliged to leave on account of sickness.
+
+In the Spring of 1833, the family removed to Ohio. After selling his farm
+and paying his debts, Caleb Humiston had barely sufficient left with which
+to reach Hudson, Ohio. Here he engaged in making brick, the subject of
+this sketch, twelve years old, assisting in the brick yard. Change of
+climate, hard work, and want brought sickness on the whole family, and
+before R. F. Humiston was fifteen years old the physicians pronounced his
+constitution entirely broken down, and that he could never do severe
+labor. He availed himself of an offer to become clerk of a store in
+Hudson, and clerked there and in Cleveland until he was sixteen years
+old. When clerk in a Cleveland bookstore, the proprietor failed and the
+books were taken to Buffalo, young Humiston receiving an offer of a
+clerkship in that city. This he declined, refusing to desert his family,
+who were in poverty, and working hard. His health having been partially
+restored, he took off his good clothes and re-entered the brick yard,
+where he remained until he was eighteen years old. Whilst in the store he
+had learned to keep books, and turned this knowledge to account in
+arranging his fathers business. A number of the better class of citizens
+of Hudson insisted on the boy having an education, and a merchant offered
+to bear the expense of a collegiate course, but the boy was too useful in
+his father's business to be spared, and so the opportunity was lost.
+
+But the brick-making did not suit the boy, who was ambitious, and desirous
+of learning. In the Winter after he was eighteen, he went to learn the
+trade of a carpenter, agreeing to pay his father for his unexpired time as
+soon as he became of age. He learned the carpenter's trade of Samuel
+Johnson, in Ravenna, an intelligent man, who was highly respected by his
+neighbors, and whose influence was of great benefit to his apprentice,
+forming correct habits, and giving him moral and intellectual training.
+
+Young Humiston was ambitious to excel as a mechanic, and spent his
+evenings in studying architecture and examining plans for buildings. There
+was no eight or ten hour system in those days. Mechanics worked from
+daylight to dark, frequently continuing their labors sixteen hours. Under
+this severe strain his health again gave way, and in September, 1841, he
+was reluctantly compelled to abandon the trade of a carpenter, except to
+work about three days in the week in order to pay his board.
+
+At this point he determined to gain an education, and endeavor to earn a
+living by his brain, since his muscles failed him. He returned to Hudson
+with the purpose of entering college, his entire capital being ten cents
+in money and a few tools, with which he hoped to earn enough to pay for
+his board and tuition. He remained at the college five years, working at
+his trade by the hour, and doing odd jobs, teaching an occasional term,
+and working hard as a carpenter in vacations. His studies and labors were
+unremitting, sometimes allowing him but three hours' sleep out of the
+twenty-four. As might be expected, his health again gave way, and he was
+obliged to leave. The college conferred on him the honorary degree of M.
+A., and the Wesleyan University, at Delaware, Ohio, subsequently conferred
+the same degree, both without solicitation.
+
+[Illustration: R. F. Humiston.]
+
+On leaving college he went into the nursery business, not having physical
+stamina sufficient to prosecute his studies for the ministry, as intended.
+In this business he continued directly for eighteen months, and partially
+for five or six years.
+
+In the Fall of 1847, he commenced teaching in the public schools in
+Cuyahoga Falls, and in the following Spring established a private school,
+the Cuyahoga Falls Seminary. At the end of that year he was elected
+Superintendent of Public Instruction and principal of the high school. He
+continued his seminary, having assistants, and the privilege being allowed
+him of spending a portion of his time in the management of that
+establishment. In the Fall of 1849, he came to Cleveland and was appointed
+principal of the Rockwell street grammar school, where he remained seven
+years, bringing up the school from a low pitch to rank among the foremost
+in the city. His salary, when he began to teach in Cleveland was but five
+hundred dollars, and out of this he had to provide for two families, his
+own and that of his parents. To add to his small stipend, he taught
+evening school, and took agencies in the vacation. At the same time he was
+repeatedly offered other situations at better salaries, and was invited to
+become the principal of a State Normal school. He tendered his resignation
+as principal of the Rockwell street school, but was induced to remain on
+promise of increase of salary. Finally, becoming weary of that hope
+deferred that maketh the heart sick, he resigned and was engaged at a much
+higher salary, to establish, under the patronage of an association of
+leading citizens, the Cleveland Academy. This enterprise was very
+successful, and the position pleasant, a fine corps of assistants being
+gathered around him.
+
+After two years labor in this position, some gentlemen connected with the
+property on University Heights, requested him to engage in the enterprise
+of a school on the Heights, in the building erected for a college under
+president Mahan, but which now lay unfinished and unoccupied, the college
+scheme having failed. They offered rent and grounds free, but he refused,
+until they agreed to sell him the whole property for a nominal sum, if he
+could acquire a clear title, the ownership having become badly involved by
+the failure of the college. This he eventually accomplished after much
+labor, and took possession of the property in 1856.
+
+The task was a gigantic one to a man like Mr. Humiston, with limited funds
+and uncertain health. The building was unfinished and needed considerable
+expenditure to put it in shape for occupation. The location though very
+promising in the distant future, was then very inconvenient of access,
+and was therefore objectionable. But Mr. Humiston possessed a determined
+will and he set to work without delay. He borrowed money, fitted up a
+portion of the building, and opened the Cleveland Institute with strong
+hopes for the future, but gloomy prospects in the present.
+
+About the middle of the second year the building took fire and a large
+portion of the interior was destroyed. The school was closed for six
+months, and with characteristic energy Mr. Humiston went to work to repair
+damages, enlarging the building, and again involving himself in debt to
+meet the expense. Success crowned his enterprise. The number of scholars
+increased rapidly, and again the building had to be enlarged and improved.
+
+The institute was continued ten years, and the gross income in its later
+years ranged from $20,000 to $31,000 per year. During nearly the whole
+time Mr. Humiston taught himself, and usually five hours out of the six
+devoted to studies. At the same time he gave medical lectures at the
+Western Homoeopathic College, and managed all the affairs of the
+institute, keeping no agent or steward. He purchased and fitted up in
+the institute a fine chemical and philosophical apparatus, collected a
+good library and several valuable cabinets of specimens in natural
+history, geology, and mineralogy. The corps of teachers was large and of
+superior talents.
+
+In 1868, Mr. Humiston, considering that he had earned a respite from his
+arduous and unremitting labors, accepted an offer from some gentlemen
+desirous of establishing a Homoeopathic Hospital, and sold his building'
+with half the adjoining grounds for $35,000. He then accepted the tender
+of the agency of the American Missionary Association in Great Britain,
+and early in 1869 left for Europe, having previously visited the South in
+order to acquaint himself with the condition of the freedmen, whose cause
+he designed especially to present. After a year or more spent in this
+work he designs visiting the remainder of Europe, North Africa, and the
+Holy Land.
+
+Mr. Humiston has, since 1859, held the position of Professor of Chemistry
+and Toxicology in the Western Homoeopathic College, and has given ten
+courses of lectures in that institution. Each year he insisted on
+resigning, but the resignation has always been refused. On closing his
+educational career he again resigned, but the college again refused to
+accept his resignation, promising to supply his place temporarily during
+his absence in Europe.
+
+The distinguishing characteristic of Mr. Humiston is his strong will, and
+this is well exemplified in the fact that although born with a
+constitutional fierce thirst for liquor, he has been able to continue in
+right habits of temperance through all temptation, though at the cost of
+many powerful struggles with his inordinate cravings. He is a man of
+strong religions convictions, and has been so from his youth up. For many
+years he was connected with the Methodist church on University Heights. As
+an educator he ranks among the best in the State, and was held in
+deservedly high esteem by those who had themselves been taught by him, or
+whose children had been brought up under his tuition.
+
+
+
+
+Railroading
+
+
+
+First of the railroads of any description chartered in connection with
+Cleveland were the Cleveland and Newburgh and Cleveland and Bedford
+Railroad Companies. The first named was incorporated in 1835, built soon
+after, and for some time run by horse power, hauling stone and timber, and
+occasionally passengers. It was eventually abandoned. The Cleveland and
+Bedford was never built. Another local road, run by horse power, with
+wooden rails, was, about the same time, constructed between the city and
+East Cleveland, passing up Euclid street.
+
+The Ohio Railroad was of a different character. It was intended to run
+along the lake shore from the Pennsylvania line to Toledo, mostly to be
+built on piles. Considerable work was done, though no iron laid, when the
+financial crisis overwhelmed it and its kindred schemes. The piles driven
+for the track are yet visible in places between Cleveland and Sandusky.
+The rights of the company, as far as they existed, afterwards became the
+property of the Junction Railroad Company, now the Cleveland and Toledo.
+Of the same period, was the Cleveland, Warren and Pittsburgh. This was
+chartered in 1836, the act of incorporation authorizing the construction
+of a railroad from Cleveland, in the direction of Pittsburgh, to the
+State line of Pennsylvania. At the point of intersection with the State
+line, the charter provided for the union of the road with any other road
+which the State of Pennsylvania might authorize from Pittsburgh, or any
+other point below the Ohio river, running in the direction of Cleveland,
+in order that a continuous route might be perfected from Cleveland to
+Pittsburgh, under the authority of both States. The charter was very
+loose in its provisions, allowing the president and directors to create
+and sell stock as in their judgement occasion might require, without
+limit as to the amount issued, except that it should not exceed the
+needs of the company. Plenary powers were granted to the company in the
+selection of a route, the condemnation of land, and like "full and
+discretionary power" was granted to the company in "the use and occupancy
+of the road, in the transportation of persons or property, either by the
+force and power of steam, or animals, or any mechanical or other power,
+or any combination of them, which the company may think proper to
+employ." The cost of the line was estimated to be less than $7,000 per
+mile. The road was to be an extension of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad,
+a branch of which was to extend to Pittsburgh, and thus would "give the
+whole vast region of the western lakes an opportunity of marketing their
+products in, and receiving their foreign produce from Philadelphia and
+Baltimore, at least rive weeks earlier in the season, and at much less
+expense," than was accomplished at New York.
+
+In the same year a charter was obtained for the Cleveland, Columbus
+and Cincinnati Railroad, connecting Cleveland and Cincinnati by the
+way of Columbus.
+
+None of the roads were built under these charters. The financial panic of
+1837 swept them all into oblivion, together with a multitude of other
+roads projected throughout the country. Some of them were heard of no
+more, and others were revived in after years, the charters greatly
+amended, and the roads eventually built. The design of the Cleveland,
+Columbus and Cincinnati Railroad Company was eventually carried out to the
+extent of building a line to Columbus and there connecting with railroads
+extending to Cincinnati. The Cleveland, Warren and Pittsburgh charter was
+dug up, amended, and made authority for organization of the Cleveland and
+Pittsburgh Railroad, whilst the original route was mainly occupied by the
+new Cleveland and Mahoning Railroad.
+
+The Cleveland and Bedford was at last rendered unnecessary by the
+Cleveland and Pittsburgh passing over its route, whilst the Cleveland and
+Newburgh reap-pears as a street railroad, for passengers only, the
+original design of a local railroad for freight being abandoned thirty odd
+years ago.
+
+In 1845, the lapsed charter of the Cleveland, Columbus and Cincinnati
+Railroad Company was revived, revised, and a new company organized, with
+John W. Allen, Richard Hilliard, Jolin M. Woolsey and H. B. Payne as
+Cleveland directors, and John W. Allen as president. Between the
+organization of the company and the construction of the road there was a
+wide gulf of difficulties, jealousies and enmities, bridged over at last
+by untiring perseverance and unwavering faith in the final success of the
+undertaking. The story of the struggle is told incidentally in the
+biographical sketches of those connected with the enterprise. All that we
+have to do here is, to briefly sketch the leading features in the
+narrative as it has been already told, after a careful examination of the
+documentary history of the company. That account says the incorporation
+of the company had been obtained in the year 1845, with a proviso
+authorizing the city of Cleveland to subscribe two millions of dollars to
+the stock. The bonds of the city were promptly given, but before any money
+could be obtained upon these bonds it was necessary that a further
+subscription should be made by the citizens, not only to meet the current
+expenses, but to give assurance to capitalists abroad that the people here
+were really in earnest, and would not suffer the undertaking to fall
+through. After a thorough canvass of the city, by two well known and
+respected citizens, it was found that not more than twenty-five thousand
+dollars could be obtained. There was both a scarcity of cash and a lack of
+faith in the enterprise.
+
+John M. Woolsey was sent to Cincinnati to negotiate the city bonds with
+the Ohio Life and Trust Company; to Pittsburgh to ascertain upon what
+terms iron could be obtained; and to Philadelphia and New York to enlist
+the sympathy and help of capitalists. The mission was a failure. The
+common strap iron of that day could not be obtained without cash on
+delivery, and the money could not be procured on any terms. Cleveland was
+too far off, and entirely unknown to the moneyed men of the eastern
+cities. Thus, in the Spring of 1847, one of the very darkest periods in
+our history, it was determined to abandon the enterprise for the time, and
+await a more favorable season.
+
+In this desperate extremity Mr. Hilliard and Mr. Payne volunteered another
+and last effort of three months personal labor to arouse their fellow
+citizens to a proper sense of the importance and ultimate value of this
+grand undertaking. By patient perseverance they succeeded in securing a
+leading subscription of five thousand dollars from Leonard Case, who also
+consented to become a director of the company. The ultimate result of the
+solicitations was the subscription of about $40,000 additional to the
+amount previously pledged. About the same time an accession of the utmost
+importance was made when Alfred Kelley, of Columbus, accepted the
+presidency of the road, contrary to his inclination to retire from further
+public duties and to the strong remonstrances of his personal friends.
+Through the influence of Mr. Dwight, of Springfield, Mass., the directors
+secured the services of Captain Childs, well known among Eastern
+capitalists as a skillful engineer, and his endorsement of the company did
+much to advance its credit abroad. But it was still necessary to secure a
+large disposal of stock at home, and to effect this, a liberal additional
+assessment upon the friends of the road was made and accepted. Mr. Childs
+finally recommended Mr. Harbeck, who, in company with Stillman Witt and
+Amasa Stone, Jr., undertook and carried out the building of the road to
+its completion.
+
+In February, 1851, the first through train arrived from Columbus, bringing
+the State authorities and the Legislature, to celebrate the union of the
+two cities. Thus the Cleveland, Columbus and Cincinnati Railroad was the
+pioneer of the series of the now enlarged, and most important enterprises
+so clearly identified with the growth of the city. The chairman of the
+building committee stated at the opening of the new depot, that during the
+entire building of that road, there was not a dollar paid as a bribe to
+either the Legislature or the City Council, to receive their favors.
+
+The terminus of the road at Cleveland was originally intended to be on
+Scranton's Flats, but it was afterwards determined to bring the road
+across the river to the site of the old New England House. Appreciating
+the importance of extending it to the lake shore, the contractors agreed
+to grade the road free of charge from that point to the lake, and it was
+accordingly carried forward to its present terminus.
+
+In 1869, the road was consolidated with the Bellefontaine line, thus
+placing its western terminus in Indianapolis. Its southern stem had
+previously been extended by way of the Delaware Cut-Off to Springfield,
+thus opening another connection with Cincinnati.
+
+We have already said that the charter of the Cleveland, Warren and
+Pittsburgh Railroad, after sleeping for several years, was dug up,
+amended, and the Cleveland and Pittsburgh Railroad Company organized under
+it. The resuscitation of the charter took place in March, 1845, when the
+route was changed from "the most direct in the direction of Pittsburgh,"
+to "the most direct, practicable, and least expensive route to the Ohio
+river, at the most suitable point." The company organized at Ravenna, in
+October of the same year, with James Stewart, of Wellsville, as president,
+A. G. Cattell, as secretary, and Cyrus Prentiss, as treasurer. The route
+was surveyed, meetings held in aid of the project, and in July, 1847, the
+first contracts let from Wellsville northward, and the work of
+construction commenced. The northern end dragged, owing to the slow coming
+in of subscriptions, and the work was not fully let until 1849.
+
+In February, 1851, the line was opened from Cleveland to Hudson, and the
+General Assembly and State officers who had come to Cleveland to attend
+the celebration of the opening of the Cleveland, Columbus and Cincinnati
+Railroad, accepted an invitation to ride over the new railroad to Hudson.
+A short supply of provisions at Hudson, and the ditching of the train on
+the return trip, made the weary and hungry legislators long remember their
+pioneer trip over the unfinished Cleveland and Pittsburgh Railroad. In
+March following, the track was completed to Ravenna, in November to
+Hanover, at which time free passes for "each stockholder and his lady,"
+and "landholders through whose land the road passes, with their wives,"
+were issued, good for one ride over the line and return, that they might
+see the whole of the stupendous undertaking and admire it. In January
+1852, connection was made with the Ohio and Pennsylvania Railroad at
+Alliance, and a route thus opened to Pittsburgh, and in March, of the same
+year, the line was opened to Wellsville, and connection with the Ohio
+river perfected, thus completing the work laid out in the amended charter.
+
+At different times, subsequently, authority was granted by the General
+Assembly for the extension of the line and the construction of branches.
+In this way the River Division was built, connecting the Wellsville end
+with Pittsburgh by a junction with the Ohio and Pennsylvania at Rochester,
+and with the Baltimore and Ohio and Central Ohio, by a line to Bellair.
+The Tuscarawas Branch was built to New Philadelphia, and there stopped,
+though its original purpose was to form a connection with the Steubenville
+and Indiana Railroad. Authority was also given to build a branch from
+Hudson towards the Ohio and Pennsylvania and any line running in the
+direction of Columbus. A separate company afterwards constructed this
+"Akron Branch," or Cleveland, Zanesville and Cincinnati Railroad, so far
+as Millersburgh. The Cleveland and Pittsburgh Railroad has had a serious
+financial struggle to go through, but it has come out as an important and
+prosperous line. It is now working under a consolidation of earnings with
+the Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne and Chicago, formerly known as the Ohio and
+Pennsylvania.
+
+The Cleveland, Painesville and Ashtabula Railroad Company, now, after
+several consolidations and changes of title, forming part of the Lake
+Shore and Michigan Southern Railroad Company, was part of the general
+plan of the Cleveland, Columbus and Cincinnati Railroad, was built under
+much of the same influence, and has always been intimately connected
+with it in its working. The charter was obtained by special act in 1848,
+and empowered the corporators to build a line by way of Painesville,
+through Ashtabula county, to the Pennsylvania State line, and to
+continue their line into that State to any point authorized by the
+Pennsylvania Legislature. That part of the road extending to Erie, in
+the State of Pennsylvania, was constructed under the charter of the
+Franklin Canal Company, passed by the Legislature of Pennsylvania, the
+21st day of May, 1846, and amended April 9th, 1849, giving it authority
+to construct a railroad.
+
+The company was organized August 1st, 1849, by the selection of Alfred
+Kelley, Samuel L. Seldin, Heman B. Ely, George E. Gillett, David R. Paige,
+Laphnor Lake and Peleg P. Sanford as directors, and Heman B. Ely as
+president, and the surveys from Cleveland were made under the
+superintendence of Frederick Harbeck as chief engineer, and from the State
+line to Erie he acted as consulting engineer, filling both situations
+until his death, which occurred in the month of February, 1851. A contract
+for the construction of the road from Cleveland to the State line of
+Pennsylvania was made with Frederick Harbeck, A. Stone, Jr., and Stillman
+Witt, on the 26th day of July, 1850, but the work progressed slowly for
+six months after the contract was concluded, principally for the reason
+that there was no confidence in the ability of a railroad from Cleveland
+to Erie or Buffalo to compete with the lake in the transportation of
+persons and property, and the contractors expended more than $100,000 of
+their means before a like amount could be raised through all other
+sources. In the month of January, 1851, the Hon. Alfred Kelley was
+appointed general agent of the company with unlimited authority to raise
+funds and press forward the work of completion. He entered upon his duties
+with his usual indomitable perseverance and energy, fully seconded by the
+directors and contractors, and they had the satisfaction of passing a
+locomotive over its entire length late in the autumn of the year 1852.
+
+The act conferring authority on the Franklin Canal Company to construct a
+railroad from the State line of Ohio to the city of Erie, being regarded
+by the Legislature of the State of Pennsylvania as doubtful, they
+repealed it on the 28th day of January, 1854. On the 5th day of May,
+1856, the Legislature of the State of Pennsylvania passed an act
+authorizing the Cleveland, Painesville and Ashtabula Railroad Company to
+purchase the road as constructed from the State line to Erie, and to
+operate it under the general law of the State of Pennsylvania, passed the
+19th day of February, 1849. The history of the Pennsylvania portion of
+the line reflects no credit on that State. The petty and vexations "Erie
+War" in 1854, by which a portion of the people of Erie attempted to
+prevent a through connection of the road at that place, and the
+unjustifiable expenses to which the company were subjected by the
+Legislature, are blots on the record of that State.
+
+The road was operated jointly with the Cleveland, Columbus and Cincinnati
+Railroad until April 1st, 1855, when the management was divided. In 1869,
+it was consolidated, first with the Cleveland and Toledo and then with the
+Michigan Southern and Buffalo and Erie Railroads. The Cleveland,
+Painesville and Ashtabula has been one of the most profitable railroads in
+the country.
+
+The story of the Cleveland and Mahoning Railroad Company--one of
+persistent struggle against apparently insurmountable difficulties, is
+told in great part in the sketch of the life of Jacob Perkins, to whose
+labors and sacrifices the success of the undertaking is in great measure
+due. The road was projected to develope more fully the mineral and
+agricultural resource of Trumbull and Mahoning counties, and to find a
+market for their products in Pittsburgh or Cleveland. Unlike many
+projected railroads, the first object of this line was a local trade; the
+through business anticipated was a secondary consideration. The Company
+was incorporated in 1851, and the first meeting of stockholders held at,
+Warren, Trumbull county, in June, 1852, when $300,000 local subscriptions
+were reported and it was determined to survey and prepare estimates for
+the road. The directors under whom this work was commenced were Jacob
+Perkins, Frederick Kinsman and Charles Smith, of Warren, David Tod, of
+Youngstown, Dudley Baldwin of Cleveland, Robert Cunningham, of New
+Castle, and James Magee, of Philadelphia. In order to aid the enterprise
+by securing connections, they opened negotiations with the Pennsylvania
+and Ohio Railroad, and the Pittsburgh and Erie Railroad, but without
+success. About the same time a contract was made with the Junction
+Railroad, afterwards merged in the Cleveland and Toledo Road, for
+purchase of ground near the mouth of the Cuyahoga river, on the west
+side, and the right of way obtained through a portion of Ohio City, and
+through Scranton's Hill to the west end of the Columbus street bridge,
+near which the freight depot was afterwards established. In 1853, the
+principal office of the Company was removed to Cleveland, which was made
+the head quarters of the Company.
+
+After surveying different routes and hesitating over the choice between
+them, it was decided to build the road from Cleveland, on the West Side,
+and running through Scranton's hill to Newburgh, Bedford, Aurora, Mantua
+and Warren, fifty-three miles, and thence down the Mahoning Valley to
+Youngstown and Poland, to the east line of the State.
+
+Repeated attempts were made to induce the Legislature of Pennsylvania to
+authorize an extension of the road in that State, but owing to the
+opposition of the Pittsburgh and Erie Bailroad, and especially of the
+Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne and Chicago Railroad, the desired permission was
+finally refused. The estimated aggregate cost of the road was about one
+and three-quarter millions of dollars, and when the principal contracts
+for labor and iron were made, there was a very fair prospect of disposing
+of the bonds of the company to advantage, and thus, in addition to the
+loans effected in Philadelphia, New York and at home, the means to
+complete the work were reasonably anticipated. In the Directors' Report of
+1854, they were obliged to announce unlooked for embarrassments, growing
+out of the altered condition of the money market. The story of the
+seemingly hopeless, but finally successful, struggle that followed is told
+in another part of this work. At length, in 1857, after five or six years
+of persevering efforts, and most perplexing difficulties, the road was
+opened through to Youngstown; substantial machine shops were built at
+Cleveland, station houses erected along the route, and the coal and iron
+of the Mahoning Valley were made accessible by a quick and easy route.
+
+In October, 1863, the road was leased for ninety-nine years to the
+Atlantic and Great Western Railroad, which had already laid a broad gauge
+upon the track, That company now controls the main line to Youngstown,
+with the several branches to Hubbard and the coal mines. The narrow gauge
+is kept up for the use of the Mahoning trains, freight and passenger,
+while the broad gauge is used by the Atlantic and Great Western through
+trains. The track has been extended to the shore of the old river bed, an
+extensive wharfage established, and large facilities obtained for
+connecting the traffic of the road with the lake commerce.
+
+The Cleveland and Toledo Railroad Company was formed by the consolidation
+of two rival and nearly parallel lines. One of the companies thus united,
+was incorporated as the Junction Railroad Company, and the other by the
+name of the Toledo, Norwalk and Cleveland Railroad Company. The former was
+incorporated by an act of the legislature of Ohio, passed on the second
+day of March, 1846; and the latter, by an act of the seventh of March,
+1850. The Junction Railroad Company, by its original charter and two
+amendments, in 1861, was authorized to construct a railroad from the city
+of Cleveland to the west line of the State by such route as the directors
+might determine, with power to construct branches to any points within the
+counties through which the main line might pass. The charter of the
+Toledo, Norwalk and Cleveland Railroad Company, authorized the
+construction of a railroad from Toledo, by the way of Norwalk, in the
+county of Huron, to a connection with the Cleveland, Columbus, and
+Cincinnati Railroad, at some point in the counties of Huron or Lorain. The
+authorized capital stock of the Junction Company was three millions, and
+that of the other company, two millions of dollars.
+
+The consolidation was effected, and the new company organized on the first
+of September, A. D. 1853, under the specific provisions of the twelfth
+section of the amendment to the Toledo, Norwalk and Cleveland Railroad
+charter, passed on the first of March, 1850. Under its charter, the
+Toledo, Norwalk and Cleveland Railroad Company constructed a road from the
+east bank of the Maumee river, opposite the city of Toledo, to Grafton,
+where it connects with the Cleveland, Columbus and Cincinnati Railroad,
+twenty-five miles south-west from the city of Cleveland, being a distance
+of eighty-seven and one-half miles, all of which was finished and put into
+operation in January, 1853. This became known as the Southern Division of
+the Cleveland and Toledo Railroad.
+
+The Northern Division, or Junction Railroad, was originally intended to
+run from Cleveland, west side, via Berea and Sandusky, westward to a point
+on the Michigan Southern and Northern Indiana Railroad some twenty miles
+west of Toledo, and crossing the track of the Toledo, Norwalk and
+Cleveland Railroad at a point about eight miles east of the same city. The
+road was opened between Cleveland and Sandusky and operations commenced
+upon it in the Fall of 1858, immediately after the consolidation. The
+original project of a separate line to the west was carried out by the
+consolidated corporation so far as to construct the road to its
+intersection with the old Toledo, Norwalk and Cleveland track, from which
+point both lines approached Toledo over the same right of way. This line
+was operated over its whole length until the 31st day of December, 1858,
+on which day the use for regular business of that portion lying west of
+Sandusky was discontinued, and all the through travel and traffic turned
+upon the Southern Division. On the 30th of July, 1856, a contract was
+entered into with the Cleveland, Columbus and Cincinnati Railroad Company
+by which the Cleveland and Toledo Company acquired the right to use the
+track of the first named company from Grafton to Cleveland, for the
+Southern Division trains, and from Berea to Cleveland for the Northern
+Division, and thence forward all trains were run into, and departed from,
+the Union Depot in Cleveland--a change which soon resulted in the
+practical abandonment, for the time, of that portion of the Northern
+Division lying between Berea and Cleveland on the west side of Cuyahoga
+river. This arrangement, together with the completion, in 1855, of a
+bridge over the Maumee river at Toledo, enabled the company to receive and
+discharge its passengers in union depots at each end of its line. During
+the years 1865 and 1866, about eight miles of new road were constructed
+between Elyria on the Northern Division, and Oberlin on the Southern
+Division, for the purpose of allowing all trains to leave and come upon
+the Cleveland, Columbus and Cincinnati Road at Berea, thirteen miles,
+instead of Grafton, twenty-five miles from Cleveland. This new piece of
+road was opened for business on the 10th of September, 1866, and the road
+between Oberlin and Grafton immediately abandoned, The construction of a
+bridge near the mouth of the Cuyahoga river at Cleveland, brought the
+Northern Division line between Cleveland and Berea once more into use, and
+over it the freight trains of the line are now run. In 1869, the company
+was made part of the Consolidated line between Buffalo and Chicago.
+
+The Atlantic and Great Western Railroad, by its lease of the Cleveland and
+Mahoning Railroad, has become an important part of the Cleveland railroad
+System. The company was organized in 1851, as the Franklin and Warren
+Railroad Company, to build a road from Franklin Mills (now Kent) in
+Portage County, to Warren, in Trumbull county, with power to extend to a
+point in the eastern line of the State, northeast of Warren and
+southwesterly to Dayton, Ohio. In July, 1853, operations were actively
+commenced along the whole line, but were soon seriously retarded by
+financial embarrassments. In 1854, the Franklin and Warren Railroad
+Company, under authority of an Act of the General Assembly of 1853,
+changed its name to the Atlantic and Great Western Railroad Company. Two
+years before, a project had been started to extend the broad gauge of the
+Ohio and Mississippi Railroad through Ohio, northeastern Pennsylvania and
+southwestern New York, to connect with the New York and Erie Railroad.
+This route would run through Meadville, Pennsylvania, Warren, Kent, Akron
+and Galion to Dayton, Ohio. In 1858, the Meadville Railroad Company
+changed their name to the Atlantic and Great Western Railroad Company of
+Pennsylvania. In 1859, a company was organized in the State of New York,
+under the name of the Atlantic and Great Western Railroad in New York, and
+purchased in 1860 of the New York and Erie Railroad Company thirty eight
+miles of their road, from Salamanca to near Ashville. These thirty eight
+miles with eleven miles of new line, make up the entire length of line of
+this road in the State of New York. Each of the above companies made
+contracts for the building of their respective roads.
+
+In the Fall of 1858, negotiations were commenced in London with James
+McHenry, for the means to carry on the work. T. W. Kennard, a civil
+engineer, came over as the attorney of Mr. McHenry, and engineer in chief
+of the whole work. In 1862, the road was opened from Corry to Meadville,
+Pennsylvania. In 1863, it was extended to Warren, and in the next year to
+Ravenna and Akron--202 miles from Salamanca.
+
+In October, 1863, the three companies above named, leased for ninety-nine
+years, the Cleveland and Mahoning Railroad, extending from Cleveland
+southerly to Youngstown, Ohio, sixty-seven miles. This road has a narrow
+gauge track crossing the Atlantic and Great Western Railroad at
+Leavittsburgh, Ohio, fifty miles south of Cleveland. The Atlantic and
+Great Western Company laid a rail on either side of the narrow track, thus
+carrying the broad gauge into Cleveland, and a broad gauge train from the
+city of New York entered Cleveland on the evening of November 3rd, 1863.
+Subsequently the several companies forming the Atlantic and Great Western
+line were consolidated into one line, and this again was, in 1869,
+consolidated with the Erie Railway.
+
+Besides opening a new and important thoroughfare to the East, this line
+has opened up to Cleveland the resources of north-western Pennsylvania,
+and in the oil product has added an immense and highly profitable trade to
+the business of the city.
+
+Several lines have been built, connecting with and adding business to the
+railroads leading to Cleveland, but of these it is not the province of
+this work to speak. A large number of new railroads have been from time to
+time projected in various directions. Some of these "paper railroads" have
+intrinsic merit, and these, or lines aiming at the same objects, will
+eventually be built.
+
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: Yours truly, Jacob Perkins]
+
+
+Jacob Perkins.
+
+
+
+Jacob Perkins was born at Warren, Trumbull county, Ohio, September 1st,
+1822, being next to the youngest of the children of Gen. Simon Perkins,
+one of the earliest and most prominent, business men of norther Ohio, a
+land agent of large business, and the owner of extensive tracts of land.
+In his early years Jacob Perkins developed a strong inclination for study,
+acquiring knowledge with unusual facility, and gratifying his intense
+passion for reading useful works by every means within his power.
+
+He commenced fitting himself for college at the Burton Academy, then under
+the direction of Mr. H. L. Hitchcock, now president of Western Reserve
+College, and completed his preparation at Middletown, Connecticut, in the
+school of Isaac Webb. He entered Yale College in 1837.
+
+While in college he was distinguished for the elegance of his style and
+the wide range of his literary acquirements. He delivered the philosophic
+oration at his junior exhibition, and was chosen second editor of "Yale
+Literary Magazine," a position in which he took great interest, and filled
+to the satisfaction and pride of his class. His college course was,
+however, interrupted by a long and severe illness before the close of his
+junior year, which compelled him to leave his studies and (to his
+permanent regret) prevented him from graduating with his own class. He
+returned the following year and was graduated with the class of 1842.
+
+He entered his father's office at Warren, and was occupied with its
+business until, upon the death of his father, some two years afterwards,
+he became one of his executors.
+
+During his residence at Warren he appeared occasionally before home
+audiences as a public speaker, and always with great acceptance.
+
+In politics, he early adopted strong anti-slavery principles, then not the
+popular doctrine, and they were always freely and openly advocated. Of an
+address delivered in 1848, which was published and attracted very
+considerable local attention, the editor of the Chronicle remarked, "We
+have listened to the best orators of the land, from the Connecticut to
+the Mississippi, and can truly say, by none have we been so thoroughly
+delighted in every particular as by this effort of our distinguished
+townsman." The oration discussed the true theory of human rights and the
+legitimate powers of human government--and the following extract gives the
+spirit of his political principles on the subject of slavery:
+
+The object of law is not to make rights, but to define and maintain them;
+man possesses them before the existence of law, the same as he does
+afterwards. No matter what government may extend its control over him; no
+matter how miserable or how sinful the mother in whose arms his eyes
+opened to the day; no matter in what hovel his infancy is nursed; no
+matter what complexion--an Indian or an African sun may have burned upon
+him, this may decide the privileges which he is able to assert, but can
+not affect the existence of his rights. His self-mastery is the gift of
+his creator, and oppression, only, can take it away.
+
+Without solicitation he was nominated and elected a member of the
+Convention that framed the present Constitution of Ohio. His associates
+from the district were Judges Peter Hitchcock and R. P. Ranney, and
+although "he was the youngest member but one of the Convention--and in the
+minority, his influence and position were excelled by few."
+
+He was one of the Senatorial Presidential Electors for Ohio on the Fremont
+ticket in 1856.
+
+In the intellectual progress of the young about him, and the building up
+of schools and colleges, he took especial interest. He first suggested and
+urged upon President Pierce to adopt the conditions of the present
+"Permanent Fund of Western Reserve College," rather than to solicit
+unconditional contributions, which experience had proved were so easily
+absorbed by present necessities, and left the future as poor as the past.
+In connection with his brothers, he made the first subscription to that
+fund. The embarrassment arising from his railroad enterprise prevented him
+from increasing that contribution. The wisdom of his suggestions was
+subsequently shown, when, during the rupture and consequent embarrassment
+under which the college labored, the income of this fund had a very
+important, if not vital share in saving it from abandonment, and
+afterwards proved the nucleus of its present endowment.
+
+He was always efficient in favoring improvements. He was associated with
+Hon. F. Kinsman and his brother in founding the beautiful Woodland
+Cemetery at Warren. The land was purchased and the ground laid out by
+them, and then transferred to the present corporation.
+
+Soon after his return from the Constitutional Convention, he became
+interested in the Cleveland and Mahoning Railroad. He was most
+influential in obtaining the charter and organizing the company, of
+which he was elected president, and became the principal, almost sole
+financial manager.
+
+Owing to prior and conflicting railroad interests, little aid could be
+obtained for his project in either of the terminal cities, Cleveland and
+Pittsburgh, and the work was commenced in 1853 with a comparatively small
+stock subscription. A tightening money market prevented any considerable
+increase of the stock list, or a favorable disposition of the bonds of the
+road, and the financial crisis a few years afterwards so reduced the value
+of the securities of this, as of all unfinished railroads, as practically
+to shut them out of the market. In this emergency the alternative
+presented itself to Mr. Perkins and his resident directors, either to
+abandon the enterprise and bankrupt the company, with the entire loss of
+the amount expended, or to push it forward to completion by the pledge,
+and at the risk of their private fortunes, credit, and reputations.
+
+In this, the darkest day of the enterprise, Mr. Perkins manifested his
+confidence in its ultimate success, and his generous willingness to meet
+fully his share of the hazard to be incurred, by proposing to them,
+jointly with him, to assume that risk; and agreeing that in case of
+disaster, he would himself pay the first $100,000 of loss, and thereafter
+share it equally with them.
+
+With a devotion to the interests entrusted to them, a determination rarely
+equalled in the history of our railroad enterprises, they unanimously
+accepted this proposition, and determined to complete the road, at least
+to a remunerative point in the coal fields of the Mahoning Valley.
+
+The financial storm was so much more severe and longer continued than the
+wisest had calculated upon, that for years the result was regarded by them
+and the friends of the enterprise with painful suspense. In the interest
+of the road Mr. Perkins spent the Spring of 1854 in England, without
+achieving any important financial results.
+
+At length, in 1856, the road was opened to Youngstown, and its receipts,
+carefully husbanded, began slowly to lessen the floating debt, by that
+time grown to frightful proportions, and carried solely by the pledge of
+the private property and credit of the president and Ohio directors. These
+directors, consisting of Hon. Frederick Kinsman and Charles Smith, of
+Warren, Governor David Tod, of Briar Hill, Judge Reuben Hitchcock, of
+Painesville, and Dudley Baldwin, of Cleveland, by the free use of their
+widely known and high business credit, without distrust or dissension,
+sustained the president through that long and severe trial, a trial which
+can never be realized except by those who shared its burdens. The
+president and these directors should ever be held in honor by the
+stockholders of the company, whose investment they saved from utter loss,
+and by the business men of the entire Mahoning Valley, and not less by the
+city of Cleveland; for the mining and manufacturing interests developed by
+their exertions and sacrifices, lie at the very foundation of the present
+prosperity of both.
+
+Before, however, the road was enabled to free itself from financial
+embarrassment, so to as commence making a satisfactory return to the
+stockholders, which Mr. Perkins was exceedingly anxious to see
+accomplished under his own presidency--his failing health compelled him to
+leave its active management, and he died before the bright day dawned upon
+the enterprise.
+
+He said to a friend during his last illness, with characteristic
+distinctness: "If I die, you may inscribe on my tomb stone, Died of the
+Mahoning Railroad;" so great had been his devotion to the interests of the
+road, and so severe the personal exposures which its supervision had
+required of him, who was characteristically more thoughtful of every
+interest confided to his care, than of his own health.
+
+He was married October 24th, 1850, to Miss Elizabeth O. Tod, daughter of
+Dr. J. I. Tod, of Milton, Trumbull county, Ohio, and removed his family to
+Cleveland in 1856. Of three children, only one, Jacob Bishop, survives
+him. Mrs. Perkins died of rapid consumption, June 4th, 1857, and his
+devoted attention at the sick bed of his wife greatly facilitated the
+development of the same insidious disease, which was gradually to
+undermine his own naturally vigorous constitution.
+
+The business necessities of his road, embarrassed and pressing as they
+were, united with his uniform self-forgetfulness, prevented his giving
+attention to his personal comfort and health, long after his friends saw
+the shadow of the destroyer falling upon his path. He was finally, in
+great prostration of health and strength, compelled to leave the active
+duties of the road and spent the latter part of the Winter of 1857-8 in
+the Southern States, but returned in the Spring with little or no
+improvement. He continued to fail; during the Summer and in the Fall of
+1858 he again went South in the vain hope of at least physical relief, and
+died in Havana, Cuba, January 12th, 1859. His remains were embalmed and
+brought home by his physician who had accompanied him--and were interred
+at Warren, in Woodland Cemetery, where so many of his family repose around
+him. A special train from either end of the Cleveland and Mahoning
+Railroad brought the board of directors and an unusually large number of
+business and personal friends to join the long procession which followed
+"the last of earth" to its resting place.
+
+One of the editorial notices of his death, at the time, very justly
+remarks of him:
+
+  He was a man of mark, and through strength of talent, moral firmness and
+  urbanity of manner, wielded an influence seldom possessed by a man of
+  his years. In addition to his remarkable business capacity, Mr. Perkins
+  was a man of high literary taste, which was constantly improving and
+  enriching his mind. He continued, even amid his pressing-business
+  engagements, his habits of study and general reading. Mr. Perkins
+  belonged to that exceptional class of cases in which great wealth,
+  inherited, does not injure the recipient.
+
+An editorial of a Warren paper, mentioning his death, says:
+
+  He was born in this town in 1821, and from his boyhood exhibited a
+  mental capacity and energy which was only the promise of the brilliancy
+  of his manhood. To his exertion, his personal influence and liberal
+  investment of capital the country is indebted for the Cleveland and
+  Mahoning Railroad. To his unremitting labor in this enterprise he has
+  sacrificed personal comfort and convenience, and we fear, shortened his
+  days by his labors and exposure in bringing the work to completion.
+  Known widely as Mr. Perkins has been by his active part in public
+  enterprises, his loss will be felt throughout the State, but we who have
+  known him both as boy and man, have a deeper interest in him, and the
+  sympathies of the people of Warren, with his relatives, will have much
+  of the nature of personal grief for one directly connected with them.
+
+Said a classmate in the class meeting of 1862:
+
+  Although his name on the catalogue ranks with the class of 1842, his
+  affections were with us, and he always regarded himself of our number.
+  He visited New Haven frequently during the latter part of his life, in
+  connection with a railway enterprise, in which he was interested, and
+  exhibited the same large-heartedness and intellectual superiority which
+  won for him universal respect during his college course.
+
+A gentleman who knew Mr. Perkins intimately, and as a director was
+associated with him in the construction of the Cleveland and Mahoning
+Railroad, and in carrying its debt, wrote of him as follows:
+
+  The management and construction of the Cleveland and Mahoning Railroad
+  by Mr. Perkins, under circumstances the most difficult and trying, were
+  well calculated to test his powers, and, in that work he proved himself
+  possessed of business capacity rarely equalled, sustained by
+  unquestioned integrity, and remarkable energy. These qualifications,
+  united with his large wealth, gave him the requisite influence with
+  business men and capitalists. His devotion to the interests of the road,
+  his abiding confidence in a favorable result, and his clear and just
+  appreciation of its value, and importance to the community, called forth
+  his best efforts, and were essential conditions of success. To him more
+  than to any other individual are the projection, inauguration, and
+  accomplishment of this enterprise attributable. From its earliest
+  projection, he had a most comprehensive and clear view of its importance
+  to the city of Cleveland and the Mahoning Valley, and confidently
+  anticipated for them, in the event of its completion, a rapidity and
+  extent of development and prosperity, which were then regarded as
+  visionary, but which the result has fully demonstrated.
+
+  His life was spared to witness only the commencement of this prosperity,
+  nor can it be doubted, that his close application, and unremitting
+  efforts to forward the work shortened his life materially. His deep and
+  absorbing interest in it, prevented the precautionary measures and
+  relaxations, which in all probability would have prolonged his life for
+  years. His associates in the board saw the danger and urged him to
+  earlier and more decided measures for relief. He too was aware of their
+  importance. But the constant demand upon his time and strength, and the
+  continually recurring necessities of the enterprise, which he had so
+  much at heart, were urgent, and so absorbed his thoughts and energies,
+  that he delayed until it was obvious that relaxation could afford merely
+  temporary relief.
+
+  In his intercourse with the board, Mr. Perkins was uniformly courteous
+  and gentlemanly, always giving respectful attention to the suggestions
+  of his associates, but ever proving himself thoroughly posted; readily
+  comprehending the most judicious measures, and clearly demonstrating
+  their wisdom. Entire harmony in the action of the directors was the
+  result, and all had the fullest confidence in him. While his business
+  capacity and integrity commanded their highest admiration, his urbanity,
+  kindness and marked social qualities secured their strong personal
+  attachment, and by them his decease was regarded as a severe personal
+  affliction, as well as a great public loss.
+
+Thus is briefly noticed, one who dying comparatively early, had given
+evidence of great business capacity, as well as the promise of unusual
+power and popularity with the people of his own State, and nation.
+
+
+
+
+William Case.
+
+
+
+A work professing to give sketches, however brief and incomplete, of the
+representative men of Cleveland, would be manifestly defective did it omit
+notice of the late William Case, a gentleman of sterling worth and great
+popularity, who was identified with much of the material progress of the
+city, who had a host of deeply attached friends while living, and whose
+memory is cherished with affectionate esteem.
+
+[Illustration: William Case]
+
+William Case was born to prosperity, but this, which to very many has
+proved the greatest misfortune of their lives, was to him no evil, but, on
+the contrary, a good, inasmuch as it gave him opportunity for gratifying
+his liberal tastes, and his desire to advance the general welfare. From
+his father, Leonard Case, he inherited an extraordinary business capacity,
+indomitable energy, and strong common sense, with correct habits. To these
+inherited traits he added an extensive knowledge, acquired both from books
+and men, and made practical by keen observation, and liberal ideas, which
+he carried into his business and social affairs. In all relations of life
+he was ever a gentleman, in the true meaning of the word, courteous to
+all, the rich and the poor alike, and with an instinctive repugnance to
+everything mean, oppressive or hypocritical. With regard to himself, he
+was modest to a fault, shrinking from everything that might by any
+possibility be construed into ostentation or self-glorification. This
+tribute the writer of these lines,--who owed him nothing but friendship,
+and who was in no way a recipient of any favor from him, other than his
+good will,--is glad of an opportunity to pay, and this testimony to his
+good qualities, falls short of the facts.
+
+William Case takes his place in this department of our work by virtue of
+the fact that he was an early friend to the railroad enterprises of
+Cleveland. He contributed largely to the Cleveland, Painesville and
+Ashtabula Railroad, and for four years and a half, until August, 1858, was
+president of that company. Under his management the railroad prospered and
+paid large dividends, and when he left that position it was with the
+regret of all his subordinates, whose esteem had been won by his kindness
+and courtesy.
+
+But it was not alone as a railroad man that Mr. Case won for himself the
+title to a place among the leading representative men of the city. He grew
+up with Cleveland, and was alive to the interests of the growing city. No
+scheme of real improvement but found a friend in him. He was energetic in
+forwarding movements for bettering the condition of the streets; he took a
+leading part in the location and establishment of the Water Works. Anxious
+to effect an improvement in the business architecture of the city, in
+which Cleveland was so far behind cities of less pretension, he projected
+and carried on far towards completion the Case Block, which stands to-day
+the largest and most noticeable business building in the city, and which
+contains one of the finest public halls in the West. Mr. Case died before
+completion of the building, which unforeseen difficulties made of great
+cost, but his plans so far as known--including some of great generosity,
+such as the donation of a fine suite of rooms to the Cleveland Library
+Association--have been faithfully carried out.
+
+In 1846, Mr. Case was elected member of the City Council from the Second
+Ward, and served in that position four years. In that body he was noted
+for his advocacy of every measure tending to the improvement of the city,
+and the development of its industrial and commercial resources.
+
+In the Spring of 1850, he was nominated, on the Whig ticket, for mayor of
+Cleveland, and was elected by a large majority, against a strong
+Democratic opponent, his personal popularity being shown by his running
+ahead of his ticket. His administration was marked with such energy,
+ability and public spirit, that in the following year--the office then
+being annually elective--he was re-elected by an increased majority, and
+ran still further ahead of his ticket.
+
+In 1852, the Whig convention for the Nineteenth Congressional District,
+which then included Cuyahoga county, assembled at Painesville, under the
+presidency of Mon. Peter Hitchcock. Mr. Case was there nominated for
+Congress by acclamation, and the canvass was carried on by the Whigs with
+great enthusiasm. But the Democracy and the Free Soil party were against
+him, and under the excitement growing out of anti-slavery agitation, the
+Free Soil candidate, Hon. Edward Wade, was elected, though closely pressed
+by Mr. Case. From that time Mr. Case, who was not in any respect a
+politician, and who had at no time a desire or need for office, took no
+active part in politics.
+
+Mr. Case did not possess a strong constitution, and early in life his
+medical attendant reported against his being sent to college, as the
+application would be too severe a strain on his health. In accordance with
+the advice then given, he devoted much attention to hunting, fishing, and
+to horticultural and agricultural pursuits. But these were insufficient to
+save him, and he died April 19th, 1862, whilst yet in the prime of life,
+being but forty years old.
+
+
+
+
+Amasa Stone, Jr.
+
+
+
+Conspicuous among the railroad managers connected with Cleveland, indeed
+occupying a prominent position in the list of the railroad magnates of the
+country, is the name of Amasa Stone, Jr. The high position he has
+attained, and the wealth he has secured, are the rewards of his own
+perseverance, industry, and foresight; every dollar he has earned
+represents a material benefit to the public at large in the increase of
+manufacturing or traveling facilities.
+
+Mr. Stone was born in the town of Charlton, Worcester county,
+Massachusetts, April 27th, 1818. He is of Puritan stock, the founder
+of the American branch of the family having-landed at Boston in 1632,
+from the ship Increase, which brought a colony of Puritans from
+England. The first settlement of the family was at Waltham. The father
+of Mr. Stone, also named Amasa, is now alive, hale and hearty, at the
+age of ninety years.
+
+Young Amasa Stone lived with his parents and worked upon the farm,
+attending the town district school in its sessions, until he was seventeen
+years old, when he engaged with an older brother for three years, to learn
+the trade of a builder. His pay for the first year was to be forty
+dollars, increasing ten dollars yearly, and to furnish his own clothing.
+At the end of the second year, thinking he could do better, he purchased
+the remainder of his time for a nominal sum, and from that time was his
+own master. In the Winter of 1837-8, he attended the academy of Professer
+Bailey, in Worcester, Mass., having saved sufficient from his small wages
+to pay the expenses of a single term.
+
+His first work on his own account was a contract to do the joiner work of
+a house building by Col. Temple, at Worcester. The work was done, and in
+part payment he took a note of a manufacturing firm for $130; within a
+few months the firm failed, the note became worthless, and the first
+earnings of the young builder were lost. That note Mr. Stone still
+preserves as a memento.
+
+The following year, at the age of twenty, he joined his two older brothers
+in a contract for the construction of a church edifice in the town of East
+Brookfield, Mass. In the succeeding year, 1839, he engaged with his
+brother-in-law, Mr. William Howe, to act as foreman in the erection of
+two church edifices and several dwelling-houses in Warren, Mass.
+
+During this time Mr. Howe was engaged in perfecting his invention of what
+is known as the Howe truss bridge. After securing his patent Mr. Howe
+contracted to build the superstructure of the bridge across the
+Connecticut river, at Springfield, for the Western Railroad Company. Mr.
+Stone engaged with him in this work. During a part of the first year he
+was employed on the foundations of the structure in the bed of the river.
+Thereafter until the year 1842, he was employed constantly by Mr. Howe in
+the erection of railway and other bridges, and railway depot buildings. In
+the Winter of 1841, his duties were most trying and arduous. About a
+thousand lineal feet of bridging on the Western Railroad, in the Green
+Mountains, had to be completed, and Mr. Stone and his men were called upon
+to carry the work through. In some locations the sun could scarcely be
+seen, the gorges were so deep and narrow, while during a large portion of
+the time the thermometer ranged below zero. But the work was successfully
+completed.
+
+In the year 1842, he formed a copartnership with Mr. A. Boody, and
+purchased from Mr. Howe his bridge patent for the New England States,
+including all improvements and renewals. Subsequently an arrangement was
+concluded with Mr. D. L. Harris, under the name of Boody, Stone & Co., for
+the purpose of contracting for the construction of railways, railway
+bridges, and similar work, the mechanical details generally to be under
+the charge of Mr. Stone. In the year 1845, Mr. Stone was appointed
+superintendent of the New Haven, Hartford and Springfield Railroad, he,
+however, still continuing his partnership in the firm of Boody, Stone &
+Co., and the business of the firm becoming so heavy that within a year
+from the time of his appointment he resigned his office as superintendent.
+
+Circumstances occurred previous to his appointment that may be worthy of
+remark. The purchase of the bridge patent, before alluded to, was for the
+sum of forty thousand dollars, to be paid in annual instalments. A few
+years after the purchase some defects showed themselves in the bridges
+that had been erected on this plan, and many prominent engineers had come
+to the conclusion that it was not superior to, if it equalled, the truss
+plan of Col. Long, the arch and truss of Burr, or the lattice plan of
+Ithial Towne, and the firm of Boody, Stone & Co. began to fear that they
+had made a bad bargain in the purchase of the patent. Mr. Stone, in
+relating the incident to a friend, said: "I came to the conclusion that
+something must be done or there must be a failure, and it must not be a
+failure. The night following was a sleepless one, at least until three
+o'clock in the morning. I thought, and rolled and tumbled, until time and
+again I was almost exhausted in my inventive thoughts, and in despair,
+when at last an idea came to my mind that relieved me. I perfected it in
+my mind's eye, and then came to the conclusion that it would not only
+restore the reputation of the Howe bridge, but would prove to be a better
+combination of wood and iron for bridges than then existed, and could not
+and would not in principle be improved upon. Sleep immediately came. I
+afterwards, with models, proved my conclusions and have not, up to this
+time, changed them." It seems that the invention consisted in the
+introduction of longitudinal keys and clamps in the lower chords, to
+prevent their elongation, and iron socket bearings instead of wooden for
+the braces and bolts, to avoid compression and shrinkage of the timber,
+which was the great defect in the original invention, and the adoption of
+single instead of double intersection in the arrangement of the braces,
+the latter being the arrangement in the original invention.
+
+In the autumn of 1846, an incident occurred that may be worthy of
+notice. On the 14th day of October, when walking in Broadway, New York,
+Mr. Stone met the president of the New Haven, Hartford and Springfield
+Railroad, who had in his hand a telegram, stating that the bridge across
+the Connecticut river at Enfield Falls, one-fourth of a mile long, had
+been carried away by a hurricane. The president asked the advice of Mr.
+Stone, who stated that the timber for that structure was furnished by
+Messrs. Campbell & Moody, of that city, and advised that he order it
+duplicated at once. The president, a very faithful officer, but
+disinclined to take responsibilities, asked Mr. Stone to take the
+responsibility of ordering it. Mr. Stone replied, "Not unless I am
+president." The timber was, however, ordered, and at the request of the
+president, Mr. Stone went immediately with him to Springfield, where a
+committee of the board was called together, and he was asked to propose
+terms, and the shortest time upon which his firm would contract to
+complete the bridge. He stated that his terms would be high, as the
+season was late and would likely be unfavorable before so heavy a work
+could be completed, and further suggested that if they chose to appoint
+him manager of the work, he would accept and do the best he could for
+them. He was immediately appointed sole manager of the work, and the
+board placed at his control all the resources of the company. The work
+was immediately commenced by bringing to the site men and material, and
+it was completed, and a locomotive and train of cars run across it by
+Mr. Stone within forty days from the day the order was given for its
+erection. The structure consisted of seven spans of seventy-seven feet
+each, with two other spans at each end of about fifty feet each. Mr.
+Stone has been heard to state that he regarded this as one of the most
+important events of his life, and that no one was more astonished than
+himself at the result. He was rewarded by complimentary resolutions, and
+a check for one thousand dollars by the company.
+
+The following Winter the partnership of Boody, Stone & Co. was dissolved
+by mutual consent, and the territory that their contract for the bridge
+patent covered was divided, by Mr. Stone taking the States of
+Massachusetts, Connecticut and Rhode Island, and Mr. Boody the other three
+States. A new partnership was then formed between Mr. Stone and Mr.
+Harris, which continued until the year 1849.
+
+From the year 1839 to 1850, the residence of Mr. Stone, most of the time,
+was in Springfield, Mass., but the numerous contracts in which he was
+interested called him into ten different States, He served several years
+as a director in the Agawam Bank, was also a director for several years,
+and one of the building committee in the Agawam Canal Company, which
+erected and run a cotton mill of ten thousand spindles, in the town of
+West Springfield.
+
+In the autumn of 1848, he formed a partnership with Mr. Stillman Witt and
+Mr. Frederick Harbach, who contracted with the Cleveland, Columbus and
+Cincinnati Railroad Company to construct and equip the road from Cleveland
+to Columbus. This was the largest contract that had, at that time, been
+entered into, of this character, by any one party or firm in the United
+States. A large amount of the capital stock was taken in part payment for
+the work. It was generally regarded as a hazardous adventure, but the work
+was carried through in accordance with the terms of the contract, and
+proved to be a profitable investment for its stockholders. In his
+partnership contract it was stipulated that he was to act as financial
+agent at the East, to send out the necessary mechanics, and to
+occasionally visit the work, but was not to change his residence. Events,
+however, occurred that required his constant presence in Ohio, and in the
+Spring of 1850, he moved his family to Cleveland, where they have since
+resided. In the Winter of 1850-1, the road was opened for business through
+from Cleveland to Columbus, and Mr. Stone was appointed its
+superintendent.
+
+[Illustration: Respectfully, Amasa Stone, Jr.]
+
+In the Fall of 1850, the firm of Harbach, Stone & Witt contracted with
+the Cleveland, Painesville and Ashtabula Railroad Company to construct the
+railroad from Cleveland to the State line of Pennsylvania, and furnish it
+with cars, and to take in part payment for the work a large amount of the
+stock and bonds of the Company. Soon after the execution of this contract,
+Mr. Harbach died suddenly in the city of New York, and the completion of
+the work devolved on Messrs. Stone and Witt. The completion of the road
+through to Erie principally devolved upon the Cleveland company, and was
+attended with many difficulties, as the Legislature of Pennsylvania seemed
+determined that no road should be built through the State along the shore
+of Lake Erie, and the general impression was, at that time, that the
+construction of a road along the shore of the lake was a wild scheme and
+would prove a failure. It was difficult to get capital subscribed and more
+difficult to collect instalments. The contractors having confidence in its
+success, prosecuted the work with vigor up to a period when they found
+they had expended more than $200,000, while the aggregate amount that the
+railroad company was able to raise and pay them was less than $100,000. An
+effort was then made, with success, to engage the services of Mr. Alfred
+Kelley. His well known character, aided by the reputation of others who
+were elected directors, and a subscription from the city of Cleveland of
+$100,000, enabled the company to meet its engagements with the
+contractors, who carried the work forward to completion, and the road was
+opened through to Erie in the Winter of 1852, when Mr. Stone was appointed
+its superintendent. Notwithstanding the great expense that had to be
+incurred in crossing the deep ravines in the State of Pennsylvania, and
+the heavy burdens imposed on the company by that State, it has proved to
+be one of the most successful railroad enterprises in the United States.
+
+In the year 1852, Mr. Stone was elected a director in both Cleveland,
+Columbus and Cincinnati, and the Cleveland, Painesville and Ashtabula
+Railroad Companies, and has held that office in both companies
+continuously up to the present date. He also continued to hold the office
+of superintendent of both roads until the year 1854, when he insisted on
+being relieved in consequence of failing health, caused by the arduous
+labors which seemed unavoidably to devolve upon him. He was elected
+president of the Cleveland, Painesville and Ashtabula Railroad Company in
+the year 1857, which office he has continued to hold for twelve successive
+years, until 1869.
+
+In 1868, the Cleveland and Toledo Railroad was leased perpetually to the
+Cleveland, Painesville and Ashtabula Railroad Company, at which time he
+was also elected President of the former company.
+
+In the year 1855, he, with Mr. Witt, contracted to build the Chicago and
+Milwaukee Railroad, and was for many years a director in that company, and
+for awhile its president.
+
+For several years he held the office of director in the Merchants Bank, of
+Cleveland. From its first organization until it was closed up, he was
+director in the Bank of Commerce, of Cleveland, and has been director in
+the Second National Bank, and the Commercial National Bank, of Cleveland,
+and the Cleveland Banking Company, from the time of their respective
+organizations until the present time. He was for some years president of
+the Toledo Branch of the State Bank, at Toledo. He was elected a director
+in the Jamestown and Franklin Railroad Company in the year 1863, which
+office he has held until the present time. In the same year he was elected
+president of the Mercer Iron and Coal Company and held the office until
+the close of the year 1868.
+
+Mr. Stone aided in the establishment of several manufactories at this
+point. During the construction of the railroads from Cleveland, his firm
+carried on extensive car shops in the city, where cars were constructed,
+not only for those two roads, but for several others. He gave financial
+aid and personal influence to the establishment and maintenance of several
+leading iron manufacturing establishments and machine shops. In the year
+1861-2, he erected, in the city of Cleveland, a woolen mill of five sets
+of machinery, and for several years ran it and turned out more goods
+annually than any other mill in the state of Ohio. He subsequently sold it
+to Alton Pope & Sons.
+
+He is often pleased to note the progress in American enterprise, and among
+other events that has come under his own observation, relates the
+following: In the year 1839, he commenced his first railroad service upon
+the foundation of a bridge that was then being erected across the
+Connecticut river at Springfield, Mass., of 1260 feet in length. It was
+regarded as a very difficult undertaking, as the bed of the river was
+composed mostly of quicksand, and a rise of 25-1/2 feet in the river had
+to be provided for, and floating ice, its full width, fifteen inches in
+thickness. Maj. George W. Whistler, the first of his profession, was chief
+engineer of the work, and he had as advisers Maj. McNeal, Capt. Swift, and
+other eminent engineers. The work was about three years under
+construction, at a cost of over $131,000, and every effort was made to
+keep its cost at the lowest possible point, at the same time making
+certain the stability of the structure. Within nine years from the time of
+its completion, a similar structure, in every particular, was to be
+constructed across the same river, at Hartford, twenty-six miles below.
+Its length varied but a few feet, although it covered more water, and its
+foundations and other contingencies were quite as difficult and
+unfavorable. Mr. Stone concluded a contract for its construction for the
+firm of Stone & Harris, complete, for the sum of $77,000, and to have it
+ready for the cars in twenty months. The work was executed in accordance
+with the terms of the contract, and has not only proved as substantial as
+that at Springfield, but in many particulars, more so. It was the pride of
+Mr. Stone for many reasons, (among others, that it was stated by many that
+it could not be done for this sum of money,) to personally superintend
+this work himself, and to put in practice some of his own inventions, the
+most important of which was the cutting off the foundation piles with a
+saw arranged on a scow, propelled by a steam engine, and the sinking of
+the piers below water by means of screws. The result proved to be
+satisfactory, and as favorable, in a financial point of view, as he
+estimated. It will be noticed that the bridge structure, complete, at
+Hartford, cost $54,000 less than that at Springfield, of like character.
+
+He has been interested in the construction of more than ten miles in
+length of truss bridging, and in the construction of roofs of large
+buildings, covering more than fifteen acres of ground, most of which he
+designed and personally superintended their election. The last extensive
+structure that he designed, and the election of which he personally
+superintended, was the Union Passenger Depot, at Cleveland. He was the
+first person that designed and erected pivot draw-bridges of long spans,
+which, however, have been much increased in length of span by other
+parties since. He was also the first to design and erect a dome roof of a
+span of 150 feet, sufficient to cover three lengths of a locomotive with
+its tender, and numerous are the improvements he has introduced in the
+construction of railroad cars and locomotives. The only eight-wheeled dump
+gravel car in successful use was designed and put in practice by him.
+
+For a number of years Mr. Stone has been trustee of the First Presbyterian
+Church Society of Cleveland, and still holds that office. He was chairman
+of the building committee in the election of the new church edifice, and
+when it was burned down, was again elected chairman of the building
+committee, and given full charge of the reconstruction of the building.
+
+In 1868, Mr. Stone visited Europe, being compelled to seek relief, for a
+brief period, from the exhausting cares of his numerous business
+engagements. He is expected to return in the Fall of this year, ready to
+again engage in the active prosecution of the important enterprises with
+which he is connected, and in which he has won such distinction by his
+sound common sense, sound judgment, unresting energy, and practicable
+knowledge. In whatever he undertakes there is good reason for believing
+that the success he has hitherto met will still attend his efforts.
+
+
+
+
+Stillman Witt
+
+
+
+Connected indissolubly with the story of the rise and progress of the
+important railroad interests of Cleveland and northern Ohio, is the name
+of Stillman Witt. As one of the builders of the pioneer railroad from the
+city, and of the next in point of time, which has since become one of the
+foremost lines of the country in importance and profitableness, Mr. Witt
+deserves honorable record among the men who have contributed most to make
+Cleveland what it is to-day, a rich, populous, and rapidly growing city.
+
+Stillman Witt is a self-made man, and unlike some of this class, his
+self-manufacture will stand the test of close criticism. The material has
+not been spoiled or warped in the process. Those who know him best know
+that the struggles of his early years have not soured his disposition or
+hardened his feelings, and that access of fortune has not made him
+purse-proud. The Stillman Witt of to-day, rich and influential, is the
+same Stillman Witt who paddled a ferry boat at about forty cents a day,
+and was happy in his good fortune.
+
+Mr. Witt was born in Worcester, Massachusetts, January 4th, 1808. His
+parentage was humble, and, in consequence, his facilities for obtaining an
+education very limited. When about thirteen years old, his father moved
+with his family to Troy, New York, where young Stillman was hired by
+Richard P. Hart to run a skiff ferry, the wages being ten dollars per
+month, which the lad thought a sum sufficient to secure his independence.
+Among the passengers frequently crossing the ferry was Mr. Canvass White,
+U. S. Engineer, at that time superintending the construction of public
+works in various parts of the country. Mr. White took a strong fancy to
+the juvenile ferryman, and was so much impressed by the interest the boy
+manifested in construction, that he applied to Stillman's father for
+permission to take the lad and educate him in his own profession. The
+permission was granted, and from that day dates the career of the future
+railroad builder.
+
+[Illustration: Yours Truly, S. Witt]
+
+Young Witt was greatly pleased with his new profession, and devoted
+himself to it with such zeal and faithfulness that he grew rapidly in the
+esteem of his patron. When he had sufficiently progressed to be entrusted
+with works of such importance, he was dispatched in different directions
+to construct bridges and canals as the agent of Mr. White. In this manner
+he superintended the construction of the bridge at Cohoes Falls, on the
+Mohawk river, four miles above Troy, where, in conjunction with Mr. White,
+he laid out a town which has since grown to a population of thirty
+thousand. The side cut on the Erie canal, at Port Schuyler, was dug under
+his management, and the docks there, since covered with factories, were
+built by him. When these were completed he was dispatched into
+Pennsylvania, with twenty-four carpenters, all his seniors, to build a
+State bridge at the mouth of the Juniata, from Duncan Island to Peter's
+Mountain. He was then ordered to the work on the Louisville and Portland
+canal, but before this was completed he was taken sick and remained a
+prisoner in a sick room at Albany for thirteen months.
+
+With his recovery came a temporary change of occupation. Abandoning for a
+time his work of bridge building and canal digging, he took charge of the
+steamboat James Farley, the first lake-canal boat that towed through,
+without transhipment, to New York. This was followed by his taking charge,
+for between two and three years, of Dr. Nott's steamboat Novelty. Next he
+became manager of the Hudson River Association line of boats, in which
+capacity he remained during the existence of the association, ten years.
+The Albany and Boston Railroad having been opened, Mr. Witt was invited to
+become its manager at Albany, and accepted the trust, remaining in that
+position seven years and a half.
+
+Now came the most important epoch in Mr. Witt's life. After a hard
+struggle the scheme for the construction of a railroad between Cleveland
+and Columbus assumed definite shape, a company was organized and was
+prepared to go to work when contractors should be found who would build
+the road with a little money and a good deal of faith. Mr. Witt's
+opportunity had come. At the end of a four days' toilsome journey from
+Buffalo in a cab, he reached Cleveland, and satisfactory arrangements were
+finally entered into. A firm was formed, under the name of Harbach, Stone
+& Witt, and the work commenced. The story of the building of the
+Cleveland, Columbus and Cincinnati Railroad has already been told in
+another part of this volume; it is a story of hoping almost against hope,
+of desperate struggles against opposition and indifference, and of final
+triumph. Mr. Witt's part in the struggle was an important one, and the
+solid benefit resulting from the success that crowned the enterprise was
+well deserved by him.
+
+Before the work of construction was half completed, Mr. Harbach died, and
+the firm remained Stone & Witt, under which name it has become familiar to
+all parts of the American railroad world. The road was opened between
+Cleveland and Columbus in 1851, and the success that speedily followed the
+opening, demonstrated the wisdom of the projectors of the line, and
+justified the faith of its contractors. The three years of construction
+had not terminated before Messrs. Stone & Witt undertook the construction
+of the Cleveland, Painesville and Ashtabula Railroad, and in two years
+this road, now one of the richest and most powerful lines of the country,
+was completed. This was followed, sometime after, by the building of the
+Chicago and Milwaukee Railroad, which required but one year to construct,
+although built in the best manner.
+
+With the completion of the Chicago and Milwaukee road Mr. Witt's active
+career as a railroad builder ceased. Since that time he has been chiefly
+employed in the management of his extensive railroad and banking
+interests, having been at different periods a director in the Michigan
+Southern; Cleveland, Columbus and Cincinnati; Cleveland, Painesville and
+Ashtabula; Cleveland and Pittsburgh; Chicago and Milwaukee, and
+Bellefontaine and Indiana railroads, besides being vice-president of two
+of these roads and president of one of them. His connection with the
+Bellefontaine and Indiana Railroad is noticeable from the fact that it was
+by his sagacity and unwearied energy, ably assisted by the late Governor
+Brough, as general manager, that the company was raised from absolute
+insolvency to a high rank among dividend paying lines. Mr. Witt had gone
+into the undertaking with a number of other Clevelanders, had all but lost
+his entire investment, but had never lost faith in the ultimate success of
+the line, or flagged for an instant in his efforts to bring about that
+success. The event proved the justness of his conclusions.
+
+In addition to his railroad engagements, Mr. Witt is president of the Sun
+Insurance Company, of Cleveland; director of the Second National, and
+Commercial National Banks, and Cleveland Banking Company; also, of the
+Bank of Toledo. His interests are not all centered in railroad and banking
+enterprises, he having investments in the Cleveland Chemical Works, and in
+several other enterprises that contribute to the prosperity of the city.
+
+Mr. Witt was married in June, 1834, to Miss Eliza A. Douglass, of Albany,
+but who was a native of Rhode Island. Of the four children who were the
+fruit of this marriage, but two survive. The elder daughter, Mary, is now
+the wife of Mr. Dan P. Eells, of Cleveland. The younger, Emma, is the wife
+of Col. W. H. Harris, of the United States Army, now in command of the
+arsenal at Indianapolis.
+
+Mr. Witt's qualifications as a business man are attested by his success,
+won not by a mere stroke of luck, but by far-seeing sagacity, quick
+decision, and untiring industry. From first to last he never encountered a
+failure, not because fortune chanced always to be on his side, but because
+shrewdness and forethought enabled him to provide against misfortune. As a
+citizen he has always pursued a liberal and enlightened policy, ever ready
+to unite in whatever promised to be for the public good. In social life he
+has a wide circle of attached friends, and not a single enemy. Genial,
+unselfish, deeply attached to his family, and with a warm side for
+humanity in general, Mr. Witt has made for himself more friends than
+perhaps he himself is aware of.
+
+Wealth and position have enabled him to do numerous acts of kindness, and
+his disposition has prompted him to perform those acts without ostentation
+and with a gracefulness that gave twofold value to the act.
+
+In religious belief Mr. Witt is a Baptist, having joined with that church
+organization in Albany, thirty-one years ago. For years he has been a
+valuable and highly respected member of the First Baptist Church in
+Cleveland.
+
+
+
+
+James Farmer.
+
+
+
+Although James Farmer has been a resident of Cleveland but thirteen years,
+and cannot, therefore, be ranked among the old settlers of the city, he is
+looked upon as one of its most respected citizens, whose word is as good
+as a secured bond, and whose sound judgment and stability of character
+place him among the most valuable class of business men. But though
+prudent in business affairs, and of deeply earnest character in all
+relations of life, Mr. Farmer has not allowed the stern realities of life
+to obscure the lighter qualities that serve to make life endurable. Always
+cheerful in manner and genial in disposition, with a quaint appreciation
+of the humorous side of things, he endeavors to round off the sharp
+corners of practical life with a pleasant and genial smile. A meditative
+faculty of mind, untrammeled by the opinions or dicta of others, has led
+Mr. Farmer into independent paths of thought and action, in all his
+affairs. Before taking any course, he has thought it out for himself, and
+decided on his action, in accordance with his conscientious convictions of
+right, independent of considerations of mere worldly notice.
+
+Mr. Farmer was born near Augusta, Georgia, July 19th, 1802. His early
+opportunities for acquiring an education were scant, only such knowledge
+being gained as could be picked up in a common school, where the
+rudiments of an education only are taught. Until his twenty-first year,
+his time was chiefly spent on his father's farm, but on attaining his
+majority he concluded to strike out a different path for himself, and
+coming north, he engages in the manufacture of salt, and in the milling
+business, at Salineville, Ohio. His means were small, but by assiduous
+attention to business he was moderately successful. Four years later he
+added a store for general marchandise to his mill and salt works, and
+thus added to his property.
+
+In the Spring of 1847, Mr. Farmer, imbued with the spirit of progress, and
+appreciating in advance the benefits to accrue from the proposed Cleveland
+and Pittsburgh Railroad, entered with spirit into the enterprise, worked
+hard in procuring subscriptions to the stock, and aided in various ways to
+its consummation. For several years he held the position of president of
+the company, and it was through his labors in this channel of commerce,
+that he became so thoroughly identified with the progress and prosperity
+of Cleveland.
+
+[Illustration: Very Respectfully, James Farmer]
+
+On the completion of the railroad, Mr. Farmer was among the first to
+avail himself of the increased facilities for business offered by the
+road, and embarked in the coal trade, having previously owned coal fields
+in Salineville. These coal fields were now worked, and the product shipped
+by railroad to Cleveland and other points.
+
+In the Spring of 1856, he removed to Cleveland, abandoning the mercantile
+business after devoting to it thirty-two years of his life, and having
+been completely successful. His coal fields still continue to furnish
+supplies to the coal market of Cleveland.
+
+So far as human power can be said to control human affairs, Mr. Farmer has
+been wholly the architect of his own fortunes. The prosperity that has
+attended his efforts has been due to the close attention given his
+legitimate business, his strictness in making and keeping contracts, his
+prudent economy, and his nice sense of commercial honor and general
+honesty. What man can do to make honest success, he has endeavored to do,
+and Providence has smiled upon his efforts.
+
+Mr Farmer is still a hale appearing gentleman, though sixty-seven years
+old, retaining most of his mental vigor, and much of his physical stamina,
+and will, we trust, be permitted to remain among us for years to come,
+that he may enjoy the fruits of his labor, and have the satisfaction felt
+by those only who minister to the necessities of others.
+
+In 1834, Mr. Farmer was married to Miss Meribah Butler, of Columbiana
+county, Ohio, by whom he has had seven children, of whom five still
+live--one son and four daughters. The son, Mr. E. J. Farmer, has been for
+some years engaged in the banking business in Cleveland.
+
+The father of Mr. James Farmer joined the Society of Friends, and was an
+honored member of that society. His family were all brought up in the same
+faith, and Mr. James Farmer has maintained his connection with the
+society, by the members of which he is held in high respect and esteem.
+
+
+
+
+George B. Ely.
+
+
+
+George B. Ely is a native of Jefferson county, New York, a county which
+has contributed many good citizens to the population of Cleveland. He was
+born in the town of Adams, June 23d, 1817, received a good academical
+education, and when seventeen left the academy to become clerk with Judge
+Foster, under whose auspices he came to Cleveland. After serving with
+Judge Foster one year in Cleveland, he accepted the position of
+book-keeper in the forwarding house of Pease & Allen, on the river,
+remaining in this position until 1843. At that date he removed to Milan,
+Erie county, then at the head of slackwater navigation on the Huron river.
+Here he engaged in trading in wheat, and in the general forwarding
+business, and also became interested in lake shipping, doing business
+under the firm name of Wilber & Ely.
+
+In 1851, the railroad between Columbus and Cleveland was completed, and
+the course of trade was almost entirely diverted from its old channels.
+The business of Milan fell away rapidly, and the forwarding trade at that
+point was completely at an end, Mr. Ely closed up his connection with the
+place in the Spring of 1852, and removed to Cleveland, where he had
+engaged a warehouse with the intention of continuing in the forwarding
+business, but was induced to take the secretaryship of the Cleveland,
+Painesville and Ashtabula Railroad, many of his old business and personal
+friends having become interested in that undertaking and desiring the
+benefit of his business tact and experience. About a year after his
+accession to the company, the offices of secretary and treasurer were
+combined, and Mr. Ely assumed charge of the joint offices. Three years
+later he was elected a director of the company and has continued in that
+position to the present time. At various times he has been chosen
+vice-president of the company. In 1868, he was elected president of the
+Cleveland and Toledo Railroad Company, retaining that position until the
+consolidation of the company with the Cleveland and Erie Railroad Company,
+and the formation of the Lake Shore Railroad Company. Mr. Ely is now the
+oldest officer in point of service in the Consolidated company, and is
+about the oldest employee. During all his long service he has been an
+indefatigable worker, having the interests of the line always at heart,
+and his arduous and faithful services have contributed their full share to
+the prosperity of the company.
+
+[Illustration: Yours Respectfully, Geo. B. Ely]
+
+Whilst always watchful for the interests of the road with which he was
+connected, Mr. Ely found time to engage in other enterprises tending to
+advance the material interests of the city. In connection with Messrs.
+R. H. Harman, A. M. Harman, and L. M. Coe, he projected and built the
+Cleveland City Forge and put it into successful operation in the year 1864.
+This forge has now four large hammers at work, and preparations are making
+for two others, and it gives employment to about eighty skilled workmen.
+He was one of the projectors of the Pennsylvania Coal Company, of
+Cleveland, an organization having five thousand acres of coal lands in
+Mercer county, Pennsylvania, and now that the Jamestown and Franklin
+Railroad is completed, the prospects of ample returns for the outlay are
+good. Sixty tons of good coal are daily delivered in Cleveland, whilst the
+best markets of the product are found in Erie, Buffalo, and the
+Pennsylvania oil regions. Of this company Mr. Ely is treasurer and one of
+its directors.
+
+Among his other business connections he was a director in the old Bank of
+Commerce from its early days until it was reorganized as the Second
+National Bank, and is still a director under the new organization. He is
+also a director in the Citizens Savings and Loan Association, and is
+interested in the Cleveland Banking Company.
+
+Mr. Ely has been the architect of his own fortune, and attributes his
+success in life to close application to business and a firm determination
+never to live beyond his income. He is now fifty-two years old, enjoys
+vigorous health, and has never been seriously sick. From present
+appearances he has a fair prospect of a long life in which to enjoy the
+fruits of his labors, and to pass the afternoon and evening of his life
+amid domestic comforts earned by industry and the esteem of a large circle
+of friends to whom he has become endeared by his many social qualities and
+personal virtues.
+
+In 1843, he was married to Miss Gertrude S. Harman, of Brooklyn, Michigan,
+and formerly of Oswego, New York. They have one son, now twenty-five years
+old, who has charge of the Cleveland City Forge, and one daughter, Helen,
+aged seventeen, who is now at school.
+
+
+
+
+Worthy S. Streator.
+
+
+
+Dr. Streator, as he is still called, although for many years he has
+abandoned the active practice of medicine, was born in Madison county, New
+York, October 16th, 1816. He received an academical education, and at the
+age of eighteen he entered a medical college, where he remained four
+years. On completing his medical course he went to Aurora, Portage county,
+Ohio, where he commenced the practice of his profession, in the year 1839
+In Aurora he remained rive years, when he removed to Louisville, Kentucky,
+spent a year in the medical college there, and returned to Portage county,
+resuming his practice in Ravenna.
+
+In 1850, Dr. Streator removed from Ravenna to Cleveland, and after
+remaining two years in the practice of medicine, turned his attention to
+railroad building. In conjunction with Mr. Henry Doolittle, he undertook
+the contract for building the Greenville and Medina Railroad, and
+completed it successfully. In 1853, the same parties contracted for the
+construction of the Atlantic and Great Western Railway in Ohio, a work of
+244 miles. Operations were at once commenced, and were pushed forward with
+varying success, funds of the company coming in fitfully. In 1860, the
+same firm took contracts for the construction of the Pennsylvania portion
+of the line, ninety-one miles, and next for the New York portion. Work on
+both these contracts was commenced in February, 1860, and the road was
+completed from Salamanca, in New York, to Corry, in Pennsylvania,
+sixty-one miles, in the Spring of 1861.
+
+During the prosecution of the work Mr. Doolittle died, and, in 1861,
+Dr. Streator sold the unfinished contracts to Mr. James McHenry, of
+London, England, by whom they were completed, Dr. Streator acting as
+superintendent of construction for about a year after the transfer
+of contract.
+
+[Illustration: Yours Truly, W. S. Streator]
+
+In 1862, he projected the Oil Creek Railroad, from Corry to Petroleum
+Center, the heart of the Pennsylvania oil regions, a line thirty-seven
+miles long. The line was built with extraordinary rapidity, and achieved a
+success unparalleled in railway history. No sooner had the rails reached a
+point within striking distance of Oil Creek than its cars were crowded
+with passengers flocking to the "oildorado," and for many months, during
+the height of the oil fever, the excited crowds struggled at the stations
+for the privilege of a standing place on the car platforms after the seats
+and aisles were filled. The resources of the road were inadequate to meet
+the great demand on it for the transportation of passengers and oil, and
+although Dr. Streator worked energetically to keep pace with the demand
+upon the road, the development of the oil regions, consequent upon the
+construction of the line, for some time outstripped him. The profits of
+the line were enormous in proportion to the outlay, but the amount of
+wealth it created in the oil regions was still more extraordinary. Dr.
+Streator managed the road until 1866, when he sold out his interest to
+Dean Richmond and others interested in the New York Central Railroad. In
+order to connect the Oil Creek Railroad with the line of its purchasers an
+extension northward, styled the Cross-Cut Railroad, was built from Corry
+to Brocton, on the Buffalo and Erie Railroad, a distance of forty-two
+miles, by Dr. Streator, for the New York Central Railroad Company. This
+was the last of Dr. Streator's railroad building undertakings.
+
+Since the close of his railroad business Dr. Streator has organized a
+company, mainly composed of citizens of Cleveland, for the working of coal
+lands purchased in La Salle, on the Vermillion river, Illinois. The
+purchase contains three thousand acres on which is a five and one-half
+feet splint-vein of coal resembling in general characteristics the
+Massillon coal of Ohio. Thirteen miles of railroad have been built to
+connect the mines with the Illinois Central Railroad, and during the year
+that the road has been opened the average product of the mines has been
+two hundred and fifty tons per day, with demands for more, that cannot be
+met owing to a deficiency of rolling stock. By the close of 1869, it is
+expected the product will reach a thousand tons daily. Another railroad is
+to be built to connect with the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad.
+
+Aside from his interest in this coal company, Dr. Streator has now no
+active business engagements, and devotes his time to the care of his real
+estate and a fine stock farm in East Cleveland, containing over three
+hundred acres, on which he is raising some of the finest stock to be found
+in the county.
+
+Dr. Streator has had the good sense to retire from the pressing cares of
+business whilst able to enjoy the fruits of his labors. At fifty-three
+years old he is healthy and vigorous, and fully able to appreciate the
+advantages of wealth in procuring social and domestic enjoyments. His
+residence on Euclid avenue is a model of comfort and elegance, and the
+surrounding grounds are laid out with artistic taste.
+
+He was married in 1839, to Sarah W. Sterling, of Lyman, N. Y. His only
+daughter is the wife of E. B. Thomas, Esq., of Cleveland; his oldest son
+devotes his attention to the care of the stock farm; the other sons are
+yet at home, being young.
+
+Although Mr. Streator has been regarded, for years, as one of our most
+active and energetic business men, he has found time to devote to his
+religious duties. He has for a long time been a useful member of the
+Disciple Church.
+
+
+
+
+The Coal Interest
+
+
+
+By the commencement of the season of 1828, the Ohio canal had been opened
+from Cleveland to Akron. Henry Newberry, father of Professer Newberry, who
+among his other possessions on the Western Reserve, owned some valuable
+coal lands, saw, or fancied he saw, an opening for an important trade in
+coal, and sent a shipment of a few tons to Cleveland by way of experiment.
+On its arrival a portion of it was loaded in a wagon and hawked around the
+city, the attention of leading citizens being called to its excellent
+quality and its great value as fuel. But the people were deaf to the voice
+of the charmer. They looked askance at the coal and urged against it all
+the objections which careful housewives, accustomed to wood fires, even
+now offer against its use for culinary purposes. It was dirty, nasty,
+inconvenient to handle, made an offensive smoke, and not a few shook their
+heads incredulously at the idea of making the "stone" burn at all. Wood
+was plentiful and cheap, and as long as that was the case they did not see
+the use of going long distances to procure a doubtful article of fuel,
+neither as clean, convenient, nor cheap as hickory or maple. By nightfall
+the wagon had unsuccessfully traversed the streets and found not a single
+purchaser for its contents. Here and there a citizen had accepted a little
+as a gift, with a doubtful promise to test its combustible qualities.
+Eventually, Philo Scovill was persuaded into the purchase of a moderate
+quantity at two dollars per ton, and promised to put in grates at the
+Franklin House to properly test its qualities.
+
+That was the beginning of a trade which has since grown to mammoth
+proportions, and which has become the foundation of the prosperity of
+Cleveland, for it is to the proximity and practically inexhaustibleness of
+its coal supply that Cleveland owes its manufacturing character, which is
+the secret of its rapid development within a few years, its present
+prosperity, and the assured greatness of its future.
+
+As a domestic fuel coal made slow progress in the city for many years, but
+other uses were found for it, and the receipts of coal by canal rapidly
+increased. Steamboats multiplied on the lakes, and these found the coal of
+Cleveland a valuable fuel. By degrees manufacturing was ventured on, in a
+small way, and there being no water-power of consequence, recourse was had
+to steam, which created a moderate demand for coal. For ten years the
+receipts increased steadily, until in 1838, it reached 2,496 tons. In
+1848, it had grown to 66,551 tons, and in 1858--the canal transportation
+being supplemented by two lines of railroad crossing the coal fields on
+the way to Cleveland--to 222,267 tons. In 1868, it had swollen to 759,104
+tons, and the demand continues to increase in a rate more than
+proportionate to the enlarged sources of supply and increased facilities
+for transportation.
+
+The opening of the Cleveland and Mahoning Railroad gave a strong stimulus
+to the coal trade of northern Ohio, and was one of the most important
+events in the history of Cleveland. By this time the beds of the valuable
+Briar Hill, or block coal, were tapped, which has proved the best fuel for
+manufacturing iron from the raw ore, and has no superior, if it has a
+rival, in the West. With the discovery of this bed of coal, blast furnaces
+and rolling mills were established in the Mahoning Valley, and as the uses
+of the coal became known in Cleveland and in other ports, a large demand,
+for consumption in the city and exports to other points, sprang up. Over
+one-half the amount of Ohio coal raised is of the Briar Hill grade, and of
+the whole amount of Ohio coal raised, about one-half finds its market in
+Cleveland.
+
+The bituminous coal is of several grades, each suitable for a particular
+purpose. The most important is the Briar Hill grade, mined in the southern
+half of Trumbull county and finding its outlet by the Cleveland and
+Mahoning Railroad. This is a good grate coal, but its great use is in the
+manufacture of iron, and the numerous furnaces of the Mahoning Valley, the
+iron manufactories of Cleveland, and the demand along the line of the
+lakes, keep the numerous mines in full operation. The Mineral Ridge grade
+is a comparatively new quality to Cleveland, and has yet but comparatively
+few mines. It is used both for domestic and manufacturing purposes. The
+Massillon grade is brought both by canal and railroad, and is highly
+esteemed as a grate coal. The rapidly growing demand for grate fuel has
+given a great stimulus to the mining of this coal within a few years. The
+Hammondsville and Salineville grades are used chiefly for stoves in
+domestic use, for steam purposes, and for the manufacture of gas. These
+grades come to market on the Cleveland and Pittsburgh Railroad. The
+Blossburgh grade is used almost entirely for blacksmithing.
+
+Besides the Ohio bituminous coals there is a steadily increasing demand
+for the anthracite and semi-anthracite coals of eastern Pennsylvania,
+which is brought by lake from Buffalo.
+
+The growth of the coal trade during the past four years can be seen by the
+following table, showing the receipts from all sources and shipments,
+chiefly by lake, coastwise and to Canadian ports:
+
+  Date.      Receipts.       Shipments.
+
+  1865.......439,483 tons....235,784 tons.
+  1866.......583,107  "  ....397,840  "
+  1867.......669,026  "  ....334,027  "
+  1868.......759,104  "  ....392,928  "
+
+The amount brought over each route of supply during 1868, is thus shown:
+
+  By Lake, Anthracite...................................... 13,665 tons.
+  " Canal, Bituminous...................................... 197,475 "
+  " Cleveland and Pittsburgh Railroad...................... 274,159 "
+  " Atlantic and Great Western Railroad
+       (Cleveland and Mahoning)............................ 254,000 "
+  " Cleveland and Erie Railroad............................ 17,600  "
+  " Cleveland, Columbus and Cincinnati Railroad............ 2,205   "
+                                                            -----------
+                                                            759,104 "
+
+This shows an increase of nearly 100,000 tons on the receipts of 1867,
+notwithstanding a most obstinate and continued strike among the miners,
+which diminished the receipts by the Atlantic and Great Western, from
+20,000 to 30,000 tons. Of the shipments of each during the year, 382,928
+tons went by lake, and about 10,000 tons by rail, mostly by Cleveland and
+Toledo Railroad to Toledo and intermediate points.
+
+
+
+
+William Philpot.
+
+
+
+Although never a resident of Cleveland, the enterprise of William Philpot
+so directly contributed to the prosperity of the city, the labors of his
+life were so connected with it, and the interests he founded have since
+become such an integral part of the business of Cleveland, that his
+memoir appropriately finds a place in this work. It is proper, too, that
+it should stand foremost in the department relating to the coal trade of
+the city, for he may justly be considered one of the leading founders of
+that trade.
+
+William Philpot was born in Shropshire, England. At an early age he
+removed to Wales and went to work in the mines at three pence per day.
+Soon after he was able to earn full wages, he became an overseer, and
+continued in that capacity until he took contracts on his own account. His
+success was varied, on some he made handsomely, on others he failed. By
+the year 1835, he accumulated about eight thousand dollars, and concluded
+to go to the United States as affording greater facilities for small
+capitalists. He proceeded to Pittsburgh, where he immediately interested
+himself in the mining of coal. He commenced by leasing from one party a
+portion of the coal and the right of way on a large tract of coal land,
+for a term of twenty-one years, and leased coal from others, at a quarter
+cent per bushel. Of another person he purchased a farm, bearing coal, at
+seventy-five dollars an acre. In the Summer of 1837, he took into
+partnership Mr. Snowden, and the firm set to work vigorously, mining coal
+at Saw Mill Run and shipping on the Ohio river, to which Mr. Philpot had
+built a railway a mile in length. The two partners were not well matched.
+Mr. Philpot was full of energy, fertile in resources, and never slackened
+in his endeavors to push his affairs. No difficulties daunted him; the
+greater the obstacles the more pleasure he took in surmounting them. He
+built his railroad tracks where most other men would have shrunk from
+placing a rail and whilst those who commenced preparations for a mine at
+the same time with himself were still in the preparatory stages of work,
+his cars would be rattling down to the river loaded with coal. One great
+secret of his ability to hasten matters was his influence with the men
+under him. He was familiar and affable with them, worked energetically
+among them whenever a sharp effort was needed, and in this way got more
+work out of the men, without their feeling that they had been imposed
+upon, than most employers could have done. Mr. Snowden was a man of an
+entirely different stamp, and it soon became evident that the firm must
+dissolve. After some negotiations Mr. Philpot disposed of his interests to
+Messrs. Snowden and Lewis, and in 1838, removed to Paris, Portage county,
+Ohio, where he had purchased a farm. His family at that time consisted of
+his wife and two daughters; Mary Ann, now the wife of R. J. Price, Esq.,
+Dorothy, now widow of the late David Morris, Esq. With them also was his
+father, Samuel Philpot, now dead. Soon after his removal to Portage county
+he became interested with Mr. Philip Price, in the excavation of the
+Pennsylvania and Ohio canal, and during the progress of the work they
+purchased land on either side of the canal, including Lock fourteen, where
+they built a saw and flouring mill, using the canal water as motive power.
+Towards the latter part of 1839, Mr. Philpot purchased the interest of Mr.
+Price in the mills and land, and ran the mills successfully, until 1841,
+when he sold both mills and land to Colonel Elisha Garrett, of
+Garrettsville. In the Spring of 1841, Mr. Philpot rented his home farm and
+removed with his family to Middlebury, Summit county, where he had
+purchased a coal bank, and engaged once more in the coal trade.
+
+The importance of his operations in coal, both to the business of the coal
+regions and of Cleveland, which formed his principal market, can scarcely
+be overestimated. Before removing to Springfield he discovered there, in
+1840, a valuable coal mine, which he afterwards developed and worked
+successfully, building a railroad of about three miles from the mines to
+the canal at Middlebury, whence the coal was shipped to Cleveland. This
+road he stocked with about forty coal cars, and for several years his mine
+supplied the principal demand for the Cleveland market. In 1843, he
+developed and improved the celebrated Chippewa mines, Wayne county, near
+the village of Clinton, and built a railroad to the Ohio canal. From these
+mines he supplied the Cleveland market with large quantities of coal until
+the year 1845, when he sold out half his interests in them to Mr. Lemuel
+Crawford, and some time afterward he sold one-quarter interest to Mr.
+David Camp.
+
+His next remove was to Youngstown, where, in 1846, he leased the Manning
+and Wertz bank, and while sinking for coal, discovered iron ore. He then
+went to Pittsburgh and endeavored to get up a furnace company, but not
+being successful, he returned, and associated himself with Jonathan
+Warner and a few others in organizing the Ohio Iron and Mining Company,
+now known as the Eagle Furnace Company, Messrs. Philpot and Warner owning
+two-thirds of the entire stock. Mr. Philpot at that time opened and
+developed the Wertz and Manning Briar Hill coal mines, the furnace having
+been built with the purpose of smelting iron ore with raw stone coal,
+being the second constructed for this purpose in the Mahoning Valley, the
+first being that of Wilkenson, Wilks & Co., at Lowellville. The
+experiment was hazardous, and was carried forward under many difficulties,
+financial and otherwise, but the energy and enterprise of Mr. Philpot
+triumphed over them all.
+
+Mr. Philpot was a man of rare energy, industry and practical good sense.
+He was always successful for he seemed to have an intuitive knowledge of
+what was the right course to take, and when once entered on an enterprise
+never allowed himself to be defeated or discouraged. His integrity was
+unquestioned. His word was as good as a bond, and was entirely relied on.
+He was a kind husband and father, a true friend, and his heart and hand
+were always open to the poor and distressed, many of whom were not only
+relieved from their pressing emergencies, but were assisted to start in
+business or to procure homesteads. Besides his many excellent social
+qualities and business talents, he was possessed of a most extraordinary
+memory, and it is related of him by one who knew him intimately, that
+after hearing a speech or sermon that enlisted his whole attention, he
+would sometimes rehearse it to others almost verbatim.
+
+Mr. Philpot died in Liberty township, Trumbull county, June 2d, 1851.
+
+In all the great enterprises of his business career, Mr. Philpot was ably
+supported by his beloved partner in life, who was a woman of more than
+ordinary ability. She was also most remarkably benevolent, bestowing much
+care on the sick and indigent in her immediate neighborhood. She survived
+her husband a number of years, and died at Cleveland, in August, 1865,
+deeply lamented.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: Lemuel Crawford]
+
+
+Lemuel Crawford.
+
+
+
+The subject of this sketch belonged to the business classes, as
+distinguished from the professional, but which are none the less fruitful
+in characters of prominence and public interest.
+
+Indeed it has come to pass in later years that what are commonly known as
+the learned professions, law, medicine and theology, though still high in
+rank, have lost something of the ruling pre-eminence they occupied in our
+earlier history. Other departments in the world's industry have asserted
+themselves, and railway systems, telegraphs, commerce, journalism,
+manufactures, banking, and other branches, have come forward and absorbed
+their fair proportion of the best talent and ambition of the country.
+
+Lemuel Crawford was born in Florida, Schoharie county, New York,
+December 15, 1805.
+
+Left without means, at the age of fourteen he chose the trade of moulder
+in the iron or furnace business.
+
+At twenty-one he came to Painesville, Ohio, where he was made foreman of
+the Geauga Furnace. Here he remained about six years, having especial
+superintendence of the pattern and moulding department, and filling his
+position with great skill and credit. At this place, July 29, 1832, he
+married Louisa Murray, of Willoughby, in the same county, who still
+survives him, and to whose long and faithful companionship, judgment and
+energy, in all the vicissitudes of his fortune, he was largely indebted
+for his success.
+
+In 1833, Mr. Crawford moved with his family to Detroit, whence, after
+remaining six years, he removed to Presque Isle on Lake Huron, where he
+was the first to start the wood trade, for fuel for our then rapidly
+growing steamboat commerce. Here he remained seven years, superintending
+large bodies of wood cutters and suppliers, the saw mills, now so common
+in the lumber region, being then unknown.
+
+In 1846, perceiving, with his usual forecast, that coal was likely to
+supplant wood for the uses of our steam marine, he removed to Cleveland,
+and at once invested about forty thousand dollars in the Chippewa mines,
+so called, in the Mahoning Valley, which had been opened a year or two
+before, and promised, as the event proved, to afford an almost
+inexhaustible supply of the richest coal. These mines, adding tracts of
+adjoining coal land to them as occasion demanded, he continued to work
+with a large annual yield for more then twenty years.
+
+Shortly after commencing with the Chippewa, he was found, in 1848, to be
+among the pioneers in opening up the beds of Briar Hill coal in the
+Mahoning Valley, so well known to steamboat men and manufacturers ever
+since, as being a kind of coal peculiarly fitted for their uses. Here he
+continued to mine largely at several different localities selected by him
+with rare judgment. He also opened and carried on mining extensively at
+other points, such as on the Ohio, below Steubenville, also in Orange
+county, Pennsylvania, and elsewhere.
+
+His chief business office and coal depots were at Cleveland, but he had
+branch establishments at Detroit and Chicago, and at one time was largely
+interested in vessel property on the Lakes, and although the business of
+mining and selling coal, mainly for supplying steam craft and for
+exportation, was his leading pursuit, he was one of the earliest in 1851,
+to engage in the manufacture of pig iron from our native ores in the
+Mahoning Valley, having an interest in the second furnace started there,
+and being the builder of the fourth. From time to time he invested
+judiciously in real estate.
+
+From all these sources in spite of some business adventures which
+proved disastrous, through unexpected financial revulsions, or the
+fault of others, he succeeded in amassing a splendid fortune to be
+inherited by his family. He was never a speculator, nor a rash
+operator, but his business views were liberal and comprehensive, and
+carried out with energy and wisdom. Personally he was a man of fine
+presence and manners, always pleasant to meet with on the street,
+cordial and unassuming. He was intensely loyal and liberal throughout
+the war, and always kind and charitable to the poor. He was not a
+church member, but was a regular church attendant and a respecter of
+religions institutions. In his later years he was frequently an
+invalid, and being in New York in the Fall of 1867, by the advice of
+physicians, and in company with friends from Cleveland, he sailed for
+Europe, where, in Paris, during the Exposition, he spent some months,
+returning with health improved, but which again declined until June
+30, 1868, when at the age of sixty-two years, six months and fifteen
+days, he died at his beautiful home in Cleveland, surrounded by his
+family and friends, peacefully and calmly, as a good man dies.
+
+We feel that we can not do better than to conclude this brief and
+imperfect sketch with the notice which appeared in the Cleveland Herald on
+the evening of the day of his decease. Speaking of the event it says:
+
+  We regret to announce the decease of this prominent business man and
+  respected citizen, who died at his residence on Euclid avenue this
+  (Tuesday) morning at about 9 o'clock.
+
+  Mr. Crawford had for years been more or less an invalid, but had not
+  been alarmingly ill until last Thursday, when by a sudden and severe
+  attack he was completely prostrated, and recovery became hopeless.
+
+  Mr. Crawford had nearly reached the age of sixty-three. A native of New
+  York, beginning life with few, if any, adventitous aids, he had attained
+  to affluence and position by a long and enterprising business career.
+  For the last twenty-four years he has lived in Cleveland. He was among
+  the pioneers in the coal mining business of Northern Ohio, contributing
+  largely ever since by his sagacity and experience, to the development of
+  that important element of commerce and public wealth.
+
+  Through all the vicissitudes of a long business life he maintained a
+  character of the most perfect integrity. As a citizen he was liberal and
+  public spirited; as a neighbor and friend he was kind and generous; in
+  his social and domestic relations he was simple and unostentatious,
+  affectionate and beloved. Very many in the various ranks and conditions
+  of life, both here and elsewhere, will mourn his loss, and remember him
+  with sincere respect.
+
+
+
+
+D. P. Rhodes.
+
+
+
+The name of D. P. Rhodes is distinguished among those who have
+contributed to the prosperity of Cleveland by the development of its coal
+and iron interests. For many years he has labored to build up the coal
+and iron trade of the city, on which its future mainly depends, and has
+met with a success which has benefitted the public in a far greater
+degree than it has enriched himself, although he has had nothing to
+complain of in that respect.
+
+Mr. Rhodes was born in Sudbury, Rutland county, Vermont. His father dying
+when the boy was but five years old, he was compelled to work for his own
+living, riding horse for his neighbors whilst they plowed corn, digging
+potatoes and picking apples for every tenth bushel, and doing other odd
+jobs. When he was fifteen years old his mother married again and he lived
+with his stepfather till twenty-one. His stepfather, being rich, offered
+him a farm if he would stay with him, but he was bent on seeing the West
+before accepting the farm, and so set out westward. Whilst in the West he
+became engaged to be married, and before marriage he visited his home,
+when his stepfather offered him half his property if he would return there
+and live. The papers were made out but were not to be executed till he had
+consulted his affianced. To do this he returned to the West. As he
+traveled by canal he had abundant time to consider the matter, and the
+more he thought of it the more he became sick of the idea. Things were too
+circumscribed down east to suit his taste. He said nothing of the matter
+to his affianced, but wrote home that he was not coming; and to this day
+he has never seen occasion to regret his decision, but has been confirmed
+in its wisdom. To use his own expression: "By Jupiter, I would rather live
+west, if I did'nt live half as long."
+
+Mr. Rhodes became early interested in the coal business, his first
+enterprise being in company with Messrs. Tod and Ford, in 1845, at the old
+Briar Hill mines, from which they raised and shipped by canal about fifty
+tons per week. This was considered a good business. In two or three years
+business increased to a hundred tons daily. In 1846, another mine was
+opened in Girard. This was followed by the Clover Hill mine in the
+Tuscarawas Valley, previous to the opening of which the firm was changed
+by the death of Mr. Ford. The next opened was the Clinton mines in the
+Tuscarawas Valley. Then a mine in Fairview, Wayne county, which was the
+last large transaction with Gov. Tod as partner. In about 1855, Tod and
+Rhodes dissolved partnership, Mr. Rhodes taking Clover Hill, and Gov. Tod
+all the rest of the interests.
+
+Whilst developing his coal interests, Mr. Rhodes made important
+discoveries of iron ore, the first being veins of black band ore, very
+similar to the English and Scotch, though richer. The veins of this ore in
+Tuscarawas are from five to fifteen feet thick. He also discovered and
+worked a vein of mountain ore that will also run from five to fifteen feet
+thick, and is easily mined, one miner being able to mine twenty tons per
+day after the earth has been removed. Mr. Rhodes spent several months in
+the ore fields of Scotland and England in 1868, and found the veins there
+not over two feet in thickness.
+
+[Illustration: Yours Truly, D. P. Rhodes]
+
+In the Tuscarawas Valley property, Mr. Rhodes has found seven veins of
+coal, five of which are very good, and he has worked the whole of them.
+There is also as good fire-clay as any yet discovered, the finest grade
+being pure sandstone, which stands fire as hearthstones in furnaces better
+than any other. Shell ore, block ore, and limestone also exist in
+abundance. The iron enterprises in which Mr. Rhodes is interested are the
+Tuscarawas Iron Company, formed about 1864, of which Mr. Rhodes is
+president. This company have three or four thousand acres of mineral land
+in the Tuscarawas Valley, and the works have a capacity of a hundred and
+fifty tons per week; also the Dover Rolling Mill Company, of which Mr.
+Baker is president. It makes all sizes of merchant and small T rail iron,
+having a capacity of about fifteen tons per day.
+
+He is largely interested in a mining company near Massillon, having three
+engines and three openings there, and can mine a thousand tons of coal per
+day as soon as the road from Massillon to Clinton is completed. This will
+be the shortest coal bearing road,--for blast furnace coal--to Cleveland,
+by fifteen miles, for it connects with the Cleveland, Zanesville and
+Cincinnati Railroad at Clinton, thence to Cleveland by Cleveland and
+Pittsburgh Railroad at Hudson. A company was formed and sunk some eight
+hundred or nine hundred feet, within three miles of Canal Dover, on the
+line of this company, and found salt water of the very best quality, the
+water itself being almost strong enough to preserve meat. There is coal
+within twenty rods of the wells at ninety cents per ton, whereas in
+Syracuse and Saginaw they have to use wood, at a cost (at the former
+place) of seven dollars per cord. Mr. Cass, President of the Fort Wayne
+Railroad, and J. N. McCullough, of the same and of the Cleveland and
+Pittsburgh Railroad, are heavily interested in the road connections
+adverted to above.
+
+At Fulton, three miles below Clinton, is another coal company in which Mr.
+Rhodes is interested. This mine yields about three hundred tons per day,
+and could double that amount if there were sufficient transportation.
+There are two engines and two openings at this bank.
+
+Mr. Rhodes is also interested in three mines at Marseilles, Willmington
+and Braceville, Illinois. He has taken a hearty interest in all
+improvements, and especially in the matter of railroads. He was interested
+in building the Northern Division of the Cleveland and Toledo Railroad,
+and was on the executive committee.
+
+D. P. Rhodes and H. S. Stevens built the West Side street railroad, and
+equipped it. He was also largely interested in building and equipping the
+Rocky River railroad. He is also interested in the Cleveland and
+Zanesville railroad project.
+
+Dr. Upson, of Talmadge, and Messrs. Philpot and Camp were in the coal
+business when Mr. Rhodes commenced, and they have all disappeared. They
+only then received about one boat load of fifty tons per week by canal,
+whereas, the firm of Rhodes & Co. now handle from ninety thousand to one
+hundred thousand tons per year.
+
+Mr. Rhodes has built his docks in this city, two of them are the largest
+on the line of the river. About seven hundred men are employed on works in
+which he is heavily interested, but nothing troubles him. He says: "If the
+men don't dig the coal or iron, they don't get paid for it, so I take it
+easy, and am giving my attention to farming. I have a stock farm of five
+hundred and forty-four and a half acres at Ravenna that I run myself, and
+I have another of eighty acres adjacent to the city, rented for gardening,
+and still another of twenty-six and a half acres, out on the Detroit road
+where I intend to build me a home to live and die in, if I do not die away
+from home." He is now only fifty-three years old, hale and hearty, and
+seemingly good for another score or two of years.
+
+He has four children, the oldest and youngest being daughters. The oldest
+is the wife of M. A. Hanna, of the firm of Rhodes & Co. The oldest son,
+Robert, is a member of the same firm; the other son, James, has just
+returned from a long visit to the mineral fields of Europe and attending
+lectures on metallurgy and mining. By his observation and studies he has
+acquired an extensive knowledge of the old world and the modes of working
+mines. The youngest daughter, Fanny, is at school at Batavia, New York.
+
+In 1867, Mr. D. P. Rhodes and J. F. Card being tired of the sale department
+of their coal business, and having immense interest in mines that
+required close attention, gave up their sale business in Cleveland to
+Rhodes & Co., a firm consisting of G. H. Warmington, M. A. Hanna, and
+Robert R. Rhodes, who are receiving and selling both coal and iron, the
+same as the old firm.
+
+The sales of coal by the firm for the past two years amounted to one
+hundred thousand tons per year; together with a large trade in pig iron
+and ore. The Willson Bank and Massillon and also Briar Hill grades of coal
+are principally handled by this firm, who are also operators largely in
+the Pennsylvania anthracites.
+
+The ores passing through Cleveland to supply the manufactories of the
+Mahoning Valley are from Lake Superior and Canada; the Canada ores forming
+quite an extensive item. The firm keep for sale many varieties of pig
+iron, the most considerable being that of the Tuscarawas iron, but
+including also the Lake Superior and Salisbury irons.
+
+The business of the firm averages one million dollars per year, and
+extends through the entire chain of lakes, having agencies at Chicago and
+Milwaukee, and also on Lake Superior ports. The Chicago trade is steadily
+increasing, for which there are two or three good reasons, to wit: The
+city is growing very rapidly; the Illinois coals are very inferior to
+those of Ohio, and the local demand for the product of the Illinois coal
+fields is very large, owing to the scarcity of wood.
+
+
+
+
+David Morris.
+
+
+
+The importance of biography as a branch of historical literature is
+indisputable, and long before reaching this portion of our work the reader
+must have realized the truth, that in the life of the individual can be
+seen mirrored not only his individual struggles, "but all mankind's
+epitome." The trouble, trials and labors of the one are but specimens of
+the struggles of the many who have to fight the battle of life, and who go
+down to their graves unchronicled. From the story of those whose
+experience is recorded, may be gleaned lessons of hope under the most
+discouraging circumstances, of perseverance amid difficulties, and
+assurances that labor and faith will eventually conquer. These lessons are
+forcibly taught in the history of the subject of the present sketch.
+
+David Morris was born of respectable parents, in Sirhowy, Monmouth county,
+on the border of Wales, July 9th, 1819. His opportunities for acquiring an
+education were limited, but such as they were he made the most of, and
+obtained sufficient knowledge of the ordinary branches to enable him to
+successfully carry on business in after life. When about twenty years of
+age he emigrated to the United States, landing in New York. October 4th,
+1839, in company with his mother and the remainder of the children, his
+father having arrived earlier, for the purpose of seeking a location. The
+first stop was made in Pottsville, Pennsylvania, thence they removed for a
+short time to Llewellyn, and afterwards to Primrose, Schuylkill county.
+
+In 1841, he left his parents and went to Middlebury, Summit county, Ohio.
+He at once commenced digging coal for Mr. Philpot, with whom he had been
+acquainted in Wales. After a few months he commenced driving team on the
+railroad, and continued in that capacity for about two years. The zeal
+and ability shown by the young man attracted the attention of his
+employer, and proved of signal assistance in pushing forward the work. So
+marked was the interest exhibited by Mr. Philpot in his assistant, that
+he favored a closer connection, and in 1843, his daughter, Dorothy
+Philpot, was married to David Morris. The young wife was a lady of more
+than ordinary good qualities, and the union proved a source of unfailing
+happiness, Mrs. Morris being not only an exemplary wife and mother in her
+home, but by her counsel and assistance materially advancing the business
+interests of her husband.
+
+In 1847, Mr. Morris, in connection with W. H. Harris, contracted with
+Lemuel Crawford for mining the Chippewa bank by the ton. After two years,
+he took the management of the work for Crawford & Price, the latter having
+purchased an interest. He then went to Girard to work his own mines at
+that point. The coal being of an excellent quality, and the demand
+constantly increasing, these mines became a source of great wealth,
+engrossing large capital, and giving employment to a host of workmen.
+Instead of the one mine which he found, his original enterprise, his
+estate now comprises the Mineral Ridge mines, which have been worked about
+eighteen years, and have yielded about a hundred and fifty tons per day;
+the Girard mines, worked about the same period, and yielding two hundred
+tons daily; and mines at Youngstown, which have been worked eight years.
+The pay roll of these mines now bears about $12,000 per month, and the
+freight bills on the railroad average $3,000 per week. The coal is mostly
+brought to Cleveland, whence it is shipped to Chicago, Milwaukee,
+Hamilton, and Toronto, a large amount going to the latter place.
+
+In 1856, Mr. Morris moved to Cleveland, the amount of business transacted
+with this city making this step prudent. Here the firm of Crawford, Price
+& Morris was formed, which subsequently became Price, Crawford & Morris,
+and finally Morris & Price. On the 15th of February, 1862, he died in the
+forty-third year of his age.
+
+[Illustration: Truly Yours, David Morris]
+
+Mr. Morris was active, industrious, and unfailing in his watchfulness
+over the interests in his charge, both when an employee and when an
+employer. His industry set a good example, which those under him were
+induced to follow, and in this way labors which would have wearied and
+discouraged men with a less energetic and industrious manager, were
+performed with cheerfulness. He was a man of few words but his manner and
+acts spoke more forcibly than words, and his men learned to obey and
+respect an employer, who, instead of ordering and lecturing them, quietly
+showed them how he wished a thing by setting about it with them. He was
+careful to restrain his passions, and to act from judgment instead of from
+impulse. In this way he was not only successful in business, and respected
+by his business associates, but possessed the esteem and confidence of his
+workmen, who, when he lay in his last illness, gathered anxiously to learn
+every item of intelligence that could be learned in regard to his
+condition.
+
+Mr. Morris was simple and unpretending in his habits, and of a religious
+turn of mind. He felt his obligations to God, and during his later years,
+especially, was diligent in his attention on Divine worship. In the
+closing days of his illness, he was constantly engaged in prayer, and
+departed this life in the assured hope of a peaceful and joyous hereafter.
+
+The disease that carried him off was typhoid fever, with which he was at
+first seized in Cleveland, where he lay at his residence for some weeks.
+On his partial recovery he visited Girard, where he suffered a relapse,
+and after a lingering illness, died at the residence of his parents. He
+was buried in Youngstown cemetery, the funeral exercises being attended by
+one of the largest assemblages of friends ever congregated at that place
+on a similar occasion.
+
+It was feared that with his death the operation of his works would cease
+and a large number of people be thus thrown out of employment. But a short
+time before his death he had expressed the desire that the works should be
+carried on after his departure the same as before it; "because," said he,
+"to stop the work would do much harm to others and no good to us." Mr.
+Morris appointed his wife, Mrs. Dorothy Morris, and Mr. Robert McLauchlan,
+executors of his will, and trustees of the estate. Mr. McLauchlan, who had
+been for a number of years engaged with the firm previous to the death of
+Mr. Morris, and therefore familiar with all its business detail, had the
+additional qualification of being an able financier, and possessing a
+practical knowledge of all branches of the coal interest, and above all,
+a character for unimpeachable integrity. His administration has been
+eminently successful.
+
+Mr. Morris left a wife and six children to mourn his loss, the eldest of
+whom, Mary, is now the widow of the late A. V. Cannon, and the second,
+William, is a member of the firm of Ward, Morris & Co., coal dealers. The
+third, John, is engaged at one of the estate mines, at Niles, Ohio, the
+rest being quite young.
+
+
+
+
+W. I. Price.
+
+
+W. I. Price was born in Nantiglo, South Wales, May 21st, 1823, and came to
+the United States with his father when about twelve years of age. His
+father settled at Paris, Ohio, where the subject of this sketch remained
+until he grew up to man's estate, when he removed to Cleveland, and was
+engaged as book-keeper with Messrs. Camp & Stockly. The confidence of his
+employers in his business ability and integrity was soon manifested by
+their sending him to Chicago as their agent in the coal business. His stay
+in that city was marked by several severe fits of sickness, and he was
+eventually compelled to leave that post and return to Cleveland.
+
+Soon after his return he became interested with Lemuel Crawford, in the
+business of mining coal, in the early development of which branch of trade
+he filled a conspicuous and important part. He often related, after the
+coal interest had assumed large proportions, the difficulties to be
+surmounted in introducing coal as an article of fuel, especially on the
+steamboats. Frequently he has sat up all night watching for the steamers
+to come in, and then almost gave away coal in order to induce their
+officers to use it.
+
+The firm of Crawford & Price was formed in 1850. With persistent energy it
+continued to push its coal business until it assumed considerable
+proportions, when, in 1856, Mr. David Morris became a partner, and the
+firm name was changed to Crawford, Price & Co., and again in 1858, to
+Price, Crawford & Morris. In 1857, the firm of Price, Morris & Co. was
+established in Chicago, and Mr. Price was, during much of his time,
+actively engaged in the extensive coal transactions of that firm.
+
+[Illustration: Very Resp. Yours, W. I. Price]
+
+Mr. Price was married to Miss Harriet Murray, who died in 1850, after two
+years of married life, leaving one child, which only survived her three
+months. He was married again August 27, 1856, to Miss Caroline Anderson,
+of Manchester, Vermont, daughter of Rev. James Anderson, of the
+Congregational church.
+
+Being in ill health at the time of his second marriage, Mr. Price, with
+his wife, took a trip to Europe, visiting his old home in Wales, and
+returned with his health so much improved that he was scarcely recognized
+by his friends.
+
+The year 1857 was a most trying time for business men. Mr. Price's labors
+were arduous in the extreme; his energy was unbounded, and the labors he
+was compelled to perform doubtless so over-taxed his strength that he had
+not sufficient vitality to recover.
+
+In the Fall of 1858, he had the first serious apprehensions for his
+health. A bronchial difficulty from which he suffered, was aggravated by
+traveling and exposure, and in the Spring of 1859, he went to New York
+for advice. He was told to make another trip to Europe. This advice was
+followed, but he returned very little benefited. After a few weeks he
+started with his wife on a tour south, intending to remain there during
+the Winter. Reaching Charleston, S. C., about the middle of November, he
+remained but a short time, and then set out for the Sulphur Springs, at
+Aiken. Here he improved rapidly, but as the cold came on, and the
+accommodations were poor, it was thought advisable to go further south.
+At Savannah he remained a short time, and after wandering from point to
+point, arrived early in February at New Smyrna, where a large company of
+English hunters made their headquarters. Here they found better food and
+accommodations. After wandering through the South until about the middle
+of May, they returned to New York, where they were met by the partner of
+Mr. Price, Mr. Morris, and Mr. Price's brother Philip. The latter
+accompanied them to Manchester, Vermont. The mountain air of that region
+stopped the cough of the invalid, and from Thursday, May 17th, to Monday
+21st, he was able to sit up, and was attending to business with his
+brother all the morning of the last named day. A friend from Brooklyn
+called, and with him he conversed for half an hour. On rising to bid him
+good bye, he was seized with hemorrhage, and asked to be assisted to bed.
+He never spoke more, and died in fifteen minutes. His remains were
+brought to Cleveland and interred in Erie street cemetery, but were
+afterwards removed to Woodland. The last illness of Mr. Price was borne
+without a murmur.
+
+Mr. Price was modest and retiring in manner, affable in disposition, and
+benevolent to a fault. He was most beloved where best known. In business
+circles his integrity was proverbial, and his financial ability
+everywhere acknowledged. Few men have died so sincerely regretted by
+those who knew him.
+
+James Anderson Price, the only child of the subject of this sketch, was
+born April 22d, 1858, and though yet very young, presents in personal
+appearance and disposition an exact counterpart of his father.
+
+
+
+
+D. W. Cross.
+
+
+
+In the Spring of 1855, when the coal trade of Cleveland was,
+comparatively, in its infancy, and before the Mahoning Railroad was built,
+the late Oliver H. Perry and David W. Cross set about investigating the
+coal deposits in the Mahoning Valley, which resulted in their making some
+leases of coal lands, and in purchasing a coal tract of about one hundred
+and fifty acres, known then as the old Heaton coal bank, of Mineral Ridge
+coal. In January, 1856, Perry, Cross & Co. commenced operations in
+earnest, opened an office and coal yard on Johnson & Tisdale's dock and
+mined and brought to Cleveland the first cargo of Mineral Ridge coal. It
+came by the way of the Pennsylvania and Ohio canal from Niles, Trumbull
+county, Ohio.
+
+At that time, when a gold dollar was only worth a dollar, the coal was
+mined at forty cents per ton, the canal freight about one dollar and
+seventy-five cents per ton, "dead work," handling, dockage, &c., about
+seventy-five cents, making the total cost of that coal on the docks in
+Cleveland ready for delivery, about two dollars and ninety cents per ton.
+
+This mine produced about a hundred tons per day. The company that year
+also received about eight thousand tons of Briar Hill or "block coal" from
+Powers' bank, about two miles below Youngstown. This coal was also brought
+in by canal boats.
+
+In the year 1859, Hon. Henry B. Payne, who had an interest in the
+original purchase of coal lands, with a view of establishing his son,
+Nathan P. Payne, in business, bought the entire interest of Mr. Perry in
+the concern and the business was continued in the name of D. W. Cross & Co.
+Mr. N. P. Payne, then an active young man just from his collegiate studies,
+took charge of the retail trade, and Isaac Newton had charge of the books.
+In 1860, arrangements were made with the late Lemuel Crawford to run his
+Chippewa and Briar Hill mines in connection with the Mineral Ridge mines,
+and it resulted in forming the company known as Crawford, Cross & Co., for
+one year, at the expiration of which time the firm of Cross, Payne & Co.,
+composed of D. W. Cross, Nathan P. Payne and Isaac Newton, carried on the
+business. This firm made extensive explorations for coal. They discovered
+and opened the Summit bank coal mines, near Akron, built a locomotive
+railroad three miles long to the canal at Middlebury, and to the Cleveland
+& Zanesville and Atlantic & Great Western railroads; repaired the feeder
+canal from Middlebury to Akron, built a basin capable of holding eight
+canal boats, extensive shutes, docks, &c., capable of handling four
+thousand five hundred tons per day. This coal tract includes between three
+and four hundred acres. The coal is a superior quality of the Massillon
+grade, about four and a half feet thick, and for steam, manufacturing and
+domestic uses is claimed to have no superior. The company employed at this
+mine from seventy-five to a hundred and fifty men; built extensive shaft
+works for elevating coal to the surface; erected about forty comfortable
+tenements for the workmen and miners, and, in short, used all their past
+experience to make this a model mine. It is the nearest coal bank to
+Cleveland now open.
+
+They also, in connection with the late W. A. Otis, Charles A. Otis and
+James Lewis, leased and purchased several hundred acres of coal lands in
+Brookfield, Trumbull county, Ohio, and opened the extensive works known as
+the Otis Coal Company's bank.
+
+A shaft on this tract was sunk to the coal eight by sixteen feet and a
+hundred and fifty-five feet deep, in sixty-one days by Isaac Halford,
+superintendent, through solid rock, said to be the quickest work ever
+known in the valley. This tract produces an excellent quality of the Briar
+Hill grade of coal; a locomotive railroad connects it with a branch of the
+Mahoning Railroad, and the works are capable of mining and raising three
+hundred tons of coal per day.
+
+In February, 1867, Mr. Cross retired from the business, and the present
+firm of Payne, Newton & Co., composed of N. P. Payne, Isaac Newton and
+Charles J. Sheffield, now carry on the extensive business of the entire
+concern. They have ample facilities for mining and handling five or six
+hundred tons of coal per day.
+
+After the completion of the Cleveland & Mahoning Railroad the Pennsylvania
+and Ohio canal was abandoned, the Railroad Company having obtained control
+of the stock, and fixed so high a tariff as to cut off all competition
+with themselves. This effectually killed the canal, except that portion
+between Akron and Kent. The active trade on this part of the Pennsylvania
+and Ohio canal will insure its preservation, and as it is an important
+feeder (supplying water and trade) to the Ohio canal, the State will
+undoubtedly take possession of it. The capital invested by this concern in
+the coal trade is about $250,000.
+
+Since his retirement from the coal trade, Mr. Cross has been actively
+interested in the Winslow Car Roofing Company and the Cleveland Steam
+Gauge Company, both carrying on their manufactories in Cleveland.
+
+
+
+
+Religious
+
+
+
+Although originally settled by people from Connecticut, Cleveland was not
+in its early days distinguished for its religious characteristics. Old
+inhabitants narrate how in the infancy of the settlement the whisky shop
+was more frequented than the preaching meeting, whenever that was held,
+and how, on one occasion, a party of scoffing unbelievers bore in mock
+triumph an effigy of the Saviour through the streets. A regular meeting of
+infidels was held, and burlesque celebrations of the Lord's Supper
+performed. Still later, when the business of slaughtering hogs became an
+important branch of industry, it was carried on regularly, on Sundays as
+well as on week-days, and as this was a leading feature in the year's
+doings the religious observance of the day was seriously interfered with
+during slaughtering season. Trade on the river, in the busy season, went
+on with but little regard for the Sundays, except that Mr. John Walworth
+invariably refused, although not a church member, to conform to the usage
+of his neighbors in doing business on that day. Unlike the modern
+emigrants from New England, the Cleveland pioneers did not carry the
+church with them.
+
+The first regularly organized religious society in Cleveland was the
+Episcopal, which gathered together for religious worship in 1817, under
+the ministration of the Rev. Roger Searles. The meetings were held
+wherever a room could be obtained, the court-house, old academy building,
+and other public rooms being frequently used for the purpose. In 1828,
+Trinity Church was regularly incorporated, and the frame building which
+stood on the corner of Seneca and St. Clair streets until its destruction
+by fire in 1853, is remembered with affection by many Clevelanders as
+"Old Trinity."
+
+The next religions organization was Presbyterian. In 1820, a few residents
+of Cleveland engaged, the Rev. Randolph Stone, pastor of a church at
+Morgan, Ashtabula county, to devote a third of his ministrations to
+Cleveland. In June of that year the first Sunday school was established
+with Elisha Taylor as superintendent, but it was only by the most
+persistent effort that it was enabled to combat the prejudices and
+overcome the indifference of the people. In September, 1820, the First
+Presbyterian church was formally organized, with fourteen members, in the
+old log court-house. In 1827, the society was regularly incorporated, and
+in 1834, the old stone church on the Public Square was opened for worship.
+During the whole of this time the congregation had no settled pastor, but
+was dependent on occasional visits of ministers from other places.
+
+The first attempt at Methodist organization was somewhere between 1824 and
+1827. Methodism was not in favor among the early settlers in Cleveland.
+The historian of the Erie Conference relates that a Methodist friend in
+New England, who owned land in Cleveland, sent on a deed for the lot on
+the northeast corner of Ontario and Rockwell street, where Mr. Crittenden
+afterwards built a large stone house, which lot would have been most
+suitable for a church, and that no person could be found willing to pay
+the trifling expense of recording, or take charge of the deed, and it was
+returned to the donor. In 1830, Cleveland became a station, with Rev. Mr.
+Plimpton, pastor.
+
+The first Baptist meeting was held in the old academy, in 1832, the Rev.
+Richmond Taggart preaching to a handful of believers. In 1833, the First
+Baptist society was formally organized with twenty-seven members, Moses
+White and Benjamin Rouse, who still live in the city, being of the
+original deacons. In 1836, their first church, on the corner of Seneca and
+Champlain streets, was dedicated with a sermon by the Rev. Elisha Tucker,
+of Buffalo, who was afterwards called to the pastorate.
+
+About the year 1835, the first Roman Catholic church was built on Columbus
+street on the flats, and was intended to supply the religious needs of the
+Roman Catholics of Cleveland and Ohio City, being situated almost midway
+between the settled portions of the two places. The first pastor was the
+Rev. Mr. Dillon.
+
+In 1835, the first Bethel church, for the use of sailors, was built at the
+back of the site of Gorton, McMillan & Co.'s warehouse. It was a plain
+wooden structure, which remained there until the erection of the brick
+church on Water Street, when the wooden building was removed to make way
+for the Cleveland, Columbus and Cincinnati Railroad.
+
+In 1839, the first Hebrew synagogue was organized and a brick church was
+afterwards built on Eagle street.
+
+From these feeble beginnings have grown up the present religious
+organizations of Cleveland, numbering about seventy churches, many of them
+of great beauty and costliness, with flourishing Sunday schools and
+wealthy congregations. The leading denominations have each several
+churches graded, from stately buildings for the older and wealthier
+congregations to the modest mission chapels. Nearly all the religious
+beliefs of the day are represented by organizations in the city, and all
+are in a flourishing, or at least a growing condition.
+
+
+
+
+Samuel C. Aiken.
+
+
+
+The ancestors of Mr. Aiken were from the North of Ireland, particularly
+from Londonderry, Antrim and Belfast. At an early day one or two colonies
+came over to this country and settled on a tract of land on the Merrimac
+River, in New Hampshire, calling it Londonderry, after the name of the
+city from which most of them had emigrated. Fragments of these colonies
+were soon scattered over New England, and a few families moved to Vermont
+and purchased a tract of land midway between the Green Mountains and
+Connecticut River. The township was at first called Derry, and afterwards
+divided, one portion retaining the original name, and the other taking the
+name of Windham. In the latter town Dr. Aiken was born, September 21,
+1791. His parents were both natives of Londonderry, New Hampshire. Before
+their marriage, his mother, whose maiden name was Clark, resided a
+considerable portion of her time in Boston, with a brother and three
+sisters, and was there when the Revolutionary war broke out. When the city
+fell into the hands of the British, they refused to let any one leave. By
+some means however Miss Clark escaped and crossed over to Cambridge, where
+the American army was stationed under General Washington. After
+questioning her as to her escape and the situation of affairs in the city,
+Washington told her, that, in the present condition of the country it was
+unsafe for her to travel unprotected, and accordingly gave her an escort,
+proving that the great General was also mindful of the courtesies of a
+gentleman.
+
+When about twelve or thirteen years of age, Dr. Aiken, after a preparatory
+course, entered Middlebury college, in 1813. In his junior year a long fit
+of sickness placed him under the care of a physician from Georgia, who
+bled him forty times and gave him calomel and julep, (such was the way of
+curing fever,) sufficient to destroy the best constitution. The
+consequence was, his health was so impaired that he was obliged to leave
+college for a year. Afterwards returning he entered the class of 1814. In
+both classes were quite a number of young men who became distinguished in
+Church and State. Among them was Sylvester Larned, the eloquent preacher
+of New Orleans, Levi Parsons and Pliney Fisk, first missionaries to
+Palestine, Carlos Wilcox, the poet, Silas Wright, afterwards Governor of
+New York State, and Samuel Nelson, now on the Bench of the Supreme Court
+of the United States.
+
+[Illustration: ]
+
+Dr. Aiken's first religious impressions were occasioned by reading
+Doddridge's Rise and Progress of Religion in the Soul. Faithful parental
+instruction in the Bible and Shorter Catechism had laid the foundation for
+belief in the truth of religion. A revival of religion soon after entering
+college awakened a new and solemn purpose to devote his life to the work
+of the Gospel ministry. The usual course of three years at Andover
+Theological Seminary was passed without any special occurrence. He was
+then called by the "Young Men's Missionary Society" in New York, to labor
+in their service in that city. He had but just entered the field when an
+urgent request from the First Presbyterian society in Utica, New York,
+took him to that place, then only a small village, where he was ordained
+and installed, the third of February, 1818. Some events of deep interest
+occurred while he was in Utica. The building and completion of the Erie
+canal was one. The cholera in 1832, was another. It was there and then
+this fatal epidemic first appeared in the United States. In Utica also
+during his ministry were several revivals of religion of great power and
+interest. Moreover, about that time the subject of anti-slavery began to
+be agitated; opposition and mobs began to gather, which, under the control
+of the Almighty, have resulted in the emancipation of millions of slaves.
+
+Impaired health, after about nineteen years of labor, with very little
+relaxation or relief by traveling, such as is common now, determined him
+to accept a call from the First Presbyterian church and society in
+Cleveland, over which he was installed pastor in November, 1835. Although
+the church had been organized fifteen years, Rev. Mr. Aiken was the first
+regular pastor. The ministerial duties were performed by supplies.
+
+Soon after Mr. Aiken was installed pastor, a great financial revulsion
+took place; and for a period of about ten years he voluntarily
+relinquished three hundred dollars out of his salary of fifteen hundred,
+lest it should prove burthensome to the church. This low tide in financial
+matters was characterized by remarkable religious developments; slavery,
+temperance and Millerism became church questions; and it was regarded as
+the peculiar mission of Mr. Aiken to distinguish between truth and error.
+His moderation, judicious advice, and devoted character were just
+calculated to conduct his charge safely through the distractions of that
+period. The society increased at such a rate that the building became
+crowded, and another church was organized for the West Side. On the East
+Side a Congregational church was formed about the year 1840, to which some
+of the more radical members of the First Presbyterian church went over. In
+process of time the nucleus of the Second Presbyterian church on Superior
+street, and the Third, on Euclid street, were formed out of the First
+church, not because of any dissatisfaction, however, but for want of room.
+But, notwithstanding these offshoots, a new and larger edifice became
+necessary, and in 1853, the present enlarged, elegant and substantial
+building was put up on the site of that of 1834. In March, 1857, the wood
+work of this spacious stone structure was destroyed by fire.
+
+In his physical constitution, with which the mental is closely allied, Mr.
+Aiken is deliberate, to a degree which some have greatly mistaken for
+indolence. But with a commanding person, and strong will this habitual
+absence of excitement was never tame, but rather impressive. He seldom
+rose above the even tenor of his discourse, but never fell to commonplace,
+was generally interesting and occasionally eloquent. His sermons were not
+hasty compositions, without a purpose, but well studied, rich with
+original and important thought, artistically arranged and glowing with
+genuine piety and embellished with scholastic treasures. Dr. Aiken
+possessed the accomplishment, and understood the value of good reading, so
+rare in the pulpit, and which is scarcely inferior to eloquence. We
+remember but few occasions when he became thoroughly aroused. The
+destruction of so fine a church edifice so soon after it was completed
+seemed to him a personal calamity. On the following Sunday the
+congregation met in Chapin's Hall. His heart was evidently full of grief;
+but also of submission. His fine enunciation, correct emphasis, and strong
+yet suppressed feelings, secured the earnest attention of every hearer. He
+touched graphically upon the power of fire; how it fractures the rock,
+softens obdurate metals, envelopes the prairies in flame, and how it
+seized upon the seats, ceiling and roof in his darling house of worship,
+thence fiercely ascending the spire to strive to rise still higher, and
+invade the clouds. From this he turned to the doctrine of submission, in a
+manner so earnest and pathetic that a perceptible agitation pervaded the
+audience, in which many could not suppress their tears. There was no
+laboring after effect. It was the natural result of a lofty sentiment,
+expressed with unction, beauty and vigor.
+
+During the same year the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church was
+held at Cleveland. The slavery question was there presented for the last
+time. The Southern members, represented by Rev. Mr. Ross, of Alabama, had
+counted upon what they called a conservative course, on the part of Mr.
+Aiken. They wished, simply, to be let alone. From the Middle States there
+were many clergyman of moderate views, who expected him to take their
+ground, or, at least, to be silent. He had advised non-resistence to the
+execution of the fugitive slave law, even on the part of the blacks, in
+cases where governmental officials were implicated. As usual, the negro
+question came up, and a large portion of a day was given to it.
+
+Until near the close of the debate the representatives of the Middle and
+Southern States were quite hopeful of a moderate policy, or of no policy.
+Mr. Aiken sat near the marble pulpit in the Second church without any
+apparent interest in the discussion. He rose and spoke with difficulty and
+in a weak voice, and few words. In a temperate but firm and patriarchal
+manner he recounted the various phases of the question, during his public
+ministry. He then touched upon the moral and religions aspect of the case,
+but with no asseveration, and concluded by denouncing slavery as an evil,
+so monstrous that the church could neither sustain nor ignore it. The
+silence was so complete that no word was lost. When he sat down, the
+Southern members remarked that their fate within the church was settled.
+
+On a previous public occasion in 1851, when the Columbus Railway was just
+completed, and an excursion of State dignitaries made a trial trip to
+Cleveland, Mr. Aiken was requested to preach in their presence. As this
+discourse is one of a very few that have been printed, we can give a few
+literal extracts:
+
+  It was my privilege on the Lord's day to address De Witt Clinton and
+  the Canal Commissioners of New York in recognition of the beneficient
+  hand of Providence, who had carried them on to the completion of the
+  Erie Canal. In a moral and religions, as well as in a social and
+  commercial point of view, there is something both solemn and sublime
+  in the completion of a great thoroughfare. It indicates not only the
+  march of mind and a higher type of society, but the evolution of a
+  divine purpose.
+
+In his quarter century sermon, June 3d, 1850, he says of revivals:
+
+  They are as their Divine Author says, like the breath of wind through
+  fragrant trees and flowers, scattering grateful odors, pervading the
+  universal church with the treasured sweetness of divine grace. If my
+  success has not been as great as I would wish, it is as great as I had
+  reason to expect. I confess I have much to deplore, and much for which
+  to be thankful. There have been adverse influences here to counteract
+  those usually falling to the lot of other ministers. So far as the
+  subject of slavery is concerned I have endeavored without the fear or
+  favor of man to preserve a course best calculated to promote freedom and
+  save the church from dismemberment.
+
+With such a style, perspicuous, easy and impressive, it is easy to see
+how he might thoroughly absorb the attention of an audience, without
+affecting the orator. If he had been more ambitions and more enterprising,
+he might have risen higher as a popular preacher, but would have held a
+lower place in the affections of his people. The position of a pastor in
+an active and growing city is beset with difficulty on all sides. To
+retain place and influence in one congregation during a period of
+thirty-five years is an evidence of prudence, character and stability of
+purpose more to be desired than outside fame in the church.
+
+Though not yet arrived at extreme old age, he is too feeble to perform
+much service. It is ten years since he has retired from active duty, but
+his congregation continue his annual salary by an unanimous vote. Few
+clergyman are permitted to witness, like him, the fruits of their early
+labors. He has contributed largely to shape the religions institutions of
+a city, while it was increasing in population from three thousand to
+ninety thousand. We remember but one instance where he was drawn into a
+newspaper discussion. This was in the year 1815, in which he reviewed the
+decrees of the Council of Trent in relation to the prohibition of the
+Scriptures to the common people. The letters of "Clericus" and "Veritas"
+on that subject covered the whole ground on both sides, and are worthy of
+publication in a more permanent form.
+
+The Rev. Doctor sustained the relation of pastor to the First Presbyterian
+church until 1858, when he resigned, leaving the Rev. Dr. Goodrich sole
+pastor. The whole extent of his ministry from the time of his license by
+the Londonderry Presbytery, 1817, to the present time, March, 1869, has
+been about fifty-three years. During forty-three years of this period he
+has been a pastor in only two congregations. The other portion of this
+time he has preached and labored in vacant churches and where there was no
+church, as health and opportunity permitted.
+
+The Doctor still resides in Cleveland, beloved by the church over which
+for so many years he watched and prayed, and honored in a community in
+which he has so long been recognized as an unswerving advocate of right.
+
+Retired from active duty, and nearing, as he is, the sunset of life, his
+quiet hours may bring to him remembrances of vigorous effort and
+unmeasured usefulness, while his gentle nature may be cheered by the
+consciousness that he still holds the love of this people.
+
+
+
+
+Seymour W. Adams.
+
+
+
+The subject of this sketch, Rev. Seymour Webster Adams, D. D., was born at
+Vernon, Oneida county, New York, August 1, 1815. His father's name was
+Isaac Adams and his mother's maiden name was Eunice Webster--she was a
+niece of Noah Webster, the great American lexicographer. His mother is
+still living. His father died in 1861. Dr. Adams was possessed of
+remarkable equanimity of temperament, a healthful constitution and great
+powers of application and endurance. These traits, the home influences
+under which he was nurtured, developed in a high degree. His early years
+were passed upon his father's farm at Vernon and in the home circle.
+Having before him constantly not only the example of right living, as
+generally esteemed, but of holy living, he could not do otherwise than
+profit greatly by the example set before him. But he did not only profit
+by this example--he went much further. It is said of him, "As a son he was
+docile, loving, tenderly attached to his kindred, profoundly obedient and
+reverent towards his parents, whose wish was the law of his heart, and
+whom he loved to call blessed."
+
+At the age of seventeen he became a member of the Baptist church at
+Vernon, and soon after this entered upon a course of preparation for a
+liberal education and in due time he entered Hamilton College, Clinton,
+New York, from which he graduated after a full course, taking a very high
+position in his class.
+
+That the leading traits of his character while young may be appreciated,
+some of his early writings are here referred to.
+
+Soon after entering upon his collegiate course he wrote upon "Integrity of
+Character," and among other things remarked that the man who suffers his
+principles to be violated "sacrifices his honor, barters all that is noble
+and admirable, and abandons those principles to which he should cling with
+an unyielding grasp."
+
+On another occasion a little further on he is found maintaining the
+necessity of the exercise of the physical and intellectual powers of man
+"as a wise provision of the Sovereign Ruler of the world" for man's
+happiness, and he maintains that not only in this should there be activity
+but _energy_.
+
+Afterwards, in 1841, when he had become a senior and was about to bid
+adieu to college life, he chose as the subject of his oration,
+"Development of Character," maintaining that no one can become "deservedly
+great" who does not encounter and overcome the impediments and
+difficulties constantly presenting themselves. He says: "Difficulties may
+long have met the aspirant at every step and been for years his constant
+companions, yet so far from proving detrimental, they have been among the
+most efficient means for preparing him for vigorous effort to surmount
+still greater barriers."
+
+These references are deemed sufficient to indicate the principles and
+leading traits of the youthful Seymour W. Adams, and as we shall see, were
+his unvarying guides through life. To him it was the same to resolve as to
+perform, for whether in earlier or later life he never put his hand to the
+plow and looked back. Therefore, having resolved to become a Christian
+minister, he never swerved from that resolution for a single moment, but
+went forward with his mind fixed upon his purpose and object as the
+mariner's upon his guiding star. In pursuance of his previous
+determination, in the Fall of 1841 he entered the Hamilton Theological
+Seminary at Hamilton, Madison county, New York, from which in regular
+course he graduated, and after acting as ministerial supply in one or two
+places, he was called to and accepted the pastorate of the Baptist church
+at Vernon, his native place, having previously received ordination. Here
+he was greatly beloved by his people and continued there quietly pursuing
+his duties, until sought out at his village home and invited to accept the
+vacant pastorate of the First Baptist church of Cleveland, Ohio.
+
+When first invited to the Cleveland pastorate he refused to listen, and
+declined to entertain the call; but upon the matter being further pressed
+upon him, upon the second call he consented to visit Cleveland for the
+purpose of becoming acquainted with the people and learning their
+situation, but was careful to give them no encouragement that he would
+accept their invitation.
+
+Mr. Adams came to Cleveland in pursuance of this call October 19th, 1846,
+and after remaining three weeks returned home to Vernon, leaving it in
+great doubt whether he would return here. In about a month afterwards, the
+church at Cleveland calling him was relieved of suspense by his acceptance
+of the pastorate. He entered upon it November 22d, 1846. The subject of
+his discourse on this occasion was:
+
+  "For they watch for your souls as they that must give
+  account."--Heb. xiii, 17.
+
+A few words as to this discourse is deemed not out of place here, as it
+has become historic in the church to which it was delivered. The doctrine
+of the discourse was the reciprocal duty of pastor and people. Reference
+will only be made to what appertains to the pastor. He laid down most
+rigid rules for him--"that he should be a holy man,"--that he should be
+one that "hath clean hands and a pure heart; who hath not lifted up his
+soul unto vanity." That the injunction was laid upon him, "Keep thyself
+pure;" that as the conduct of the minister is observed by many it should
+be fitting as an example to others "in word, in conversation, in charity,
+in spirit, in faith, in purity." That in preparation for preaching the
+Word "time, thought and prayer must be given--that the burden of all his
+preaching should be 'Christ and him crucified.'"
+
+How well he observed these will appear hereafter in the language of those
+who made addresses at his funeral, or soon afterwards. The reader is also
+referred to the Memoir of Dr. Adams, edited by Judge Bishop.
+
+In this pastorate Dr. Adams continued till his decease. No extended
+reference can be made to his labors in so brief a sketch as this. A mere
+summary only can be given of his life work. The number of sermons preached
+by him, including addresses at funerals, is three thousand four hundred
+and ninety-three; number of marriages solemnized, three hundred and
+fifty-two; number of funerals attended, five hundred and four; number
+received into the church, including those received both by letter and
+baptism, about seven hundred. In addition to his other labors, in 1858-9,
+he wrote the life of Rev. Dr. Nathaniel Kendrick, so long and honorably
+known as the founder of the Hamilton Theological School, and which has
+since grown to be Madison University and Hamilton Theological Seminary.
+While in this work all display and all mere ornament is avoided, it is a
+work of decided merit, requiring severe application and patient industry
+to accomplish it. His surviving wife has said that "his pastoral labors
+were prosecuted regardless of self."
+
+He was three times married. First to Miss Caroline E. Griggs, who died
+April, 1847. Second, January, 1849, to Mrs. Cordelia C. Peck, widow of
+Rev. Linus M. Peck, and daughter of Rev. Dr. Nathaniel Kendrick; she died
+October, 1852. Third, to Miss Augusta Hoyt, August, 1855, who is the
+mother of his four surviving children.
+
+He was not only a Christian minister, but he was a true Christian patriot,
+and never, during all the terrible struggle for the life of the nation,
+when he offered prayer, did he fail to remember his country. Nearly the
+last work of his life was to accept an appointment in the Christian
+Commission to render service in Washington and at the front, relieving and
+comforting the sick and wounded of our army.
+
+On the sixth of July, 1864, he returned home from this service, quite
+unwell, but he thought he could find no space for repose, and labored on
+more intensely than ever, all which time a crisis was approaching which he
+did not anticipate. He at last began to perceive symptoms of severe
+illness, and Sabbath, September 11th, he preached his last sermon to his
+people from Heb. iii: 7, 8. "To-day if ye will hear his voice harden not
+your hearts," &c. All that can be said here of this discourse is, that if
+he had known it was his last he could not have spoken more appropriately
+or warned more earnestly. From the preaching of this discourse he went to
+the sick-room, and on the 27th of September, 1864, Dr. Adams bade adieu to
+earth and passed away.
+
+His funeral was attended September 30th, by a great multitude of mourners
+and friends, at the First Baptist church, and a large number of the
+clergymen of Cleveland participated in the solemnities.
+
+This sketch can not be better concluded than by referring briefly to some
+of the remarks made on that occasion, as a fitting testimonial to the
+character and worth of Dr. Adams.
+
+Remarks, 1st, by Rev. Dr. Aiken:
+
+  I have known him intimately, and I have thought, as I have seen him on
+  the street, of that passage of Scripture, "Behold an Israelite indeed in
+  whom there is no guile," for there was no guile in him. You might read
+  his profession in his daily life. He commended daily the Gospel that he
+  preached, and gave living witness of its power and showed that he loved
+  the truth. He was eminently successful as a pastor and useful in the
+  cause of the Redeemer.
+
+2d, by Rev. Dr. Goodrich:
+
+  There was manifest a diligence in his study and a thoroughness of
+  thought which commanded increased respect the longer we listened to him.
+  His life and character made him felt in this community even more than
+  his words. He preached one day in the week to his own flock, but he
+  lived forth the Gospel of Christ every day before the world. There was
+  in him a sincerity and consistency which could not be hid. He was
+  transparent as crystal and honest as a little child. No man ever doubted
+  him. He was always himself, true, manly, faithful. Men, as they passed
+  him in the street, said to themselves, "There is a man who believes all
+  the Gospel he preaches." He is gone, but his works follow him. "Being
+  dead he yet speaketh."
+
+3d, by Rev. Dr. Hawks:
+
+  Possessed naturally of a strong intellect, he disciplined it by the
+  severe process of thought and study. His scholarship was accurate and
+  thorough, his reading extensive and profitable, by means of these he
+  intended to serve, as he did, Christ and the church. Dr. Adams was a
+  pastor as well as preacher. He taught not only publicly but from
+  house to house.
+
+
+
+
+J. A. Thome.
+
+
+
+James Armstrong Thome was born in Augusta, Kentucky, January 20, 1813.
+He is of Scotch descent on his father's side, and of North Irish by his
+mother, a native Armstrong of the border land. His father was a
+Presbyterian of the Scotch type, and a ruling elder in the church. His
+mother was a Methodist of the original Wesleyan order and period, having
+been converted under the labors of the Wesleys at the age of nine. This
+difference of the parents in religious beliefs and church affinities
+remained unchanged till the death of the mother, each attending their
+respective meetings; yet, wide as the distinction then was, and warm as
+the prevalent feeling was, between Presbyterians and Methodists,
+particularly in Kentucky, there was neither sectarian width nor warmth
+between the godly pair, the twain were one flesh and one spirit in
+Christ Jesus.
+
+The son usually followed his father to church, though he sometimes
+accompanied his mother; and during week-day evenings he had the double
+advantage of going to prayer-meeting with the one, and to class-meeting
+with the other. To this two-fold, yet harmonious, religious training in
+childhood the son is indebted for a breath of religious sentiment and
+sympathy which made him early a Presbyteria-Methodist in heart, and led
+him subsequently to the mid-way ground of Congregationalism, where many a
+Presbyterian and many a Methodist have met in Christian unity,
+
+He owes his early conversion to the faithful teachings and pious example
+of his parents, to their religious instruction, to family worship, to
+Sabbath observance, to sanctuary means, in prosecution of the covenant his
+parents entered into with God when they consecrated him in infancy.
+
+The son's first great sorrow came when he was in his ninth year, in the
+death of his mother. The loss was irreparable, but it led him to Christ,
+From the sad moment when the dying mother laid her hand upon his head and
+spoke in words never to be forgotten, her last benediction, sorrow for the
+sainted dead was blended with penepenitentialrow towards God, and prayers
+and tears cried to heaven for mercy. It was not, however, until the age of
+seventeen that the blind seeker found the Saviour, and conscious peace in
+Him. This happy event was immediately followed by union with the
+Presbyterian church, and this by personal consecration to the ministry.
+Just before his conversion, his college course, early begun, had been
+completed. Three years were spent in farther study, and in travel, and
+general observation bearing on the chosen calling of life.
+
+At the opening of Lane Seminary, under the Theological headship of Dr.
+Lyman Beecher, the young divinity student chose that school of the
+prophets, and joined its first class in 1833. It was a class destined to
+be made famous by a discussion, in its first year, of the slavery
+question, then beginning to be agitated by the formation of an
+anti-slavery society on the basis of immediate emancipation, and by the
+active agitation of the subject in the neighboring city, Cincinnati,
+whereby the mobocratic spirit was aroused, whence threats of sacking the
+seminary buildings, and thereupon alarm and hasty action of the trustees,
+disallowing further agitation, and enjoining the disbanding of the
+society. The students, too much in earnest to yield, after unavailing
+attempts at reconciliation with the authorities, the professors mediating,
+and Doctor Beecher conjuring his beloved pupils to stay with him, seceded
+in a body, in December, 1834. The young Kentuckian, son of a slave-holder,
+became a thorough convert to the doctrine of emancipation, joined the
+anti-slavery society, agitated with his brethren, delivered an address at
+the first anniversary of the American Anti-Slavery Society, in New York,
+May, 1834, and seceded with the class. "A Statement of the Reasons which
+induced the Students of Lane Seminary to Dissolve their Connection with
+that Institution"--a pamphlet of twenty-eight pages, signed by fifty-one
+names, and bearing date December 15, 1834, was published and went over the
+land, and the city, intensifying the agitation at home, and raising it
+throughout the country. Among the signatures to this document are those of
+Theodore D. Weld, H. B. Stanton, George Whipple, J. W. Alvord, George
+Clark, John J. Miter, Amos Dresser, (afterwards scourged in the Public
+Square of Nashville,) William T. Allen, son of a slaveholding Presbyterian
+minister in Alabama, and James A. Thome.
+
+Exiled from the Seminary halls, these rebel reformers took refuge in a
+building hard by the city, and extemporized a Theological school,
+themselves being both lecturers and students. The following Spring,
+negotiations being matured for adding a Theological department to the
+Oberlin Institute by the accession of Professors Finney and Morgan the
+seceders went in a body to Oberlin, where they prosecuted their
+preparations for the ministry, which were completed in 1836. Among these
+first graduates of Oberlin Theological Seminary was J. A. Thome. The Winter
+of 1835-6, he had spent in lecturing on anti-slavery in Ohio, under
+commission of the American Anti-Slavery Society. The Winter of 1836-7, he,
+with Jos. Horace Kimball, of New Hampshire, visited the British West India
+Islands to investigate the results of the abolition of slavery, two years
+prior, by act of Parliament. A volume entitled "Emancipation in the West
+Indies," prepared by Mr. Thome, and published, in 1837, by the American
+Anti-Slavery Society at New York, embodied these observations. The book
+was timely and told efficiently on the reform in this country. The Winter
+of 1837, was passed in Kentucky, the abolitionist living among
+slaveholders, and officiating as the minister in the church of his father.
+The next Spring he accepted a call to the chair of Rhetoric and Belles
+Lettres in Oberlin college, and in September following was married to Miss
+Ann T. Allen, daughter of John Gould Allen, Esq., of Fairfield,
+Connecticut. After ten years of professorial labors, in association with
+men of great worth, most of whom still retain their connection with the
+college, Mr. Thome entered upon the pastoral work, December, 1848, in
+connection with the church of which he is still the pastor.
+
+He has enjoyed a pastorate of twenty years, uninterrupted by serious
+ill-health, and cheered by successive revivals and consequent accessions
+to the church, which, having a membership at the beginning of his
+pastorate of little over one hundred, now numbers over three hundred,
+after many losses by dismission and death.
+
+Mr. Thome, early converted to anti-slavery, and consistently devoted to
+that cause, has lived to see slavery abolished in America. In addition to
+the volume on West India Emancipation, he wrote, in 1850, a book on
+Slavery in America, which was published by the British Anti-Slavery
+Society. Since, a Prize Tract on Prayer for the Oppressed, also a tract
+during the war on "What are we Fighting for?" and a treatise on "The
+Future of the Freed People."
+
+At the earnest solicitation of the Secretaries of the American Missionary
+Association, and with the generous consent of his church, Mr. Thome,
+accompanied by his wife and daughter, went abroad early in 1867, to
+secure pecuniary assistance from the friends of the freedmen in England
+and Scotland for their education and evangelization. He was absent on
+this mission one year. The result of his efforts have not yet ceased to
+be realized.
+
+After thirty years of unbroken domestic felicity, three beloved daughters
+having been reared to womanhood in the enjoyment of the Christian's hope,
+and two of them happily wedded, Mr. Thome and his wife were overwhelmed
+with sorrow by the sudden death, on the last day of April, 1869, of their
+second daughter, Mrs. Maria E. Murphy, wife of Mr. Thos. Murphy, of
+Detroit. A lady of singular amiability, purity, and Christian excellence,
+she was endeared by her sweet graces to rich and poor, to young and old,
+throughout the circle of her acquaintances.
+
+
+
+
+William H. Goodrich.
+
+
+
+Rev. William H. Goodrich, D. D., pastor of the First Presbyterian Church of
+Cleveland, is a native of New Haven, Conn. His ancestry is among the most
+honorable known in American society. His father was the late Rev. Chauncey
+A. Goodrich, D. D., a greatly distinguished professor in Yale College; and
+his grandfather, Hon. Elizur Goodrich, for some years a representative in
+Congress, and for twenty years Mayor of New Haven; and his
+great-grandfather, Rev. Elizur Goodrich, D. D., distinguished both as a
+clergyman and an astronomer. His mother was the daughter of Noah Webster,
+LL.D., the lexicographer.
+
+He graduated at Yale college, and was subsequently a tutor in that
+institution. He studied theology at the New Haven Theological Seminary.
+While tutor, it was his duty to preserve order about the college grounds,
+and he received, (though not from a student,) during a night disturbance,
+a severe injury upon the head, which put his life in peril and
+interrupted mental labor for a long period. A part of this time was spent
+abroad in 1848; and it was not till 1850 that he entered steadily upon
+the duties of his profession. He was first settled as pastor of the
+Congregational Church of Bristol, Connecticut, where he remained four
+years. He was then called to the pastorate of the Presbyterian Church in
+Binghamton, N. Y., where he remained till 1858, when he removed to this
+city, where, for eleven years, his ministry has been marked by very great
+success. The prosperous condition of the church under his care, together
+with almost unparalleled attachment between pastor and people, afford
+evidence of the ability and faithfulness with which he has discharged his
+ministerial duties. To remarkable mental vigor, he adds great delicacy of
+character and the warmest sympathies; and those who know most of him,
+regard it as no partial judgment which awards him a front rank among
+preachers and pastors.
+
+[Illustration: Yours truly, W. H. Goodrich]
+
+Mr. Goodrich has enjoyed the best of opportunities, and is a writer of
+rare taste and rhetorical force, and an eloquent and impressive speaker.
+As a preacher he is never speculative and theoretical, never dogmatic nor
+sectarian, but eminently spiritual and practical. But the strongest point
+in his character is his downright, never-failing _common sense_. He never
+blunders, and never has to apologize for important mistakes committed. He
+is remarkable for insight to the character of all with whom he has to do.
+This trait gives him influence with many who care little for the gospel
+which he preaches. Though not conspicuously demonstrative in his outward
+life, and though free from all approach to obtrusiveness, so earnest and
+direct are his ways, that he becomes known to thousands with whom he has
+no personal acquaintance.
+
+In this country it is generally regarded as a misfortune to have had a
+grandfather. Most Americans who have reached distinction for abilities and
+usefulness, have been the sons of parents unknown to fame. As a general
+rule, self-made men are the only well made men. By the force of their own
+energies they have surmounted the difficulties that stood in their
+pathway, and achieved distinction by their own efforts. There are very few
+prominent men in our country whose fathers and grandfathers have left
+names which will live for a score of years in the memory of society. But
+to this general truth the history of our country affords honorable
+exceptions. The sons of certain families distinguished for wealth, for
+talent and for the highest position in society, have been so wisely and
+prayerfully trained that they have escaped the dangers which have proved
+fatal to most of those who have inherited honored names, and to this class
+Mr. Goodrich belongs. Though not ignorant of the truth that his ancestry
+is held in the highest honor by all good men, it seems never to have
+occurred to him that anything less than his own personal labors and merits
+would avail to give him a good name with those whose good opinion is
+desirable. "The poet is born, not made." _Character is made, not born_.
+
+In 1867, Mr. Goodrich was prostrated by severe illness, which for a
+season filled the hearts of his friends with most painful apprehension,
+but the prayers of a loving people were answered, and after an interim of
+six months he again resumed the duties of his pastorate. It soon became
+apparent, however, that while the "the spirit" was "willing," "the flesh"
+was "weak," and that a longer respite was necessary before he could again
+enter upon his work with his wonted zeal. Hoping to renew his impaired
+energies by a temporary release from care, and in the pleasures of travel,
+Mr. Goodrich, with his wife, sailed for Europe in 1868, where he remained
+for eight months, re-visiting the scenes with which he had become
+acquainted twenty years before. The ultimate object of his tour was
+secured, and at the close of the year he returned to his people in
+excellent health, and with an enriched experience from which he seemed to
+draw new inspiration for his work.
+
+Soon after his return from abroad, the rapidly failing health of his
+mother, residing in New Haven, became to him a constant source of
+solicitude, more especially so from the fact of his being the sole
+surviving child of that once happy and affectionate household. His
+departure for Europe had been saddened by the sudden death of his only
+brother, Rev. Chauncey Goodrich. In the month of August, 1869, that mother
+passed from a life which seemed rounded to completeness, into the
+"day-break of heaven," leaving this son, Rev. William H. Goodrich, to rear
+the tablet to her memory, and to go out from a vacant, voiceless home, the
+last of his household.
+
+But a quarter of a century has laid grandparents, parents, brother and
+sisters in the grave.
+
+At the present writing, Mr. Goodrich is once more united to his people,
+and we but give utterance to the general voice in the desire, that in the
+love and confidence of this church and community, he may find solace for
+his bereavements; and that henceforth Cleveland may be the home of his
+adoption, and the field of his labors.
+
+
+
+
+Isaac Errett.
+
+
+
+Among the preachers and writers of the nineteenth century who have pleaded
+for a return to primitive Christianity, the subject of this notice stands
+pre-eminently among the most distinguished. For more than thirty-five
+years he has been connected with the Disciples, and, during the greater
+portion of that time, has been an earnest, able and successful advocate
+for their plea for reformation.
+
+Isaac Errett was born in the city of New York, January 2, 1820. His father
+was a native of Arklow, county of Wicklow, Ireland, and his mother was a
+native of Portsmouth, England. His paternal grandfather was shot down in
+sight of his own house during the Irish rebellion of 1798. His immediate
+parents were both of Protestant families, and became identified with the
+Disciples in New York city, as early as 1811--the father being an elder in
+the original church in that place. Hence, the son was trained from infancy
+in the principles which he now cherishes, and, in the Spring of 1832, at
+Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania--where his mother had moved soon after the death
+of his father, in 1825--when only a little over twelve years of age, at a
+time when the church was without preaching, under the instruction of his
+mother, he, in company with an elder brother, went forward and asked the
+privilege of baptism. He was baptized by Robert McLaren, one of the elders
+of the church.
+
+He now became a diligent student of the Word of God, and, under many
+embarrassing circumstances, made constant and encouraging progress.
+
+From the time he was ten years old he has been dependent upon his own
+personal exertions for a living; hence his respectable education has been
+gathered in the midst of toil and care, by dint of untiring, industrious
+application.
+
+While laboring as farmer, miller, lumberman, bookseller, printer,
+schoolteacher, and editor, he never ceased to augment his stock of useful
+knowledge, and to use whatever opportunities he had for the discipline of
+his mental powers.
+
+He commenced preaching in the city of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, in the
+Spring of 1840, and soon gave promise of the distinguished position which
+he has since held as a preacher of the Gospel.
+
+He enjoyed the advantages of frequent and intimate association with
+Walter Scott, Thomas Campbell, Alexander Campbell, and most of the early
+advocates of primitive Christianity in the West; and his association with
+these men was of incalculable advantage to him, for they not only gave him
+valuable instruction in the principles of the Reformation, but he was
+enabled, by coming in frequent contact with them, to draw inspiration from
+their lives and characters for the great work upon which he had entered.
+
+His ministerial labors have been divided between the work of an evangelist
+and pastor. He was pastor of a church in Pittsburgh three years; New
+Lisbon, Ohio, five years; North Bloomfield, Ohio, two years; Warren, Ohio,
+five years; Muir and Ionia, Michigan, eight years; and Detroit, Michigan,
+two years. At all these points he was eminently successful, and, besides
+his regular pastoral labors, did considerable work in the general field.
+
+He removed to Warren, Ohio, in 1851, and while there, was corresponding
+secretary of the Ohio Missionary Society three years; and it was he who
+first put that society into systematic and active operation.
+
+In 1856, he removed his family to Ionia county, Michigan, and while
+laboring to build up a congregation at that point, he was prevailed upon
+to take the corresponding secretaryship of the American Christian
+Missionary Society, which position he held three years, and succeeded in
+bringing the society to a degree of prosperity which it had never before
+reached. When heresigned the Secretaryship he was appointed first
+vice-president, and afterwards presided at the annual meetings of the
+society until 1866, when he was elected president. This, however, he at
+once declined. In the Spring of 1856, he removed to Cleveland, Ohio.
+
+In April, 1866, he established the Christian Standard in Cleveland, which
+has become a leading and influential religions journal. In August, 1868,
+having been elected first president of Alliance College, he removed to
+Alliance, Ohio, and at once gave to the new college a successful position
+among our literary institutions. In May, 1869, he was elected president of
+the Ohio Christian Missionary Society. In August, 1869, he was elected, by
+a unanimous vote of the Board of Curators of Kentucky University, to the
+presidency of the Agricultural and Mechanical College of that University.
+Also, about the same time, Bethany College tendered him the Biblical
+Department of that institution. We have not learned whether he has yet
+accepted either of these positions.
+
+Mr. Errett's personal appearance is striking and prepossessing. He is
+about six feet one inch high, has dark auburn hair, light grey eyes, and a
+well developed muscular organization. As a public speaker he has few, if
+any, superiors. His language is chaste and copious, containing an
+unusually large per cent, of Saxon words; his gesticulation is easy and
+natural, but his voice, though well under control, has not volume enough
+to give full force to his beautiful and stirring thoughts. His writings,
+like his sermons, are full of strong and rugged points, and are frequently
+interspersed with brilliant passages of exquisite beauty that will compare
+favorably with many of the finest word-paintings in the English language.
+
+In the social circle he is companionable, but not a very good
+conversationalist. He needs the inspiration of an audience, or the quiet
+solitude of the study, to bring out his full strength; hence, while he is
+pleasant in company--full of wit and humor--he does not appear there to
+the best advantage.
+
+
+
+
+Benjamin Rouse
+
+
+
+Benjamin Rouse was born in Boston, March 23d, 1795, and was brought up as
+a builder, working at the trade at first in Massachusetts, and
+subsequently removing to New York, where he carried on his business
+extensively for about six years. From an early age he had taken great
+interest in religions matters, and especially in the establishment of
+Sunday schools. In 1830, he accepted the appointment of agent of the
+American Sunday School Union for the purpose of going to the West and
+establishing Sunday schools and book depositories. For this purpose he
+gave up his business and turned his face westward, prepared to endure
+hardships and encounter difficulties for the cause in which he was so
+deeply interested.
+
+Coming directly to Cleveland, he opened his Sunday school book depository,
+near the corner of the Public Square and Superior street. The prospect was
+not a hopeful one, but Mr. Rouse had faith, and persevered. There was but
+one church building in the place, old Trinity, built by the Episcopalians
+with the aid of those of other denominations, and but little religious
+sentiment among the people. A Sunday school had for some time struggled
+hard to maintain its existence, and had but just become established on a
+tolerably firm basis. The depository, aided by the active labors of Mr.
+Rouse in the schools, gave a powerful impetus to the cause.
+
+Three months after the opening of the depository Mr. Rouse purchased the
+lot on which it stood, for six hundred dollars. In making the purchase he
+had little thought of its speculative value, the sole object being a
+permanent home for his agency. Time has, however, so enhanced the value of
+property that the lot on which stood the little book-room, has now, with
+the pile of buildings standing on it, reached a value of eighty thousand
+dollars, thus amply repaying Mr. Rouse for his labors in the cause of
+religion and morality in the earlier days of the place.
+
+For about three years the depository was continued, and then Mr. Rouse
+turned his attention for a while to general store-keeping, abandoning it
+finally for the purpose of removing to Richfield, where he went to benefit
+the health of his wife. In that place hie remained six years.
+
+Mr. Rouse was a member of the Baptist denomination, and was largely
+instrumental in the organization of a Baptist society in Cleveland. When,
+in 1835, it was decided to erect a church building on the corner of Seneca
+and Champlain streets, the experience of Mr. Rouse, then a deacon of the
+church, was called into requisition. In due time the church was built and
+a steeple placed on it, which became the wonder and admiration of the
+country round about, and Trinity, built by the Episcopalians with the aid
+of those of other denominations, and but little religious sentiment among
+the people. A Sunday school had for some time struggled hard to maintain
+its existence, and had but just become established on a tolerably firm
+basis. The depository, aided by the active labors of Mr. Rouse in the
+schools, gave a powerful impetus to the cause.
+
+Three months after the opening of the depository Mr. Rouse purchased the
+lot on which it stood, for six hundred dollars. In making the purchase he
+had little thought of its speculative value, the sole object being a
+permanent home for his agency. Time has, however, so enhanced the value of
+property that the lot on which stood the little book-room, has now, with
+the pile of buildings standing on it, reached a value of eighty thousand
+dollars, thus amply repaying Mr. Rouse for his labors in the cause of
+religion and morality in the earlier days of the place.
+
+For about three years the depository was continued, and then Mr. Rouse
+turned his attention for a while to general store-keeping, abandoning it
+finally for the purpose of removing to Richfield, where he went to benefit
+the health of his wife. In that place he remained six years.
+
+Mr. Rouse was a member of the Baptist denomination, and was largely
+instrumental in the organization of a Baptist society in Cleveland. When,
+in 1835, it was decided to erect a church building on the corner of Seneca
+and Champlain streets, the experience of Mr. Rouse, then a deacon of the
+church, was called into requisition. In due time the church was built and
+a steeple placed on it, which became the wonder and admiration of the
+country round about, and the especial pride of Deacon Rouse.
+
+On his return from Richfield, Mr. Rouse engaged in the coal business in
+connection with Mr. Freeman Butts. About the year 1862, he retired from
+active business and thenceforth devoted his time to the cause of
+patriotism, religion, and charity. From the breaking out of the war Mr.
+and Mrs. Rouse entered vigorously on the work of aiding the nation's cause
+by caring for the nation's defenders. Their zeal and activity were
+irrepressible, visiting the camps and hospitals, ascertaining the needs of
+the soldiers, and then with unresting assiduity collecting money and
+materials to supply those needs. Mrs. Rouse became president of the
+Soldiers' Aid Society of northern Ohio, and was directly instrumental in
+the formation of hundreds of auxiliary societies that made every city,
+village, and nearly every home in northern Ohio busy in the work of
+preparing and sending forward comforts and luxuries for the soldiers of
+the Union. Mrs. Rouse visited camps and hospitals in the South, and her
+visits and reports were productive of great good. Her name was known and
+respected by thousands of soldiers, was repeated with grateful praise in a
+multitude of homes from which brave boys had gone forth to the war, and
+has passed into history. In all her labors she was cordially seconded and
+efficiently aided by her husband.
+
+Three sons and one daughter have been born to this worthy couple.
+
+
+
+
+Medical.
+
+
+
+In the early records of Cleveland, as in those of most western towns, the
+story of sickness and death fills a large part. Fever and ague, brought on
+by exposure, privations, and by the miasma from swamp, river and uncleared
+lands, disabled a large number of the early settlers, and hurried some to
+untimely graves. There were no physicians, and save a few drugs and the
+simples gathered from the river banks and forest, there were no remedies.
+
+In course of time appeared the pioneer doctor with his saddle-bags, and he
+was soon followed by a number of his brethren to practice their skill upon
+the settlers. When the first Cleveland Directory was issued, in 1837,
+there were already established a round two dozen of physicians and
+surgeons, and three "surgeon-dentists." It may be interesting to quote
+the names of these brethren of the lancet and saddlebags who purged and
+bled the good people of thirty-two years ago. They were, J. L. Ackley, F.
+I. Bradley, C. D. Brayton, W. A. Clark, Horace Congar, E. Cushing,
+Jonathan Foote, S. B. Gay, Robert Hicks, M. L. Hewitt, Smith Inglehart,
+Robert Johnston, Burr Kellogg, David Long, P. Mathivet, George Mendenhall,
+Joshua Mills, T. M. Moore, W. F. Otis, A. D. Smith, J. Swain, Charles
+Terry, Samuel Underhill, Joseph Walrath. The surgeon-dentists were B.
+Strickland, and Coredon & Sargeant.
+
+This list has now swollen to proportions that make the two dozen and three
+exceedingly insignificant by comparison, and every school of medicine is
+represented. There are two Allopathic medical colleges--the Cleveland and
+Charity Hospital colleges--and two Homeopathic--the Western Homeopathic
+college and the Homeopathic College for Women. There are also three
+hospitals, the Charity Hospital (Allopathic), the Homeopathic Hospital on
+University Heights, and the Woman's Hospital on Wilson street.
+
+
+
+
+David Long.
+
+
+
+Dr. Long was born at Hebron, Washington county, New York, September 29,
+1787. In early life he qualified himself for the practice of medicine and
+surgery, studying in Massachusetts and graduating in New York city. In
+June, 1810, he arrived at Cleveland and commenced his professional career.
+At this early day there was no physician nearer than Painesville on the
+east, Hudson on the south-east, Wooster on the south, River Raisin (now
+Monroe) on the west. The arrival of a physician was, therefore, a matter
+of no small gratification to the settlers here and the neighboring
+settlements.
+
+In this wild region, without roads, streams without bridges, cabins in
+many places eight to ten miles apart, did the young and ardent Long
+hopefully commence the practice of medicine. Nor were the hopes of the
+early settlers disappointed. In rain and snow, in Winter's cold and
+Summer's heat, by darkest midnight or mid-day sun the doctor ever
+cheerfully responded to all the calls for his services with alacrity and
+zeal, forgetful of self, desirous only to administer timely relief to the
+suffering and afflicted. In this he was eminently successful, as many of
+those who knew him for more than a third of a century can testify.
+
+In proof of the untiring perseverance of Dr. Long in the early part of his
+professional life, it has been stated that on one occasion, in the Fall of
+the year, about midnight, he rode nine miles in fifty-one minutes. In
+another instance of extreme urgency, he rode, in the day time, fourteen
+miles in fifty minutes by changing horses twice on the route. He was a
+surgeon in the army during the war of 1812, and brought the news of Hull's
+surrender at Detroit to this city, from the mouth of Black River, a
+distance of twenty-eight miles, in two hours and fourteen minutes. Such
+was his character for promptitude to all the calls that were made upon
+him, and they were far from being few.
+
+For kindness to his patients and friends he had no superior. In his zeal
+in their behalf, in a few years, he sacrificed in a measure one of the
+finest constitutions.
+
+After following his profession thirty years or more, Dr. Long retired
+from general medical practice, and engaged in other pursuits more
+favorable to his health and congenial to his tastes.
+
+In all public measures for the benefit of our city, in the way of
+improvements, schools, churches, every effort in behalf of humanity,
+religion or science, Dr. Long was ready to place his shoulder to the work
+with all the ardor and enthusiasm of youth.
+
+Dr. Long never had any aspirations for political distinctions, but such
+was his popularity and so great the confidence of the people in his
+judgment and integrity that he could have obtained it had he so desired.
+At one time, however, he was elected to fill a vacancy which had
+occurred by the death of one of the three County Commissioners.
+Unimportant as this may seem now, it then occasioned intense excitement.
+The location of a new county court house, presumptively fixing the
+county seat for all time, devolved upon these Commissioners. Newburg and
+Cleveland were the contestants, both being villages of about an equal
+number of inhabitants--the claims of each supported by a single
+Commissioner, yet Newburg having the more central location. Though hotly
+contested, Dr. Long was elected, and the result was the erection of the
+Court house in the south-west corner of the square, which was demolished
+about ten years since.
+
+In the year 1834, Dr. Long united with the Presbyterian church in this
+city, and by his daily walk and conduct in the community, by his deeds of
+love and charity to the poor, his kindness to the sick and afflicted gave
+the most striking evidence of a heart renewed by grace and made meet for
+the kingdom of heaven. During his last painful illness his calmness and
+resignation showed that he had placed his trust firmly upon the sure
+foundation.
+
+He filled all the relations of life in a most exemplary manner and thus
+embalmed his memory in the hearts of all who knew and survive him. He died
+on the first day of September, 1851, at the age of sixty-four years,
+lacking a single month.
+
+
+
+
+John Delamater.
+
+
+
+Just before the massacre of St. Bartholomew, the ancestors of Dr.
+Delamater fled from France to Holland. The family name was then De La
+Maitre. Being whole-souled protestants, they migrated with other Dutch
+families to the Province of New York, and settled on the banks of the
+Hudson, near Kingston. Their names are still visible on the ancient grave
+stones of that neighborhood. Like the Huguenots, of South Carolina, they
+were Calvinist, or puritans of the French school. They became allied by
+marriage to the Rogardus family of New York, and others partook of the
+blood of Anneke Jans, whose name has become famous in the New York courts.
+The investigation of this connexion and heirship, occupied the last years
+of Prof. Delamater's life. It was closed only about a month before his
+death. His coadjutor in this work, was the late Chancellor Walworth, of
+Saratoga, whose ancestors were also in the line of Anneke Jans.
+
+Dr. Delamater was born in Columbia county, New York, near Chatham, on the
+State line of Massachusetts, April 18th, 1787. He died at East Cleveland,
+in March, 1867, having almost reached the extreme age of four score years.
+
+The Huguenots like English Puritans, and the Scotch Irish, have made their
+mark in North America. John Delamater, while a boy, was destined to be a
+farmer, on the soil where he was born. He was transferred to the medical
+profession on account of an accident, which injured his ability for manual
+labor. His father removed to Schenectady, New York, where his son was put
+under the tuition of one of the self-denying clergymen of those times,
+whose salary did not meet the expenses of living. At the age of nineteen
+his medical education was finished and he commenced practice in his native
+town. From thence he moved to Florence, Montgomery county, N. Y. Then
+stopped a short time in Albany, N.Y., and in 1816, established himself at
+Sheffield, Massachusetts. There was a settlement of negroes in this
+ancient borough. Dr. Delamater was then, as ever since, an active
+philanthropist. He attended the negroes as physician, Sunday teacher, and
+preacher. They also drew money from his purse, which was never very well
+filled, and paid back very little, either of his fees or of their debts.
+After some years of assiduous labor on his colored charge, his views of
+the race underwent a radical change. Among the last utterances of his life
+he expressed the opinion, based upon his experience at Sheffield, that the
+negro is by nature unfit for citizenship. In the days of the Jeffersonian
+Republicans and Adams Federalists, Dr. Delamater was in full accord with
+the new and rising Democratic party. He left it during the administration
+of General Jackson, and since then was a thorough Whig and Republican. No
+one hated slavery more. He saw the remnants of it in his early practice
+over the line in Connecticut, but never recovered faith in the capacity of
+the colored man for self-government.
+
+Returning to his medical career, in which for sixty years he led in the
+profession, it is briefly as follows: While practising in the valley of
+the Housatonic, he rode almost constantly on a racking horse, about
+sixteen hands high, and almost with the speed of the wind, and
+occasionally in a two wheeled vehicle, common in those days, called a
+chaise, or more often a "one horse shay." At such times one of his medical
+students rode beside him, and drove the horse.
+
+Between calls along the road the Doctor read his works, especially those
+relating to cases in hand. This custom of keeping up with the new works
+and periodicals of the profession he never relaxed, even after old age and
+the most distressing physical infirmities prevented his practice. Neither
+was the old shay ever abandoned; our citizens remember it well, moving
+carefully along these streets, with its huge calash top and faithful
+horse. No storm of rain or snow prevented him from keeping an appointment
+while he was able to get in and out of his vehicle.
+
+In 1823, Dr. Delamater was made Professer in the Medical Institute of
+Pittsfield, Berkshire county, Mass.; in 1827, at the Fairfield Medical
+School, Herkimer county, New York. He was at the same time giving lessons
+at Bowdoin College, Mass. While at Fairfield, he was invited to lecture in
+the Medical College of Ohio, where Kirtland, Drake and Mussey have
+occupied chairs. This resulted in an appointment as Professor in the
+Willoughby University, Lake county, Ohio, at that time a flourishing
+institution. In 1842, he became one of the Faculty of the Western Reserve
+Medical College, at Cleveland.
+
+Almost every man has some prominent talent, though with many it is never
+developed. With Professor Delamater it was the ability to give prolonged,
+profound and perspicuous lectures. This was his special gift and as usual
+in such cases he was not a facile writer. It is said he delivered seventy
+courses of medical lectures. His memory was perfect and his reading
+embraced everything relating to his profession. A good lecturer requires
+not only a clear perception of his subject, but a lucid and fluent
+presentation of it. Dr. Delamater never wrote lectures. His memoranda were
+of the most meagre kind. They were frequently nothing more than a few
+hieroglyphics made on the margin of a newspaper drawn from his vest pocket
+as he mounted the desk. Every case he had ever treated and all its details
+appeared to be thoroughly fixed in his recollection. He sometimes wrote
+medical essays for publication, but with evident reluctance. In cases of
+malpractice Dr. Delamater was the especial dread of the attorney whose
+side he did not favor. His full, clear and logical statements made a deep
+and generally an irresistible impression upon the court and jury.
+
+After he became unable to visit patients he was consulted with never
+ceasing confidence by physicians and by patients, especially those
+afflicted with chronic complaints.
+
+His moral and religious qualities were as conspicuous as his mental ones.
+He carried the faculty of conscientiousness to a length which the most
+conscientious would regard as extreme. Against the poor his charges for
+professional service were merely nominal and were never pressed, and with
+the rich he was so moderate and easy that with a large practice he was
+barely able to maintain his family, which, like himself, were afflicted
+with prolonged constitutional diseases. His rare Christian virtues are
+described with fidelity and beauty in the farewell discourse of Rev. W. H.
+Goodrich, of the First Presbyterian Church, which, being in print, may be
+read and preserved by the numerous friends of the good old man.
+
+
+
+
+Jared Potter Kirtland.
+
+
+
+Prof. Kirtland belongs to the class of self-made naturalists who attain to
+greater eminence than others of equal talents and better advantages.
+Success in this branch of science requires not only a native genius, but
+enthusiasm and never tiring perseverance; to the rich and the educated
+these last qualifications are frequently wanting, or, if they are not,
+instead of growing with the progress of life, they become more and more
+weak instead of more and more strong. Industry and ambition are more than
+a match for education in minds of the same order.
+
+[Illustration: Your Fellow Citizen, J. P. Kirtland]
+
+Dr. Kirtland originated at Wallingford, Connecticut. His father,
+Turhand Kirtland, in 1799, was appointed general agent of the
+Connecticut Land Company, on the Reserve. He removed to Poland, in
+Mahoning county, the next year, where he became a prominent citizen of
+the new county then known as New Connecticut. So long as the Company
+existed he was continued in the agency, and survived until 1833 to
+witness the developments of the region.
+
+Jared appears to have been left in Connecticut, probably to secure the
+advantages of those common schools which were wanting in this western
+wilderness. The young man made his appearance in Ohio on horseback, July
+4th, 1810, at the age of fifteen years. He was destined to be a physician,
+and in 1817 he was sent to the celebrated medical school of Dr. Rush, in
+Philadelphia. After leaving that institution he set forth on the way of
+life with horse and saddle bags, dispensing advice and prescriptions,
+according to the custom of the times, to the people of the townships
+around Poland. Every old settler knows what a time the pioneer doctors
+had. Their patients were scattered far and wide in log cabins which stood
+in small clearings in the forest surrounded by gigantic trees. A messenger
+rushed in at any hour of the day or night from a distressed, perhaps a
+distant family, requiring immediate attention. It was the duty of the
+frontier physician to saddle his horse at the moment and return with the
+messenger. The route more often lay along a narrow trail through the
+woods, over roots and logs, with mud and water on all sides. In dark
+nights, or in storms of rain and sleet, the overhanging boughs of the
+trees dripping with water, these visits were not of the most cheerful
+character. In those early days bridges were behind roads in regard to
+condition and repairs, and it was frequently necessary, in order to reach
+a suffering patient, to do as Cassius did--plunge in and trust to a
+faithful horse--in order to cross swollen creeks and rivers.
+
+While engaged in this rude professional practice, acquiring a good
+reputation as a physician, he was closely observing the fishes, reptiles,
+shells and animals of a region teeming with animal and vegetable life.
+Scientific works were scarce in that new region, but living subjects were
+abundant. This exuberance of life was of more value to a scrutinizing
+mind than a surplus of books and a deficiency of specimens. An unusually
+rich field for the naturalist lay open to his daily observation for
+twenty years.
+
+During his residence at Poland, Dr. Kirtland was twice elected to the
+House of Representatives for Ohio. In that body he directed his efforts
+especially to a change in the Penitentiary system. It was mainly through
+his zeal and activity that the old style of treating State prisoners was
+abandoned, and they have been made a source of revenue and not of expense.
+Convict labor has thus proven by experience to be valuable to the public
+and to the convict a relaxation of the rigor of his situation.
+
+It was while studying the habits of the fresh water shells of the
+Mahoning and its branches that Dr. Kirtland made a discovery which
+attracted attention throughout the scientific world. The classification
+of species had been made upon mere difference of form. Dr. Kirtland
+perceived that in the same species a difference of form was due to sex in
+_testacea_ the same as in all other animals, and that too many species
+had been adopted. This bold announcement, coming from the back woods of
+Ohio, created quite a commotion among naturalists. It was, however,
+found, on investigation, to be true, though it rendered obsolete a large
+number of terrible Latin phrases.
+
+In the publication of his views, and afterwards for his descriptions of
+the fishes of Ohio, he found a liberal patron in the Boston Society of
+Natural History. When the State of Ohio organized a geological survey, in
+1838, the department of Natural History was of course given to him. There
+was barely time to make a catalogue of the fauna and flora of the State
+before the survey was suspended, but many of his figures and descriptions
+of the fishes have since been published in the transactions of the Boston
+Society. This appointment broke up his large medical practice in Trumbull
+and adjacent counties. He now accepted the appointment of Professer in the
+Ohio Medical College at Cincinnati. About 1838, Prof. Kirtland removed
+from Poland to Cleveland, to perform the same duties in the Cleveland
+Medical College. With a restless energy he went beyond natural history and
+medicine in his investigations, into the field of horticulture,
+floriculture and agriculture.
+
+Purchasing a rugged farm on the ridge road five miles out of Cleveland, he
+entered with zeal into the business of scientific farming. Here he
+demonstrated that a stiff clay soil derived from the underlying Devonian
+Shales may be made highly productive in fruit. His success stimulated
+others along the ridge road, until the old pastures and meadows on that
+side of the city have been changed into the most profitable orchards and
+gardens in the vicinity. This required twenty years more of time and
+industry, during much of which he came daily to the college and delivered
+one or more lectures. In the lecture his style is entirely
+conversational, but rapid, fluent, and always intelligible. Here all the
+varieties of his studies come into play, as it were, spontaneously. He is
+equally at home among the birds, the insects and the reptiles, the fishes
+or the mammalia. Their habits are as familiar as those of his children and
+grandchildren. He writes but seldom, and thus the teachings of so many
+years on so many subjects are confided principally to the memory of the
+many hundreds of students to whom they have been delivered.
+
+For several years Dr. Kirtland has declined to lecture on any subject. He
+is verging upon four score, a period which with most men, is necessarily
+one of rest if not of weariness, but he has never known what it is to
+rest. No farmer in Rockport is up earlier or attends more closely to his
+grounds. All the valuable varieties of peaches, pears, cherries and
+grapes, have been tested by their actual product, or are in the process of
+being tested. He is enthusiastically fond of the culture of bees and of
+every variety of flowers which will thrive in this climate. A number of
+new varieties of cherries have been originated on the Kirtland farm, and
+after trial those which are valuable have been scattered over the country.
+There are very few men who are enabled to make so many applications of
+science to practical subjects, and still fewer who are permitted to live
+long enough to witness the fruits of their labors.
+
+
+
+
+Theodatus Garlick.
+
+
+
+We are almost at a loss in what class to place Dr. Garlick. By natural
+taste and genius he belongs to the artists. His devotion to the healing
+art arose principally from the necessities of our race for something to
+eat and wear. He had the fortune, probably good fortune, to be born in
+Vermont, at Middlebury, March 30th, 1805, in view of the Green
+Mountains, among rocks and mountains. This region is principally famous
+for marble, slate, iron ore, and hardy young men, generally known as
+Green Mountain boys.
+
+An older brother, Abel B. Garlick, having been apprenticed to a marble
+cutter, came out West, sometime after the war of 1812, and located at
+Cleveland. In 1816, Theodatus, at the age of eleven years, had drifted
+as far as Erie, Pennsylvania; in 1819, to Cleveland. The Winter of
+1819-20, he spent at Black River, which was then the leading ship yard of
+the lakes.
+
+Abel B. had artist's ability also. In this region no marble was to be
+found, but a tolerable substitute existed in the fine grained blue
+sandstone at Newburg. A mill was erected at the quarry on Mill creek,
+below the falls, where these stones were sawed, as they are now, into
+handsome slabs.
+
+Like other New Englanders, the Vermont boys are early impressed with the
+idea of self-support. Although Theodatus much preferred fun and frolic to
+hard labor, he entered cheerfully upon the business of a stone cutter at
+the age of sixteen. Their marble yard (without marble) was on Bank street,
+where Morgan & Root's block now stands. Abel marked the outlines of the
+letters upon incipient grave stones in pencil, and Theodatus carved them
+with his chisel. Most of the renowned sculptors of Ohio, such as Powell,
+Clevenger and Jones, took their first lessons in the same way. All of them
+have left samples of their untutored skill in various angels and cherubs,
+now mouldering in old churchyards. The blue sandstone monuments, on which
+Dr. Garlick cut inscriptions fifty years since, are still to be seen in
+the early cemeteries of the Western Reserve; some are touching enough, but
+not a few are more ridiculous than mournful. When Nathan Perry became so
+prosperous that he proposed to remove the old wooden store on the corner
+of Water and Superior streets and replace it with a brick one, he
+concluded to expend something upon ornament. He ordered two oval stone
+signs to be made and to be built into the walls over the two doors, one on
+each street. These were among the earliest efforts of Dr. Garlick. Both of
+these stones were in existence until the ground was cleared for the
+present Bank building, when they were broken up and put into the cellar
+wall. In those days it was one of the duties of an apprentice to sharpen
+the tools at a blacksmith's forge. The young man concluded to carve flying
+cherubims with their stone trumpets to ring in the ears of coming
+generations no longer.
+
+Having a robust physical constitution, he became passionately fond of
+hunting and fishing. In 1822, he lived with a brother in Newbury, Geauga
+county, which was then a forest full of game. In a letter referring to the
+sporting days of his youth, he wrote as follows:
+
+  My brother and myself started out very early one morning for a deer that
+  we knew had been feeding around the cabin that night; within a quarter
+  of a mile from the cabin my brother shot him, and as he fired, up jumped
+  eleven elk; one of our neighbors shot five of them within an acre of
+  ground; they were near together, at bay, fighting with the dogs. I
+  helped to get them in; they were a part of a larger herd, we counted
+  their beds in the snow where they had lain at night, and there were over
+  one hundred in the drove.
+
+[Illustration: Yours Truly, T. Garlick]
+
+Ten or fifteen years previous to that time, one of those tornadoes, which
+occasionally visit this region, had prostrated the timber along a tract a
+mile wide and several miles in length, through the township of Newbury. A
+thicket of bushes had sprung up among the fallen trees, which furnished
+excellent browsing ground and shelter for game, of which there was an
+abundance of bear, wolves, elk, deer, turkeys, &c., constituting quite a
+paradise for a young Nimrod.
+
+He finally determined to become a physician, and after some years of the
+usual experience of medical students, practicing some, and assisting at
+operations, he entered the medical department of the University of
+Maryland, in the city of Baltimore, where he graduated in 1834.
+
+No sooner was his diploma secured than the artist again broke forth. He
+suddenly produced bas-reliefs in wax of five favorite professors without
+sittings, which were pronounced perfect likenesses. General Jackson and
+Henry Clay gave him a short sitting, and the next day their statuetts were
+on exhibition. Mr. Clay expressed his satisfaction for his own in an
+autograph letter. Another miniature in relief, full length, of Chief
+Justice Marshall, from a portrait by Waugh, was pronounced by Mr. Bullock,
+an English virtuoso, as equal to anything produced by Thorwaldsen. But
+being surrounded by medical men, who, like men of all professions, regard
+their own as more important than any other, Dr. Garlick was induced to
+turn his artistic skill upon anatomical models.
+
+He located at Youngstown, Ohio, the same year that he graduated, at which
+place, and at the Medical College of Cleveland, he devoted nearly two
+years in getting up models of all parts of the human body, taken from
+subjects in the dissecting room. They may yet be seen in the Medical
+Colleges at Cleveland, Buffalo, Toronto, Charleston, South Carolina,
+Cincinnati, and other places. These were such close imitations of nature
+that the late Professer Mussey, of Cincinnati, pronounced them superior to
+the French models at Paris by Auzoux. At Youngstown he made a life size
+bust of Judge George Tod, copies of which are now in the family. In 1853,
+after a successful practice at Youngstown, he came to Cleveland, and
+formed a partnership in surgery with the late Professer H. A. Ackley, and
+for a number of years was a member of the Board of Medical Censors of the
+Cleveland Medical College, and vice president of the Cleveland Academy of
+Natural Science. As he was a naturalist, he applied the principles of the
+anatomical models to animals and parts of animals, especially fishes. He
+entered with great zeal upon the artificial propagation of brook trout and
+other fish in connection with Dr. Ackley. In 1857, he published a small
+book, which is the standard work of the United States on this subject.
+
+He was a skillful physician and surgeon, a diligent student of natural
+history, a keen sportsman, and a great lover of the fine arts. A good
+physical constitution is at least one-half of the capital of any man,
+however gifted in mind. In this respect he was like Christopher North,
+with few equals. In the rude contests of strength among the young men of a
+new country, the races, wrestling matches, and occasional fights, he never
+felt like backing down; but of late years this powerful frame has been
+partially stricken with paralysis.
+
+The doctor still resides in this city, devoted to natural science,
+especially botany, but the days of his personal activity are past.
+
+
+
+
+J. L. Cassels.
+
+
+
+John Lang Cassels, M.D., LL.D., was born in Stirlingshire, Scotland, and
+in 1827, while quite a young man, came to this country. Soon after, he
+studied medicine with Prof. John Delamater, in Fairfield, New York, and
+graduated in 1834, in the College of Physicians and Surgeons located at
+Fairfield, N. Y. He was Demonstrator of Anatomy in that school three years,
+two years during his pupilage and one after his graduation. He opened an
+office for the practice of medicine in Earlville, New York, in the spring
+of 1835, and in the fall of the same year received and accepted the
+appointment of Professor of Chemistry in Willoughby University, Ohio,
+which connection he retained until the fall of 1843, when he and his
+associates opened and established the Cleveland Medical College, in which
+he still occupies the chair of Chemistry.
+
+In 1837, he received the appointment of First Assistant Geologist of the
+New York State Geological Survey, which he occupied for several seasons,
+performing field labor in the summer and lecturing on chemistry in
+Willoughby Medical College during the winter. His connection with the New
+York survey gave him an excellent opportunity to become an expert
+practical geologist; his location being on the Hudson river district,
+offered him a fine field of action, as it is really the key to the geology
+and mineralogy of the State.
+
+In the winter of 1839, he gave a course of demonstrated lectures on
+chemistry before the Young Men's Library Association in Cleveland, the
+first public lectures on science ever given in the city. The following
+winter the citizens of Cleveland invited him to lecture again on the same
+subject, and he complied. The city at that time contained mostly young
+people--only two gray-headed men attended the Stone Church.
+
+In 1815, he spent most of the season in visiting and collecting specimens
+of mineral in the lead region of Wisconsin, Illinois, Iowa and Missouri,
+thus becoming familiar with the geology of their rich mineral region.
+
+In 1846, he spent the whole season in exploring the Lake Superior country,
+coasting the south shore in a bark canoe, having for his traveling
+companions two Indians and a half-breed voyager. At this date there were
+no steamers on Lake Superior, and but a very few small sailing craft. It
+was during this time that he took squatter possession of a mile square of
+the iron region of that country, for the benefit of the Cleveland Iron
+Company. He was the first white man that had visited this region, now so
+famous for its ferruginous wealth. Near the close of the season he spent a
+short time geologizing Isle Royale, and returned to Saut St. Marie on the
+steamer Julia Palmer, which had, during the summer, been hauled over the
+passage of Saut St. Marie. During the winter following, at the request of
+a number of Clevelanders, he gave a public lecture on the Lake Superior
+region; at the close of which he said he would venture a prophecy: "Such
+was the character of the climate, scenery, etc., of Lake Superior that the
+time was not far distant when it would become as great a resort for
+invalids and pleasure-seekers as Saratoga and Newport now are." Also, that
+there is iron enough in the iron district sufficient to furnish a double
+track of the much talked of Whitney's railroad. These statements were then
+received with a stormy manifestation of incredulity.
+
+In 1859, the Jefferson College of Mississippi conferred the Degree of LL.D.
+on Dr. Cassels.
+
+In 1861, he was elected a corresponding member of the Imperial Geological
+Institution of Berlin, Prussia.
+
+For the last ten years, in addition to the duties of his chair in the
+Cleveland Medical College, he has regularly filled the chair of chemistry
+and natural history in the Western Reserve College at Hudson. During the
+past twenty years he has given several courses of popular experimental
+lectures in his favorite branches of chemistry and geology in a number of
+our neighboring towns, Akron, Canton, &c. He is also the regular lecturer
+in these branches in the Female Seminary in Painesville.
+
+Perhaps few men have been as extensively engaged in texicological
+examinations during the past twenty years as Dr. Cassels. Many of these
+have been of great interest, both in a social and moral point of view. In
+all such cases he is regarded with great confidence, both on account of
+his scientific skill and his high sense of moral integrity.
+
+As an analytical chemist he has few superiors, and is much of his spare
+time engaged in the analysis of waters, ores, coal, limestone, &c. In
+1866, he analyzed the water of Cleveland which is brought from Lake Erie
+and distributed through the city. He analyzed this water taken from
+different parts of the city and from the point where it entered the pipes
+to be forced into the reservoir; also from a point in the lake three
+thousand four hundred and fifty feet from the shore, where he advised that
+the inlet pipe ought to be located. All these analyses are embraced in his
+report to the Trustees of the city water works; in which also are many
+valuable suggestions respecting supply pipes and the character of the
+water for steam purposes.
+
+
+
+
+J. S. Newberry.
+
+
+
+J. S. Newberry, M.D., LL.D., was born at Windsor, Connecticut, of old
+Puritan stock, his ancestry having formed part of the colony which in
+1635, emigrated from Dorchester, colony of Massachusetts Bay, and founded
+the town of Windsor, the first settlement made in Connecticut.
+
+[Illustration: Yours Very Truly, J. S. Newberry]
+
+The family continued to reside at Windsor for two hundred years, during
+which time it held an honorable place in that community and contributed
+several representatives, who took an important part in the affairs of the
+State government, or in the defense of the colony against the Indians, and
+in the French and Indian and Revolutionary wars. Dr. Newberry's
+grandfather, Hon. Roger Newberry, a distinguished lawyer, and for many
+years a member of the Governor's council, was one of the directors of the
+Connecticut Land Company, which purchased a large part of the Connecticut
+Western Reserve. The town of Newberry received its name from him. His son,
+Henry Newberry, inherited his interest in the land of the company, by
+which he became possessed of large tracts in Summit, Ashtabula, Medina,
+Lorain and Cuyahoga counties, including one hundred acres now within the
+city of Cleveland. Looking after these interests he made three journeys on
+horseback (the first in 1814,) from Connecticut to Ohio, and, in 1824,
+removed his family to Summit county, where he founded the town of Cuyahoga
+Falls, remaining there till his death, in 1854.
+
+Dr. Newberry graduated at Western Reserve College, in 1846, and from the
+Cleveland Medical College in 1848. The years 1849 and 1850, he spent in
+study and travel abroad. Returning at the close of the latter year he
+established himself, early in 1851, in the practice of medicine in
+Cleveland. Here he remained till 1855, when his professional business
+became so engrossing as to leave him no time for the scientific study to
+which he had been devoted from his boyhood. To escape from too great
+professional occupation, and impelled by an unconquerable passion for a
+scientific career, in May, 1855, he accepted an appointment from the War
+Department, and became connected with the army as acting assistant
+surgeon and geologist to the party which, under Lieutenant R. S.
+Williamson, U.S.A., made an exploration of the country lying between San
+Francisco and the Columbia river. The results of this expedition are
+embodied in Vol. 6 P. R. R. Reports. The reports of Dr. Newberry on the
+"Geology, Botany and Zoology of North California and Oregon," are
+republished in a volume of 300 pp., 4to., with 48 plates. In 1857-8, he
+accompanied Lieutenant J. O. Ives, U.S.A., in the exploration and
+navigation of the Colorado river, one of the most interesting
+explorations made by any party in any country. The object of the
+expedition was to open a navigable route of communication with our army
+in Utah. To this end an iron steamer was constructed in Philadelphia,
+taken in sections to the head of the Gulf of California, where it was put
+together and launched. With this steamer the river, before almost
+entirely unknown, was navigated for five hundred miles, opening a route
+of travel which has since been extensively used. Beyond the point reached
+by the steamer the course of the river is for several hundreds of miles
+through the "Great Cañon," as it is called, a chasm worn by the stream in
+the table lands of the "Colorado Plateau." This cañon has nearly vertical
+banks, and is nowhere less than three thousand feet deep; in some places
+six thousand feet, or more than a mile in depth.
+
+The party with which Dr. Newberry was connected, spent nearly a year in
+exploring the country bordering the Colorado, adding much to our knowledge
+of our western possessions, and giving, in their report, an interesting
+and graphic description of, perhaps, the most remarkable portion of the
+earth's surface. Half of the report of the Colorado Expedition was
+prepared by Dr. Newberry, and so much importance was attached to his
+observations by his commanding officer, that in the preface he speaks of
+them as constituting "the most interesting material gathered by the
+expedition."
+
+In 1859, having finished his portion of the Colorado Report, Dr. Newberry
+took charge of another party sent out by the War Department, to report to
+Captain J. N. Macomb, topographical engineer, U.S.A., for the exploration
+of the San Juan and upper Colorado rivers. The Summer of 1859 was spent in
+the accomplishment of the object had in view by this expedition, during
+which time the party traveled over a large part of Southern Colorado and
+Utah and Northern Arizona and New Mexico, filling up a wide blank space in
+our maps and opening a great area before unknown, much of which proved
+rich and beautiful, abounding in mineral wealth, and full of natural
+objects of great interest. Among the results of this expedition were the
+determination of the point of junction of Grand and Green rivers, which
+unite to form the Colorado, and the exploration of the valley of the San
+Juan, the largest tributary of the Colorado; a stream as large as the
+Connecticut, before almost unknown, but which, though now without an
+inhabitant upon its banks, is for several hundred miles lined with ruined
+towns or detached edifices built of stone, and once occupied by many
+thousands of a semi-civilized people. The report of this expedition made
+by Dr. Newberry, containing much new and interesting scientific matter,
+was finished just before the war, but yet remains unpublished.
+
+Immediately after the commencement of the war, the United States Sanitary
+Commission was organized. Dr. Newberry was one of the first elected
+members, and it is, perhaps, not too much to say that no other one
+individual contributed more to the great success that attended the labors
+of that organization. In September, 1861, he accepted the position of
+Secretary of the Western Department of the Sanitary Commission, and from
+that time had the general supervision of the affairs of the Commission in
+the valley of the Mississippi; his head-quarters being first at
+Cleveland, and subsequently, as the frontier was carried southward, at
+Louisville, Kentucky.
+
+Through his efforts branches of the Sanitary Commission were established
+in the principal cities of the West, and agencies for the performance of
+its work at all important military points, and with each considerable
+sub-division of the army. Before the close of the war the entire West was
+embraced in one great System of agencies for the production and
+distribution of supplies, and the care of sick and wounded on the
+battle-field, in hospital or in transitu. The magnitude of the work of the
+Sanitary Commission at the West may be inferred from the fact that there
+were at one time over five thousand societies tributary to it in the loyal
+States of the Northwest--that hospital stores of the value of over
+$5,000,000 were distributed by it in the valley of the Mississippi--that
+over 850,000 names were on the records of its Hospital Directory at
+Louisville, and 1,000,000 soldiers, for whom no other adequate provision
+was made, were fed and sheltered in its "homes."
+
+Of this great work Dr. Newberry was the responsible head, and by the
+wisdom and energy displayed by himself very much of the harmony and
+efficiency which characterized this organization are to be ascribed.
+
+As his labors in connection with the Sanitary Commission were drawing
+to a close, Dr. Newberry was appointed Professor of Geology in the
+School of Mines of Columbia College, New York city. He entered on the
+duties of the position in 1866. In 1869, he was appointed by Governor
+Hayes to the office of State Geologist, created by the Ohio General
+Assembly of that year.
+
+The scientific acquirements of Professor Newberry have given him a
+world-wide fame. As a Geologist his reputation ranks among the foremost.
+He has been honored with the membership of the most of the learned
+societies of this country, and of many in Europe; was one of the original
+corporators of the National Academy of Sciences; was recently elected
+president of the American Association for the advancement of Science, and
+is now president of the New York Lyceum of Natural History.
+
+
+
+
+D. H. Beckwith.
+
+
+
+The first Homeopathist in Cleveland was W. K. Adams, who succeeded in
+converting Dr. Hoyt, with whom he formed a partnership. Very soon after,
+in 1845, Drs. Wheeler and Williams were added to the list. There were but
+six families in the city having firm faith in the principles of
+homeopathy, and these were silent followers of Dr. John Wheeler, not
+willing to be known as such, so strong was public opinion against them.
+Dr. Wheeler continued unshaken by the strong opposition he met with, and
+heeded neither sneers nor denunciations. His course was onward and his
+practice successful, every month adding to his list of converts, and the
+profits of each year doubling the preceding one. Dr. Wheeler was the first
+member of the profession to propose that a homeopathic medical college
+should be located in Cleveland, and he earnestly pressed his theory that
+Cleveland should be the centre of homeopathy in the West. His name was the
+first signature to procure a charter, and when the college was organized
+he was selected as the President, and held the office for the first eleven
+years of its existence, contributing materially to its success, and
+resigning only when increasing age rendered its duties too onerous, when
+added to a large practice.
+
+From the little beginnings in the early days of Dr. Wheeler's
+practice, homeopathy has grown in Cleveland, until it now reckons a
+flourishing college, a woman's medical college, two hospitals, an
+insurance company, twenty-six practicing physicians, and a host of
+believers in homeopathic principles and modes of treatment.
+
+Prominent among the number of practicing physicians is D. H. Beckwith,
+M.D., who was born in Huron county, Ohio, in 1826. His father was one of
+the pioneers of the northern part of the State; emigrating from the State
+of New York in 1815, and making the journey the most of the way on foot,
+occupying more than six weeks. He remained a few days in Cleveland, and
+not admiring the soil for agricultural purposes (little thinking it was
+the site for a city of its present beauty and magnitude), he journeyed on
+until he reached more fertile soil in Huron county, where, by economy and
+industry, in a short time he accumulated sufficient to purchase a small
+farm, on which he lived until his death, having seen his family of six
+sons and one daughter arrive at mature age.
+
+[Illustration: Truly Yours, D. H. Beckwith]
+
+The subject of this memoir remained at home during his boyhood, attending
+school during the winter and working on the farm in the summer season. At
+the age of sixteen he entered the Norwalk Seminary, pursuing his studies
+with vigor for a few years, when it became necessary for him to earn his
+own living. He taught several schools and was among the first in the State
+to inaugurate the normal school system to elevate the standard of teaching
+and improve public schools.
+
+Early in life he decided that the medical profession would be his choice,
+and all his leisure hours were spent in studying medical books. After
+securing a sufficiency from teaching (as he supposed,) to meet the
+expenses of a medical education, he studiously applied himself, under the
+tuition of John Tiff, M.D., one of the most scientific practitioners of
+the State. During the third year of his studies his money was expended,
+and not wishing to call on friends for assistance he concluded to commence
+the practice of medicine. A partnership was offered him in an adjacent
+town, and arrangements were made for him to commence his professional
+career. He unfolded his plan to his preceptor, who listened attentively to
+his future plans, and then rising from his chair, exclaimed with much
+emphasis: "If there is anything, sir, that I despise, it is half a
+doctor," and immediately left the office. The brilliant prospect was
+clouded. With but eight months more study the young student could commence
+the practice of medicine and be an honor to his preceptor and to himself,
+but the lack of money was a seemingly impassable barrier. It was a dark
+day to the student, but he had learned "never to let his energies
+stagnate." One resource was left him. He determined to open a select
+school for advanced scholars. In four days from that time he entered the
+school room with one hundred scholars, many of them his former pupils.
+Morning and evening he clerked in a drug store, for which he received his
+board and washing. On Wednesday and Saturday evenings he was examined in
+his medical studies with two other students who devoted their entire time
+to their studies. Thus for thirteen weeks he was daily performing the
+duties of a teacher, so arduous that many would have complained, though
+they had no other occupation. In addition to this he was several hours
+each day compounding and dispensing medicine, and at the same time keeping
+pace with his class in the study of materia medica and botany.
+
+Having already attended one course of lectures in an allopathic college,
+and not being satisfied with that mode of prescriptions for the sick, he
+attended the Eclectic College of Cincinnati, where he listened to the
+first course of lectures ever delivered in any chartered college in the
+country on homeopathic medicine, by the lamented Prof. Rosa who had no
+superior in his profession. After receiving his degree he commenced the
+practice of medicine with his preceptor. The prompt and curative effect
+produced by homeopathic remedies soon convinced him of its superiority
+over other systems of medicine and decided him to adopt it as his system
+of practice for life. The success that has attended his labors ever since
+has well proved the correctness of his choice.
+
+The first few years of his practice were spent among the acquaintances of
+his childhood, in the beautiful village of Norwalk. In 1852, he left a
+large practice and many warm friends to seek a larger field for future
+work, and located in Zanesville, Ohio, where he continued his profession
+until the year 1863. The climate not being adapted to the health of his
+family he moved to Cleveland and soon obtained what he had left in
+Zanesville--a large and lucrative practice. By close attention to his
+patients, being always ready to give his services to the poor as
+cheerfully as to the rich, and his unusual kindness to all persons placed
+under his professional care, he has won the affection and esteem of his
+patients to a degree rarely equaled.
+
+He has always taken a lively interest in the advancement of medical
+science, firmly believing in the immutable principles that govern the
+administration of homeopathic medicine as well as the curative effect. He
+has always been anxious to induce young men that proposed to study the
+science of medicine to follow the example of the illustrious Hahnemann.
+His lectures in the Cleveland Homeopathic College have always been
+characterized by practicability. He has not only published a medical
+journal, but has largely contributed to the pages of many others in this
+country. He has always been a leading member of county and State medical
+societies, as well as of the Northwestern and American Institute of
+Homeopathy, holding the office of Vice President of all the above named
+societies. In 1866, he was chosen by the American Institute as one of the
+committee to prepare an essay on Cholera, its nature and treatment.
+
+He was among the first to establish the Hahnemann Life Insurance Company
+of Cleveland, being one of its incorporators and procuring a large amount
+of capital stock for its support, besides giving his time in organizing
+it. He was chosen their chief medical examiner, and the great success of
+the Company is largely due to his skill in selecting good and healthy
+risks for insurance.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: T. T. Seelye]
+
+
+Thomas T. Seelye.
+
+
+
+Thomas T. Seelye, M.D., was born in Danbury, Connecticut, August 23, 1818.
+His parents were Seth and Abigail Seelye, of English descent. After
+preparing for a collegiate course, it became necessary for him to take
+charge of his father's store. At twenty-one years of age he commenced the
+study of medicine as a private pupil of William Parker, professor of
+surgery in the College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, from which
+college he graduated in the Spring of 1842. He was then appointed
+assistant physician in Bellevue Hospital, where he remained one year, when
+he commenced the practice of his profession in Woodbury, Connecticut.
+There he remained until the Spring of 1848, when he sold out his business
+and removed to Cleveland, having previously leased a tract of land just
+within the suburbs of the city, covered with native forest and such a
+profusion of real natural beauty in glen, woodland, and beautiful springs
+of soft water, that it seemed apparent that art only needed to blend with
+nature to make this one of the most desirable of localities for a great
+health institution.
+
+His system of practice, though called water cure, in fact drew assistance
+from all the experience of the past in relieving physical suffering and
+curing disease. It was not _orthodox_, it belonged to no _pathy_, and in
+consequence had the opposition of all branches of the profession. His
+means were quite limited, as were also his accommodations--not so limited,
+however, but that the expense of construction and furnishing greatly
+exceeded the length of his purse. Business waited for _success_, to
+establish itself, but the sheriff _did not_. Debts became due, and nothing
+with which to pay, but hope in the future, which is rather unsatisfactory
+nutriment for hungry creditors.
+
+But, by and by, patient labor and persistent effort in the right direction
+began to bring forth fruit. Business increased, the visits of the sheriff
+were less frequent, and after about five years he could lie down to rest
+at night without fear of a dun in the morning.
+
+In ten years he purchased the Forest City Cure, which was started in
+opposition, the capacity of the old Cure having become altogether
+inadequate for his increased business. After ten years he sold it to the
+Hebrews for an orphan asylum, preferring to unite the two institutions
+under one roof. He then proceeded to complete the plan he had been
+perfecting for the past five years, for erecting buildings of an extent
+that would amply accommodate his ever increasing patronage, and supplied
+with those conveniences and appliances which an experience of twenty-one
+years had deemed most desirable for the invalid. The architect has
+furnished us a sketch of this institution, of which, when completed, every
+lover of our beautiful city will be proud.
+
+In addition to his professional labors he is largely engaged, in
+connection with W. J. Gordon and others, in the manufacture of the
+non-explosive lamp, which bids fair to be one of the most successful and
+extensive manufacturing enterprises ever started in this city.
+
+Within the past three years, Dr. Seelye has purchased the twenty-six acres
+he originally leased, and twenty-two acres adjoining, making a very
+valuable tract of real estate, taken in connection with the present and
+prospective growth of the city.
+
+Although Dr. Seelye is not engaged conspicuously in public charities, few
+hands are so frequently open as his to the wants of the poor. Great
+comprehensiveness of intellect, an indomitable energy, a rare penetration
+and control over other minds, combined with an unblemished integrity of
+character, have given him a high reputation among physicians in the West.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: Water Corm.]
+
+
+Manufacturing
+
+
+
+With neither water power nor steam power very little can be done in the
+way of manufacturing. Cleveland, until the construction of the Ohio canal,
+was without either of those two requisites for a manufacturing point. The
+Cuyahoga river, though giving abundant water power along a considerable
+portion of its course, enters Cleveland as a slow moving stream, winding
+its sluggish way in so tortuous a course that it seems reluctant to lose
+its identity in the waters of the lake. Water power, under such
+circumstances, is out of the question, and, as with no coal, and a rapidly
+decreasing supply of wood, steam cannot be economically used for
+manufacturing purposes, the people of Cleveland turned their attention
+wholly to buying and selling instead of producing.
+
+The construction of the Ohio canal to the coal fields of Summit county
+opened the eyes of the more enterprising citizens to the possibilities of
+a great future for Cleveland as a manufacturing city. No sooner had the
+canal reached Akron, and an experimental shipment of coal been made to the
+future city--with but poor success, as already narrated--than attention
+was called to the importance of the new field thus opened to Cleveland
+enterprise. On the 7th of March, 1828; a letter appeared in the Cleveland
+Herald, from which the following is an extract:
+
+"We possess, beyond a doubt, decided advantages over Buffalo, or any other
+town on Lake Erie, in our contiguity to inexhaustible beds of pit-coal and
+iron ore, very justly considered the basis of all manufacturing. On the
+one hand, at the distance of about thirty miles, we can obtain any
+quantity of crude iron of an excellent quality, while, on the other, at
+about the same distance, we have access by canal to exhaustless mines of
+coal of good quality. This last most invaluable, and all important article
+in manufacturing, can not be obtained anywhere else on the Lakes without
+the extra expense of shifting from canal-boats to other craft.
+
+"When these mines shall have become extensively worked, coal will be
+delivered in this place very little, if any, above that paid in
+Pittsburgh, say from four to six cents; and good pig-iron can and is now
+delivered at a less price here than in Pittsburgh. Doctor Cooper further
+says: 'The very basis of all profitable manufacturing is, plenty of fuel,
+easily, cheaply and permanently procurable;--the next desirable object is
+plenty of iron ore; iron being the article upon which every other
+manufacture depends. It is to the plentiful distribution of these two
+commodities that Great Britain is chiefly indebted for the pre-eminence
+of her manufactures and her commerce.' Surely it need not be thought
+strange that Cleveland must one day become a great manufacturing place,
+if we consider,
+
+"_First_, That the canal will give us access to one of the finest portions
+of country in the United States, sufficient for vending, to almost any
+extent, articles such as might be manufactured here;--and, _Secondly_,
+That power and materials in great abundance are 'easily, cheaply and
+permanently procurable.' There is probably not a town in the Western
+country, Pittsburgh only excepted, that unites these two objects so
+happily as this place does.
+
+"Every steam-engine wanted for boats on the Lake, for mills and factories
+near the Lake, and on and near the canal should be made at this point.
+
+"Not a pound of nails, a wagon-tire, an anchor, a cable, a cast-iron
+stove, pot, kettle, ploughshare, or any article made of cast-iron--a yard
+of coarse cotton, a gallon of beer, an ax, a shovel, nor a spade, should
+be sent east for. There ought to be in full operation before the
+completion of our canal, at least one steam engine manufactory, one
+establishment for puddling iron, one rolling and slitting mill, and nail
+factory, two or three iron foundries, in addition to the one now going
+into operation under very favorable auspices, a cotton factory, a woolen
+factory, a steam grist and saw mill, a brewery, &c."
+
+On the succeeding week appeared some editorial comments in support of the
+suggestions in the letter, and for some time frequent references, by
+correspondents and editorially, were made to the matter. On the 25th of
+April, 1828, appeared in the Herald a notice of a new iron foundry; the
+first that had been built, and reference to which had been made in the
+letter quoted. This was built by John Ballard & Co., and an editorial
+announcing its opening says it "supplies this place and the surrounding
+country on short notice and on reasonable terms, with the various articles
+of cast iron work, for which, before this foundry was established, our
+citizens were forced to send to a distance, and at the cost of much
+trouble and expense."
+
+But with all this urging of newspapers, and talking of far-sighted
+citizens, the cause of manufacturing progressed slowly. To establish
+manufactories was a costly experiment, requiring capital, patience, and a
+faith, which, though some might profess, few actually possessed. As is
+frequently the case in regard to public improvements, those who pressed
+them most had no funds to invest in them, and those who had the funds were
+little inclined to heed the suggestions of moneyless advisers.
+
+MacCabe's Directory of Cleveland and Ohio City for 1837-8, says that at
+that time there were on the east side of the river, in the corporation of
+Cleveland, "four very extensive iron foundries and steam engine
+manufactories; also, three soap and candle manufactories, two breweries,
+one sash factory, two rope walks, one stoneware pottery, two carriage
+manufactories, and two French run millstone manufactories, all of which
+are in full operation." A flouring mill was in course of erection by Mr.
+Ford which, it was predicted, would be, when finished, "the largest and
+most complete establishment of the kind in the State of Ohio." At the same
+time Ohio City was described as possessing "among the principal
+manufactories of the place, the Cuyahoga Steam Furnace, the Saleratus
+manufactory, and the Glue manufactory." The Cuyahoga Steam Furnace had
+turned off in the previous year five hundred tons of castings, besides a
+great quantity of wrought iron work, and gave employment to seventy men.
+In noticing the description of the iron furnaces and steam engine
+manufactories on the East side of the river as "very extensive", it must
+be borne in mind that the standard of size and importance for such
+establishments in Cleveland was much smaller then than now.
+
+In spite of all the attempts made to stir up an interest in manufactories,
+slow progress was made until a comparatively late period. One great
+obstacle in the way was the opposition or indifference of the
+land-holders, who directly rebuffed the proposals of intending
+manufacturers, or placed a value on their land so high as to require an
+amount of capital sunk in the soil that rendered the chances of profit
+very hazardous. There was also a strong prejudice against factories on the
+part of very many persons because they were "so dirty," and would tend to
+make the neat and trim residences and door-yards of Cleveland as smutty as
+those of Pittsburgh.
+
+It was not until the breaking out of the war for the Union called into
+existence manufactories all over the land to supply the needs born of the
+war, that manufactories found a home and cordial welcome in Cleveland. The
+exigencies of the time, and the intense feeling excited, scattered to the
+wind all the prejudices against the dirt and smoke of iron manufactories,
+and establishments of this kind sprang up on all sides, calling into
+existence a host of other manufactories dependent on and contributing to
+the successful conduct of iron foundries and iron mills. The war found
+Cleveland a commercial city, whose trade, if not languishing, threatened
+to soon reach its turning point; it left Cleveland a busy, bustling
+manufacturing city, over a great part of which hung a perpetual cloud of
+dense smoke, and with a population nearly doubled in numbers and greatly
+changed in character owing to its change from a commercial to a
+manufacturing city. The petroleum discovery in North Western Pennsylvania
+and the coincident opening of direct railroad communication between
+Cleveland and the oil regions, contributed greatly to the rapid increase
+of the population and wealth of the city. Oil refineries grew up rapidly
+like mushrooms in the valleys and ravines around, and lined the railroad
+tracks, but, unlike mushrooms, did not disappear with equal rapidity. A
+great number of people found employment in this new industry, and wealth
+poured in with greater volume from this source than had ever been known to
+flow from any species of trade or manufacture hitherto established. From
+this time the future of Cleveland was assured. Year by year it has grown
+with astonishing increase and new manufactories of every description are
+springing up on every side. The flats that had lain deserted and of but
+little value were brought into requisition for iron furnaces and iron
+mills, and wherever lands could be had at reasonable rates in convenient
+neighborhood to transportation lines, factories of some kind were
+established.
+
+The four or five small iron manufactories in and about Cleveland in 1837,
+have grown to fourteen rolling mills, having two hundred puddling furnaces
+and a daily capacity of four hundred tons of finished iron, not including
+the nails spikes, nuts, bolts, horseshoes, &c. Several of these mills own
+their own blast furnaces, and nearly all have coal mines of their own.
+There are also five stove foundries; one malleable iron works; one axe and
+tool company; half a dozen boiler plate and sheet iron works of large
+capacity; nearly as many factories of steam engines of all descriptions,
+and other machinery; three foundries for making car wheels and castings
+for buildings; one large manufactory of cross cut, circular and other
+saws, and several saw and file works of smaller dimensions.
+
+Although the operations of domestic iron works were seriously affected by
+the large increase of importations from Europe, the following amount of
+iron was produced from the mills of Cleveland in 1868:
+
+  Pig Iron                                 11,037 Tons.
+  Rail Road Iron                           22,344  "
+  Merchant Iron                            11,396  "
+  Boiler, Tank and Sheet Iron               2,676  "
+  Forgings                                  4,125  "
+  Nuts, Washers, Rests, Nails and Spikes    5,607  "
+  Machinery Castings                       18,250  "
+  Wire                                        865  "
+
+Making a total of 76,300 tons. To produce this it is estimated that
+225,000 tons of coal and coke were consumed. The stove foundries produced
+nearly 35,000 stoves, with the attendant hardware and stove furniture;
+requiring nearly 10,000 tons of metal, and 4,000 tons of coal and coke,
+and giving employment to about five hundred persons.
+
+The planing mills and wooden ware manufactures give direct employment to
+six hundred and fifty persons, and the year's business exceeded a
+million dollars.
+
+The growth and magnitude of the petroleum business of Cleveland can be
+seen by the reports of receipts and shipments during the past four years:
+
+  Date.               Crude Received    Refined Forwarded
+  1865                 220,000 bbls.    145,000 bbls.
+  1866                    613,247 "     402,430 "
+  1867                    693,100 "     496,600 "
+  1868                    956,479 "     776,356 "
+
+Between three and four millions of dollars of capital are invested in this
+business in Cleveland, and the annual product will not fall short of ten
+or twelve millions of dollars. The rapid increase of the business created
+an urgent demand for barrels. The receipts of staves in 1868, mainly to
+supply this demand, were nearly three times in excess of the previous
+year. Some 3,000 tons of hoop iron were required for barrels.
+
+It is impossible to give, in the absence of any recent exact census, full
+and correct statistics of the number and classification of the
+manufactories of Cleveland, the capital invested, and the value of the
+product. It has, however, been estimated from the best data that could be
+procured, that the grand total value of all the manufactories of the city
+in 1868, was not less than sixty millions of dollars, and it is daily
+increasing.
+
+
+
+
+William B. Castle.
+
+
+
+William B. Castle was born in Essex, Crittenden county, Vermont, November
+30, 1814. Immediately on the conclusion of the war, his father removed to
+Toronto, where he had been engaged, as an architect, to superintend the
+construction of the first Parliament buildings there. In 1827, he removed
+with his family to Cleveland, William B. Castle being then thirteen years
+old. His father had taken a farm about thirteen miles from the city, and
+there the lad spent most of his time until 1832, when, in company with his
+father and Mr. Charles M. Giddings, he established the first lumber-yard
+in Cleveland. The business was carried on for a couple of years, when Mr.
+Castle, Sen., died, and the son removed to Canada, engaging in
+merchandizing and in manufacturing lumber for the yard in Cleveland. In
+1839, he abandoned the Canada branch of the business, and in the following
+year the partnership with Mr. Giddings was dissolved.
+
+A new partnership was formed with a brother-in-law, under the name of
+Castle & Field, for carrying on the hardware, in connection with jewelry
+and watch making, business, on the west side of the river, then known as
+Ohio City. In 1843, he left the business and entered the Cuyahoga Steam
+Furnace Company, with which he has ever since been connected. So
+thoroughly identified has Mr. Castle been with the history of that
+establishment during the past quarter of a century, that this is a fitting
+place for a brief sketch of the nature and history of the pioneer iron
+company of Cleveland.
+
+In 1830, Mr. Charles Hoyt projected the works which were erected and put
+in operation under the firm name of Hoyt, Railey & Co. In 1834, the firm
+was changed to an incorporated company under the name of the Cuyahoga
+Steam Furnace Company, with a capital of one hundred thousand dollars, of
+which three-fourths were paid in. The principal stockholders at the time
+of the incorporation were Josiah Barber, Richard Lord, John W. Allen, and
+Charles Hoyt. The managing officer was Charles Hoyt. Soon after the
+incorporation the works were burned to the ground, but the company were
+energetic, and soon a substantial brick structure, two hundred and
+thirty-five feet front, with a wing of ninety feet deep, was erected on
+the site of the destroyed building. The pig metal for the use of the works
+was obtained at the company's blast furnace at Dover, twelve miles west,
+and was considered equal in quality to the best Scotch pig. In 1840, Mr.
+Hoyt was succeeded in the management by D. Cushing, who had been secretary
+of the company. In 1843, Mr. Cushing gave place to Elisha T. Sterling, who
+remained the head of the concern until his untimely death, in 1859.
+
+[Illustration: Yours Truly, W. B. Castle]
+
+From the advent of Mr. Sterling and the consequent re-organization of the
+staff of officers of the works, dates the connection of Mr. Castle with
+the establishment. Mr. Castle took the position of secretary, and held
+that post until the death of Mr. Sterling, when he was appointed to fill
+the position of manager. At the time when the sole charge of the works
+devolved upon him the company was in a deplorable financial condition. The
+prospect was sufficient to daunt a less resolute and hopeful spirit, but
+Mr. Castle at once set about the Herculean task of bringing the concern
+through its difficulties and establishing it on a firm financial basis.
+The struggle was long continued, and more than once the advance gained
+seemed suddenly to be again lost, but eventually it was pulled through
+without having compromised a single debt, and without having but a single
+case of litigation under his management. This case was not properly
+chargable to the administration of the works, as it arose from the
+supplying of a defective beam strap, which, there being then no forges in
+Cleveland, had been ordered from Pittsburgh. This unusual exemption from
+litigation was, doubtless, owing to the invariable rule adopted by Mr.
+Castle, to reduce all contracts to careful writing and to live strictly up
+to the letter as well as spirit of the contract.
+
+The heavy work of the establishment in its early years was the supplying
+of most of the mills in Ohio and the new States of the West with mill
+gearing, and the manufacture of agricultural implements. In 1840, was
+commenced the manufacture of stationary and land steam engines. In 1843,
+the manufacture of marine engines was commenced by building the engine for
+the first propeller on Lake Erie, the "Emigrant." About the same time work
+was commenced on engines for the large side-wheel steamers, the largest of
+their day being fitted out with machinery from these works. Among the
+steamers thus equipped, and which were in their successive days the
+wonders of the lakes, was the Europe, Saratoga, Hendrick Hudson, Pacific,
+Avon, and Ohio. Among the propellers receiving their engines from the
+Cuyahoga Works were the Winslow, Idaho, Dean Richmond, Ironsides, S. D.
+Caldwell, Meteor, and a very large number of others, besides a great many
+first-class steam tugs plying on Detroit river.
+
+In 1853, the introduction of the manufacture of locomotives added a new
+feature to the manufacturing industry of Cleveland. The Cleveland,
+Columbus and Cincinnati Railroad was supplied from these works, and
+locomotives were also made for the Cleveland and Pittsburgh, Lake Shore,
+Cleveland and Toledo, and Bellefontaine and Indianapolis Railroads,
+besides several other railroads in the west. In 1857, this branch of the
+business was sold out to the Cleveland, Columbus and Cincinnati Railroad
+Company, who now use the locomotive works for the manufacture and repair
+of their own engines.
+
+In addition to the marine engines, for which the establishment has become
+famous, the company have lately entered upon the manufacture of first
+class engines and blowing machines for blast furnaces. These have been
+supplied to the furnaces in the Mahoning Valley and Wisconsin, and to
+furnaces elsewhere, even supplying Pittsburgh, the home of the iron
+manufacture. A very large engine has been constructed for the Atlantic
+Docks, in Brooklyn, New York. Rolling mill engines and machinery have been
+made for mills at Alliance, in the Tuscarawas Valley, at Harmony, Indiana,
+and at Escanaba, in the Lake Superior iron district. Various engines have
+been supplied to the Newburgh works, including the blowing engines and
+hydraulic cranes for the Bessemer steel works, among the most perfect of
+their kind in America. Railway tools manufactured by the company's works
+have been ordered from so far east as New Jersey.
+
+The Cuyahoga Steam Furnace Company have employed at times two hundred and
+fifty men, and will probably average one hundred and fifty. Year after
+year the company have been compelled to enlarge their facilities, until
+now their property occupies the two corners of Detroit and Centre streets,
+and one corner of Centre and West River streets. The buildings extend
+three hundred and fifty feet on the river, and to a greater length on
+Detroit street. The capital employed amounts to about a quarter of a
+million dollars. The importance of these works in attracting attention and
+capital to Cleveland, in giving employment to the people, and in assisting
+to build up the business of the city, can hardly be overestimated. Taking
+its nature, extent and history together it may probably be said with
+safety that nothing in the city has had a more important influence in
+shaping the future of Cleveland and contributing to its present
+prosperity, and much of this influence is due to the labor and wisdom of
+Mr. Castle. At present the works are organized under the presidency of Mr.
+Castle, with Josephus Holloway as superintendant and designing engineer;
+S. J. Lewis, secretary; W. W. Castle, book-keeper. From 1843 to 1857, the
+superintendent and designing engineer, was Mr. Ethan Rogers, who by his
+knowledge and skill added very much to the celebrity of the works.
+
+In 1853, Mr. Castle was elected mayor of Ohio City, and during his term
+of office the consolidation of the two cities was effected. To bring
+about this desirable end he labored diligently, and was one of the
+commissioners for settling the terms of annexation. In 1855, he was
+elected mayor of the Consolidated city, and his rule was marked by vigor,
+justice, and a strict regard for the rights and interests of the
+citizens. For six years subsequent to his mayoralty he held the office of
+commissioner of water works.
+
+Mr. Castle was married in December, 1836, to Miss Mary Derby, who died in
+Canada in the following year. In 1840, he was married to Miss Mary H.
+Newell, of Vermont, by whom he has had one son and three daughters. The
+son, W. W. Castle, now twenty-six, is book-keeper of the Cuyahoga Steam
+Furnace Company. The oldest daughter is wife of Mr. Robert R. Rhodes, of
+Cleveland. The youngest daughters are still at school.
+
+The success of Mr. Castle has been achieved by a persistent struggle
+against adverse circumstances and with but little to aid him but a
+resolute will and good constitution. At an early age he was left with the
+care of his father's family on his hands, and has had to fight, not only
+his own battles, but to struggle with the difficulties into which
+circumstances had thrown the company with which he became connected. Out
+of the struggle he has come with a spotless reputation, the esteem of his
+friends and the respect of his fellow-citizens, financial prosperity, and
+the blessing of good health and undiminished vigor.
+
+
+
+
+Charles Jarvis Woolson.
+
+
+
+On the sixth of August, 1869, the citizens of Cleveland were surprised and
+pained at the announcement of the death, on the morning of that day, of
+Charles Jarvis Woolson, one of the most active and respected business men
+of the city. Few were aware of his illness, and even by those acquainted
+with the facts his death, up to within a very short time of the event, was
+wholly unexpected.
+
+Mr. Woolson was born in Chester, Vermont, and received careful educational
+training, the family being in good circumstances. His father was engaged
+in various manufacturing enterprises, including cotton and wool fabrics,
+and the making of machine and hand cards. He was one of the very earliest
+manufacturers of cooking stoves in the country.
+
+At the age of nineteen, Mr. Woolson went into business on his own account,
+choosing the newspaper profession instead of manufactures for his _debut._
+His first venture was as editor and publisher of a newspaper in Grafton
+county, New Hampshire. Two years later, he sold out and removed to
+Virginia, where he assumed charge of the Charlotteville Advocate. But the
+political and social atmosphere of the South was uncongenial to one born
+and bred in the free air of Vermont. He could neither feel nor affect to
+feel anything but abhorrence of the "institution," and so he soon
+terminated his connection with the press of Virginia, and returned to the
+land of churches, free schools and free speech. In 1830, he married Miss
+Pomeroy, of Cooperstown, New York, and removing to Keene, New Hampshire,
+engaged in mercantile business; but he who has once dabbled in journalism
+imbibes a taste which it is difficult afterwards to eradicate. Mr. Woolson
+was not at home in a mercantile store, and before long he purchased the
+New England Palladium, a Boston daily newspaper, and conducted it for two
+years, when he bade a final adieu to journalism as a profession, disposing
+of his property in the Palladium and removing to Claremont, New Hampshire,
+where he engaged with his father in the manufacture of stoves. Here he
+remained until 1840, when he removed to Cleveland, taking with him the
+patterns and materials connected with the stove business, and commenced
+on his own account in a small way, his capital having been seriously
+crippled by the financial convulsion of 1837.
+
+Mr. Woolson had, in 1845, succeeded in getting his business into a
+flourishing condition, when, through the defalcation of a trusted partner,
+he was very nearly ruined. But he did not stop his works one day on
+account of this disaster. Collecting together his scattered resources, he
+set to work all the harder, and as the Fall of the year approached, had
+succeeded in accumulating a fine stock of wares for the Fall trade, which
+he had stored in a warehouse at the rear of his factory, but which he
+neglected to insure. A fire broke out, and the building, with its
+contents, was completely destroyed, resolving the valuable stoves into a
+heap of old iron. Even this did not stop the works. With his
+characteristic energy, Mr. Woolson had the ground cleared and set to work
+with redoubled zeal, making new stoves out of the old iron, and succeeded
+in doing a tolerable business that winter, in spite of his accumulation of
+disasters.
+
+When Mr. Woolson commenced business in Cleveland, it was but a lively
+village. His stove foundry, the first of importance in northern Ohio, when
+running to its full capacity, employed but ten hands, and its trade was
+limited to the immediate vicinity, and a few towns on the canal. But few
+of the farmers then used cooking stoves, the fire on the hearth serving
+for all purposes of cooking and warming. The works now employ about one
+hundred hands when running full, and the customers are found in Chicago,
+St. Louis, Kansas, Nebraska, Minnesota and Iowa. The firm was changed
+several years since to Woolson & Hitchcock, and subsequently to Woolson,
+Hitchcock & Carter. Death removed the senior and junior partners of the
+firm within a few months of each other.
+
+Mr. Woolson's death was caused by erysipelas, brought on by debility;
+after an illness of two weeks the disease yielded to medical treatment,
+and he seemed to gain strength rapidly. On Saturday, the 31st of July,
+he joined a party of friends and drove in his buggy twenty miles into
+the country, believing that the fresh air would invigorate him as it had
+done many times before when his health gave way. But the old remedy
+failed, and, leaving his horse behind, Mr. Woolson took the cars and
+reached home in the evening very much exhausted. After lingering five
+days, typhoid symptoms appeared, and at eight o'clock Friday morning he
+died, unconscious, and without suffering, after a life of 63 years and
+one month.
+
+Mr. Woolson possessed a very genial and sociable disposition, was highly
+intelligent and well informed, and in spite of an infirmity of deafness
+was a charming companion. His business qualifications are proven by the
+success of the establishment he founded, in spite of the succession of
+unforeseen and unavoidable disasters with which it had to contend. He was
+a man of very domestic habits, and these habits were mellowed and refined
+by many family losses that might have crushed one less hopeful, and less
+patient and uncomplaining. To his family he was entirely devoted, and all
+the affection of a loving household clustered around him with an intensity
+that made the blow of his sudden loss one peculiarly hard to be borne.
+
+Mr. Woolson had long been connected with Grace Church (Episcopal), of
+which he was senior warden, and very tender domestic ties, sundered by
+death some years since, made that church peculiarly dear to him.
+
+
+
+
+William Hart.
+
+
+
+William Hart, son of Judah Hart, of English descent, was born in Norwich,
+Connecticut, in the year 1811. About the year 1821, Judah Hart removed to
+the West with his family, settling in Brownhelm, Lorain county, where he
+died two years after, and one year from this time, William changed his
+residence to Cleveland. Soon after the arrival of the Harts in Cleveland,
+Governor Clinton, of New York, came to Ohio to formally commence the work
+of constructing the Ohio Canal, which was begun on the fourth of July,
+1825. Governor Clinton landed in Cleveland in June, and one of the
+principal incidents of Mr. Hart's recollection of his early days in
+Cleveland, was the general turning out of the people to receive and
+welcome the father of internal improvements. Cleveland was then but an
+insignificant village, a place "six miles from Newburg, where steamboats
+stopped to wood and water," but great, and well-founded hopes were
+entertained of the benefits to flow from the opening of the canal, and the
+people were therefore much elated at the arrival of Governor Clinton, who
+was to commence the important work, and whose influence had done so much
+to aid the enterprise.
+
+[Illustration: Yours Truly, Wm. Hart]
+
+About this time young Hart went to live with Asabel Abel, to whom he was
+apprenticed for the purpose of learning the business of cabinet making.
+When the term of his apprenticeship had expired, he set up in business on
+his own account, at first opening his modest store and workshop on the
+site of the present Birch House, and subsequently, after five or six years
+of business, removing his location to the opposite side of the street, on
+the spot now occupied by his present warehouse.
+
+In 1852, a fire swept away his entire establishment, destroying
+ware-rooms, factory, and all the appurtenances, and throwing out of
+employment the twenty hands of which his force of workmen then consisted.
+In the succeeding year, he rebuilt the warehouse and factory on a greatly
+enlarged scale, and has since still further enlarged and improved the
+buildings, until, in size and commodiousness, they are not excelled in
+the city. At present, seventy-five hands are employed in the
+establishment, aided by the most improved descriptions of labor-saving
+machinery adapted to the business, and the annual sales reach nearly two
+hundred thousand dollars.
+
+Mr. Hart believed in always putting his shoulder to the wheel, though on
+one occasion a too literal adherence to this principle came near costing
+him his life. In attempting to give some aid in the factory, he came in
+contact with a circular saw, and his right arm was nearly severed from the
+shoulder. This was in the year 1850. On his partial recovery, the
+citizens, to show their sympathy with him in his misfortune, elected him
+City Treasurer, an office then of but little value, requiring only a small
+portion of his time and paying him two hundred dollars a year. For
+nineteen years he held this office uninterruptedly, being elected by both
+parties term after term, and witnessing the growth of the city, under his
+financial administration, from an annual revenue of forty-eight thousand
+dollars to nearly two millions. The emoluments of the office have risen
+from a salary of two hundred dollars to a salary of fifteen hundred
+dollars, and a percentage on special taxes collected. During his nineteen
+years of service, Mr. Hart has negotiated all the loans, sold the school
+bonds, and collected the special taxes, occupying nearly the whole of his
+time, and employing the services of a clerk in transacting the business of
+his office.
+
+When William Hart became City Treasurer, the credit of the city stood
+rather low, city warrants being hawked about at seventy-five cents on the
+dollar. This unsatisfactory state of things was put an end to, mainly
+through the exertions of the Hon. H. B. Payne, then in the City Council,
+who procured the funding of the outstanding debt, and brought the credit
+of the city up to the high standard at which it now stands.
+
+When Judah Hart reached Cleveland, the then far West, a part of the family
+slept in the Mansion House, occupying the site on which now stands
+Cooper's hardware store, but young William and some other members of the
+family slept in the covered traveling wagon, under a shed standing on the
+site of the present Atwater Block. With the revolution of years the then
+poor boy has now become part owner of the splendid block standing where a
+part of the Harts slept, homeless wayfarers, forty-five years ago.
+
+In 1834, Mr. Hart was married in Cleveland, to Miss Elizabeth Kirk,
+daughter of John Kirk, who had left England about a dozen years
+previously. No children were born of this marriage, but the pair have
+adopted four, giving them all the advantages and rights of children born
+to themselves, and three of these are now married.
+
+Still in vigorous life, Mr. Hart has, to a great extent, retired from
+active business, his establishment being carried on mainly by his sons
+through adoption or marriage. This partial rest he has earned by a life of
+labor and enterprise, in which he has watched narrowly his opportunities,
+and availed himself of every chance of improving his facilities for
+manufacture, and enlarging his field of business, has faithfully performed
+his official duties, and has secured the respect alike of his business
+acquaintances, his political constituents, and the public at large.
+
+
+
+
+John Bousfield.
+
+
+
+The wooden ware manufacture of Cleveland is an important part of its
+industry, the manufacturing establishments being the largest within the
+United States and doing a business that covers the entire west. Large as
+the industry now is, it is of but very recent growth, and Cleveland is
+chiefly indebted for its permanent establishment, in spite of a series of
+discouraging disasters, to the enterprise and determination of John
+Bousfield.
+
+[Illustration: Yours Truly, John Bousfield]
+
+Mr. Bousfield was born at Stockport, in the county of Cheshire, England,
+July 22, 1819. After serving an apprenticeship to the saddle and harness
+business for seven years, he engaged in that business on his own
+account, adding to it the manufacture of whips. Four years were thus
+spent, when he decided on removing to America, leaving his native land
+in December, 1843. Having brought two of his workmen with him, he
+established himself in the same business in a small way in the city of
+New York, but his health failing after a few months, he determined on
+leaving for the west, hoping that a change of atmosphere, and possibly
+of business, would be of benefit.
+
+His first stay was at Kirtland, Lake county, Ohio, where he purchased a
+farm and at the same time carried on the harness business. At this he
+continued until about the year 1850, when he purchased a factory and water
+power, put in a pail-making machine, and commenced, in a small way, the
+manufacture of pails. In 1854, he removed to Fairport, in the same county,
+where he purchased a larger building and carried on pail manufacturing
+upon a larger scale. In March, 1855, he sold out the establishment, taking
+in pay for it a note which he still holds.
+
+In May of that year he came to Cleveland and organized the Cleveland
+Wooden Ware Manufacturing Company, built a factory on the ground now
+occupied by the present firm of Bousfield & Poole, and commenced
+manufacturing in the following September. The first operations of the
+company were on a small scale, making tubs, pails, washboards, and similar
+articles in a limited way, but gradually increasing the business until it
+reached what was then considered respectable proportions. In July, 1857,
+the company sold out to Greenman & Co., of Massachusetts, and Mr.
+Bousfield was retained by the new owners as superintendent of the works,
+until January 12, 1859, when the factory was destroyed by fire.
+
+In March of that year, Mr. Bousfield rented a building on the West Side
+and commenced manufacturing again on his own account. Five months
+afterwards he was burned out. Nothing daunted, he immediately purchased
+the ruins of the Greenman & Co. factory, rebuilt it, and in January, 1860,
+associated with him Mr. J. B. Hervey, of Cleveland, and in the following
+month resumed work.
+
+The new partnership was very successful. The business increased rapidly,
+the area of their trade enlarged until it comprised all the principal
+cities and towns in Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, Illinois and Wisconsin. A
+planing mill was added to the factory, and this, too, was highly
+profitable. In 1864, the works were greatly enlarged to meet the rapidly
+increasing demand for their wares. In 1865, Mr. John Poole, of Harmer,
+Ohio, was admitted to the partnership, thus bringing in additional
+capital and experience gained in the management of a similar factory at
+Harmer. Mr. Poole has devoted himself principally to the financial and
+sales departments of the business, and has proved himself a man of more
+than ordinary business ability.
+
+Thus far everything had been going on prosperously, but the old enemy,
+fire, was as relentless as ever. On the 23d of March, 1866, the whole of
+the extensive establishment was reduced to ashes, and the unfortunate
+proprietors sorrowfully contemplated the ruins of years of labor and
+enterprise, whilst a host of workmen stood still more sorrowfully by, and
+saw their daily bread swept from them by the pitiless flames.
+Seventy-five thousand dollars of capital were converted into valueless
+ashes in a few hours.
+
+The owners of the factory wasted no time in fruitless sorrow. An old
+wooden building had partially escaped the flames. This was hastily patched
+up, and within thirty days they were making pails and tubs as earnestly as
+if they had never known a fire. Mr. Hervey sold out his interest to the
+other partners, Messrs. Bousfield & Poole, who went to work with almost
+unparalleled enterprise and energy, built one of the largest and most
+substantial factories in the country, and entered upon the work of
+manufacturing wooden ware upon a larger scale than had ever before been
+attempted. The factory has two hundred feet front on Leonard and Voltaire
+streets, with a depth of sixty feet, and five stories high; attached to
+the main building are the engine and boiler rooms. The cost of the
+building was forty-five thousand dollars. The present capacity of the
+works is twenty-five hundred pails per day, six hundred tubs, a hundred
+and twenty-five churns and other small ware, and a hundred dozen zinc
+washboards.
+
+In May, 1867, the firm commenced the erection of a match factory which
+was ready for operation in September of that year. A superintendent was
+engaged who, unfortunately, was unqualified for his position and did much
+harm to the enterprise, but on his removal, Mr. Bousfield took personal
+charge of the match factory, and has succeeded in building up an
+extensive trade. The daily capacity of the factory is two hundred and
+ninety gross, which, if run to the full capacity throughout the year,
+would yield to the United States government a revenue of over a hundred
+and twenty thousand dollars.
+
+The trade of Messrs. Bousfield & Poole extends from Buffalo through the
+principal cities of the central, southern and western States, to New
+Orleans on the south, and Salt Lake City on the west, two bills having
+been sold to the son-in-law of Brigham Young in that city. A branch
+warehouse has been established in Chicago as an entrepot for the supply of
+the vast territory of which Chicago is the source of supply.
+
+The manufactory of Messrs. Bousfield & Poole is the largest in the
+country, and for the past three years has turned out about fifty per cent.
+more work than any other in the United States. It consumes ten millions of
+feet of lumber and logs annually, besides other material, and gives
+employment to from three hundred to three hundred and fifty persons, men
+women and children. Its influence on the population and prosperity of the
+city can therefore be judged. The money for the support of these people,
+and for the purchase of the materials employed, is almost wholly brought
+from abroad, the amount of the wares used in Cleveland being, of course, a
+very small fraction of the amount produced and sold. The same is true to a
+greater or less extent, of all the manufactories of Cleveland, and serves
+to account for the rapid growth of the city in population and wealth
+within the few years past, in which Cleveland has entered in good earnest
+on its career as a manufacturing centre.
+
+Mr. Bousfield was married January 1, 1855, to Miss Sarah Featherstone, of
+Kirtland, by whom he has had ten children, six of whom are yet living.
+The oldest son, Edward Franklin Bousfield, is engaged with his father in
+the factory.
+
+The secret of Mr. Bousfield's successful career can be found in his
+indomitable perseverance. He has been wholly burned out three times, and
+had, in all, about twenty fires, more or less disastrous, to contend with,
+but each time he seemed to have gained new strength and vigor in business
+as his works rose phoenix like from the ashes. Coupled with his
+perseverance is a remarkable mechanical ingenuity which has served him to
+good purpose in the construction and management of his factories. Whilst
+in England, he invented a machine for braiding whips that would do the
+work of fifteen women working by hand, as was the usual practice.
+
+
+
+
+J. G. Hussey.
+
+
+
+Among the elements that have contributed to the prosperity of Cleveland,
+copper and oil hold no inconsiderable place. Not only has the cupriferous
+wealth of Lake Superior directly enriched many Cleveland citizens who
+interested themselves in its production, but it has led to the
+establishment of a large and steadily increasing commerce between
+Cleveland and Lake Superior. In the other direction, the enterprise of
+Clevelanders in the petroleum region of Western Pennsylvania has built up
+large fortunes for themselves and has established in Cleveland one of the
+most extensive and remunerative of its industries. One of the earliest to
+be identified, first with the copper and afterwards with the oil interest,
+was J. G. Hussey.
+
+Christopher Hussey, the father of the subject of the present sketch,
+emigrated from Baltimore and settled in Cincinnati, in 1804, subsequently
+removing to Jefferson county, Ohio, where J. G. Hussey was born in 1819.
+Young Hussey received such an education as the facilities of a rural
+neighborhood at that early day afforded, and added to his school knowledge
+the practical details of business by becoming clerk in a village store.
+Here he acquired those correct business habits that stood him in good
+service in after life. In 1840, he opened a store on his own account in
+Hanover, Ohio, and was very successful. From Hanover he removed to
+Pittsburgh, where he operated in provisions until 1845. In that year there
+was much excitement over the mineral discoveries on the south shore of
+Lake Superior. The Indian titles to the mineral lands on that lake had
+been but a short time before completely extinguished, and the surveys of
+Dr. Houghton were bringing the cupriferous riches of the region into
+notice. Mining permits were issued under the authority of Congress, those
+permits giving the applicant a lease for three years, with a conditional
+re-issue for three years more. The lessees were to work the mines with due
+diligence and skill, and to pay a royalty to the United States of six per
+cent, of all the ores raised. Early in the Spring of 1845, Mr. Hussey
+formed a company of miners and explorers, with whom he went to Lake
+Superior and opened several copper veins, some of which proved highly
+productive and are still successfully worked. In some of these he has
+retained an interest to the present time.
+
+[Illustration: Yours Truly, J. G. Hussey]
+
+In the Spring of 1847, he became a member of the private banking firm
+of Hussey, Hanna & Co., in Pittsburgh, which did a successful business
+for several years. At the same time he became interested in a banking
+establishment in Milwaukee under the firm name of Marshall, Hussey &
+Ilsley. In 1850, he removed to Milwaukee, to attend to the interest of
+that firm, but the climate proving injurions to his health, he sold out
+and removed to Cleveland, where he took up his residence in 1851. From
+that time he became thoroughly identified with the business interests
+of the city.
+
+His first act was to establish the Forest City Bank, under the regulations
+of the Free Banking Law of Ohio, and during his connection with the
+institution it was eminently successful. During the same summer, he built
+and put in operation a copper smelting and refining works, under the firm
+name of J. G. Hussey & Co., engaging at the same time in the produce
+commission business, under the firm name of Hussey & Sinclair, which
+afterwards changed to Hussey & McBride. It is a matter of fact, on which
+Mr. Hussey justly prides himself, and to which in great measure he
+attributes his success, that he confined himself strictly to the
+legitimate conduct of his business as a commission dealer, never
+speculating in produce when selling it for others.
+
+In 1859, Mr. Hussey became interested in the discoveries of petroleum in
+the creeks and valleys of Venango county, Pennsylvania. With his
+characteristic energy he went to the scene of the excitement just breaking
+out over the discoveries, and becoming satisfied of their importance, he
+immediately commenced the work of exploration, in company with others, who
+purchased the McElhenny Farm, on which was struck the noted Empire well,
+one of the most famous wells on Oil Creek, that by its extraordinary yield
+first added to the petroleum excitement, and then broke down the market by
+a supply far in excess of the then demand. The tools were no sooner
+extracted than the oil rushed up in a torrent, equal to three thousand
+barrels daily. The good fortune of the adventurers was disastrous. It was
+more than they had bargained for, and was altogether too much of a good
+thing. The demand at that time was very limited, the uses to which
+petroleum had been applied being few, and science had not yet enabled it
+to be converted into the cheap and useful illuminator it has now become.
+One day's flow of the Empire would supply all the demands of the United
+States for a week. Barrels, too, were scarce, and when those at hand were
+filled tanks were hastily improvised, but were speedily overflowed. Pits
+were dug and rapidly filled, until at length the well owners, cursed with
+too much good luck, were compelled to turn the oil into the river. Then it
+rapidly fell in price, owing to the superabundant supply. It fell, in the
+autumn of 1861, to ten cents a barrel, and the oil interest was, for the
+time, ruined.
+
+At this juncture Mr. Hussey was induced to erect works for refining the
+oil and preparing it as an illuminator. The first establishment was a
+small one, but as the demand increased and the oil interest revived, the
+capacity was increased until it reached its present limit of from three
+hundred and fifty to four hundred barrels per day.
+
+When the second oil excitement broke out in 1864, Mr. Hussey was again one
+of the leading explorers and adventurers in the oil regions of
+Pennsylvania. Successful wells were put down in Oil Creek and on the
+Allegheny river, and a large proportion of the product was brought to
+Cleveland to be refined. His interest in this department of industry
+became so great and important, that after fifteen years of active
+connection with the produce and copper smelting business of Cleveland, he
+sold out his interest in both the commission house and smelting works and
+devoted his entire attention to oil.
+
+Mr. Hussey is a good example of the success attending faithful,
+intelligent and conscientious attention to business. A self-made man, he
+never lost sight of the fact that the same scrupulous honesty which gave
+him success was necessary to retain it. Debt he looked upon as the road to
+ruin, and he scrupulously shunned it. He never bought an article for
+himself or his family on credit. His business paper was always good and
+never was protested. His engagements were ever punctually kept. His two
+cardinal principles were "Time is money," and "Honesty is the best
+policy," and these rules of action he carefully impressed on the young men
+whom he brought up in business life. The value of his teachings and
+example is shown in the fact that those brought up under his business care
+during the past twenty years have come to hold a place in the front rank
+of business men, and have, by their energy and integrity, accumulated
+competence, and even affluence.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: Yours Truly, A. B. Stone]
+
+
+A. B. Stone
+
+
+
+Andros B. Stone was born in the town of Charlton, Worcester county,
+Massachusetts, June 18, 1824. He is the youngest son of Mr. Amasa Stone,
+(now a hale, old man, ninety years of age, in possession of all his
+faculties,) and brother of A. Stone, Jr., whose biography has been
+sketched in an earlier portion of this work. Mr. Stone's boyhood was
+spent in the various occupations of country farm life, where he received
+in common with other boys the advantages of a public school education. In
+his sixteenth year he left home to try the world for himself, and for a
+year and a half worked industriously at the carpenter's trade with his
+elder brother, to whom he was apprenticed for four years, to receive
+thirty-five dollars the first year, forty the second, forty-five the
+third, and fifty the fourth. An unconquerable desire for a better
+education forced him to leave this occupation for a time, and enter an
+academy, the expenses of which he met in part by teaching a public school
+in the winter season, and which left him only five dollars with which to
+make another start in the world.
+
+In the meantime, Mr. Stone's brother, to whom he was apprenticed, had been
+employed by Mr. Howe, the patentee of the "Howe Bridge," and to Andros was
+assigned the keeping of the time of the workmen, and other similar duties,
+instead of the more direct labors of the shop. In the autumn of 1842, Mr.
+Howe purchased Mr. Stone's unexpired time from his brother, advanced his
+pay, and kept him in the same employment as time-keeper, and adding to
+this duty that of making estimates, drawing bridge plans, etc., allowing
+him in the winter an opportunity of increasing his finances by teaching
+school. Subsequently, Mr. A. Boody and Mr. A. Stone, Jr., purchased the
+Howe Patent for building bridges in New England, and A. B. Stone, then
+about nineteen years of age, made an engagement with the new firm. At
+first he was given the charge of a few men in framing and raising small
+bridges, but an opportunity soon occurred which enabled him to exhibit his
+capabilities in a most advantageous light. Messrs. Boody and Stone were
+constructing a bridge over the rapids of the Connecticut river at Windsor
+Locks, about fifteen hundred feet in length, in spans of one hundred and
+eighty feet. One day the superintendent, who had the immediate charge of
+the work, went to Mr. Stone and complained of being so ill that he was
+obliged to go home, and desired him to take temporary charge of the men.
+Mr. Stone alleged his unfitness for the duty of taking charge of so many
+men at the commencement of so important a work, but as the superintendent
+said he could not stay longer, Mr. Stone was compelled to assume the
+responsibility, against his wishes.
+
+On examining the condition of the work the cause of the superintendent's
+severe illness was made manifest. The lower chords or stringers, of about
+two hundred and sixty feet in length, had been packed without being
+placed opposite each other, one being placed several feet too far in one
+direction, and the other about the same distance in the opposite
+direction. Here was a dilemma and a difficulty, and an ability in the
+mind of the young mechanic to meet it, so that, in a very short time, the
+chords were properly adjusted. He then proceeded with the work, and in
+three days had nearly completed the first span, when his brother paid a
+visit of inspection to the bridge. Not finding the regular superintendent
+in charge, he naturally inquired the cause, and when the circumstances
+were explained, examined the work very minutely. Without any comments
+upon what had been done, Mr. Stone left the place, leaving his younger
+brother in charge, a tacit expression of confidence which was most
+gratifying, and gave him a self-confidence he had not previously
+possessed. About this time Mr. Stone was advanced to the general
+superintendence of construction, which position he retained between two
+and three years, when his brother admitted him as his partner in the
+construction of the bridges on the Atlantic & St. Lawrence railroad. A
+year was successfully spent in the prosecution of this work, when a
+partnership was formed with Mr. A. Boody for constructing the bridges on
+the Rutland & Burlington railroad in Vermont, which, although accompanied
+with grave difficulties, resulted in success.
+
+In 1850, Mr. Stone extended the field of his operations by forming a new
+partnership with Mr. Maxwell, and purchasing the Howe Patent for building
+bridges in the three northern New England States. For two years this field
+was profitably and creditably filled, when, dazzled by the ample resources
+of the West, New England was abandoned for Illinois. Here another
+partnership was formed, with his brother-in-law, Mr. Boomer, and under the
+stimulating effect of an undeveloped country, the new firm of Stone &
+Boomer soon took a high and honorable rank throughout the entire Western
+States. The total amount of bridging built by this firm from 1852 to 1858
+was not less than thirty thousand feet. They constructed the first bridge
+across the Mississippi river, the longest span of a wooden truss that had
+up to that time ever been built. This was done under the most trying
+circumstances, the thermometer at times marking 30 degrees below zero. The
+longest draw-bridge of its period was also erected by this firm across the
+Illinois river, it having a length of two hundred and ninety-two feet, the
+whole structure revolving on its centre, and capable of being opened by
+one man in one and one-half minutes. During this time they built the roof
+of the Union Passenger House, in Chicago, which was of longer span than
+had hitherto been built. The organization for the carrying on of their
+work was so complete, that it was a common remark among the engineers of
+western railroads, "If we want any bridges put up on short notice, we can
+get them of Stone & Boomer; they have them laid up on shelves, ready for
+erection!" In connection with their bridge business the firm carried on
+the manufacture of railroad cars.
+
+In the Spring of 1858, Mr. Stone gave up his home and business in Chicago
+for his present residence in Cleveland and his present business as an iron
+manufacturer. After carefully investigating the advantages which Cleveland
+afforded for such a purpose, and realizing the present and prospective
+demands for an increased development for the manufacture of iron, Mr.
+Stone availed himself of the opportunity of identifying his interests with
+that of the firm of Chisholm & Jones, who at that time had just put in
+operation a small mill in Newburg. Here at once opened a new and
+delightful opportunity for Mr. Stone to develope his natural love for the
+mechanical arts. To manufacture iron required knowledge--was a science,
+and to be master of his business was both his duty and his pride, and
+claimed all his unflagging energy, his undaunted courage and
+determination. Thus the small mill at Newburg grew from the capacity of
+turning out thirty tons of re-rolled rails to its present capacity of
+sixty tons, beside the addition of a puddling mill, a merchant bar mill, a
+wire rod mill, two blast furnaces, spike, nut and bolt works. In the
+meantime the small beginning had grown into such large proportions, and so
+many railroad corporations had centered here, that it was thought best to
+form the same into a stock company, embracing another rolling mill on the
+lake shore, within the city limits. This was done, Mr. Stone filling the
+office of President of the Cleveland Rolling Mill Company. In 1868, the
+Company put into successful operation extensive steel works which they
+had been engaged in erecting with great care and expense for nearly two
+years. During that time Mr. Stone had made two visits to Europe for more
+thorough investigation into the process of making Bessemer steel, and the
+success of this undertaking so far has been admitted by all who have
+visited the works to be without parallel in the American manufacture of
+steel. In addition to this heavy and extended business, Mr. Stone is
+president of another rolling mill company in Chicago, in which he is
+largely interested, also of a large coal mining company in Indiana, and
+vice President of a large iron manufacturing company at Harmony, Indiana,
+also president of the American Sheet and Boiler Plate Company.
+
+Mr. Stone is eminently known, and justly so, as a mechanic, and is widely
+known as a man who crowns his thoughts with his acts. Still in the prime
+of manhood, he stands connected with manufacturing interests, furnishing
+employment to thousands of men, all of which has been the outgrowth of
+scarcely more than ten years. This eminent success has not been the result
+of speculation, or of luck, but the legitimate end of his own hands and
+brain. Neither can it be said he has had no reverses. At one time the
+failure of railroad companies left him, not only penniless, but fifty
+thousand dollars in debt. With an indomitable will he determined to
+liquidate that debt, and how well he succeeded need not be told. Mr. Stone
+at present stands at the head of iron manufacturing companies, second to
+none in the country, possessing almost unlimited credit. This
+extraordinary success has by no means affected Mr. Stone's modest nature
+for which he is so noted. Gentlemanly and affable in his intercourse with
+all ranks and conditions of men, he has won universal respect, and an
+enviable position in the business interests of our country.
+
+Mr. Stone was married in 1846 to Miss M. Amelia Boomer, daughter of Rev.
+J. B. Boomer, of Worcester, Massachusetts.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: Yours truly, Henry Chisholm]
+
+
+Henry Chisholm
+
+
+
+Henry Chisholm is of Scotch origin, having been born in Lochgelly in
+Fifeshire, April 27, 1822. There, as in New England, children, if they are
+heirs to nothing else, inherit the privilege of some early education. When
+he was at the age of ten his father died. At the age of twelve, Henry's
+education was finished and he was apprenticed to a carpenter, serving in
+an adjoining city five years, at the expiration of which time he went to
+Glasgow, as a journeyman. Whilst in Glasgow, he married Miss Jane Allen,
+of Dunfermline.
+
+In 1842, he resolved to quit his native land and seek his fortune in the
+West. Landing in Montreal, in April, he found employment as a journeyman
+carpenter, working at his trade for two years. He then undertook contracts
+on his own account, relying wholly on his own resources for their
+execution, and all his undertakings proved successful. In 1850, he entered
+into partnership with a friend to build the breakwater for the Cleveland
+and Pittsburgh Railroad, at Cleveland, the work occupying three years.
+This, and other similar contracts, such as building piers and depots at
+Cleveland, employed his time and energies until his commencement of the
+iron business at Newburg, as one of the firm of Chisholm, Jones & Co. This
+company, and its business, have developed into the Cleveland Rolling Mill
+Company of Cleveland, with two rail mills, making a hundred tons of rails
+and twenty-five tons of merchant iron per day; two blast furnaces, turning
+out forty tons of pig iron daily, and a Bessemer steel works,
+manufacturing thirty tons of steel per day. Besides these, have been
+established the Union Rolling Mills of Chicago, making seventy tons of
+rails per day; of this extensive establishment Mr. Chisholm's son,
+William, is manager. There are also two blast furnaces and a rolling mill
+in Indiana, making forty tons of iron per day. Fifteen hundred acres of
+coal land are owned in connection with these works. Of all these
+enterprises Mr. Chisholm has been one of the leading managers, and remains
+largely interested, his perseverence and energy aiding materially to crown
+the undertakings, up to the present time, with the greatest success.
+
+In the midst of a business so large, the social and religions duties of
+Mr. Chisholm have not been neglected. He is a zealous and liberal member
+of the Second Baptist church. For more than twenty-three years himself and
+wife have been professors of religion, and their five surviving children,
+the oldest of whom is now twenty-six years old, have become members of the
+same church.
+
+The history of the Scotch boy and his success in America should be read by
+the youth of England and Scotland, as an example for them to follow. In
+these and other European countries such a career would be almost, if not
+quite, impossible. Mr. Chisholm has not been made proud by success, but
+retains the affability and simplicity of his early days. He has still a
+hearty physical constitution, with the prospect of a long life in which to
+enjoy, in the retired and quiet manner most agreeable to his tastes, the
+good fortune of this world, and the respect of his employees, and
+neighbors and friends, which he values more highly than money.
+
+
+
+
+R. P. Myers.
+
+
+
+R. P. Myers was born in Schodack, Rensselaer county, New York, January 1,
+1820. When between two and three years of age, his parents moved to Sand
+Lake, in the same county. His father died May 14, 1823, leaving but very
+limited means for the support of the widowed mother and three young
+children; and it is to the prayers, counsels and Christian influence of
+his mother Mr. Myers is largely indebted for the direction of his life. At
+the age of fifteen he left school and became clerk in a village store, but
+after one year, being dissatisfied with the business prospects of the
+village, he obtained a situation in a dry goods store in Albany.
+
+In 1842, he commenced business in Albany in the same line, with but two
+hundred and twenty-five dollars and a good character, for his capital,
+under the firm name of Allen & Myers, continuing thus about two years. At
+the end of that time, believing the West offered greater inducements to
+young men of small means, he removed to Ohio. His partner had previously
+made a tour of observation through the West and become favorably impressed
+with the business prospects of Akron, Ohio, which was at that time
+attracting considerable attention. Mr. Myers, in company with his wife,
+passed through Cleveland May 3d, 1844, (being the first anniversary of
+their wedding,) on their way to Akron. There he conducted his old business
+under the same name as at Albany, for about one year, and then formed a
+company for the manufacture of stoves, under the style of Myers, Cobb &
+Co., his former partner being the "Co." To this business he gave his
+personal attention. The dry goods business was discontinued about a year
+after engaging in the manufacture of stoves. In addition to this Mr. Myers
+became interested in the manufacture of woolen and cotton machinery,
+machine cards, &c., the name of the firm being Allen, Hale & Co. This was
+developed into a flourishing business.
+
+[Illustration: Respectfully yours, R. P. Myers]
+
+In 1849, he was instrumental in the formation of the Akron Stove Company,
+into which the firm of Myers, Cobb & Co. merged. At the first meeting of
+the stockholders Mr. Myers was chosen general agent, in which position he
+remained with signal profit to the stockholders, until February 1st, 1859.
+This, though a small company, was one of the most successful stock
+companies ever formed in this part of the country. Business continued to
+expand, causing the company to enlarge its facilities for manufacturing
+from time to time, and their products were sold through Ohio, Michigan,
+Indiana, and other Western States. The fact that the stock at the time he
+retired from the company sold for from four hundred to five hundred per
+cent, above par value, after declaring liberal dividends from time to
+time, speaks more plainly of its unparalleled success than anything we can
+say, and is the best compliment that could be paid to the energy,
+enterprise and business capacity of its retiring manager.
+
+After a time, the stove business required his whole attention, and the
+machine branch was sold out to one of the other partners; he then bent all
+his energies to the invention and perfection of the stoves, and the
+vigorous prosecution of the business of the company. After conducting the
+business of the company ten years, he felt the want of a larger field for
+enterprise, cast around for the most eligible situation, and finally
+concluded that Cleveland was destined to be a great stove centre.
+Resigning the management of the company February 1st, 1859, but retaining
+most of his interest, he came to Cleveland and started an individual
+manufactory, at the same time connecting with the stove business the
+wholesaling of tin plate, sheet iron, &c., which was conducted with such
+energy that a large trade was attracted to Cleveland that had previously
+been given to other markets.
+
+The rapid development of business, the demand upon his time in the
+manufacturing department, and the need of extended facilities induced Mr.
+Myers to associate with him Messrs. B. F. Rouse and James M. Osborn, who
+now form the firm of Myers, Rouse & Co. Since the present firm has existed
+they have built a new foundry, of large capacity, with all the modern
+improvements, on West River street, which is now taxed to its full
+capacity to meet the wants of their trade.
+
+The increase of the stove manufacturing of the city is estimated to have
+been full four hundred per cent. in ten years, and has fully justified
+Mr. Myers' estimate of the natural advantages of Cleveland as a
+manufacturing point.
+
+This firm has patented a variety of new stoves that have become very
+popular, and hence remunerative, among which are the Eclipse, in 1850,
+soon followed by the Golden Rule and Benefactor, the last named having
+obtained a most remarkable sale, and the name itself become a household
+word throughout the country, and, in 1868, the celebrated Princess stove.
+
+Of course, close attention to the wants of the country in this
+direction for about one quarter of a century, has given Mr. Myers a
+very valuable experience, which he is continually turning to account to
+the benefit of the public and his own enrichment. The shipments of this
+firm are to nearly all the markets in the northwest, reaching Council
+Bluffs and Omaha.
+
+Mr. Myers is now numbered among the most successful business men of the
+city, and his success has been achieved in a department that has added
+very materially to the progress of the city. The large number of men
+employed, and the still larger number put into requisition in the
+production of the material required for the uses of the manufactory, and
+to supply the needs of the men, have added to the population and wealth of
+Cleveland.
+
+Although so much engrossed in business since coming to Cleveland, Mr.
+Myers has found time to be active in many benevolent movements. For thirty
+years he has been a useful member of the Baptist church. His Christian
+labors have been generously given to the Sunday schools and mission work,
+and he is at this time superintendent of the First Baptist church Sunday
+school of this city.
+
+Mr. Myers is now forty-nine years old, with a vigorous physical
+constitution and strong mind, that give promise of very many years of
+usefulness still to come.
+
+
+
+
+M. C. Younglove
+
+
+
+From 1837 to 1842, when specie payments were resumed, Cleveland saw her
+greatest financial embarrassments; but from the latter year, a new and
+more promising era dawned upon her. The land speculator gave place to the
+business man, and for many years immediately following, her progress,
+though slow, was sure and steady. During these years of depression many
+young and enterprising men settled here, who were, of course, untrammeled
+by old speculating debts, and their business habits were untainted by the
+loose recklessness of the land speculator. Many of these young men are now
+to be found among our most substantial, successful and enterprising
+citizens, and the gentleman whose name stands at the head of this article
+is one of that number.
+
+Mr. Younglove was born in Cambridge, Washington county, New York. His
+immediate ancestors on both sides having been officers in the
+Revolutionary army, gives him a good title to native citizenship. His
+father died before his birth, leaving him sufficient property for all
+educational purposes, but none to commence business with. He first essayed
+a professional life, and with that view began the study of law, but soon
+discovered that a sedentary occupation was uncongenial to him, and
+abandoned the profession.
+
+His first business connection, which was formed before his majority, was
+with an uncle in his native county. But finding the country village of his
+nativity too slow for a sanguine and active temperament, he determined to
+try his fortune in the then comparatively unknown West, and in August,
+1836, came to Cleveland. After a clerkship of eight months in a dry goods
+store, he bought an interest in a book store, and in a few months
+thereafter bought out his partner and added job and news printing, and
+book publishing, to his other business. At this time he introduced the
+first power press into Cleveland--and it is believed the second that was
+run west of the Alleghenies--on which he printed for a long time the daily
+papers of the city.
+
+In 1848, in connection with Mr. John Hoyt, he built the Cleveland Paper
+Mill; the first having steam power west of the mountains, and the first of
+any importance in the United States. This innovation on the old mode of
+obtaining power for such machinery, called out many prophecies of failure.
+But these gentlemen not only made their business a success, but
+demonstrated to Cleveland, that she had, in her proximity to the coal
+fields, and in the steam engine, facilities for manufacturing unsurpassed
+by the best water power in the country--a hint which she has not been slow
+to improve upon.
+
+Messrs. Younglove & Hoyt finally united their business with that of the
+Lake Erie Paper Company, under the name of the Cleveland Paper Company, of
+which latter company Mr. Younglove was elected president, and continued in
+the chief management of its business until the Spring of 1867, when he
+sold his entire interest, leaving the company with a capital of three
+hundred thousand dollars, and one of the most prosperous paper
+manufacturing companies in the country.
+
+Mr. Younglove was one of the first of our citizens to perceive the
+importance and necessity of a gas company for Cleveland. Learning that a
+charter had been obtained by some of our wealthy men, and was laying
+dormant in their hands, he, with some associates, bought it up and
+proceeded to the erection of the works--himself being one of the
+directors. Few, however, know the struggles and discouragements which
+these directors encountered in their efforts to furnish the citizens of
+Cleveland with one of the greatest conveniences and luxuries of
+civilized life. The stock could not be sold here. Aside from that taken
+by Mr. Younglove, only five hundred dollars were subscribed by the
+citizens, and distributed as follows: James Kellogg, four hundred
+dollars, and J. W. Allen, one hundred dollars; and this was subsequently
+all taken off the hands of the subscribers by Mr. Younglove before it
+was paid up. But the directors, well persuaded of the value and
+importance of the work they had in hand, were in no way discouraged, but
+pushed on the work till all present funds were exhausted and not a
+dollar was left in the treasury to meet the demands of the next
+Saturday's pay roll. At this juncture, the Board had a consultation,
+which may be fitly termed an "anxious meeting." The question arose,
+"What is to be done?" and in answer, each member determined to take such
+an amount of stock as he could either pay for or sell. Mr. Younglove
+took five thousand dollars, and determined to make another attempt to
+sell to the wealthy men of the city, but after four days of industrious
+effort he had not one dollar of subscription to reward his labor. Mr.
+P. M. Weddell was the only one who gave any encouragement--"He might take
+a few hundred dollars at seventy-five per cent."
+
+After this failure, Mr. Younglove mortgaged his lot on Euclid avenue,
+where he now lives, and paid up his subscription, thus fulfilling his
+promise to his associates, and placing himself on record as the _only_
+citizen who would help to supply the city with gas.
+
+In 1850, Mr. Younglove, associated with Mr. Dudley Baldwin, bought of
+Howell & Dewitt their machinery for manufacturing agricultural implements.
+This establishment was immediately enlarged to do an extensive business.
+Mr. Baldwin subsequently sold his interest to his partner, who still
+retains his interest in the business, it being at present one of the
+largest and most reputable manufactories in the city.
+
+The writer of this has authority for saying, that Mr. Younglove looks upon
+his connection with the Society for Savings in this city, from its
+organization, as one of the most honorable and reputable of his business
+life. It is an association purely benevolent in its objects and action,
+managed by men who have no hope or desire of pecuniary benefit, with
+matured judgment and an abnegation of self that may well secure for it the
+utmost confidence--as it most happily has--of the laboring poor and the
+helpless, for whose benefit it is maintained.
+
+Mr. Younglove is one of the most enterprising and intelligent business
+men. Having a natural talent for mechanics, he has done much to inaugurate
+and encourage the manufactures of our city.
+
+
+
+
+
+John D. Rockefeller.
+
+
+
+Although yet quite a young man, John D. Rockefeller occupies in our
+business circles a position second to but few. He began life with few
+advantages, save that of honesty of purpose and unflinching morality, and
+a determination to succeed, if unremitting effort would secure that end.
+He, in connection with M. B. Clark, commenced the produce and commission
+business on the dock, with a small capital saved from earnings. For a time
+their profits were exceedingly small, but the firm soon gained the
+confidence of our citizens and bankers, and at the end of the first year
+they had done business to the amount of $450,000. Each successive year
+added to their business, and in the fourth, it amounted to something like
+$1,200,000, the average being, perhaps, about $700,000.
+
+In the Spring of 1863, Mr. Rockefeller engaged in the oil refining
+business, commencing with a capacity of forty-five barrels of crude oil
+per day, and gradually increased it until 1865, when the capacity of his
+works was a hundred and fifty barrels per day. At this time he sold his
+interest in the commission business, and devoted his whole attention to
+the oil refining. Every year witnessed an enlargement of his works, and
+for the last three years it is believed that his has been the largest of
+its kind in the world, the present capacity being twenty-five hundred
+barrels of crude oil per day. The growth of the business, dating back to
+1865, was such that it became necessary to establish a house in New York
+for the disposition of their oil, where they now have warehouses of their
+own, and sell and take care of their property.
+
+The effect of such works as those of Mr. Rockefeller in the city may be
+imagined when we say that there are about one hundred men regularly
+employed in them, besides a force of some fifteen or twenty teams and
+teamsters. To these must be added from seven hundred to eight hundred
+men around the city employed in making barrels for the oil, and from
+$20,000 to $25,000 per year expended among plumbers and various other
+mechanics for repairs. The enlargements of their works this year will
+cost near $40,000.
+
+Mr. Rockefeller never retrogrades; he has always advanced from the
+commencement. Close application to one kind of business, an avoidance of
+all positions of an honorary character that cost time, and strict business
+habits, have resulted in the success, the fruits of which he now enjoys.
+He has worked himself, and kept everything pertaining to his business in
+so methodical a manner that he knows every night how he stands with the
+world. He was drilled to strict economy as an accountant during hard
+times, before his own business history, and he has rigidly adhered to the
+principles then learnt.
+
+He has frequently been so situated as to choose between his own judgment
+and that of older heads, and where he has followed his own opinions in
+opposition to others of more experience he has seen no reason to regret
+his choice. The result of his course has been, that, though still young,
+he stands at the head of one of the most extensive business establishments
+in the city, and is possessed of wealth sufficient to secure a comfortable
+maintainance, and a provision against the ordinary mishaps of business.
+
+Mr. Rockefeller is a valued member of the Second Baptist church
+having long been a sincere believer in the faith and practice of the
+Baptist church.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: Fraternally Yours, Peter Thatcher]
+
+
+Peter Thatcher.
+
+
+
+Peter Thatcher derives his descent in a direct line from the Reverend
+Thomas Thatcher, the first minister of the Old South Church, in Boston,
+who at the age of twelve years left England with his uncle Anthony, and
+arrived in New England in 1635.
+
+Peter Thatcher was born in Attleboro, Massachusetts, July 20, 1812. At the
+age of nineteen, not liking his father's business of farming, he announced
+his intention of seeking other means of livelihood, and, sorely against
+his father's wish, he set out in search of fortune. Two days after leaving
+his father's roof, he found employment with a house-carpenter, in Taunton,
+Massachusetts, to whom he engaged himself to work one year for forty
+dollars and board. After two years service in this employ he, in November,
+1834, commenced work on the Boston and Providence Railroad, laying track,
+in the employ of Messrs. Otis & Co. His industry and ability attracted the
+attention of his employers, and he was retained and promoted by them,
+remaining in the employ of the firm and their successors, railroad
+building, until 1850, with the exception of three years spent on Fort
+Warren and Fort Independence, in Boston Harbor, where he superintended the
+work of construction under the supervision of Colonel Sylvanus Thayer.
+During his career as a railroad builder he was engaged on the principal
+railroads on the sea-coast from Maine to Georgia.
+
+In 1850, the firm of Thatcher, Stone & Co. was formed, for the purpose of
+building bridges, both in the eastern and western States, an office being
+opened in Springfield for the former, and another in Cleveland for the
+latter. In 1851, this firm was dissolved and that of Thatcher, Burt & Co.
+formed. The patent for building the Howe Truss Bridge in the States of
+Ohio, Indiana, Kentucky and Michigan was purchased, and nearly all the
+original railroad bridges in Ohio, with the depots and engine houses,
+together with many in other States, were built by this firm.
+
+After having for thirteen years carried on the bridge building business,
+and added to it a trade in lumber, the firm built the Union Elevator, in
+Cleveland, and the new firm of Thatcher, Gardner, Burt & Co., commission
+merchants and produce dealers, was formed. This firm was dissolved in
+1865, by the withdrawal of Mr. Thatcher.
+
+About this time a company was formed for the purchase of a patent obtained
+for the manufacture of a durable paint and fire-proof mastic from prepared
+iron ore. Mr. Thatcher was chosen president of the company which at once
+entered on a vigorous prosecution of its business and has succeeded beyond
+the anticipation of its projectors. The paint is made of Lake Superior
+iron ore, ground fine and mixed with linseed oil, with which it forms a
+perfect union. It is then used in a thin state as a paint for surfaces,
+whether of wood stone or metal, exposed to the weather, and in a thicker
+state for a fire-proof mastic. The ore is crushed with machinery of great
+strength, and about three tons of the paint are produced daily, besides
+the mastic, and find ready market.
+
+In connection with the above Mr. Thatcher has recently purchased a patent,
+obtained by Mr. Ward, for the manufacture of "Metallic Shingle Roofing,"
+which is now being perfected and introduced to the public, and which, its
+inventor claims, will supercede all methods of roofing now in use for
+cheapness, durability, weight and effectiveness.
+
+Mr. Thatcher has long been identified with the Masonic order, and has
+filled high positions in that body. He is Past M. of Iris Lodge of
+Cleveland, Past H. P. of Webb Chapter, has been Treasurer of Iris Lodge for
+ten years, Past D. G. H. P. of the Grand Chapter of Ohio, and is now Grand
+Treasurer of the Grand Commandery of Knights Templar of Ohio, which
+position he has held six years.
+
+Mr. Thatcher is a genial, whole-souled man, having a host of warm friends,
+and has enjoyed the respect and confidence of all with whom he has been
+connected.
+
+
+
+
+W. C. Scofield,
+
+
+
+W. C. Scofield was born near Wakefield, England, October 25, 1821, and
+spent the earlier years of his life in Leeds, where he was employed on
+machine work until his twenty-first year, when he determined to emigrate
+to the Western continent to seek his fortune. On reaching America he found
+his way westward until he arrived at Chagrin river in Cuyahoga county,
+where he found employment with a Mr. Waite, at eight dollars a month,
+working one year at this rate. The next two years were spent in the brick
+yard of A. W. Duty. Following this, he was for two years turnkey under
+sheriff Beebe, and then established himself in a brick yard of his own on
+the west side of the river. One Summer's work in this experiment gave him
+a start in business life, and laid the foundation, small though it was, of
+his after prosperity.
+
+[Illustration: Yours Respectfully, W. C. Scofield]
+
+After his experiment in the brick making business, he undertook the
+charge of the lard oil and saleratus works owned by Mr. C. A. Dean.
+After three years, Messrs. Stanley, Wick & Camp bought the
+establishment; and shortly after this change, Mr. Scofield purchased
+the interest of Mr. Wick, and after a few months Mr. Camp sold his
+interest to the remaining partners, who carried on the business until
+1857. At that time Mr. Scofield purchased the interest of his partners
+and became sole owner of the whole concern and carried on business in
+this way for the next five years.
+
+In 1861, he added to his lard oil and saleratus business that of refining
+oil, associating himself in this enterprise with Messrs. Halle and
+Fawcett. Their refinery was built on the site of the City Forge works, and
+the capacity of the works was limited to two eight barrel stills.
+Subsequently this land was sold for other purposes and the refinery was
+closed, after a very successful career. Previous to that event the firm
+built an oil refinery on Oil Creek, with a capacity of about forty
+barrels. This is still in operation under the firm name of Lowry, Fawcett
+& Co., turning out about sixty barrels of refined oil daily, and proving
+from its start a continual success. In 1865, Mr. Scofield became
+interested in the oil refining firm of Critchley, Fawcett & Co., in which
+he still retains his interest, and which is in successful operation, with
+a yield of about one hundred barrels per day. About the same time he
+became a partner in an oil commission business in New York, established
+under the name of Hewitt & Scofield, which has also proved a success. He
+is also interested in the Cleveland Chemical Works, being vice president
+of the company, which is doing a heavy business. The extent and importance
+of the works may be inferred from the fact, that the buildings
+necessitated an outlay of a hundred and sixty thousand dollars.
+
+In 1863, the firm of Alexander, Scofield & Co., was formed, and commenced
+operation on the site of the present works, at the junction of the
+Atlantic & Great Western Railway with Liberty street. The works were
+commenced with a capacity of fifty barrels daily, and gradually enlarged,
+until the capacity now reaches six hundred barrels daily.
+
+During the whole of Mr. Scofield's business career, with the extensive
+operations of the firms in which he is interested, there has been but one
+case of litigation. This is noteworthy, and speaks well for the integrity
+and strict business habits of Mr. Scofield. He is not given to jumping
+hastily at conclusions or embarking wildly in business schemes. Before
+entering on an undertaking, he carefully, though rapidly, studies the
+natural effect of the step and having satisfied himself of its probable
+success, he prosecutes it with unflagging energy. The course of events
+within the past few years offered unusual opportunities for a clear headed
+and active business man to advance himself, and Mr. Scofield had the
+forethought and energy to take advantage of those opportunities. From
+first to last he had to depend on his own energies, having been left an
+orphan at sixteen years of age, and from the time of his reaching his
+majority, being compelled to push his way unaided, a stranger in a strange
+land. The efforts of just such men have made Cleveland what it is to-day.
+
+
+
+
+Levi Haldeman.
+
+
+
+Levi Haldeman is a representative of another class of our citizens than
+refiners, who have taken advantage of the petroleum enterprise, and are
+spending their money in building up the prosperity of the city, turning
+its energies into channels that cannot fail to give an impetus to all
+branches of trade, and aid in establishing our financial institutions on a
+basis of unrivalled strength, and who, at the same time, reap their reward
+by putting money into their own pockets.
+
+[Illustration: Respectfully + Truly, L. Haldeman]
+
+The subject of this sketch was born in Chester county, Pennsylvania, Dec.
+14, 1809, received a good common school education, and removed with his
+father to Columbiana county, Ohio, in 1819. Until he was about twenty-five
+years of age he spent his time with his father on his farm, and in
+teaching school. He then commenced reading medicine with Drs. Robertson
+and Cary of that place; after which he attended lectures at Cincinnati,
+and was a private student of Drs. Gross and Parker--the former being now
+Professer in Jefferson College, Philadelphia, and the latter Professor in
+the College of Physicians and Surgeons in New York. Mr. Haldeman commenced
+practice alone in 1839, at Minerva, Ohio, although he had practiced from
+1837 with his old preceptor. He soon obtained an excellent practice in
+medicine, and was noted for his skill in surgery, performing nearly all
+the operations in that part of the country, among them tractreotomy, or
+opening the windpipe and extracting foreign matter from it, and difficult
+cases of lithotomy.
+
+In 1860, Mr. Haldeman, in connection with Messrs. Hussey and McBride, of
+Cleveland, bought the McElhenny Farm, in the Pennsylvania oil regions,
+which proved to be very valuable. For the whole farm of two hundred acres
+the sum of twenty thousand dollars was paid, subject to some leases, which
+were renewed to the lessees. Mr. Funk leased a hundred and thirty acres of
+the farm, subdivided it in into acre lots, and sub-lot them to a number of
+oil companies, representing an aggregate capital of millions of dollars.
+Messrs. Bennet and Hatch, the sub-lessees of one sub-lot, struck the
+largest producing well yet found in the oil region the Empire, a three
+thousand barrel well, which is estimated to have produced no less than six
+hundred thousand barrels of oil and the whole farm is estimated to have
+produced two millions of barrels. At the present time the sub-leases have
+nearly all been forfeited, through breach of covenant, and the farm has
+reverted to the owners, Messrs. Hussey and Haldeman. It is not now worked,
+the wells having been flooded by the unexpected influx of water, against
+which there had been no provision made by the owners of the wells. It is
+expected to remedy this misfortune by plugging the wells below the water
+veins, and pumping, with the hope of thus restoring the value of the farm.
+
+The next enterprise was the purchase of the A. Buchanan farm, of three
+hundred acres, in connection with others, subject, also, to a lease, but
+giving the owners of the farm a royalty of one sixth of the oil produced,
+free of cost, and retaining the use of the land for other purposes. On
+this farm the town of Rouseville has been built since the purchase. This
+has proved a very lucrative investment. The first well struck on it in
+1860 is still producing. In company with others, Mr. Haldeman also bought
+the royalty of the John McClintock farm for ten thousand dollars in gold,
+the Irishman owning it thinking nothing but gold worth having. Mr.
+Haldeman sold his thirty-second part of the same for a hundred thousand
+dollars; another partner sold his for forty-thousand dollars, the
+purchaser subsequently re-selling it for one hundred thousand dollars.
+Besides this, Mr. Haldeman became half owner of two hundred acres not yet
+developed, and he and his sons own about four hundred acres, supposed to
+be excellent oil land. He has also invested about forty thousand dollars
+in iron tanking, in the oil region, and has now tankage for four hundred
+thousand barrels, in connection with others.
+
+Mr. Haldeman was married in 1840 to Miss Mary Ann Gaves, of Columbiana
+county. The oldest and second sons, L. P. and W. P. Haldeman, are engaged
+in business with their father, and by their energy, foresight, and close
+attention to business, have aided materially in the later successes of the
+firm. Mr. Haldeman has, as is evident from the record here given, won for
+himself considerable wealth, but it has been secured only by the exercise
+of sound judgment and intelligent enterprise, which deserves, though it
+does not always achieve, success.
+
+
+
+
+G. Westlake.
+
+
+
+The firm of Westlake, Hutchins & Co., composed of G. Westlake, H. A.
+Hutchins, C. H. Andrews and W. C. Andrews, stands high among the oil
+refining establishments of Cleveland, not only for the extent of their
+operations but for their fair dealing in business matters. The firm
+commenced the erection of their works in October, 1866, and in June of the
+succeeding year began operations with a capacity of two hundred barrels of
+crude oil per day. The business improved, and the works had to be enlarged
+to keep pace with it, until the present capacity of the works is seven
+hundred and fifty barrels per day. In the enlargements, the latest
+improvements in the appliances for the refining of oil have been put in.
+One still now employed has a capacity of eleven hundred barrels, which is
+charged twice a week, and was the first of the kind in the State. Besides
+this are ten stills of thirty barrels each, one of two hundred and fifty
+barrels, and one, recently completed, forty feet in diameter, of the same
+pattern as the monster still just mentioned, and which is calculated for
+two thousand barrels. The total capacity of the works, including this
+still, is fourteen hundred and sixteen barrels of crude per day, which
+will yield, if running to full capacity, two hundred and eighty-eight
+thousand barrels of refined oil in a year, or between three and four
+millions of dollars in value at the stills. Connected with the works are a
+twenty thousand barrel tank, a fifteen thousand barrel tank, two of ten
+thousand barrels each, one of six thousand barrels, and several from two
+thousand barrels down. When all its improvements in progress are completed
+it will be one of the largest refineries in Cleveland and in the United
+States, and with enterprise corresponding to the size and importance of
+its works. A large number of men are employed, either at the works or in
+direct connection with it by providing cooperage and other necessaries for
+the business.
+
+Mr. Westlake, the senior member of the firm, was born in Chemung county,
+New York, January 11, 1822, received a good education and when a young man
+was employed as a clerk in a lumber business for a couple of years. In
+1847, he went into the lumber trade on his own account, remaining in that
+business until 1866, when he removed to Cleveland, and finding that the
+oil refining business held out reasonable prospects of profit, he embarked
+in it, and by his energy of character and enterprise has achieved
+flattering success, although the time in which he has been engaged in the
+business is short. He is still in the prime of life.
+
+Mr. Westlake was married in 1848 to Miss Hatch, of Elmira, Chemung county,
+and has three children.
+
+
+
+
+Stephen Buhrer.
+
+
+
+Stephen Buhrer, the subject of this sketch, is of immediate German
+descent. His father, a native of Baden, and his mother of Wirtemburg,
+emigrated to this country in the year 1817. Their acquaintance was first
+formed on board of the emigrant ship on their passage hither, and they
+were married soon after their arrival in this country. After remaining in
+the State of Pennsylvania about two years, they came to make their home
+in Tuscarawas county, Ohio, where, on the 26th day of December, 1825,
+their son, Stephen Buhrer, was born. That region at that time (fifty
+years ago) was remarkably wild and rough, and inhospitable, but since, by
+the thrifty German population, by whom it was mainly inhabited, it has
+become scarcely inferior to any other part of the State in agricultural
+wealth. But the father of Stephen Buhrer was not destined to live to see
+this prosperity. He died in the year 1829, leaving his widow and two
+young children, Stephen and Catharine, dependent on themselves to make
+their way in the world.
+
+From the severe discipline to which Mr. Buhrer was subjected in early
+life, and from the difficulties which he had to overcome, he acquired that
+energy and force of character which have given him success and by which he
+has attained to a high rank as a self-made man.
+
+Mr. Buhrer does not remember that he was privileged to attend any school
+after he was ten years of age. All the education which he subsequently
+acquired he obtained on Sundays and in evenings, after his day's labor was
+over. He has been a citizen of Cleveland since the year 1844. His first
+business in this city was at his trade, as cooper, and afterwards he
+became extensively engaged, and with success, in the business of purifying
+and refining spirits.
+
+In the Spring of the year 1853, he was elected a member of the City
+Council, and was twice thereafter re-elected to the same office, the last
+time almost without opposition.
+
+By the manner in which he discharged his duty as a member of the City
+Council, public attention was directed toward him as a suitable person for
+the responsible office of Mayor of the city, to which he was elected, at
+the April election, in the year 1867, by a very large majority, although
+he did not belong to the dominant political party. It is conceded by all
+that he has discharged the duties of Mayor, with a zeal and a devotion to
+the interests of the city which have had few examples. Turning aside, on
+his election, from the business in which he was engaged, he has allowed
+the affairs of the city to monopolize his attention. Placed by his office
+at the head of the Board of City Improvements, and having in charge public
+works of great magnitude, involving the expenditure of vast sums of money,
+invested with the sole control and management of the large police force of
+the city, and therefore made responsible for its fidelity and efficiency,
+and exercising a supervision over all the departments of the city
+government, to promote economy and to lessen taxation, Mayor Buhrer has
+found his office to be no sinecure. Among the distinguishing traits of his
+official conduct has been his impartiality, his exemption from favoritism
+and partizanship, when in conflict with the public interests, and
+especially his well-known hostility to "cliques" and "rings," such as
+resort to a city government as a rich placer, where they may work to
+enrich themselves at the expense of the people. The rigid discharge of
+duty which he has required of the police under his charge, and the
+avoidance, at the same time, of everything like oppression, or the
+exercise of undue severity in office, have received the public
+approbation.
+
+[Illustration: Yours Respectfully, Stephen Buhrer]
+
+One of the most prominent institutions of Cleveland will be the House of
+Correction, now in progress of construction, and which is humanely
+intended to reform and reclaim, as well as to punish, the vicious and the
+criminal. To Mr. Buhrer much credit will be awarded for the active and
+leading part he has taken in the establishment of such an institution.
+
+At the expiration of his term of office, it was his wish to be relieved
+from public care and to devote all of his time to his private pursuits,
+and which, the more he expected to do, as no one of his predecessors had
+ever been re-elected, or had entered again upon a second term. But
+yielding to the solicitations of friends, he again became a candidate, and
+at the April election, in 1869, was again elected Mayor of the city of
+Cleveland, by nearly three thousand majority. Such a demonstration by the
+people is a sufficient commentary upon his character as a citizen, and
+upon the public estimation of his official services.
+
+
+
+
+M. B. Clark.
+
+
+
+M. B. Clark was born in Malmsbury, England, September 6, 1827. From early
+boyhood until he was nearly of age he was employed in all the various
+occupations of an agricultural district. About this time the United
+States, as a promising country for the working man, was attracting
+considerable notice in his native village, and young Clark, being
+favorably impressed with reports from America, secretly resolved to
+husband his means and follow the example of those who had recently gone.
+
+In the Spring of 1847, he left home with but barely sufficient means for
+the expenses of the journey. On the 17th of June in that year he landed at
+Boston, amidst martial music and parade of military, celebrating the
+battle of Bunker's Hill. This, however, was but poor consolation to the
+English lad, who found himself penniless and friendless. He used every
+effort to find employment without success, and in the meantime was obliged
+to sleep wherever night overtook him. At last he obtained work on a farm,
+in the little town of Dover, Massachusetts, at ten dollars per month. He
+remained in this situation until October, when, with the regrets of his
+employer, he left for the West.
+
+On arriving in Ohio, he first obtained employment at chopping wood and
+teaming, in Lorain county. In the following Spring he returned to
+Cleveland and obtained a situation as helper in a hardware store. Here it
+became apparent to him that he was sadly deficient in an educational point
+of view, and that it offered an almost insuperable barrier to his
+advancement in life. To remedy this, so far as possible, he devoted all
+his leisure hours to study, and on the establishment of the evening
+schools the following winter, he availed himself of them, and the
+advantage soon became apparent.
+
+With a view to the improvement of his circumstances, in 1851, he engaged
+himself to Hussey & Sinclair, with whom he remained six years, when he
+returned to his former employers, Otis & Co., and remained with them three
+years longer.
+
+In 1859, he established himself in the commission business, associating
+with him John D. Rockefeller, the firm name being Clark & Rockefeller;
+both young men of limited means. By strict attention and honorable conduct
+they soon built up a lucrative business. In 1860, G. W. Gardner became a
+member of the firm, and continued as such for two years, when he retired.
+
+In 1863, Mr. Clark's attention was attracted to the manufacture of
+petroleum oils, a business then in its infancy. In connection with his
+partners, he erected a factory on the Newburg road, the capacity of which
+was about fifty-six barrels of crude oil per day. They soon discovered
+that there was money in the enterprise, and before the end of the year
+they had increased the capacity of their works four-fold; and the
+enterprise of this firm has aided materially in making Cleveland what it
+is to-day, the successful rival of Pittsburgh in the manufacture of
+petroleum oils. In 1865, the manufacturing branch was purchased by his
+partner, and the general commission business was continued by Mr. Clark
+until 1866, when he sold out his interest, remaining nominally out of the
+business until June of that year, when he wearied of idleness and sought
+active business once more. Purchasing the controlling interest in another
+refinery, he set to work, vigorously, enlarging the capacity of the works
+and bringing capital and energy to bear with such effect upon the business
+of the firm, that it now ranks among the leading oil refining
+establishments of the country.
+
+[Illustration: Yours Respectfully, M. B. Clark]
+
+Mr. Clark has been no niggard with the wealth that has accrued to him
+from his business. During the war he contributed liberally and was active
+in aiding the cause of the government by giving every practical measure
+his cordial and generous support. In other matters he has manifested a
+like liberal spirit. In politics he has acted with the Republicans, and
+has been active in furthering the success of that party. In 1866, he was
+elected member of the city council from the fourth ward, and was
+re-elected in 1868. In religions matters he has always connected himself
+with the Wesleyan Methodists, and has been a leading supporter of that
+congregation in Cleveland.
+
+Still in the vigor of life, Mr. Clark has the opportunity of doing much
+more for the prosperity of the city by increasing the manufacturing
+business, and this his practical nature leads him to do.
+
+It will be seen that Mr. Clark has been the architect of his own
+fortune. His sympathies are with the industrial classes, from which he
+sprang, and in return he has the confidence and good will of a large
+portion of that class.
+
+Mr. Clark was married in 1853, and has a family of five children.
+
+
+
+
+Jacob Lowman.
+
+
+
+Jacob Lowman was born in Washington county, Maryland, Sept. 22, 1810. He
+worked with his father on the farm until he was eighteen, at which time he
+became an apprentice to the smithing department of the carriage building
+trade. At the expiration of his apprenticeship, in 1832, he came to Ohio.
+He stopped in Stark county for a few months, and then came to Cleveland,
+in search of work, which he readily obtained, with Elisha Peet, on Seneca
+street, where Frankfort street now intersects it. He worked about a year
+and a half, for which he received nine dollars per month and board. Being
+of steady habits, he saved in that time about seventy-five dollars. Mr.
+Lowman then bought out his employer, and commenced at once on his own
+account, at the same place. After two years, he built a shop where the
+Theatre Comique now stands, and remained there eight years. At first he
+labored alone, after awhile he had one journeyman, soon adding still
+another, and another, till, at the end of the eight years, he employed
+about fifteen men. He then removed to Vineyard street, having built shops
+there to accommodate his increasing business. This was about the year
+1842--3. After moving to the new buildings, his business constantly grew
+with the city, and more men were employed. In 1851, Mr. Lowman commenced
+the erection of a still larger building to meet his increasing demands; he
+was then employing from thirty-five to forty men. About this time too, he
+associated with him Mr. Wm. M. Warden, who had then been in his employ for
+about ten years. Their facilities were sufficient till about the time of
+the war, when they erected a large brick building on Champlain street, now
+occupied as a smith shop, trimming shop, store room, etc., since which
+they have employed about sixty men. Mr. Lowman, for a number of years, did
+little beside a local trade, but for the last five or six years he has
+built up quite a large foreign trade, shipping West extensively--
+Wisconsin, Illinois, Iowa, Michigan, Nebraska, Indiana and Kentucky, being
+the principal markets.
+
+Mr. Lowman has been strictly temperate all his life. He has taken a lively
+interest in the Sunday schools of the city, in connection with the
+Methodist Episcopal Church, of which he has been a member nearly since he
+came to the city.
+
+He was married in 1841 to Miss Minerva E. Peet, by whom he had four
+children, three of whom are now living--the oldest son being in business
+with his father. He suffered the loss of his partner in life in 1857. He
+married again in 1863, to Mrs. Sarah D. Goodwin, of Lorain county, Ohio,
+formerly of Vermont.
+
+He attributes his success in business to the fact that he had an object in
+view, and endeavored to attain it, strict attention to business, economy,
+and studying to give satisfaction by his work.
+
+He is only fifty-eight years of age, and well preserved, and in all
+human probability will live to enjoy the fruit of his labor for many
+years to come.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: Yours Truly W. G. Wilson]
+
+
+W. G. Wilson.
+
+
+
+W. G. Wilson, now president of the Wilson Sewing Machine Company of
+Cleveland, was born in Franklin county, Pennsylvania, on the first of
+April, 1841. His education was obtained at a village school house. When he
+was in his thirteenth year his parents removed to Ohio, and the lad
+remained with them until his eighteenth year, when he left home with a
+somewhat indefinite idea of doing something for himself, although
+possessing neither money nor friends to aid him in his start in life.
+Until the year 1864, he wandered from place to place, turning his hand to
+various employments, but was dissatisfied with them all, being convinced
+that he had not yet found his right vocation or location.
+
+In 1864, he was visiting some friends at Madison county, Ohio, when his
+attention was attracted by a cheap sewing machine. Believing that money
+could be made by the sale of such machines he purchased one, mastered its
+mode of operation, and took a traveling agency. Finding this a more
+profitable business than any he had yet undertaken, he prosecuted it with
+vigor, and being of an inquiring mind, soon picked up important facts
+concerning the business, the manufacture of the machines, and the profits
+of the manufacturers and dealers. He discovered that the largest profits
+were not made by those who retailed the machines, and, therefore, he set
+to work to change his position in the business and so enlarge his profits.
+
+In Fremont, Ohio, he formed the acquaintance of a young man in the grocery
+business, who had thought at times of entering on the sewing machine
+trade. A partnership was formed. Mr. Wilson contributed his whole
+available means, sixty-five dollars, to which he added the experience he
+had gained, whilst his partner contributed to the common stock three
+hundred dollars. With this slender cash capital, but abundant confidence
+in their success, the new firm came to Cleveland, which they selected as
+the base of their operations on account of its superior shipping
+facilities, and opened a wareroom in Lyman's Block, having previously made
+arrangements with manufacturers in Massachusetts to make machines for
+them. The new firm of Mather & Wilson were successful beyond their
+expectations.
+
+About a year had been passed in this way when suits were brought against
+Mather & Wilson, in common with a number of other parties throughout the
+West, for an alleged infringement of a sewing machine patent. Under the
+pressure of these suits, which were prosecuted with a large capital to
+back up the litigating parties, Mr. Wilson endeavored to secure the
+co-operation of the more powerful of the defendants, but without success,
+each party preferring to fight the battle singly. After a hard fight in
+the courts, a compromise was effected, the suit against Mather & Wilson
+withdrawn on each party paying his own costs, and they were allowed to
+carry on the business unmolested.
+
+Shortly afterwards Mr. Wilson sold out his interest in the firm. A few
+weeks subsequently he made an agreement with H. F. Wilson, whereby the
+latter was to perfect and patent a low priced shuttle machine, and assign
+the patent to the former. In two months the machine was in the patent
+office, and in 1867 the manufacture was commenced in Cleveland. No money
+or labor was spared in perfecting the machine, which achieved an instant
+success and became exceedingly profitable.
+
+In 1868, the Wilson Sewing Machine Company was organized with a paid up
+capital of one hundred thousand dollars, the principal portion of their
+stock being owned by Mr. Wilson, who is president of the company. The
+business of the concern has grown until it now reaches five hundred
+machines per week, and branch houses have been established in Boston and
+St. Louis, with general agencies in the principal cities of the United
+States. Through the rapid development of their business the company have
+recently purchased a tract of land at the junction of Platt street and the
+Pittsburgh railroad crossing, in Cleveland, for the purpose of erecting a
+large building for the manufacture of their sewing machines, that will
+give employment to between two and three hundred men.
+
+The Wilson Sewing Machine Company is one of the latest established
+manufactories in Cleveland, but promises to take rank among the most
+important. It deserves especial mention among the record of Cleveland
+enterprises, as producing the first local sewing machine that has
+succeeded, although many attempts have been made.
+
+
+
+
+Albert C. McNairy.
+
+
+
+This department of the present work would be imperfect without a reference
+to the firm of McNairy, Claflen & Co., which ranks among the heaviest and
+most important contracting firms in the country.
+
+Albert C. McNairy, the head of the firm and a man of great enterprise and
+energy of character, was born June 14, 1815, at Middletown, Connecticut,
+and was early engaged in work of a similar character to that now
+undertaken by the firm. In 1848, he constructed the famous Holyoke Dam,
+across the Connecticut river at Holyoke, which is over a thousand feet
+between the abutments, and thirty feet in height. In 1851, he became a
+member of the bridge building firm of Thatcher, Burt & Co., of Cleveland,
+whose operations in the construction of bridges were very extensive. In
+1864, the firm name became McNairy, Claflen & Co., by the admission of
+Henry M. Claflen, who had been in the employ of the firm since 1854. In
+1866, Mr. Thatcher and Mr. Burt retired and Harvey T. Claflen, (who had
+been connected with the establishment since 1852,) and Simeon Sheldon
+were admitted.
+
+From 1851 to a recent date, the Howe Truss Bridge was nearly the only
+bridge made by the concern. They now are largely engaged in the
+construction of iron bridges and all kinds of railway cars. The concern
+has built three thousand two hundred and eighty-one bridges--about sixty
+miles in the aggregate. The streams of nearly every State east of the
+Rocky Mountains are spanned by their bridges, and it is a historical fact
+that not one bridge of their construction has fallen.
+
+Three hundred and fifty men are employed by the firm, and the aggregate of
+their business reaches two millions of dollars yearly.
+
+The firm is now constructing the New York and Oswego Midland
+Railroad, from Oneida to Oswego, a distance of sixty-five miles, and
+furnishing the cars.
+
+The general management of the affairs of the company is in the hands of
+Messrs. McNairy and Henry M. Claflen. The management of the works is
+assigned to Harvey T. Claflen, whilst the engineering department falls to
+the particular superintendence of Mr. Sheldon. The Messrs. Claflen are
+natives of Taunton, Massachusetts, and Mr. Sheldon of Lockport, New York.
+
+
+
+
+J. H. Morley.
+
+
+
+J. H. Morley is a native of Cayuga county, New York. He came to Cleveland
+in 1847, and commenced the hardware business on Superior street, under the
+firm name of Morley & Reynolds. This firm continued, successfully, for
+about twelve years, after which, for some time, Mr. Morley was engaged in
+no active business. In 1863, he commenced the manufacture of white lead,
+on a limited scale. Three years subsequently, a partnership was formed
+with T. S. Beckwith, when the capacity of the works was immediately
+enlarged. Every year since that time they have added to their facilities.
+Their factory has a frontage on Canal and Champlain streets, of over three
+hundred feet. Their machinery is driven by a hundred horse-power engine,
+and four hundred corroding pots are run. About one thousand tons of lead
+are manufactured yearly, and find a ready market in Ohio, Michigan,
+Wisconsin, Iowa and New York.
+
+
+
+
+Telegraphy.
+
+
+
+The telegraphic history of Cleveland is mainly written in the story of the
+connection with this city of the two leading telegraphers whose
+biographical sketches are given in this work. The master spirit of the
+great telegraphic combination of the United States, and the chief
+executive officer of that combination, have made Cleveland their home and
+headquarters. Their story, as told in the immediately succeeding pages, is
+therefore the telegraphic history of Cleveland.
+
+
+
+
+Jeptha H. Wade.
+
+
+
+Foremost on the roll of those who have won a distinguished position in the
+telegraphic history of the West, is the name of Jeptha H. Wade, until
+recently president of the Western Union Telegraph Company, and who still,
+although compelled by failing health to resign the supreme executive
+control, remains on the Board of direction, and is one of the leading
+spirits in the management.
+
+Mr. Wade was born in Seneca county, New York, August 11, 1811, and was
+brought up to mechanical pursuits, in which he achieved a fair amount of
+success. Having a taste for art, and finding his health impaired by the
+labors and close application consequent on his mechanical employment, he,
+in 1835, turned his attention to portrait painting, and by arduous study
+and conscientious devotion to the art, became very successful. Whilst
+engaged in this work, the use of the camera in producing portraits came
+into notice. Mr. Wade purchased a camera, and carefully studied the
+printed directions accompanying the instrument. These were vague, and
+served but as hints for a more careful investigation and more thorough
+development of the powers of the camera. By repeated experiments and
+intelligent reasoning from effects back to causes, and from causes again
+to effects, he at length became master of the subject, and succeeded in
+taking the first daguerreotype west of New York.
+
+When busy with his pencil and easel taking portraits, and varying his
+occupation by experimenting with the camera, news came to him of the
+excitement created by the success of the telegraphic experiment of
+building a line between Baltimore and Washington. This was in 1844. Mr.
+Wade turned his attention to the new science, studied it with his
+accustomed patience and assiduity, mastered its details, so far as then
+understood, and immediately saw the advantage to the country, and the
+pecuniary benefit to those immediately interested, likely to accrue from
+the extension of the telegraph system which had just been created.
+Without abandoning his devotion to art, he entered on the work of
+extending the telegraph system. The first line west of Buffalo was built
+by him, between Detroit and Jackson, Michigan, and the Jackson office was
+opened and operated by him, although he had received no practical
+instruction in the manipulation of the instruments. In the year 1848, an
+incident occurred, which, though at the time he bitterly deplored it as a
+calamity, was, in fact, a blessing in disguise, and compelled him
+perforce to embark on the tide which bore him on to fame and fortune. He
+was an operator in the line of the Erie and Michigan Telegraph Company,
+at Milan, Ohio, when a conflagration destroyed all the materials and
+implements forming his stock in trade as a portrait painter. After a
+brief consideration of the subject, he decided not to replace the lost
+implements of his art, but to cut loose altogether from the career of an
+artist, and hereafter to devote himself solely to the business he had
+entered upon with fair promise of success.
+
+[Illustration: Very Truly Yours, J. H. Wade]
+
+The first years of telegraph construction were years of much vexation of
+spirit to those engaged in such enterprises. Difficulties of all kinds,
+financial, mechanical, and otherwise, had to be encountered and overcome.
+There were those who objected to the wires crossing their land or coming
+in proximity to their premises, fearing damage from the electric current
+in storms. Those who had invested their capital wanted immediate large
+returns. Some of those who had to be employed in the construction of the
+lines were ignorant of the principles of electrical science, and their
+ignorance caused serious embarrassments and delays. Defective insulation
+was a standing cause of trouble, and telegraphers were studying and
+experimenting how to overcome the difficulties in this direction, but
+without satisfactory result. In the face of all these difficulties, Mr.
+Wade proceeded with the work of extending and operating telegraph lines.
+In addition to the interest he had secured in the Erie and Michigan line.
+he constructed the "Wade line" between Cleveland via Cincinnati, to St.
+Louis, and worked it with success. The "House consolidation" placed Mr.
+Wade's interest in the lines mentioned in the hands of the Mississippi
+Valley Printing Telegraph Company, and before long this consolidation was
+followed by the union of all the House and Morse lines in the West, and
+the organization of the Western Union Telegraph Company. In all these acts
+of consolidation the influence of Mr. Wade was active and powerful.
+Realizing the fact that competition between short detached lines rendered
+them unproductive, and that in telegraphing, as in other things, union is
+strength, he directed his energies to bringing about the consolidation,
+not only of the lines connecting with each other, but of rival interests.
+The soundness of his views has been proved by the unremunerativeness of
+the lines before consolidation and their remarkable prosperity since.
+
+Mr. Wade was one of the principal originators of the first Pacific
+telegraph, and on the formation of the company he was made its first
+president. The location of the line, and its construction through the
+immense territory--then in great part a vast solitude--between Chicago and
+San Francisco, were left mainly to his unaided judgment and energy, and
+here again those qualities converted a hazardous experiment into a
+brilliant success. Mr. Wade remained president of the Pacific Company
+until he secured its consolidation with the Western Union Telegraph
+Company, to accomplish which, he went to California, in the latter part of
+1860, and succeeded in harmonizing the jarring telegraphic interests
+there. On the completion of this consolidation, Mr. Wade was made
+president of the Western Union Telegraph Company, his headquarters being
+in Cleveland.
+
+At a meeting of the Board of Directors, in July, 1867, a letter was
+received from Mr. Wade, declining a re-election to the office of
+president. The following resolutions were unanimously adopted by
+the Board:
+
+  _Resolved_, That in receiving the letter of J. H. Wade, Esq., declining
+  re-election to the presidency of this company, we cannot pass it to the
+  officiai files without recording our testimony to the distinguished
+  service he has rendered to the general system of American Telegraphs,
+  and especially to the company whose management he now resigns.
+
+  Connecting himself with it in its earliest introduction to public use,
+  and interesting himself in its construction, he was the first to see
+  that the ultimate triumph of the telegraph, both as a grand system of
+  public utility, and of secure investment, would be by some absorbing
+  process, which would prevent the embarrassments of separate
+  organizations.
+
+  To the foresight, perseverance and tact of Mr. Wade, we believe is
+  largely due the fact of the existence of one great company to-day with
+  its thousand arms, grasping the extremities of the continent, instead of
+  a series of weak, unreliable lines, unsuited to public wants, and, as
+  property, precarious and insecure.
+
+  _Resolved_, That we tender to Mr. Wade our congratulations on the great
+  fruition of his work, signalized and cemented by this day's election of
+  a Board representing the now united leading telegraph interests of the
+  nation, accompanied with regrets that he is not with us to receive our
+  personal acknowledgements, and to join us in the election of a successor
+  to the position he has so usefully filled.
+
+  Office of the Western Union Telegraph Company, New York, July
+  10th, 1867.
+
+  William Orton, President.
+  O. H. Palmer, Secretary.
+
+As before mentioned, Mr. Wade remains a director and leading spirit in the
+Board, where his suggestions are listened to with respect and acted on
+without unnecessary delay. In addition to his connection with the
+telegraph Company, Mr. Wade is heavily interested in several of the most
+important manufactories, in the railroads, and in the leading banks of
+Cleveland. The wealth he has accumulated is mostly invested in such a
+manner as to largely aid in building up the property of Cleveland, a city
+in which he feels a strong interest, not only from the fact that it has
+been for the past twenty years his place of residence, but that the wealth
+enabling him to enjoy the beautiful home he has secured there, was made in
+Cleveland.
+
+It has already been noted that Mr. Wade, when a painter, took the first
+daguerreotype west of New York. Soon after his entering upon the business
+of telegraphy, he put into practice, for the first time, the plan of
+enclosing a submarine cable in iron armor. It was applied to the cable
+across the Mississippi, at St. Louis, in 1850. Weights had been applied
+to the previous cables, at regular distances, on account of the sand,
+change of bottom, drifts, and other difficulties that interfered with the
+safety of the cable. Mr. Wade conceived the idea of combining weight and
+protection in the cable itself. He constructed it with eighteen pieces of
+wire, placed lengthwise around the cable, and bound together with soft
+iron wire at intervals. While the spiral cordage of hemp, such as was
+used at that time on the cable from Dover to Calais, would stretch, and
+allow the strain to come on the cable itself. This invention caused the
+strain to come on the armor. It was a complete success, and lasted until
+the line was abandoned. Mr. Wade also invented, in 1852, what is now
+known as the Wade insulator, which has been used more extensively,
+perhaps, than any other.
+
+Among the strong points in Mr. Wade's character, is his readiness and
+ability to adapt himself to whatever he undertakes to do. The evidence of
+his common sense, business foresight and indomitable perseverance, has
+been proved by the success attending the various pursuits in which
+circumstances have placed him. Finding, in early manhood, his mechanical
+labor undermining his health, he turned his attention to portrait and
+miniature painting, to which he applied himself so close that after a
+dozen years or more at the easel, he was compelled to abandon it and seek
+more active and less sedentary pursuits. Having so long applied himself to
+painting--the business of all others the most calculated to disqualify a
+man for everything else--but few men would have had the courage to enter
+so different a field, but Mr. Wade seemed equal to the task, and with
+appropriate courage and renewed energy grappled with the difficulties and
+mystories of the telegraph business, then entirely new, having no books
+or rules to refer to, and without the experience of others to guide him,
+and having, as it were, to climb a ladder, every round of which had to be
+invented as he progressed. But nothing daunted him. Through perseverance
+and system he succeeded, not only in supplying the United States in the
+most rapid manner with better and cheaper telegraphic facilities than has
+been afforded any other country on the globe, but in making for himself
+the ample fortune to which his ability and energy so justly entitle him.
+And when care and over-work in the telegraph business had made such an
+impression upon his health as to induce him to retire from its management,
+and give more attention to his private affairs, he was again found equal
+to the emergency, and has proved himself equally successful as a financier
+and business man generally, as he had before shown himself in organizing
+and building up the telegraph speciality.
+
+
+
+
+Anson Stager.
+
+
+
+One of the most widely known names in connection with telegraphy in the
+West--and not in the West alone, but probably throughout the United
+States--is that of General Anson Stager. From the organization of the
+Western Union Telegraph Company, General Stager has had the executive
+management of its lines as general superintendent, and the position has
+not only brought him into close relations with all connected in any way
+with the telegraph, but has given him a larger circle of business
+acquaintances than it falls to the lot of most men to possess. The natural
+effect of his position and the extraordinary course of events during his
+occupation of that position, have brought him into communication, and
+frequently into intimate confidential relations, with the leading men in
+commerce, in science, in journalism, in military affairs, and in State and
+national governments.
+
+[Illustration: Very Respectfully Yours, Anson Stager]
+
+Anson Stager was born in Ontario county, New York, April 20, 1825. At the
+age of sixteen he entered a printing office under the instruction of Henry
+O'Reilly, well known afterwards as a leader in telegraph construction and
+management. For four or five years he continued his connection with the
+"art preservative of all arts," and the knowledge of and sympathy with
+journalism which he acquired through his connection with it during this
+period of his life, enabled him during his subsequent telegraphic career
+to deal understandingly with the press in the peculiar relations it holds
+with the telegraph, and has occasioned many acts of courtesy and good will
+which the managers of the press have not been backward in recognizing and
+acknowledging.
+
+In October, 1846, General Stager changed his location from the
+compositor's case to the telegraph operator's desk, commencing work as an
+operator in Philadelphia. With the extension of the lines westward, he
+removed to Lancaster, Pennsylvania, and then crossed the Alleghenies to
+Pittsburgh, where he was the pioneer operator. His ability and
+intelligence were speedily recognized by those having charge of the new
+enterprise, and in the Spring of 1848, he was made chief operator of the
+"National lines" at Cincinnati, a post he filled so well that, in 1852, he
+was appointed superintendent of the Mississippi Valley Printing Telegraph
+Company. Immediately following his appointment to that position the
+company with which he was connected absorbed the lines of the New York
+State Printing Telegraph Company, and General Stager's control was thus
+extended over that State.
+
+Whilst holding the position of executive manager of the lines of this
+company, the negotiations for the consolidation of the competing and
+affiliated lines into one company were set on foot. General Stager warmly
+favored such a consolidation on equitable terms and set to work vigorously
+to promote it. On its consummation, and the organization of the Western
+Union Telegraph Company his services in that respect and his general
+fitness as a telegraph manager, were recognized by his appointment as
+general superintendent of the consolidated company. The position was, even
+then, one of great responsibility and difficulty, the vast net work of
+lines extending like a spider's web over the face of the country requiring
+a clear head, and practical knowledge to keep it free from confusion and
+embarrassment, whilst the delicate and complicated relations in which the
+telegraph stood with regard to the railroads and the press increased the
+difficulties of the position. The rapid extension of the wires increased
+the responsibilities and multiplied the difficulties yearly, but the right
+man was in the right position, and everything worked smoothly.
+
+The extensive and elaborate System of railroad telegraphs which is in use
+on all the railroads of the West and Northwest owes its existence to
+General Stager. The telegraphs and railroads have interests in common, and
+yet diverse, and the problem to be solved was, how to secure to the
+telegraph company the general revenue business of the railroad wires, and
+at the same time to enable the railroad companies to use the wires for
+their own especial purposes, such as the transmission of their own
+business correspondence, the moving of trains, and the comparison and
+adjustment of accounts between stations. How to do this without confusion
+and injustice to one or the other interest was the difficult question to
+be answered, and it was satisfactorily met by the scheme adopted by
+General Stager. That scheme, by the admirable simplicity, complete
+adaptability and perfection of detail of its system of contracts and plan
+of operating railroad telegraph lines, enabled the diverse, and seemingly
+jarring, interests to work together in harmony. Telegraph facilities are
+always at the disposal of the railroads in emergency, and have repeatedly
+given vital aid, whilst the railroad interests have been equally prompt
+and active in assisting the telegraph when occasion arises.
+
+The relations between the journalistic interests of the country and the
+telegraph, through the various press associations for the gathering and
+transmission of news by telegraph, have also given occasion for the
+exercise of judgment and executive ability. The various and frequently
+clashing interests of the general and special press associations and of
+individual newspaper enterprise, and the necessity, for economical
+purposes, of combining in many instances the business of news gathering
+with news transmission, make the relations between the press and telegraph
+of peculiar difficulty and delicacy, and probably occasioned not the
+smallest portion of General Stager's business anxieties. It is safe to
+say, that in all the embarrassing questions that have arisen, and in all
+the controversies that have unavoidably occurred at intervals, no
+complaint has ever been made against General Stager's ability, fairness,
+or courtesy to the press.
+
+Whilst the Western Union Telegraph Company has been developing from its
+one wire between Buffalo and Louisville into its present giant
+proportions, General Stager has had a busy life. His planning mind and
+watchful eye were needed everywhere, and were everywhere present. The
+amount of travel and discomfort this entailed during the building of the
+earlier lines may be imagined by those who know what a large extent of
+country is covered by these lines, and what the traveling facilities were
+in the West before the introduction of the modern improvements in railway
+traveling, and before railroads themselves had reached a large portion of
+the country to be traveled over.
+
+With the breaking out of the rebellion, a new era in General Stager's life
+commenced. With the firing of the first rebel gun on Fort Sumpter, and the
+resultant demand for troops to defend the nation's life, the Governors of
+Ohio, Illinois and Indiana united in taking possession of the telegraph
+lines in those States for military purposes, and the superintendent of the
+Western Union Telegraph Company was appointed to represent these in their
+official capacity. General Stager acted with promptness and vigor, and no
+small share of the credit accorded to those States for the promptness with
+which their troops were in the field and striking effective blows for the
+Union, is due to General Stager for the ability with which he made the
+telegraph coöperate with the authorities in directing the military
+movements. When General McClellan took command of the Union forces in West
+Virginia and commenced the campaign that drove the rebels east of the
+mountains, General Stager accompanied him as chief of the telegraph staff,
+and established the first system of field telegraph used during the war.
+The wire followed the army headquarters wherever that went, and the enemy
+were confounded by the constant and instant communications kept up between
+the Union army in the field and the Union government at home. When General
+McClellan was summoned to Washington to take command of the Army of the
+Potomac, General Stager was called by him to organize the military
+telegraph of that department. This he accomplished, and remained in charge
+of it until November, 1862, when he was commissioned captain and assistant
+quartermaster, and by order of the Secretary of war, appointed chief of
+the United States Military Telegraphs throughout the United States--a
+control that covered all the main lines in the country. He was
+subsequently commissioned colonel and aid-de-damp, and assigned to duty in
+the War Department, and was also placed in charge of the cypher
+correspondence of the Secretary of War. The cryptograph used throughout
+the war was perfected by him, and baffled all attempts of the enemy to
+translate it. At the close of the war he left the active military service
+of the government, retiring with the brevet of Brigadier General,
+conferred for valuable and meritorious services.
+
+At the close of the war the Southwestern and American Telegraph Companies
+were consolidated with the Western Union Telegraph Company, and a
+re-organization of the latter company effected. The general
+superintendency of the Consolidated company was urged upon General Stager,
+but as this would necessitate his removal to New York, he declined it,
+preferring to live in the west. For a time he meditated retiring
+altogether from the telegraph business and embarking in newspaper life,
+for which his early training had given him a taste, and towards which he
+always maintained an affection. Eventually the company persuaded him to
+remain in connection with them, and to suit his wishes, the field of the
+company's operations was divided into three divisions, the Central,
+Eastern and Southern. General Stager assumed control of the Central, which
+covered the field with which he had so long been identified, and which
+left him with his headquarters in the home he had for years occupied, in
+Cleveland. Early in 1869, the duties of his position rendered it necessary
+that he should remove to Chicago, which he did with great reluctance, his
+relations with Cleveland business, and its people, being close and
+uniformly cordial.
+
+General Stager is a man with a host of friends and without, we believe,
+one enemy. His position was such as to bring him into contact with every
+kind of interest, and frequently, of necessity, into conflict with one or
+other, but his position was always maintained with such courtesy, as well
+as firmness, that no ill feeling resulted from the controversy, however it
+terminated.
+
+Socially he is one of the most genial of companions; in character the
+personification of uprightness and honor; firm in his friendships and
+incapable of malice toward any one. Well situated financially, happy in his
+domestic circle, of wide popularity, and possessing the esteem of those
+who know him best, General Stager is one of those whose lot is enviable,
+and who has made his position thus enviable by his own force of character
+and geniality of disposition.
+
+
+
+
+City Improvements
+
+
+
+Cleveland covers a large extent of territory. The width of its streets and
+the unusual amount of frontage possessed by most of the dwellings, made
+the work of city improvements in the way of paving, sewerage and water
+supply, at first very slow of execution. The light gravelly soil, on which
+the greater portion of the city is built, enabled these works to be
+postponed, until the increased number and compactness of the population,
+and excess of wealth, would render the expense less burdensome.
+
+The first attempts at paving were made on Superior street, below the
+Square, and on River street. The paving was of heavy planks laid across
+the street, and was at the time a source of pride to the citizens; but
+when, in coming years, the planks were warped and loosened, it became an
+intolerable nuisance. On River street the floods of the Cuyahoga sometimes
+rushed through the warehouses and covered the street, floating off the
+planks and leaving them in hopeless disorder on the subsidence of the
+waters. It was at last determined to pave these streets with stone.
+Limestone was at first chosen, but found not to answer, and Medina
+sandstone was finally adopted, with which all the stone paving of the
+streets has been since done. Within two or three years the Nicholson wood
+pavement has been introduced, and has been laid extensively on the streets
+above the bluff. On the low land along the river valley the paving still
+continues to be of stone. At the present time there are between seventeen
+and eighteen miles of pavement finished or under construction, about half
+of which is Nicholson wood pavement, and the remainder Medina sandstone.
+
+Within a few years the work of sewering the city has been systematized
+and pushed forward vigorously. At first, the sewers were made to suit the
+needs of a particular locality, without any reference to a general system,
+and consequently were found utterly inadequate to the growing necessities
+of the city. Proper legislation was obtained from the General Assembly,
+money was obtained on the credit of the city, the territory was mapped out
+into sewer districts, with sewer lines for each district, so arranged as
+to form a part of one harmonious whole, and the work commenced. All the
+main sewers drain into the lake. There are now about twenty-seven miles of
+main and branch sewers finished, and additional sewers are in progress of
+construction.
+
+The rapid growth of the city, and the gradual failure, or deterioration,
+of the wells, in the most thickly settled parts, rendered it necessary to
+find some other source of a constant supply of pure water. It was
+determined to obtain the supply from Lake Erie, and for this purpose an
+inlet pipe was run out into the lake, west of the Old River Bed. The pipe
+is of boiler plate, three-eighths of an inch thick, fifty inches in
+diameter, and three hundred feet long, extending from the shore to the
+source of supply at twelve feet depth of water, and terminating in the
+lake at a circular tower, constructed of piles driven down as deep as they
+can be forced into the bottom of the lake. There are two concentric rows
+of piles, two abreast, leaving eight feet space between the outer and
+interior rows, which space is filled with broken stones to the top of the
+piles. The piles are then capped with strong timber plates, securely
+bolted together and fastened with iron to the piles. The outside diameter
+of the tower is thirty-four feet, the inside diameter is eight feet,
+forming a strong protection around an iron well-chamber, which is eight
+feet in diameter and fifteen feet deep, which is riveted to the end of the
+inlet pipe. An iron grating fixed in a frame which slides in a groove, to
+be removed and cleaned at pleasure, is attached to the well-chamber, and
+forms the strainer, placed four feet below the surface of the lake,
+through which the water passes into the well-chamber and out at the inlet
+pipe. A brick aqueduct connects the shore end of the inlet pipe with the
+engine house, three thousand feet distant. From the engine house the water
+is conveyed to the reservoir, on Franklin, Kentucky and Duane streets,
+built on a ridge thirty feet higher than any other ground in the city.
+
+The Cleveland Water Works were commenced on the 10th day of August, 1854,
+and were so far completed as to let water on the city on the 19th day of
+September, 1856. The time required to build the Works was two years and
+thirty-nine days. The capacity of these Works to deliver water is greater
+than the originally estimated wants of the population the works were
+intended to supply, which was for 100,000. They are, however, capable of
+supplying at least 300,000 inhabitants with abundance of water. By an
+enlargement of the main pump barrel and plunger to each Cornish engine,
+which was contemplated in the plans, the supply may be increased to an
+almost unlimited extent. No fear can be entertained that the present
+Water Works in the next fifty years will fail to yield a superabundant
+supply of water.
+
+The water was first introduced into the city temporarily at the earnest
+solicitation of the Mayor, Common Council, and Trustees of Water Works, in
+which the citizens generally participated, on the occasion of the State
+Fair, on the 24th of September, 1856. Apart from the Fair, this event was
+hailed with demonstrations of great joy as the celebration of the
+introduction of the waters of Lake Erie into the city of Cleveland. At the
+intersection of the road ways, crossing at the centre of the Public
+Square, a capacious fountain, of chaste and beautiful design was erected,
+from which was thrown a jet of pure crystal water high into the air,
+which, as the centre, greatest attraction, gratified thousands of admiring
+spectators. It became necessary after the Fair to shut off the water as
+was anticipated, to remove a few pipes near the Ship Channel which had
+broke in two by the unequal settling of the pipes in the quicksand bed
+through which they were laid. These repairs were promptly made, and the
+water let on the city again; since which time the supply has been regular
+and uninterrupted. The length of pipes laid up to the first of January,
+1869, aggregated thirty-nine and one-half miles. The total cost of the
+Works to that period was $722,273.33. The earnings, over running expenses,
+for 1868, were $36,340.23, being a little over five per cent, on the
+capital invested. The preliminary work is now doing for the construction
+of a tunnel under the bed of the lake, in order to obtain a water supply
+at such a distance from the shore as to be beyond the reach of the winter
+ice-field and the impurities collected beneath the ice-crust.
+
+Three commodious and tasteful markets have been erected within a few
+years, one on the west side of the river, one in the fifth ward, and the
+Central Market, at the junction of Woodland avenue and Broadway.
+
+Four horse railroads are in active operation within the city: the East
+Cleveland, organized in 1859, and running from the junction of Superior
+and Water streets, by the way of Euclid avenue and Prospect street, to the
+eastern limit of the city on Euclid avenue, thence continuing to East
+Cleveland. This line has also a branch running off the main line at
+Brownell street, and traversing the whole length of Garden street, to the
+eastern limit of the city. The Kinsman street line, organized in 1859,
+runs from the junction of Superior and Water streets, through Ontario
+street and Woodland avenue to Woodland Cemetery. The West Side railroad
+runs from the junction of Superior and Water streets, by way of South
+Water, Detroit and Kentucky street, to Bridge street, with a branch along
+Pearl street. The St. Clair street railroad, the latest built, runs along
+St. Clair from Water street to the eastern line of the city. Besides
+these, a local railroad, operated by steam, connects the Kinsman street
+line with Newburg, and another of a similar character connects the West
+Side railroad with Rocky River. Charters have been obtained for a railroad
+to connect the Pearl street branch of the West Side railroad with
+University Heights, and for a line to run parallel with the bluff
+overlooking the north bank of the Cuyahoga from River street, to the
+boundary between the city and Newburg township.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: Yours very truly, H. S. Stevens]
+
+
+Henry S. Stevens.
+
+
+
+To Henry S. Stevens, more than to any other man, are the citizens of
+Cleveland indebted for their facilities in traveling, cheaply and
+comfortably, from point to point in the city, and for the remarkable
+immunity the Forest City has enjoyed from hack driving extortions and
+brutality, which have so greatly annoyed citizens and strangers in many
+other cities. To his foresight, enterprise and steady perseverance is
+Cleveland indebted for its excellent omnibus and public carriage system,
+and for the introduction of street railroads. Both these improvements were
+not established without a sharp struggle, in the former case against the
+determined opposition of the hack drivers who preferred acting for
+themselves and treating the passenger as lawful prey, and in the case of
+street railroads, having to overcome interested opposition, popular
+indifference or prejudice, and official reluctance to permit innovations.
+
+Mr. Stevens was born in Middlesex county, Massachusetts, January, 1821.
+After spending seven years at school in Salem and Boston, his father's
+family moved to New Hampshire. He attended school there for two years.
+Before he was twenty years of age he developed a desire to visit new
+scenes and a propensity for observing strange characters and manners,
+which seems to have strengthened with his years. Our railroad system and
+ocean steam navigation were then in their infancy, and the first journey
+he made was almost equivalent to a journey around the globe at the present
+day. He took passage in a packet ship from Boston for the West Indies,
+visiting Porto Rico, Matanzas and Havana, thence to New Orleans, the
+interior of Texas and Arkansas, and remained a winter at Alexandria, in
+western Louisiana. About a year after his return to New Hampshire the
+family removed to Maryland, where he resided nine years, and finally came
+to Cleveland in 1849, when this city had less than a fifth of its present
+population. He was one of the early proprietors of the Weddell House, and
+upon his retirement from the business, he established the omnibus local
+transit for passengers and baggage at a uniform rate of charge, which
+system has been generally adopted in the principal cities in the country.
+
+In 1856, in company with two other gentlemen from New York, he explored
+the southern part of Mexico from the Gulf to the Pacific ocean, with
+reference to its availability for a railroad and preliminary stage road.
+The result was, that two years later he completed an arrangement with the
+Louisiana Tehuantepec Company to carry out the provisions of their
+charter. He chartered a vessel at New York and shipped mechanics and other
+employees, coaches and materials, and in two months thereafter the line
+commenced moving a distance of one hundred and twelve miles through the
+forests and over the rolling plains of Southern Mexico.
+
+For nearly a year this continued successfully, and it was owing either to
+his good fortune or good management, that no accident to passengers or
+property was incurred, and of the large number of his employees from the
+States, every one returned in good health. The rebellion was then in its
+incipiency, and the Southern owners of the route decided to suspend
+operations until their little difficulty was adjusted with the North.
+
+Mr. Stevens, however, is better known as having started the street
+railroad system here, which has proved so great a convenience to our
+citizens, and which has enhanced the price of real estate in this city
+more than any other one cause. He built the Prospect street, Kinsman
+street and West Side railroads; the first two without aid from
+capitalists, and in the face of many discouragements. In the Fall of 1865,
+he went to Rio Janeiro for the purpose of establishing street railroads in
+that city. These roads are now in successful operation there. In this
+journey Mr. Stevens visited many other places in Brazil, including
+Pernambuco, Bahia, St. Salvador and Para, on the river Amazon. Returning
+by the way of Europe, he stopped at the Cape de Verde Islands, on the
+coast of Africa, thence to Lisbon and across Portugal to Madrid. During
+his sojourn in Spain he visited Granada, the Alhambra, and many cities in
+the south of Spain. His route home was through Paris, London and
+Liverpool. Two years later he made an extended tour over Europe, including
+Russia, Hungary, and other places of the Danube.
+
+Mr. Stevens has served four years in the city council, and for two years
+was president of that body. During his official term he was noted for
+regularity and punctuality of attendance, close attention to business,
+and watchful care of the public interests. As presiding officer he had
+few equals. Dignified, yet courteous, in manner, and thoroughly
+impartial, he possessed the respect of all parties in the council, and
+was always able to so conduct the deliberations as to prevent unseemly
+outbreaks or undignified discussions. Methodical in the disposition of
+business, he was able to get through a large amount in a short time,
+without the appearance of haste.
+
+Mr. Stevens is one of that class of travelers of whom there are,
+unhappily, but few, who not only travel far, but see much, and are able to
+relate what they saw with such graphic power as to give those who remain
+at home a pleasure only secondary to visiting the scenes in person. His
+several wanderings in Mexico and Central America, in South America,
+Western Europe, and Russia, have all been narrated briefly, or more at
+length, in letters to the Cleveland Herald, which for felicity of
+expression and graphic description, have had no superiors in the
+literature of travel. This is high praise, but those who have read the
+several series of letters with the well known signature "H. S. S." will
+unqualifiedly support the assertion. In his journeyings he generally
+avoided the beaten track of tourists and sought unhackneyed scenes. These
+were observed with intelligent eyes, the impressions deepened and
+corrected by close investigation into the historical and contemporary
+facts connected with the localities, and the result given in language
+graphic, direct, and at the same time easy and graceful. A collection of
+these letters would make one of the most delightful volumes of travel
+sketches in the language.
+
+
+
+
+Theodore R. Scowden.
+
+
+
+Theodore R. Scowden, son of Theodore Scowden, of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania,
+was born June 8, 1815, and was educated at Augusta College, Kentucky.
+
+On leaving college, in 1832, he was apprenticed to the steam engine
+business at Cincinnati, and continued at this about four years, when he
+engaged as engineer on a steamer plying between Cincinnati and New
+Orleans. From the time of commencing engine building, he employed all his
+spare moments in studying mechanics, hydraulics and civil engineering. He
+remained in the position of engineer on the river for about eight years,
+when, in 1844, he turned his attention to the work of designing and
+planning engines, and so put into practice the knowledge acquired by
+application for the previous twelve years, and, in fact, for which he
+more particularly fitted himself while at college. He was then appointed
+by the city council of Cincinnati, engineer of water works, the primitive
+works then existing being inadequate to the increased wants of the city.
+The water was conveyed in log pipes, and the work before Mr. Scowden was
+to replace these logs by iron pipes, and to design and erect new works. In
+about a year from his appointment his plans were perfected and he was
+ready to commence operation. A great difficulty under which he labored,
+was, the necessity of keeping up the supply of water all the time, and
+being at the same time compelled to place the new reservoir and engine
+house in the exact spot of the old. This made the construction extend
+through nearly eight years, during which time from forty to fifty miles of
+iron pipe were laid, and a reservoir of great capacity constructed. This
+was his first great public work completed, and was a perfect success.
+
+The first low pressure engine ever successfully used in the Ohio and
+Mississippi valleys, was designed by Mr. Scowden and introduced into these
+works. It was found that the sedimentary matter of the Ohio river cut the
+valves in the condensing apparatus, and so destroying the vacuum, rendered
+the working of the engine ineffective. This Mr. Scowden overcame by
+introducing vulcanized india rubber valves, seated on a grating. Since
+that time he has designed several low pressure engines for the Mississippi
+river, which are still working successfully.
+
+In 1851, Mr. Scowden was commissioned by the city of Cincinnati, to make
+the tour of England and France for the purpose of examining the principles
+and workings of public docks, drainage, paving and water works. After
+returning and making his report he resigned his post and came to
+Cleveland, for the purpose of constructing the water works now in
+operation in this city. The plan and designs were completed during 1852,
+and active operations commenced in 1853. The site of these works is said
+to have presented more engineering difficulties than any other in the
+country. At the time the tests were made for the foundation of the engine
+house, the water was nearly knee deep, and four men forced a rod thirty
+feet long and three-quarters of an inch in diameter twenty-eight feet into
+the ground. By the aid of five steam engines and pumps he succeeded in
+excavating to the depth of fourteen feet, and not being able to proceed
+further, he commenced the foundation. It is well to note the fact here,
+that the soil was in such a semi-fluid state that it could not be handled
+with a shovel, and altogether the chances of success for securing a
+permanent foundation looked, to the public, at least, very dubious. The
+citizens grew uneasy; they thought it was a waste of public money, but Mr.
+Snowden never despaired, though he with his own hand thrust a pole down
+twelve feet from the bottom of the excavation.
+
+He laid down over the whole area two courses of timber laid cross-wise,
+leaving a space of twelve inches between each timber. The first timber was
+drawn by a rope, and floated to its place. In order to get a bed he
+scooped a space of two feet in length at one end, which was filled with
+gravel. This process was continued through the whole length of the timber.
+The second timber was floated to its place, leaving a foot between them,
+and the same operation was performed throughout the whole foundation.
+
+All the spaces between the timbers were filled with broken stone and
+hydraulic cement; then the cross timbers were laid, filling the spans with
+the concrete also. It is to be observed that not a single pile was driven
+in all the foundation.
+
+The masonry was commenced upon the timbers, and carried up about nineteen
+feet, and, notwithstanding the misgivings of scientific and experienced
+contractors and builders, and others, the superstructure was completed in
+1855, and from that day to this not a crack in an angle of the building
+has been seen, although it may with truth be said that the engine house
+floats on a bed of quicksand. There were three thousand feet of aqueduct
+from the engine house to the lake, which presented similar difficulties,
+as did also the laying of pipes under the Cuyahoga river.
+
+The engines in use in the Cleveland works are the first Cornish engines
+introduced west of the Allegheny mountains. After completing the works and
+putting them in successful operation, Mr. Scowden resigned his position
+here, in 1856.
+
+In 1857, Mr. Scowden commenced the construction of the water works of
+Louisville, Kentucky, and finished them in 1860, and for character,
+capacity and finish they are acknowledged to be second to none in the
+United States, if in the world. The second pair of Cornish engines used
+west of the mountains were introduced there.
+
+The next public work of Mr. Scowden was the extension and enlargement of
+the canal around the Falls of the Ohio at Louisville, which comprises a
+new work, as very little of the old was used. The engineering of the work
+was done under the direction of a board of directors, the president of
+which was James Guthrie, former Secretary of the Treasury under Pierce,
+and late United States Senator.
+
+The locks in these works are the largest in the known world for width,
+length, and lift, not excepting the Suez Canal. There are two locks of
+thirteen feet lift, and containing fifty-two thousand yards of masonry.
+The canal is crossed by iron swing bridges. The work has been inspected by
+the United States topographical engineers, and General Wietzel, now in
+charge of the work, has pronounced it unsurpassed by anything within the
+range of his knowledge, and, what is more remarkable, a like tribute to
+the skill of our fellow citizen has been accorded by French, English and
+German engineers, and also by the president of the board.
+
+This was his last and greatest triumph of engineering skill; and being a
+national work, and he a civilian, he may well feel proud of his
+achievement.
+
+After completing the last mentioned work, Mr. Scowden returned to
+Cleveland and engaged in the iron trade, constructing a rolling mill at
+Newburg, for the American sheet and boiler plate company, with which he is
+still connected.
+
+As an engineer, Mr. Scowden stands high. He never was baffled, though
+established principles failed, for he had resources of his own from which
+to draw. Without an exception, every great public work undertaken by him
+has been not only completed, but has proved entirely successful.
+
+As a man he enjoys the respect and confidence of his fellow citizens. His
+manner is affable and unassuming, and his disposition kindly. Constant
+application for twenty-five years has had its effect upon him, but with
+care, he may yet be spared many years to enjoy the fruits of his labors.
+
+
+
+
+John H. Sargent.
+
+
+
+John H. Sargent has been, and is, so intimately connected with the
+construction and management of some of the most important public
+improvements of the city, and notably so with the sewerage system and
+water works management, that it is eminently proper he should be noticed
+here as a representative man in the department of City Improvements.
+
+[Illustration: Yours with Respect, J. H. Sargent]
+
+Mr. Sargent was born March 7, 1814, at Carthage, near Rochester, New
+York. His parents were but recent emigrants from New Hampshire, and when
+he was but three years old they removed again toward the land of the
+setting sun, taking up their residence in what is now the city of Monroe,
+Michigan, but which was then known as River Raisin. In that place they
+remained but a year, at the end of which time they removed to Cleveland.
+Levi Sargent, the father of the subject of this sketch, was by trade a
+blacksmith, and was at one time a partner in that business with Abraham
+Hickox, then, and long after, familiarly known to every one in the
+neighborhood as "Uncle Abram." He soon removed to the west side of the
+river, and thence to Brooklyn, where he built him one of the first houses
+erected on that side, on top of the hill. Hard knocks upon the anvil could
+barely enable him to support his family, so the boy, at the age of nine,
+was sent to the Granite State, where for ten years he enjoyed, during the
+Winter months, the advantages of a New England district school, and worked
+and delved among the rocks upon a farm the remainder of the year. At the
+age of nineteen, with a freedom suit of satinet, and barely money enough
+to bring him home, he returned to Cleveland.
+
+Here, after supporting himself, he devoted all his leisure time to the
+study of mathematics, for which he had a predilection. Subsequently he
+spent some time at the Norwich University, Vermont, at an engineering and
+semi-military school, under the management of Captain Patridge.
+
+When the subject of railroads began to agitate the public mind, and the
+project of a railroad along the south shore of Lake Erie was resolved
+upon, Mr. Sargent was appointed resident engineer upon the Ohio Railroad,
+which position he held until the final collapse of that somewhat
+precarious enterprise, in 1843. Sandusky City had already taken the lead
+in Ohio in the matter of railroads, having a locomotive road in operation
+to Tiffin, and horse road to Monroeville. Upon the reconstruction and
+extension of this last road Mr. Sargent was appointed resident engineer,
+and while there, seeing the advantages that Sandusky was likely to gain
+over Cleveland by her railways, at the solicitation of J. W. Gray, he sent
+a communication to the Plain Dealer, illustrating the same with a map,
+urging the construction of a railroad from Cleveland to Columbus and
+Cincinnati. He also advocated the project in the Railroad Journal, but
+that paper discouraged the matter, as it was likely to be too much of a
+competing line with the Sandusky road already begun. But the agitation
+continued until the preliminary surveys were made, the greater part of
+them under Mr. Sargent's immediate charge. When the project hung fire for
+a time, Mr. Sargent, in company with Philo Scovill, spent two seasons
+among the copper mines of Lake Superior. When the Cleveland, Columbus and
+Cincinnati railroad was begun in good earnest, he was called upon once
+more and located the line upon which it was built. Mr. Sargent remained
+upon the road until opened to Wellington, when he went upon the Michigan
+Southern and Northern Indiana railroad, where, for nearly five years, he
+was engaged in extending and reconstructing that road, and in locating and
+building its branches.
+
+Since 1855, most of his time has been spent in Cleveland, in engineering
+and works of public utility. While city civil engineer he strongly
+advocated, though for the time unsuccessfully, the introduction of the
+Nicholson pavement, and introduced and established the present system of
+sewerage, a work, the importance of which to the health and comfort of the
+citizens, can not be overestimated.
+
+Mr. Sargent has been chosen one of the commissioners for enlarging and
+extending the water works so as to meet the altered circumstances and
+enlarged demands of the city.
+
+In politics Mr. Sargent is, and has always been, a Democrat, but never
+allows party prejudices to sway him, and is in no sense a professed
+politician. The honesty of his convictions and his uprightness of conduct
+have won for him the respect and friendship of men of all parties, who
+have confidence in his never permitting party considerations to interfere
+with his honest endeavor to serve the public interests to the best of his
+ability, whenever placed in a position to do so. During the rebellion he
+was zealous and untiring in his support of the government, and aiding, by
+all the means in his power, to crush out the rebellion.
+
+
+
+
+Military.
+
+
+
+Previous to the rebellion, Cleveland had the honor of possessing military
+companies famous for their drill and efficiency, and which were the pride
+of the citizens and a credit to the State. At the outbreak of the
+rebellion, the Cleveland companies were foremost in tendering their
+services, were among the first Ohio troops that rushed to the scene of
+danger, and were in the first skirmish of the war between the volunteer
+troops of the North and the organized troops of the rebels--that at
+Vienna. The first artillery company organized in the West was formed in
+Cleveland, and kept its organization up for many years before the war. The
+breaking out of the war found this artillery organization ready for
+service, and scarcely waiting for authority, it was speedily on its way to
+the point where its services seemed most needed. To its promptness and
+efficiency is largely due the swift expulsion of the rebels from West
+Virginia and the saving of that State to the Union cause. As the war
+progressed, companies first, and then whole regiments, were rapidly
+organized, and sent forward from Cleveland, until at length every portion
+of the field of war had Cleveland representatives in it. Those who
+remained at home eagerly aided those in the field. Money was raised in
+large sums whenever wanted, to forward the work of enlistment, to provide
+comforts for the soldiers in the field, and to care for the sick and
+wounded. Busy hands and sympathetic hearts worked together in unison,
+enlarging their field of operation until the Cleveland Soldiers' Aid
+Society became the Northern Ohio Soldiers' Aid Society, and that again
+developed into the Western Branch of the Sanitary Commission.
+
+In the imposing ceremonies of the inauguration of the Perry statue on the
+Public Square in Cleveland on the tenth of September, 1860, a few months
+before the breaking out of actual hostilities between the North and
+South, the whole military force of the city participated. The
+organizations represented were the First Regiment Cleveland Light
+Artillery, under command of Colonel James Barnett and Lieutenant Colonel
+S. B. Sturges, composed of the following companies: Co. A, Capt. Simmons;
+Co. B, Capt. Mack; Co. D, Capt. Rice; Co. E, Capt. Heckman. [Co. C, Capt.
+Kenny, belonged to Geneva. It took part in the ceremonies, under the
+general command of Colonel Barnett, but at that time retained its old
+organization as Independent Battery A.] Brooklyn Light Artillery, Capt.
+Pelton; Cleveland Light Dragoons, Capt. Haltnorth; Cleveland Grays, Capt.
+Paddock; Cleveland Light Guards, Capt. Sanford; Hibernian Guards, Capt.
+Kenny. Of these the Cleveland Grays had achieved the greatest reputation
+in past years for its drill and efficiency. It had been the pet of the
+citizens, and in its ranks, at one time or another, had been found the
+very best class of the people of Cleveland, who continued to take pride in
+the organization, and contribute to its maintenance, long after they
+ceased to be actually connected with it.
+
+When President Lincoln's call for troops was received, the Cleveland Grays
+and Hibernian Guards promptly tendered their services, and the first named
+company started for the field without a single hour's unnecessary delay.
+It was formed with the First Ohio Volunteer Infantry, and was in the
+skirmish at Vienna. On the re-organization of the Ohio troops into three
+years' regiments, a large proportion of the Cleveland Grays found
+positions as officers in new regiments, where their knowledge of drill and
+discipline was of great value in bringing the masses of raw volunteers
+into speedy use as efficient soldiers. The Hibernian Guards followed the
+Cleveland Grays and did good service throughout the war. Many of the
+original members of this company also became gradually scattered
+throughout other regiments as company or staff officers. The Cleveland
+Light Guards formed the nucleus of the Seventh Ohio, whose history is
+identical with that of its two principal officers, which will be found in
+subsequent pages. The story of the Cleveland Light Artillery is mainly
+told in that of General Barnett, its commander and leading spirit.
+
+It is, of course, impossible to furnish an exact account of the number of
+men furnished by Cleveland to the army of the Union, or even to designate
+the particular organizations belonging to that city. Clevelanders were to
+be found scattered through a number of regiments not raised in this
+vicinity, and among the regiments organized in Cleveland camps many were
+almost entirely composed of men from beyond the city, or even county
+lines. To the 1st Ohio Infantry Cleveland contributed the Cleveland Grays.
+The 7th Ohio was organized at Camp Cleveland, and contained three
+companies raised exclusively in Cleveland. The 8th Ohio, organized in
+Cleveland, contained one Cleveland company--the Hibernian Guards. The 23d
+and 27th Ohio, organized at Camp Chase, contained Cleveland companies. The
+37th Ohio, (German) was organized in Cleveland, and a large part of its
+members enlisted at this point. The 41st Ohio was a Cleveland regiment,
+recruited mainly in the city. The 54th Ohio, organized at Camp Dennison,
+contained one Cleveland company. The 58th Ohio, (German,) also contained a
+Cleveland contingent. Clevelanders also were in the 61st, organized at
+Camp Chase. The 67th Ohio had a considerable proportion of Clevelanders.
+The 103rd Ohio was organized in Cleveland, and was, to a large extent, a
+Cleveland regiment, in both officers and men. The 107th Ohio, (German,)
+was organized and largely recruited in Cleveland. The 124th Ohio was
+organized in Cleveland, most of its companies recruited there and the
+regiment officered mainly by Cleveland men. The 125th Ohio was organized
+in Cleveland, with some Cleveland recruits. The 128th Ohio, (Prisoner's
+Guards,) was recruited and organized in Cleveland. It did duty on
+Johnson's Island. The 129th Ohio was organized in Cleveland, having been
+partially recruited and officered in the same place. It was organized for
+six months' service. The 150th Ohio, National Guard, for one hundred days'
+service, was organized in Cleveland, and contained eight companies from
+the city, (the 29th Ohio Volunteer Militia,) with one from Oberlin, and
+another from Independence. It garrisoned some of the forts around
+Washington and took part in the repulse of the rebel attack in June, 1864.
+The 177th Ohio, one year regiment, was organized and partly recruited in
+Cleveland. The 191st, organized at Columbus, was commanded and partly
+recruited with Clevelanders. The 2nd, 10th and 12th Ohio Cavalry regiments
+were organized and partially recruited in Cleveland. The 1st regiment of
+Ohio Light Artillery was made out of the 1st regiment Cleveland Light
+Artillery. Besides these Cleveland furnished to the service, in whole or
+part, the 9th, 14th, 15th, 19th and 20th Independent Batteries. Other
+regiments were organized at the Cleveland camps, but probably contained no
+members that could be credited to Cleveland, and mention of them is
+therefore omitted here. In addition a large number of recruits were
+obtained for the regular army, and for the navy, besides contributions to
+the colored regiments raised during the war. A number of Clevelanders, for
+one reason or another, also took service in regiments of other States.
+
+
+
+
+Colonel Charles Whittlesey.
+
+
+
+Although Colonel Whittlesey was trained to the profession of arms, and
+has a military record of which he may well be proud, it is not in the
+field of battle that he has won the honors he prizes most, but in the
+broader fleld of science. It is among the heroes who have achieved
+distinction in grappling with the mysteries of nature and who have
+developed means for making life more useful and comfortable, that Colonel
+Whittlesey would have preferred taking position, rather than among those
+whose distinction comes rather of destruction than construction or
+production. But the exigencies of this work prevent the formation of a
+distinct scientific department, and the military services of Colonel
+Whittlesey have been such that he could not, without injustice, be
+omitted from this department of our work.
+
+Charles Whittlesey was born in Southington, Connecticut, about midnight
+of October 4-5, 1808, being the first born of Asaph and Vesta Whittlesey.
+When four years old he was sent to the old red school house "to be out
+of harm's way," whilst his father was in the Ohio wilderness, exploring
+for a home.
+
+The location was found, and in 1813 the family removed to Talmadge, Summit
+county, Ohio. There the young boy trudged from home to the log school
+house, south of Talmadge Centre, until 1819, when the frame academy was
+finished and the eleven year old lad attended school in the new building
+during the Winter, and in Summer worked on the farm. This mode of life
+continued until 1824.
+
+In 1827, he was appointed a cadet at West Point.
+
+During his second year at West Point, a fiery Southerner made a Personal
+assault upon a superior officer, the military punishment for which is
+death. He was condemned by a court-martial to be shot. While the sentence
+was being forwarded to Washington for approval the culprit was confined in
+the cadet prison, without irons. Cadet Whittlesey was one evening on post
+at the door of the prison, and as he passed on his beat, his back being
+for a moment towards the door, the prisoner, who was a powerful man,
+sprang out and seized the sentinel's musket from behind. At the same
+instant the muzzle of a pistol was presented to the ear of the young cadet
+with an admonition to keep quiet. This, however, did not prevent him from
+calling lustily for the "corporal of the guard." Cadet O. M. Mitchel, of
+subsequent fame, happened to be in charge of the guard as corporal and
+then coming up stairs with the relief. With his usual activity he sprang
+forward and the scion of chivalry ran. The guns of the sentinels at West
+Point are not loaded. The escaping prisoner could not, therefore, be shot,
+but in the pursuit by Cadet Whittlesey he had nearly planted a bayonet in
+his back when the guard seized him.
+
+[Illustration: Yours Truly, Chas Mattingly]
+
+After passing through the regular course of instruction at West Point, he
+graduated, and, in 1831, was made Brevet Second Lieutenant of the Fifth
+United States Infantry, and served in the Black Hawk campaign of 1832. He
+afterwards resigned, and for the next quarter of a century his record is
+wholly a scientific one. Recognizing the right of the government to his
+military services in national emergencies he offered to resume his old
+rank in the Florida war of 1838, and in the Mexican war of 1846, but his
+offers were not accepted.
+
+In 1837, he was appointed on the geological survey of Ohio, and was
+engaged on that work two years, the survey eventually terminating through
+the neglect of the Legislature to make the necessary appropriations.
+Incomplete as the work was, the survey was of immense importance to Ohio,
+as the investigations of Colonel Whitlesey and his associates revealed a
+wealth of mineral treasures hitherto unsuspected, and enabled capital and
+enterprise to be directed with intelligence to their development. The
+value of the rich coal and iron deposits of North-eastern Ohio was
+disclosed by this survey, and thus the foundation was laid for the
+extensive manufacturing industry that has added enormously to the
+population, wealth and importance of this portion of the State. It was
+with the important results of his labors in Ohio in mind, that the State
+Government of Wisconsin secured his services for the geological survey of
+that State, which was carried on through the years 1858, 1859 and 1860,
+terminating with the breaking out of the war. From this survey also very
+important results have already followed, and still more will be arrived at
+in the course of a few years.
+
+From 1847 to 1851, both inclusive, Colonel Whittlesey was employed by the
+United States government in the survey of Lake Superior and the upper
+Mississippi in reference to mines and minerals. In addition to this he has
+spent much time in surveying particular portions of the mineral districts
+of the Lake Superior basin, and has, in all, spent fifteen seasons on the
+waters of Lake Superior and upper Mississippi, making himself thoroughly
+familiar with the topography and geological character of that portion of
+our country.
+
+Colonel Whittlesey was at home in Cleveland quietly pursuing his
+scientific studies and investigations, when the national trouble
+commenced. When the entrance of President Lincoln into Washington was
+threatened by violence in February, 1861, he was an enrolled member of one
+of the companies tendering their services to General Scott. Seeing that
+war was inevitable, he personally urged the Governor and Legislature of
+Ohio to prepare for it before the proclamation of April 15, 1861, and on
+the 17th he joined the Governor's staff as assistant quartermaster
+general. He served in the field in Western Virginia, with the three months
+levies, as State military engineer with the Ohio troops under Generals
+McClellan, Cox and Hill, and at Scary Run, on the Kanawha, July 17, 1861,
+behaved with great gallantry under fire, and conducted himself with
+intrepidity and coolness during an engagement that lasted two hours, and
+in which his horse was wounded under him. At the expiration of the service
+of the three months troops he was appointed Colonel of the 20th regiment
+Ohio volunteers, and detailed by General O. M. Mitchel as chief engineer
+of the department of the Ohio, where he planned and constructed the
+defences of Cincinnati, which he afterwards volunteered to defend, in
+September, 1862. At the battle of Fort Donelson he was with his regiment,
+and was complimented by General Grant on the morning of the surrender by
+being put in charge of the prisoners. A published correspondence from the
+prisoners proves with what kindness and courtesy to the unfortunate this
+task was performed. A testimony to a similar effect is the correspondence
+from the leading residents of the rebel counties of Owen, Grant, Carroll
+and Gallatin, in Kentucky, which in the Winter of 1861, were placed under
+his command, and which he ruled with such firmness, yet moderation, that
+both Union men and rebels bore witness to his conservative, moderate, and
+gentlemanly course, as well as to his promptness and decision.
+
+At the battle of Shiloh, Colonel Whittlesey, on the second day of that
+desperate fight, commanded the third brigade of General Wallace's
+division. The part borne by this brigade in the battle has become
+historic. It was composed of Ohio troops, the 20th, 56th 76th, and 78th
+regiments, and it was against their line that General Beauregard attempted
+to throw the whole weight of his force for a last desperate charge, when
+he was driven back by the terrible fire poured into him. General Wallace,
+in his officiai report, makes especial and honorable mention of the
+important part taken by this brigade and its commander in the battle.
+
+Soon after the battle Colonel Whittlesey sent in his resignation, which
+he had intended sending in earlier, but withheld because he foresaw some
+important military movements in which he desired to take part. The
+critical condition of his wife's health and his own disabilities, which
+had reached a point threatening soon to unfit him for any service
+whatever, compelled him to take this step. After the battle of Shiloh,
+when he could resign with honor and without detriment to the service, he
+sent in his resignation. General regret was expressed by the officers with
+whom he had been associated and by his old command. The application was
+endorsed by General Grant "We cannot afford to lose so good an officer."
+General Wallace, General Cox, and General Force added their commendations
+of his abilities and services, and few officers retired from the army with
+a clearer or more satisfactory record, or with greater regret on the part
+of his military associates.
+
+Since his retirement, Colonel Whittlesey has been leisurely engaged in
+scientific and literary pursuits, has again spent much time in geological
+explorations in the Lake Superior and Upper Mississippi country, has
+organized and brought into successful operation the Western Reserve
+Historical Society, of which he continues to be president, and has
+accumulated in its spacious hall a good collection of historical works
+relating to the West, and a rich collection of geological and antiquarian
+specimens, gathered in Ohio and the Northwest.
+
+Colonel Whittlesey has contributed largely to scientific literature, and
+his works have attracted wide attention, not only among scientific men of
+America, but of Europe. His published works are to be found in the
+Geological Reports of Ohio, 1838-9; United States Geological Surveys of
+the Upper Mississippi, D. D. Owen, 1847, 1849; United States Geological
+Surveys of Upper Peninsula of Michigan, Foster and Whitney, 1850, 1851;
+Life of John Fitch, Spark's American Biography, new series, Volume 6,
+1845; Fugitive Essays, mainly historical, published at Hudson, Ohio, 8vo.,
+pp. 357, 1854; Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge;--Ancient Works of
+Ohio, 1852; Fluctuation of Lake Levels, 1860; Ancient Mining on Lake
+Superior, 1863; Fresh Water Glacial Drift, 1866. In addition to these are
+an essay on the Mineral Resources of the Rocky Mountains, in 1863; a
+handsome and valuable volume on the Early History of Cleveland, in 1866,
+and about thirty essays, reports, and pamphlets, besides very numerous and
+valuable contributions to newspapers and scientific journals.
+
+
+
+
+General James Barnett.
+
+
+
+James Barnett was born on the 21st of June, 1821, at Cherry Valley, Otsego
+county, New York. He came to Cleveland when about four years of age, and
+after receiving a common school education commenced his business career by
+entering the hardware store of Potter, Clark & Murfey, where he served
+three years as clerk. At the end of that time he went into the hardware
+house of George Worthington, and has for many years been a member of the
+firm of George Worthington & Co. As a business man and good citizen he
+stands very high in the estimation of the people of Cleveland, but it is
+with his military record that we have now chiefly to deal.
+
+In 1840, an independent Company of artillery was organized in Cleveland,
+and at its start was made a part of the old Cleveland Grays, afterwards
+the artillery part formed a company by itself, which had for its
+commanders D. L. Wood and A. S. Sanford. This organization was kept up
+until the breaking out of the war, and was, without doubt, the best
+drilled and equipped artillery organization west of the mountains; the
+State supplied the guns, harness and caissons, but the expenses for
+horses, the meeting and drill houses, and equipments, and all their
+expenses, were paid by themselves. They drilled regularly, took an
+excursion every year, visited Niagara, Syracuse, Sandusky, Wooster, and
+also Chicago, on the occasion of the assembling of the River and Harbor
+Convention. At every point they visited they never failed to infuse a
+military spirit into the people, and to create a desire for similar
+companies. Nearly all the artillery organizations of the West sprang out
+of this little nucleus at Cleveland, for at the places visited and
+instructed by the Cleveland company, men were obtained at the breaking out
+of the war who were to some extent familiar with artillery drill, and many
+of them became, because of this, commanders during the rebellion. Such
+commanders were to be found throughout the service.
+
+About two years before the war, the Ohio militia law was so amended as to
+permit the organization of artillery companies, with one gun to a company,
+every six guns to form a command, entitled to elect a colonel,
+lieutenant-colonel, and major. The Cleveland Light Artillery took
+immediate advantage of this by organizing into the First, Regiment Light
+Artillery, O. V. M., with the following officers: Colonel, James Barnett;
+Lieutenant Colonel, S. B. Sturges; Major, Clark Gates; Quartermaster, Amos
+Townsend; Quartermaster's Sergeant, Randall Crawford; Co. A, Captain Wm.
+R. Simmons; Co. B, Captain John G. Mack; Co. C, Captain D. Kenny; Co. D,
+Captain Percy Rice; Co. E, Captain F. W. Pelton. The three city companies
+drilled at what is now the Varieties, on Frankfort street, Captain
+Pelton's company at Brooklyn, and Captain Kenny's at Geneva.
+
+In the Winter of 1860, the regiment tendered their services to the State
+authorities in case of difficulty, as the rebels in West Virginia were
+assuming a threatening attitude. This offer was accepted, but the opinion
+expressed in the acceptance, that the proffered services would probably
+not be needed. Five days after the fall of Fort Sumter the order came for
+the regiment to report with its six guns to Columbus. On the second day
+after the date of the order the organization, with full complement of men
+and guns, passed through Columbus en route to Marietta, where a rebel
+demonstration was expected. Here it remained a little over a month, when a
+detachment with two guns, under command of Lieutenant Colonel Sturges,
+crossed into West Virginia at Parkersburg, and the remainder, under
+command of Colonel Barnett, crossed the river at Benwood and proceeded to
+Grafton, West Virginia. The two guns under Lieutenant Colonel Sturges went
+up the Baltimore and Ohio line to Philippi, and in the affair at that
+place did telling service. Theirs was the first artillery fired in the
+field by the National forces in the war of the rebellion. About a month
+after, the detachment rejoined the main body of the regiment, and the guns
+of the artillery did good service in the attack on the rebels at Laurel
+Hill, the result being the hasty flight of the enemy.
+
+In the pursuit from Laurel Hill, two pieces pushed over the mountains and
+pressed their rear guard with great energy for two days, during nearly the
+whole time in a drenching rain, deep mud, and through fords, the men all
+anxiety to overtake the fleeing foes. The rebels had felled trees to
+obstruct the road. Some chopped the trees asunder, some helped the guns
+through the mud, and all worked like desperate men. Finally the
+transportation of the rebels stuck fast in quicksand and stopped the whole
+train. The rebels were compelled to make a stand to protect their baggage.
+To effect this they drew up their forces on a little table land, near
+Carrick's Ford--the position being hid by a row of bushes on the edge of
+the hill, and overlooking the line of Colonel Barnett's command. The head
+of the column was pushing on with great impetuosity when they were
+suddenly opened upon from the point of land on their right hand, but,
+fortunately, from the elevation, their fire mostly passed over their
+heads. The troops were immediately put into position to repel the attack;
+the guns, to give them scope, were wheeled out into the field and opened
+fire immediately with canister. Although fired upon by two pieces of
+artillery from the eminence, they lost no one, and after a few rounds the
+rebel guns were silenced, and the gallant attack by the infantry under
+Colonel Steadman of the 14th Ohio, Colonel Dumont, 6th Indiana, and
+Colonel Milroy, 9th Indiana, at the same time, drove them from their
+position. When taken, it was found that the gunner of one piece had been
+killed and was lying across the trunnions of the piece with the cartridge
+only half rammed--the horses having been killed at the same time and in
+falling broke the pole, so that it was impossible to get the gun away. Our
+men soon improvised another pole and harness, hitched some mules to the
+piece, and brought it away, together with the captured supplies. The
+pursuing column returned to camp at Laurel Hill.
+
+Immediately after this, Colonel Barnett was ordered to report to General
+McClellan in person, at Beverly. There a consultation was had on the
+policy of taking the artillery on a campaign up the Kanawha, after General
+Wise. There was some question about ordering them on the campaign, from
+the fact that they were not in the United States command, their
+organization then not having been recognized by the General Government.
+They were Ohio troops, and their invasion of West Virginia was excused on
+the plea that it was necessary to the "defence of the State," for which
+purpose only they were mustered into the State service.
+
+While the matter of a new campaign was being submitted to the command, the
+battle of Bull's Run took place, and McClellan was peremptorily ordered to
+Washington to take command of the army of the Potomac. Colonel Barnett
+returned to Columbus with his command, which was mustered in and mustered
+out of the United States service on the same day.
+
+This affair, in connection with the operation at Rich Mountain, under
+Rosecrans, closed the campaign made by General McClellan in Western
+Virginia, and preserved the State to the Union.
+
+Colonel Barnett and his command returned to Cleveland, bringing with them,
+by permission of Governor Dennison, the piece of artillery captured at
+Carrick's Ford, which still remains in Cleveland and is used for firing
+salutes. On reaching Cleveland the returning soldiers were received with
+public demonstrations of joy, and a vote of thanks, couched in the
+strongest terms of commendation, was unanimously adopted by the city
+council at their regular meeting, July 30, 1861.
+
+Governor Dennison had strongly urged the General Government to grant him
+permission to furnish a twelve battery regiment of artillery as part of
+the State quota of troops. This was steadily refused for a considerable
+time, but at length a Mr. Sherwin, of Cincinnati, was granted permission
+to raise such a regiment, provided he could do it within a stated time.
+The attempt proving a failure, Governor Dennison obtained permission from
+the War Department to appoint Colonel Barnett to the task. Colonel Barnett
+at once left for Columbus, and in August, 1861, commenced the work of
+recruiting and equipping, the batteries being sent to the field as rapidly
+as they could be got ready. Co. A and Co. C reported to General Thomas in
+time to participate in the battle of Mill Springs, Kentucky. The other
+batteries were sent to different commands in Western Virginia and
+Kentucky, as soon as ready.
+
+Colonel Barnett reported to General Buell, at Louisville, the following
+Spring, with a portion of the command, and on the arrival of the army at
+Nashville, in March, he was placed in command of the Artillery Reserve of
+the Army of the Ohio, in which capacity he served until ordered to Ohio,
+in July, 1862, on recruiting service, and was in command through the
+campaign embracing the battles of Pittsburgh Landing, Corinth and other
+affairs, up to the time of the occupation of Huntsville by Buell's army.
+
+After having obtained the requisite number of recruits for his regiment,
+he was assigned to duty, in September, upon the staff of General C. C.
+Gilbert, at that time commanding the centre corps of the Army of the Ohio.
+After the battle of Perryville, the Colonel was transferred to the staff
+of Major General McCook, as Chief of Artillery, which position he filled
+until November 24, 1862, when he was designated by General Rosecrans,
+Chief of Artillery of the army of the Cumberland.
+
+In the battles of Stone River, Chickamauga, Mission Ridge, and the various
+other operations of the grand old army of the Cumberland, Colonel Barnett
+was constantly and actively engaged, and is mentioned with special
+commendation by General Rosecrans in his official report, and received the
+confidence and support of the final commander of that department, the
+sturdy and gallant Thomas.
+
+After the close of operations around Chattanooga, Colonel Barnett was put
+in command of the artillery of the department, requiring reorganization
+and remounting, which was formed in two divisions, consisting of six
+batteries in a division; the first division being batteries in the regular
+service; the second division being volunteer batteries, and principally
+composed of batteries of the First Ohio Light Artillery, having their
+camps near the city of Nashville, where they were thoroughly drilled,
+reorganized and equipped, and held in readiness for the field at any
+moment on requisition of the department commander; which command he
+retained until mustered out of the service, October 20, 1864.
+
+Colonel Barnett also participated in the battle of Nashville, in which,
+however, he acted in a volunteer capacity, the battle having taken place
+subsequent to his muster out of the service.
+
+Subsequently he was awarded a Brevet Brigadier Generalship, in
+consideration of his eminent abilities and the valuable services he had
+performed. On his return home he resumed his position in the old firm,
+having, by the generosity of his partners, been allowed to retain his
+interest without detriment during the whole time of his service.
+
+
+
+
+Colonel Wm. H. Hayward.
+
+
+
+Wm. H. Hayward was born at Lebanon, Connecticut, in 1824, was brought to
+Cleveland in 1826, received a good common school education, and at the
+age of fifteen became an apprentice to the printing business in the
+office of Sanford & Lott. At the end of his five years apprenticeship he
+was admitted as partner, solely because of his proficiency, not having
+any capital to put in. Mr. Lott retired on account of ill health, and the
+firm became Sanford & Hayward, which it has ever since remained, and
+which has steadily built up a large and profitable blank-book and
+lithographing business.
+
+From boyhood Mr. Hayward had a taste for military studies, and he was
+early connected with the military organizations of the city. In the early
+days of the Cleveland Light Artillery, when it was under the command of
+his partner, General A. S. Sanford, he was First Lieutenant. When
+permission was received for the organization of the First Ohio Artillery
+as a three years regiment, Mr. Hayward was tendered, and from a sheer
+sense of duty to the country accepted, the Lieutenant Colonelcy of the
+regiment. He took an active part in recruiting, drilling, and organizing
+the men as fast as received, and sending them to the front. When the
+regiment was divided and sent in different directions his command was
+ordered to the Shenandoah Valley to report to General Shields. Under this
+command he took part in the fight at Port Republic, June 12, 1862, fought
+whilst another battle was going on at Cross Keys, seven miles distant.
+Soon afterwards he and his command became part of the Army of the Potomac,
+being attached to the Third Division under General Whipple, who was
+subsequently mortally wounded at Chancellorsville. On being assigned to
+that Division, Colonel Hayward was made Chief of Artillery. At the time of
+the battle of Gettysburg Colonel Hayward was assigned to duty in
+Washington.
+
+His health, never good, having completely broken down, he was compelled to
+resign and return home. Here he remained attending his business duties and
+rendering such aid as lay in his power until the call for hundred days
+troops to defend Washington. At the time he was in command of the 29th
+Regiment Ohio Volunteer Militia, organized for just such emergencies, and
+which contained eight companies. With these two other companies were
+Consolidated, and the organization styled the 150th Ohio National Guards.
+Colonel Hayward led it to Washington, and took a leading part in the
+repulse of Early. The attack of the rebel forces was mainly against that
+part of the defences garrisoned by the 150th Regiment. There were no hopes
+of permanently keeping the rebels out of Washington with so small a force,
+but the main object was to keep them at bay until succor could arrive. To
+do this strategy was adopted. About eight hundred quartermaster's men,
+darkeys and teamsters, were sent off from Washington to swell the force;
+these men were kept marching and counter-marching around a piece of wood,
+then wheeled around and brought again into the view of the rebels, who,
+thinking there was a large force being massed there, deferred the attack
+till morning, when the veteran Sixth corps came up to their relief, and
+Early was driven back in discomfiture.
+
+On the expiration of their term of service the 150th National Guards
+returned to Cleveland, and Colonel Hayward resumed business life.
+
+
+
+
+Colonel Wm. R. Creighton.
+
+
+
+No Infantry regiment raised in Cleveland became so thoroughly identified
+with Cleveland as the "Fighting Seventh." This was in great measure due to
+the fact that it was the first complete regiment sent from Cleveland, and
+that it contained a large number of the spirited young men of the city,
+taken from all classes of the population. The fortunes of the Seventh were
+followed with deep interest, their successes exulted in, and their losses
+mourned over. No public sorrow, saving that for the death of President
+Lincoln, was so general and deep as that which followed the news of the
+fall of the gallant leaders of the "old Seventh," as they led their
+handful of men, spared from numerous murderous battles, in the face of
+certain death up the hill at Ringgold. Grief for the loss was mingled with
+indignation at the stupidity or wanton cruelty that had sent brave men to
+such needless slaughter.
+
+William R. Creighton, with whom the history of the Seventh is identified,
+was born in Pittsburgh, in June, 1837. At ten years old he was placed in a
+shoe store where he remained two years and then was placed for six months
+in a commercial college. From there he entered a printing office, where he
+served an apprenticeship of four years, and came to Cleveland, where he
+entered the Herald office, remaining there, with the exception of a few
+months, until just previous to the breaking out of the war.
+
+In 1858, he became a member of the Cleveland Light Guards and rose to
+become a lieutenant in that organization. He was a great favorite with his
+fellow members of the company, and was not only a genial companion, but an
+excellent disciplinarian. At the breaking out of the war, he organized a
+company with the old Cleveland Light Guards as a nucleus, and soon had so
+many applications that his company was full and a second company was
+organized. A third company was also recruited. This was the beginning of
+the Seventh Ohio.
+
+On a beautiful Sunday morning, in May, 1861, the Seventh marched through
+the streets of Cleveland, the first full regiment that had left the city,
+on the way to the railroad. The whole population turned out to bid them
+farewell. The regiment went to Camp Dennison, unarmed, without
+uniforms--except such uniforms as belonged to the old independent
+organizations--and with but temporary regimental organization. When but a
+few days in Camp Dennison, the call came for three years troops, and the
+regiment, with but few exceptions, volunteered for the three years
+service, with E. B. Tyler as Colonel, and Wm. E. Creighton as Lieutenant
+Colonel. The places of those who declined to enlist for three years were
+soon filled by fresh recruits.
+
+The regiment was ordered to West Virginia to take part in the campaign to
+be opened there. Colonel Tyler had gone in advance, and Lieutenant Colonel
+Creighton took the regiment to Clarksburg, where he turned it over to his
+commanding officer. At Glenville he again took command, drilling the men
+daily when in camp, and bringing them into a high state of proficiency.
+Hard marching and many privations were endured until the regiment reached
+Cross Lanes.
+
+On the 21st of August orders were received to join General Cox, at Gauley
+Bridge. The regiment, then under command of Colonel Tyler, had reached
+Twenty-mile Creek when word was received that the rebels, four thousand
+strong, were preparing to cross the river at Cross Lanes, which the
+Seventh had so recently left. A counter-march was ordered. About six miles
+from Cross Lanes the regiment was attacked by an overwhelming force, and
+after a desperate fight was broken, and compelled to retreat in two
+different directions, with a loss of a hundred and twenty men in killed,
+wounded, and prisoners. Creighton was among those who escaped.
+
+The scattered companies re-united at Charleston, West Virginia, where they
+remained waiting orders, and were in the meantime thoroughly drilled by
+Lieutenant Colonel Creighton, who was in fact, if not in title, the
+commanding officer of the regiment. An order coming for five hundred
+picked men of the regiment to join in the pursuit of Floyd, he was sent in
+command of the detachment, was given the advance in the pursuit, and
+followed Floyd's trail hotly for several days, marching on foot at the
+head of his men. Soon after this Tyler became Brigadier General and
+Creighton was made Colonel of his regiment, which was ordered to the East.
+
+At Winchester, Creighton led his regiment, the first in the famous charge
+of the Third Brigade, having a horse shot under him, and then fighting on
+foot with a musket, among his men, until the time came to assume the
+position of commanding officer again. In the march to Fredricksburgh and
+the return to the Valley he shared every privation and hardship the men
+were obliged to encounter, always refuse to take advantage of his
+privileges as an officer. He endeavored to procure every needful comfort
+for his men, but when they were barefooted and hungry he shared his
+stores with them, and fought and marched on foot with them. At Port
+Republic he headed his regiment in five desperate charges, in each of
+them driving the enemy. In the battle of Cedar Mountain Creighton handled
+his regiment with a dexterity that told fearfully on the ranks of the
+enemy. He was finally severely wounded, and compelled to leave the field.
+In doing so, he kept his face to the foe, saying that "no rebel ever saw
+his back in battle; and never would." He was taken to Washington, where
+the bullet was extracted from his side, which was an exceedingly painful
+operation. Soon after this he came to his home; but while still carrying
+his arm in a sling, he reported to his regiment. While at home the battle
+of Antietam was fought, which was the only one in which he failed to
+participate. Soon after his return, the affair at Dumfries occurred,
+where, through his ingenuity and skill, Hampton's cavalry command was
+defeated by a mere handful of men. For this he was publicly thanked by
+Generals Slocum and Geary. He took part in the battle of
+Chancellorsville, where he won new laurels. It is said that being ordered
+by General Hooker to fall back, he refused to do so until able to bring
+Knapp's Battery safely to the rear; for which disobedience of orders he
+was recommended for promotion. This battery was from his native city, and
+in it he had many friends. Next he was at Gettysburg, where he fought
+with his accustomed valor. He was also at Lookout Mountain and Mission
+Ridge, in "Hooker's battle above the clouds."
+
+After this battle came the pursuit of Bragg, whose rear-guard was
+overtaken at Ringgold, Georgia, where it was securely posted on the top of
+Taylor's Ridge--a naked eminence. It was madness to undertake to drive
+them from this hill, without the use of artillery to cover the assault;
+but in the excitement of the moment the order was given. In this assault
+Creighton commanded a brigade. Forming his command he made a speech.
+"Boys," said he, "we are ordered to take that hill. I want to see you walk
+right up it." After this characteristic speech, he led his men up the
+hill. It soon became impossible to advance against the terrible fire by
+which they were met; he therefore led them into a ravine, but the rebels
+poured such a fire into it from all sides, that the command was driven
+back. Reaching a fence, Creighton stopped, and facing the foe, waited for
+his command to reach the opposite side. While in this position he fell,
+pierced through the body with a rifle bullet. His last words were: "Oh,
+my dear wife!" and he expired almost immediately. The brigade now fell
+rapidly back, carrying the remains of its idolized commander with it.
+
+Lieutenant Colonel Crane fell in the same fight and but just after
+Creighton fell.
+
+The bodies were taken to the rear and sent to Cleveland, where they were
+given such a reception and funeral as had never been witnessed in
+Cleveland before, or after. The whole city was in mourning, and after
+lying in state in Council Hall, to be visited by thousands, the mortal
+remains of the dead heroes were borne, amid the firing of minute guns, the
+tolling of bells, and the solemn dirges of the band, to their last resting
+place in Woodland cemetery.
+
+Colonel Creighton was killed on November 27th, 1863, in the
+twenty-seventh year of his age.
+
+
+
+
+Lieutenant Colonel Orrin J. Crane.
+
+
+
+Orrin J. Crane was born in Troy, New York, in 1829. When he was three
+years old his parents removed to Vermont, where his father died soon
+after, leaving his wife and children poorly provided for. Young Crane was
+taken, whilst still a small boy, by an uncle, and about the year 1852, he
+came in charge of his relative to Conneaut, where he worked as a mechanic.
+He left Conneaut at one time for the Isthmus of Panama, where he spent a
+year, and on returning found work as a ship carpenter in Cleveland, where
+he became connected with one of the military organizations of the city.
+
+At the fall of Sumter he entered the service as first-lieutenant in
+Captain Creighton's company; and on his promotion, was made captain. He
+early devoted himself to the instruction of his company; and it can be
+said that it lost nothing of the efficiency it acquired under the
+leadership of Creighton.
+
+After the regiment entered the field, his services were invaluable. If a
+bridge was to be constructed, or a road repaired, he was sent for to
+superintend it. If the commissary department became reduced, he was the
+one to procure supplies. No undertaking was too arduous for his iron-will
+to brave. All relied on him with the utmost confidence, and no one was
+ever disappointed in him.
+
+At the affair at Cross Lanes, where he first came under fire, he behaved
+with great valor, and inspired his men with true courage. They stood like
+a wall, and fell back only when ordered by their leader, then dashed
+through the strong lines of the enemy, and were brought off with safety
+out of what was seemingly certain destruction. He kept his men well
+together during the long march to Gauley Bridge.
+
+After his arrival at that point he was sent out to the front, up New
+River, where he rendered valuable service. He was in every march and
+skirmish in both Western and Eastern Virginia, until the battle of
+Winchester. In this engagement he showed the same indomitable courage. He
+held his men to the work of carnage so fearfully, that the enemy's slain
+almost equalled his command.
+
+He shared in every battle in which his regiment was engaged in the East;
+Port Republic, Cedar Mountain (where he was slightly wounded), Antietam,
+Dumfries, Chancellorsville, and Gettysburg. In all of these he never sent
+his men forward; he led them on.
+
+At the battle of Antietam, he commanded the regiment, and during the
+latter part of the engagement, a brigade. Before the regiment left for the
+West, he was made lieutenant-colonel; a position which his ability and
+long, as well as faithful, service of his country rendered him eminently
+qualified to fill.
+
+Arriving at the West, he commanded the regiment in the battles of Lookout
+Mountain and Mission Ridge, where he added new laurels to his already
+imperishable name. At fatal Ringgold, he again commanded the regiment. He
+led it up the steep ascent, where the whistling of bullets made the air
+musical; and where men dropped so quietly that they were scarcely missed,
+except in the thinned ranks of the command. The regiment had not recovered
+from the shock produced by the announcement of the death of Creighton,
+when Crane himself fell dead at the feet of his comrades, pierced through
+the forhead by a rifle bullet. He fell so far in the advance, that his men
+were driven back before possessing themselves of his body but it was soon
+after recovered, and shared with the remains of Colonel Creighton the
+honors of a public funeral.
+
+
+
+
+Other Military Men of Cleveland.
+
+
+
+In selecting the five subjects for the foregoing military biographical
+sketches it was not intended to single them out as all that were worthy of
+mention for their services. There are numerous others deserving a place,
+but the materials for full biographical sketches were wanting for most of
+them, and it was thought best, therefore, to confine the separate sketches
+to those military men who, for one reason or another, have come to be
+considered the representative men in the military history of the city. We
+add here brief mention of a few others, from such material as is in our
+posession, and must then, doubtless, omit many equally worthy a place.
+
+Brevet Brigadier Russell Hastings, though not entering the army from
+Cleveland, is now a resident of the city and holds the position of United
+States Marshal. He was commissioned Second Lieutenant in the 23rd Ohio
+Infantry, commanded at first by Major-General Rosecrans and subsequently
+by General Hayes, rose by regular promotion to the Lieutenant-Colonelcy,
+and was subsequently made Brevet Brigadier General "for gallant and
+meretorious services at the battle of Opequan, Virginia." General Hastings
+was permanently disabled by a bullet wound in the leg.
+
+Brevet Brigadier Robert L. Kimberly was on the editorial staff of the
+Cleveland Herald when he joined the 41st Ohio Infantry, as Second
+Lieutenant under Colonel Hazen, was rapidly promoted to Major, in which
+rank he had charge of his regiment during the greater part of the time,
+and sometimes acting as brigade commander. He was made Lieutenant Colonel
+January 1, 1865, and Colonel of the 191st Ohio Infantry in the succeeding
+March. He participated with distinction in several engagements, and for
+these services was breveted Brigadier General.
+
+Brigadier General Oliver H. Payne was commissioned Colonel of the 124th
+Ohio Infantry January 1, 1863. His regiment was distinguished for its
+discipline and for the care taken of the men by Colonel Payne and
+Lieutenant Colonel James Pickands, and also for its gallant services under
+those leaders. At Chickamauga Colonel Payne was wounded and, being unable
+to rejoin his regiment, resigned his position in November, 1864. He was
+subsequently breveted Brigadier General for meritorious services.
+
+Among those who distinguished themselves in the service, but who stopped
+short of null rank of those mentioned above, may be mentioned Major James
+B. Hampson, who commanded the Cleveland Grays in the three years'
+organization of the 1st Ohio Infantry, and subsequently was Major of the
+124th Ohio. Lieutenant Colonel James T. Sterling, who commenced his
+military career as company commander in the 7th Ohio Infantry and
+subsequently became Lieutenant Colonel of the 103rd Ohio, from which
+position he was appointed null General on the staff of General Cox.
+Captain Joseph B. Molyneaux, who served with gallantry in the 7th Ohio
+Infantry. Captain Mervin Clark, the fearless "boy officer" of the same
+regiment, who braved death on every occasion, and fell, colors in hand,
+when leading a forlorn hope over a rebel work at Franklin. Lieutenant
+Colonel Frank Lynch, of the 27th Ohio Infantry. Lieutenant Colonel G. S.
+Mygatt, of the 41st Ohio Infantry, who died of disease contracted in
+serving his country. Major J. H. Williston, of the same regiment. Captains
+G. L. Childs, Alfred P. Girty, and G. L. Heaton, of the 67th Ohio Infantry.
+Lieutenant Colonel John N. Frazee, of the 84th and 150th Ohio Infantry.
+Lieutenant Colonel H. S. Pickands, of the 103rd Ohio Infantry, and Colonel
+James Pickands, of the 124th Ohio, who reached their positions by active
+service in various ranks throughout the war. Captain Isaac C. Vail, of the
+103rd Ohio Infantry, who died in service. Major George Arnold of the 107th
+Ohio Infantry, (German,) who fought with great gallantry. Surgeon C. A.
+Hartman, whose skill as a surgeon was fully equalled by his valor as a
+soldier, and who, unable to content himself as a non-combatant, engaged in
+the thickest of the fight at Winchester and was killed in the terrible
+slaughter the regiment experienced. Captain Wm. C. Bunts, of the 125th
+Ohio Infantry. Lieutenant Colonel E. A. Scovill, of the 128th Ohio
+Infantry, rendered important service in charge of the null affairs of the
+great prison for the rebels on Johnson's Island. Major Junius R. Sanford
+was in service in this regiment. Lieutenant Colonel George L. Hayward, of
+the 129th Ohio Infantry, had seen active service as company commander in
+the 1st Ohio Infantry. In the Cavalry service Cleveland furnished among
+other leading regimental officers Colonel Charles Doubleday, Lieutenant
+Colonel G. G. Minor, Major Albert Barnitz, now in the United States
+service, Major L. C. Thayer, who died soon after his leaving the service,
+and Major J. F. Herrick. To the Artillery service, in addition to General
+Barnett and Lieutenant Colonel Hayward, Cleveland contributed Lieutenant
+Colonel Walter E. Lawrence, who declined promotion and died deeply
+regretted by his comrades in arms and by a host of warm friends at home.
+Major Seymour Race, who ably assisted in the organization of the regiment
+and left Camp Dennison January 10, 1862, with two batteries and reported
+to General Buell at Louisville; had command of the camp at the Fair
+Grounds, composed of seven batteries from Ohio, Indiana and Wisconsin;
+left Louisville February 10, with three batteries on steamers, and
+reported to General Nelson at the mouth of Salt River accompanying him to
+Nashville; was Chief of Artillery of General T. J. Wood's Division at
+Pittsburgh Landing and the siege of Corinth and continued in that position
+in the division through Northern Alabama and back to Louisville;
+participated in the battles of Perryville and Stone River; was highly
+commended by his Division commander for valuable services in all these
+actions; and was also in command of the fortifications at Nashville for
+about five months; Major Warren P. Edgerton, Major W. F. Goodspeed,
+Assistant Surgeon Charles E. Ames, Captains Wm. A. Standart, Louis
+Heckman, Norman A. Baldwin, Joseph C. Shields, Frank Wilson, Louis
+Smithnight, William Backus, and a long list of Lieutenants. From the fact
+that the Cleveland Light Artillery organization was the origin of the
+Light Artillery service of the State, and that the Artillery had long been
+popular in the city, the Ohio Light Artillery service in the war was very
+largely officered and heavily recruited from Cleveland. In the 5th U. S.
+Colored Infantry, officered by white soldiers of Ohio, Gustave W. Fahrion,
+who had done good service in an Ohio regiment, was appointed Captain, and
+did hard service with his men in Virginia and North Carolina.
+
+
+
+
+Journalism
+
+
+
+It would require more space than can be given here to merely enumerate the
+different newspaper ventures that have been set afloat in Cleveland, some
+to disappear almost as soon as launched, others to buffet the waves for a
+few months, or even years, and then to pass away and be forgotten. In the
+days when nothing more was required to start a newspaper than a few pounds
+of type and a hand press, or credit with the owner of a press, new
+journals appeared and disappeared with great rapidity. Even now, when it
+is hopeless to think of attempting the establishment of a journal without
+first sinking a large capital, there are people venturesome enough to try
+the experiment of starting a newspaper upon little or nothing. The end of
+such experiments is always the same.
+
+The first newspaper issued in Cleveland was the Cleveland Gazette and
+Commercial Register, commenced July 31, 1818. It was ostensibly a weekly
+publication, but the difficulty of procuring paper with the desired
+regularity, and other untoward circumstances, sometimes caused a lapse of
+ten, fourteen, and even more days between each issue. In October, 1819,
+the Cleveland Herald was started as a weekly, by Z. Willes & Co.
+
+In the Summer of 1836, the Daily Gazette was issued. This ran until March
+22, 1837, when its owner, Charles Whittlesey, united it with the Herald,
+under the name of the Daily Herald and Gazette, the new firm being
+Whittlesey & Hull, and after a few days Whittlesey & J. A. Harris. The
+Gazette title was subsequently dropped, and that of the Herald preserved,
+Mr. Harris being the sole proprietor and editor. Messrs. W. J. May, A. W.
+Fairbanks, G. A. Benedict and John Coon were at different times added to
+the firm, Mr. May and Coon afterwards retiring, and being followed after
+some years by Mr. Harris, who was the veteran editor of the city. The
+Herald is now the oldest paper in the city, and the oldest daily in
+Northern Ohio. It was always Whig or Republican in politics.
+
+The Cleveland Plain Dealer was the natural successor of the Cleveland
+Daily Advertiser, a Democratic paper published about a third of a century
+since, by Canfield & Spencer. The Plain Dealer was owned and edited from
+its start by J. W. Gray, who made it a sharp and spicy journal. His
+declining health compelled him to take less interest in his paper, which
+soon lost prestige, and having gone into incompetent hands after Mr.
+Gray's death, it was before long compelled to suspend. Being purchased,
+after a short suspension, by Mr. Armstrong, it was resuscitated, and is at
+present, under the ownership and management of Messrs. Armstrong & Green,
+a successful enterprise.
+
+The Leader dates its origin on one side to the True Democrat, an
+Independent Free Soil paper, dating back over twenty years, and on the
+other to the Daily Forest City, a "Silver Gray Whig," started about 1852,
+by Joseph and James Medill. After some coquetting an alliance was formed
+between the two papers, and the name of Forest City Democrat adopted for
+the Consolidated paper which was afterwards changed to the Leader. None of
+those connected with either of the original papers are now connected with
+the Leader. Of those who became the publishers of the latter paper Mr. E.
+Cowles retains his connection and is the largest proprietor.
+
+The German Wachter am Erie completes the list of regular daily papers now
+published in Cleveland. The Herald is published morning and evening, there
+being two editions of the evening issue. The Leader is issued in the
+morning with an evening edition under the name of the News. The Plain
+Dealer publishes two editions in the afternoon, and the Wachter am Erie
+one afternoon edition.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: Yours Truly, A. W. Fairbanks]
+
+
+A. W. Fairbanks.
+
+
+
+A. W. Fairbanks, the senior proprietor of the Cleveland Herald, was born
+March 4, 1817, in Cornish, now Claremont, Sullivan county, New Hampshire.
+When twelve years old he entered a printing office in Waterford, Saratoga
+county, New York, with the purpose of learning the business. In those days
+it was held necessary to serve a regular apprenticeship as a preliminary
+to becoming a journeyman printer, and the apprentice had to pass through
+an ordeal to which the learner of the present day is a total stranger.
+There were then no machine presses out of the city of New York, nor
+rollers for inking. The types were inked by dabbing with buckskin balls,
+as had been done since the invention of printing. Rollers were, however,
+introduced within a short time of our young apprentice entering on his
+course of education as a printer.
+
+The office in which he worked, owned by a man named Johnson, was for book
+and job printing, thus affording the apprentice an opportunity of
+acquiring a more extensive and varied knowledge of the business than could
+have been acquired in a newspaper office. He had a taste for the life on
+which he had entered, and soon made rapid headway in obtaining a knowledge
+of the "art preservative of all arts." He remained in the same office
+until it was discontinued. He afterwards went to Schenectady, Ballston,
+Spa, and Troy, following the fortunes of the man he was apprenticed to,
+before finishing his trade. His first situation, as a journeyman, was in
+Rochester, New York.
+
+In 1836, he removed from Rochester to Michigan, then a territory, and
+assumed charge of the job department of the Detroit Advertiser. In this
+position he remained for a year, when he was induced to remove to Toledo.
+
+Some time previously an attempt had been made to establish the Toledo
+Blade as a newspaper. The town was young, and though giving promise of
+vigorous growth, was yet unable to make such a newspaper enterprise an
+assured success. About fifty numbers were issued, under several
+ownerships, and then the enterprise sank, apparently to rise no more. Mr.
+Fairbanks saw his opportunity and availed himself of it. Possessing
+himself of what remained of the Blade establishment, he announced its
+revival, got up and got out the first number himself, working it off on a
+hand press, and announced to the public that the Blade had this time "come
+to stay." In spite of difficulties and discouragements he persisted in the
+work he had undertaken, and in a short time had secured for the paper a
+good circulation. There was in the office scarcely enough type to get out
+a single issue; there was no imposing stone on which to make up the forms,
+and but one press to do all the work of the office. Mr. Fairbanks worked
+diligently with brain and hands, wrote matter for the Blade, managed its
+mechanical details, and at the same time spent time, labor, and money in
+enlarging the capabilities of the office and building up a valuable
+job-printing business. In fourteen years he built up out of nothing, or
+next to nothing, a newspaper with a profitable circulation and a wide
+reputation, a job office admitted to be one of the most complete in the
+State, having five presses and material abundant in quantity and
+unsurpassed in quality. The office had made money every year since his
+connection with it, except in 1840, when he gave all his labor to the
+Harrison campaign.
+
+In 1850, Mr. Fairbanks left Toledo for Cleveland, and became connected
+with the Cleveland Herald, then edited by J. A. Harris and W. J. May. He
+found the establishment without a press, the newspaper being printed on
+the press of M. C. Younglove, under a contract, giving him twelve and a
+half cents per token, Mr. Younglove having the only steam press in the
+city. Land was purchased on Bank street and the present Herald building
+erected. The entire book and job office of Mr. Younglove was purchased, a
+Hoe cylinder press for working the Herald purchased, and the establishment
+placed on a footing for doing a greatly enlarged and constantly increasing
+business. Additional and improved facilities were furnished yearly, to
+keep pace with the rapidly increasing demands, the single cylinder
+newspaper press was changed for a double cylinder, and that had been
+running but a short time when it proved insufficient for the rapid
+increase of circulation, and its place was taken by a four cylinder, which
+remains the only press of the kind in Ohio outside of Cincinnati, and
+which is capable of running off ten thousand impressions per hour. From a
+small part of the building this establishment grew until it crowded out
+all other occupants; then the building itself was altered so as to
+economise room, and finally additions made, doubling its size, the whole
+of the space being immediately filled with material, presses and machinery
+containing the latest improvements. From an entire valuation of six
+thousand dollars the establishment has reached an inventory value of about
+a hundred and fifty thousand dollars; and from a newspaper without a press
+it has grown to an office with ten steam presses, a mammoth four-cylinder,
+and a large building crowded full with the best machinery and material
+required in a first-class printing office, giving employment to
+ninety-five men, women and boys, and sending out the Morning Herald and
+two regular editions of the Daily Herald, every day, except Sunday,
+besides a Tri-Weekly Herald and Weekly Herald.
+
+The entire mechanical details of the establishment have, from his first
+connection with the office, been under the control of Mr. Fairbanks, and
+he feels a just pride in the perfection to which these details have been
+brought. His heart is in his profession, and it is his constant study. No
+improvement in it escapes his observation, and he is ever on the alert to
+avail himself of everything promising to increase the efficiency of his
+establishment. It is a noticeable fact, that the Herald has never missed a
+daily issue, although at times during the war the scarcity of paper was so
+great that the issue of the Morning Herald, then but a recent venture, had
+to be suspended for a day or two.
+
+The firm, which, when Mr. Fairbanks became connected with it, was Harris,
+Fairbanks & Co., is now Fairbanks, Benedict & Co., Mr. Fairbanks being the
+only member of the original firm yet connected with the concern.
+
+
+
+
+J. W. Gray.
+
+
+
+J. W. Gray was born in the village of Bradport, Addison county, Vermont,
+on the 5th of August, 1813. When only two years of age his parents removed
+to Madrid, St. Lawrence county, New York, where his early life was passed,
+receiving such meagre education as those early days afforded, during the
+Winter months, to farmer lads. He afterwards became a pupil in the
+Institutes at Potsdam and Governeur, founded by the New York State
+Association for Teachers, where he made rapid progress, his mind,
+naturally fond of study grasping knowledge intuitively. His scholastic
+career terminated here, the pecuniary means being wanting to enable him to
+prosecute a collegiate course, and he was soon after launched upon the
+world to carve, with nothing but his own right arm and resolute will, the
+future high public and social position he subsequently attained.
+
+In 1836, he came to Cleveland, then, though recently incorporated as a
+city, in reality but a flourishing village, and was soon engaged as a
+teacher in one of the public schools, the old Academy, on St. Clair
+street, being the scene of his first labors. He continued here but two or
+three terms, when a more advantageous position was offered him as
+instructor of a district school in Geauga county, to which he repaired and
+where he continued about a year. On his return to the city, having fitted
+himself in part previously, he entered the null of Hon. H. B. Payne and
+U. S. Judge Willson, who were then associated under the law firm of Payne &
+Willson, and after a little over a year under their preceptorship, during
+which time his remarkable talents attracted the attention of many, he was
+admitted to the bar, and almost immediately after receiving his diploma
+commenced the practice of his profession. He soon formed a law connection
+which led him to the State of Michigan, where, however he remained but a
+short time.
+
+On January 1st, 1842, in connection with his brother, A. N. Gray, he
+purchased the Cleveland Advertiser, which he converted into the Cleveland
+Plain Dealer.
+
+In July, 1845, the firm of A. N. & J. W. Gray was dissolved, the latter
+becoming sole proprietor and editor. The bold, poignant and dashing
+talents he brought to bear, soon made the Plain Dealer widely known as a
+political journal and placed its editor among the foremost men of his
+party in the State. In 1853, he received the appointment of post master of
+Cleveland from President Pierce, which position he continued to hold till
+the Summer of 1858, when, owing to his refusal to advocate the infamous
+Lecompton constitution of Mr. Buchanan, he was beheaded with the scores of
+other martyrs who remained true to Senator Douglas and the constitutional
+rights and liberties of the people.
+
+In 1858, he received the Democratic nomination for Congress against Hon.
+B. F. Wade, his successful competitor. In 1860, he was chosen, with Hon.
+H. B. Payne, delegate from this district to the Charleston-Baltimore
+convention where he labored with untiring devotion for the nomination of
+Judge Douglas. When the revolt was raised by the traitorous South, he
+rallied at once to the support of the constitution and Union, and,
+following the example of Douglas buried the partizan in the noble struggle
+of the patriot for the preservation of the liberties of the country.
+
+Of the Silas Wright school of politics, he labored during his editorial
+career of over twenty years, for his cherished principles. The friend of
+Mr. Pierce, he was the beloved and confidential exponent of the great
+Douglas. No man possessed the friendship and esteem of the Illinois
+statesman in a larger degree than did Mr. Gray. The Plain Dealer was Mr.
+Douglas' recognized organ--more so than any other paper published in the
+country, and the close intimacy which existed between them was never
+interrupted, and continued to the hour of that statesman's death.
+
+Mr. Gray died May 26, 1862. He had been feeble for a few days previously,
+and for a day or two before his death had not left the house, yet nothing
+serious was apprehended by his family or physicians, and though the nature
+of his illness was such as to have long made him an invalid, the hope was
+firmly entertained that he would regain his general health. On the morning
+of the day of his death, however, paralysis seized his heart and lungs,
+soon depriving him of speech, and under which he rapidly, but gently, sank
+away and died at fifteen minutes past two of the same day.
+
+His life affords another example to the rising young men of the day, of
+the power of will to triumph over all obstacles, when to indefatigable
+industry are added those exemplary virtues, strict integrity and
+temperance.
+
+
+
+
+George A. Benedict.
+
+
+
+George A. Benedict, of the printing and publishing firm of Fairbanks,
+Benedict & Co., and editor-in-chief of the Cleveland Herald, is a native
+of Jefferson county, New York, having been born in Watertown, August 5,
+1813. Mr. Benedict was well educated and in due course entered Yale
+College, from which he has received the degree of A. B.
+
+When eighteen years old he commenced the study of law with Judge Robert
+Lansing, in Watertown, finishing his legal education in the office of
+Sterling & Bronson. He was admitted to practice in New York, and
+immediately thereafter, in 1835, removed to Ohio, taking up his residence
+in Cleveland. Here he entered the office of Andrews & Foot and
+subsequently of that of John W. Allen, being admitted to practice in the
+Ohio Courts in the year 1836.
+
+As soon as admitted to the Ohio Bar a partnership was formed with John
+Erwin, under the name of Erwin & Benedict; this arrangement continued
+three years. On its dissolution Mr. Benedict formed a partnership with
+James K. Hitchcock, the firm of Benedict & Hitchcock continuing until
+1848, when Mr. Benedict was appointed Clerk of the Superior Court, Judge
+Andrews being the Judge. With the adoption of the new constitution of the
+State this court became extinct.
+
+Immediately after the termination of his duties as Clerk of the Superior
+Court, Mr. Benedict purchased an interest in the Herald establishment,
+and became co-partner with Messrs. J. A. Harris and A. W. Fairbanks. The
+subsequent retirement of Mr. Harris from editorial life left Mr.
+Benedict as editor-in-chief of that paper, a position he has from that
+time retained.
+
+In 1843, Mr. Benedict was a member of the City Council, and president
+of that body. For one term previous to that time Mr. Benedict was
+city attorney.
+
+In August, 1865, Postmaster General Dennison, of Ohio, tendered to Mr.
+Benedict the office of Postmaster of Cleveland. The appointment was
+accepted, and at this writing, 1869, he still holds the office.
+
+Mr. Benedict is impulsive in temperament, but his impulses are more of a
+friendly than unkindly character. He is warm-hearted, quick to forgive a
+wrong atoned for, and still quicker to apologize for and atone an injury
+done to others. In nearly a score of years editing a newspaper he has
+never intentionally done injustice to any man, no matter what
+differences of opinion might exist, and has never knowingly allowed the
+columns of his newspaper to be the vehicle of private spite. Nor has he
+ever refused any one, fancying himself aggrieved, the privilege of
+setting himself right in a proper manner in the same columns in which
+the alleged injury was inflicted. He has the genuine and unforced
+respect and esteem of those employed by him, for his treatment of them
+has always been kind and considerate, and although no newspaper
+conductor can possibly avoid creating prejudice and temporary
+ill-feeling. Mr. Benedict has probably no real enemy, whilst among those
+who best know him he has none but warm friends.
+
+In addition to his editorial abilities, Mr. Benedict is one of the few
+really good writers of an occasional newspaper letter, and in his
+journeyings from home his letters to the Herald are looked for with
+interest and read with keen relish.
+
+Mr. Benedict was married June, 1839, to Miss Sarah R. Rathbone, of
+Brownsville, Jefferson county, New York, and has three children, the
+oldest, George S. Benedict, being one of the proprietors and in the active
+business management of the Herald.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: Yours Truly, J. H. A. Bone]
+
+
+J. H. A. Bone
+
+
+
+John H. A. Bone is a native of Cornwall, England, having been born in
+that county October 31, 1830. He received a good education, being first
+intended for the army, but an accident having permanently crippled his
+right arm, that purpose had to be abandoned. He resided awhile in London
+and Liverpool, during which time he was connected with the press of
+those cities, and contributed to periodicals. Having married in his
+native place, he left England in the Autumn of 1851, for the United
+States, and after a brief stay in New York, arrived in Cleveland in
+October of that year.
+
+Early in the Spring of 1857, he joined the editorial staff of the
+Cleveland Herald, to the columns of which he had for some years previous
+been a frequent contributor. At the same time he had contributed to the
+pages of the Knickerbocker Magazine, Godey, Peterson's, the Boston Carpet
+Bag, then conducted by B. P. Shillaber ("Mrs. Partington,") and G. C.
+Halpine ("Miles O'Reilly,") and other literary papers of Boston, New York
+and Philadelphia, as well as to a Cleveland magazine, the New American
+Monthly, and was a regular contributor to the Cincinnati Pen and Pencil, a
+handsome weekly magazine of more than ordinary merit that was run for some
+time under the editorship of W. W. Warden.
+
+Mr. Bone, on joining the Herald, took charge of its commercial, local,
+amusements and literary departments. As the business of the paper
+increased he resigned those departments, one after another, to others, and
+on the retirement of Mr. Harris, transferred his labors to the leading
+editorial department, retaining charge of the literary department also.
+
+In addition to his daily duties on the Herald, Mr. Bone has found time to
+furnish papers to the Atlantic Monthly on matters of scholarly interest
+and historical importance, has for the past three years been on the
+regular staff of Our Young Folks, contributing to it a number of
+historical articles, prepared with much care and research, and is an
+occasional contributor to other periodicals.
+
+Mr. Bone published, about sixteen years ago, a small volume of poems,
+mostly written in boyhood. His after verses, of various characters, are
+scattered through newspapers and magazines and have never been collected.
+With the exception of a few political squibs, he has for some years
+abandoned verse. A work on the oil regions was issued in 1864, and a
+second, enlarged edition, was published in Philadelphia, in 1865.
+
+Aside from his professional duties as a journalist and the fulfilment of
+his engagements as a magazine writer, Mr. Bone's literary tastes are
+chiefly with the older works of English literature. He is a close student
+of what is known as Early English, delighting in his intervals of leisure
+to pick from the quaint and curious relics of the earliest English
+literature bits of evidence that serve to throw some light on the actual
+social and intellectual condition of our English ancestors four or five
+centuries ago. He has been for years, and still is, connected with English
+literary societies for the bringing to light and publishing for the use of
+the members, unpublished documents of historical and literary value. Of
+what is know as Elizabethean literature he has been a diligent student. At
+present he is connected with the management of the Cleveland Library
+Association and Western Reserve Historical Society.
+
+
+
+
+William W. Armstrong.
+
+
+
+William W. Armstrong, one of the present proprietors of the Cleveland
+Plain Dealer, is a native Buckeye, having been born in New Lisbon,
+Columbiana county, Ohio, in 1833. In his fifteenth year he removed to
+Tiffin, Seneca county, with the purpose of learning the printing business.
+In 1852-3, he was appointed to the position of Registrar of the Bank
+Department in the State Treasurer's office at Columbus. In 1854, he
+returned to Tiffin and purchased the Seneca County Advertiser, which he
+made noticeable among the Democratic papers of the State for its vigor and
+ability. He was recognized among the Democrats of the State as one of
+their rising men, and in 1862, he was chosen as the Democratic candidate
+for Secretary of State, and was elected.
+
+In 1865, having completed his term of office and returned to editorial
+life, he purchased the material and good will of the Plain Dealer, which
+had suspended publication, and set about bringing it back to its old
+prosperity and position among the journals of the State. His efforts were
+crowned with success. The reputation of the paper for boldness and
+ability, which had been affected by the death of its founder, was
+restored, and the business knowledge and tact which Mr. Armstrong brought
+to bear upon its management before long put its affairs in a healthy state
+and established the journal on a good paying basis. Although a strong
+partisan in politics, Mr. Armstrong recognizes the importance of fairness
+and courtesy, and hence he has the personal good will of his professional
+and business rivals as well as associates.
+
+In 1868, Mr. Armstrong was elected delegate at large to the Democratic
+National Convention which nominated Horatio Seymour for the Presidency.
+
+
+
+
+Frederick W. Green.
+
+
+
+Frederick W. Green, the associate of Mr. Armstrong in the proprietorship
+and editorship of the Plain Dealer, was born in Fredericktown, Frederick
+county, Maryland, in 1816. In 1833, he removed to Tiffin, Seneca county,
+Ohio. Becoming identified with the Democratic party he was elected by that
+party Auditor of Seneca county, and retained that position six years. In
+1851, he was elected to Congress from the Seneca district, and in 1853,
+was re-elected. At the close of his term he was appointed Clerk of the
+newly organized United States District Court for the Northern District of
+Ohio. In this position he remained twelve years.
+
+In 1867, he purchased an interest in the Plain Dealer, and at once entered
+upon editorial duties on that paper in connection with Mr. Armstrong.
+Their joint labors have made the paper the Democratic organ of Northern
+Ohio. Mr. Green, during his fourteen years residence in Cleveland, has
+been reckoned among its most respectable citizens, and possesses many warm
+friends irrespective of political differences of opinion.
+
+
+
+
+Index.
+
+
+
+Historical and Statistical.
+
+
+History of Cleveland
+Trade and Commerce
+Ship Building
+The Bench and Bar
+Educational
+Railroading
+The Coal Interest
+Religious
+Medical
+Manufacturing
+Telegraphy
+City Improvements
+Military
+Journalism
+
+
+
+Biographical Sketches.
+
+
+Those marked with an asterisk (*) are illustrated with portraits.
+
+
+*Aiken, S. C.
+ Adams, S. W.
+*Allen, J. W.
+*Andrews, S. J.
+*Abbey, G. N.
+ Alcott, Leverett.
+ Armstrong. W. W.
+ Blair, John.
+ Barnett, Melancthon.
+ Baldwin, Dudley.
+ Baldwin, Norman C.
+*Bradburn, Charles.
+ Beardsley, D. H.
+*Bradley, Alva.
+ Barr, John.
+ Bingham, Wm.
+ Beckwith, T. S.
+*Baldwin, E. I.
+ Brayton, H. F.
+*Bolton, Thomas.
+ Backus, F. T.
+*Bishop, J. P.
+*Beckwith, D. H.
+*Bousfield, John.
+*Buhrer, S.
+ Barnett, James.
+ Benedict, G. A.
+*Bone, J. H. A.
+ Cutter, Orlando.
+*Chapin, H. M.
+*Crittenden, N. E.
+*Cooke, W. P.
+ Cobb. J. B.
+ Colwell, A. G.
+*Cannon, A. V.
+ Childs, O. A.
+ Coe, S. S.
+ Coe, C. W.
+*Case, Leonard.
+*Coffinberry, J. M.
+*Collins, W.
+*Case, William.
+*Crawford, L.
+ Cross, D. W.
+ Cassels, J. L.
+ Castle, W. B.
+*Chisholm. H.
+*Clark, M. B.
+ Creighton, W. R.
+*Dangler, David A.
+*Dodge, H. H.
+ Dickman, F. J.
+ Delamater, John
+ Edwards, Wm.
+*Ely, George B.
+ Errett, Isaac
+*Freese, Andrew
+*Farmer, James
+*Fairbanks, A. W.
+ Garretson, Hiram
+ Gordon, W. J.
+*Goodrich, W. H.
+*Garlick, Theodatus
+ Green, F. W.
+ Hilliard, Richard
+ Hickox, Charles
+*Handy, T. P.
+ Hanna, Robert
+ Hurlbut, H. B.
+*Hoyt, J. M.
+*Humiston, R. F.
+*Hart, William
+*Hussey, J. G.
+ Haldeman. L.
+ Hayward, W. H.
+*Johnson, Levi
+*Jenness, B. W.
+*Johnson, S. W.
+*Jones, James M.
+*Kelley, Alfred
+*Kelly, Moses
+*Kirtland, J. P.
+ Lyon, Richard T.
+ Lester, S. F.
+ Long, David
+ Lowman, Jacob
+ Merwin, Noble H.
+*Mygatt, George
+ Morgan, E. P.
+*McDermott, James
+*Martin, John
+*Morris, David
+*Myers, R. P.
+ McNairy, A. C.
+ Morley, J. H.
+*Newberry, J. S.
+ Otis, William A.
+ Otis, W. S. C.
+ Other Military Men
+ Perkins, Joseph
+*Peck, E. M.
+*Palmer, C. W.
+*Perkins, Jacob
+ Philpot, William
+*Price, W. I.
+*Quayle, Thomas
+*Robison, J. P.
+ Raymond, S.
+ Redington, J. A.
+ Ranney, R. P.
+*Rice, Harvey
+*Rhodes, D. P.
+ Rouse, Benjamin
+ Rockefeller, J. D.
+ Scovill, Philo
+ Scranton, Joel
+*Sheldon, S. H.
+ Sackett, Alexander
+ Scott, M. B.
+*Sims, Elias
+ Severance, J. L.
+*Sanford, D.
+ Strong, S. M.
+ Starkweather, Samuel
+*Sherman, C. T.
+*Spalding, R. P.
+*Smyth, Anson
+*Stone, Amasa, Jr.
+*Streator, W. S.
+*Seelye, T. T.
+*Stone, A. B.
+*Scofield, W. C.
+*Stager, Anson
+*Stevens, H. S.
+ Scowden, T. R.
+*Sargent, J. H.
+ Townsend, Amos
+ Tilden, D. R.
+ Thome, J. A.
+*Thatcher, Peter
+ Weddell, P. M.
+ Winslow, Richard
+ White, Moses
+ Walton, T. A.
+*Worthington, George
+ Wick, Henry
+ Warner, J. F.
+ Wood, Reuben
+ Willey, John W.
+*Willson, H. V.
+*Witt, Stillman
+ Woolson, C. J.
+ Westlake, G.
+*Wilson, W. G.
+*Wade, J. H.
+*Whittlesey, C.
+ Younglove, M. C.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's Cleveland Past and Present, by Maurice Joblin
+
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+<title>Cleveland Past and Present</title>
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+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Cleveland Past and Present, by Maurice Joblin
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+*****These eBooks Were Prepared By Thousands of Volunteers!*****
+
+
+Title: Cleveland Past and Present
+       Its Representative Men, etc.
+
+Author: Maurice Joblin
+
+Release Date: November, 2005 [EBook #9328]
+[Yes, we are more than one year ahead of schedule]
+[This file was first posted on September 23, 2003]
+
+Edition: 10
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: UTF-8
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+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CLEVELAND PAST AND PRESENT ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Distributed Proofreaders
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+<h1>Cleveland Past and Present</h1>
+
+<h2>Its Representative Men</h2>
+
+<h3>Comprising Biographical Sketches of Pioneer Settlers and Prominent
+Citizens</h3>
+
+<p align="center">With a History of the City and Historical Sketches of Its Commerce,
+Manufactures, Ship Building, Railroads, Telegraphy, Schools, Churches,
+Etc., Profusely Illustrated with Photographic Views and Portraits</p>
+
+<h4>1869</h4>
+
+<h4>Photographically Illustrated by E. Decker</h4>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="preface"></a>Preface.</h2>
+
+
+
+<p>In many ways the story of the survey and first settlement of Cleveland has
+been made familiar to the public. It has been told at pioneer gatherings,
+reproduced in newspapers and periodicals, enlarged upon in directory
+prefaces and condensed for works of topographical reference. Within a
+short time Col. Charles Whittlesey has gathered up, collected, and
+arranged the abundant materials for the Early History of Cleveland in a
+handsome volume bearing that title.</p>
+
+<p>But Col. Whittlesy's volume closes with the war of 1812, when Cleveland
+was still a pioneer settlement with but a few families. The history of the
+growth of that settlement to a village, its development into a commercial
+port, and then into a large and flourishing city, with a busy population
+of a hundred thousand persons, remained mostly unwritten, and no part of
+it existing in permanent form. The whole period is covered by the active
+lives of men yet with us who have grown up with the place, and with whose
+history that of the city is inseparably connected. It occurred to the
+projector of this work that a history of Cleveland could be written in the
+individual histories of its representative men, that such a volume would
+not only be a reliable account of the growth of the city in its general
+features and in the development of its several branches of industry, but
+would possess the additional advantage of the interest attaching to
+personal narrative. This idea has been faithfully worked out in the
+following pages, not without much labor and difficulty in the collection
+and arrangement of the materials. Besides the personal narratives, an
+introductory sketch to each of the departments of business into which the
+biographical sketches are grouped gives a brief account of the rise and
+present position of that particular industry; these, taken together,
+forming a full and accurate business and professional history of the city.
+An introductory sketch of the general history of Cleveland gives
+completeness to the whole, whilst the numerous illustrations and portraits
+add greatly to the interest and value of the work.</p>
+
+<p>Numerous as are the sketches, it is not, of course, claimed that all are
+represented in the volume who deserve a place in it. This would be
+impossible in a work of ordinary dimensions, even were it convenient, or
+even possible, to obtain the necessary materials. The aim has been to
+sketch sufficient of the representative men in each leading business and
+professional department to give a fair idea of the nature and extent of
+that department. It is not a complete biographical dictionary of
+Cleveland, but a volume of biographical selections, made, as the lawyers
+say, "without prejudice."</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="history"></a>History of Cleveland.</h2>
+
+
+
+<p>For the records of the first sixteen or seventeen years of the history of
+Cleveland, what may be styled its pioneer history, the local historian
+will hereafter be indebted to the work of Col. Whittlesey, where every
+known and reliable fact connected with that period of Cleveland's history
+is carefully preserved.</p>
+
+<p>The city was originally comprised in lands purchased by the "Connecticut
+Land Company," and formed a portion of what is termed the Western Reserve.
+This company was organized in 1795, and in the month of May of the
+following year, it commissioned General Moses Cleaveland to superintend
+the survey of their lands, with a staff of forty-eight assistants. On the
+22d of July, 1796, General Cleaveland, accompanied by Augustus Porter, the
+principal of the surveying department, and several others, entered the
+mouth of the Cuyahoga from the lake. Job P. Stiles and his wife are
+supposed to have been with the party. General Cleaveland continued his
+progress to Sandusky Bay, leaving enough men to put up a storehouse for
+the supplies, and a cabin for the accommodation of the surveyors. These
+were located a short distance south of St. Clair street, west of Union
+lane, at a spring in the side-hill, in rear of Scott's warehouse. During
+the season a cabin was put up for Stiles, on lot 53, east side of Bank
+street, north of the Herald Building, where Morgan &amp; Root's block now
+stands. This was the first building for permanent settlement erected on
+the site of the city, although huts for temporary occupancy had been
+previously built in the neighborhood.</p>
+
+<p>Upon the return of the party from Sandusky, Mr. Porter prepared the
+outlines of the city. He says: "I surveyed a piece of land designed for a
+town--its dimensions I do not recollect--probably equal to about a mile
+square, bounding west on the river, and north on the lake. I made a plot
+of this ground, and laid it off into streets and lots. Most or all the
+streets I surveyed myself, when I left it in charge of Mr. Holley to
+complete the survey of the lots."</p>
+
+<p>The survey of the city was commenced on the 16th of September, and
+completed about the 1st of October, 1796. Holley's notes state that on
+Monday, October 17th, he "finished surveying in New Connecticut; weather
+rainy," and on the following day he records: "We left Cuyahoga at 3
+o'clock 17 minutes, for home. We left at Cuyahoga, Job Stiles and wife,
+and Joseph Landon, with provisions for the Winter." Landon soon abandoned
+the spot and his place was taken by Edward Paine, who had arrived from the
+State of New York, for the purpose of trading with the Indians, and who
+may be considered the first mercantile man who transacted business in
+Cleveland. Thus, during the Winter of 1796-7, the population of the city
+consisted of three inhabitants. During the Winter a child is reputed to
+have been born in the cabin, which had only squaws for nurses.</p>
+
+<p>Early in the Spring of 1797, James Kingsbury and family, from New England,
+with Elijah Gunn, one of the surveying party, all of whom had continued
+during the Winter at Conneaut, where they had endured incredible
+hardships, removed to Cleveland. His first cabin was put up on the site of
+the Case Block, east of the Public Square, but he subsequently removed to
+a point east of the present city limits, somewhere on a line with Kinsman
+Street. Here he remained until his death.</p>
+
+<p>The next families who were attracted to this settlement were those of
+Major Lorenzo Carter and Ezekiel Hawley, who came from Kirtland, Vermont,
+the family of the Major being accompanied by Miss Cloe Inches. In the
+Spring of the following year, (1798,) the former gentleman sowed two acres
+of corn on the west side of Water street. He was also the first person who
+erected a frame building in the city, which he completed in 1802; but an
+unfortunate casualty proved fatal to the enterprise, for when he was about
+to occupy the residence it was totally destroyed by fire. In 1803,
+however, he erected another house on the site of the destroyed building,
+but on this occasion he confined himself to hewn logs.</p>
+
+<p>The fourth addition of the season was that of Nathan Chapman and his
+family, who, like the patriarchs of yore, traveled with his herd, and
+marched into the Forest City at the head of two yoke of oxen and four
+milch cows, which were the first neat stock that fed from the rich
+pasturage on the banks of the Cuyahoga.</p>
+
+<p>In the Summer of 1797, the surveying party returned to the Western Reserve
+and resumed their labors, with Cleveland as a head-quarters. It was a very
+sickly season and three of the number died, one of whom was David
+Eldridge, whose remains were interred in a piece of ground chosen as a
+cemetery, at the corner of Prospect and Ontario streets. This funeral
+occurred on the 3d of June, 1797, and is the first recorded in the city.
+Recently, while making some improvements to the buildings now occupying
+that location, some human bones were discovered.</p>
+
+<p>Less than one month after the first funeral, occurred the first wedding.
+On the 1st of July, 1797, the marriage was solemnized of William Clement,
+of Erie, to Miss Cloe Inches, who had come to this city with the family of
+Major Lorenzo Carter. The ceremony was performed by Mr. Seth Hart, who was
+regarded by the surveying party as their chaplain.</p>
+
+<p>In the beginning of the following year, (1798,) the population had
+increased to fifteen. No other immigration is recorded until that of
+Rodolphus Edwards and Nathaniel Doane and their families, in 1799, the
+latter consisting of nine persons. They journeyed from Chatham,
+Connecticut, and were occupied ninety-two days in their transit--a longer
+period than is now allowed to accomplish a voyage to the East Indies.</p>
+
+<p>In 1799, the Land Company caused a road to be surveyed and partially
+worked, from Cleveland to the Pennsylvania line, about ten miles from the
+lake, which was the first road opened through the Reserve. In the Spring
+of that year Wheeler W. Williams, from Norwich, Connecticut, and Major
+Wyatt, erected a grist mill at the falls at Newburgh, and in 1800 a saw
+mill was also built by them; a substantial proof that sufficient corn and
+wheat were grown and lumber required to warrant the speculation.</p>
+
+<p>The desire of moral culture and education did not relax in this lonely
+region, and in 1800, a township school was organized, and the children
+were taught by Sarah Doane. The site of the school house was near
+Kingsbury's, on the ridge road.</p>
+
+<p>Cleveland received two additions in 1800, in the persons of David Clarke
+and Amos Spafford, the former of whom erected a house on Water street. The
+first sermon preached in Cleveland, was delivered in that year by the Rev.
+Joseph Badger, an agent of the Connecticut Missionary Society.</p>
+
+<p>The years of 1798, 1799 and 1800, were remarkable for the early
+commencement of genial weather. Pinks were in bloom in February, and the
+peach trees were also in full blossom in March.</p>
+
+<p>In 1801, the first distillery was erected by David Bryant. The memorable
+4th of July of the same year was celebrated by the first ball in
+Cleveland. It took place at Major Carter's log house, on the slope from
+Superior street to the harbor, and was attended by thirty of both sexes.</p>
+
+<p>The first village school was held in Major Carter's house in 1802, and the
+children were taught by Anna Spafford.</p>
+
+<p>In 1803, Elisha Norton arrived in Cleveland with a stock of goods
+principally adapted to the Indian trade, which he exhibited for sale in
+Major Carter's house. The State of Ohio was this year admitted into the
+Union, and the first election was held at James Kingsbury's.</p>
+
+<p>The first Post Office was established here in 1804, when letters were
+received and transmitted every seven days.</p>
+
+<p>In 1805, the harbor was made a port of entry, and classed within the Erie
+district. In the same year the territory on the west side of Cuyahoga was
+ceded to the State by treaty. During the negotiations for that treaty, one
+of the commissioners, Hon. Gideon Granger, distinguished for talents,
+enterprise and forethought, uttered to his astonished associates this
+bold, and what was then deemed, extraordinary prediction: "Within fifty
+years an extensive city will occupy these grounds, and vessels will sail
+directly from this port into the Atlantic Ocean." The prediction has been
+fulfilled, though the latter portion of it required an extension of time,
+of a year or two to make the fulfilment literal.</p>
+
+<p>In 1806, Nathan Perry and family and Judge Walworth removed to Cleveland
+the latter from Painesville. In the same year the first militia training
+occurred. The place of rendezvous was Doane's corner, and the muster
+amounted to about fifty men.</p>
+
+<p>In 1809, the county of Cuyahoga was formed, Cleveland chosen as the county
+seat, and Amos Spafford was elected representative. The same year Abraham
+Hickox commenced business as a blacksmith, under the euphonious cognomen
+of "Uncle Abram."</p>
+
+<p>On the 5th of June, 1810, the first Court of Record was held in a frame
+building erected by Elias and Harvey Murray, on the north side of Superior
+Street, of which Judge Ruggles was President, assisted by three Associate
+Judges. George Wallis and family arrived this year and opened a tavern.
+Samuel and Matthew Williamson began business as tanners. Dr. David Long
+commenced practice as a physician, and Alfred Kelley as the first attorney
+in Cleveland. Elias and Harvey Murray opened a store this year in Union
+lane, and may be termed the first general merchants.</p>
+
+<p>In 1812, was the first trial for murder and the execution in Cleveland,
+that of the Indian O'Mic, for the murder of two white trappers near
+Sandusky City. In the same year the court house was built.</p>
+
+<p>The first brick house erected in the city was that of J. E. and I. Kelley,
+in Superior Street. It was built in 1814; but the bricks were very unlike
+those of the present day, being more than twice their size. They were made
+in Cleveland. This edifice was soon succeeded by another of the same
+material, built by Alfred Kelley, in Water street.</p>
+
+<p>In 1815, Cleveland was incorporated by the Legislature with a village
+charter and Alfred Kelley was the first President.</p>
+
+<p>In 1816, the first bank was established in the city, under the title
+of the Commercial Bank of Lake Erie, of which Leonard Case took the
+management. In that year the number of vessels enrolled as hailing
+from the port of Cleveland, was but seven, and their aggregate
+burthen 430 tons.</p>
+
+<p>In 1817, the first church was organized, which was the Episcopal church of
+Trinity; but it was not until 1828 that the edifice was erected on the
+corner of St. Clair and Seneca streets.</p>
+
+<p>On the 31st of July, 1818, the first newspaper was printed in this city,
+"The Cleveland Gazette and Commercial Register." On the 1st of September in
+the same year, the first steam vessel entered the harbor, the
+"Walk-in-the-Water," commanded by Captain Fish, from Buffalo, putting in
+on its way to Detroit. It was 300 tons burthen, had accommodations for one
+hundred cabin and a greater number of steerage passengers, and was
+propelled at eight or ten miles an hour. Its arrival and departure were
+greeted with several rounds of artillery, and many persons accompanied her
+to Detroit.</p>
+
+<p>In 1819, Mr. Barber built a log hut on the west side of the harbor, and
+may be considered the first permanent settler in Ohio City.</p>
+
+<p>In 1830, was established a stage conveyance to Columbus, and in the autumn
+a second proceeded to Norwalk. In 1821, these efforts were followed by
+others, and two additional wagons were started, one for Pittsburgh and
+another for Buffalo.</p>
+
+<p>In 1825, an appropriation was made by Government for the improvement of
+the harbor, being the first Government aid received for that purpose. The
+water in the river was frequently so shallow that it was customary for
+vessels to lie off in the lake and transfer passengers and freight by
+boats. On the 4th of July in that year ground was broken at Licking Summit
+for the Ohio canal, to connect the waters of Lake Erie at Cleveland with
+those of the Ohio river at Portsmouth.</p>
+
+<p>In 1827, Mr. Walworth, the harbor-master and Government agent, proceeded
+to Washington, and after the most strenuous exertions, succeeded in
+obtaining a further grant of $10,000 for the improvement of the harbor. In
+the same year the Ohio canal was opened to Akron, and the first
+importation of coal to Cleveland made.</p>
+
+<p>In 1828, a new court-house was erected on the Public Square.</p>
+
+<p>The light-house, on the bluff at the end of Water street, was built
+in 1830, the lantern being one hundred and thirty-five feet above
+water level.</p>
+
+<p>In 1832, the Ohio canal was finished and communication between the lake
+and the Ohio river opened. In the same year a new jail was built on
+Champlain street.</p>
+
+<p>In 1834, some of the streets were graded, and the village assumed such
+importance that application for a city charter began to be talked of.</p>
+
+<p>The population of the city had grown in 1835 to 5,080, having more than
+doubled in two years. There was at this time an immense rush of people to
+the West. Steamers ran from Buffalo to Detroit crowded with passengers at
+a fare of eight dollars, the number on board what would now be called
+small boats, sometimes reaching from five hundred to six hundred persons.
+The line hired steamers and fined them a hundred dollars if the round trip
+was not made in eight days. The slower boats, not being able to make that
+time with any certainty, frequently stopped at Cleveland, discharged their
+passengers, and put back to Buffalo. It sometimes chanced that the shore
+accommodations were insufficient for the great crowd of emigrants stopping
+over at this port, and the steamers were hired to lie off the port all
+night, that the passengers might have sleeping accommodations. In that
+year fire destroyed a large part of the business portion of Cleveland. At
+the same period James S. Clark built, at his own expense, the old Columbus
+street bridge, connecting Cleveland with Brooklyn township, and donated it
+to the city. Two years later this bridge was the occasion and scene of the
+famous "battle of the bridge," to be noticed in its proper place.</p>
+
+<p>In 1836, Cleveland was granted a charter as a city. Greatly to the
+mortification of many of the citizens, the people across the river had
+received their charter for the organization of Ohio City before that for
+the city of Cleveland came to hand, and Ohio City, therefore, took
+precedence on point of age. This tended to embitter the jealous rivalry
+between the two cities, and it was only after long years that this feeling
+between the dwellers on the two sides of the river died out.</p>
+
+<p>The settlement on the west side of the river had been made originally by
+Josiah Barber and Richard Lord. Soon after Alonzo Carter purchased on
+that side of the river and kept tavern in the "Red House," opposite
+Superior street. In 1831, the Buffalo Company purchased the Carter farm
+which covered the low land towards the mouth of the river, and the
+overlooking bluffs. They covered the low ground with warehouses, and the
+bluffs with stores and residences. Hotels were erected and preparations
+made for the building up of a city that should far eclipse the older
+settlement on the east side of the river. The company excavated a short
+ship canal from the Cuyahoga to the old river bed, at the east end, and
+the waters being high, a steamboat passed into the lake, through a
+natural channel at the west end.</p>
+
+<p>When it was proposed to get a city charter for Cleveland, negotiations
+were entered into between the leading men on both sides of the river with
+the purpose of either consolidating the two villages into one city, or at
+least acting in harmony. The parties could agree neither on terms of
+consolidation nor on boundaries. The negotiations were broken off, and
+each side started its deputation to Columbus to procure a city charter,
+with the result we have already noticed.</p>
+
+<p>Ohio City was ambitions to have a harbor of its own, entirely independent
+of Cleveland and to the advantages of which that city could lay no claim.
+The old river bed was to be deepened and the channel to the lake at the
+west end re-opened. As a preliminary to this ignoring of the Cleveland
+harbor entrance of the Cuyahoga, a canal was cut through the marsh, from
+opposite the entrance to the Ohio canal to the old river bed, which was
+thus to be made the terminus of the Ohio canal.</p>
+
+<p>In 1837, city rivalry ran so high that it resulted in the "battle of the
+bridge." Both sides claimed jurisdiction over the Columbus street bridge
+built by Mr. Clark and donated for public use. Armed men turned out on
+either side to take possession of the disputed structure. A field piece
+was posted on the low ground on the Cleveland side, to rake the bridge.
+Guns, pistols, crowbars, clubs and stones were freely used on both sides.
+Men were wounded of both parties, three of them seriously. The draw was
+cut away, the middle pier and the western abutment partially blown down,
+and the field piece spiked by the west siders. But the sheriff and the
+city marshal of Cleveland appeared on the scene, gained possession of the
+dilapidated bridge, which had been given to the city of Cleveland, and
+lodged some of the rioters in thee county jail. This removed the bridge
+question from the camp and battle-field to the more peaceful locality of
+the courts.</p>
+
+<p>In 1840, the population had increased to 6071, so that, notwithstanding
+that the city had been suffering from depression, there was an influx of a
+thousand persons in the last five years.</p>
+
+<p>In 1841, the Pennsylvania and Ohio Canal was completed, Connecting the
+Ohio Canal at Akron with the Ohio river at Beaver, Pennsylvania, and thus
+forming a water communication with Pittsburgh.</p>
+
+<p>The United States Marine Hospital, pleasantly situated on the banks of the
+lake, was commenced in 1844 and not completed until 1852. It is surrounded
+by eight acres of ground, and is designed to accommodate one hundred and
+forty patients.</p>
+
+<p>In 1845, the city voted to loan its credit for $200,000 towards the
+construction of a railroad from Cleveland to Columbus and Cincinnati, and
+subsequently the credit of the city was pledged for the loan of $100,000
+towards the completion of the Cleveland and Erie or Lake Shore line.</p>
+
+<p>In 1851, the 23d of February, the Cleveland, Columbus and Cincinnati
+Railroad was opened for travel; and on the same day forty miles of the
+Cleveland and Pittsburgh Railroad was likewise completed. These
+circumstances produced great rejoicings, for during the period of their
+construction the city had been almost daily adding to the number of its
+inhabitants, so that it had nearly doubled in the last six years, its
+population being now 21,140, and in the following year (1852) it added
+eighty-seven persons per week to its numbers, being then 25,670.</p>
+
+<p>In 1858, the new court house was built and the old court house on the
+Public Square was taken down.</p>
+
+<p>We have thus glanced at a few of the leading incidents in the history of
+the city. A more full and exact account will be found in the historical
+sketches prefacing each department in the body of the work, and still
+further details will be found in the biographical sketches. There only
+remains to be added here a few data in regard to the population,
+government, and officials of the city.</p>
+
+<p>The population of Cleveland commenced in 1796, with four persons. Next
+year the number increased to fifteen, but in 1800, had fallen back to
+seven. The subsequent figures are: 1810, 57; 1820, about 150; 1825, about
+500; 1830, United States census, 1,075; 1832, about 1,500; 1833, about
+1,900; 1834, city census, 6,071, or with Ohio City, 7,648; 1845, 9,573, or
+with Ohio City, 12,035; 1846, Cleveland 10,135; 1850, United States
+census, 17,034, or with Ohio City, 20,984; 1851, city census, 21,140;
+1852, 25,670; 1860, United States census for combined city, 43,838; 1866,
+67,500; 1869, not less than 100,000.</p>
+
+<p>The village of Cleveland was incorporated in 1814, and the first president
+of the village, elected in 1815, was Alfred Kelley. Twelve votes were cast
+at the election. In the following year he resigned his position, and his
+father, Daniel Kelley, was elected by the same number of votes, retaining
+his position until 1820, when Horace Perry was made president. In the
+following year he was succeeded by Reuben Wood. From the year 1821 to
+1825, Leonard Case was regularly elected president of the corporation, but
+neglecting to qualify in the latter year, the recorder, E. Waterman,
+became president, ex-officio. Here the records are defective until the
+year 1828, when it appears Mr. Waterman received the double office of
+president and recorder. On account of ill-health he resigned, and on the
+30th of May the trustees appointed Oirson Cathan as president. At the
+annual election in June, 1829, Dr. David Long was elected president, and
+during his presidency a fire-engine was purchased. Forty-eight votes were
+cast at this election. For the years 1830 and 1831, Richard Hilliard was
+president, and for the following year John W. Allen was chosen, and
+retained the position until 1835, one hundred and six votes being cast at
+the last named election.</p>
+
+<p>The mayors of Ohio City, up to the time of the consolidation, were as
+follows; 1836, Josiah Barber; 1837, Francis A. Burrows; 1838-9, Norman C.
+Baldwin; 1840-41, Needham M. Standart; 1842, Francis A. Burrows; 1843,
+Richard Lord; 1844-5-6, D. H. Lamb; 1847, David Griffith; 1848, John
+Beverlin; 1849, Thomas Burnham; 1850-51-52, Benjamin Sheldon; 1853, Wm.
+B. Castle.</p>
+
+<p>The first mayor of the city of Cleveland was John W. Willey, who held the
+office for two terms, namely, for the years 1836 and 1837, the term under
+the old constitution being but for one year. In 1858, the term was
+extended to two years, Abner C. Brownell being re-elected for the first
+two-year term. Under that mayoralty the consolidation of the two cities
+was effected, and the next mayor, according to the understanding, was
+taken from the late municipality of Ohio City, William B. Castle being
+elected for the term of 1855-6.</p>
+
+<p>When Cleveland was raised to the dignity of a city, in 1836, it was
+divided into three wards, each ward represented by three councilmen and
+one alderman. In 1851, a fourth ward was added, the increased population
+rendering the re-arrangement necessary. In 1853, under the operation of
+the new constitution, the aldermen were dispensed with; the wards had
+previously been restricted to two trustees, or councilmen, each. In 1854,
+the two cities of Cleveland and Ohio City having been united, the
+consolidated city was divided into eleven wards. This number remained
+until 1868, when, by the annexation of additional territory, a re-division
+was necessitated, and the city districted into fifteen wards.</p>
+
+<p>As an interesting and valuable contribution to the municipal history of
+the city we give the following complete record of the executive and
+legislative government of Cleveland since its organization as a city:</p>
+
+<p>1836. Mayor--John W. Willey. President of the Council--Sherlock J.
+Andrews. Aldermen--Richard Hilliard, Joshua Mills, Nicholas Dockstader.
+Councilmen--1st Ward--Morris Hepburn, John R. St. John, William V. Craw.
+2d Ward--Sherlock J. Andrews, Henry L. Noble, Edward Baldwin. 3d
+Ward--Aaron T. Strickland, Horace Canfield, Archibald M. C. Smith.</p>
+
+<p>1837. Mayor--John W. Willey. President of the Council--Joshua Mills.
+Aldermen--Joshua Mills, Nicholas Dockstader, Jonathan Williams.
+Councilmen--1st Ward--George B. Merwin, Horace Canfield, Alfred Hall. 2d
+Ward--Edward Baldwin, Samuel Cook, Henry L. Noble. 3d Ward--Samuel
+Starkweather, Joseph K. Miller, Thomas Colahan.</p>
+
+<p>1838. Mayor--Joshua Mills. President of the Council--Nicholas Dockstader.
+Aldermen--Nicholas Dockstader, Alfred Hall, Benjamin Harrington.
+Councilmen--1st Ward--George C. Dodge, Moses A. Eldridge, Herrick Childs.
+2d Ward--Benjamin Andrews, Leonard Case, Henry Blair. 3d Ward--Melancthon
+Barnett, Thomas Colahan, Tom Lemen.</p>
+
+<p>1839. Mayor--Joshua Mills. President of the Council--John A. Foot.
+Aldermen--Harvey Rice, Edward Baldwin, Richard Hilliard. Councilmen--1st
+Ward--George Mendenhall, Timothy P. Spencer, Moses Ross. 2d Ward--John A.
+Foot, Charles M. Giddings, Jefferson Thomas. 3d Ward--Thomas Bolton, Tom
+Lemen, John A. Vincent.</p>
+
+<p>1840. Mayor--Nicholas Dockstader. President of the Council--William
+Milford. Aldermen--William Milford, William Lemen, Josiah A. Harris.
+Councilmen--1st Ward--Ashbel W. Walworth, David Hersch, John Barr. 2d
+Ward--David Allen, John A. Foot, Thomas M. Kelley. 3d Ward--Stephen Clary,
+Charles Bardburn, John A. Vincent.</p>
+
+<p>1841. Mayor--John W. Allen. President of the Council--Thomas Bolton.
+Aldermen--William Milford, Thomas Bolton, Newton E. Crittenden.
+Councilmen--1st Ward--Nelson Hayward, Herrick Childs, George B. Tibbets.
+2d Ward--Moses Kelly, W. J. Warner, M. C. Younglove. 3d Ward--Philo
+Scovill, Benj. Harrington, Miller M. Spangler.
+
+1842. Mayor--Joshua Mills. President of the Council--Benjamin Harrington.
+Aldermen--Nelson Hayward, William Smyth, Benjamin Harrington.
+Councilmen--1st Ward--William D. Nott, Robert Bailey, Henry Morgan. 2d
+Ward--George Mendenhall, George Witherell, Jefferson Thomas. 3d
+Ward--William T. Goodwin, George Kirk, Levi Johnson.</p>
+
+<p>1843. Mayor--Nelson Hayward. President of the Council--George A. Benedict.
+Aldermen--William D. Nott, Samuel Cook, Samuel Starkweather.
+Councilmen--1st Ward--Robert Bailey, John B. Wigman, James Church, Jr. 2d
+Ward--Stephen Clary, Alanson H. Lacy, George A. Benedict. 3d Ward--William
+T. Goodwin, John Wills, Alexander S. Cramer.</p>
+
+<p>1844. Mayor--Samuel Starkweather. President of the Council--Melancthon
+Barnett. Aldermen--Leander M. Hubby, Stephen Clary, William T. Goodwin.
+Councilmen--1st Ward--Thomas Mell, George F. Marshall, E. St. John Bemis.
+2d Ward--Charles Stetson, Jacob Lowman, John Outhwaite. 3d Ward--William
+F. Allen, Melancthon Barnett, John F. Warner.</p>
+
+<p>1845. Mayor--Samuel Starkweather. President of the Council--Flavel W.
+Bingham. Aldermen--Charles W. Heard, George Witherell, L. O. Mathews.
+Councilmen--1st Ward--Flavel W. Bingham, Peter Caul, Samuel C. Ives. 2d
+Ward--James Gardner, Ellery G. Williams, David L. Wood. 3d Ward--Arthur
+Hughes, John A. Wheeler, Orville Gurley.</p>
+
+<p>1846. Mayor--George Hoadley. President of the Council--Leander M. Hubby.
+Aldermen--Leander M. Hubby, John H. Gorham, Josiah A. Harris.
+Councilmen--1st Ward--E. St. John Bemis. John F. Chamberlain, John Gill.
+2d Ward--William Case, William Bingham, John A. Wheeler. 3d Ward--William
+K. Adams Marshall Carson, Liakim L. Lyon.</p>
+
+<p>1847. Mayor--Josiah A. Harris. President of the Council--Flavel W.
+Bingham. Aldermen--Flavel W. Bingham, William Case, Pierre A. Mathivet.
+Councilmen--1st Ward--David Clark Doan, Henry Everett, John Gill. 2d
+Ward--John Erwin, Charles Hickox, Henry B. Payne. 3d Ward--Alexander
+Seymour, Alexander S. Cramer, Orville Gurley.</p>
+
+<p>1848. Mayor--Lorenzo A. Kelsey. President of the Council--Flavel W.
+Bingham. Aldermen--Flavel W. Bingham, William Case, Alexander Seymour.
+Councilmen--1st Ward--Richard Norton, John Gill, Charles M. Read. 2d
+Ward--Henry B. Payne, Leander M. Hubby, Thomas C. Floyd. 3d Ward--Samuel
+Starkweather, Robert Parks, William J. Gordon.</p>
+
+<p>1849. Mayor--Flavel W. Bingham. President of the Council--William Case.
+Aldermen--William Case, Alexander Seymour, John Gill. Councilmen--1st
+Ward--David W. Cross, Richard Norton, Henry Everett. 2d Ward--Alexander
+McIntosh, John G. Mack, James Calyer. 3d Ward--Arthur Hughes, Abner C.
+Brownell Christopher Mollen.</p>
+
+<p>1850. Mayor--William Case. President of the Council--Alexander Seymour.
+Aldermen--Alexander Seymour, John Gill, Leander M. Hubby. Councilmen--1st
+Ward--William Given, George Whitelaw, Buckley Stedman. 2d Ward--Alexander
+McIntosh, William Bingham, Samuel Williamson. 3d Ward--Arthur Hughes,
+Abner C. Brownell, Levi Johnson.</p>
+
+<p>1851. Mayor--William Case. President of the Council--John Gill,
+Aldermen--John Gill, Leander M. Hubby, Abner C. Brownell, Buckley Stedman.
+Council-men--1st Ward--Jabez W. Fitch, George Whitelaw. 2d Ward--Alexander
+McIntosh, Thomas C. Floyd. 3d Ward--Stoughton Bliss, Miller M. Spangler.
+4th Ward--Marshall S. Castle, James B. Wilbur.</p>
+
+<p>1853. Mayor--Abner C. Brownell. President of the Council--Leander M,
+Hubby. Aldermen--John B. Wigman, Leander M. Hubby, Basil L. Spangler,
+Buckley Stedman. Councilmen--1st Ward--Henry Morgan, Aaron Merchant. 2d
+Ward--William H. Shell, Robert B. Bailey. 3d Ward--Stoughton Bliss, John
+B. Smith. 4th Ward--Admiral N. Gray, Henry Howe.</p>
+
+<p>1853. Mayor--Abner C. Brownell. President of the Council--William H.
+Shell. Trustees--1st Ward--John B, Wigman, George F. Marshall. 2d
+Ward--William H. Shell, James Gardner. 3d Ward--William J. Gordon, Robert
+Reilley. 4th Ward--Henry Everett, Richard C. Parsons.</p>
+
+<p>1854. Abner C. Brownell. President of the Council--Richard C. Parsons.
+Trustees--1st Ward--John B. Wigman, Charles Bradburn. 2d Ward--William H.
+Sholl, James Gardner. 3d Ward--Christopher Mollen, Robert Reilley. 4th
+Ward--Henry Everett, Richard C. Parsons. 5th Ward--Chauncey Tice, Mathew
+S. Cotterell. 6th Ward--Bolivar Butts, John A. Bishop. 7th Ward--W. C. B.
+Richardson, George W. Morrill. 8th Ward--A. C. Messenger, Charles W.
+Palmer. 9th Ward--Wells Porter, Albert Powell. 10th Ward--Plimmon C.
+Bennett, I. U. Masters. 11th Ward--Edward Russell, Frederick Sillbers.</p>
+
+<p>1855. Mayor--William B. Castle. President of the Council--Charles
+Bradburn. Trustees--1st Ward--Charles Bradburn, E. A. Brock. 2d
+Ward--William H. Sholl, William T. Smith. 3d Ward--Christopher Mollen,
+Thomas S. Paddock. 4th Ward--William H. Stanley, Rensselaer R. Horrick.
+5th Ward--Chauncey Tice, Irad L. Beardsley. 6th Ward--Bolivar Butts, John
+A. Bishop. 7th Ward--W. C. B. Richardson, George W. Morrill. 8th
+Ward--Charles W. Palmer, S. W. Johnson. 9th Ward--Albert Powell, William A.
+Wood. 10th Ward--I. U. Masters, Charles A. Crum. 11th Ward Edward Russell,
+S. Buhrer.</p>
+
+<p>1856. Mayor--William B. Castle. President of the Council--Charles W.
+Palmer. Trustees--1st Ward--E. A. Brock, A. P. Winslow. 2d Ward--Wm. T.
+Smith, O. M. Oviatt. 8d Ward--T. S. Paddock, C. Mollen. 4th Ward--R. R.
+Herrick, C. S. Ransom. 5th Ward--C. Tice, F. T. Wallace. 6th Ward--J. A.
+Bishop, Harvey Rice. 7th Ward--G. W. Morrill, E. S. Willard. 8th Ward--S.
+W. Johnson, R. G. Hunt. 9th Ward--Sanford J. Lewis, Charles W. Palmer.
+10th Ward--Charles A. Crum, I. U. Masters. 11th Ward--S. Buhrer, John
+Kirkpatrick.</p>
+
+<p>1857. Mayor--Samuel Starkweather. President of the Council--Reuben G.
+Hunt. Trustees--1st Ward--A. P. Winslow, L. J. Rider. 2d Ward--O. M.
+Oviatt, Charles D. Williams. 3d Ward--C. Mollen, Charles Patrick 4th
+Ward--C. S. Ransom, R. R. Herrick. 5th Ward--F. T. Wallace, W. B. Rezner.
+6th Ward--Harvey Rice, Jacob Mueller. 7th Ward--E. S. Willard, John A.
+Weber. 8th Ward--R. G. Hunt, B. G. Sweet. 9th Ward--C. W. Palmer, J. M.
+Coffinberry. 10th Ward--I. U. Masters, Charles A. Crum. 11th Ward--John
+Kirkpatrick, Daniel Stephan.</p>
+
+<p>1858. Mayor--Samuel Starkweather. President of the Council--James M.
+Coffinberry. Trustees--1st Ward--L. J. Rider, George B. Senter. 2d
+Ward--Chas. D. Williams, O. M. Oviatt. 3d Ward--Levi Johnson, Randall
+Crawford. 4th Ward--R. R. Herrick, C. S. Ransom. 5th Ward--Wm. B. Rezner,
+G. H. Detmer. 6th Ward--Jacob Mueller, L. D. Thayer. 7th Ward--J. A. Weber,
+Thos. Thompson. 8th Ward--B. G. Sweet, Charles Winslow. 9th Ward--J. M.
+Coffinberry, John N. Ford. 10th Ward--A. G. Hopkinson, I. U. Masters. 11th
+Ward--Daniel Stephan, Alexander McLane.</p>
+
+<p>1859. Mayor--George B. Senter. President of the Council--I. U. Masters.
+Trustees--1st Ward--L. J. Rider, James Christian. 2d Ward--O. M. Oviatt,
+Wm. H. Hayward. 3d Ward--Randall Crawford, Louis Heckman. 4th Ward--C. S.
+Ransom, Isaac H. Marshall. 5th Ward--G. H. Detmer, Jacob Hovey. 6th
+Ward--L. C. Thayer, Jared H. Clark. 7th Ward--Thos. Thompson, James R.
+Worswick. 8th Ward--Charles Winslow, C. L. Russell. 9th Ward--John H.
+Sargeant, E. H. Lewis. 10th Ward--I. U. Masters, A. G. Hopkinson. 11th
+Ward--A. McLane, Thomas Dixon.</p>
+
+<p>1860. Mayor--George B. Senter. President of the Council--I. U. Masters
+Trustees--1st Ward--James Christian, Thomas Quayle. 2d Ward--W. H.
+Hayward, .M. Oviatt. 3d Ward--Louis Heckman, H. S. Stevens. 4th
+Ward--I. H. Marshall, E. Thomas. 5th Ward--Jacob Hovey, W. B. Rezner. 6th
+Ward--Jared H. Clark, C. J. Ballard. 7th. Ward--Jas. R. Worswick, E. S.
+Willard. 8th Ward--C. L. Russell, J. Dwight Palmer. 9th Ward--E. H.
+Lewis, Wm. Sabin. 10th Ward--A. G. Hopkinson, I. U. Masters. 11th
+Ward--Thos. Dixon, Daniel Stephan.</p>
+
+<p>1861. Mayor--Edward S. Flint. President of the Council--Henry S. Stevens.
+Trustees--1st Ward--Thomas Quayle, J. J. Benton. 2d Ward--O. M. Oviatt,
+T. N. Bond. 3d Ward--Henry S. Stevens, A. C. Keating. 4th Ward--E. Thomas,
+Henry Blair. 5th Ward--W. B. Rezner, Joseph Sturges. 6th Ward--C. J.
+Ballard, William Meyer. 7th Ward--E. S. Willard, P. M. Freese. 8th
+Ward--J. Dwight Palmer, Solon Corning. 9th Ward--Wm. Sabin, A. Anthony.
+10th Ward--I. U. Masters, Wm. Wellhouse. 11th Ward--J. Coonrad, Thos.
+Dixon.</p>
+
+<p>1862. Mayor--Edward S. Flint. President of the Council--I. U. Masters.
+Trustees--1st Ward--J. J. Benton, C. C. Rogers. 2d Ward--T. N. Bond. A.
+Roberts. 3d Ward--A. C. Keating, H. S. Stevens. 4th Ward--Henry Blair, E.
+Thomas. 5th Ward--Joseph Sturges, N. P. Payne. 6th Ward--Wm. Meyer, Jno.
+Huntington. 7th Ward--P. M. Freese, E. S. Willard. 8th Ward--Solon Corning,
+J. Dwight Palmer. 9th Ward--A. Anthony, A. T. Van Tassel. 10th Ward--Wm.
+Wellhouse, I. U. Masters. 11th Ward--Thos. Dixon, J. Coonrad.</p>
+
+<p>1863. Mayor--Irvine U. Masters. President of the Council--H. S. Stevens.
+Trustees--1st Ward--C. C. Rogers, Thos. Jones, Jr. 2d Ward--A. Roberts,
+T. N. Bond. 3d Ward--H. S. Stevens, A. C. Keating. 4th Ward--E. Thomas,
+Henry Blair. 5th Ward--N. P. Payne, Joseph Sturges. 6th Ward--John
+Huntington, Geo. W. Gardner. 7th Ward--E. S. Willard, Peter Goldrick.
+8th Ward--J. D. Palmer, Jos. Ransom. 9th Ward--A. T. Van Tassel, Percival
+Upton. 10th Ward--H. N. Bissett, George Presley. 11th Ward--J. Coonrad,
+Stephen Buhrer.</p>
+
+<p>1864. Mayor--Irvine U. Masters. Mayor--George B. Senter, President of the
+Council--Thomas Jones, Jr. Trustees--1st Ward--Thomas Jones, Jr., Chas. C.
+Rogers. 2d Ward--T. N. Bond, Ansel Roberts. 3d Ward--A. C. Keating, Amos
+Townsend. 4th Ward--Henry Blair, David A. Dangler. 5th Ward--Joseph
+Sturges, B. P. Bowers. 6th Ward--George W. Gardner, John Huntington. 7th
+Ward--Peter Goldrick, E. S. Willard. 8th Ward--Joseph Randerson, Wm. H.
+Truscott. 9th Ward--Percival Upton, John Martin. 10th Ward--George
+Presley, Michael Crapser. 11th Ward--Stephen Buhrer, Edward Russell.</p>
+
+<p>1865. Mayor--Herman M. Chapin. President of the Council--Thomas Jones, Jr.
+Trustees--1st Ward--Charles C. Rogers, Thomas Jones, Jr. 2d Ward--Ansel
+Roberts, Henry K. Raynolds. 3d Ward--Amos Townsend, Randall Crawford. 4th
+Ward--David A Dangler, Simson Thorman. 5th Ward--B. P. Bower, Joseph
+Sturges. 6th Ward--John Huntington, George W. Calkins. 7th Ward--E. S.
+Willard, Charles Pettingill. 8th Ward--William H. Truscott, Joseph
+Randerson. 9th Ward--John Martin, Fredrick W. Pelton. 10th Ward--John J.
+Weideman, George Presley. 11th Ward--Edward Russell, Stephen Buhrer.</p>
+
+<p>1866. Mayor--Herman M. Chapin. President of the Council--P. W. Pelton.
+Trustees--1st Ward--Thos. Jones, Jr., Charles C. Rogers. 2d Ward--H. K.
+Raynolds, Ansel Roberts. 3d Ward--Randall Crawford, Amos Townsend. 4th
+Ward--Simson Thorman, Maurice H. Clark. 5th Ward--Joseph Sturges, Wm.
+Heisley. 6th Ward--George W. Calkins, John Huntington. 7th Ward--Charles
+B. Pettingill, Christopher Weigel. 8th Ward--Joseph Randerson, William H.
+Trascott. 9th Ward--Frederick W. Pelton, John Martin. 10th Ward--George
+Presley, Reuben H. Becker. 11th Ward--Stephen Buhrer, Robert Larnder.</p>
+
+<p>1867. Mayor--Stephen Buhrer. President of the Council--Amos Townsend.
+Trustees--1st Ward--Charles C. Rogers, Silas Merchant. 2d Ward--Ansel
+Roberts, Peter Diemer. 3d Ward--Amos Townsend, J. C. Shields. 4th
+Ward--Maurice B. Clark, Proctor Thayer. 5th Ward--William Heisley, Thomas
+Purcell. 6th Ward--John Huntington, Edward Hart. 7th Ward--Christopher
+Weigel, Charles B. Pettingill. 8th Ward--William H. Truscott, Joseph
+Houstain. 9th Ward--John Martin, F. W. Pelton. 10th Ward--Reuben H. Becker,
+William Wellhouse. 11th Ward--Robert Larnder, Charles E. Gehring.</p>
+
+<p>1868. Mayor--Stephen Buhrer. President of the Council--Amos Townsend.
+Trustees--1st Ward--Silas Merchant, C. C. Rogers. 2d Ward--Peter Diemer, H.
+G. Cleveland. 3d Ward--J. C. Shields, Amos Townsend. 4th Ward--Proctor
+Thayer, Maurice B. Clark. 5th Ward--Thos. Purcell, Nathan P. Payne. 6th
+Ward--Edwin Hart, John Huntington. 7th Ward--Charles B. Pettingill, George
+Angell. 8th Ward--Joseph Houstain, Patrick Carr. 9th Ward--F. W. Pelton,
+John Martin. 10th Ward--William Wellhouse, John J. Weideman 11th Ward
+--Charles E. Gehring, George L. Hurtnell. 13th Ward--E. C. Gaeckley, Benj.
+R. Beavis. 13th Ward--George Rettberg, Major Collins. 14th Ward--John
+Jokus, A. E. Massey. 15th Ward--B. Lied, John A. Ensign.</p>
+
+<p>1869. Mayor--Stephen Buhrer. President of the Council--Amos Townsend.
+Trustee--1st Ward--C. C. Rogers, Silas Merchant. 2d Ward--H. G. Cleveland,
+Peter Diemer. 3d Ward--Amos Townsend, Charles Coates. 4th Ward--R. R.
+Herrick, Proctor Thayer. 5th Ward--Nathan P. Payne, Thomas Purcell. 6th
+Ward--John Huntington, W. P. Horton. 7th Ward--George Angell, Horace
+Fuller. 8th Ward--Patrick Carr, Patrick Smith. 9th Ward--John Martin, L.
+L. M. Coe. 10th Ward--John J. Weideman, Wm. Wellhouse. 11th Ward--George L.
+Hartnell, John G. Vetter. 12th Ward--Benj. R. Beavis, Eugene C. Gaeckley.
+13th Ward--Major Collins, J. H. Slosson. 14th Ward--A. E. Massey, A. A.
+Jewett, 15th Ward--John A. Ensign, C. W. Coates.</p>
+
+<p>[Illustration: With Respect, Levi Johnson]</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="trade"></a>Trade and Commerce.</h2>
+
+
+
+<p>The commercial history of the early years of Cleveland does not differ
+from that of most western settlements. When the white population numbered
+from a few dozen to a few hundred, it is difficult to define what was
+commerce and what mere barter for individual accommodation. Every man did
+a little trading on his own account. The carpenter, the tailor, the judge
+and the preacher were alike ready to vary their customary occupations by a
+dicker whenever an opportunity offered. The craftsman purchased what
+necessities or comforts he needed, and paid in the work of his hands. The
+possessor of one article of daily use traded his superfluity for another
+article, and for all articles furs and skins were legal tender, as they
+could be sent east and converted into money or merchandise.</p>
+
+<p>The first strictly commercial transactions were with the Indians. They
+needed powder and lead for hunting, blankets for their comfort, beads for
+the adornment of the squaws, and the two great luxuries--or
+necessities--of frontier life, salt and whisky. In payment for these they
+brought game, to supply the settlers with fresh provisions, and skins, the
+currency of the West. In course of time the opening up of the country
+beyond made a new market for the salt, whisky, and salt provisions
+collected at Cleveland, and with these staples went occasionally a few
+articles of eastern made goods for the use of the frontiermen's wives. As
+the country became more settled the commercial importance of Cleveland
+increased, until it divided with Detroit and Buffalo the honors and
+profits of the commerce of the lakes.</p>
+
+<p>Cleveland was settled in 1796. PFiveyears later the first commercial
+movement was made by the erection of a distillery for the purpose of
+providing an adequate supply of the basis of early western
+commerce--whisky. The trade operations were of a promiscuous and desultory
+character until about the year 1810, when a log warehouse was built by
+Major Carter, on the bank of the lake, between Meadow and Spring streets,
+and this was speedily followed by another, built by Elias and Harvey
+Murray, which became the centre of business and gossip for the village
+and the country round about. Of course a full supply of the great
+staple--whisky--was kept.</p>
+
+<p>In 1813 Cleveland became a lively and prosperous place, it having been
+chosen as a depot of supplies and rendezvous for troops engaged in the
+war. A good business was done in selling to the army, in exchanging with
+the quartermasters, and in transporting troops and supplies. This was a
+flourishing time for Cleveland, and its inhabitants in many cases made
+small fortunes, realizing several hundred dollars in hard cash.</p>
+
+<p>The close of the war brought the usual reaction, and the commerce of the
+embryo city lagged, but gradually improved under the stimulus of
+increasing emigration to the West. In 1816 it had reached such a point
+that a bank was deemed necessary to the proper transaction of trade, and
+the Commercial Bank of Lake Erie was opened, with Leonard Case as
+president. It had the misfortune of being born too soon, and its life
+consequently was not long. At the same time, the projectors of the bank
+were not wholly without warrant for their anticipations of success, for
+Cleveland was doing a good business and owned an extensive lake marine of
+seven craft, measuring in the aggregate four hundred and thirty tons.</p>
+
+<p>The harbor facilities of Cleveland at this time were very few. The river
+mouth, to the westward of the present entrance, was frequently choked with
+sand, and sometimes to such an extent that persons could cross dry shod.
+Vessels of any considerable size--and a size then called "considerable"
+would now be held in very slight estimation--made no attempt to enter the
+river, but came to anchor outside, and were unloaded by lighters. In 1807
+a scheme was set on foot for opening a line of communication for trading
+purposes between Lake Erie and the Ohio river, by cleaning out the
+channels of the Cuyahoga and Tuscarawas riverspretentiousssage of boats
+and batteaux; a wagon road, seven miles long, from Old Portage to New
+Portage, making the connection between the two rivers. It was supposed
+that twelve thousand dollars would suffice for the purpose, and the
+Legislature authorized a lottery by which the funds were to be raised.
+There were to be twelve thousand eight hundred tickets at five dollars
+each, with prizes aggregating sixty-four thousand dollars, from which a
+deduction of twelve and a half per cent, was to be made. The drawing never
+came off, and the money paid for the tickets was refunded some years
+afterwards, without interest. In 1816 an attempt was made to improve the
+entrance to the harbor by means of a pier into the lake. A company was
+organized for the purpose, a charter obtained from the Legislature, and
+something done towards building the pier, but the storms soon washed the
+slight construction away.</p>
+
+<p>Ten years later, the work of improving the harbor under the direction of
+the National Government was begun, the first appropriation being of five
+thousand dollars. A new channel was cut, piers commenced, and the work
+entered upon which has been carried on with varying energy to the present
+time. The opening of the river gave considerable impetus to the commerce
+of the place, which was then carried on wholly by lake.</p>
+
+<p>The opening of the Ohio canal was the first grand starting point in the
+commercial history of Cleveland. It brought into connection with the lake
+highway to market a rich country rapidly filling up with industrious
+settlers, and the products of dairies, grain farms, and grazing lands were
+brought in great quantity to Cleveland, where they were exchanged for New
+York State salt, lake fish, and eastern merchandise. Two years after the
+opening of the canal, which was completed in 1832, the receipts amounted
+to over half a million bushels of wheat, a hundred thousand barrels of
+flour, a million pounds of butter and nearly seventy thousand pounds of
+cheese, with other articles in proportion. Business went on increasing
+with great rapidity; every one was getting rich, in pocket or on paper,
+and Cleveland was racing with its then rival, but now a part of itself,
+Ohio City, for the distinction of being the great commercial centre of the
+West. At that moment, in the year 1837, the great crash came and business
+of all kinds was paralyzed.</p>
+
+<p>Cleveland was one of the first places in the West to recover. Its basis
+was good, and as the interior of Ohio became more peopled the trade of the
+canal increased and, of course, Cleveland was so much the more benefited.
+The opening of the Pennsylvania and Ohio canal, in 1841, opened
+communication with Pittsburgh and added a trade in iron, nails, and glass
+to the other branches of business. In 1844 the commerce of Cleveland by
+lake had reached an aggregate of twenty millions for the year.</p>
+
+<p>The opening of the railroad to Columbus in 1851 marked the second step in
+the business history of the city. The canals brought business from the
+south-east, and by a slow and uncertain route from Cincinnati. The
+completion of the railroad gave direct and speedy connection with
+Cincinnati, with the rich valleys of the Miami, and with lands hitherto
+undeveloped or seeking other markets for their produce. Other railroads
+were rapidly built, and developed new avenues of commerce and new sources
+of wealth. The population increased rapidly. The streets were extended and
+lined with new buildings. Additional stores were opened and all
+departments felt the rush of new life. The lake commerce of the port, in
+spite of the business drawn off by competing railroads, increased in 1853
+to a total of eighty-seven million dollars, more than four times the
+amount reached nine years before, after the canal System had been
+completed and was in full operation. The grain trade which once was the
+foundation of the commerce of the city, had fallen away owing the gradual
+removal of the wheat producing territory westward. It was asserted, and
+generally believed, that the canals had done all they could for the
+prosperity of the city, and that unless something new turned up for its
+benefit, Cleveland would remain at a stand-still, or increase only by very
+slow degrees. Business was extremely dull, the prospect looked dubious,
+many business men moved to other cities and more were preparing to follow.
+Just then two things occurred. The war broke out, and the Atlantic and
+Great Western railway was extended to Cleveland. The latter event opened a
+new market for trade in north-western Pennsylvania, and soon after, by
+sending a large proportion of the product of the oil regions to this point
+for refining or shipment, built up an immense and lucrative department of
+manufacture and commerce, whose effect was felt in all classes of
+business. The war stimulated manufactures, and by a sudden bound Cleveland
+set out on the path of permanent prosperity long pointed out by some
+far-seeing men, but until the time referred to strangely neglected. In a
+very few years the population more than doubled the existing facilities
+for business were found totally inadequate for the suddenly increased
+demands, and the most strenuous exertions of the builders failed to meet
+the call for new stores. Manufactory after manufactory came into
+existence, and with each there was an influx of population and a
+consequent increase in all departments of trade. And the work still goes
+on, every manufactory started creating some need hitherto unfelt, and thus
+rendering other manufactories necessary to supply the need.</p>
+
+<p>A careful census of population and business, made towards the close of
+1868, in compliance with a request from one department of the Government
+at Washington, showed that the population had increased to ninety
+thousand; the value of real estate was valued at fifty millions of
+dollars, and of personal property at thirty millions. The commerce,
+including receipts and shipments by lake, canal, and railroad, was taken
+at eight hundred and sixty-five millions of dollars; the value of
+manufactures for the year at nearly fifty millions; the lake arrivals and
+clearances at ten thousand, with an aggregate tonnage of over three
+millions of tons; and the number of vessels and canal boats owned here at
+nearly four hundred. Seventy years ago Major Carter resided here in lonely
+state with his family, being the only white family in the limits of what
+is now the city of Cleveland. The cash value of the entire trade of
+Cleveland at that time would not pay a very cheap clerk's salary
+now-a-days.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="levi_johnson"></a>Levi Johnson</h2>
+
+
+
+<p>The biography of Levi Johnson is, in effect, the history of Cleveland, and
+a sketch of the more active period of his life involves the narrative of
+life in Cleveland during the earlier years of its existence. It is,
+therefore, of more than ordinary interest.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Johnson is a native of Herkimer county, New York, having been born in
+that county April 25th, 1786. He commenced life in a time and place that
+admitted of no idlers, young or old, and in his tenth year it was his
+weekly task to make and dip out a barrel of potash, he being too young to
+be employed with the others in wood-chopping. Until his fourteenth year he
+lived with an uncle, working on a farm, and laboring hard. At that age he
+determined to be a carpenter and joiner, and entered the shop of Ephraim
+Derrick, with whom he remained four years. At eighteen, he changed masters
+and worked with Laflet Remington, and at twenty-one changed again to
+Stephen Remington, with whom he worked at barn building one year.</p>
+
+<p>It was whilst he was with Stephen Remington that an event occurred that
+shaped Levi Johnson's future life. Considerable interest had been excited
+in regard to Ohio, towards which emigrants were frequently seen taking
+their way. A brother of Stephen Remington was sent west to spy out the
+land and report on its desirableness as a home. This committee of one, on
+lands, came to Newburgh, and was so strongly impressed with the advantages
+of the place from which Cleveland was afterwards said to be but six miles
+distant, that he allowed his imagination to run away with his veracity. He
+wrote back that he had struck the richest country in the world; that the
+soil was marvelously fertile, and that corn grew so tall and strong that
+the raccoons ran up the stems and lodged on the ears out of the way of the
+dogs. Great was the excitement in Herkimer county when this report was
+received. Such wonderful growth of corn was never known in York State, but
+Ohio was a <i>terra incognita</i>, and Munchausen himself would have had a
+chance of being believed had he located his adventures in what was then
+the Far West. Stephen Remington quit barn-building, shut up his shop,
+packed up his tools and started in the Fall of 1807 for the new Eden, on
+Lake Erie. In the succeeding Spring, Johnson followed in his footsteps as
+far as East Bloomfield, near Canandaigua, where he worked during that
+Summer, building a meeting-house.</p>
+
+<p>In the Fall of 1808, he shouldered his pack and set out on foot for the
+West. At Buffalo he found work and wintered there until February, when his
+uncle came along, bound also for the land of promise. There was room in
+the sleigh for Levi, and he was not loth to avail himself of the
+opportunity of making his journey quicker and easier than on foot. On the
+10th of March, 1809, the sleigh and its load entered Cleveland.</p>
+
+<p>By that time it had come to be hard sledding, so the sleigh was abandoned
+and the two travelers, determining to put farther west, mounted the horses
+and continued their journey to Huron county. Here they fell in with Judge
+Wright and Ruggles, who were surveying the Fire Lands. They wanted a
+saw-mill, and Johnson's uncle contracted to build one at the town of
+Jessup, now known as Wakeman. Levi turned back to Cleveland, and was
+fortunate in finding a home in the family of Judge Walworth. The Judge
+wanted an office built, and Johnson undertook to make it. Hitherto, all
+the houses were of logs; but the Judge, having a carpenter boarding in his
+family, aspired to something more pretentions. The building was to be
+frame. At that time Euclid was a flourishing settlement, and rejoiced in
+that important feature--a saw-mill. The lumber was brought from Euclid,
+the frame set up on Superior street, about where the American House now
+stands, and every day the gossips of the little settlement gathered to
+watch and discuss the progress of the first frame building in Cleveland.
+The work occupied forty days, and when it was completed, there was great
+pride in this new feature of Cleveland architecture. The erection of the
+first frame building marked the commencement of a new era.</p>
+
+<p>That job done, Levi turned back to Huron to fulfill the contract made by
+his uncle for the erection of a saw-mill. This was a heavy job for so
+small a force, and between three and four months were spent in it.
+Slinging his kit of tools on his back, he then turned once more towards
+Cleveland, in which he settled down for the remainder of his life, the
+next two or three years being spent in building houses and barns in
+Cleveland, and in the more flourishing village of Newburgh. A saw-mill
+also was put up on Tinker's creek.</p>
+
+<p>When Mr. Johnson was building the saw-mill at Jessup, he fell in with a
+young lady, Miss Montier, who enjoyed the distinction of being the first
+white girl that landed in Huron, where she lived with a family named
+Hawley. The young carpenter fell in love with the only pretty girl to be
+found in the neighborhood, and she was not unkindly disposed to the young
+man. When he returned to Cleveland she was induced to come also, and lived
+with Judge Walworth, at that time the great landed owner, and consequently
+prominent man in the thriving village of sixty inhabitants. In 1811, the
+couple were married.</p>
+
+<p>In the Fall of 1812, Johnson made a contract with the County
+Commissioners, Messrs. Wright, Ruggles and Miles, to build a Court House
+and Jail on the Public Square, opposite where the First Presbyterian
+Church now stands. The material was to be logs, laid end-wise for greater
+security. The work was pushed forward rapidly the next Summer, and towards
+noon of September 12th, Johnson and his men were just putting the
+finishing touches to the building, when they were startled by what seemed
+the roar of distant thunder. On looking out of the windows not a cloud
+could be seen in the sky, but the reverberations continued, and at once
+the conviction that the noise was of cannons seized them. Throwing down
+their tools they ran to the bank of the lake, where nearly all the
+villagers at home to the number of about thirty, were already gathered,
+stretching their eyes to the westward, whence the sounds came. Now the
+reports of the cannon could be plainly distinguished. They knew that
+Perry's fleet had passed up the lake, and that, consequently, a battle
+could be at any moment expected. The louder reports told when the
+Americans fired, for their guns were of heavier caliber than the English.
+At last the firing ceased for a while. Then three loud reports, evidently
+American, were heard, and the little crowd, convinced that their side had
+won, gave three hearty cheers for Perry.</p>
+
+<p>About two days afterwards, Johnson and a man named Rumidge picked up a
+large flat-boat that had been built by General Jessup for the conveyance
+of troops, and then abandoned. Each of the finders purchased a hundred
+bushels of potatoes, took them to the army at Put-in-Bay, quadrupling the
+money invested, and giving Johnson his first financial start in life.</p>
+
+<p>As General Jessup needed the boat to transfer his troops to Malden, he
+retained it, taking Rumidge also into service, and leaving Johnson to
+return to Cleveland on the gunboat Somers, of which he was made pilot for
+the voyage. Shortly afterwards Rumidge returned with the boat and brought
+news that the American forces had fought a battle with the British at
+Moravian Town. Johnson resumed command of the flat-boat, and with his
+associate freighted it with supplies for the army at Detroit. The
+speculation was successful, and Johnson engaged with the quartermaster of
+the post to bring a cargo of clothing from Cleveland to Detroit. The
+season was far advanced, and the voyage was cut short by the ice in the
+upper part of the lake, so that the boat was headed for Huron, where the
+cargo was landed and the freight for that distance paid.</p>
+
+<p>Johnson was now a man of means, the successful transactions with the army
+having given him more money than he had ever possessed at one time before.
+His voyages and trading success had given him a taste for similar
+occupations in the future, and his first step was to build a vessel for
+himself. His first essay in ship-building was something novel. The keel
+was laid for a ship of thirty-five tons, to be named the Pilot. There was
+no iron for spikes, but wooden pins supplied their place. Other devices of
+similar primitiveness were resorted to in the course of the work, and at
+last she was finished. Now came the question of launching, and it was not
+lightly to be answered. Modern builders sometimes meet with a difficulty
+owing to the ship sticking on the "ways," but this early ship-builder of
+Cleveland had a greater obstacle than this to overcome. He had built his
+ship with very slight reference to the lake on which she was to float. For
+convenience in getting timber, and other reasons, he had made his
+ship-yard about half a mile from the water, near where St. Paul's Church
+now stands on Euclid avenue, and the greasing of the "ways" and knocking
+out of the blocks would not ensure a successful launch. Here was a
+dilemma. Johnson pondered and then resolved. An appeal for aid was
+promptly responded to. The farmers from Euclid and Newburgh came in with
+twenty-eight yoke of cattle. The ship was hoisted on wheels and drawn in
+triumph down the main street to the foot of Superior street hill, where
+she was launched into the river amid the cheers of the assembled crowd.</p>
+
+<p>This was not the first of Cleveland ship-building. About the year 1808,
+Major Carter built the Zephyr, used in bringing goods, salt, &amp;c., from
+Buffalo. After good service she was laid up in a creek, a little below
+Black Rock, where she was found by the British during the war and burned.
+In 1810, the firm of Bixby &amp; Murray built the Ohio, an important craft of
+somewhere about sixty tons burden, the ship-yard being lower down the
+river than the point from which Johnson's craft was subsequently
+launched. Towards the close of the war she was laid up at Buffalo, when
+the Government purchased her, cut her down, and converted her into a
+pilot boat.</p>
+
+<p>Whilst Johnson was building his vessel another was under construction on
+the flats near the present location of the works of J. G. Hussey &amp; Co. This
+craft, the Lady of the Lake, about thirty tons, was built by Mr. Gaylord,
+brother of the late Mrs. Leonard Case, and was sailed by Captain Stowe,
+between Detroit and Buffalo.</p>
+
+<p>Johnson was now literally embarked on a sea of success. His little ship
+was in immediate requisition for army purposes. Cargoes of army stores
+were transported between Buffalo and Detroit. Two loads of soldiers were
+taken from Buffalo to the command of Major Camp, at Detroit, and on one of
+the return voyages the guns left by Harrison at Maumee were taken to Erie.
+The absconding of a quarter-master with the funds in his possession, among
+other sums three hundred dollars belonging to Johnson, was a serious
+drawback in the Summer's operations.</p>
+
+<p>In the Spring of 1815, he recommenced carrying stores to Malden, reaching
+there on his first trip March 20th, and on this voyage Irad Kelley was a
+passenger. His second trip was made to Detroit. When passing Malden he was
+hailed from the fort, but as he paid no attention, Major Putoff fired a
+shot to make the vessel heave-to and leave the mail. The shot passed
+through the foresail, but was not heeded. A second shot was fired and then
+Johnson considered it prudent to heave-to and go ashore. He was sternly
+questioned as to his inattention to the first orders to heave to, and
+replied that being a young sailor he did not understand how to heave-to.
+The officer told him to bring the mail ashore, but was met with a refusal,
+it being contrary to instructions. Johnson started back to his craft and
+was followed by a party of men from the fort, who manned a boat and gave
+chase. Johnson, on boarding his vessel, spread sail, and being favored
+with a good breeze, drew away from his pursuers and reached Detroit, where
+he placed the mail in the post-office.</p>
+
+<p>During the early part of the war, whilst Johnson was building his vessel
+and in other ways kept busy, he was chosen coroner of Cuyahoga, being the
+first to hold that office in the county. The sparseness of the population
+rendered his duties light, the only inquest during his term of office
+being over the body of an old man frozen to death in Euclid.</p>
+
+<p>Samuel Baldwin was the first sheriff of the county, and Johnson was his
+first deputy. His first experience in office was noticeable. Major
+Jessup, in command of the troops, had brought to Cleveland from
+Pittsburgh a Mr. Robins, who built from thirty to forty flat bottomed
+boats, or batteaux, to be used in the transportation of the troops. The
+Major ran short of funds and left a balance unpaid in the cost of
+construction. Robins brought suit, and the Major, thinking the deputy
+sheriff probably had some unpleasant business for him, studiously avoided
+an interview with Johnson, and whenever they met by chance, pulled out
+his pistols and warned Johnson to keep his distance. It so happened,
+however, that no legal documents had been put in his hands for execution,
+so that the Major was alarmed without cause.</p>
+
+<p>But the groundless scare of the impecunious Major was a trifling affair
+compared with the grand scare that overtook the whole people along the
+lake in the autumn of 1812, at the time of Hull's surrender One day a
+fleet of vessels was seen bearing down upon the coast. It was first
+noticed in the vicinity of Huron by a woman. No sooner had she seen the
+vessels bearing down towards the coast from the westward, than she rushed
+into the house, emptied her feather bed and placed the tick on a horse as
+a pack-saddle; then catching up one child before her and another behind,
+she rode at the top of the animal's speed, thinking torture and death lay
+behind her. Whenever she passed a house she raised an alarm, and at two
+o'clock in the morning, more dead than alive with terror and fatigue, she
+urged her jaded horse into the village of Cleveland, screaming at the top
+of her voice, "The British and Indians are coming! The British and Indians
+are coming!" Men slept lightly at that time, with their senses attent to
+every sound of danger. The shrieks of the woman and the dreaded notice of
+the approach of the merciless foe awoke the whole village and curdled the
+blood of the villagers with horror. In that brief announcement, "The
+British and Indians are coming," were concentrated possibilities of
+frightful outrage, carnage and devastation. Wild with the terror of her
+long and agonized night ride, the woman reiterated her piercing warning
+again and again, filling the air with her shouts. A chorus of voices, from
+the childish treble to the deep bass of the men, swelled the volume of
+sound and added to the confusion and alarm. In a few minutes every house
+was empty, and the entire population of the village swarmed around the
+exhausted woman and heard her brief story, broken by gasps for breath and
+by hysterical sobs. She insisted that a fleet was bearing down upon the
+coast with the purpose of spreading carnage and devastation along the
+whole lake frontier, that the vessels were crowded with British troops and
+merciless savages, and that before long the musket bail, the torch and the
+scalping knife would seek their victims among the inhabitants of
+Cleveland.</p>
+
+<p>At once all was hurry; the entire population prepared for speedy flight.
+The greater part took to the woods in the direction of Euclid, the women
+and children being guarded by some of the men, the others remaining to
+reconnoiter, and, if possible, defend their property. As soon as the
+non-fighting portion of the settlement was cared for, a picked force of
+twenty-five men, contributed by Cleveland, Euclid and Newburgh, marched to
+the mouth of the river and kept guard. It was evening when this little
+army reached the river, and for hours after dark they patrolled the banks,
+listening intently for the approach of the enemy. About two o'clock in the
+morning a vessel was heard entering the river; the guards hastily gathered
+for the attack, but before firing, hailed the supposed foe; an answering
+hail was returned. "Who are you, and what have you on board?" shouted the
+river guards. "An American vessel loaded with Hull's troops!" was the
+reply. The astounded guard burst into laughter at their absurd scare. The
+alarm spread with greater swiftness than the report of the facts, and for
+days armed men came pouring into Cleveland from so far as Pittsburgh,
+prepared to beat back the enemy that existed only in their imagination.</p>
+
+<p>It was during this year that the Indian, Omic, was hung for participating
+in the murder of the trappers, Gibbs and Wood, near Sandusky, in return
+for the shelter given by the trappers to their two murderers. After
+committing the murder, the Indians set fire to the hut, and the flames
+became the instrument of their capture, for some boys returning from Cold
+Creek Mill saw the fire, went to it, and discovered the partly consumed
+bodies of the murdered men. The murderers were demanded from the Indians,
+and Omic was captured by them and surrendered.</p>
+
+<p>The prisoner was lodged in Major Carter's house until the trial which was
+held under a cherry tree at the corner of Water and Superior streets.
+Alfred Kelly prosecuted for the State, and Johnson was one of the jury.
+Omic was convicted and sentenced to be hung. Johnson, who sat on the jury
+that condemned him, was now employed to build the gallows to hang the
+criminal. When Omic was led out by Sheriff Baldwin to execution, he
+remarked that the gallows was too high. He then called for whisky and
+drank half a pint, which loosened his tongue, and he talked rapidly and
+incoherently, threatening to return in two days and wreak his revenge on
+all the pale-faces. More liquor was given him, and he asked for more, but
+Judge Walworth denounced the giving him more, that he might die drunk, as
+an outrage, and his supply of liquor was therefore stopped.</p>
+
+<p>Time being up, Sheriff Baldwin was about to cut the drop-rope, when he
+saw that the condemned man had clutched the rope over his head to save
+his neck from being broken. The Sheriff dismounted from his horse,
+climbed up the gallows and tied the prisoner's hands more firmly behind
+his back. The gallows was braced, and Omic contrived to clutch one of
+the braces with his hands, fastened behind his back as they were, as he
+fell when the drop-rope was cut. He hung in that position for some time,
+until his strength gave way and he swung off. When he had hung
+sufficiently long, the by-standers drew him to the cross-beam of the
+gallows, when the rope broke and the body of the wretched murderer fell
+into his open grave beneath.</p>
+
+<p>In the same year Mr. Johnson was path-master of Cleveland, and he retains
+in his possession the list of names of those who did work on the roads in
+that year, armed with good and sufficient shovels according to law.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Johnson's success as a ship-builder encouraged him to persevere in
+that business. In the autumn of 1815, he laid down the lines of the
+schooner Neptune, sixty-five tons burden, not far below the neighborhood
+of the Central market. In the following Spring she was launched, and run
+on Lake Erie, her first trip being to Buffalo, whence she returned with a
+cargo of merchandise for Jonathan Williamson, of Detroit. In the Fall of
+that year a half interest in the Neptune was sold to Richard H. Blinn,
+Seth Doan, and Dr. Long. In 1817, she made a trip to Mackinac, for the
+American Fur Company, and remained in that trade until the Fall of 1819.</p>
+
+<p>In the Summer of 1818, Major Edwards, Paymaster Smith, and another army
+officer came to Mackinac on the Tiger, and engaged Mr. Johnson to take
+them to Green Bay, agreeing to pay him three hundred dollars for the trip.
+The same vessel, under Johnson's command, took the first load of troops
+from Green Bay to Chicago, after the massacre, Major Whistler engaging the
+ship for the purpose.</p>
+
+<p>In 1824, Johnson left the Neptune, and in company with Turhooven &amp;
+Brothers, built the steamer Enterprise, about two hundred and twenty
+tons burden. This was the first steam vessel built in Cleveland, and her
+hull was made near the site of the Winslow warehouse. The engine, of
+sixty to seventy horse power, was brought from Pittsburgh. Johnson ran
+her between Buffalo and Detroit until 1828, when hard times coming on
+and business threatening to be unprofitable, he sold his interest in
+her, and left the lakes. In company with Goodman and Wilkeson, he built
+the Commodore, on the Chagrin river, in the year 1830, and that closed
+his ship-building career.</p>
+
+<p>By this time he had accumulated about thirty thousand dollars, a
+respectable fortune in those days, with which he invested largely in real
+estate, and waited the course of events to make his investments
+profitable.</p>
+
+<p>In 1831, he contracted with the Government officers to build the
+light-house on Water street. In 1836, he built a light-house at Sandusky.
+In the following year he constructed seven hundred feet of the stone pier
+on the east side of the Cuyahoga river mouth. The first thing done in the
+latter work was the driving of spiles. Mr. Johnson became dissatisfied
+with the old system of driving spiles by horse-power, and purchased a
+steam engine for four hundred dollars. Making a large wooden wheel he
+rigged it after the style of the present spile-drivers, and in the course
+of two or three weeks, had the satisfaction of seeing the spiles driven
+with greatly increased speed and effect by steam-power.</p>
+
+<p>About 1839, he took his new spile-driver to Maumee Bay and drove about
+nine hundred feet of spiling around Turtle Island, filling the enclosed
+space with earth to the height of three feet, to protect the light-house.
+In 1840, he built the Saginaw light-house, sixty-five feet high, with the
+adjoining dwelling. In 1842-3, he built the light-house on the Western
+Sister Island, at the west end of Lake Erie. In 1847, he completed his
+light-house work by building the Portage River light-house.</p>
+
+<p>Besides his light-house building, Mr. Johnson erected in 1842 his stone
+residence on Water street, and in 1845, the Johnson House hotel on
+Superior street. The stone for the former was brought from Kingston,
+Canada West. In 1853, he built the Johnson Block, on Bank street, and in
+1858, he put up the Marine Block at the mouth of the river. This completed
+his active work.</p>
+
+<p>Since 1858, Mr. Johnson's sole occupation has been the care of his
+property and occasional speculations in real estate. By a long life of
+activity and prudence, and by the steady rise in real estate, he is now
+possessed of personal and landed property to the value of about six
+hundred thousand dollars, having come to the city with no other capital
+than his kit of tools, a strong arm, and an energetic purpose. Though
+eighty-three years of age, his health is good, his memory remarkably
+active, and all his faculties unimpaired. He has two sons and one daughter
+yet living, having lost two children. He has had nine grandchildren, and
+five great-grandchildren.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="noble_h_merwin"></a>Noble H. Merwin.</h2>
+
+
+
+<p>In classifying the early commercial men of Cleveland, the name of Noble H.
+Merwin is justly entitled to stand among the first on the list. In fact he
+was the founder and father of her commerce, and a man not only noble in
+name, but noble in character.</p>
+
+<p>He was born in New Milford, Ct., in 1782, received a good common school
+education, and married Minerva Buckingham, of that town. Soon after the
+war of 1812, he went to Georgia and there engaged in mercantile pursuits,
+having established a store at Savannah and also at Milledgeville. He came
+to Cleveland in 1815. His family rejoined him at Cleveland in February,
+1816. In coming from Georgia they crossed the Alleghanies, and were six
+weeks in accomplishing the journey, having traveled all the way in wagons.
+The two elder children were born at New Milford, the other four at
+Cleveland. The oldest son, George B. Merwin, of Rockport, is now the only
+surviving member of the family.</p>
+
+<p>After the family arrived at Cleveland, Mr. Merwin engaged in keeping a
+public house or tavern, as it was then designated, on the corner of
+Superior street and Vineyard lane, and about the same time established a
+warehouse at the foot of Superior street and commenced his career in the
+commerce of the lakes. He built the schooner Minerva, which was the first
+vessel registered at Washington, from the District of Cuyahoga, under the
+U. S. Revenue Laws. For many years Mr. Merwin, under contracts with the
+Government, furnished the supplies required at the U. S. Garrisons on the
+western frontiers, at Fort Gratiot, Mackinaw, Sault St. Marie, Green Bay
+and Chicago, as well as the Hudson Bay Company at the Sault St. Marie.</p>
+
+<p>In a commercial point of view his business became extensive for those
+times, and he enjoyed the entire confidence of the Government and of
+business men generally throughout the lake country. He succeeded in
+accumulating a handsome fortune, which consisted mostly in vessel stocks
+and in lands. He owned a large breadth of lands, extending from the south
+side of Superior street to the river, which, since his time, has become
+exceedingly valuable.</p>
+
+<p>But owing mainly to over-work in the various departments of his
+increasing business, while he was yet in the noon of manhood, his
+health became seriously impaired, and with a view to recruit it he
+sailed for the West Indies in 1829, and on the 3d day of November, of
+that year, died of consumption, at the Island of St. Thomas, in the 47th
+year of his age. He was a gentleman of fine personal appearance,
+measuring six feet and four inches in height, erect and well
+proportioned. In a word, he was a man of heart, and of generous
+impulses, honest, frank and cordial. In the circle in winch he moved, he
+was the friend of everybody and everybody was his friend.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="john_blair"></a>John Blair.</h2>
+
+
+
+<p>The race of men who remember Cleveland in the day of its small beginnings,
+is fast passing away. Of those who were residents of the little village on
+the Cuyahoga fifty years ago, only about half a dozen now live in the
+flourishing city that occupies its site and inherits its name. One of
+these is John Blair, well known to all the Clevelanders of ante-railroad
+days, but who is probably a mere name to a large proportion of those who
+have crowded into the city of late years. Mr. Blair is one of the few
+remaining links that connect the rude village in the forest with the
+modern Forest City.</p>
+
+<p>John Blair was born in Maryland on the 18th of December, 1793. His early
+years were spent in farming, but at the age of twenty-three he dropped the
+hoe and turned his back to the plow, resolving to come west and seek his
+fortune. From the time that he shook from his feet the dirt of the
+Maryland farm, he says, he has never done a whole day's work, at one time,
+at manual labor.</p>
+
+<p>In 1819, he reached Cleveland, then an insignificant village of about a
+hundred and fifty inhabitants, who dwelt mostly in log houses, grouped at
+the foot of Superior street. At the corner of Water street and what is now
+Union lane, stood the pioneer hotel of Cleveland, the tavern of Major
+Carter, where good accommodations for man and beast were always to be
+found. The young Maryland adventurer was not overburdened with wealth when
+he landed in his future home, his entire cash capital being three dollars.
+But it was no discredit in those days to be poor, and three dollars was a
+fine capital to start business upon. In fact sonic of the then "old
+settlers," would have been glad to possess so much capital in ready money
+as a reserve fund.</p>
+
+<p>But even in those days of primitive simplicity, three dollars would not
+support a man for any great length of time if there were no other sources
+of supply. Mr. Blair recognized the fact that no time must be wasted, and
+at once turned his attention to a chance for speculation. An opportunity
+immediately offered itself. An old Quaker, with speculation in his eye,
+entered Cleveland with two hundred and fifty fat hogs, expecting to find a
+good market. In this he was mistaken, and as hogs on foot were expensive
+to hold over for a better market, he determined to convert them into salt
+pork. Mr. Blair offered to turn pork-packer for a proper consideration;
+the offer was accepted, and this was Mr. Blair's first step in business.</p>
+
+<p>Pork-packing, as a steady business, offered but little inducement, so Mr.
+Blair decided on establishing himself on the river as produce dealer and
+commission merchant. The capital required was small, and the work not
+exhaustive, for the facilities for shipping were slight and the amount to
+be shipped small; warehouses were of the most modest dimensions, and
+docks existed only in imagination. When the shipping merchant had a
+consignment to put on board one of the diminutive vessels that at
+intervals found their way into the port, the stuff was put on a flat boat
+and poled or rowed to the vessel's side, Business was conducted in a very
+leisurely manner, there being no occasion for hurry, and everybody
+concerned being willing to make the most of what little business there
+was. The slow moving Pennsylvania Dutch who had formed settlements in
+northeastern Ohio, and drove their wide wheeled wagons along the
+sometimes seemingly bottomless roads to Cleveland, plowed through the mud
+on the river bank in search of "de John Blair vat kips de white fishes,"
+and after much chaffer, unloaded the flour and wheat from their wagons,
+and loaded up with fish and salt, sometimes giving three barrels of flour
+for one barrel of salt.</p>
+
+<p>In 1827, the Ohio Canal was partially opened to Cleveland, and a
+revolution in trade was effected. The interior of the State was soon
+brought into communication with the enterprising merchants on Lake Erie
+and the Ohio river. Mr. Blair was prompt to avail himself of the
+opportunity to increase his trade. He built the first canal boat
+constructed in Cleveland, and launched her in 1828, near the site of the
+present Stone Mill, amid the plaudits of all the people of the village,
+who had turned out to witness the launching. As soon as the craft settled
+herself proudly on the bosom of the canal, Mr. Blair invited the
+spectators of the launch to come on board, and, with a good team of horses
+for motive power, the party were treated to an excursion as far as Eight
+Mile Lock and return, the whole day being consumed in the journey.
+Subsequently Mr. Blair became interested, with others, in a line of twelve
+boats, employing nearly one hundred horses to work them.</p>
+
+<p>From this time Cleveland continued to grow and prosper. The products of
+the interior were brought in a steadily increasing stream to Cleveland by
+the canal, and shipped to Detroit, then the great mart of the western
+lakes. A strong tide of emigration had set towards Northern Michigan, and
+those seeking homes there had to be fed mainly by Ohio produce, for which
+Michigan fish and furs were given in exchange. But the opening of the
+Erie Canal placed a new market within reach, and Mr. Blair was among the
+first to take Ohio flour to New York, selling it there at fourteen
+dollars the barrel.</p>
+
+<p>In 1845, Mr. Blair, then in the prime of his vigor, being but fifty-two
+years old, resolved to quit a business in which he had been uniformly
+successful, and spend the remainder of his life in enjoying what he had
+acquired by diligence and enterprise. He was then the oldest merchant in
+the city, having been in business over a quarter of a century. For the
+past twenty-four years he has taken life easy, which he has been able to
+do from the sensible step he adopted of quitting active business before it
+wore him out. At the age of seventy-five he is still hale, hearty and
+vigorous, looking younger than his actual years, and possessing that great
+desideratum, a sound mind in a sound body.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="philo_scovill"></a>Philo Scovill.</h2>
+
+
+
+<p>Familiar as is the name of Philo Scovill, but few of our citizens are
+aware that he was one of Cleveland's earliest merchants. It appears that
+circumstances, not altogether the choice of Mr. Scovill, induced him to
+come to Cleveland with a stock of drugs and groceries. His father was a
+millwright, and had brought up his son to the use of tools. He had no
+taste for his new calling, and so worked out of the store-keeping as
+speedily as possible, and commenced the erection of dwellings and stores
+in the then new country, being only second in the trade here to Levi
+Johnson. He continued in the building business until 1826, when he erected
+the Franklin House, on Superior street, on the next lot but one to the
+site of the Johnson House. Mr. Scovill at once became the landlord, and
+continued as such for twenty-three years, excepting an interval of a five
+years' lease.</p>
+
+<p>About 1849, he left the hotel business to attend to his real estate
+interests. He was successful in his hotel business; and from time to time
+invested his surplus capital in lands adjacent to the city, which, within
+the last few years have become exceedingly valuable. Streets have been
+laid out upon his property, and inducements offered to settlers that
+insured a ready sale, and materially aided the growth of the city.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Scovill, as a man, has enjoyed the confidence of his fellow citizens
+to an unusual degree. He was hardworking, resolute, and exactly fitted by
+nature for the pioneer life of his choice, a life that, though toilsome,
+has left him still hale and vigorous, with the exception of the fruits of
+overwork, and perhaps exposure, in the form of rheumatism.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Scovill was born in Salisbury, Ct., November 30, 1791. He lived at
+that place until he was nine years of age, when his father moved to
+Cornwall, in the same county; thence to Shenango county, and from thence
+to Seneca county, N. Y. Here he lived on the banks of Seneca Lake nine
+years. After that he lived in Buffalo one year, from which point he came
+to Cleveland, as before stated.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Scovill was married February 16, 1819, to Miss Jemima Beebe. Mrs. S.
+is still living and enjoying excellent health.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="melancthon_barnett"></a>Melancthon Barnett.</h2>
+
+
+
+<p>He who has had occasion to traverse Bank street many times, or to pass
+along Superior at the head of Bank, must have become familiar with the
+figure of a hale old gentleman, to be seen frequently on sunny days,
+standing on the steps of the Merchants Bank, or passing along Bank street
+between the bank and his residence, beyond Lake street. His clothes are
+not of showy material or fashionable cut, one hand is generally employed
+in holding a clay pipe, from which he draws comfort and inspiration, and
+which rarely leaves his lips when on the street, except to utter some bit
+of dry humor, in which he especially delights. That is Melancthon Barnett,
+one of the "oldest inhabitants" of the Forest City, and whose well known
+figure and quaint jokes will be missed by his many friends out of doors,
+as will his wise counsels within the bank parlor, when death shall at
+length summon him to leave his wonted haunts.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Barnett was born in Amenia, Dutchess county, New York, in 1789. At six
+years old he was taken with the remainder of the family to Oneida county,
+where he remained until 1812, when he removed to New Hartford, near Utica,
+and remained two years as clerk in a store. From that place he went to
+Cherry Valley, Otsego County, where he went as partner in the mercantile
+business, and continued there until 1825. In that year Mr. May came west
+to Cleveland for the purpose of opening a store, and Mr. Barnett came with
+him as clerk. In course of time he was advanced to the position of
+partner, and continued in business until 1834, when May and Barnett wound
+up their affairs as merchants, and became speculators in land. Their real
+estate business was carried on successfully for many years, the steady
+growth of the town making their investments profitable.</p>
+
+<p>In 1843, Mr. Barnett was elected Treasurer of Cuyahoga county, and proved
+himself one of the most capable and scrupulously honest officers the
+county has ever had. He held the position six years, and the business not
+occupying his entire time, he also filled the office of Justice of the
+Peace, continuing his real estate transactions at the same time.</p>
+
+<p>At the close of his career as a public officer he was elected Director of
+the City Bank, with which he has remained to the present time, rarely, if
+ever, being absent during the business hours of the bank.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Barnett was married May 15, 1815, to Miss Mary Clark, at Cherry
+Valley. Mrs. Barnett died April 21, 1840, in Cleveland, having borne five
+children. Only two of these yet live, the oldest, Augustus, being in the
+leather business at Watertown, Wisconsin, and the younger, James, in the
+hardware business in Cleveland. The latter is well known for his brilliant
+services at the head of the Ohio Artillery during the war, in Western
+Virginia and Tennessee, and no name is cherished with greater pride in
+Cleveland than that of General James Barnett.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="joel_scranton"></a>Joel Scranton.</h2>
+
+
+
+<p>Joel Scranton, whose name is associated with much of the history of
+Cleveland, during the period when it grew from a small village to a city
+well on the way to permanent prosperity, was born in Belchertown, Mass.,
+April 5, 1792. Whilst yet a child his parents removed with him to Otsego
+county, N. Y., where a considerable portion of his early life was spent.
+About the year 1820 he removed to Cleveland, where he engaged in business
+and remained until his death, of apoplexy, on the 9th of April, 1858,
+having just completed his sixty-sixth year.</p>
+
+<p>In the later years of the village of Cleveland and the early days of the
+city, Mr. Scranton's leather and dry goods store, at the corner of
+Superior and Water streets, was a well known business landmark. In the
+prosecution of his business he succeeded in saving a comfortable
+competence, which was increased by his judicious investments in real
+estate. These last have, by the rapid growth of the city, and increase in
+value since his death, become highly valuable property.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Scranton was industrious, economical, and judicious in business
+transactions; of strong mind and well balanced judgment; a kind parent and
+a firm friend.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="orlando_cutter"></a>Orlando Cutter.</h2>
+
+
+
+<p>Orlando Cutter first beheld the harbor and city of Cleveland on the 30th
+of June, 1818, having spent nine dismal days on the schooner Ben Franklin,
+in the passage from Black Rock. He was landed in a yawl, at the mouth of
+the river, near a bluff that stood where the Toledo Railroad Machine Shops
+have since been built, about seventy-five rods west of the present
+entrance to the harbor. In those days the river entrance was of a very
+unreliable character, being sometimes entirely blocked up with sand, so
+that people walked across. It was no uncommon thing for people to ride
+over, or jump the outlet with the help of a pole.</p>
+
+<p>[Illustration]</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Cutter walked along the beach and on the old road to Water street,
+and thence in a broiling sun to the frame tavern of Noble H. Merwin, on
+Vineyard lane, near Superior street. Here he was first introduced to Philo
+Scovill, a robust young carpenter, who was hewing timber for Merwin's new
+brick tavern, afterwards called the Mansion House.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Cutter had experienced what our city boys would regard as a rough
+beginning in life. At sixteen he went into a store at Royalton,
+Massachusetts, at a salary of <i>four dollars a month</i> and board; and at the
+end of a year had saved one dollar and a half. His pay being increased to
+one hundred dollars for the next year, he ventured upon the luxury of a
+pair of boots. In September, 1815, having proven his mettle as an active,
+capable and honest young man, he was translated to a large jobbing house,
+on Cornhill, Boston, the salary being board and clothing. Having been born
+at Jeffrey, New Hampshire, June 5, 1797, at the end of three years
+apprenticeship in the Boston establishment, he arrived at the age of
+twenty-one, and became his own master. The firm offered him a credit for
+dry goods to the amount of $10,000, with which to go west and seek his
+fortune, but before accepting the offer he concluded to go and see if he
+could find a suitable place for trade, but as he had no money, it was
+necessary to borrow $400 for the expenses of the trip. With a pair of well
+filled saddlebags as an outfit, he started, and in due time arrived at
+Black Rock, and from thence proceeded, as above narrated, to Cleveland, on
+a tour of examination.</p>
+
+<p>Cleveland had then about two hundred inhabitants, and four stores. Water
+street was cleared out sufficiently for the purposes of travel to the
+lake. It was also prepared for a race course--for which purpose it was
+used for a number of years.</p>
+
+<p>Twenty or thirty German teams from Pennsylvania, Stark, Wayne and other
+counties, laden with flour, each team having from four to six horses,
+encamped in Superior street at night, and gave Cleveland such a business
+appearance that Mr. Cutter took a fancy to it.</p>
+
+<p>After two weeks, Mr. Cutter set sail in the schooner Wasp for Sandusky,
+where there was a natural harbor, and from thence in the Fire Fly, for
+Detroit. But his thoughts reverted to Cleveland, and forming a partnership
+with Messrs. Mack &amp; Conant, of Detroit, the firm purchased twenty
+thousand dollars worth of dry goods, groceries, and a general assortment
+for an extensive establishment here.</p>
+
+<p>In February, 1820, he married Miss Phelps, of Painesville, Ohio, who died
+in 1829, two of whose children are now living. His competitors in business
+were Nathan Perry, J. R. &amp; I. Kelly, S. S. Dudley and Dr. David Long. It
+was only about a year after he opened in Cleveland when Mack &amp; Conant
+failed, throwing the Cleveland purchase entirely upon him. After ten years
+of hard work, and close application, he paid off the whole, but at the
+close it left him only five hundred dollars in old goods. Ohio currency
+was not exactly money in those days. It was at a discount of twenty-five
+to thirty per cent. for eastern funds. There was, moreover, little of it,
+and there were stay laws, and the appraisal of personal, as well as real
+estate, under execution, rendering collections almost impossible. To
+illustrate: a man in Middleburg, Cuyahoga county, Ohio, owed Mr. Cutter
+seventy-five dollars. He went to attend the constable's sale, and found
+among the effects a dog appraised at ten dollars; rails ten cents each,
+and a watch worth five dollars valued at twenty dollars, so he left the
+place in disgust and hurried home, through the woods, in no placid frame
+of mind. Of four new shoes put on his horse that morning, three had been
+torn off by the mud, roots, and corduroy between Cleveland and Middleburg.</p>
+
+<p>After closing up the old business, he posted books or turned his hand
+to whatever employment presented itself. Inactivity and despondency
+formed no part of his character. About 1827, there was a temporary
+business connection between himself and Thos. M. Kelly, after which he
+started again alone, adding the auction and commission business to that
+of a merchant.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Cutter, in November, 1832, was married to Miss Hilliard, sister of the
+late Richard Hilliard. Of this marriage there are seven children now
+living, most of them settled in the city. William L. is cashier of the
+Merchants National Bank; Edwin succeeded his father two years since at the
+old auction store in Bank street, and R. H. is the principal partner of
+Cutter &amp; Co., upholsterers.</p>
+
+<p>Going east in the Fall of 1821, Mr. Cutter, on his return, preferred the
+staunch steamer Walk-in-the-Water, to the Wasps, Fire Flies and Franklins,
+on board of which he had experienced so many buffetings. George Williams
+and John S. Strong were also of the same mind. These three old settlers,
+and about seventy others, went on board at Black Rock, in the afternoon.
+Eight yoke of oxen were required to assist the engines in getting her over
+the rapids into the open lake. In the night a furious gale arose, Capt.
+Rogers put back, but not being able to get into Buffalo Creek, came to
+anchor near its mouth. Being awfully sea sick, Mr. Cutter lay below,
+little caring where the Walk-in-the-Water went to. Her anchor, however,
+parted before morning, and she went ashore sidewise, on an easy sand
+beach, without loss of life.</p>
+
+<p>This year completes his semi-centennial as a citizen of Cleveland, yet he
+is still hale and vigorous. He has gone through revulsions, and has
+enjoyed prosperity with equal equanimity, never indulging in idleness or
+ease, and has now come to a ripe old age possessed of an ample competence.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="peter_martin_weddell"></a>Peter Martin Weddell.</h2>
+
+
+
+<p>One of the most noted historical and topographical landmarks of Cleveland
+is the Weddell House. Its builder was one of the most valuable citizens of
+the Forest City.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. P. M. Weddell was born in Westmoreland county, Pennsylvania, in 1788.
+His father died before his birth, and his mother, marrying again, removed
+to Paris, Bourbon county, Kentucky, the State at that time deserving its
+sobriquet of the "dark and bloody ground," as the contest with the native
+savages was carried on with relentless fury on both sides. Under such
+circumstances it may well be supposed that he grew up with few educational
+or other advantages, and that his youth was one of vicissitudes and
+hardships.</p>
+
+<p>At the age of fourteen he applied at a store for employment, what surplus
+clothing and effects he then possessed being carelessly flung over his
+shoulders. He promised to do any work they were pleased to set him at, and
+he thought he could satisfy them. This broad pledge was so well kept that
+at the age of nineteen he was made a partner. This partnership was soon
+closed by the death of the old member.</p>
+
+<p>Young Weddell, with a vigorous body, good habits, a clear judgment, and
+some money, removed to Newark, Ohio, during the war of 1812. While he was
+successfully trading there, Miss Sophia Perry, of Cleveland, was sent to
+her friends at Newark for greater safety, and to acquire an education.
+She was but little past fifteen when she consented to be Mrs. Weddell, and
+they were married in November, 1815.</p>
+
+<p>In 1820, Mr. Weddell removed from Newark to Cleveland and established
+himself in business on Superior street, taking a stand at once among the
+leading merchants of the place, a position he retained as long as he
+continued in business.</p>
+
+<p>In 1823, Mrs. Weddell died, leaving three children, of whom H. P. Weddell
+is the only survivor. A portrait of her, by Peale, still remains in the
+family house, which confirms the remembrances of her friends that she
+possessed many charms both of person and of disposition. In the
+following year Mr. Weddell married Mrs. Eliza A. Bell, of Newark, who is
+still living, and whom every old citizen of Cleveland well knows and
+sincerely respects.
+
+In 1825, he formed a partnership with Mr. Edmund Clade, from Buffalo, and
+retired from active participation in business. In 1828, the partnership
+was dissolved. Three years afterwards he took into partnership with him
+his two clerks, Greenup C. Woods, his half brother, and Dudley Baldwin,
+the firm name being P. M. Weddell &amp; Co. The firm lasted but four years,
+when Mr. Woods established himself in Newark, and Messrs. Weddell and
+Baldwin continued the business together until 1845.</p>
+
+<p>When Mr. Weddell commenced his mercantile life it was no child's play.
+At that time there were no canals or railroads to facilitate
+commerce--scarcely were there any roads at all--specie was the only
+currency west of the mountains, and that had to be carried across the
+mountains from Pittsburgh on the backs of mules, and the merchandise
+returned in the same way. Long after, when traveling over the
+Alleghanies with a friend, Mr. Weddell frequently pointed to places on
+the road which he remembered, and of which he related interesting
+anecdotes. Several merchants would travel together and sometimes they
+would have guards, as the lonely uninhabited mountains were not
+altogether safe even in those days.</p>
+
+<p>In 1823, Mr. Weddell built what was regarded as a princely brick residence
+and store on the corner of Superior and Bank streets, afterwards the site
+of the Weddell House. His surplus funds were invested in real estate,
+which soon began to increase in value at an astonishing rate, as the city
+grew in population and importance. On one of his lots upon Euclid street
+he built the stone cottage which he designed as a country retreat, and
+after his taking his clerks into partnership, he left the store mainly to
+their management, devoting his attention to the purchase and improvement
+of real estate, being generally regarded as a gentleman of wealth.</p>
+
+<p>In the Spring of 1845 he began work upon the Weddell House, tearing away
+the store and mansion, where his fortune had been made. It was finished in
+two years. He then made a journey to New York to purchase furniture. On
+the way home he was attacked by typhoid fever, and in three weeks was in
+his grave.</p>
+
+<p>As a merchant, Mr. Weddell had few superiors. His urbanity, industry,
+and care made him popular, successful, and safe, while his integrity and
+his liberality were well known to his correspondents and to all the
+religious and benevolent institutions of the times.</p>
+
+<p>He was always willing and ready to aid and assist his young men; when he
+found one correct and capable he never refused a helping hand. Very few of
+his day were so liberal in this respect, or could point to so many who
+became prominent merchants by their aid as could Mr. Weddell.</p>
+
+<p>At his death, Mr. Weddell was a man of such personal energy and business
+capacity, that he had promise of twenty more years of active life. Soon
+after the Rev. S. G. Aiken became pastor of the old Stone Church, Mr.
+Weddell became a communicant, and he died in the Christian faith. He
+bequeathed to the American Board of Foreign Missions the sum of five
+thousand dollars; to the Home Missionary Society five thousand dollars,
+and several other bequests amounting to some thousands to other benevolent
+institutions.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="dudley_baldwin"></a>Dudley Baldwin</h2>
+
+
+
+<p>In 1819, Dudley Baldwin came to Cleveland from Ballston, New York, having
+as his principal capital a fair common school education. In course of time
+be found employment in the mercantile store of Mr. Weddell, and became one
+of his trusted clerks, being, after a few years, taken into partnership.
+The death of Mr. Weddell in 1847, terminated a connection that had existed
+pleasantly for over twenty years.</p>
+
+<p>For the next few years Mr. Baldwin was chiefly engaged in closing up the
+affairs of Mr. Weddell, after which he engaged for a time in the
+manufacture of agricultural implements, until, from ill heath, he was
+compelled to relinquish business and seek restoration of health by travel
+and in quiet retirement.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Baldwin was identified with the Cleveland and Mahoning Railroad from
+its inception, and during the darkest days of the undertaking he stood
+firmly by it, in connection with the other directors, never losing faith
+in its ultimate success--a success he has lived to see perfected. He has
+also, for a number of years, been a director of the Commercial Bank of
+Cleveland.</p>
+
+<p>In religious principles Mr. Baldwin is a Presbyterian, and has long
+been connected with the Euclid street Presbyterian Church. He is known
+to all his acquaintances as a man of quiet unassuming manners, and of
+sterling worth.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="norman_c_baldwin"></a>Norman C. Baldwin. </h2>
+
+
+
+<p>Very many of those who settled on the Western Reserve, in the early days
+of its history, came from Connecticut, and the fact of so many Connecticut
+families being already here induced considerable emigration from that
+State long after the first rush was over. Among others of Connecticut
+birth who found their way eventually to Cleveland, was Norman C. Baldwin,
+born at Litchfield, July 29th, 1802, and spending his early years in the
+struggles which so many of the New England families of limited resources
+had to pass through in the early portion of the present century.</p>
+
+<p>Whilst yet but a mere child he assisted his father in the work of the
+farm, but being left fatherless at the age of eight, he was sent two years
+afterwards to work in his cousin's store, where he remained four years. In
+his fourteenth year he left Litchfield for New Haven, where he found
+employment for a year with a provision packer.</p>
+
+<p>At that time his mother joined the stream of emigration setting towards
+the Ohio, and with her came her children. Stopping at Hudson, Summit
+county, young Baldwin commenced trading on his own account, and built up
+a good business, which he managed alone for eighteen months and then
+formed a partnership with two of his brothers, the partnership lasting
+eight years. Then the firm was dissolved and Norman C. came to
+Cleveland, where he formed a partnership with Noble H. Merwin in the
+general produce business.</p>
+
+<p>In 1830, the firm of Giddings, Baldwin &amp; Co., which had succeeded that of
+Merwin &amp; Baldwin, contained seven partners, of whom Mr. Baldwin is the
+only survivor. The business was mainly forwarding and commission, the
+forwarding being mostly by canal. The firm was one of the most important
+on the lakes, owning a line of boats, the Troy and Erie, from Portsmouth,
+on the Ohio river, to New York In those days the canal lines carried
+passengers as well as freight, the boats usually taking about thirty
+passengers and one thousand bushels of wheat. For emigrants, of whom many
+were pouring into the West, special boats were fitted up with
+accommodations, such as they were, for about a hundred and fifty
+passengers. In 1836, Mr. Baldwin left the mercantile business altogether,
+and thereafter devoted his attention to operations in real estate.</p>
+
+<p>As illustrating the growth of the city and the consequent increasing value
+of city property, Mr. Baldwin relates having purchased in 1833 three
+parcels of land, neither of which cost over two thousand dollars, which
+are now estimated to be worth half a million of dollars each. In 1831, he
+was offered, in the course of his operations, a strip of land fronting on
+Superior street and running back to the canal, with a comfortable frame
+house thereon, for one thousand dollars. The price looked high and Mr.
+Baldwin, distrusting his own judgment, consulted 'Squire Cowles, then a
+prominent attorney. Mr. Cowles hesitated, thought the investment somewhat
+risky, although they might live to see the land worth thirty dollars a
+foot front. Heeding his own fears, which were not abated by the doubtful
+opinion of his adviser, Mr. Baldwin refused to purchase. That same land is
+worth now not merely thirty dollars a foot, but equivalent to three or
+four thousand dollars a foot front.</p>
+
+<p>As showing the condition of the roads around Cleveland, and the mode of
+traveling in the early days of its history, it is narrated by Mr. Baldwin,
+that when living in Hudson he was fond of good horses and kept a team of
+which he was proud. The distance between Hudson and Cleveland was but
+twenty-four miles, but that distance had never been done in one day by any
+team. Mr. Baldwin thought the time had come for performing the feat, and
+accordingly set out on the journey. Just at tea time he drew rein in front
+of Merwin's tavern, at the corner of Superior street and Vineyard lane,
+and shouted to the landlord. The guests had just seated themselves to tea
+when Mr. Merwin rushed into the room in a state of great excitement,
+exclaiming, "For God's sake, gentlemen, come out and see a team that has
+been driven from Hudson to-day!" The guests left the table in a hurry and
+rushed to the door, scarcely crediting their own eyes.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Baldwin was married in 1829, and lost his wife in the Spring of 1867.
+Of this marriage there are now six children living and three dead. One
+son, Norman A., is engaged in agriculture in the neighborhood of the city.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="leverett_alcott"></a>Leverett Alcott. </h2>
+
+
+
+<p>Leverett Alcott was born in Walcott, New Haven county, Connecticut, in
+1820. From early boyhood his taste was for mercantile pursuits. At the age
+of seventeen he obtained a position in an extensive country store at
+Bristol Basin, on the Farmington Canal, (now Plainville.) By diligence and
+perseverance, he was soon promoted from the duties of errand boy to a
+responsible position, and in course of time stood at the head of all the
+clerks in the establishment.</p>
+
+<p>For the benefit of neophytes in commercial life, it may not be
+uninteresting to state how boys were made merchants in those days, and the
+remuneration they received for services. They were not (as is too often
+the case at the present time) transformed in a few months from crude green
+boys to merchants, but were obliged to learn the business by actual
+experience. An arrangement was made in this case for three years, on the
+following conditions: fifty dollars for the first year, seventy-five
+dollars for the second year, and one hundred dollars for the third and
+last year, with board in his employer's family. With this modest salary it
+required the utmost care and rigid economy to clothe and keep himself; but
+where there's a will there's a way, and the economy thus practiced in
+early life was no detriment in laying the foundation for a sound business
+career in after life. After having fulfilled his engagement with his
+employer, he spent some three years of mercantile life at the South, but
+the customs of the country, and the barbarous system of slavery were so
+repulsive to his feelings that he abandoned that field for the more
+congenial and prospectively profitable activities of the West, and in
+December, 1842, landed at Medina, in this State. In the Spring of 1845, a
+mercantile copartnership was formed with Mr. Augustus W. North, under the
+firm name of North &amp; Alcott. During the subsequent Fall he married Miss
+Mary A. Williams, with the view of permanently settling at that place, but
+the mercantile prospects, and the growth of the town not appearing
+satisfactory to his views, the firm of North &amp; Alcott was dissolved and
+the business discontinued, to be reconstructed and opened in a wider field
+and on a broader basis. Accordingly, in the Spring of 1849, (just twenty
+years ago,) a business arrangement was entered into with his present
+partner, Mr. Burrett W. Horton, a former school mate, under the firm name
+of Alcott &amp; Horton. The business was to be the retailing of dry goods, and
+located at 177 Superior street, in Harrington's Block. The beginning was a
+moderate one, with a very limited capital, but what was lacking in capital
+was made up in energy, industry and perseverance. At first a retail trade
+only was contemplated, which was continued some four years, when the rapid
+growth of the city and increase of business induced them to open a
+wholesale department in the lofts of their store. Subsequently they closed
+their retail business and occupied the whole building for their jobbing
+trade; but their apartments were soon found to be too strait for their
+rapidly growing trade, and in August, 1855, they removed to the large new
+store, No. 141, in Clark's Block.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Alcott has a knowledge of human nature that imparts a keen perception
+of the character and motives of men, and hence, almost instinctively knows
+whom to trust. He is also quick in forming his judgment, ready in the
+adaptation of means to secure an end, vigorously prosecutes his plans, and
+seldom fails of a successful issue.</p>
+
+<p>In a young and vigorous country like the United States, where so many
+opportunities are offered to ambition and laudable enterprise, and where
+too often, everything else but gold is lost sight of, it is refreshing to
+find some among our heaviest merchants, who recognize the fact, that man
+"cannot live by bread alone." Mr. Alcott, through all his active life has
+found time to attend to his religious duties. He has been for a long time
+connected with the Second Presbyterian Church, and for many years one of
+its elders. He was formerly President of the Young Men's Christian
+Association; actively engaged in missionary Sunday School work in the
+city--taking a lively interest in all Christian labor; a ready and willing
+giver toward public improvements, and all benevolent enterprises.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="richard_winslow"></a>Richard Winslow. </h2>
+
+
+
+<p>On the evening of Sunday, August 9th, 1857, died, at nearly the ripe age
+of eighty-eight, Richard Winslow, the father of the Winslow family that
+have filled so important a place in the commercial and shipping history of
+Cleveland.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Winslow was born in Falmouth, Maine, September 6th, 1769, being
+descended in a direct line from Knelm Winslow, brother of Governor Edward
+Winslow, who played so important a part in the early history of Plymouth
+colony. In 1812, Mr. Winslow removed to North Carolina, where he lived
+for fourteen years, at Ocracoke, becoming largely interested in commerce,
+both internal and marine. Soon after his removal to that State, he
+married Miss Mary Nash Grandy, of Camden, N. C., who became the mother of
+eleven children, of whom but four, N. C., H. J., R. K., and Edward, are now
+alive. Mrs. Winslow died October, 1858, having survived her husband a
+little over one year.</p>
+
+<p>In 1830, he decided to leave North Carolina and try his fortune in the
+West. A preliminary tour of observation brought him to Cleveland, then
+lively with business, and more lively still with expectancy of business to
+come from the completion of the canal, then in partial operation. Like
+many who preceded, and more who followed him, Mr. Winslow was struck with
+the natural advantages of Cleveland and concluded to try his fortunes
+here. The site of what is now known as the "Winslow warehouse," on the
+river, was owned by C. M. Giddings and Captain Belden, and a building was
+then in course of erection on it. Mr. Winslow purchased the property. He
+had strong faith in the growth of the city, but others did not have it to
+the same extent, and he was strongly urged not to attempt business so far
+down the river, where it was impossible that trade would ever reach him.</p>
+
+<p>Immediately on concluding his purchase, he went to the eastern cities,
+where he purchased a large stock of teas and groceries, which he sent with
+his son, N. C., to Cleveland in the Fall. The stock arrived in December and
+was at once opened on Superior street, opposite Union lane. In the
+following May, Mr. Winslow followed with his family, purchased a lot on
+the south-east corner of the Public Square, and contracted with Levi
+Johnson for the erection of the house that was occupied by the Winslow
+family until the death of Mr. Winslow.</p>
+
+<p>Unlike most of the early settlers in Cleveland, Mr. Winslow came with
+capital to invest at once in business, and by prudent management and far
+seeing enterprise that capital rapidly increased. He soon became agent for
+a line of vessels between Buffalo and Cleveland, and also of a line of
+canal boats. The first step toward his own shipping interests here, which
+subsequently assumed such proportions, was commenced by building the brig
+North Carolina. A few years later he was interested in building the
+steamer Bunker Hill, of 456 tons, which at that time was considered a very
+large size. To these were added, by himself and his sons, so many other
+lake craft that the family ranked among the foremost, if not the very
+foremost ship-owners on the chain of lakes, their sail vessels, propellers
+and steam-tugs being found everywhere on the western lake waters.</p>
+
+<p>In 1854, Mr. Winslow retired from business, leaving his interest to be
+carried on by his sons, who inherited their father's business qualities.
+In his retirement, as in his active business life, he enjoyed the
+friendship of a very large social circle, to whom his frank, generous
+manners, warm attachments, and spotless honor commended him. He was a
+favorable specimen of the old school gentleman, warm and impulsive in his
+nature, quick to conceive and prompt to act, cordial in his greeting,
+strong in his attachments, and courteous to all.</p>
+
+<p>His death was accelerated by an accident which seriously injured a leg he
+had badly injured several years before. To the last he preserved his
+faculties and his cheerfulness, and but for the injuries he had received
+would probably have lived for many years longer.</p>
+
+<p>He was no politician, never sought office, but at the same time took a
+keen interest in public affairs, and did not neglect his duties or
+privileges as a citizen.</p>
+
+<p>The three brothers in active conduct of the large marine interests known
+as the Winslows', are distributed as follows: N. C. at Buffalo, H. J. at
+New York, and R. K. at Cleveland, all of whom have been eminently
+successful.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="richard_hilliard"></a>Richard Hilliard. </h2>
+
+
+
+<p>Amongst Cleveland's earliest merchants who have already passed away, none
+deserve more honorable mention than Richard Hilliard. Like nearly all our
+men of mark, in early life he was obliged to sail against wind and tide.
+He was born at Chatham, New York, July 3, 1797. His father, David
+Hilliard, died when Richard was 14 years of age, he being at the time
+serving an apprenticeship with a hatter named Dore, at Albany. He was a
+lad of superior organization, and so, although obedient and obliging, had
+an extreme distaste for drudgery. A son of Mr. Dore one day threw down a
+pair of boots, saying, "Clean those boots Dick," when the lad concluded he
+would not do it, and at once prepared to leave for parts unknown. None of
+his friends knew of his whereabouts for several months, but at length
+learned he was at Skaneateles, with an older brother. Here he remained
+until he was about 18 years of age, being employed at clerking and school
+teaching, and ever mindful of his widowed mother and fatherless sisters.</p>
+
+<p>From Skaneateles he removed to Black Rock and engaged himself as clerk to
+Mr. John Daly, a general merchant at that place. The young man soon gained
+the confidence of his employer and was admitted as a partner without
+capital. After a year or two, the firm moved to Cleveland, as a place of
+greater promise for trade. This occurred in 1824. They at once commenced
+business in the same line here on the site of the present Atwater Block,
+in a frame building of two compartments, one of which was used for dry
+goods, and the other for groceries. Mr. Daly was not an active partner in
+the business here, having given the entire management to Mr. Hilliard.</p>
+
+<p>In 1827, Mr. Hilliard purchased Mr. Daly's entire interest, and continued
+alone for several years, till at length the demands of trade making it
+desirable to have a resident partner in New York to make purchases, he
+associated with himself Mr. William Hays, of that city. This partnership
+existed till the close of Mr. Hilliard's life.</p>
+
+<p>As soon as business prospects warranted the investment, Mr. Hilliard
+secured a lot on Water street, and erected the block now occupied by
+Raymond &amp; Lowe, and on taking possession of the new place of business,
+commenced the wholesale branch, and continued the same until 1856, when,
+being on his way home from New York, he took a severe cold, which was soon
+followed by congestion, and after one week's illness, died, deeply
+regretted by all who knew him.</p>
+
+<p>He was a man of great business ability, and of strict integrity. He was
+not always appreciated, because his accurate foresight led him to advocate
+projects which the public generally were not ready to adopt. He labored
+most indefatigably for the construction of our Water Works, because he saw
+what the future wants of the city would be. The scheme was strongly
+opposed by many on account of the debt it would involve. But it was
+finally accomplished, and we are more indebted to Richard Hilliard for its
+achievement than to any other man.</p>
+
+<p>Shortly after coming to Cleveland he became engaged to Miss Mary Merwin,
+daughter of Noble H. Merwin, who died before the marriage. He then brought
+his sister Sarah A. (now Mrs. O. Cutter) to live with him. In about a year
+from this time he was married to Miss Catharine Hays, of New York, who
+died about four years before Mr. Hilliard, leaving seven children.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="s_h_sheldon"></a>S. H. Sheldon. </h2>
+
+
+
+<p>The lumber trade has grown to be a very important branch of the commerce
+of Cleveland, and some of its best and most enterprising citizens have
+been, or are now, engaged in it. Among these the name of Mr. Sheldon holds
+honorable prominence as one of the earliest in the trade, and who has
+always held place among the foremost engaged in it.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Sheldon's birth place was in Clinton, Oneida county, N. Y., where he
+was born August 12th, 1813. His early days were not passed among thornless
+roses. His father, a hard working farmer, died when the future lumber
+merchant was but eight years old. Young Sheldon remained on the homestead
+until he was sixteen years old, working hard, as did the others of the
+fatherless family, and snatching such crumbs of knowledge as could be
+obtained in the winter days, when time could be spared for schooling. On
+nearly reaching his sixteenth year, he went to Troy, N. Y., where he was
+received as an apprentice to the drug business, and served seven years in
+that capacity. As soon as his term of apprenticeship expired he set his
+face westward in search of fortune, as so many hundreds had done before
+him, and hundreds of thousands have done since.</p>
+
+<p>In the year 1835, he reached Cleveland and at once started in trade as a
+druggist on Detroit Street, then in Ohio City, but now the West Side of
+Cleveland. At that time the West, generally, was enjoying seeming
+prosperity; everything was inflated and everyone was growing rich, on
+paper. Ohio City was then the city of the future, and fortune smiled on
+all its residents, and particularly on those who held real estate within
+its borders.</p>
+
+<p>Four years later the commercial earthquake came and toppled over the whole
+fabric of trade and commerce in the West, reducing it to ruins. The entire
+West was devastated, and Ohio City received a blow from which, as a
+separate municipality, it never recovered. Among the others who suffered
+greatly by the disaster was Mr. Sheldon.</p>
+
+<p>In 1842, he sold out his drug business, and went into the employ of
+another firm as an accountant, continuing in that position about two
+years. From this he went into business on his own account once more, this
+time dealing in groceries and provisions, which he continued to trade in
+until 1846, when he was attracted to the lumber trade, which he entered,
+in partnership with S. H. Fox. Four years later he disposed of his
+interest in the firm, and operated in lumber on his own account, not
+keeping a yard, but buying and selling by the cargo. In 1852, the firm of
+Sheldon &amp; French was formed, a lumber yard opened, and the firm continued
+until the failure of the health of Mr. C. French. For a year after this
+event Mr. Sheldon carried on his business alone, and then took into
+partnership his son, Edward P. Sheldon, the firm becoming Sheldon &amp; Son.</p>
+
+<p>In April, 1869, the firm of Sheldon &amp; Son merged into that of S. H.
+Sheldon &amp; Co., being comprised of S. H. Sheldon &amp; Son, and Sears &amp;
+Holland, of East Saginaw, Mich.</p>
+
+<p>The lumber trade of the city has been, generally, one of steady growth,
+and Mr. Sheldon's share in it has been of that character. It developed
+gradually, as the city grew in size and importance, and as the demand from
+the interior increased with the growth of towns and villages on the lines
+of canal and railroads. The beginning was small, and the earlier years of
+its progress full of difficulties, but in the end the trade reached large
+and lucrative proportions. Its highest point of prosperity was during the
+war, when the establishment of permanent camps through the State created a
+sudden and extensive demand for lumber, to build the numerous camp
+buildings. At that time the only perplexity of the lumber dealer was to
+find a supply sufficient for the demands pressing in from all quarters,
+for certain qualities.</p>
+
+<p>[Illustration: Yours Truly, S. H. Sheldon]</p>
+
+<p>From lumber to ship building is an easy transition, and Mr. Sheldon, five
+or six years since, became interested in lake craft, and added a fine
+three masted schooner to the lake marine. With the growth of manufactures
+in the city, he became interested in that direction also, connecting
+himself with the Etna Iron and Nail Works enterprise. He also took a deep
+interest in the formation of the People's Gas Company, for the supply of
+the West Side with gas, being one of the original supporters of the
+organization, and at present one of its directors.</p>
+
+<p>In all his undertakings Mr. Sheldon has kept steadily in view the
+necessity of industry and economy, and it is the practice of these two
+mercantile virtues that has brought about his success. One trait of his
+business character is peculiar. He has, so far as possible, avoided
+recourse to law, holding the doctrine that, in most cases, when a debt
+could not be collected without the aid of a lawyer, it was not worth
+spending money for. In religious principles Mr. Sheldon is a
+Congregationalist, and has been connected for more than thirty years with
+the First Congregational Church, and during most of this time has
+discharged the duties of deacon, serving the church with fidelity and
+acceptance, in this official position. He has been identified with Sabbath
+school labors, as teacher and superintendent, and to his zeal and
+liberality the Detroit street Mission Sabbathe school largely owes its
+prosperity, and its present commodious chapel. In every Christian
+enterprise Deacon Sheldon has been among the foremost. No benevolent
+cause, whether local or general, has appealed to him in vain for pecuniary
+support, or Christian sympathy and countenance.</p>
+
+<p>In 1836, Mr. Sheldon was married to Miss Cordelia H. Buxton, of Cleveland,
+a descendent of the English Buxtons, of philanthropic memory. Of the
+family of six children, one, the eldest, Henry A. Sheldon, died in 1842.
+The only surviving son became a partner with his father in 1866.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="charles_hickox"></a>Charles Hickox. </h2>
+
+
+
+<p>Whether the conversion of wheat into flour can more properly be classed
+among manufactures or trade and commerce is a question for casuists to
+determine. There can be no question, however, that Charles Hickox takes
+his place, by right, among the merchants and commercial men of Cleveland,
+whether the grinding of wheat be a manufacture or not, for it is not alone
+by the milling business that Mr. Hickox has identified himself with the
+commerce of the city. He has gone through all the phases of Cleveland
+commercial life, having been connected with the produce and commission
+trade, owned lake vessels, and otherwise qualified himself for a place
+among the merchants and "river men," aside from the business in which he
+is widely known--that of an extensive mill owner.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Hickox came to Cleveland in 1837, from the state of New York, making
+his debut in the Forest City in the year of its greatest depression. For
+the first two years he engaged as clerk, and served his employers
+faithfully. Then, gaining confidence, and seeing an opening he struck out
+boldly for himself, setting up, as was usual in those days, in the
+commission and produce business. The constantly growing commerce of the
+place increased his business and made it lucrative. With far-seeing
+enterprise Mr. Hickox pushed his operations so that his trade rapidly
+increased and his consignments steadily grew in number and quantity. To
+accommodate it he purchased interests in shipping on the lake, and
+eventually became a large ship owner.</p>
+
+<p>Seeing his opportunity, Mr. Hickox turned his attention to milling, and
+commenced operations at a mill in Akron, which he soon made known to the
+commercial world by the excellence and reliability of its brand. To this
+was, in time, added the water mill, on the canal, in Cleveland, near the
+weigh lock, which he held for five years and then sold. After the sale of
+the latter mill, he purchased the Cleveland Steam Mills on Merwin street,
+with a capacity of about three hundred and fifty barrels per day, and in
+1867, he added the National Steam Mills, with a capacity of from five
+hundred to six hundred barrels daily. Whilst a large capital is invested
+in these mills, the number of men employed is less than in establishments
+where labor saving machinery has not been brought to such a pitch of
+perfection. About fifty men are directly employed in the mills, and a
+large number additional in the manufacture of barrels and sacks. A very
+large proportion of the flour from these mills is sold in sacks, from the
+fact that the entire product is sold in the home market, which speaks well
+for the estimation in which the brands are held. Mr. Charles W. Coe is in
+active partnership with Mr. Hickox, in the milling interests, the firm
+name being Coe &amp; Hickox.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Hickox has taken deep interest in the railroad affairs of the city,
+and has been for some time a director of the Cleveland, Columbus &amp;
+Cincinnati Railroad Company. He is still as active and energetic as ever,
+well preserved in body and mind, and making his positive influence felt in
+all departments of business in which he becomes interested. He never tires
+of work, and, as he says of himself, he "holds his own well, at
+fifty-five."</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="alexander_sackett"></a>Alexander Sackettt. </h2>
+
+
+
+<p>Alexander Sackett, son of Augustus Sackett, of Sackett's Harbor, N. Y.,
+was born August 17th, 1814. He received a good mercantile education in New
+York City, and came from thence to Cleveland in 1835, and at once engaged
+in the wholesale and retail dry goods line, in the old block of Mr.
+Weddell, on Superior street. He continued with success in this business
+until 1854, when he went into commercial business on the river, and in
+which he remained until 1868, when he retired from trade circles to devote
+his whole attention to his real estate interests.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Sackett was married in 1836, to Harriet, daughter of Levi Johnson,
+Esq., of this city. They have five children living, and have lost two. The
+eldest daughter is the wife of Mr. Virgil T. Taylor, of this city, and the
+son is in his father's office.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Sackett is still hale, and may reasonably expect, without accident, to
+long enjoy the fruit of his labor.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="george_mygatt"></a>George Mygatt. </h2>
+
+
+
+<p>Mr. Mygatt is a genuine pioneer of the Western Reserve, having come with
+his father, Comfort S. Mygatt, at the age of ten years, to the new
+settlement at Canfield, Mahoning county, Ohio, in the year 1807. He was
+born at Danbury, Ct., on 14th of June, 1797, when that village had not
+recovered from its conflagration by the British, during the Revolution.
+There were then visible, and for many years during his boyhood, buildings
+which were charred by fires kindled by English soldiers.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Mygatt's father was a merchant and farmer, at Canfield. He was an
+active, honest and successful man. The year previous to his emigration,
+his daughter, Polly, was married, at Danbury, to the late Elisha
+Whittlesey, who removed at once to Canfield, Ohio. Mr. Whittlesey, his
+son-in-law, took the contract to clear a piece of ground for Mr. Mygatt,
+laboring on the job with his axe and team.</p>
+
+<p>At Danbury, George had as good an opportunity in school as any Connecticut
+lad could have, under the age of ten years. At Canfield there was little
+opportunity for gaining book knowledge. He was engaged with his father as
+clerk and general helper, until he was twenty years old. In 1818, he
+became clerk in the Western Reserve Bank, at Warren, and remained in that
+position two years, when he engaged in mercantile business in connection
+with his father-in-law, Mr. A. Adams. This partnership lasted five years,
+after which he carried on the business alone until 1833.</p>
+
+<p>From 1829 to 1833, he was sheriff of Trumbull county, and had the
+disagreeable office of executing the murderer, Gardner.</p>
+
+<p>In 1834, Mr. Mygatt became a financier, which may be said to be his
+profession. He was then appointed cashier of the Bank of Norwalk, Ohio. In
+1836, he was appointed cashier of the Bank of Geauga, at Painesville,
+Ohio; and in 1846 he became President of the City Bank of Cleveland,
+holding the last named office until 1850. The firm of Mygatt &amp; Brown was
+then formed, for private banking, and continued until 1857.</p>
+
+<p>In 1855, he was elected a member of the House of Representatives, from
+Cuyahoga county, serving two sesssion.</p>
+
+<p>[Illustration: Very Respectfully, George Mygatt]</p>
+
+<p>The Merchants Bank of Cleveland, in 1857, became deeply involved, by the
+failure of the Ohio Life and Trust Company, of Cincinnati. Mr. Mygatt was
+appointed cashier at this time, when a memorable panic in finances was
+sweeping over the country. The bank sank a large part of its stock, but
+maintained its integrity, and continued to redeem its notes.</p>
+
+<p>In 1861, he retired from active business, but, with his long habits of
+employment, it soon became irksome to him to be out of work, and in 1865
+he became Secretary of the Cleveland and Mahoning Railroad Company, a
+position he still retains, for the sake of being employed.</p>
+
+<p>A large portion of Mr. Mygatt's time and means have always been devoted to
+benevolent purposes; Sunday schools, the annual contributions for the
+poor, the church, industrial schools, and, in fact, all charitable
+movements have found in him a ready response; he will long be remembered
+for his work's sake.</p>
+
+<p>As a business man he was characterized by the strictest integrity, always
+preserving a quiet, considerate policy, and by incessant industry
+accomplished a great deal. For one who has reached the age of seventy-two,
+he possesses remarkable vigor, and we should judge, from the position he
+occupies, that his mental faculties are little impaired.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Mygatt was married in March, 1820, to Miss Eliza Freeman, of Warren,
+who is still living. Of their six children, four of whom arrived at mature
+age, and were married, only Mrs. F. T. Backus now survives.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="martin_b_scott"></a>Martin B. Scott. </h2>
+
+
+
+<p>Among the names of those who have done business on the river during the
+past quarter of a century, that of M. B. Scott, until his retirement a few
+years since, held a foremost place. Mr. Scott is a native of New York,
+having been born at Deerfield, near Utica, in that State, in March, 1801.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Scott is of Quaker stock; a lineal descendent in the sixth generation
+from the first American Quaker, (Richard Scott, one of the first settlers
+of Providence, R. I.,) and in the nineteenth generation from William
+Baliol Scott, of Scotts-Hall, Kent, England, in the line of Edward I. His
+Quaker ancestors suffered persecution at the hands of the Boston Puritans
+in 1658. The daughters of Richard Scott were cast into prison by Endicott,
+for avowing their Quaker faith, and his wife Katharine (<i>n&eacute;</i> Marbury,
+youngest sister of the famous Mrs. Anne Hutchinson) was publicly scourged
+in Boston by order of court, for visiting and sympathizing with her Quaker
+brethren in prison.</p>
+
+<p>One of the maxims of Mr. Scott's life, was to despise no honest
+employment, however laborious; if he failed to obtain such business as he
+desired, he took the next best opportunity that offered, a principle that
+might be profitably practiced by many young men of the present day.
+Deprived of a liberal education, by the pecuniary embarrassments of his
+father, who had a large family to support, he left the Utica Academy in
+1820, and made an effort to learn a mechanical trade, with only partial
+success. He, for a time, alternately taught a country school in winter,
+and was engaged for the remainder of the year in internal commerce, as
+master of a boat, or as forwarding clerk, in the then prominent houses of
+De Graff, Walton &amp; Co., and Cary &amp; Dows, on the Mohawk river and Erie
+canal. This early training in the elements of commerce and navigation was
+the nucleus of his subsequent pursuits, and the foundation of his
+commercial success, although his operations were not on the gigantic scale
+of many others, who either amassed great fortunes, or sank into
+bankruptcy; he managed his affairs with such prudence, sagacity and
+integrity, that he never had occasion to compound with his creditors, or
+even ask for an extension.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Scott was interested in the first line of canal boats that ran through
+from Utica to New York. In the outset of Erie canal operations it was
+supposed that canal boats could not sail down the Hudson, and the freight
+was consequently transhipped at Albany. Experiment proved the fallacy of
+this belief, and thenceforward canal boats ran through to New York. A new
+line of steam tow-boats on the North river, called the Albany &amp; Canal
+Tow-Boat Company, was formed, and Mr. Scott was appointed principal
+manager, first at Albany and then at New York.</p>
+
+<p>In 1836, his health failed, owing to his close application to business,
+and under medical advice he performed a horseback journey through
+Michigan, Indiana, Illinois and Wisconsin. On his way westward he stopped
+at Cleveland and was favorably impressed with what was then a small but
+flourishing town. In 1837, he returned from his western journey and
+resumed business, but again his health failed, and he was ordered to
+permanently abandon Albany and seek a more favorable climate. Remembering
+the advantages of Cleveland both for business and residence, he concluded
+to remove to that point.</p>
+
+<p>Here he continued his connection with the forwarding business by opening
+an agency for the American Transportation Line of canal boats on the Erie
+canal, his office being at the foot of Superior street. In 1841, he
+engaged in the purchase and shipment of staves, the markets for which
+were Albany and New York. This branch of business he continued for about
+five years.</p>
+
+<p>In 1844, he built a steam elevator on River street, near his old stand, it
+being the first brick building erected on the river front. With the
+completion of this building he turned his attention more particularly to
+grain, receiving it by canal from the interior. On the opening of the
+Cleveland, Columbus and Cincinnati railroad, his elevator was easily
+connected with that line, and the first load of railroad wheat stored in
+Cleveland was received into his elevator.</p>
+
+<p>About the year 1840, Mr. Scott became interested in the lake marine by
+the purchase of the brig Amazon, of 220 tons, then considered a craft of
+good size. At the time of the purchase, the West was flooded with wild-cat
+money, and specie was very scarce. The brig was sold by order of the
+Chancellor of Michigan, and specie demanded from the purchaser, a
+condition that made buyers shy. In 1842, Mr. Scott purchased the schooner
+John Grant, of 100 tons, and in the following three years added to his
+little fleet the schooner Panama, of 100 tons, and the brig Isabella, of
+over 300 tons, the latter being something highly respectable in the way of
+lake shipping.</p>
+
+<p>Prudence, foresight, and careful enterprise made all his ventures
+reasonably successful. In 1865, he resolved to quit business and enjoy the
+competence he had acquired, first in foreign travel, to free himself more
+thoroughly from business cares, and then in lettered ease at home. In
+pursuance of this purpose he spent six months in Europe, returning with
+recruited energies to the enjoyment of the well stocked library of rare
+volumes collected during his years of active business, and largely added
+to during his foreign travels.</p>
+
+<p>A few facts in Mr. Scott's life, exhibiting his thorough confidence in the
+Government and the cause of the Union, should not be passed over. The
+first investment in the original War Loan taken in Cleveland, if not in
+Ohio, was made by Mr. Scott, August 12th, 1861. He still retains and
+exhibits with justifiable pride, a certificate from the Acting Secretary
+of the Treasury, dated August 29th, 1861, stating that five thousand
+dollars had been received from him on account of the three years'
+treasury notes, and promising that they should be sent him as soon as
+prepared. From that time to the present he has invested freely in
+Government securities, being fully convinced of their safety.</p>
+
+<p>Since his retirement from business and return from European travel, he has
+employed his leisure in literary pursuits, especially in genealogical and
+historical studies, and has frequently contributed to the journals of the
+day curious and interesting facts relating to the early settlers in New
+England, in correction of erroneous beliefs regarding them.</p>
+
+<p>In 1840, Mr. Scott was married to Miss Mary Williamson, by whom he has had
+seven children, of whom three still live.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="j_p_robison"></a>J. P. Robison. </h2>
+
+
+
+<p>Among the soldiers present at Braddock's defeat at Fort Duquesne, near
+Pittsburgh, was John Decker Robison, an American of Scotch descent, who
+also did good service during the Revolutionary war. When the war was over
+he married a Hollander living on the North River, and when a young family
+grew up about him, moved to western New York, where, building the first
+house in Canandaigua, he received a patent of six hundred acres of land and
+settled down as a farmer in Vienna, N. Y. One of his family was a boy,
+Peter Robison, who stuck to the farm until the ex-Revolutionary soldier
+had gone down to the tomb, and until he himself had reached several years
+beyond the meridian of life, when he obeyed the general law of American
+human nature, and moved toward the setting sun. Years before this step was
+taken he had married Miss Hetty H. Havens, of Lyons, N. Y., and raised a
+family of children, among them J. P. Robison, the subject of this sketch,
+who was born in Ontario county, on the 23rd of January, 1811.</p>
+
+<p>Like his father, young Robison spent the earlier years of his life in
+working on the farm, and it was not until his sixteenth year that it was
+decided to give him a good education. He was then sent to Niffing's High
+School, at Vienna, N. Y., where he attained considerable proficiency in
+his studies, including Latin and Mathematics. Having developed a taste for
+medical studies he was admitted as a private pupil of Professer Woodward,
+of the Vermont College of Medicine, and graduated in November, 1831.
+Immediately on the completion of his studies he moved into Ohio and
+commenced practice in Bedford, Cuyahoga county, in February, 1832. He soon
+succeeded in building up a good practice, and for eleven years continued
+in the exercise of his profession.</p>
+
+<p>[Illustration: Yours Truly, J. P. Robison]</p>
+
+<p>Then Dr. Robison concluded to change his business. In company with W. B.
+Hillman he engaged in mercantile business at Bedford, opening a store and
+at the same time carrying on other descriptions of trade, such as milling,
+packing provisions, dealing in land, and other operations such as the
+speculative American is always ready to engage in. Among other things he
+started a chair factory and a tannery, and his active mind was always
+revolving projects for the increase of business, and, of course, of
+business profits.</p>
+
+<p>But, whilst his hands were full of all kinds of business enterprises, Dr.
+Robison found abundant leisure for a different kind of occupation. He was
+an intimate friend and associate of Alexander Campbell, the leader of the
+Disciple movement, and organized a congregation of this faith in Bedford,
+which he preached to for sixteen years. When he commenced his ministerial
+labors in Bedford, (from whom, at no time, did he receive fee or reward,)
+his congregation numbered less than a dozen, but when he closed his term
+of service as a voluntary minister he left for his successor a
+congregation numbering four hundred and forty, showing conclusively that
+his ministering had not been in vain. Nor was his zeal for the faith as
+understood by the Disciples content with preaching during this long term
+of service. His purse was always ready for the calls of the church, and,
+in company with Alexander Campbell, he traveled from place to place
+throughout a great part of Ohio, addressing the vast concourses called
+together by the fame of the Disciple leader, then in the plenitude of his
+power and influence as a preacher and teacher. In these gatherings and in
+such company Dr. Robison enriched his mind and developed a great talent
+for extemporaneous address and discussion. Of a positive nature he brought
+strong earnestness and unflagging energy to the work in which he was
+engaged, and carried his hearers with him, as he himself was frequently
+borne away by the enthusiasm of his subject. The same earnestness and
+energy which made him so successful as a preacher served to make him
+popular and effective on the political platform, and in the cause of the
+soldiers of the Union in recent years. During the war he was active in
+procuring volunteers for the Union army, and whenever an effort was made
+to aid the cause of the Union Dr. Robison was among the foremost in the
+work. In politics Dr. Robison was an old Clay Whig. After the demolition
+of that party he voted with the Democrats. In 1861, he was chosen to the
+State Senate by the union of the War Democrats and Republicans, receiving
+the largest vote for any senator from this county. Since that time he has
+voted with the Republican party. His Senatorial career was highly
+honorable to himself and of value to his constituents, who found in him a
+faithful, active and intelligent representative.</p>
+
+<p>It is as a packer of provisions that Dr. Robison has been for many years
+chiefly known. For twenty-five years he had been associated with General
+O. M. Oviatt in the packing business at Cleveland, and the brand of the
+firm had grown to be recognized everywhere as thoroughly reliable. In
+1865, this partnership was dissolved, and Dr. Robison continued the
+business at first alone and afterwards in company with Archibald Baxter of
+New York. The scarcity of fat cattle in this vicinity compelled him in
+1866 to remove his principal packing house to Chicago, where he continues
+to operate heavily, the amount paid out for cattle during the last season
+being over $300,000. In addition to the Chicago packing he has continued
+the work in Cleveland, and also for several years did something in that
+line at Lafayette, Indiana. The firm's brand, "The Buckeye", is well known
+and highly esteemed both in the United States and England, to which
+provisions bearing that mark are largely shipped.</p>
+
+<p>Had Dr. Robison continued his practice as a physician he would undoubtedly
+have attained eminence in his profession, a leading physician having
+frequently borne testimony to his extraordinary skill in diagnosing
+disease, and urged him to devote his entire attention to his profession.
+But he preferred curing beef and pork to curing human bodies, and, so far
+as financial results are concerned, probably made a wise choice, though
+the judgment of human nature and insight into men's motives to which he
+attributes his success, would have served him in good stead in either
+line. At the age of fifty-eight, Dr. Robison is found in possession of a
+handsome competency, although he has all through life dealt with marked
+liberality toward all worthy objects of charity and patriotism. He is
+still in possession of much of the vigor that has characterized his
+business career, and we trust his life of usefulness may yet be long.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<p align="center">[Illustration: Yours Truly, T. P. Handy]</p>
+
+<h2><a name="truman_p_handy"></a>Truman P. Handy. </h2>
+
+
+
+<p>The oldest banker in Cleveland, and probably the oldest active banker in
+the State, is Truman P. Handy, now president of the Merchants National
+Bank. He has been identified with the banking business of Cleveland from
+his first arrival in the city, thirty-seven years ago, and throughout the
+whole time has been a successful financier, managing the institutions
+under his charge with unvarying skill and good fortune.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Handy was born in Paris, Oneida county, New York, January 17th, 1807.
+He had the advantage of a good academical education, and made preparation
+for entering college, which, however, he did not do, and at the close of
+his school term, spent the remaining time, until his eighteenth year,
+upon his father's farm, with the exception of two winters in which he
+taught school.</p>
+
+<p>On reaching his eighteenth year it was decided that he should enter on a
+commercial life, and a year or two were spent in stores in Utica and New
+Hartford, N. Y., leaving the latter place in October, 1826, to take a
+position in the Bank of Geneva, Ontario county, N. Y., of which the Kev. H.
+Dwight was president. With this commenced Mr. Handy's long banking career.
+Five years were spent in this bank and then he accepted an invitation to
+remove to Buffalo, for the purpose of assisting in the organization of the
+Bank of Buffalo, of which he was made teller, and remained one year in
+that position. In March, 1832, the young banker married Miss Harriet N.
+Hall, of Geneva, and with his bride set out on the wedding tour, which was
+also one of business, to Cleveland.</p>
+
+<p>Under other circumstances the journey would scarcely be deemed a pleasant
+one. It was in early Spring, and the weather was still inclement. The
+roads were bad, and the lumbering stage floundered heavily through mud,
+and amid obstructions that made the way one of discomfort, not unmixed
+with peril, for six weary days, between Geneva and Cleveland. But in
+addition to the fact that it was a bridal tour, the young couple were
+cheered by the prospect before them. The charter of the old Commercial
+Bank of Lake Erie, established in 1816, and which had gone under, had been
+purchased by the Hon. George Bancroft and his family in Massachusetts, and
+it was designed to resuscitate it under better auspices. Mr. Handy had
+been invited to become the cashier, and in pursuance of his acceptance of
+the invitation, was, with his bride, on his way to Cleveland.</p>
+
+<p>The bank was organized on his arrival and commenced business on the lot
+now occupied by the Merchants National Bank, at the corner of Superior
+and Bank streets, the bank lot running back to the present site of the
+Herald building. Leonard Case, the president of the old Bank of Lake
+Erie, was president of the resuscitated bank, with T. P. Handy as cashier.
+It did a thriving business until 1842, when the term of its charter
+expired, and the Legislature refused to renew it, compelling the bank to
+go into liquidation. When the great crash of 1837 occurred, the bank had
+been compelled to take real estate in settlement of the liabilities of
+its involved customers, and thus the corporation became one of the
+greatest landholders of the city. Had the property been retained by the
+bank owners, it would by this time have been worth to them many millions
+of dollars.</p>
+
+<p>The close of the bank and the winding up of its affairs necessitated the
+disposal of the real estate for the purpose of dividing the assets among
+the stockholders. Messrs. T. P. Handy, H. B. Payne, and Dudley Baldwin were
+appointed commissioners to close up the affairs of the bank and discharge
+its liabilities. This being done, the remaining cash and real estate were
+divided among the stockholders, who appointed Mr. Handy their trustee to
+dispose of the property. This was accomplished in 1845, when Mr. Handy
+made his final settlement. During the time subsequent to the close of the
+bank, he had been carrying on a private banking business under the name of
+T. P. Handy &amp; Co.</p>
+
+<p>In the Winter of 1845, the State Legislature passed a law authorizing the
+establishment of the State Bank of Ohio, and of independent banks. In
+November of that year, Mr. Handy organized the Commercial Branch of the
+State Bank of Ohio, with a capital of one hundred and seventy-five
+thousand dollars, and took position in it as cashier, the president being
+William A. Otis, and the directors, additional to Messrs. Otis and Handy,
+being John M. Woolsey, N. C. Winslow, and Jonathan Gillett. Mr. Handy was
+the acting manager of the institution, and so successful was his conduct
+of its affairs that the stockholders received an average of nearly twenty
+per cent. on their investment through nearly the whole time until the
+termination of its charter in 1865, a period of twenty years. His policy
+was liberal, but with remarkable judgment he avoided hazardous risks, and
+whilst the bank always had as much business as it could possibly
+accommodate, the tightest times never affected its credit.</p>
+
+<p>Whilst the Commercial Branch Bank was having such uninterrupted success,
+the Merchants Branch of the State Bank of Ohio, on the same street, was
+experiencing a run of bad fortune. The failure of the Ohio Life and Trust
+Company embarrassed it for a time, and other causes conspired with this to
+cripple its resources. In 1861, the stockholders invited Mr. Handy to take
+charge of its affairs as president, and he accepted the trust. His usual
+success followed him to his new position, and the affairs of the bank were
+suddenly and permanently improved.</p>
+
+<p>In February, 1865, in common with most of the State banking institutions,
+the Merchants Branch Bank stockholders decided to wind up the concern as a
+State institution, and avail themselves of the provisions of the National
+Banking Act. The Merchants National Bank was organized with an authorized
+capital of one million of dollars, of which six hundred thousand dollars
+was paid in, Mr. Handy assuming the presidency, and having associated
+with him in the management, Messrs. T. M. Kelley, M. Barnett, William
+Collins, James F. Clark, Samuel L. Mather, and William Bingham. Under this
+management the bank has thus far had an uninterrupted tide of prosperity,
+with every prospect of its continuance.</p>
+
+<p>It is not alone as a banker that Mr. Handy has made himself prominent
+among the citizens of Cleveland, He has been intimately connected with
+other enterprises tending to increase the prosperity of the city, and it
+is remarkable that all the undertakings he has been connected with have
+proved profitable, to himself to a greater or less extent, as might be
+expected, but in a far greater degree to others, the stockholders, for
+whose interests he was laboring. Few, if any, men in Cleveland have made
+more money for others than has Mr. Handy.</p>
+
+<p>In addition to his banking duties, he filled the position from 1850 to
+1860, of treasurer of the Cleveland, Columbus and Cincinnati railroad, and
+managed its finances with that skill and ability which were peculiarly
+needed in the earlier portion of that period, when the road was an
+experiment, carried on under the heaviest difficulties. In 1860, he
+resigned his position as treasurer, and is now a director in that company.
+He has also been interested in other railroads centering in Cleveland.</p>
+
+<p>In 1856, a Cleveland built schooner left the lakes for the ocean, and
+crossed the Atlantic to Liverpool, thus commencing the direct trade
+between the lakes and European ports. In 1857, another Cleveland built
+vessel was sent across, loaded with staves and lumber, and returned with
+crockery and iron. The success of these Tentures attracted the attention
+of the enterprising business men of the lakes, and in the Spring of 1858,
+a fleet of ten vessels left Cleveland, all but one loaded with staves and
+lumber, for European ports. Their departure was marked by demonstrations
+on the part of the authorities and leading men of business, and with a
+fair breeze and good wishes the fleet bore away for salt water. Of the ten
+vessels, three were sent by Mr. Handy, the R. H. Harmon, bound for
+Liverpool, the D. B. Sexton, for London, and the J. F. Warner, for Glasgow.
+All of the vessels made quick and profitable trips, and the trade thus
+begun has been carried on with profit to the present time, although at the
+breaking out of the war American vessels were compelled to withdraw from
+it, leaving the enterprise wholly in the hands of English parties, who
+purchased vessels for the trade.</p>
+
+<p>Whilst his vessels were in Europe, Mr. Handy availed himself of the
+opportunity to visit Great Britain and the Continent, to attend to his
+interests, and at the same time to study some of the institutions of the
+old world, especially the financial, religious and educational. In
+educational matters he had always taken a deep interest, having watched
+with a careful eye the growth of the public schools of Cleveland, and for
+some time was associated with Mr. Charles Bradburn in their management, as
+members of the Board of Education. And this, which was wholly a labor of
+love, with no remuneration but the consciousness of having done some good
+by hard work, was the only public office ever held by Mr. Handy, or ever
+desired by him. At the same time he was deeply interested in the growth
+and management of the Sunday schools of the city, and for many years has
+taken a leading part in all movements calculated to extend their field of
+usefulness and increase their efficiency. In Great Britain he visited the
+Sunday schools and was warmly welcomed by teachers and scholars, who were
+greatly interested in his account of the working of Sunday schools here,
+whilst the narration of his experiences on that side of the Atlantic
+frequently delighted the scholars at home on his return.</p>
+
+<p>Although rapidly approaching the period allotted by the psalmist to man as
+his term of life, Mr. Handy is still as full of vigor and business energy
+as much younger men, and is as earnest as of old in managing large
+financial undertakings, or in teaching his class in Sunday school. His
+heart is as young at sixty-two, as at twenty-seven, and the secret of his
+continued health and vigor undoubtedly lies in his temperate and upright
+life, his kindly disposition, and that simple cheerfulness of spirit that
+makes him thoroughly at home in the society of children, who, in their
+turn, are thoroughly at home with him. One of the most energetic and
+successful of business men, he has never allowed business to so engross
+his time and attention as to leave no opportunity for religions or social
+duties or enjoyments. In this way he has won the confidence and esteem of
+all classes of citizens as a successful financier, a good citizen, a man
+of the strictest probity, a warm friend, and a genial acquaintance.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Handy has but one child living, a daughter, now the wife of Mr. John
+S. Newberry, of Detroit. His only other child, a boy, died in infancy.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<p align="center">[Illustration: C. Bradburn]</p>
+
+
+<h2><a name="charles_bradburn"></a>Charles Bradburn. </h2>
+
+
+
+<p>That Charles Bradburn is a merchant long and honorably known in the
+commercial history of Cleveland, and that he still retains a prominent
+place in the business circles which he entered thirty-three years ago, are
+undeniable facts. And yet, the great feature of Mr. Bradburn's busy life,
+and that of which he is justly most proud, is not his business successes,
+but his connection with the public schools of this city. His money, made
+by anxious care in his warehouse and among business men, was freely spent
+to promote the cause of education, and the labor, solicitude and anxiety
+with which he prosecuted his business, great as they necessarily were,
+must be counted small compared with his sacrifices of time and labor in
+the effort to extend and improve the school system and make the school
+houses of the city a source of gratulation and pride to the citizens. But
+whilst his hardest labor was in the service of the schools, it was purely
+a labor of love, whilst his work on the river was a labor of business, and
+therefore he must, in this record of Cleveland's noted men, take rank
+among his commercial brethren.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Bradburn was born at Attleborough, Massachusetts, July 16th, 1808. His
+father was a cotton manufacturer when that great industrial interest was
+in its infancy. The first manufacture in this country of several articles
+of twilled fabrics was in his factory.</p>
+
+<p>At the age of seven years Charles Bradburn had the misfortune to lose his
+mother, a lady highly esteemed by all who knew her. This loss was a
+serious one, as it left him almost entirely to his own resources. When
+sixteen years old he entered the Lowell machine shop as an apprentice, and
+after a service of three years, graduated with a diploma from the
+Middlesex Mechanics Association. He served as a journeyman for two years,
+when, feeling that his education was not adequate to his wants, he left
+the mechanic's bench for the student's desk, entering the classical school
+of Professor Coffin at Ashfield, in the western part of the same State.
+Subsequently he resumed his mechanical labors, which he continued until
+1833, part of the time as a journeyman, but during the greater part as a
+manufacturer on his own account. At that date he changed his business from
+manufacturing to commerce, opening a store in Lowell.</p>
+
+<p>In 1836, he decided to remove to the West, and in that year brought his
+family to Cleveland, where he commenced the wholesale and retail grocery
+business in the wooden building now standing, adjoining the old City
+Buildings, which were not then finished. The next year he rented the two
+stores adjoining in the then new City Buildings, of which but a portion
+now remains. In 1840, he built the warehouse now standing at the foot of
+St. Clair street and moved his business to that place, abandoning the
+retail branch. At the same time he established a distillery on what was
+then known as "the island," on the west side of the river. In 1854, he
+removed to the spacious warehouses, 58 and 60 River street, now occupied
+by him and his partners under the same name, "C. Bradburn &amp; Co.," that
+graced the walls of the City Buildings in 1836. During his long
+commercial life Mr. Bradburn has enjoyed largly theturnpikesnce and esteem
+of the commercial community and is now one of the most energetic business
+men of the city.</p>
+
+<p>But it is in his devotion to the cause of knowledge and popular education
+that Mr. Bradburn appears especially as a representative man. He was one
+of the first officers of the Mercantile Library Association, and in its
+early history took much interest in its prosperity. His great work,
+however, lay in the schools. In a letter to a friend recently written, he,
+with characteristic modesty, writes: "After a life almost as long as is
+allotted to man, the only thing I find to glory in is having been able to
+render some service to the cause of popular education; to be called by so
+many of our ablest educators the father of our public schools, was glory
+enough, and ample compensation for many years of hard labor and the
+expenditure of much money in the cause."</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Bradburn was in 1839 elected to the City Council from the Third ward.
+As chairman of the Committee on Fire and Water he reorganized the Fire
+Department, which was then in a wretched condition, and, with the
+assistance of Mr. J. L. Weatherly, who was made Chief Engineer, and the
+aid of new laws, made it one of the most efficient of any at that time
+existing in the country. As chairman of the Committee on Streets, at that
+time an office of much responsibility and labor, he rendered the city
+valuable service.</p>
+
+<p>In 1841, he was elected a member and made chairman of the Board of School
+Managers. This body was merged into the Board of Education, and for
+several years he filled the office of president. For thirteen consecutive
+years he served as member of the Board of School Managers and of the Board
+of Education, during much of which time he had almost unaided control of
+the educational affairs of the city. Mr. Bradburn succeeded in getting
+through the Legislature a bill authorizing the establishment of a High
+School, the first institution of the kind, connected with the public
+schools, in the State of Ohio. A school of this character was started in
+June, 1846, and maintained in spite of fierce opposition. But there was no
+building to receive it, and its earlier years were spent in the basement
+of a church on Prospect street, the room being fitted up by Mr. Bradburn
+and rented by the city for fifty dollars per annum.</p>
+
+<p>Feeling strongly that he could render better service to the cause of
+popular education in the City Council than he could in the Board of
+Education, in 1853 he resigned his seat in the latter body and was elected
+to the City Council. When Ohio City was united with Cleveland, he was
+chosen president of the united Councils.</p>
+
+<p>Having, on taking his seat in the Council, been appointed to a position on
+the Committee on Schools, his first and continuous efforts were directed
+to bringing the Council to provide suitable buildings, not only for the
+High School, but for all the schools of the city. In consequence of his
+earnest and persistent labors an ordinance was passed authorizing a loan
+for school purposes of $30,000. The loan was negotiated at par without
+expense to the city. Mr. Bradburn, and the Building Committee, of which he
+was chairman, immediately made plans for the Central High School, and the
+Mayflower, Eagle and Alabama street Grammar schools, all of which were put
+under contract without delay, and finished under their supervision to the
+entire satisfaction of the Council and Board of Education. The teachers
+of the public schools in gratitude for his services in the cause of
+education, induced Mr. Bradburn to sit to Allen Smith, Jr., for his
+picture, which was then hung in the hall of the Central High School. At a
+subsequent date the High School teachers presented him with a massive
+gold-headed cane, engraved with a complimentary inscription, but this
+highly prized token was unfortunately lost, together with a number of
+other cherished mementoes and all the family pictures, in a fire which
+destroyed his residence in February, 1868. In the fire also perished a
+valuable library of over four hundred volumes, the result of a lifetime's
+collection, and Mr. Bradburn barely escaped with his own life from a third
+story window, being badly injured in the descent.</p>
+
+<p>In public matters he has done but little during the past few years,
+devoting himself entirely to his business, but he may be seen on all
+occasions where the cause of popular education can be benefited by his
+presence. In 1848, he was the Whig candidate for Mayor, but, being ill at
+the time, gave the canvass no personal attention, and was defeated by a
+few votes, the opponents of the High School, of whatever party, voting
+against him.</p>
+
+<p>To Mr. Bradburn the credit belongs of procuring, after a hard battle
+against parsimony and prejudice, the establishment of the first free High
+School in the West.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="samuel_raymond"></a>Samuel Raymond. </h2>
+
+
+
+<p>Samuel Raymond was born in Bethlem, Connecticut, March 19, 1805. Like most
+of the sons of New England, his boyhood was passed in plowing among the
+rocks on one of the stony farms of that rocky and hilly State. At the age
+of sixteen he commenced teaching the village school, and continued
+teaching for six years, a portion of that time being spent in New York
+State, in one of the many pretty towns that are scattered along on either
+side of the Hudson. Returning to Connecticut at the end of his six years'
+trial of teaching, he was employed to keep the books of the old and
+wealthy firm of Messrs. A. &amp; C. Day, dry goods commission merchants, at
+Hartford. The late Governor Morgan, of New York, was, at the same time, a
+salesman in the house.</p>
+
+<p>In 1833, Mr. Raymond married Mary North, daughter of James North, of New
+Britain, Conn.</p>
+
+<p>In the Spring of 1835, he determined to try his fortune in the Far West,
+away out in Ohio. With Kansas as the present geographical centre of the
+Union, it is difficult for us to conceive of the New Englanders' idea of
+the West at that time. It was something of an undertaking. It was a
+journey of weeks, not a ride of twenty-three hours in a sleeping coach or
+palace car. It meant long and tedious days of staging--a monotonous ride
+along the Erie canal from Schenectady to some point a little farther west,
+and finally, when the lake was not frozen over, the perils of lake
+navigation. In 1835, Cleveland, Erie and Sandusky were all struggling for
+supremacy. When Mr. Raymond got as far west as Erie, he thought that might
+be a good place for him "to drive a stake," but the number of newly made
+graves suggested to him, on second thought, the propriety of getting out
+of the place as speedily as possible. Cleveland at that time was beginning
+to put on city airs--Kellogg's great hotel (the American) was slowly going
+up. The only vacant store to be had by Mr. R. was a little wooden building
+on the site of the present Rouse block--a location at that time about as
+far out of town as it would be safe for a prudent merchant to venture.
+Henry W. and Marvin Clark were associated with him in business, under the
+firm name of Raymond &amp; Clark.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Raymond was a merchant of more than ordinary business ability, a man
+of scrupulous exactness in his business dealings. His extreme conservatism
+in business management carried him safely through every commercial crisis.</p>
+
+<p>Like most business men Mr. Raymond had but little time to devote to
+political discussions. He voted the Whig ticket as long as the old Whig
+party had an existence. In religions principles he was a Presbyterian, and
+united with the First Presbyterian Church in 1840, at that time under the
+pastoral charge of Rev. Dr. S. C. Aiken.</p>
+
+<p>In the Winter of 1866, in compliance with his physician's advice, he took
+a journey south for the benefit of his health, which had been impaired by
+his unremitting devotion to business. In company with a party of friends
+from Cincinnati, he and his wife left Louisville for Havana, in January.
+On the 2d of February a telegram was received by the remaining members of
+his family in Cleveland, informing them that Mr. Raymond was among the
+missing on the ill-fated steamer Carter, which was burned when within a
+few miles of Vicksburg.</p>
+
+<p>When the alarm was given, Mr. Raymond and his wife were asleep. Hastily
+dressing themselves and providing themselves with life-preservers, they
+jumped through the cabin window, Mr. Raymond having a state-room door
+which he had wrenched from its hinges. Mrs. Raymond clung to a floating
+bale of hay and was saved after an hour of peril and suffering in the icy
+water. Nothing was seen of Mr. Raymond after he floated away from the
+wreck, clinging to the door. His death was mourned by a large circle of
+friends who appreciated his worth.</p>
+
+<p>By diligence and economy he accumulated a valuable estate, leaving to his
+family property valued at two hundred and fifty thousand dollars.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="richard_t_lyon"></a>Richard T. Lyon. </h2>
+
+
+
+<p>The first secretary of the Cleveland Board of Trade, and its president for
+the year 1869, Richard T. Lyon, is probably the oldest established
+merchant now doing business on the river. He arrived here in 1823, when
+there were but a few hundred people in the village, and for some time
+resided with his father-in-law, Noble H. Merwin, on the lot now occupied
+by Bishop's Block, about where M. Heisel's confectionary store now stands.
+In 1838, he entered as clerk in the forwarding house of Griffith, Standart
+&amp; Co., at the foot of Superior street, continuing in that position until
+the Spring of 1841, when he formed a partnership with I. L. Hewitt, and
+carried on a forwarding and commission business on River street, under the
+firm name of Hewitt &amp; Lyon. The partnership continued until 1847, when Mr.
+Hewitt retired, and Mr. Lyon continued the business in his own name at 67
+Merwin street, where he has remained until the present time. In the Spring
+of 1868, his son, R. S. Lyon, was taken into partnership, the firm name
+being changed to R. T. Lyon &amp; Son. For a number of years Mr. Lyon has been
+the largest dealer of salt in the city, having had the agency of the salt
+works in western New York.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Lyon has held, from his first entry into commercial life to the
+present time, the esteem and confidence of the business men of Cleveland,
+and that confidence has been shown by the fact, that for many years he was
+the treasurer of the Board of Trade, having been elected to that position
+on the organisation of the Board; was subsequently made vice-president,
+and in the Spring of 1869, was elected president. This compliment was well
+merited, for he is now one of the very few remaining members of the Board
+who took part in its organization, and has never flagged in his interest
+in its affairs.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<p align="center">[Illustration: Yours Truly, H. M. Chapin]</p>
+
+
+<h2><a name="h_m_chapin"></a>H. M. Chapin.</h2>
+
+
+
+<p>In the commercial, political, patriotic, and literary history of Cleveland
+for the past fifteen or twenty years, the name of H. M. Chapin will always
+have honorable prominence. In all these departments his persistent energy
+and unshaken faith, even in the darkest hours, have been potent for good.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Chapin was born in Walpole, N. H., July 29th, 1823, and received a good
+common school education. When fifteen years old, he removed to Boston, and
+entered a dry goods importing house, in which he remained nearly ten
+years. In the Spring of 1848, he left Boston for Cleveland, where he
+became a partner in the wholesale grocery warehouse of Charles Bradburn &amp;
+Co., with whom he remained four years. In 1852, he commenced business as a
+provision dealer and packer of pork and beef. For a time it was up-hill
+work, but his native perseverance overcame all difficulties, and in the
+season of 1862-3, his business had grown to seven hundred and fifty
+thousand dollars. From that time there was a steady decline in the amount
+of packing done in Cleveland, the supply of cattle and hogs decreasing
+until but a very small quantity, in proportion to the facilities for
+packing, could be depended on. The slaughter-houses of Chicago arrested
+the great stream of live stock, and what escaped them went forward to the
+Atlantic cities for immediate consumption. In the Winter of 1867-8, Mr.
+Chapin, therefore, resolved to remove his packing business to Chicago, and
+commenced operations there with gratifying success. He intended abandoning
+Cleveland altogether as a packing point, but, contrary to his
+expectations, he has been able to resume the business here to a moderate
+extent. From 1862 to 1867, he carried on, in connection with the packing
+business, a very extensive coopering establishment, employing about fifty
+men, besides a large amount of machinery. Over a hundred and twenty-five
+men were at the same time employed in slaughtering and packing.</p>
+
+<p>In addition to his ordinary business, and partly in connection with it,
+Mr. Chapin turned his attention to the question of insurance. It was a
+favorite maxim with him that the West was able to do its own insurance,
+and with this idea ever present, he was favorable to the establishment of
+home insurance companies. Of the Sun Fire Insurance Company, of
+Cleveland, he was for some years the vice-president, and labored earnestly
+for its success. Being a thorough believer in the principles of
+Homoeopathy, as well as an enthusiast on the subject of western insurance,
+he was a willing co-worker with a number of prominent citizens engaged in
+the organization of the Hahnemann Life Insurance Company, of Cleveland.
+The novel character of this company--it being the first of the kind in the
+United States--is sufficient warrant for a brief statement of its history.
+It was established in 1865, and numbered among its stockholders such
+leading business men and substantial capitalists as Wm. A. Otis, George
+Worthington, William Bingham, Stillman Witt, Selah Chamberlain, Dudley
+Baldwin, D. P. Eells, M. G. Younglove, and the Hon. B. F. Wade. The
+leading feature was the offer to insure those whose medical belief and
+practice were exclusively Homoeopathic, at lower rates than those
+subjecting themselves to Allopathic treatment. The theory on which this
+offer is based is, that all the evidence goes to show a lower rate of
+mortality under Homoeopathic than under Allopathic treatment. The
+Honorable William Baines, Insurance Commissioner of New York, in speaking
+of this company in his report, says: "The Hahnemann Life Insurance
+Company, of Cleveland, Ohio, is the first western company admitted into
+this State. It starts with a paid up capital of $200,000, one-half of
+which is deposited with the State Treasurer of Ohio, for the protection of
+policy holders. The company is organized on a basis of strength and
+capital, even larger than that required of New York corporations; it
+reduces the rate of premium to Homoeopathic members."</p>
+
+<p>Of this company Mr. Chapin was made president, and in the management of
+this, as in everything which he undertakes, he infused a large amount of
+his energy, and made the company a complete success. During the present
+year his almost undivided attention has been given to the company's
+affairs, with marked effect on its rapidly increasing business.</p>
+
+<p>In 1865, Mr. Chapin was elected Mayor of the city of Cleveland. The honor
+was not only unsought, but he was in entire ignorance of the whole affair
+until after his election. His name had not been mentioned in connection
+with that or any other office when he left the city on a business trip
+that kept him absent for several days. In the meantime the nominating
+convention of the Union Republican party was held, and there was some
+difficulty as to a choice between the persons named for the nomination as
+Mayor. In casting around for a way out of the difficulty, the name of Mr.
+Chapin was mentioned and instantly met with favor. He was nominated,
+elected by a strong majority, and the first intimation he received of the
+movement was reading the election returns in the Cleveland Herald, on his
+homeward journey.</p>
+
+<p>He accepted the office in the spirit in which it had been conferred upon
+him. He understood that the people believed he was disposed and able to
+manage the affairs of the city vigorously and honestly, and he was not
+disposed to evade the responsibilities of the office. His time was devoted
+to the duties of his position, the different departments under his charge
+were carefully scrutinized, and whilst his strictness and vigorous
+execution of the laws made the offenders complain of his severity, there
+was no question raised as to his ability, integrity, or honest zeal for
+the city's interest. He discharged the duties of his office with
+scrupulous exactness, and he endeavored to make others do the same. During
+his administration it was no longer a reproach that the ordinances of the
+city stood</p>
+
+<p>  "Like the forfeits in a barbers shop,
+  As much in mock as mark."</p>
+
+<p>At the breaking out of the war, Mr. Chapin took an early and active part
+in stirring up the people to defend the Government of the Union. Wherever
+his money, influence, or active energy could be made serviceable, there he
+was always to be found. Having obtained the appropriation for the
+Twenty-Ninth Regiment, he worked diligently in raising, equipping, and
+sending it to the field, and spent much of his own time at the front in
+various capacities. The ladies who worked diligently for the comfort of
+the soldiers and the care of the sick and wounded, through the medium of
+the Ladies' Aid Association, found in Mr. Chapin an indefatigable
+assistant. He was ever ready with suggestion, active aid, and money,
+laboring day and night, either at the front, in the hospitals, or at
+home, in behalf of the soldier.</p>
+
+<p>The Cleveland Library Association was another field in which Mr. Chapin's
+energy and business tact were manifested. In 1854, he was elected
+president of the Association, which had struggled along, a feeble
+organization, contending against numerous difficulties. Under his vigorous
+management the Association was brought to a higher degree of prosperity
+then it had ever witnessed; the income was largely increased, the number
+of books increased one-half, and a lively interest excited in the public
+mind concerning it. Mr. Chapin retired at the close of his term of office,
+and the affairs of the Association gradually lapsed into their former
+unsatisfactory condition. In 1858, an attempt was made to save it by
+revolutionizing its constitution and management. A new constitution was
+adopted, and under it Mr. Chapin was again elected president. The result
+was even more marked than in the previous instance. The number of members
+was nearly doubled, a load of debt that had accumulated through a number
+of years was removed, a large number of books added to the library, and
+the reading-room enlarged and improved. Again, after the lapse of ten
+years, Mr. Chapin has been called to the presidency of the Association,
+under circumstances precisely similar to those under which he had twice
+before assumed the duties of the position.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Chapin was married October 15th, 1849, to Matilda, daughter of John
+Fenno, of Boston. Of this marriage have been born six children, the oldest
+of whom, a son now nineteen years of age, is in the wholesale grocery of
+Edwards, Townsend &amp; Co.; the others are all attending school.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="moses_white"></a>Moses White.</h2>
+
+
+
+<p>Moses White, now one of the very few remaining early citizens of
+Cleveland, was born at Warwick, Hampshire county, Mass., February
+25th, 1791. His father's name was Jacob White, a native of Menden,
+Mass., who traces back his ancestors as natives of that town, to as
+early a date as 1665.</p>
+
+<p>Moses White, the subject of this memoir, being deprived, at a very early
+age, of his mother, by death, went to live in Mendon, with his maternal
+grandfather, Peter Penninian. Afterwards he went to Boston, where he
+learned the merchant tailor business, with one John Willson. From Boston
+he went to Providence, R. I., where he remained about two years, and where
+he became acquainted with Miss Mary Andrews, whom he afterwards married.</p>
+
+<p>In 1813, being desirons of settling further west, he first went to Utica,
+N. Y., and after remaining there a few months, he proceeded, with a horse
+and buggy, to Cleveland, where he arrived in October, 1816, the population
+of the place then being only about 150.</p>
+
+<p>He established himself here as a merchant tailor, and pursued the business
+steadily about twenty years, and with success. He afterwards established a
+store at Chillicothe, Ohio, which, not being under his own care, did not
+prove successful.</p>
+
+<p>From his arrival in Cleveland, he was forward in all the moral and
+religious enterprises of the place, first in union with all the religious
+denominations represented, and afterwards he was more particularly
+identified with the Baptist Church, in which he has been for nearly forty
+years a deacon.</p>
+
+<p>He now enjoys more than usual health and vigor for one of his age, and has
+the respect, confidence and esteem of every person who knows him.</p>
+
+<p>His wife having died in 1858, he has since that date made it his home with
+his daughter, Mrs. J. P. Bishop, of Cleveland, with whom he now resides.</p>
+
+<p>In many respects Deacon White's history furnishes an example worthy of
+imitation. In the times of his boyhood, in New England, when a boy did not
+possess the means for establishing himself in business, or of educating
+himself for some professional calling, and particularly if he was an
+orphan, he was required to learn some trade. In his case, his friends not
+only recommended this, but he was desirous himself, of doing it. He
+accordingly went from Mendon to Boston, a distance of about forty miles,
+where, alone and among strangers, he sought a place where he might serve
+as an apprentice. For days he wandered about seeking such an opportunity
+and finally fell in with John Willson, the merchant tailor before
+mentioned, who received him as an errand boy, and finally as an
+apprentice, in which position he continued, passing through all the grades
+incident to such employment, till he was twenty-one years of age.</p>
+
+<p>Without father or mother, or friends to look up to for counsel and advice,
+he persevered, and preserved his integrity, having the confidence of all
+with whom he was associated.</p>
+
+<p>In those early days, nothing was more common than to emigrate to the
+West, leaving the principles of New England education, in religion and
+morality, behind. Judging from accounts of society in Cleveland in very
+early times, such must have been the case of some, at least.</p>
+
+<p>But such was not the case with the youthful Moses White. Though he found
+not many congenial spirits in this far-off western region, yet whenever,
+in the little village of Cleveland, he heard of a place of prayer, or a
+meeting, or association for the promotion of temperance or morality,
+thither he bent his footsteps. Now in a ripe and happy old age he enjoys,
+not only the retrospect, but also the present--and not only these, but he
+is constantly looking for a consummation of perfect happiness, beyond what
+either the past has, or the present life can afford.</p>
+
+<p>Finally, so far as accumulating wealth is concerned, he has not been as
+fortunate as some, and yet less unfortunate than many others, and now
+enjoys a competence abundantly sufficient to provide for all his wants and
+to transmit something to his children. Well may worldly ones say, "O that
+my last days might be like his!"</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="david_h_beardsley"></a>David H. Beardsley.</h2>
+
+
+
+<p>Mr. Beardsley does not claim to be a pioneer, but an early settler of the
+second class, having arrived in Cleveland with his family in June, 1826.
+Cleveland is supposed to have then had about five hundred people. He was
+of Quaker origin, and lived at New Preston, Connecticut, before he removed
+to Ohio. He was of course anxious to obtain employment, and being a
+beautiful penman, a contract was soon made with the late Judge Willey, who
+was the county auditor, to serve as his clerk, at one dollar per day. He
+was employed about thirty days in making the county duplicate. The taxable
+property of the county at that time amounted to the sum of two hundred and
+sixty-eight thousand, seven hundred and seventy-one dollars. When Mr.
+Beardsley was deputy auditor, all the public business centered in the old
+log court house, on the northwest quarter of the Square.</p>
+
+<p>On the fourth of July, 1827, the Ohio canal was opened to lock seventeen,
+near Akron, and the canal commissioners, prominent among whom was his
+friend Alfred Kelley, were in need of a scrupulously honest man, and a
+good clerk, for the purpose of collecting tolls. They found all the
+necessary qualifications of integrity, assiduity, and accuracy in Mr.
+Beardsley, who was therefore appointed, the day not having arrived when
+qualification for office should be the last of recommendations. The
+collectorship may be said to have been Mr. Beardsley's profession. He
+spent in the office most of the period of active life, in twenty-three
+years, undisturbed by the changes of administration. To our ears this may
+sound incredible.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Beardsley's salary was at first three hundred dollars per annum,
+increasing to twelve hundred before the close of his services. He
+collected the sum of one million, three hundred and ninety-eight thousand,
+six hundred and forty-two dollars and sixty-eight cents. His accounts were
+models of nicety as well as accuracy, errors and discrepancies being
+equally unknown.</p>
+
+<p>Being a gentleman of simple tastes and habits, with few wants, he has
+acquired a comfortable competence, without acquiring a thirst for gold,
+and without withholding his substance from charitable and public purposes.
+He is highly esteemed by all who know him, for a life-long consistency of
+character, and sterling qualities as a man and a friend. The writer
+occasionally sees him on our crowded streets, although quite feeble, with
+a mind perfectly serene, and well aware that his race is almost run. His
+record is worthy of emulation.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="thomas_augustus_walton"></a>Thomas Augustus Walton.</h2>
+
+
+
+<p>When the genial countenance and kindly voice of T. A. Walton were missed
+from the customary gatherings of the river merchants, it was felt that
+something had been lost which not even a lucky speculation, or a good run
+of trade, could not restore. When the news of his sudden death, whilst on
+a foreign tour for the restoration of his health, was received, there was
+genuine sorrow among his old business associates, and poignant grief with
+many who had learned to look on him not merely as a successful merchant,
+but as a man of tender heart and open hand when suffering and distress
+appealed to him for sympathy and aid.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Walton was born in London, and to the last he looked with affection to
+the city of his birth. His education was gained at the City of London
+School. After leaving school he was brought up to mercantile pursuits, and
+in 1830, concluding that there was a better opening in that line in
+America, he came to this country, bringing with him a considerable amount
+of money. For a few years he remained in New York, loaning his capital,
+for which he always found ready customers, but unfortunately they were not
+all as ready to pay as to borrow. He lost large sums, and was driven to
+the conclusion that for a man of his openness of character and confiding
+honesty, New York was an unprofitable location. The representations of a
+friend, combined with dissatisfaction with his experience in the
+commercial metropolis, determined him to seek his fortune in the West.
+Evansburg, Ohio, had been represented to him as a desirable place in which
+to live, a thriving business point, and adjacent to good hunting ground.
+This combination of attractions determined him, and he set out for
+Evansburg with what remained of his capital.</p>
+
+<p>But the attractions of Evansburg soon wearied him. Neither his social,
+commercial, nor sportsmanlike hopes were fulfilled by the facts, and Mr.
+Walton speedily turned his back on the place of so much promise and so
+little realization. Cleveland was the rising place of the West, and to
+Cleveland he came, and established himself, as was the custom with new
+comers of a commercial turn, in the produce and commission trade.
+Following the old maxim, he stuck to his business and his business stuck
+to him. The old frame warehouse in front of which he hung out his sign in
+1838, was occupied by him for twenty-five years, until January, 1863,
+when he retired from active business and was succeeded in the same
+building by his nephew, Thomas Walton, who still retains the business and
+the old location.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Walton's nice sense of honor commended him to a large circle of
+customers in the interior and in Michigan, whilst nearly all the Canadian
+business with Cleveland passed through his hands. His Canadian customers
+relied implicitly on his word, and the fact that he always retained his
+old friends, and received constant accessions of new, sufficiently proved
+that their confidence was not misplaced.</p>
+
+<p>In the Spring of 1863, soon after his retirement from business, he went to
+England with the intention of staying a year or two and then returning to
+enjoy the remainder of his life in ease in this country. Whilst in
+England he paid a visit to some friends in Southampton, and whilst taking
+a bath in a movable bathing-house on the beach, probably was seized with
+cramp and suffocated by water getting into his lungs. The news of his
+death caused a painful shock in business, social, and religious circles,
+where he had been so well known and so highly esteemed.</p>
+
+<p>For a long term of years Mr. Walton was the presiding officer of the St.
+George's Society of Cleveland, and that benevolent institution owed its
+usefulness in great measure to his indefatigable zeal in the cause, and to
+his unstinted liberality. To the distressed of any nation he never turned
+a deaf ear, but to the needy and suffering of his native country he was
+ever liberal, and accompanied his unostentatious charities with kind words
+and manifestations of sincere interest that were frequently as beneficial
+to the recipient as the money itself. He was also a valued member of the
+Masonic Order.</p>
+
+<p>In religious belief he was an Episcopalian, and was long one of the
+leading members of Trinity Church. His devotion was unaffectedly sincere,
+and though he made no vaunt of his religious principles or hopes, there
+could be no question of his deep, earnest convictions. Kind, courteous,
+ever thinking of the good of others, and wholly unselfish, Mr. Walton was
+a good specimen of the true Christian gentleman.</p>
+
+<p>Although of English birth, and clinging affectionately to all that
+reminded him of his native land, he was a thorough supporter of American
+institutions, and an admirer of the American character. Deeply and warmly
+as he loved the land of his birth, his affection was even stronger for the
+land of his adoption, and it was his purpose to have returned from his
+visit to his boyhood's home and settle down in peaceful content in the
+chosen home of his manhood, until death should lay him in an American
+grave. When the war broke out he was an earnest and unshrinking supporter
+of the Government, and his means were freely used for its support, and for
+the comfort of the soldiers who were fighting its battles. Though alien
+born, and associated intimately with people of like birth, there was no
+native American that could surpass him in love for the Union, and few that
+exceeded him, in proportion to his means, in contributions to the defence
+of the Union.</p>
+
+<p>In the language of his favorite Shakespeare, it might be said of him</p>
+
+<blockquote>  His life was gentle, and the elements<br />
+  So mixed in him, that nature might stand up<br />
+  And say to all the world, <i>This was a man</i>!</blockquote>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="george_worthington"></a>George Worthington.</h2>
+
+
+
+<p>Prominent among the business firms of Cleveland, is that of George
+Worthington &amp; Co., a house which stands in the front rank both on account
+of the business done, and of its integrity and honorable dealing.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Worthington, the founder and head of the firm, was born in
+Cooperstown, N. Y., September 21st, 1813. He received a good common school
+education, and then entered on a business career by becoming clerk in a
+hardware store in Utica, in 1830, remaining in that position until 1834,
+when he came to Cleveland and commenced business as a hardware dealer on
+his own account. His first store was on the corner of Superior and Union
+lane, on the site of the clothing store of Isaac A. Isaacs, and the first
+goods received by him were drawn by oxen owned by a man who did all the
+carting at that time. Cleveland was then but a small town, and most of the
+trading was done with the teamsters that came from Wooster and other
+points south, bringing pork, grain, and other products, and taking back
+merchandise. Trade was brisk, but cash scarce, nearly all the operations
+being more in the nature of barter than of purchase and sale.</p>
+
+<p>After remaining three years in his first store, he removed to the corner
+of Water and Superior streets, on the site of the present National Bank
+building, and in that location he remained thirty years, during which time
+he witnessed the growth of Cleveland from a small town to a large and
+prosperous city.</p>
+
+<p>When he had been established about fifteen years, Mr. Worthington began
+rapidly to enlarge his business, and he associated with him Mr. James
+Barnett and Mr. Edward Bingham, at present members of the firm. About that
+time they commenced wholesaling, and gradually built up a business from
+five thousand dollars the first year, to a million dollars. This, however,
+involved a vast amount of labor, and an indomitable determination to
+succeed by driving business. Mr. Worthington, in the absence of railroads
+or other public conveyance, traveled through the adjacent townships and
+counties on horseback, introducing his wares, and obtaining orders which
+would be filled by the carriers' wagons.</p>
+
+<p>[Illustration: Yours Truly, G. Worthington]</p>
+
+<p>Railroads revolutionized trade and gave an impetus to everything, and
+establishments that were on a firm footing before were prepared to take
+advantage of circumstances. This was the case with Mr. Worthington. His
+wholesale business has grown enormously, especially since 1860.</p>
+
+<p>About 1862, Mr. Worthington projected the Cleveland Iron and Nail Works,
+and, in connection with Mr. W. Bingham, matured the plans and got the
+works into successful operation in about one year from broaching the
+project, the work turned out being of the best quality. The owners of the
+works can sell readily all they make, and furnish active and steady
+employment for about two hundred men.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Worthington has also been extensively interested in blast furnaces and
+coal mining, in the vicinity of Cleveland, and has been very successful in
+them also.</p>
+
+<p>At the present time the Cleveland Iron and Nail Company is erecting the
+first blast furnace within the city limits, calculated for a capacity of
+about three hundred tons per week. The firm have also built works on their
+grounds for the manufacture of gas pipe, which have been in successful
+operation for about a year, with the exception of a delay caused by a
+fire. This is an important work in a city so rapidly growing as Cleveland,
+and will retain many thousand of dollars formerly sent to Philadelphia and
+other points.</p>
+
+<p>On the passage of the National Bank Law, Mr. Worthington and a number of
+other capitalists of the city, organized the First National Bank of
+Cleveland, with a capital of four hundred thousand dollars, which has
+been very successful. Mr. Worthington was elected president on its
+organization, and still retains the office. He is a director of the Ohio
+Savings and Loan Bank, of this city. He is also largely interested in
+the local Insurance interests; vice-president of the Sun, and also
+interested in the Cleveland and Commercial, and is a director of the
+Hahnemann Life Insurance Company. He is also president of the Cleveland
+Iron Mining Company, one of the most successful organizations of the
+kind in the country.</p>
+
+<p>No one man, probably, has done more towards building up the business
+portion of the city than has Mr. Worthington. His first building was
+erected on the corner of Ontario and St. Clair streets, now occupied by H.
+Johnson. Since that time he has erected fifty dwelling-houses, and
+fourteen stores.</p>
+
+<p>In 1840, he was married to Miss Maria C. Blackmar, of Cleveland, by the
+Rev. Dr. Aiken. Of the marriage six children have been born, two sons
+and four daughters, all living. The oldest son, Ralph, is now a member
+of the firm.</p>
+
+<p>In 1862, Mr. Worthington became interested in the wholesale dry goods
+business in New York City, and has been quite successful in the
+enterprise.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Worthington is a good specimen of a self-made man, who was not
+spoiled in the making. Hard work did not harden his character, nor has
+prosperity turned his head. Coming to Cleveland without a dollar, he has
+built up a large fortune by sheer hard work, close application to
+business and strict business habits. He at the same time built up a fine
+reputation by his integrity of character and scrupulous honesty in his
+dealings. At fifty-six years of age, his health is now, as it has always
+been, remarkably good; he has never been detained from business on
+account of sickness.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="n_e_crittenden"></a>N. E. Crittenden.</h2>
+
+
+
+<p>One of the best known names in this city, to new as well as old citizens,
+is that of N. E. Crittenden. For very many years his jewelry establishment
+has been a landmark in the business district "on the hill," and the
+greater part of the population, for about forty years, have taken their
+time from his clock.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Crittenden is a Massachusetts Yankee in birth and pedigree, having
+been born at Conway, July 25th, 1804. In his earlier years he received a
+good common school education, and at the age of eighteen was bound
+apprentice to the jewelry and watch-making business, serving four years at
+Geneva, N. Y., and then removing to Batavia, where he was employed two
+years at the trade, and in Albany one year. In the latter city he married
+Miss Mary A. Ogden, soon after the ceremony moving to Batavia, where,
+however, he made but a short stay. He had determined on setting up on his
+own account, and Batavia presented no opening for him. That land of hope
+and promise, the West, tempted him as it had tempted others, and with five
+hundred dollars in jewelry, purchased on credit, he started westward in
+search of a place in which to turn his jewelry into cash.</p>
+
+<p>Taking vessel at Buffalo he came to Cleveland, but there was no harbor,
+and the vessel stopped outside to land any passengers for that place, and
+then resumed her trip. Mr. Crittenden concluded not to end his voyage
+until he had gone farther, and stuck by the ship until he reached Detroit,
+where he landed and investigated with a view to settling. The prospect was
+not inviting. In order to do business there it was necessary to understand
+and speak Canadian French, and Mr. Crittenden's acquirements in that
+direction were not extensive. Detroit was clearly no place for him.</p>
+
+<p>Whilst roaming around the place he fell in with Mr. Walbridge, who was
+seeking a location to open a dry goods business. He too was dissatisfied
+with the inducements Detroit offered, and had almost resolved to abandon
+the attempt and go home. Mr. Crittenden had reached the same conclusion,
+and the two took the boat on the return trip, thoroughly disenchanted with
+the business prospects of the West. When the boat reached Cleveland they
+concluded to land and take a look at the place before they utterly turned
+their backs on the western country.</p>
+
+<p>It was in September, 1826. The village was pleasantly situated, and the
+location impressed the strangers favorably. The houses had an appearance
+of thrift and comfort, and there was an air of New England enterprise
+about the settlement that confirmed the good impression formed at the
+approach. Mr. Crittenden turned to his companion and announced his
+determination to go no farther; he had found the object of his search.
+That he might satisfy himself of the probable future of the settlement he
+got a conveyance and rode into the country to see what were the
+surroundings of the embryo city. As he passed up through the street his
+ears were saluted with drum and fife, the people were all out in their
+holiday clothes, and teams, loaded with old folks and young folks, were
+coming into town, for it was "general training." The farther he rode and
+the more he saw, the more firmly he became convinced that here was to be
+his future home, and before long his five hundred dollars' worth of
+jewelry found purchasers among the lads and lasses, and some of the older
+folks, of Cleveland.</p>
+
+<p>His first store occupied the site of his present store on Superior street,
+and here, in a little building, he opened his original stock. The land he
+subsequently purchased of Levi Johnson, through the medium of Leonard
+Case, the purchase money being one thousand dollars for twenty-eight
+feet, with three years' time in which to make the payments. The exorbitant
+price horrified some of the old settlers, and one of them gravely shook
+his head, announcing his firm belief that such a sum of money for such a
+bit of land would turn Levi Johnson's head with unlooked for prosperity.
+The price would scarcely be called high in the present day, when land then
+considered far away in the distant country sells readily at higher rates.
+In the spring of 1827, having secured his store and sold out most of his
+original stock, he started East to make his first purchases and to bring
+his wife to Cleveland. His friends were surprised and gratified at his
+early return on such an errand. With his wife he brought some housekeeping
+articles, among other things the third carpet ever brought to the
+settlement.</p>
+
+<p>In 1833, he had so far succeeded in business as to warrant his tearing
+down the old store and building in its stead a store and dwelling
+combined. Great was the admiration of the people at this building and it
+was considered a just source of pride by the people of Cleveland, for to
+the store was an open front, the first seen in the place, and to the
+private entrance to the dwelling was attached the first door-bell in
+Cleveland. The glass front and the tingling bell were unfailing sources of
+attraction until others adopted the novelty and public curiosity became
+sated. The building was well known to all who lived in the city previous
+to 1865, for it remained until, at that date, it had to give way to the
+larger, more elegant, and far more costly structure.</p>
+
+<p>In 1843, Mr. Crittenden purchased the Giddings place, on the north side of
+the Public Square, with the stone residence on it, then considered an
+elegant mansion. The price paid for the lot, house and furniture was ten
+thousand dollars--a high price as rates then were, but marvellously cheap
+now. To that house he removed his family from over his store, and lived
+there twenty-five years, when it was turned over to business purposes.</p>
+
+<p>About the year 1853, he erected the fine business block on Water street,
+now occupied by Stillson, Leek &amp; Doering, at a cost of fifteen thousand
+dollars. In 1868, he put up the handsome block on the same street that is
+occupied by Childs &amp; Co. The cost of this was not less than forty thousand
+dollars, and it is a decided ornament to the street. The purchase of the
+land and the erection of those elegant blocks, in addition to the one
+occupied by his own business, furnish sufficient evidence of the
+prosperity of his jewelry business, the regular stock of which has grown
+from an investment of five hundred dollars to one of more than a hundred
+and twenty-five thousand dollars.</p>
+
+<p>[Illustration: Yours Truly, N. E. Crittenden]</p>
+
+<p>But it must not be supposed that this prosperity was uninterrupted
+throughout Mr. Crittenden's business life. There were dark storms which
+threatened disastrous wreck, and nothing but stead-fastness of purpose and
+force of character brought him through. In 1836 the financial tornado
+swept over the land and stripped nearly every business man bare. When the
+storm was at its height Mr. Crittenden found himself with fifty thousand
+dollars of New York debts past due, and without the money to pay them.
+Collections were cut off, and whilst he was thus unable to raise the means
+from his debtors, his creditors were likewise stopped from pouncing upon
+him. Other men in like condition were compounding with their creditors,
+and thus getting out of their difficulties by partial repudiation. Mr.
+Crittenden declined to avail himself of the opportunity, and, in course of
+time, his creditors were paid in full, though that result was brought
+about by years of toil, of steady, persistent application to business, of
+shrewd financiering, and of rigid economy.</p>
+
+<p>In his early days in Cleveland he was chosen one of the village
+trustees. In 1828, when he held that office, and Richard Hilliard was
+president of the Board of Trustees, the members gathered one afternoon
+in an office and voted an appropriation of two hundred dollars to put
+the village in proper order. Great was the outcry at this wastefulness,
+on the part of some of the tax payers. One of the old citizens, who yet
+lives, met Mr. Crittenden and wanted to know what on earth the trustees
+could find in the village to spend two hundred dollars about. At a later
+date, when Cleveland was a city and Mr. Crittenden a member of the
+Council, it was voted to appropriate ten thousand dollars to protect the
+lake front from encroachments by the lake. Again was Mr. Crittenden met
+and upbraided for his extravagance in municipal affairs, such conduct
+tending to bankrupt the city.</p>
+
+<p>It is Mr. Crittenden's pride that he has had no serious litigation, his
+care in making contracts having saved him the unpleasant necessity of
+resorting to legal means to compel his debtors to fulfil their
+obligations. But whilst looking thus sharply after his own interests,
+avarice or parsimony has formed no part of his character, and he has been
+liberal according to his means.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="william_a_otis"></a>William A. Otis.</h2>
+
+
+
+<p>William A. Otis was one of those pioneer business men, who settled in Ohio
+during the dark times which followed the war of 1812. He was one of those
+to whom we owe much, but of whom the present generation know little; who
+without capital or education gave an impetus to the Western settlement, by
+integrity, personal energy, economy, and good sense. By force of character
+alone, which was their only capital, they wrought such wonders that the
+wilderness was literally transposed into fruitful fields.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Otis left his paternal home in Massachusetts, about the year 1818, on
+foot, to seek a home in the West. Having reached Johnstown, in the
+Allegheny Mountains, he hired for a few months as man of all work, in an
+iron establishment, and thence set forward, travelling as before, by way
+of Pittsburgh, to the township of Bloomfield, in Trumbull county, Ohio.
+His physical constitution was equal to the labors of a new country, which
+had nothing to recommend it but a rich soil, and which required above all
+things perseverance and hard work. He cleared land, furnished the settlers
+with goods, for which they paid in ashes, or wheat, and kept a comfortable
+tavern for the accommodation of travelers. The ashes were manufactured by
+himself into "black salts" or impure potash, more often styled "Pots,"
+which was the only strictly cash article in the country. It was necessary
+to haul the casks of potash to the mouth of Beaver river, or to
+Pittsburgh, from whence they drifted on flat boats down the Ohio and
+Mississippi to New Orleans, and from thence were shipped to New York. Much
+of the teaming he did himself.</p>
+
+<p>The "Pots" were exchanged at Pittsburgh for goods, or if shipped furnished
+a credit for the purchases, with which his wagon was loaded, on the return
+to Bloomfield. Currency did not in those days enter into the course of
+trade, because there was barely enough of it in the country to pay taxes.
+Mr. Otis was frequently obliged to furnish his customers with cash for
+this purpose. When the Erie Canal was finished to Buffalo, the wheat of
+the settlers on the Reserve, for the first time, became a cash article.
+They had an abundance of grain, which they were glad to dispose of at
+twenty-five cents a bushel, payable principally in goods. The canal
+furnished a better outlet for potash than the river. Mr. Otis determined
+to try a venture in flour at New York, which he considered the first lot
+sent there from the Reserve.</p>
+
+<p>There were no flour barrels, and no coopers, at Bloomfield, but a few
+miles north towards the lake there was a good custom grist mill. He went
+into the woods, cut an oak tree, set his men to saw it into blocks of the
+right length, from which the rough staves were split. The wheat which his
+customers brought in, was stored at the mill and ground. When the cooper
+stuff was seasoned, the barrels were made, rough enough, but strong, and
+his stock of flour and potash hauled through the mud thirty-five miles to
+the mouth of Ashtabula creek. A schooner was at anchor outside, and as
+soon as his venture was on board, he took passage with it to Buffalo, and
+by canal to New York. The New York dealers were surprised and gratified,
+for they perceived at once the capacity of a new country on the shores of
+Lake Erie, of which they had hitherto only known in theory, not in
+practical results. In quality the flour was not behind that of the Genesee
+country, which seemed a wonder in their eyes. They purchased it readily
+and offered every encouragement to the trade and the trader. In process of
+time, wool and pork were added to the staples for the New York market. It
+was by this course of incessant activity during near twenty years of
+country business, coupled with a sure judgment, that Mr. Otis gradually
+acquired a moderate money capital. In 1835 or 1836, he came to this city,
+with his hard earned experience in traffic, and with more ready cash than
+most of our produce dealers then possessed, and entered upon a wider field
+of enterprise. He continued to purchase and sell the old class of
+articles, pork, flour and potash, to which iron soon became an important
+addition. His capital and experience brought him at once into connection
+with many public enterprises, which became necessary to an expanding
+country, especially such as relate to transportation. One of the earliest
+tumpikes in northeastern Ohio was made through Bloomfield, from Warren to
+Ashtabula. Steamers made their appearance on Lake Erie, and the Ohio canal
+extended navigation into the interior. In all these auxiliaries to trade
+in the heavy products of the country, Mr. Otis had a friendly interest,
+and when railways began to be discussed he saw their value at once.
+Finally, after his usual deliberation, he decided that the manufacture of
+iron was a safe and profitable business at Cleveland; he became the
+pioneer iron master of the place, with the usual result of his
+operations--a large profit on his investment.</p>
+
+<p>This example and success laid the foundation of iron manufactures here.
+It required something more than the talents of a shrewd country merchant,
+or of a mere money lender, to foresee the coming wants of trade in a
+growing State, to invest in its banks, railroads and manufactures, and to
+render all these investments profitable. With his increase in wealth there
+was in Mr. Otis no increase of display, and no relaxation of the economy
+of early life, but an increasing liberality in public charities,
+particularly those connected with religion. When compared with the
+briskness of modern traffic he was slow and cautious; but having finally
+reached a conclusion he never flagged in the pursuit of his plans. He
+belonged to a past generation, but to a class of dealers whose judgment
+and perseverance built up the business of the country on a sure basis. In
+the midst of a speculative community in flush times, he appeared to be
+cold, dilatory, and over cautions, but he saw more clearly and further
+into the future of a business than younger and more impulsive minds, who
+had less experience in its revulsions.</p>
+
+<p>For a number of years previous to his death Mr. Otis was largely
+interested in the banking business of the city. He took a prominent part
+in the organization of the State Bank of Ohio, was the originator of the
+Society for Savings in Cleveland, and was for thirteen years its
+president, and at the time of his death was president of the Commercial
+National Bank. He was also connected with the banking firm of Wicks, Otis
+&amp; Brownell.</p>
+
+<p>In connection with a notice of the originator of the Savings Bank in
+Cleveland it is appropriate to briefly sketch the history of that
+organization, which has worked so much good and which ranks to-day among
+the most important and most valued institutions in the city. The
+suggestion was first made by Mr. Otis in the Winter of 1848-9, and its
+organization was advocated on the ground of public benevolence. At the
+request of several prominent persons, Mr. S. H. Mather, the present
+secretary and treasurer, examined the character and practices of several
+eastern institutions of a similar character. A charter was drafted,
+principally from those of two well known institutions of the kind then in
+operation at Boston and Hartford. In the New England States every city and
+many villages and country towns have organizations of this character.</p>
+
+<p>In March, 1849, the Legislature granted corporate powers to W. A. Otis, H.
+W. Clark, L. Handerson, J. Lyman, M. L. Hewitt, N. Brainard, Ralph Cowles,
+J. H. Gorham, A. Seymour, D. A. Shepard, James Gardner, J. A. Harris, J.
+H. Bingham, J. A. Briggs, S. H. Mather, J. A. Foot, and C. J. Woolson, and
+their successors, to be appointed by themselves, the corporate powers to
+continue thirty years. The corporators appointed John W. Allen president,
+S. H. Mather secretary, and J. F. Taintor treasurer, and commenced business
+in August, 1849, at the rear of the Merchants Bank, on Bank street. Mr.
+Taintor was at the time teller in the Merchants Bank, and it was supposed
+that he could attend to all the business of the Savings Society outside of
+banking hours. This was soon found to be impracticable, and at the end of
+about two years Mr. Taintor withdrew, leaving to Mr. Mather the joint
+office of secretary and treasurer.</p>
+
+<p>At the end of three years the deposits were only $100,000. In the latter
+part of the year 1856, the society became able to have a better office,
+and moved into 118 Bank street, corner of Frankfort, under the Weddell
+house. The deposits in 1859, after ten years of business, were only about
+$300,000, but the concern had been so closely managed that a surplus was
+accumulating from the profits on investments over the six per cent.
+interest paid to depositors. From that time the business of the
+institution steadily increased until on the 1st day of January, 1869, its
+deposits considerably exceeded two and a half millions of dollars, and out
+of a large surplus had been built one of the finest and most substantial
+buildings in the city, on the north side of the Park. Such have been the
+fruits of the suggestion of Mr. Otis; such the success of the organization
+in which he took so deep an interest during his life.</p>
+
+<p>On the announcement of the death of Mr. Otis, a meeting of bankers was
+immediately called for the purpose of taking some action in testimony of
+their respect for the deceased. All the banks were fully represented, as
+were the private banking firms. T. M. Kelly, of the Merchants National
+Bank, was called to the chair, and J. O. Buell, of the Second National
+Bank, appointed secretary. Appropriate remarks were made by the chairman
+and others, after which a committee, composed of T. P. Handy, H. B. Payne,
+Joseph Perkins, Henry Wick, and E. B. Hale, reported the following
+resolutions, testifying to the respect and esteem felt for Mr. Otis as a
+man of business, as a good citizen, and as a Christian:</p>
+
+<p>  It having pleased God to remove from our midst, on the morning of the
+  11th inst., Wm. A. Otis, who, for more than 22 years, has been
+  associated with many of us in the business of banking, and has occupied
+  a prominent position both in the early organization of the State Bank of
+  Ohio, and of the Society for Savings of Cleveland, of which latter
+  Society he was for thirteen years president, and at the time of his
+  death was the president of the Commercial Bank of this city, and who by
+  his wise counsels, his high regard for integrity and mercantile honors as
+  well as by an exemplary Christian life, had secured the esteem and
+  confidence of his associates and fellow citizens, and who, after a good
+  old age, has been quietly gathered to his rest, therefore,</p>
+
+<p>  <i>Resolved</i>, That while we deeply mourn the loss of our departed brother,
+  we commend his virtues, and especially his high standard of Christian
+  integrity, for the imitation of the young men of our city as the most
+  certain means to a successful business life, and a fitting preparation
+  for its final close.</p>
+
+<p>  <i>Resolved</i>, That we deeply sympathize with the family of our deceased
+  friend in the loss that both they and we are called to sustain, feeling
+  assured that after so long a life of Christian fidelity this loss, to
+  him is an infinite gain.</p>
+
+<p>  <i>Resolved</i>, That a copy of these resolutions, signed by the Chairman and
+  Secretary, be furnished the family of the deceased and be duly published
+  in our city papers.</p>
+
+<p>  J. C. Buell, Secretary. T. M. Kelly, Chairman.
+  Cleveland, May 12, 1868.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="e_p_morgan"></a>E. P. Morgan.</h2>
+
+
+
+<p>"He who works most achieves most," is a good motto in business, and in
+pursuits of all kinds. This has been the principle on which E. P. Morgan
+has acted throughout life, and a faithful persistence in carrying it out
+has resulted in building up a mammoth business and the consequent
+possession of a handsome fortune.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Morgan was born in New London, Connecticut, in 1807. His early years
+were spent at home and in attending school, where a good common education
+was gained. In his fifteenth year he was taken from school and placed in a
+store, where he acquired those business habits which have made him a
+successful and wealthy merchant. At the age of twenty-one, he set up in
+business for himself, at Middlefield, Massachusetts, carrying on a store,
+and at the same time engaging in the manufacture of woolen goods. In this
+store he continued twelve years, doing the whole time a thriving and
+profitable business.</p>
+
+<p>In 1841, he bade adieu to Massachusetts and came west to Ohio, taking up
+his future home in Cleveland. He plunged into business immediately on
+arriving, opening a store on the north side of Superior street, in the
+place now occupied by the store of Mould &amp; Numsen. In 1857, he saw what he
+believed to be a more eligible site for business in the corner of Superior
+and Seneca streets, and to that point he removed in 1858. At the same
+time the firm of Morgan &amp; Root was formed by admitting to partnership Mr.
+R. R. Root. To the retail dry goods business was now added a wholesale
+department, as also a millinery department, and subsequently a grocery.
+The business was vigorously pushed and every department grew with
+remarkable rapidity, until store after store was added to the
+establishment. The "corner store" became known far and wide, and a very
+large country trade was built up in the jobbing department. During the
+last three years of the war, the business of the firm reached an amount
+greater than had ever been anticipated by its members, and the old
+quarters, capable no longer of extension, became too strait for the
+expanding operations. A number of lots on the east side of Bank street,
+between the Herald building and Frankfort street, being purchased by
+Morgan &amp; Root, were speedily disencumbered of the drinking saloons and
+petty shops that covered them, and on their site soon arose one of the
+finest business blocks in the city, estimated to cost sixty thousand
+dollars in addition to the cost of the land. When the block was finished
+the wholesale department of the business was removed to the new building,
+leaving the retail department to be carried on in the old store. In
+February, 1869, the retail business was sold out to new parties, and
+thereafter the firm of Morgan &amp; Root confined itself exclusively to the
+wholesale trade.</p>
+
+<p>That Mr. Morgan is one of the best business men of the city is proved by
+the fact that he has failed in no one of his undertakings; not that he
+has always sailed on a smooth current of success, but that when
+difficulties arose his indomitable perseverance enabled him to overcome
+them. He engaged in no enterprise without its having been based on good
+evidence and sound judgment; he never wavered in his adherence to it, nor
+slackened for a moment his endeavors to prove his faith sound; nor has he
+once been disappointed as to the result. Few men have shown a like
+perseverance. His habits of keen investigation and strict attention to
+his affairs, enabled him to do a very safe, though a very enterprising
+business, and consequently he had little occasion for professional
+acquaintance with lawyers.</p>
+
+<p>In addition to his mercantile business, Mr. Morgan has interested himself
+in insurance matters, being president of the State Fire Insurance Company,
+of Cleveland, which position he has held since the organization of the
+company in 1863. Under his presidency the company has done a safe and
+successful business, and has extended its operations so that it has
+offices in Connecticut and other parts of New England. He is also
+connected with the banking affairs of the city. In the earlier years of
+his business in Cleveland, he became interested in the construction of the
+canal around the rapids of Saut St. Marie, and during the progress of the
+work had a store open at the Saut.</p>
+
+<p>In 1864, he built his residence on Euclid street, near the corner of
+Huntington street, where he has resided since that time. Though sixty-two
+years of age, he is still as active and vigorous as ever, and bids fair to
+long be an active member, in fact as well as in title, of the firm of
+Morgan &amp; Root.</p>
+
+<p>In religious principles Mr. Morgan is a Presbyterian. For a long time he
+was a member of the Second Presbyterian Church, but of late has been
+connected with the Euclid street Presbyterian Church.</p>
+
+<p>In 1832, he was married to Miss Laura Nash, of Middleford, Mass., by whom
+he has had seven children, all but one of whom still live. The oldest son,
+William Morgan, now thirty-one years old, is engaged in the manufacture
+and sale of lubricating oils. The second son, Edmund N. Morgan, is an
+assistant in his father's store. A daughter, Helen, is the wife of Mr.
+J. B. Merriam, of Cleveland.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="robert_hanna"></a>Robert Hanna.</h2>
+
+
+
+<p>The commercial interests of Cleveland and of the Lake Superior mineral
+region have for many years been intimately connected, several of the now
+prominent citizens of Cleveland having been attracted to Lake Superior by
+the reports of its mineral riches at the time those riches were first made
+generally known, and Cleveland being found a convenient base of supplies
+for the mining enterprises on the shores of the "father of lakes."</p>
+
+<p>One of the earliest to take an interest in this trade was Robert Hanna.
+Whilst living in Columbiana county, Ohio, where he had been brought up, he
+was attracted by the representations of the mineral riches of the far off
+northern lakes, and in 1845 he started off to see for himself what was
+truth in these reports, and what exaggeration. Traveling and exploration
+in the wilds of the Lake Superior country were very difficult in that day,
+and those who were anxious to make a fortune out of the bowels of the
+earth had to rough it, pretty much as the seekers of gold have to now in
+the tangled wilderness to the west of Lake Superior. Mr. Hanna spent four
+months in careful exploration, and at length becoming satisfied that there
+was something in the rumors of mineral riches, obtained from the
+department, in whose charge the territory then was, a permit to locate
+three square miles of copper lands. This being accomplished, he returned
+to set about the organization of a company to work the prospective mines.</p>
+
+<p>Whilst at Marquette, on his return from exploring the copper region, Mr.
+Hanna fell in with a man who had been exploring the country back of that
+place, and who brought in a specimen of iron ore which he had come
+across in his search. The ore was so heavy, and apparently rich in iron,
+that it was taken to a blacksmith, who, without any preparatory
+reduction of the ore, forged from it a rude horseshoe. The astonishment
+of those hitherto unacquainted with the existence of raw iron so nearly
+pure metal, can be imagined.</p>
+
+<p>But Mr. Hanna's attention, like those of most of the searchers after
+minerals in that region, was absorbed in copper, and as we have seen, he
+located his copper tract and returned home to provide means for working
+it. A company was formed, materials purchased and miners engaged, and the
+work pressed forward vigorously. The question of forwarding supplies being
+now an important one, Mr. Hanna removed to Cleveland, that being the most
+favorable point for the purchase and shipment of the articles needed, and
+opened a wholesale grocery establishment in 1852, combining with it a
+forwarding and commission business. At that time the wholesale grocery
+business was in its infancy, there being but two or three establishments
+of the kind in Cleveland.</p>
+
+<p>For some time after the establishment of Mr. Hanna in the wholesale
+grocery business, the carrying trade between Cleveland and Lake Superior
+was mostly in the hands of the Turner Brothers, whose one steamer, the
+Northerner, was able to do all the business that offered, both in freight
+and passengers. Mr. Hanna's firm, then composed of himself, his brother,
+Leonard Hanna, and H. Garretson, under the firm name of Hanna, Garretson &amp;
+Co., decided on the bold step of competing for the trade by building a
+steamer of their own. The City of Superior, a screw steamer, was built in
+Cleveland, under the especial supervision of Dr. Leonard Hanna, and the
+most scrupulous care was exercised to make her in all respects a model
+boat for the trade. Great strength of hull and power of machinery were
+insisted on, in order to withstand the dangers of the formidable coast
+when the fierce storms of the Fall season rendered navigation hazardous.
+Accommodation for passengers on the voyage, which took several days for
+its full extent, had to be provided, and great care was taken in this
+respect to make the voyage as attractive as possible, attention having
+been somewhat turned to the Lake Superior country as a Summer resort,
+where the sultry beats of the "lower country" could be exchanged for pure
+air and cooling breezes. When launched, the City of Superior proved a
+complete success, and her first voyage up was a perfect ovation, a new era
+having been opened in the history of travel between the upper and middle
+lakes. But, unhappily, this fine steamer was lost in a storm after a few
+voyages, although the great strength of her hull kept her intact, though
+lying across a rock, until she could be completely stripped of her cargo,
+furniture and machinery.</p>
+
+<p>No time was spent in fruitless lamentations over the destruction of the
+work of which they were so proud, and about which so many anticipations
+for the future had been indulged in. No sooner had the news been
+confirmed, than a contract was made for the construction of another
+steamer, larger and better in all respects than her unfortunate
+predecessor, and the result was the Northern Light, which proved a great
+favorite, and is still running. Other steamers were chartered to run in
+connection with her, and their success caused rival lines to be run, thus
+building up the Lake Superior trade to dimensions exceeding the most
+sanguine expectations of the pioneers in it. To this house belongs a very
+large share of the credit due for bringing such an important proportion
+of this trade to Cleveland. When Mr. Hanna first endeavored to interest
+the people of Cleveland in Lake Superior matters, he was frequently met
+with inquiries as to the whereabouts, not only of the copper region of
+Lake Superior, but of Lake Superior itself, about which very confused
+notions existed.</p>
+
+<p>The copper company organized by Mr. Hanna expended over half a million
+dollars in developing the deposit, and produced several hundred tons of
+ore, but it was not a financial success, the fine copper not being in
+paying proportion in the ore. After a few years Mr. Hanna sold out his
+interest in this company, but has retained interests in other enterprises
+in that region, some of which have been very remunerative.</p>
+
+<p>By the death of Dr. Leonard Hanna, and the withdrawal of Mr. Garretson,
+the firm of Hanna, Garretson &amp; Co. became dissolved, and was changed to
+Robert Hanna &amp; Co., the younger members of the Hanna families taking
+interest in the firm. Recently Robert Hanna has retired from active
+participation in its affairs, having turned his attention in other
+directions. During the past four years he has been engaged in the oil
+refining business, having a refinery with a capacity of a hundred and
+sixty barrels a day, which has proved very successful. He is also
+president of the Cleveland Malleable Iron Works, the first of the kind in
+this part of the country, and which at present promises well. The
+gentlemen associated with Mr. Hanna in this enterprise have united with
+him in the determination to make it a successful enterprise, and have such
+management for it that it can scarcely fail to meet their expectations.</p>
+
+<p>In 1868, Mr. Hanna projected what resulted in the organization and
+establishment of the Ohio National Bank, of Cleveland, on January 1st,
+1869, with an authorized capital of one million dollars, and with a paid
+up capital of six hundred thousand dollars. It was organized with more
+especial reference to the interests of merchants, mechanics and
+manufacturers, and men representing these respective interests are the
+principal owners of its stock. The institution thus far gives promise of
+complete success. Mr. Hanna is the president; A. Cobb, vice-president;
+John McClymonds, cashier.</p>
+
+<p>Still in the prime of life, Mr. Hanna has the satisfaction of knowing that
+he has been very successful, has built up a large fortune for himself and
+done a very important work in building up the material interests of the
+city, both commercial and manufacturing. Although well able to retire from
+active life, and live in ease at his fine residence on Prospect street, he
+prefers to do what yet lies in his power to build up the prosperity of
+Cleveland still higher.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="s_f_lester"></a>S. F. Lester.</h2>
+
+
+
+<p>Samuel F. Lester was born in Albany county, New York, in 1818. His youth
+was spent under advantageous circumstances, and he obtained a good
+education. At the age of fifteen he left the Academy where he had been
+studying and entered on his commercial education by becoming clerk in a
+country store, where he remained five years. Having reached his twentieth
+year, he bade adieu to home, and came west to seek his fortune. His
+first stay was at Clinton, Michigan, where he carried on business
+successfully for three years, and married Miss Cornelia Eliza Brown, of
+Tecumseh, daughter to General Joseph W. Brown, and niece of Major General
+Jacob Brown, of Brownville, N. Y., the hero of Chippewa, Fort Erie and
+Sackett's Harbor.</p>
+
+<p>At the expiration of the three years Mr. Lester's health gave way, through
+his assiduous devotion to business, and he returned to his father's house
+in Albany county, New York, remaining there a year, unable to engage in
+business of any kind. For the two succeeding years he worked on his
+father's farm, and in this way succeeded in regaining his health.</p>
+
+<p>In March, 1845, he again turned his face westward, and landed at
+Cleveland, where he became a member of the firm of Hubby, Hughes &amp; Co.,
+remaining in it until its dissolution. The house of Hubby, Hughes &amp; Co.
+carried on a very extensive business on the lakes and canal. The firm, in
+connection with J. C. Evans, of Buffalo, projected the first line of
+propellers between Buffalo, Cleveland and Toledo, and the line was a
+decided financial success. It continued to do a steadily increasing
+business until the consolidation of most of the independent lines into the
+American Transportation Co.'s line. A number of lake vessels also belonged
+the house, and a line of canal boats belonging to the firm ran between
+Cleveland and Portsmouth, and between Cleveland and Pittsburgh.</p>
+
+<p>In connection with the firm of William A. Otis &amp; Co., the firm built the
+first elevator for railroad business in the city, the elevator, at the
+foot of River street, being now occupied by W. F. Otis &amp; Son. Subsequent to
+this the firm erected the National Mills, at the heavy cost of seventy
+thousand dollars, it being then, and now, one of the finest and most
+costly mills in the State of Ohio.</p>
+
+<p>In 1858, the firm of Hubby, Hughes &amp; Co. was dissolved, and the business
+was carried on under the firm name of Hughes &amp; Lester, which was continued
+successfully until 1862. In January of that year, Mr. Lester went to New
+York on the business of the firm. Whilst there he was suddenly stricken
+with paralysis, and lay unknown and helpless for sometime. He was at
+length identified and cared for, but for a long time was in great danger,
+and for a still longer time utterly unable to do business of any kind. His
+serious and continued illness necessitated the breaking up of the firm,
+and accordingly on the first of January, 1863, the firm of Hughes &amp; Lester
+was dissolved. On the following March, his health having been partially
+restored, Mr. Lester once more entered into business, opening a produce
+commission warehouse, and meeting with success.</p>
+
+<p>It is the just pride of Mr. Lester that he has always escaped litigation
+It is also a fact worthy of notice and imitation, that Mr. Lester has
+always given strict personal attention to all the details of his business
+knowing them all from the cellar to the counting-room, in the latter of
+which places he is most thoroughly at home.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Lester was one of the original stockholders of the Commercial
+Insurance Company, and a director and member of the executive committee
+for several years. He has twice been elected Commissioner of Water Works.
+Mr. Lester has, all through his commercial life enjoyed to an unusual
+degree, the confidence and esteem of his fellow citizens.</p>
+
+
+
+
+
+<p>[Illustration: "Yours Truly, A. Bradley"]</p>
+
+
+<h2><a name="alva_bradley"></a>Alva Bradley.</h2>
+
+
+
+<p>To the very many who see for the first time the name of Alva Bradley, the
+question will naturally arise, "Who is he?" and some wonder may be
+expressed at finding a name so little known to the general public on the
+list of those who have contributed largely to the commercial prosperity of
+Cleveland. And yet Alva Bradley is one of the largest ship-owners of the
+city, and his name is well enough known among those interested in the
+shipping of the western lakes. That he is no better known outside of his
+peculiar circle of business men is owing solely to his modest and
+unostentatious character, he preferring to pursue the even tenor of his
+way and confine himself strictly to his own affairs.</p>
+
+<p>Captain Bradley was born in Connecticut in the year 1814, and lived in
+that State until his ninth year. Then his father emigrated to Ohio, taking
+his family with him, and settled in Lorain county. Young Bradley had few
+advantages in early life. He earned his first pair of boots by chopping
+wood, and when the first suspenders, knitted by his mother, were worn out,
+the next pair were paid for by chopping hoop-poles.</p>
+
+<p>Until his twenty-first year he worked with his father on a farm, and
+then left to seek his fortune in the world, with all his effects carried
+under his arm, wrapped in a cotton handkerchief. His first entry on
+independent life was as a deck-hand, before the mast of the schooner
+Liberty. In that capacity he remained two years, and then, having acquired
+a good knowledge of seamanship, was made mate, holding that rank two
+years. In 1839, he rose a step higher, and for two seasons was master of
+the Commodore Lawrence.</p>
+
+<p>Captain Bradley now commenced his career as an owner as well as master of
+vessels. In 1841, he had built for him, in company with Mr. A. Cobb, then
+a merchant at Birmingham, Ohio, the schooner South America, of 104 tons.
+When she was completed he took command of her and sailed her for three
+seasons. In 1844, in company with Mr. Cobb, he had built the schooner
+Birmingham, of 135 tons burden, and taking command of her himself, sailed
+her three years. In 1848, the same parties built the Ellington, of 185
+tons, which Capt. Bradley sailed for one year. The following year he
+shifted his command to the propeller Indiana, 350 tons burden, which he
+and his associate, Mr. Cobb, had built for the Buffalo and Chicago trade.
+Capt. Bradley ran her himself three years and then returned to a sailing
+vessel, having late in the season of 1852, turned off the stocks a smart
+new schooner, the Oregon, of 190 tons burden, which he ran to the end of
+her first season, and then bade adieu to sea-faring life. During his many
+years' life on the lakes, in various craft and under all kinds of
+circumstances, it is remarkable that he never met with a serious casualty;
+he was enterprising, active, vigorous in mind and body; a prudent business
+man and at the same time a thorough sailor.</p>
+
+<p>In the spring of 1853, he resumed his work of increasing his lake navy by
+building the Challenge, of 238 tons, followed by one or more vessels
+yearly. In 1854 was built the Bay City, 190 tons; in 1855 the C. G.
+Griswold, 359 tons; in 1856 the schooners Queen City, 368 tons, and
+Wellington, 300 tons; in 1858 the schooner Exchange, 390 tons. At this
+point he rested three years and then resumed work.</p>
+
+<p>In 1861 was built, in company with other parties, the S. H. Kimball, 418
+tons; in 1863 the Wagstaff, 412 tons; in 1864 the J. F. Gard, 370 tons; in
+1865 the schooner Escanaba, 568 tons; in 1866-7, the schooner Negaunee,
+850 tons, a splendid vessel, costing over $52,000, which has been running
+in the Lake Superior iron ore trade, and which has proved a very
+profitable investment; in 1868 he built the schooner Fayette Brown, 713
+tons, and the tug W. Cushing, for harbor towing; in 1869 the S. F. Tilden,
+1,000 tons, was launched from the yard of Quayle &amp; Martin, completing the
+list of vessels built by or for Captain Bradley, making a list of nineteen
+vessels, and a tug, besides a number of vessels purchased. The present
+fleet is composed of nine vessels, with an aggregate tonnage of nearly
+five thousand tons, besides two tugs, one plying in Cleveland harbor and
+the other, in which he has half interest, at the Sault.</p>
+
+<p>The record of the vessels built for Captain Bradley, and their respective
+tonnage, given above, shows at a glance the gradual development of the
+lake shipping commerce. The first of his fleet, the South America, 104
+tons, built in 1841, was a very respectable craft in her day. From that
+time there was a steady increase in the tonnage of the vessels built,
+until it culminates in the S. F. Tilden, with carrying capacity of a
+thousand tons burden, but just launched from the stocks.</p>
+
+<p>Though owning at one time or another such a large fleet of vessels, the
+casualties to them were very few, and the enterprise has proved steadily
+remunerative. The schr. Dayton, Maria Cobb, Oregon, South America, and
+Queen City, is the complete list of vessels lost.</p>
+
+<p>Though shipping absorbed the greater portion of Captain Bradley's
+attention, his interest was not wholly confined to this branch of
+business. His time, means, and energy were largely employed in the
+manufacture of iron, and in other commercial interests. It is his pride
+that though so largely interested in business of different kinds, he has
+had but one case of litigation, and that with an insurance company. His
+record needs no eulogy; it speaks for itself as the record of a man of
+energy, enterprise and prudence.</p>
+
+<p>Captain Bradley's health had for some years not been good, but is now
+improving, and there is a reasonable prospect that one who has done so
+much to develop the shipping interest of the port will live for some time
+yet to enjoy the fruits of his energy and industry.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Bradley was married in August, 1849, to Ellen Burgess, of Milan, Ohio,
+who is still living. Of the marriage, four children have been born, three
+girls and one boy.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="wellington_p_cooke"></a>Wellington P. Cooke.</h2>
+
+
+
+<p>The history of W. P. Cooke is an instance of what can be
+accomplished under the most adverse circumstances, when to
+persistent energy and laudable ambition are added the patience and
+faith born of religions training.</p>
+
+<p>The parents of Mr. Cooke were pioneer settlers in Otsego county, New
+York, where his father died whilst Wellington was quite a small boy. His
+mother removed to a still newer country, Macomb county, Michigan, and
+there died, leaving the lad to fight his own way through the world
+without the advantages of either money or education. In the year 1838,
+being then but thirteen years old, he became a printer's apprentice.
+Subsequently he removed to Chagrin Falls, Ohio, where he secured some
+educational privileges at a seminary, obtaining the money for his
+necessary expenses by working early in the morning, at night, and on
+Saturday. He found employment in the village and among the neighboring
+farmers. But with all his efforts his lot was a hard one. He often needed
+the necessaries, to say nothing of the comforts of life, frequently
+making his morning and evening meal out of potatoes and salt, the former
+being of his own cooking, as he boarded himself. These articles were
+purchased in many instances by money received for sawing wood on the
+school holiday of Saturday.</p>
+
+<p>In 1843, he came to Cleveland, tramping in from Chagrin Falls on foot, and
+having half a dollar as his sole capital with which to commence life in
+the city. His first attempt to gain work was in a printing office, where
+he succeeded in getting a case, receiving his pay, according to the custom
+of the times, in orders on grocery and clothing stores. After this he was
+foreman and compositor in the office of a monthly publication, called the
+Farmers' Journal, where he continued to devote his spare time to reading
+and study. Subsequently he became a clerk in a grocery store at a salary
+of ninety-six dollars a year. With this small sum he not only supported
+himself, but gave pecuniary aid to a sister, and something to the church.</p>
+
+<p>In 1848, he obtained an interest in the business, and the partnership thus
+continued for three years. His reputation as a moral and religious man,
+together with a great spirit of enterprise, rapidly enlarged his business,
+and pointed out new channels for money-making.</p>
+
+<p>[Illustration: W. P. Cooke]</p>
+
+<p>In 1850, he disposed of the grocery business, and directed his whole
+efforts to the hide and leather trade. In this he showed much judgment,
+for the business he selected has proved to be one of the most extensive
+and profitable of the West. A nephew, since deceased, about this time
+became a partner. The premises occupied became too small, and a lot on
+Water street was purchased, where a fine store was erected, which is the
+present place of business.</p>
+
+<p>The firm, which for some time existed as W. P. Cooke &amp; Co., has been
+changed to Cooke &amp; Denison, the junior partner being a former clerk, and
+under that name it is well known throughout the country, and especially in
+the West, as one of the largest establishments in the West dealing in
+leather, hides, wool, pelts and oil.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Cooke joined the Methodist Church at a very early age, and to the
+religious influences with which he was thus surrounded, he attributes much
+of his success in life. As a Church-member he was led to avoid all places
+of doubtful morality, and thus escaped the temptations and vices which
+destroy so many young men. He has always been strictly temperate, and does
+not use tobacco in any form. He is now prominently connected with the
+First Methodist Episcopal Church of Cleveland, and is noted as a zealous
+laborer in the Sunday School cause.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Cooke's religion is not of that kind that is left in the church pew
+on Sunday night, to remain undisturbed until the next Sunday morning, but
+is carried into all his relations of life and influences all his
+movements. The principles of justice and charity taught by the Christian
+faith are by him carried into his business dealings and social relations.
+Strictly just in business transactions, liberal in his charities to
+worthy objects, and generous to the church, he exemplifies in his life
+the fact that true Christian principles are not incompatible with strict
+business habits, and conduce to commercial success. Remembering his early
+difficulties, he takes particular interest in young men, sympathizing
+with them in their struggles, and aiding them with counsel and timely
+assistance where needed.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="hiram_garretson"></a>Hiram Garretson.</h2>
+
+
+
+<p>The firm of Hanna, Garretson &amp; Co. has already been mentioned. The second
+member of the firm, while it existed under that name, Hiram Garretson,
+came like the others from Columbiana county, where he had been brought up,
+although not a native of the county. Mr. Garretson was born in York
+county, Pennsylvania, his parents being respectable members of the Society
+of Friends. When he was very young the family removed to Columbiana
+county, Ohio, where the senior Garretson opened a country store in New
+Lisbon. Hiram was sent to school, receiving a good district school
+education, and was then taken into his father's store as clerk, in which
+occupation he remained until he was nineteen years old. At that age he
+left home and engaged in trade on the rivers, taking charge of a trading
+boat running from Pittsburgh to New Orleans. This class of boats has not
+yet entirely passed away from the Ohio and Mississippi rivers. The
+villages along the river banks were small and badly supplied with stores,
+depending mainly for their supplies on the coasting boats. These are
+rudely constructed craft, well stocked with merchandise of all kinds, that
+drop leisurely down the river, tying up at every village or place where
+there is probability of a trade, and remaining there as long as the stay
+can be made profitable, then passing on to the next. When New Orleans has
+at last been reached, the boat is sold to be broken up for its materials,
+and the trader returns by steamer to get ready for another voyage down. It
+was in business of this description that Mr. Garretson engaged for a time,
+and in his voyages down the river and dealings with all sorts of people in
+different States, he acquired a valuable knowledge of business and men
+that has stood him since in good stead.</p>
+
+<p>At length he tired of this kind of trading and returned to New Lisbon, and
+carried on a moderately successful business until the Winter of 1851. At
+that time a marked change came over the fortunes of New Lisbon. Up to that
+period it had been a flourishing business place, its advantages of
+location on the canal in a fertile district, making it one of the best
+places of trade in that portion of the State. But the construction of Fort
+Wayne and Cleveland and Pittsburgh Railroads effected a great and
+disadvantageous change in the business of New Lisbon. The Fort Wayne road
+passed it a few miles north, and the Cleveland and Pittsburgh road ran
+about an equal distance west. Thus New Lisbon was cut off from all the
+commercial cities, and found its sources of supply tapped at every point
+by the railroads. Realizing the fate that had overtaken the town, Mr.
+Garretson, at the opening of the year 1852, closed up his affairs in
+Columbiana county and removed to Cleveland. There he became associated in
+business with Messrs. Leonard and Robert Hanna, and the firm of Hanna,
+Garretson &amp; Co. was established.</p>
+
+<p>The successful operations of that firm have already been chronicled in
+these pages, and it only remains in this place to note the fact, that to
+the success achieved, the energy and uprightness of Mr. Garretson
+contributed in full proportion. The partnership lasted nine years.</p>
+
+<p>On its dissolution Mr. Garretson established the house of H. Garretson &amp;
+Co., on Water street, with a shipping house on the river. The business of
+the new firm was exactly similar to that of the old one, including a
+wholesale grocery trade, with a Lake Superior commission and shipping
+business. A line of fine steamers was run to Lake Superior, and the high
+reputation Mr. Garretson enjoyed among the people of that section of
+country, enabled him to build up a very large business in supplying their
+wants. In addition, the new firm found customers rapidly increasing in
+northern and western Ohio, in Michigan, and in other adjoining States. The
+operations of the firm extended rapidly until it stood, at the close of
+the year 1867, among the very foremost in the amount of its annual sales,
+whilst the business was eminently a safe and solidly successful one.</p>
+
+<p>On the first of November, 1867, Mr. Garretson sold out his wholesale
+grocery business, and thus closed a mercantile career extending in this
+city over sixteen years. His attention was then turned to banking. No
+sooner had he retired from mercantile life than he projected and
+organized the Cleveland Banking Company, which went into operation under
+his presidency February 1st, 1868, with a capital of three hundred and
+twenty-five thousand dollars. It immediately found all the business it
+was able to do, and under the skillful management of Mr. Garretson it
+has become one of the most reliable and important financial institutions
+of the city.</p>
+
+<p>It can truthfully be said of Mr. Garretson, that his success in business
+has been owing not more to his shrewdness and foresight than to his
+mercantile honor and social qualities. He made personal friends of his
+business customers, and by courteous attention, as well as by scrupulous
+regard for their interests, retained their good will and secured their
+custom. In all the relations of business and social life, Mr. Garretson
+has uniformly borne himself in such manner as to win the respect and
+confidence of those brought into contact with him.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="john_barr"></a>John Barr.</h2>
+
+
+
+<p>John Barr was born in Liberty township, Trumbull county, (now Mahoning,)
+Ohio, June 26th, 1804. His ancestors, on both sides, were from
+Westmoreland county, Pennsylvania, though on his father's side they
+originally came from the north of England, in the days of William Penn;
+and his mother's, from Germany.</p>
+
+<p>His grandfather, Alexander Barr, was killed by the Indians, in 1785, on
+the Miami, a short distance below, where Hamilton, in Butler county, now
+stands. His parents removed from Westmoreland county, Pa., to Youngstown,
+in 1800; and his father settled as the Presbyterian pastor of a church in
+that place, and resided there till 1820, when he removed to Wooster, Wayne
+county, in this State. The subject of this sketch was raised on a farm,
+literally in the woods, and experienced the usual privations and
+vicissitudes attendant on pioneer life. The new country and poverty of his
+parents prevented his receiving a common English education, and it was not
+until after he was of age that he mastered Murray's syntax and Daboll's
+arithmetic.</p>
+
+<p>On leaving home in 1825, he repaired to the Ohio canal, (then in process
+of construction,) where he labored for two years, at various points
+between Boston and Tinker's creek; where, with hundreds of others, he was
+prostrated by the malaria of that unhealthy valley.</p>
+
+<p>In 1828, he settled in Cleveland, and acted as deputy for the late Edward
+Baldwin, sheriff. He took the census of the county in 1830, and was
+elected sheriff that year, which office he held till 1834. Cleveland city
+at that time, contained one thousand and seventy-one inhabitants; its
+northern boundary was the lake, Erie street on the east, and the Cuyahoga
+river on the west.</p>
+
+<p>In 1835, when the idea of connecting Cleveland with other places by means
+of railroads, was conceived by John W. Willey, James S. Clarke, T. P.
+Handy, Edmund Clark, R. Hilliard, O. M. Gidings, H. B. Payne, Anson Haydn,
+H. Canfield and others, Mr. Barr joined in and spent a good deal of time
+in furthering the project. Late in the Fall of that year, he visited
+Cincinnati, distributing petitions along the line of a proposed route to
+Cincinnati from Cleveland, and spent most of the Winter at Columbus,
+during the session of the Legislature. A charter for that road, and one
+for a road to Pittsburgh, being granted, Mr. Barr brought the first copies
+of them, duly certified under the seal of the State, to this city.</p>
+
+<p>During 1836 and 7, Mr. Barr devoted a good deal of time in collecting
+statistics of this port, the business of the city, its population, &amp;c.,
+&amp;c., and also of the west generally, and laying them before the public in
+the papers of Philadelphia and other eastern cities. In company with Mr.
+Willey and the late Governor Tod, he visited Baltimore, Philadelphia, New
+York and Boston, endeavoring to enlist the attention of capitalists to
+aid in those enterprises. But the crash of 1837, and the general
+prostration of business, that followed all over the country, rendered it
+unavailing. In the Winter of 1838, Mr. Gidings, S. Starkweather,
+Frederick Whittlesey, Wm. B. Lloyd and Mr. Barr were appointed a
+committee to attend a railroad convention at Harrisburgh, Pa., to promote
+the project of the railroad from Cleveland to Philadelphia, by way of
+Pittsburgh. In 1838 and 9, at the request of John W. Willey, he still
+spent much of his time in sending a series of articles on the importance
+of the project, that were published monthly in the North American, a
+paper in Philadelphia devoted to such projects.</p>
+
+<p>Through the disastrous state of the times, these various measures had to
+yield, and become, for the time being, failures; but time has shown that
+those who were engaged in them were only in advance of the spirit and
+means of the age.
+
+In 1844, when this subject again arrested the attention of the Cleveland
+public, Mr. Barr, although crushed by the storm of 1837, again resumed
+the subject with his pen, and gave to the public in the National
+Magazine, published in New York, quite a history of the city, its early
+settlement, &amp;c., together with a full description of the shipping on
+their lakes, tonnage, trade, &amp;c., that cost weeks of hard labor and
+patience, more particularly to place our city in a favorable view before
+the eastern public.</p>
+
+<p>In 1846, a friend of Mr. B. sent him a petition to circulate and send to
+the Hon. Thomas Corwin, one of Ohio's Senators, asking Congress for aid to
+survey and establish a railroad to the Pacific.</p>
+
+<p>In circulating this petition, Mr. Barr was gravely inquired of by one of
+our citizens, "if he expected to live to see such a road built?" Mr. Barr
+replied, "if he should live to the usual age of men, he did expect to see
+it commenced, and perhaps built." The reply was, "If you do, you will be
+an older man than Methusalah!" Both have lived to know that great work has
+been achieved.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Barr procured over six hundred names to his petition, which was duly
+presented by Mr. Corwin. Cleveland has now reason to be proud of the
+interests she manifested in that great work, at so early a day.</p>
+
+<p>In 1857, Mr. Barr brought the first petroleum to this city, made from
+cannel coal, to be used as a source of light. This was new and regarded as
+utopian. The article was very odorous, and failed to be acceptable to the
+public, but as time rolled on, improvements in refining were made, and now
+the largest manufacturing business in our city is that of petroleum.</p>
+
+<p>Few, if any, of citizens have spent more time and pains in collecting and
+giving to the public reminiscences of early days and early settlers--those
+who located in this region, and who under such privations, trials,
+hardships and sufferings commenced levelling these mighty forests,
+erecting log cabins, and in due time made this formidable wilderness "bud
+and blossom as the rose." In that respect Mr. Barr has done much to
+preserve and lay before the public from time to time, brief histories of
+many of those brave men and women who left their homes and friends in the
+east, and comparative comforts, to settle in the western wilderness, to
+build up homes for their children and future generations. Howe's history
+of Ohio, and Col. Chas. Whittlesey's history of the city of Cleveland,
+bear witness that his generous heart and gifted pen have furnished
+tributes of respect to the memory of the noble pioneers, after the battle
+of life with them was over, and thus supplying links to our historic chain
+that makes it comparatively perfect.</p>
+
+<p>Among the many reminiscences of early times related to us by Mr. Barr,
+there is one we cannot deny ourselves the pleasure of relating, and
+preserving: William Coleman, Esq., came to Euclid in 1803, selected a lot
+of land and with his family settled upon it in 1804. For several years the
+few settlers experienced a good deal of inconvenience in having only the
+wild game of the country for meat, and which, at certain seasons of the
+year, was unfit for the table. In the Spring the streams that put into the
+lake abounded with excellent fish, and the season lasted about four weeks.
+The question arose, "could these fish be preserved in salt for future
+use?" The universal answer was No! The idea of preserving <i>fresh water</i>
+fish in salt seemed incredible; the red man was appealed to, but he shook
+his head in contempt at the idea, and in broken English said, "put him on
+pole, dry him over smoke." One Spring Mr. Coleman repaired to Rocky River,
+famous for its fine pike and pickerel, and laid in his stock, carefully
+laid them down in salt, which cost him over thirty dollars a barrel, (at a
+great risk, as his neighbors thought,) and watched them carefully from
+time to time till harvest. Much to his own and his neighbors'
+satisfaction, he found it a success, and proved not only a happy change of
+diet for health, but also a luxury, unknown before. From this
+circumstance, small at that time, originated a new source of comfort,
+which proved, in time, a mine of wealth to the West, and a luxury to the
+persons who located in the interior of the State. Well was it said by the
+school boy of Massachusetts about those days, "Tall oaks from little
+acorns grow, large streams from little fountains flow."</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Barr says he made this circumstance a matter of much research and
+inquiry, and fully believes that to William Coleman belongs the credit for
+so useful and important a discovery.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="j_b_cobb"></a>J. B. Cobb.</h2>
+
+
+
+<p>The oldest bookselling house in Cleveland is that of the Cobbs, now
+existing under the firm name of Cobb, Andrews &amp; Co. It has grown with
+the growth of the city, from a small concern where a few books and a
+limited stock of stationery were kept as adjuncts to a job printing
+office, to a large establishment doing an extensive business throughout
+the northern half of Ohio and north-western Pennsylvania, and in parts of
+Michigan and Indiana, and which has planted in Chicago a branch that has
+grown to be equal in importance with the parent establishment. Through
+financial storm and sunshine this house has steadily grown, without a
+mishap, and now ranks as one of the most important and staunchest
+business houses in the city.</p>
+
+<p>The head of the firm, Junius Brutus Cobb, was born in 1822, received a
+good common school education, and was then sent to learn the trade of a
+cabinet-maker. When his apprenticeship expired he worked for a short time
+as a journeyman, but was dissatisfied with the trade, and for a year or
+two taught school. In 1842, he decided to try his fortune in the West, and
+reached Cleveland, where he found employment as clerk in the store of M.
+C. Younglove. Mr. Younglove was then doing a job printing business, and
+kept in addition a stock of books and stationery. Opportunity sometime
+after offering, two younger brothers of Mr. Cobb followed him, and were
+employed by Mr. Younglove. In 1848, the three brothers united in the
+purchase of an interest in the establishment, and the firm of M. C.
+Younglove &amp; Co. was formed, the store being located in the American House
+building. Here the firm remained some years, the book trade steadily
+increasing, until the old quarters were too strait for its accommodation.</p>
+
+<p>In April 1852, Mr. Younglove parted with his entire interest in the
+concern to his partners, and the firm name of J. B. Cobb &amp; Co. was
+adopted. Before this the printing department had been abandoned, and the
+concern was run as a book and stationery store, with a bindery attached.
+The old store being too small, new and more commodious quarters were found
+further up Superior street on the opposite side, and with the change the
+business increased with greater rapidity than previously.</p>
+
+<p>In February, 1864, it was decided to open a similar house in Chicago. A
+store was engaged, and Mr. J. B. Cobb went up to open it, taking with him a
+relative of the firm who had formerly been their clerk, Mr. Daniel
+Pritchard. The business of the new establishment instantly became large
+and remunerative, the jobbing trade commencing auspiciously, and rapidly
+increasing to extensive dimensions. At the same time the parent house in
+Cleveland added a wholesale department to its former retail trade, and
+this grew rapidly, the need of such an establishment being keenly felt by
+the numerous small stores throughout the country that had hitherto been
+dependent on Cincinnati or the dealers at the East. The rapid growth of
+business in the two establishments necessitated a new arrangement of the
+firm, and Cobb, Pritchard &amp; Co. took charge of the Chicago house, whilst
+Cobb, Andrews &amp; Co. manage the Cleveland establishment. The latter firm
+was made by the accession of Mr. Theodore A. Andrews, who had been brought
+up as a clerk in the house, taking his place as a partner in April, 1865.
+Mr. J. B. Cobb took up his residence in Chicago, leaving his brothers, C.
+C. and B. J., in Cleveland.</p>
+
+<p>The Cobbs have maintained for themselves a high reputation for honesty,
+fair dealing, and courtesy in business, and in this way have secured
+prosperity. The trade that, when they first took it, amounted to about
+$25,000 a year, had grown, in 1868, to over $200,000. The qualities that
+gained for the head of the firm so many valuable business friends, was
+shared in by his brothers, and these again impressed them on the young men
+brought up under their control. The result is seen in the large number of
+customers frequenting the store daily, and in the extensive wholesale
+trade done.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="a_g_colwell"></a>A. G. Colwell.</h2>
+
+
+
+<p>Mr. Colwell is a native of Madison county, New York, and came to Cleveland
+in 1852, soon after the opening of the different railroads had given the
+city an important start in the road to prosperity. Mr. Colwell immediately
+engaged in the hardware trade, on Ontario street, where he has continued
+to the present day. As the city grew in size, and its area of commerce
+extended, the business of Mr. Colwell steadily increased. The retail trade
+gradually developed into wholesale, and this grew into important
+proportions, pushing its ramifications through northern Ohio, Michigan,
+and north-western Pennsylvania.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Colwell has attended closely to his business, taking no other interest
+in public affairs than is the duty of every good citizen. But whilst
+carefully conducting his business he has found time for the gratification
+of a cultivated taste in literature, and has taken pleasure in
+participating in every movement designed to foster a similar taste in
+others. In a recent tour in Europe, undertaken for the benefit of his
+health, he visited the principal points of literary and artistic interest,
+and brought back with him many rare and curious souvenirs of travel.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="william_bingham"></a>William Bingham.</h2>
+
+
+
+<p>Whilst few men, if there are any, in the city of Cleveland are more highly
+respected than William Bingham, there are none less desirous of notoriety
+in any form. To do his duty to himself, his family, and his fellow men,
+and to do it quietly and unobtrusively, is the extent of Mr. Bingham's
+ambition, so far as can be judged by the whole tenor of his life. Did the
+matter rest with him, no notice of him would have appeared in this work,
+but to omit him would be a manifest injustice, and would at the same time
+render the volume imperfect.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Bingham is a native of Andover, Connecticut, and on his arrival here
+from the East, became a clerk in George Worthington's hardware store.
+After a few years' service in this capacity, he set up in the same line
+for himself, and for about a quarter of a century has carried on
+business with marked success. The operations of the firm of William
+Bingham &amp; Co., though at first small, have grown to large proportions,
+and Mr. Bingham has grown rich, not through lucky operations, but by
+steady, persistent application to business, aided by sound judgment and
+powerful will. In addition to his hardware business, he is interested
+with Mr. Worthington in the Iron and Nail works, and has furnace
+interests in the Mahoning Valley.</p>
+
+<p>In all his dealings, commercial or otherwise, he has been strictly
+conscientious, and this has secured for him the esteem of all with whom he
+has come in contact, and the respect and confidence of the general public.
+His word is inviolable, and no one has ever uttered a whisper against his
+unsullied integrity. In all works of genuine charity, his aid is
+efficaciously, though unobtrusively given, whenever required. To the young
+men in his employ, he is as much a father in his care of their interests
+and conduct, as he is an employer.</p>
+
+<p>In politics, Mr. Bingham has steadily acted with the Republican party, but
+he is in no degree a politician. He has been chosen by the people to
+places of municipal trust, but always without any desire on his part, and
+solely because those selecting him considered his services would be
+valuable to the city; and whenever selected as a candidate, he has been
+elected, the opposing party having full confidence in his ability and
+integrity. In his case, the place invariably sought the man, and not the
+man the place; and it has always been with great reluctance, and because
+it seemed the good of the people required it, that he consented to hold
+public office. It would be better for the people were there more men like
+William Bingham, and sufficient wisdom among political managers to invoke
+their services on behalf of the public.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="william_j_gordon"></a>William J. Gordon.</h2>
+
+
+
+<p>A history of the leading commercial men of Cleveland, with no mention of
+W. J. Gordon, would be not much unlike the play of Hamlet with the part of
+the Danish prince omitted. Few men in the city have occupied so prominent
+a position in its mercantile history as has Mr. Gordon; but, from a
+natural distaste of public notice of any kind, on the part of Mr. Gordon,
+we are comparatively without data, and obliged to depend upon what we know
+of his history in general.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Gordon was brought up on a New Jersey farm, on which the battle of
+Monmouth was fought, and that had remained for generations, and still
+is, in the possession of his family. His earliest recollections were of
+rural life, its boyish enjoyments and boyish tasks. He obtained a good
+common school education, such as could be obtained in that neighborhood.
+Whilst yet a lad he manifested a strong taste for business pursuits; and
+to gratify and develop that taste he was sent to New York, where he
+became a clerk.</p>
+
+<p>But, young as he was, he reasoned that there was a better chance for a
+successful struggle in the new West than in the already crowded marts of
+the East, and that for the young man of energy and enterprise, there was
+every prospect of achieving distinction and fortune in assisting to build
+up the business of the new western cities. With this impression he bade
+adieu to New York in 1838, and started westward on a tour of observation,
+he being then in his twentieth year. He reached Erie without stopping, and
+remained there for some time, carefully observing its commercial
+facilities and its prospects for the future. Not altogether satisfied
+with these, he moved farther west, and made his next stay in Cleveland.
+Here he speedily became convinced that a great future was before that
+city, and he determined to remain and share in its benefits. A wholesale
+grocery establishment was opened, small at first, as suited his means and
+the limited requirements of the place, but which more than kept pace with
+the progress of the city.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Gordon believed that to shrewdness and persistence all things are
+possible. His constant endeavor was to discover new avenues of trade, or
+new modes of doing business, and then to utilize his discoveries to the
+full extent, by persistent energy and unwearied industry. He was always on
+the alert to find a new customer for his wares, and to discover a cheaper
+place to purchase his stock, or a better way of bringing them home. Whilst
+thus securing unusual advantages in supplying himself with goods, Mr.
+Gordon was losing no opportunity of pushing his business among the buyers.
+His agents were diligently scouring the country, looking up new customers,
+and carefully observing the operations of old customers, to ascertain how
+their trade could best be stimulated and developed, to the mutual profit
+of the retailer and the wholesale dealer from whom he obtained his
+supplies. Men of pushing character and large business acquaintance were
+sought out and engaged, that they might aid in developing the business of
+the establishment. As these withdrew, to set up in business for
+themselves, others took their place. It is a noticable fact that no house
+has sent out more young men who have achieved success for themselves; and
+that success was undoubtedly in large measure due to the training received
+under Mr. Gordon.</p>
+
+<p>He tolerated no sluggards around his establishment. A hard worker himself,
+those around him were stimulated to hard work. He was at the warehouse
+with the earliest clerk and left it with the latest. He demanded
+unflagging industry from his employees, but asked no more than he
+manifested himself. It was through this persistent energy that he achieved
+success where others might have failed.</p>
+
+<p>When Mr. Gordon's capital had increased to such an extent as to warrant
+his employment of some of the surplus in investment outside of his regular
+business, he made some highly profitable operations of this kind. Among
+them was his uniting with some others of like foresight in the purchase of
+a tract of mineral land on Lake Superior, and the formation of iron mining
+companies which, though not immediately profitable, eventually yielded an
+enormous percentage on the original outlay, and bids fair to be equally
+profitable for many years to come, besides being a source of immense
+wealth to the city.</p>
+
+<p>In 1857, Mr. Gordon's health failed, and since that time he has paid but
+little personal attention to business, but by an extended tour to Europe,
+it has been in a great measure restored, and being still in the meridian
+of life, he has the prospect, unless some mishap occurs, of long enjoying
+the fruits of his far-sighted intelligence and unwearied industry.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="henry_wick"></a>Henry Wick</h2>
+
+
+
+<p>Lemuel Wick, the father of Henry, was among the early settlers of
+Youngstown. The Rev. William Wick, his uncle, preached from time to time
+as a missionary of the Presbyterian church, in the settlements on the
+border of Pennsylvania and Ohio, as early as 1779. Henry's father was a
+merchant, in whose store be became a clerk at the age of fifteen. At
+twenty-one he engaged in the project of a rolling-mill at Youngstown,
+which proved successful. In company with a brother, his father's interest
+in the store was purchased, and, having a successful future in prospect,
+Mr. Wick married, about that time, Miss Mary Hine, of Youngstown, whose
+father was a prominent lawyer of that place. In 1848, he became a citizen
+of Cleveland, disposing of the rolling mill to Brown, Bonnell &amp; Co., who
+have since become leading iron men of the Mahoning Valley.</p>
+
+<p>After a few years of mercantile business at Cleveland, the banking house
+of Wick, Otis &amp; Brownell was formed, and was successfully managed for two
+years, when the brothers Wick purchased the interest of the other
+partners, and continued together until 1857, when the firm name was
+changed to Henry &amp; A. H. Wick, father and son, and has thus continued
+until the present time.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Wick is a man of more than ordinary business ability, and has,
+throughout his long commercial life, so directed his talent as to preserve
+an unsullied character, and enjoy the unlimited confidence of his fellow
+citizens, in addition to a handsome competence. Speculations were always
+avoided by him, because he believed that, in a young and healthy country
+like this, men may accumulate property fast enough in the legitimate
+channels of trade, coupled with frugality, temperance and industry. Many
+of his employees, by following his example, have become eminently
+successful in business.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Wick was born February 28, 1807, and, consequently, is in his
+sixty-third year, although he has lost little of the elasticity of his
+step or his business faculty.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="william_edwards"></a>William Edwards</h2>
+
+
+
+<p>The firm of Edwards, Townsend &amp; Co. now ranks among the leading houses in
+the city, doing an enormous business, and respected everywhere for its
+enterprise and integrity. The head of the firm, William Edwards, was born
+in Springfield, Massachusetts, June 6, 1831. At the age of fifteen, he
+entered mercantile life as a clerk, and remained in that position in
+Springfield six years. In 1852, he came to Cleveland, that year having
+brought many New Englanders here on account of the recent opening of the
+railroads. His first year was spent in clerking for W. J. Gordon, who then
+had by far the most important wholesale grocery establishment in the city.</p>
+
+<p>At the end of the year Mr. Edwards, having two thousand five hundred
+dollars capital, resolved on setting up a jobbing grocery establishment
+for himself, and in company with Mr. Treat, opened a store on Canal
+street, doing business in a small way, and being their own accountants,
+salesmen and porters. The first year's business footed up sales to the
+amount of thirty-seven thousand dollars only, but the young firm was not
+discouraged. The next year opened with brighter prospects. The first
+year's customers were pleased with the firm, and satisfied that they were
+honest, as well as active and energetic, they returned to buy again and
+brought new customers. Orders came in rapidly, and by the middle of the
+third year the sales had grown to the rate of sixty thousand dollars per
+year. At that point, Mr. Edwards purchased the interest of his partner and
+looked about for a new associate in business.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Hiram Iddings, of Trumbull county, became partner, and with his
+accession, the business increased more rapidly than before. Both members
+of the firm used every honorable means to push their business, and with
+almost unvarying success. New fields were sought out and the old ones
+carefully canvassed. As before, nearly every new customer became a
+constant purchaser, being thoroughly satisfied with the treatment
+received, and new customers were added. The territory served widened, and
+the reputation of the house for enterprise and fair dealing spread. In
+1862, the sales had grown to two hundred and forty thousand dollars. More
+aid was necessary to attend to the business of the firm, and on the first
+of October, in that year Mr. Amos Townsend was added to the firm, which
+then became Edwards, Iddings &amp; Co. A year from that time Mr. Iddings died,
+and on the first of January, 1864, a change was made in the title of the
+firm to Edwards, Townsend &amp; Co., Mr. J. B. Parsons being admitted as the
+third partner. Under that title and organization it still continues.</p>
+
+<p>The business of the firm has kept fully abreast with the progress of the
+city. The members are shrewd, enterprising, always on the lookout for new
+openings for trade, and ready to take instant advantage of them. They each
+have a happy faculty of making friends, and still happier faculty of
+retaining them. The proof of this is seen in the increasing sales, which
+now amount to one million dollars a year, the customers being scattered
+through northern Ohio, Pennsylvania, and a portion of Michigan. Their
+extensive stores on Water street are constantly busy with customers and
+with the receipt and shipment of goods.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Edwards has attained prosperity, not by the favor of others, but by
+fighting his own battle of life with indomitable perseverance and
+imperturbable good humer. He has worked hard and persistently, but at the
+same time acted on the belief that "care killed a cat," and that "a light
+heart makes work light." His hearty good humor has had no small share in
+attracting and retaining customers, and has at the same time enabled him
+to rationally enjoy the prosperity his labors have brought him. But his
+good humor never leads him to abate a jot of his shrewd watchfulness in
+business matters, and to his prudence and keen observation are owing the
+fact that he has almost wholly escaped litigation. At thirty-eight years
+old he takes rank among the foremost and most successful marchants of
+Cleveland, whilst his frank, hearty manners, his warm friendship, and his
+liberal unselfish benevolence which distributes charity with an
+unstinting, though intelligent hand, rank Mr. Edwards among the most
+valued and most valuable of citizens.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="amos_townsend"></a>Amos Townsend</h2>
+
+
+
+<p>Amos Townsend was born near Pittsburgh in 1831, and received a good common
+English education. At fifteen years old, he left school and entered a
+store at Pittsburgh, in which he remained three years, and then removed to
+Mansfield, Ohio, where, young as he was, he set up in business for
+himself, retailing goods, and remaining a citizen of that town during the
+greater part of nine years.</p>
+
+<p>During his residence in Mansfield, the Kansas troubles broke out and
+arrived at such a pitch that a Congressional committee, comprised of
+Messrs. John Sherman of Ohio, W. A. Howard of Michigan, and W. A. Oliver
+of Missouri, was appointed to proceed to Kansas and investigate the facts
+in regard to General Stringfellow's opposition to Governor Reeder's
+administration. Mr. Sherman procured the appointment of Mr. Townsend as
+United States Marshal, and he accompanied the commission to the scene of
+disturbance. He was on a hill near Lawrence when he saw the <i>passe
+comitatus</i> of the United States Marshal of the Territory batter down the
+Free State Hotel, it having been indicted as a nuisance by the Grand Jury.
+Shortly afterwards, Mr. Townsend was taken prisoner by General
+Stringfellow, but on ascertaining his position he was released.</p>
+
+<p>In 1858, he came to Cleveland, having been engaged by Gordon, McMillan &amp;
+Co. In that establishment, he remained nearly five years, and then became
+partner in the firm of Edwards, Iddings &amp; Co., which, on the death of Mr.
+Iddings, became Edwards, Townsend &amp; Co. The operations of that firm have
+already been spoken of.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Townsend has served a full apprenticeship to the business in which he
+is now engaged, and is familiar with all its details from the cellar to
+the counting-room. As a skillful financier, he has few superiors, and the
+large operations of the firm bear evidence to this in the regularity and
+safety with which they are conducted.</p>
+
+<p>In 1866, the Republicans of the Third Ward chose him as their candidate
+for member of the City Council, of which he was afterwards chosen
+president. He not only polled the full vote of the party, but drew a large
+number of Democratic votes, and was elected by a good majority, although
+the ward has generally been considered Democratic, and has retained his
+seat to the present time, his personal popularity among all classes,
+combined with the unexceptionable record he made in the Council,
+overcoming all opposition. At the organization of the new Council for
+1869, he was unanimously re-elected president, a fact as complimentary as
+it is rare, it being the almost invariable custom for each party to vote
+for its own candidate, even where the result of the election is a foregone
+conclusion. He was in the same year suggested as the Republican candidate
+for Mayor, and would undoubtedly have been chosen to that office had he
+not considered it incompatible with proper attention to the large and
+rapidly increasing business of his firm.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<p align="center">[Illustration: Your Friend, D. A. Dangler]</p>
+
+
+<h2><a name="david_a_dangler"></a>David A. Dangler.</h2>
+
+
+
+<p>David A. Dangler, like scores of other successful men in Cleveland, is a
+conqueror of adverse circumstances. In taking a cursory glance at the
+early history of representative Clevelanders, noticed in this volume, it
+will be readily seen that our business firms are largely composed of men
+who, in early life, were compelled to divide their time between work on
+the farm and attendance at the district school. Much of the debilitating
+dissipation common in cities has been escaped by them; and hence, they
+have both sound minds to project, and vigorous bodies to execute.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Dangler found it necessary, at the early age of seven years, to do
+something towards carrying on his father's farm in Stark county, Ohio.
+During the Winter months, he had the benefit of a district school until
+1838, when, at the age of fourteen, he was employed in a dry goods store
+at Canton, as boy of all work. Here, he won the confidence of his
+employers, and by closely saving his limited wages, was able to attend
+school six months more, which completed his education. With this
+exception, he continued to serve in the same store until 1845, when, with
+a very limited capital, the savings from his wages, he commenced on his
+own account, in the same business.</p>
+
+<p>In 1850, he left the trade in dry goods and took up that in hardware. The
+late Mr. John Tennis, who was also a Stark county man, and Mr. Dangler, in
+1853, formed a partnership for jobbing in this line at Cleveland. The
+success of the concern was all that reasonable men could expect. Their
+connection continued until 1867, when it expired by limitation. They were
+among the first wholesale firms on Water Street, and this enlarged field
+of commercial operations gave full exercise to the talent and energy of
+Mr. Dangler. Trade was pushed in all directions, and in a remarkably short
+time they succeeded in building up a lucrative business.</p>
+
+<p>Success did not make a miser of Mr. Dangler. On the breaking out of the
+rebellion, he entered with all his native enthusiasm into the home duties
+of the war. In August, 1862, he took a prominent part in the organization
+of ward committees for raising recruits and providing for the familles of
+soldiers. A large part of his time during the war was devoted to this
+work, and will ever be remembered with gratitude by scores of families for
+timely assistance rendered during that trying ordeal. In the Fourth ward,
+where he lives, there never was a man drafted to fill its quota.</p>
+
+<p>In 1864, he was elected a member of the City Council, and in 1865, a
+member of the House of Representatives for Cuyahoga County, by the
+Republican party. These public trusts were so well filled that in 1867, he
+was returned to the Senate, representing the most important commercial
+district of the State except one, and at all times being watchful and
+active in the interests of his constituents. Among the important measures
+originated by him in the Legislature, are the Metropolitan Police, State
+Charities, State Gas Inspection, and the Building and Loan Association
+Acts. The last mentioned act has been very extensively taken advantage of
+among his immediate constituents. No less than ten societies have been
+organized in this city, under it, and have already been productive of much
+good among the laboring class, by enabling them to obtain homesteads on
+easy terms. The capital stock of these societies amounts to over three
+million dollars, and if the act is as highly appreciated throughout the
+State as it is here, the benefit accruing therefrom will be almost
+incalculable, inasmuch as the monthly payments would, in many cases, be
+squandered; whereas, now, they are not only saved, but secure a share of
+the profits of the association in proportion to the stock held. The
+successful working of these institutions must be exceedingly gratifying to
+Mr. Dangler. He is an active, energetic and impulsive member, though not
+without considerable tact, and generally successful in putting his
+measures through. As a speaker he is clear-headed, terse and forcible, and
+on subjects appealing to patriotism, really eloquent.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Dangler is liberal with his means, with broad plans, not for himself
+alone, but for the public; indeed, we have few men among us more public
+spirited than he. To this new element of self-made and successful men, the
+city owes much of the unparalleled development of the few past years.
+Their energy and commercial intelligence have inaugurated a new order of
+things here, placing Cleveland in the front rank of western cities.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Dangler has recently formed a new partnership, and is again engaged in
+the hardware business, having established the new firm of Dangler &amp;
+Bowman, on Superior Street. He is still young and vigorous, and has it yet
+in his power to accomplish much.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="t_s_beckwith"></a>T. S. Beckwith.</h2>
+
+
+
+<p>In speaking of the mercantile interests of Cleveland as developed by her
+prominent operators, it is with pleasure we produce a brief notice of Mr.
+T. S. Beckwith, one of our well known and most successful merchants. He
+was born in Lyme, CT, Jan. 11, 1821. Until he was fourteen, he remained
+on the farm with his father, at which time he commenced clerking in a
+store in Brownville, Jefferson Co., N. Y., and remained four years. He
+then came to Cleveland and at once engaged as a clerk with Alexander
+Sacket, who was then carrying on business on Superior Street, precisely
+where Mr. Beckwith's carpet store now stands. After two years with Mr.
+Sacket, he went as clerk with P. M. Weddell &amp; Co., in which capacity he
+served four years, when he was taken into partnership with P. M. Weddell,
+Dudley Baldwin and W. E. Beckwith, his brother, and in this firm did
+business in the dry goods line for about four years, when he and his
+brother, alone, carried on business several years, and finally Mr. Henry
+Wick became associated with them and another store was started. Both
+stores were continued about four years, when the firm dissolved, and
+another formed under the name of Beckwith, Sterling &amp; Co., composed of T.
+S. Beckwith, F. A. Sterling and G. Clayes. This firm was dissolved after
+two or three years and the subject of this sketch left the dry goods
+business and opened the first store for the exclusive sale of carpets in
+Cleveland. After five or six years, his former partner, F. A. Sterling,
+again became associated with him. The firm of Beckwith &amp; Sterling existed
+three years when they admitted two young men in their employ, O. Baker
+and W. R. Havens.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Beckwith is a thorough business man, quick to form judgment and quick
+to act upon it. He is among our best financiers, nearly always makes an
+investment pay. When he was regularly employed as a salesman, he was hard
+to match, and one great secret of his success as such was his courteous
+demeanor to all, whether rich or poor, and an industrious effort to
+please. We recommend those of our young men who desire to succeed in
+business to study one of the principal keys to T. S. Beckwith's success--a
+polite attention to all. It will pay.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Beckwith's business has grown with the city, and the profits with it,
+and although he has only attained to the meridian of life, and in the full
+enjoyment of mental and physical energy, he has acquired a handsome
+competency.</p>
+
+<p>Besides his mercantile interest, Mr. B. has aided in giving to Cleveland
+the character of a manufacturing city, having invested largely in the
+white lead factory of this city, which is under the management of Mr. J.
+H. Morley, an account of which will be seen in the Manufacturing
+Department of this work.</p>
+
+<p>Business has not, however, engrossed the whole of Mr. Beckwith's time and
+talents. He is as thorough a worker in the cause of religion, morality and
+benevolence as in trade. For a number of years, he has been an active
+member of the Second Presbyterian church of this city, always taking a
+lively interest in the Sunday school connected with the church. He was
+also as indefatigable in the interests of the Bethel Church and Sunday
+school of this city, and which is now doing a noble work in the city.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. B. was married in 1849, to Miss Sarah Oliphant of Grandville,
+Washington Co., N. Y. Two children of this marriage are living and a
+third dead.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<p align="center">[Illustration: Yours Truly, Elias Sims]</p>
+
+
+<h2><a name="elias_sims"></a>Elias Sims.</h2>
+
+
+
+<p>Although Mr. Sims has not been strictly a man of commerce among us, his
+life labor has been one wholly devoted to enterprises that are strictly
+conducive to that foundation of a commonwealth. Properly placed, he would
+be with general contractors, but as we have not material sufficient for a
+department under that head, he must take rank among the men whose trade
+has been facilitated by his enterprise.</p>
+
+<p>Elias Sims was born at Onondaga, New York, August 4. 1818, and is another
+striking instance of the value of early dependence on one's own
+resources. Until he was fifteen years of age, Elias worked on a farm,
+when he concluded to leave it, and strike out for himself on another
+line. He worked as a laborer on the New York canal for some time, and
+being a lad of great force of character with a keen eye to business, he
+was very soon selected as an overseer. He held this situation for about
+two years when he became deputy superintendent of the works, being at the
+time only in his eighteenth year. After considerable experience in this
+business, he concluded there was an opportunity to make more money by
+contracting than by working on a salary, and consequently resigned his
+office and commenced on a work for which he was eminently adapted by
+nature, and one in which he subsequently became remarkably successful,
+as, indeed, was his first contract, for it resulted in a profit of
+several thousand dollars. Men did not become millionaires in such short
+order then as now, and so much money so easily obtained almost unbalanced
+the young contractor. It made him less careful in his estimates, and, as
+may be easily judged, his next job swallowed the whole of his capital,
+and compelled him to become overseer again.</p>
+
+<p>The next speculation he engaged in was the building of a tug, in
+connection with two others, and which proved a success. After some time,
+he obtained a dredging contract at Port Stanley, Canada, and being very
+successful in this he entered into it as a permanent business, and
+appeared among the live men of Cleveland in 1856, as a contractor for
+dredging the "old river bed". From year to year, this contract for
+dredging at Cleveland has been continued, and in addition to this, he has
+executed some immense jobs at Grand Haven, Mich., Erie, Pa., and
+Milwaukee, Wis., in which he has been uniformly successful. He also
+contracted largely in the construction of the Great Western Rail Road, in
+Canada, and canal locks in Iowa. He is interested in propellers on the
+lakes, and has two tugs and three dredges in this harbor.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Sims may well be styled a pioneer in the system of dredging, by means
+of which all the lake harbors have been able to receive vessels of double
+the old tonnage. Although of a quiet, he is not by any means of an
+indolent temperament, and has exhibited business energy in a way that did
+not make much noise, but which led to sure results. Mr. Sims was one of
+the contractors and one of the proprietors of the Rocky River Rail Road
+and Hotel. He is also interested in the People's Gas Company of the West
+Side, and we are driven to the conclusion that such a long series of
+successes in such undertakings cannot be due to accident; there must be
+for foundation, a clear, calculating mind, and the ability to execute well
+what is well planned. Projects in which others had failed became
+profitable under his management. He is still in the vigor of life going on
+as usual with his contracts.</p>
+
+<p>In 1838, Mr. Sims married Miss Fosburgh, of Onondaga Co., N. Y.; of the
+marriage three children were born, Mrs. Sloane of Buffalo, Mrs. Evatt of
+Cleveland, deceased, and Mrs. Wm. Starkweather of Cleveland.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="joseph_perkins"></a>Joseph Perkins.</h2>
+
+
+
+<p>One of the most noticeable mansions on the north side of Euclid Avenue is
+the tasteful and substantial stone building a little west of Sterling
+Avenue, which, from its general style of architecture and its handsome
+surroundings of lawn and shrubberies, resembles the comfortable country
+home of a family of wealth and taste in England. This is the residence of
+Joseph Perkins, and in its neat, home-like beauty, gives at once a good
+idea of the character of its owner, and a perpetual invitation to repose.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Perkins was born July 5, 1819, in Warren, Ohio, his father being Simon
+Perkins of that place. His educational advantages were food, and after
+leaving school he entered his father's office. Born to comfortable
+circumstances he never had occasion to struggle for an existence as have
+so many of the now wealthy citizens of Cleveland, but, on the other hand,
+the acquisition of riches without hard labor for it did not, as in so many
+other cases, prove his ruin, nor did he spend his days in idleness. On his
+father's death, he was one of his executors and gave his whole attention
+to the task of closing up the estate. That duty performed, he came to
+Cleveland and found abundant occupation in managing his own estate and in
+executing the duties devolving upon him through his appointments to places
+of trust in banks, railroads, and other organizations. For several years,
+he was a director of the Cleveland and Mahoning Railroad Company and took
+an active part in its affairs. On the death of Governor Tod, he was chosen
+president of the company, a position he still retains and the duties of
+which he performs with scrupulous fidelity. He is also president of the
+Second National Bank. During the building of the Euclid Street
+Presbyterian Church, he was a member of the building committee, and has
+taken an active interest in the affairs of that church for many years. He
+was also a member of the building committee of the Savings Bank Society
+and of the building committee of the National Bank Building.</p>
+
+<p>In 1837, Mr. Perkins united with the Presbyterian Church, of which he has
+since remained an active and influential member, the scene of his
+profession being in Marietta, where he listened to the teachings of the
+Rev. Mr. Bingham.</p>
+
+<p>In October, 1840, he married Miss Martha E. Steele, of Marietta, by whom
+he has had six children, four of whom still survive.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Perkins is a man of no ordinary character, and it is unfortunate for
+the world that there are so few of his mould in comparison with the whole
+number of people. The governing principle of his life is religion, his
+actions are directed by his conscience. Although rich and controlling large
+means, he is utterly free from the sin of avarice, and, though fully
+appreciating the value of money, he respects it mainly for the power of
+doing good it gives the possessor. His liberality is great, but is guided
+by a wise caution instead of being squandered indiscriminately. He
+dislikes being imposed upon by unworthy petitioners, and therefore
+narrowly investigates alleged cases of distress before relieving them.
+When satisfied that the object is worthy, his aid is generous and
+ungrudging. His ear is ever open to the tale of distress, his hand ever
+open when the distress is found to be real instead of simulated to impose
+upon the charitable. He has been known to leave his mails untouched all
+day that he might trace out and relieve cases of genuine affliction or
+suffering. His time and best judgment are given to the widow and
+fatherless, nor is his counsel empty-handed. In business matters, the rule
+of his life is not to claim the lion's share, although furnishing the
+means for an enterprise, but to deal with others as he would have done by
+him under similar circumstances. He believes that by pursuing this policy,
+he has reaped greater material advantages than if he had pursued a
+grasping policy, whilst his conscience is the easier for his forbearance.
+His firm determination to do right in every transaction and under all
+circumstances has in his case given fresh proof of the truth of the adage
+that "honesty is the best policy."</p>
+
+<p>Nor, though among the wealthy of the city, is he an aristocrat in feeling.
+To him, the poor soldier's widow, the laborer's wife, and the wife of the
+millionaire are equal in their claims upon his courtesy and his attention.
+He is in feeling one of the people, yet utterly innocent of the arts of
+the demagogue, and repudiating with firmness any attempt to bring him
+forward into political life, against the heats and confusion of which his
+modest and quiet character revolts.</p>
+
+<p>Although not of robust health, he is enabled to get through a large amount
+of work by methodical habits and by a strict avoidance of injurious haste
+and worry. His leisure is spent in the enjoyments of his beautiful home
+and in the cultivation of a fine artistic taste which has been developed
+and gratified by a tour among the principal art centers of Europe.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="hinman_b_hurlbut"></a>Hinman B. Hurlbut.</h2>
+
+
+
+<p>Himnan B. Hurlbut, a lineal descendant of Governor Hinman, of Connecticut,
+was born in St. Lawrence County, New York, July 29, 1818. In his boyhood,
+he received such education as the common schools provided, and the time
+not spent in the school room was employed on his father's farm, he being
+the youngest of a large family and required to help along with the others.</p>
+
+<p>At the age of fifteen, he left the farm and engaged as clerk in the
+mercantile business in Washington, St. Lawrence County, where he remained
+about three years.</p>
+
+<p>In 1836, he removed to Cleveland and commenced the study of law with his
+brother, H. A. Hurlbut, then practicing law here. On August 7th, 1839, he
+was admitted to practice, and at once went to Massillon, Stark county,
+where he opened an office for the practice of his profession. His cash
+capital when he started for his prospective field of labor, consisted of
+three dollars and twenty-five cents. The disbursement of this sum was as
+follows: three dollars for his packet fare to Massillon; twenty-five cents
+for three sheets of paper and two packets of tobacco. His worldly goods
+were all contained in a hair trunk; the most valuable item of which was
+his law library, comprising two volumes, Blackstone and Kent's
+Commentaries. Our readers may well be assured that Mr. Hurlbut was
+dreadfully in earnest about that time to commence business. He soon
+succeeded in making a commencement; his talent and industry were rewarded
+by one of the largest and most lucrative practices in that section,
+extending through Wayne, Holmes, Tuscarawas, Carroll, Columbiana, and
+Summit counties. As a lawyer he was very successful. He continued the
+practice of his profession until 1850, four years of which time he was the
+law partner of Hon. D. K. Cartter.</p>
+
+<p>Some three years before retiring from his law practice, he became
+interested in banking at Massillon, and in 1850, organized the Merchants
+Bank, of Massillon, with a capital of $100,000. This was in connection
+with Dr. I. Steese, who is still president of the bank, with the capital
+increased to $200,000. It was and is a very successful enterprise.</p>
+
+<p>In 1852, still retaining most of his interest in the bank at Massillon, he
+came to Cleveland, and commenced a private banking business, under the
+firm name of Hurlbut &amp; Go., under the American House, and continuing about
+one year, when he purchased from the directors of the Merchants Bank the
+charter of the Bank of Commerce, and at once commenced business under it,
+with Mr. Parker Handy as president, and himself as cashier. About a year
+afterwards Mr. Handy resigned, and Mr. Joseph Berkins became president.
+The stock was increased from time to time till it reached $250,000, and
+then reorganized under the name of the Second National Bank of Cleveland,
+with the same officers, and nearly the same board, with a capital stock of
+$600,000, and its success may be judged when we say that it has a reserve
+fund of over $400,000, and it may well be characterized as one of the
+strongest, if not the strongest bank in Ohio.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Hurlbut was cashier from the commencement, and labored assiduously in
+its interests, so that the Second National Bank of Cleveland is eminently
+the fruit of his labor and skill. Mr. Hurlbut was obliged to resign his
+position January 1, 1866, on account of failing health, induced by
+excessive mental application, and was succeeded by the assistant cashier,
+J. O. Buell, who still retains the office. On resigning, he was made vice
+president, which position he still retains. He took a trip to Europe,
+where he remained two years, returning much improved.</p>
+
+<p>Besides his official duties here, in 1864, in connection with Messrs. J.
+Perkins, A. Stone and S. Witt, he purchased of the Board of Control, the
+charter of the Toledo Branch of the State Bank of Ohio, which also proved
+a great success, paying in the neighborhood of twenty-five percent per
+annum. It was reorganized under the National Bank Law. Mr. Hurlbut held no
+official position in this bank, but assisted in its management.</p>
+
+<p>For some years, he has been a director of the Bellefontaine Railroad
+Company, and on the consolidation of that company with the Cleveland,
+Columbus and Cincinnati Railroad Company, was made a director of the
+consolidated line. He has added to his interests in banks and railroads
+some important investments in the iron interests of the city, and through
+his shrewd observation and extensive business knowledge, has managed to
+make his investments profitable. For fifteen years, he was a member of the
+State Board of Control of the State Bank of Ohio. From the organization of
+the Protestant General Hospital of Cleveland, he has been its president.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Hurlbut's sole official connection with politics was his serving as a
+delegate from the Seventeenth Ohio District in the Philadelphia Convention
+that nominated General Taylor. He is in no degree a politician, but always
+takes an active interest as a private citizen and voter, in the discussion
+of political questions. His tastes are elegant and refined, and since his
+virtual retirement from the pressing duties of business, he has found
+enjoyment in the cultivation of those tastes. His manners are affable and
+genial, his disposition frank and generous. In business matters, he has
+always been prompt, and has never allowed his engagements to lie
+unfulfilled or be postponed.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<p align="center">[Illustration: "Yours truly, E. I. Baldwin"]</p>
+
+
+<h2><a name="elbert_irving_baldwin"></a>Elbert Irving Baldwin.</h2>
+
+
+
+<p>The dry goods establishment of E. I. Baldwin &amp; Co. is one of the best
+known business houses of Cleveland. Its reputation extends widely beyond
+the limits of the city, and throughout a large portion of the State it is
+known as one of the places to be visited whenever a shopping excursion is
+made to Cleveland.</p>
+
+<p>Elbert Irving Baldwin, the founder and head of the firm, was born in New
+Haven, Connecticut, May 13, 1829. He received excellent early educational
+advantages, in preparation for a literary life, but as his health was not
+equal to this, he turned his attention to mercantile pursuits, when about
+eighteen years of age, by engaging as clerk in the dry goods house of
+Sandford &amp; Allen, in his native town. With the firm he remained several
+years, and then engaged for about two years with a dry goods firm in New
+York city.</p>
+
+<p>In October, 1853, Mr. Baldwin came to Cleveland, and on the completion of
+Northrup &amp; Spangler's Block, commenced the retail branch of the dry goods
+business, his father, S. I. Baldwin, being a partner in the business for
+the first three years. Mr. Baldwin opened out with a stock of goods
+costing sixteen thousand dollars, and at the close of the first year had
+made sales to the amount of forty-three thousand dollars. This was an
+encouraging result for those times, and he correctly judged that it was
+but the foundation of a large and lucrative business. Each succeeding
+year, without any exception, has brought an increase of business, till the
+annual sales of the firm are in the vicinity of a million dollars, which,
+in a retail business, in a city of Cleveland's size, is very large; and
+fairly entitles him to be regarded as the most successful dry goods
+merchant Cleveland has ever had. Having from the first conducted business
+in a strictly honorable manner, selling only good articles at reasonable
+profits, and allowing no misrepresentations, the result is, that many of
+the customers of the house are of fifteen years' continuance. This, in
+conjunction with the natural growth of the trade growing out of an
+increase in the population, now gives his house the appearance of a
+central dry goods market.</p>
+
+<p>Besides endeavoring to deal faithfully with customers, he inaugurated the
+one price and cash system of trade, so as to be faithful to himself and
+his creditors, and the result of all is--immense success.</p>
+
+<p>To meet the demands of trade, in 1868, his firm purchased a piece of land
+whereon stood part of the well known City Buildings, on Superior street,
+and erected the elegant store now occupied by them, at an expense of over
+one hundred thousand dollars. It has been selected by us as a symbolic
+title page, representing Cleveland present, and is at once an ornament to
+the city, and a monument to untiring industry and integrity. The building
+has a frontage of forty-two and a half feet, a depth of one hundred and
+fifty feet, and a height of eighty feet, overtopping all the blocks in the
+city. The front is of Amherst sandstone. The building is divided into five
+stories, with a basement; the ground floor, occupied by the store, having
+five hundred feet of counter-room. Without, the architectural taste
+displayed was unexceptionably good, the building having an appearance of
+lightness and elegance, whilst at the same time conveying an idea of
+strength and solidity. The store is fitted up in the most sumptuous
+manner, and is of itself an attraction to visitors, to say nothing of the
+rich wares always there displayed.</p>
+
+<p>On the retirement of his father, Mr. Baldwin associated with himself his
+brother-in-law, H. R. Hatch, and in 1863, Mr. W. S. Tyler, an employee, was
+admitted to an interest in the business, and in 1866, Mr. G. C. F. Hayne,
+another employee, became a partner. This is an excellent custom, and we
+are glad to see so many of our heavy merchants acknowledging the integrity
+and ability of their clerks in the same way.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Baldwin has now the general superintendence of the whole business;
+and, although he is not, nor ever has been, physically strong, is very
+active, and there is little that escapes his observation.</p>
+
+<p>He was married, August, 1855, to Miss Mary Janette Sterling, of Lima,
+Livingston county, New York. The fruits of the marriage were three
+children now living, and one daughter who died.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Baldwin has been connected with the Second Presbyterian church about
+thirteen years, and has taken an active interest in the Sunday school. He
+was trustee of the church for several years, and has always been found
+ready to aid in the furtherance of every good work.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<p align="center">[Illustration: Yours Truly, G. N. Abbey]</p>
+
+
+<h2><a name="grove_n_abbey"></a>Grove N. Abbey.</h2>
+
+
+
+<p>The trade in stoneware is a very important branch of the business of
+Cleveland, and this lies in the hands of one firm, of which Grove N. Abbey
+is the leading member. As the West generally is supplied from the parent
+house of the Abbeys, or from one or other of the branch establishments
+through the West, in which Mr. Abbey holds an interest, it would be
+manifestly out of place to omit, in a work of this character, a reference
+to him and his operations.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Abbey was born in Portland, Connecticut, August 19th, 1818. He was the
+eleventh of a family of thirteen, of whom seven yet live. The father,
+Asaph, died at the age of fifty-five. The mother, Ruth Hollister, survived
+her husband thirty years, the last twenty-two of which were spent in the
+family of her son Grove N., and died February 20th, 1868, at the advanced
+age of eighty-six. As before said, she had thirteen children, twelve of
+whom married, and thus enabled her to remark, as she repeatedly did, that
+she had had twenty-four children. Before her death she had seventy-one
+grandchildren added to the list of her descendants, besides fifty-seven
+great-grandchildren, and one of the fourth generation, making in all one
+hundred and forty-two descendants.</p>
+
+<p>At the age of sixteen, G. N. Abbey bade adieu to his New England home and
+set out for the West. A good portion of his first year after leaving home
+was spent in Pittsburgh, which he then left for Ohio, where he has since
+resided; twenty-one years in Akron, and the remainder of the time in
+Cleveland. His first experience in Akron was as a clerk, from which he
+rose to the position of merchant on his own account, carrying on business
+until 1856. In the Spring of the preceding year he commenced business on
+River street, Cleveland, in the sale of Akron stoneware, in which he had
+become interested, and in 1856, removed his family to Cleveland, where he
+has since that time resided, retaining his mercantile interests in Akron
+until 1858.</p>
+
+<p>When Mr. Abbey was carrying on a mercantile business in Akron, his
+attention was called to the growing importance of the manufacture and
+trade in stoneware, made from the clay of the Springfield clay-bed, which
+has since become famous for the superior quality of stoneware made from
+it. The pioneer in the business was David Abbey, a brother of Grove, who
+died in Chicago, in 1856. The extension of railways to Akron rapidly
+developed the trade in stoneware, and the Abbey family turned their
+exclusive attention to it. The trade grew to importance wherever the
+articles found their way. To obtain greater facilities for sale and
+distribution, Mr. Grove N. Abbey came to Cleveland and obtained storage
+privileges in a warehouse on River street, at the foot of St. Clair hill.
+Soon the increase of business justified the engagement of the whole
+building, and from that time the growth of the trade has been rapid and
+permanent. Brandi houses were established in Chicago, Indianapolis, and
+St. Louis, and the parent houses in Akron and Cleveland have been kept
+busy in supplying the needs of these branches as well as of their own. The
+character of the article dealt in became known throughout the West, and
+wherever introduced the trade soon increased in importance. The result has
+been a gratifying success to the Abbeys, and the addition of a large
+revenue to the county of Summit.</p>
+
+<p>In all their various ramifications of business, Mr. Abbey has occupied an
+important position. In addition to providing for the home trade, he has
+exercised constant personal supervision over the supplying of the western
+branches. The negotiations between dealers and manufacturers have mostly
+been managed by him, and the importance of these negotiations may be
+judged from the fact that the requirements of the customers of Abbey &amp; Co.
+regulate the amount of stoneware manufactured in Summit county, and thus
+affect the business and revenues of the county.</p>
+
+<p>The business of the Cleveland house of G. N. Abbey &amp; Co. has gradually
+been increased by the introduction of other articles of a kindred nature,
+such as the brown and yellow ware, manufactured at East Liverpool, Ohio,
+glassware from Pittsburgh and New York, and fire-brick and fire-clay. The
+position of Cleveland renders it the natural distributing point for those
+wares, and the extensive facilities possessed by Mr. Abbey, and his long
+experience in the business, place the monopoly of the trade in his hands.
+That nothing but good has grown out of this virtual monopoly, is seen in
+the fact that the business is steadily increasing, that no dissatisfaction
+is expressed by the customers, and that no litigations have taken place
+during the long business career of the house, extending over a hundred
+years in Cleveland.</p>
+
+<p>During the last six years the firm has had some interest in vessels on the
+lakes, and these interests have been carefully watched by Mr. Abbey, who
+has entire control.</p>
+
+<p>It will be rightly inferred from what has already been said, that Mr.
+Abbey has achieved success in business. That success is due to no lucky
+accident or extraneous circumstances, but is the natural result of devoted
+attachment to business, keen insight, and a determination to follow, as
+far as practicable, the golden rule of doing as you would be done by, and
+of a desire to avoid all misunderstandings.</p>
+
+<p>If there be one business faculty more than another, prominent in Mr.
+Abbey, it is that of ability to do a large business, on a small capital;
+having, like nearly all of our merchants, commenced business with nothing
+that his own hands had not earned, and passing through all the trials
+incident to mercantile life in a young country, he has become an excellent
+financier. Naturally of a genial temperament, and inclined to look on the
+bright side of things, he glides over reverses and difficulties easier
+than some people, yet he has always keenly felt, and often deplored, the
+want of such early advantages as children of the present day possess.</p>
+
+<p>Being early interested in the cause of temperance, he has persistently
+endeavored to spread its beneficial effects by means of temperance
+organizations, and in April, 1869, he was nominated as temperance
+candidate for Mayor on the first strictly temperance municipal ticket ever
+put in nomination in Cleveland. The result was the polling of a temperance
+vote of about ten per cent, of the whole vote cast.</p>
+
+<p>Twenty-seven years since, whilst in business at Akron, he was induced to
+make a profession of faith and be received into the Congregational church.
+The faith then professed has never been renounced, and he is now an active
+member of Plymouth Congregational church in Cleveland.</p>
+
+<p>On November 4th, 1844, Mr. Abbey married Miss Sarah Goodale, of Kent,
+Ohio, but who came originally from Massachusetts. Of this marriage there
+were four children, three of whom are still living; the oldest being
+married to Charles H. White, of Chicago, Illinois. The other daughter and
+a son remain with the family at home.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="b_w_jenness"></a>B. W. Jenness.</h2>
+
+
+
+<p>Mr. Jenness was born in Deerfield, New Hampshire, July 14, 1806, received
+a good academical education and in 1823 removed from Deerfield to
+Strafford, in the same State, where he engaged in merchandizing,
+continuing in that occupation for thirty years, and finding it reasonably
+remunerative. In addition to keeping his store he filled the position of
+postmaster of the town for fifteen years, being appointed under several
+successive administrations. He represented the town in the lower branch
+of the State Legislature, and held the office of High Sheriff for over
+five years, the county which he officiated in having since been carved
+out into several counties. On leaving that office he became Probate
+Judge, which position he retained five years and then resigned, although
+the terms of office were such that he could have retained his position
+until he was seventy years of age. He was nominated by the Breckenridge
+party for Governor of the State, but declined. In 1845-6, he was
+appointed to the Senate of the United States, to fill out the unexpired
+term of the Hon. Levi Woodbury, who was appointed to the Supreme Court of
+the United States. In 1850, he was a member of the Constitutional
+Convention to revise the constitution of New Hampshire, after which he
+retired to private life, and has allowed politics to take their own
+course without his aid.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Jenness came to Cleveland seven years ago, but immediately after his
+arrival started into the lumber business here with vigor, and has followed
+it up in the same way, until now he has become so intimately connected
+with Cleveland commerce that he seems like an old settler who has grown up
+with the city. He superintended the whole business here from the first,
+whilst his partners attended to the manufacturing department at their
+mills in Michigan, until May 1st, 1869, when Mr. Jenness bought out their
+entire interests. He has succeeded in building up a business equal to the
+best in that line in the short space of seven years, which speaks well for
+the energy and business ability displayed.</p>
+
+<p>In addition to his lumber business Mr. Jenness, in connection with three
+others, built the propeller B. W. Jenness, for carrying lumber and trading
+from Buffalo to Chicago and intermediate ports. She carries about 330,000
+feet of lumber, and cost $50,000. He has also been part owner of several
+other vessels since he has resided here.</p>
+
+<p>[Illustration: Very Truly Yours B. W. Jenness?]</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Jenness is a man of the most active temperament, he no sooner decides
+that a thing has to be done than he does it with all his might. One may
+form an idea of him by seeing him write his name; as quick as the pen
+touches the paper it is off like a flash of lightning, with the signature
+complete. He is broad and powerfully built, and to all appearance can
+endure as much as most men, although sixty-three years of age. Like other
+successful men, he attributes his success to strict attention to business
+in person. In politics he has always been a Democrat. In religion he is
+very liberal, favoring Baptists, Presbyterians, Congregationalists and
+Unitarians when occasion serves. He is held in esteem by all who know him,
+and we trust he may have many years of usefulness before him.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Jenness was married in 1827 to Miss Nancy Shackford, of Strafford,
+New Hampshire, whom it was his misfortune to lose in May, 1868, leaving
+two daughters the sole survivors of a family of five, the three sons
+being dead.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="john_fletcher_warner"></a>John Fletcher Warner.</h2>
+
+
+
+<p>The late J. F. Warner was a native of Burlington, Vermont, on the border of
+Lake Champlain. His parents were poor, and his early advantages were
+limited. At an early age he became a sort of cabin boy on one of the Lake
+Champlain steamers. Mr. Warner came to Cleveland in 1833 or 1834, and went
+into the employ of Wellman, Winch &amp; Co., who then kept a warehouse near
+the present site of the Erie elevator. Mr. Warner often related to his
+friends with much glee, a little incident that occurred in connection with
+his engagement to labor for this firm. It appears that it was represented
+to him that he was desired to travel for the house; and he, with visions
+of a span of white horses, elegant outfit, and an easy time, readily
+accepted the proposition to travel for them. But his bright expectations
+were soon clouded; his horse was shown him and his course of travel was
+the circle around a horse power used for elevating grain from vessels,
+prior to the erection of any steam grain elevators in the city. He saw he
+had been the victim of a practical joke, and commenced his travel with as
+good a grace as possible, under the circumstances.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Warner remained with this firm for about two years, and then became
+warehouseman for Ransom, Baldwin &amp; Co., which was composed of John G.
+Ransom, now residing in Hamilton, Canada, Stephen A. Baldwin, deceased,
+Charles M. Giddings, deceased, and William H. Bruce, then residing at
+Green Bay, and, we believe, now deceased. In 1838 or 1839, this firm was
+dissolved, and merged into Ransom, McNair &amp; Co. Mathew McNair, Jr., the
+junior partner of this firm, whom the older residents will recollect, is
+now residing in California. Mr. Warner continued with this firm until
+they retired from business, and then he formed a business connection with
+Augustus Handy and Ralph H. Harmon. We do not know whether it was prior
+or subsequent to this partnership that he lived for a year or two at
+Tonawanda, but are under the impression that it was prior; but at the
+time of the Tonawanda speculation, gotten up by Clevelanders, he was
+induced to go there.</p>
+
+<p>After about two or three years, the firm with which Mr. Warner was
+connected, moved to Chicago, but being all Clevelanders, and Chicago not
+being congenial to them, the firm soon dissolved, and the members of it
+moved back to Cleveland, since which time Mr. Warner was employed in no
+active business. At intervals he had made investments that proved
+profitable, and not being in very robust health, had but little
+ambition, and lived in comparative retirement. He was one of those who
+loved to talk over old times, and never forgot old faces. He was as
+charitable as his means would permit towards worthy objects, and
+preserved through all his business relations a character for strict
+integrity. He was a man of strong friendships, frank in his avowals, and
+left a circle of business and social friends who will remember him as an
+upright, warm-hearted, and public spirited man, who lived in good
+report, and died sincerely lamented.</p>
+
+<p>For many years Mr. Warner had been more or less an invalid, though not
+often confined to his house, with Bright's disease of the kidneys. In
+November, 1868, it assumed a more serious phase, and on December 19th,
+1868, terminated his life. About eight months previously, he suffered the
+loss of his beloved wife, while spending the colder months in Florida,
+which had a very depressing effect upon him, and took from him a very
+necessary incentive to life.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="a_v_cannon"></a>A. V. Cannon.</h2>
+
+
+
+<p>On the 10th of July, 1867, died, after a very short illness, A. V. Cannon,
+one of the most promising of the young business men of Cleveland, beloved
+by his intimate associates, and esteemed by the whole business community
+brought in contact with him, and thus able to learn his worth.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Cannon was a native of the Western Reserve, having been born in
+Streetsboro', Portage county, in 1834. On leaving school he entered the
+store of Babcock &amp; Hurd, in Aurora, in that county, and when those
+gentleman removed to Cleveland he accompanied them and remained in their
+establishment some time, making a twelve years' stay with them altogether.</p>
+
+<p>He then went into the produce and commission business, and one year later
+formed a partnership with Mr. J. F. Freeman, which existed until dissolved
+by death. For two years before his death his health had been impaired, and
+he had been confined to his house for about eighteen months with an
+affection of the leg, but had recovered sufficiently to attend to
+business, and was in a fair way of perfect recovery. As a relaxation from
+business, he visited some friends in the West. On his return he was seized
+with inflammation of the bowels and died after a very brief illness.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Cannon was one of the kindest of men, universally respected in
+business circles for his integrity and probity, and in the social circle
+for his mild and gentle manners and Christian spirit. He died at the early
+age of thirty-three, without an enemy, and with the confidence, the esteem
+and the love of all who knew him. On the announcement of his death the
+Board of Trade passed resolutions of respect and sorrow, paying high
+tributes to his business, social, and Christian qualities. He was buried
+with full Masonic honors, being a valued member of that order.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Cannon was married June 8th, 1863, to Mary, daughter of the late David
+Morris, and left one child, a daughter, now five years of age, very bright
+and promising.</p>
+
+<p>At the meeting of the Board of Trade, the announcement of Mr. Cannon's
+death was made by Mr. H. S. Davis, in the following terms:</p>
+
+<p>  It is with feelings of profound sorrow that I announce the decease of
+  A. V. Cannon, Esq., a much respected member of this Board. He has been
+  stricken down suddenly, in the hour of his manhood, and in the midst of
+  his usefulness. I have known Mr. Cannon from his early manhood, and can
+  bear testimony to his untiring industry, strict integrity, and the
+  purity of his character in all the relations of life. He was earnest in
+  business, pleasant and affable in his demeanor, beloved by all who knew
+  him, and it is not too much to say that in his death the Board has met
+  with an irreparable loss.</p>
+
+<p>  We cannot lose such men without feeling that it comes very close to
+  ourselves, and let us pause in the midst of our daily avocations to pay
+  our parting respects to the memory of one who, were he living, would be
+  first to recognize it as being due to others, and I would therefore
+  suggest to the meinbers of this Board, that so far as possible they
+  attend his funeral.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. R. T. Lyon offered the following resolutions, which were
+unanimously adopted:</p>
+
+<p>  <i>Resolved</i>, That we learn with much regret and sorrow the death of our
+  esteemed friend and member of this Board of Trade, Mr. A. V. Cannon,
+  noted for his modesty, honesty, business qualifications, strict
+  integrity and moral principles, and worthy of the imitation of us all;
+  and in these manifestations of our respect and regard we sympathise with
+  the family and friends of the deceased in their sorrow and affliction.</p>
+
+<p>  <i>Resolved</i>, That we will make it our duty to attend the funeral of the
+  deceased at the appointed time.</p>
+
+<p>  <i>Resolved</i>, That the daily session of this Board be suspended on the day
+  of the funeral of the deceased.</p>
+
+<p>  <i>Resolved</i>, That a copy of the above resolutions be transmitted to the
+  family of the deceased, by the Secretary.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="h_f_brayton"></a>H. F. Brayton.</h2>
+
+
+
+<p>If there be a business man in Cleveland without an enemy, we think it must
+be H. F. Brayton. He has been connected with various branches of business
+in this city for thirty-three years, and enjoyed to an unusual degree the
+confidence of his fellow citizens.</p>
+
+<p>H. F. Brayton was born in Jefferson county, New York, November 22, 1812.
+He obtained a good academical education, and at the age of eighteen went
+to New York city and engaged as a clerk in a dry goods store, where he
+remained six years. During that time he became secretary of the first
+total abstinence society ever organized in that city. He was also
+treasurer of the Young Men's Anti-Slavery Society in that city, so far
+back as 1834, when Abolition doctrines were very unpopular. He it was that
+engaged the noted Theodore D. Weld and sent him out to the Western Reserve
+to lecture on the subject, and who succeeded in a very marked degree in
+bringing the masses over on to Abolition ground, and from which, in this
+section, they never receded until every bondman's fetter was broken. John
+Jay, our present minister to Austria, was, at the same time, one of the
+directors of the Society. He also connected himself with the Liberty
+party, being associated with Salmon P. Chase, in its early history. He
+next glided into the Free Soil party, and from that to the Republican.</p>
+
+<p>In 1836, Mr. Brayton left New York and came to Cleveland, and very soon
+became book-keeper of the old Bank of Cleveland, and remained in the same
+position three years. He then went to Columbus and became cashier of a
+bank. After one year he resigned and came back to Cleveland, where he
+engaged in private banking, and continued the same for about ten years.</p>
+
+<p>In 1850, Mr. Brayton became the first agent of the Continental Insurance
+Company, in this city, and still retains the office. This has been one of
+the most successful companies in the country. He is also the agent of the
+Washington Insurance Company, and the peculiarity of the two companies is,
+that the assured participate in the profits.</p>
+
+<p>In January, 1869, his son, H. G. Brayton, became interested in his
+father's business, under the firm name of H. F. Brayton &amp; Son. H. F.
+Brayton is also a partner in another insurance agency in the city. About
+six years since he went to New York and took charge of the agency
+department of the Columbia Insurance Company, and continued in the
+discharge of the duties of the office for one year, when the agency
+business was discontinued in that company, and Mr. Brayton accepted a like
+situation in the Resolute Insurance Company, where he remained about two
+years, and then returned to Cleveland, where his business had been carried
+on as usual during the three years of his absence.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Brayton has not devoted his entire attention to banking and insurance
+since his residence in Cleveland. From 1854 to 1857, he was connected with
+the firm of I. C. Pendleton &amp; Co. in the coal trade, and previous to this
+he was the secretary of the Ohio Coal Company, which dealt principally in
+Pittsburgh coal for gas purposes. He is also at present engaged in the
+foreign passenger and real estate business.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Brayton was for a number of years president of the Cleveland Board
+of Underwriters, but resigned on leaving the city for New York, as
+already narrated.</p>
+
+<p>On coming to Cleveland Mr. Brayton united with the First Presbyterian
+church, and has continued his connection with that denomination in the
+various societies in the city until the present time, and has been a
+worthy and consistent member.</p>
+
+<p>The first impression a stranger receives of H. F. Brayton is, that he is a
+high toned gentleman, and every subsequent interview is certain to confirm
+it. He is a man of strict business habits, and expects his dues, and yet
+his large benevolence and goodness of heart not only prevents the
+slightest approach to meanness, but often causes him to suffer wrong
+rather than be thought to be doing wrong himself. Were it otherwise, he
+would have been one of the richest men in Cleveland to-day, for he
+posseses both the ability and energy.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="o_a_childs"></a>O. A. Childs.</h2>
+
+
+
+<p>Among our most energetic firms is that of O. A. Childs &amp; Co., manufacturers
+and wholesale dealers in boots and shoes, Water street. It was commenced
+by Messrs. Seymour &amp; Crowell near twenty years since. It became Crowell &amp;
+Childs in 1856, and so continued until 1864, when, by the death of Mr.
+Crowell, it became O. A. Childs &amp; Co. The business of this firm has
+steadily increased from the first and their yearly sales now amount to
+about $700,000.</p>
+
+<p>In 1857, they commenced manufacturing a portion of their own goods, and
+since 1860 have manufactured all their leading lines, i.e., those they
+depend upon for service. Their trade extends through Ohio, Michigan,
+Indiana, Pennsylvania, a large amount being annually transacted in the
+Lake Superior region.</p>
+
+<p>Although born in Massachusetts, Mr. Childs has lived in this city from
+boyhood and may with propriety be called a Clevelander. He is still a
+young and active merchant and one who has made himself a thorough,
+competent business man in all its details, from the cellar to the counting
+room. This, with unlimited energy, has brought him success.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="james_mcdermott"></a>James McDermott.</h2>
+
+
+
+<p>Among the mercantile interests, having their headquarters at Cleveland,
+which during a comparatively few years have grown into prominent sources
+of wealth and are yearly expanding in value and adding to the material
+prosperity of the city, the Building Stone and Grindstone interest is
+worthy of especial mention. Only a very few years since this trade was in
+its infancy, and as late as 1863 had not come to be recognized as worthy
+of special efforts for its development. That it then became so is in great
+measure owing to the sagacity and enterprise of the firm of James
+McDermott &amp; Co.</p>
+
+<p>James McDermott was born in the village of Whitby, county of Ontario,
+Canada West, on the 19th of September, 1836. His father, who is still
+living, is by birth an Irishman and a native of the city of Dublin. His
+mother, who is also living, was born in the county of Ontario, Canada
+West. The father of Mr. McDermott is a man of considerable culture, and in
+all the relations of life has been distinguished for great energy and the
+strictest probity. His mother is no less distinguished for her uprightness
+and her clear perception of moral duty, and especially for the energy and
+determination of her character.</p>
+
+<p>James McDermott is the oldest of a family of eleven children, and as not
+unfrequently happens to an oldest son, where the parents are in moderate
+circumstances, James found himself at an early period of his life clothed
+with important duties connected with the care of the family. When in his
+twelfth year the family moved from the village of Whitby to a farm in the
+same township, and here came a change in the relations of the young lad,
+in the new duties he was required to assume, which laid the foundation of
+those correct business habits which have given him his present honorable
+position in the business community. His father occupied the post of United
+States Consul and Harbor Master (the latter embracing all the functions of
+a Collectorship) at the port of Whitby, together with several local
+offices which required his whole attention on every day of the week except
+Sunday. During the week, therefore, much of the business connected with
+the working and care of the farm was devolved upon James. The farm, being
+a new one, required to be cleared, and in this labor the young lad did his
+full share, manifesting always the most indefatigable industry. The family
+remained on the farm some seven or eight years, during which time James
+became an adept in all kinds of farm work.</p>
+
+<p>Young McDermott's opportunities for obtaining an education, at best
+limited, were still further restricted by his farm life, and during the
+years thus spent his progress in mental attainments was very moderate,
+embracing only what he could gather during a few weeks of winter from a
+country school in the elementary branches.</p>
+
+<p>A change at last came when the family quit the farm and removed to Whitby,
+in the year 1856. James was now twenty years of age, and being thrown into
+intimate contact with a larger number of his fellow men than ever before,
+the ambitions and impulses of his young manhood were more keenly stirred.
+He entered the office of his father, who still occupied the position of
+Harbor Master, and, though entirely ignorant of the duties, he quickly
+acquired a knowledge of the entire business and fulfilled all its
+requirements with entire satisfaction. He here realized, however, more
+fully, his defective education, which he determined to improve with the
+least possible delay. Only a few months were spent in his new position
+when he decided to set out in the world to seek his own fortune.
+Accordingly on the 10th of June, 1856, having packed all his personal
+property in a diminutive trunk, he bade adieu to his old home. Two days
+after his departure from home young McDermott arrived in Cleveland and
+went thence to Berea, where, as the sequel shows, was to be the scene of
+his future enterprise. He had acquired some knowledge of carpenter work,
+and so obtained a situation on the Methodist Episcopal church, then in
+course of erection. Here he worked until harvest time, when he went into
+the harvest field, working for one dollar per day. He worked through
+harvest and upon its conclusion took the first step in fulfillment of his
+design to improve his education, and entered school at Baldwin University.
+He had no money to pay for tuition, but this he provided for by sweeping
+the chapel, laboratory and halls of the college, earning sufficient money
+to meet his other wants, which were of course kept down to a very modest
+scale (as he boarded himself), by working in the stone quarries and
+cutting wood for the students. He studied hard and earnestly, and made
+good progress, finishing his first term with very satisfactory results.
+Among his acquirements during this period was a knowledge of the art of
+Oriental pearl painting, and during the Fall vacation he turned this
+accomplishment to advantage by teaching the art in Cleveland, going from
+house to house for this purpose, and obtaining fifty cents per lesson. In
+this way he earned sufficient to pay his tuition at the University during
+the next term, provide himself with necessary books, and furnish his means
+of living. Having concluded another term at the University, in the Fall of
+1857, young McDermott came to Cleveland and took a course of writing
+lessons at a Commercial College. He attained considerable proficiency in
+penmanship, and in the winter of 1857-8 taught writing classes at
+Loweville and Youngstown, Mahoning county, and at the Female College at
+Poland, Ohio, meeting with good success and giving entire satisfaction. In
+February, 1858, Mr. McDermott got his first introduction to the grindstone
+business, having received an appointment from a firm at Berea to travel in
+Canada and solicit orders on commission. He visited Canada and worked
+hard, often walking twenty miles a day, from station to station, to save
+time, carrying his satchel on his back, and paying his expenses by
+teaching the process of pearl painting. The trip was entirely successful,
+and Mr. McDermott returned to Berea in the Summer with a handsome sum in
+pocket. Still anxious regarding his education, he again entered Baldwin
+University, attending through the Fall term. In November of this year he
+came to Cleveland, passed an examination and received a certificate to
+teach school, and upon this opened a school in Middleburgh township,
+Cuyahoga county, making his evenings available by teaching writing and
+spelling classes. At the conclusion of the first term, in February, 1859,
+he started upon a second trip to Canada, to solicit orders for stone, this
+time on his own account. The venture was prosecuted with his usual
+industry, and was highly successful. He returned to Berea in the Summer
+considerably better off financially than when he left it, and having,
+meanwhile, placed a brother and two sisters at school in the University at
+his own expense, he once again entered upon a course of study. He
+remained, however, but two months, in consequence of the illness of his
+father calling him to Whitby to assume the duties of his father's office.
+Here he remained some two months, when his father's recovery enabled him
+to return to Berea. He commenced a commercial course, but was permitted to
+pursue it barely a month when he was prostrated by a severe attack of
+typhoid fever from which he did not recover for nearly four months, his
+life being several times despaired of. As soon as his health was
+sufficiently restored, Mr. McDermott again identified himself with the
+grindstone trade and made two trips to Canada, both very successful,
+between May and September, 1860, and then finished his commercial course.
+On the 19th of September, his twenty-fourth birthday, Mr. McDermott was
+married at East Townsend, Huron county, Ohio, to Miss Henrietta Scott, who
+had been a teacher in the Baldwin University, and a lady of superior
+accomplishments.</p>
+
+<p>In this year he met with the most serious misfortune of his business life.
+He shipped a cargo of stone for Canada, and the vessel encountering a
+storm which disabled her, a large portion of the cargo was thrown
+overboard. The cargo was insured in the Quaker City Insurance Company of
+Philadelphia, but before the claim could be adjusted the Company failed,
+and Mr. McDermott was rendered a considerable sum worse off than nothing.
+This misfortune, however, only served to stimulate his energy, and having
+established a good credit by the promptitude with which he had always met
+his business engagements, and at the same time created a high impression
+of his business qualifications, those with whom he had traded, and in
+whose debt he had been brought, encouraged him to continue business by
+allowing him all the time he should require to repair his losses and make
+himself whole. He soon made another trip to Canada with the most
+gratifying result, taking orders for upwards of three hundred tons of
+stone, the returns from which paid off all his indebtedness and left him
+something more than even with the world.</p>
+
+<p>From January to August, 1862, was spent by Mr. McDermott in Lower Canada,
+chiefly among the French population, and was one of the most successful
+periods of his business experience thus far. Returning to Berea, we next
+find him on his way to Cincinnati as one of a company of "Squirrel
+Hunters" in response to a well-remembered call of Gov. Tod for a force to
+resist the threatened invasion of the State by the Confederate forces
+under Kirby Smith. Arriving at Cincinnati it was found that the patriotic
+citizens of Ohio had so freely answered the demand upon them that more
+than enough to protect the State against several times the menacing army
+were already on the ground, and the Berea company was permitted to return
+home. The remaining months of the year were passed by Mr. McDermott in
+making preparations and perfecting plans for the ensuing year's business.</p>
+
+<p>[Illustration: Yours Respectfully, James McDermott]</p>
+
+<p>On the 30th of January, 1863, Mr. McDermott formed a copartnership with
+John Worthington, who was engaged in the building stone trade at
+Brownhelm, Lorain county, Ohio, the firm taking the title of Worthington &amp;
+McDermott. The firm immediately erected works for turning large
+grindstones for manufactories, and distinguished their first Spring's
+business by sending to New York city the first cargo of building stone
+ever shipped there from Ohio. During this year they furnished the stone
+for all the trimmings and carved work on the Government buildings at
+Ottawa, the capital of the Dominion of Canada, and also for a number of
+buildings in Montreal and other cities and towns of Canada. The year's
+business was heavy, and the result was largely due to the energy and
+enterprise of Mr. McDermott. In the latter part of the year Mr. McDermott
+took up his residence in Cleveland, where he had purchased a house, and in
+the spring of 1864 the office of the firm was removed to Cleveland.</p>
+
+<p>The business of the firm was now growing vigorously, the result of the
+year 1864 being in the highest degree satisfactory, not alone in the
+pecuniary returns, but in the wider extension of the trade and the
+introduction of the Ohio stone to markets where it had previously been
+unknown, and where it has since been in steady and large demand. Near the
+close of the year the firm of Worthington &amp; McDermott was dissolved, and
+Mr. McDermott purchased of the Wallaces the old quarry at Berea originally
+opened by John Baldwin over forty years ago. He took into partnership his
+brother William and established the firm of J. McDermott &amp; Co. The new firm
+went actively to work in developing its quarry, mining and manufacturing
+block and grindstones, and succeeded rapidly in establishing valuable
+business connections and enlarging the stone trade of this section. Among
+the first improvements introduced was the building of a railroad track
+Connecting the quarry with the Cleveland, Columbus and Cincinnati track,
+and other facilities for the expeditions handling and getting out stone
+were added as promptly as practicable. In the spring of 1865 the firm
+filled a contract with the Cleveland and Toledo Railroad Company for stone
+with which to replace the wooden bridges along the line of the road.
+During the year the firm made extensive progress in developing its quarry,
+trenching to a greater depth than had yet been reached in any of the
+quarries, and obtaining a quality of building stone superior to any
+produced up to this time in Ohio, which very soon became, and is still, in
+large demand. In the spring of 1866, the firm sold the first five hundred
+tons of Berea rock block stone that ever went to New York city, and
+succeeded in so far interesting several of the largest builders of the
+metropolis in this stone as to induce them to visit the Berea quarries.
+During the year 1867, the firm sent to New York all the clear rock block
+stone they could get out, and also filled several large contracts for
+block stone with the Cleveland and Toledo and Lake Shore Railroad
+Companies, doing this year a very large business. On the 1st of January,
+1867, the firm was increased by taking in another brother, Mr. Michael
+McDermott, the firm name remaining unchanged.</p>
+
+<p>The house of J. McDermott &amp; Co. occupies at this time a leading position
+in the stone trade of Ohio, and indeed of the West, not alone in the
+amount of its annual business, but in credit, character and influence, and
+in these latter respects it is hardly surpassed by any mercantile house in
+Northern Ohio. The trade of the house not only extends to nearly every
+State of the Union and the Dominion of Canada, but the product of its
+quarries finds a market in Mexico, South America and other parts of the
+world. During 1867, this house furnished the stone for fourteen blocks and
+fronts in New York city, and a number of buildings in Boston, New Haven
+and other cities, and in 1868, the business was largely increased. A
+single firm of builders in New York city erected during that year fifteen
+buildings and fronts for which J. McDermott &amp; Co. furnished the stone.</p>
+
+<p>The quarries owned by this firm embrace twenty-five acres of land of which
+less than an acre has been worked out. In 1867, they turned out 106,200
+cubic feet of block stone, 46,000 feet of flagging, 119 car loads of rough
+block stone, and 1,510 tons of small grindstones. These quarries are
+valued at $200,000, and the excellent quality of the stone produced is
+amply attested by the large and increasing demand for it.</p>
+
+<p>The business of the house of J. McDermott &amp; Co. is under the immediate
+personal supervision of Mr. James McDermott, to whose experience,
+enterprise and business capacity its marked success is due. Mr. McDermott
+has taken an active interest in all that relates to the stone business,
+and also to whatever tends to build up the prosperity of Cleveland. In
+1866 and 1867, he visited Washington to procure the modification of the
+internal tax and import duty on stone, and was successful in his
+endeavors. He also brought about the organization of the "Association of
+the Grindstone and Block Stone Manufactures of Northern Ohio," a work
+which was not accomplished without much difficulty, in spite of the fact
+that it was for the mutual benefit of all engaged in the trade. It should
+be mentioned in this connection that the firm issued a valuable series of
+tables of weights of grindstones, and rules for computing the same, now in
+general use by manufacturers, and which was chiefly compiled by Mrs.
+McDermott. The most recent public work of Mr. McDermott was his active
+labor in organizing the Cleveland, Wooster and Zanesville Railroad
+Company, to which he has devoted time, money and labor.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. McDermott is still young, being but thirty-two years old, of fine
+physical proportions, a robust constitution, and clear, comprehensive
+mind. His healthfulness, and also his success in business, he attributes
+in large measure to his habit of strict temperance. In business matters he
+is prompt, scrupulously conscientious, and holding a verbal engagement to
+be as binding as the most carefully drawn contract. In private and social
+circles he is warm-hearted, cheerful, and every way a pleasant companion.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="ja_a_redington"></a>J. A. Redington.</h2>
+
+
+
+<p>J. A. Redington is son of Captain John Redington, formerly of Saratoga
+county, New York, who, when nineteen years of age, ran away from his
+stepfather, who abused him, and volunteered into the Revolutionary army,
+where he served seven years, and was taken prisoner by the British, and
+incarcerated in the Sugar House, New York. There the privation that fell
+to his lot in the great struggle for freedom, nearly killed him. Had Capt.
+Redington lived till the present time he would have been one hundred and
+twelve years old. J. A. Redington, the subject of this sketch, was born
+June 4, 1818, when his father was sixty-one years old, and there were five
+children born to the old soldier afterwards. At the birth of the last, he
+was seventy-two years of age.</p>
+
+<p>Ten years of the boyhood of J. A. was spent with an uncle in Vermont, where
+he received a good common school education. While living at that place his
+father died, and at the age of sixteen he had a keen realization of the
+situation. He had nothing, and could not mend matters where he was, so he
+determined to go home to his mother and see if he could be of service
+there. After remaining with his mother a year, he engaged with a
+ship-chandler at Oswego, for twenty-five dollars per year and board. After
+a few months his employer closed up, leaving him out of employment. About
+a year from this time, his former employer, who had gone to Cleveland,
+wrote him that if he would come to Cleveland he would employ him again. He
+worked his passage on a canal boat from his home to Oswego, where he took
+passage on board a vessel just leaving for Cleveland.</p>
+
+<p>The late Chester Deming was the gentleman who had engaged his services. He
+received two hundred dollars the first year, three hundred the second
+year, and four hundred the third, on which handsome salary, for those
+times, he concluded to marry.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Deming closed up his business here in 1841, and Mr. Redington
+commenced on his own account, dealing in oats, wheat and other grains.
+This continued about a year when he formed a partnership for the purpose
+of opening a general furnishing house for vessels. He did a successful
+business, but as it was only during the summer months, he established a
+dry goods store in connection with it on the West Side. This enterprise
+was only partially successful, and so he closed it up, and for several
+years was employed as clerk on board a steam boat.</p>
+
+<p>In 1856, he, in connection with Mr. Bacon, commenced the shipping and
+forwarding business, built the vessel E. C. Roberts, which was a
+profitable investment, and also ran the propeller Manhattan. This
+partnership was dissolved after two years, Mr. Redington retaining his
+vessel interests. He is now engaged in mercantile pursuits on the river,
+dealing principally in pig metal.</p>
+
+<p>By dint of hard work and a determination to succeed in spite of adverse
+circumstances, and by strict integrity, he has accomplished his purpose
+and acquired a comfortable competency.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="samuel_sage_coe"></a>Samuel Sage Coe.</h2>
+
+
+
+<p>S. S. Coe has been favorably known in the business circles of Cleveland
+for over thirty years, and, although he has not succeeded in amassing as
+much wealth as some of his competitors, yet his fortitude has enabled him
+to glide over reverses easily, and enjoy somewhat of life as it came.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Coe was born in Oswego, New York, October 6th, 1819. He obtained all
+the education a widowed mother could give him before he was twelve years
+of age, when he entered a country store and remained five years. The only
+recreation he had during that time was a trip to Niagara, on the schooner
+Saratoga, with Capt. Dolph. Howe, with whom some of our citizens are well
+acquainted. In 1836, he went to New York and clerked in the hardware store
+of Wolf, Bishop &amp; Co., and returned to Oswego in June, 1837. Not being
+able to find employment there, he concluded to try his fortune in the
+West, and at once took the schooner Charles Crooks, bound for Cleveland.
+Mr. Coe landed in this city July 19th, 1837, his cash capital being at the
+time one dollar and twenty-five cents. After a few days a situation was
+obtained in the office of Ransom, McNair &amp; Co., with a salary of thirty
+dollars per month, out of which he had to board himself. He remained with
+this firm until about 1841, when he went into the employ of B. F. Smith &amp;
+Co., composed of B. F. Smith, now residing at Buffalo, as superintendent of
+the Buffalo and Erie Railroad, and George Woodward, now residing at
+Milwaukee, with whom he remained until 1845, when he engaged in business
+for himself, in the firm of Doddridge &amp; Coe, in the forwarding and
+commission line. In about one year this firm dissolved, and Mr. Coe went
+into the same business with his brother, Chas. W., under the style of S. S.
+Coe &amp; Co. This firm was unfortunate, and existed only one year.</p>
+
+<p>In 1848, while doing a small commission business alone, he was offered,
+and accepted, the agency of the Merchants' Insurance Company, of
+Milwaukee, and labored faithfully for them one year, and, at its close,
+his premiums amounted to less than two hundred dollars. This was the first
+insurance company with which he was ever connected.</p>
+
+<p>In 1851, Mr. Coe organized and got into operation the Commercial Mutual
+Insurance Company, of this city, acting as its Secretary for about one
+year and a half, when he resigned, and went into the insurance agency
+business, with which he has ever since been identified.</p>
+
+<p>In 1865, Mr. Henry F. Clark desired him to reorganize the Cleveland
+Insurance Company, the charter of which was granted by the State of Ohio
+in 1830, and which was successfully managed by his father, Mr. Edmund
+Clark, until his death. Mr. Coe undertook and completed the task, and
+operations re-commenced April 1st, of the same year, on a paid up cash
+capital of one hundred thousand dollars, increased in 1866, to one hundred
+and fifty thousand; and in 1867, to two hundred thousand dollars, and now
+increased to its limit, five hundred thousand dollars, making it the
+largest cash capital company in the State of Ohio, a credit to the city
+and to the State at large.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Coe is the right man in the right place, as the successful workings of
+this company fully demonstrate. He, as secretary, devotes his whole
+attention to the interest of the company. H. B. Payne is the president,
+and S. D. McMillan, vice-president.</p>
+
+<p>In looking over a correspondence of about twenty years ago, in search of
+some data connected with Mr. Coe's history, we came on the following
+letters, which will be read with amusement by old Clevelanders, as
+reminiscences of the ante-railroad period, and for the allusions to public
+and political events of that day, as well as for the contrast between the
+irascible tone of one letter, and the cool humor of the other:</p>
+
+<p>  Messrs. S. S. Coe &amp; Co., Cleveland, Ohio:</p>
+
+<p>  Gentlemen,--No one dislikes, more than we do, to grumble or find fault,
+  but we hate just as bad to have our boats detained beyond a reasonable
+  time, at your place; and when our boats leave here for your place, we
+  look for them back at a certain time; and if they do not get here soon
+  after that time, it disarranges all our calculations and proves a great
+  loss to us. All our boats were detained a week on account of a break in
+  our canal, and then to be detained beyond a reasonable time in port,
+  makes it worse. Mr. Wheeler, at Akron, is the only man on the Ohio
+  canal, that we know of, that has been in the business longer than we
+  have on our canal, and we defy you to find a boatman on our canal or
+  river that will say we ever detained them beyond a reasonable time; and
+  there is no need of it if men do as they would be done by, and the
+  situation our river has been in this geason has been vexatious enough
+  for any one. Time is money, and eight or ten boats being detained a day
+  or two counts up. The J. Larkin left for your place to-day.</p>
+
+<p>  Tours truly,</p>
+
+<p>  S. Adams &amp; Co.
+</p>
+
+<p>  Cleveland, July 29th, 1848. Messrs. Sam'l Adams &amp; Co., Dresden, O.:</p>
+
+<p>  Gentlemen,--Your esteemed favor of the 25th inst. is at hand.</p>
+
+<p>  It has been a matter of some considerable interest to us to ascertain,
+  if possible, as to which city takes precedence in age, Zanesville or
+  Cleveland.</p>
+
+<p>  As, which incident is first in date, the cutting of the bridle path from
+  Wheeling to the Muskingum by Old Zane, or the coasting of our lake to
+  the Cuyahoga of the exploring party under Old Stow. Your Mr. Adams, we
+  are quite sure, can give us the much desired information.</p>
+
+<p>  We see it stated that our good Democratic candidate for President once
+  resided at or near your beautiful village. You may be familiar with
+  his early history--we wish to know, if such a thing is possible,
+  whether he commenced his political career as a Federalist or a
+  Democrat, and whether he did or did not break his sword at the
+  disgraceful surrender of that old coward Hull; but more than all, as
+  we think it most important of all, is, did he, or did he not, when at
+  the age of nineteen, wear that emblem of Federalism, the black
+  cockade. To this last question we beg you will give us an answer if
+  such a thing be possible.</p>
+
+<p>  While troubling you in this manner, for which we beg your kind
+  indulgence, may we also ask you as to the condition, moral and physical
+  of your returned volunteers? Report says they have been badly treated;
+  we are anxious to know as to this, for if so, and commanded by Whig'
+  officers, we can make political capital out of it against the Whig
+  party; if not, we can make capital against the administration; we do not
+  care which, as our object is to do justice to both parties. Can you tell
+  us which candidate they will support. They are important in numbers, and
+  from their high character, will carry a great, moral force with them;
+  and on this last account we have supposed they would oppose General
+  Taylor, as it has been said he used profane language at the battle of
+  Buena Vista.</p>
+
+<p>  We are erecting here a new and beautiful theater, it opens Aug. 21. We
+  hope we may see you here at that time.</p>
+
+<p>  Your ob't serv'ts,</p>
+
+<p>  S. S. Coe &amp; Co.</p>
+
+<p>  P.S. You are right as to the <i>unnecessary</i> detention at this place of
+  canal boats; it is an evil of great turpitude. <i>We never do so</i>. Aside
+  from the great loss to owner, it affects the morals of the crews, and
+  in this we know the oldest forwarder on the canal, Mr. Wheeler, will
+  agree with us.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="john_long_severance"></a>John Long Severance.</h2>
+
+
+
+<p>Conspicuous among those former residents of Cleveland who have passed away
+and left only a pleasant memory behind them, is John Long Severance, who
+died about ten years ago, mourned by a wide circle of friends, whom his
+many lovable qualities had brought around him.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Severance was born in 1822, his father being Dr. Robert Severance, of
+Shelburne, Massachusetts. His parents dying within a few months of each
+other, when he was but nine years old, young Severance was adopted by the
+late Dr. Long, of Cleveland, who gave him every advantage in the way of
+education that could be procured in the city. A college course was
+intended but his delicate health forbade this, and in his sixteenth year
+he was taken into the old Commercial Bank of Lake Erie, and then into the
+reorganized institution, remaining there twenty years.</p>
+
+<p>His health, never good, broke down entirely under the fatiguing duties of
+the bank, and he was compelled to resign his connection with that
+institution and seek a restoration of his wasted vigor by a voyage to
+Europe. At Southampton, England, he died on the 30th August, 1859, at the
+age of thirty-seven, surrounded by every attention which kind friends and
+sympathizing strangers could bestow upon him.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Severance was a man of many rare and sterling attractions. His social
+qualities, passion for music, and love for little children, as well as
+sincere attachment to a large circle of friends, caused general mourning
+for his death. He was one of the founders of the Second Presbyterian
+church, and by the members of that body his loss was keenly felt. He had
+always felt a deep interest in the prosperity of the church, contributing
+largely through his rare ability as a musician, both in the choir and in
+the Sunday schools, to the welfare of the congregation, until he was
+obliged to abandon those services on account of advancing disease. With
+rare energy and many reasons for desiring to live, he was slow to believe
+that he must fall in early manhood before the destroyer. And while he was
+not afraid to die, and expressed a firm confidence in God in whatever
+event, he felt it to be his duty to struggle for a longer life, and no
+doubt prolonged his days in this manner. He was consistent, uniform,
+earnest, stable, both in faith and practice; always punctual in the
+discharge of his business and Christian duties, his attendance in the
+church, and his labors in the mission and Sunday schools. His last letter
+before death, written to an intimate personal and business friend, said:
+"I feel quite sure the disease is making rapid progress, but this gives me
+no uneasiness or alarm, nor have I experienced any feeling but that I am
+hastening home. The prospect would be dark indeed with no hope in Christ,
+no deep and abiding trust in God's pardoning love. This trust in him has
+sustained me through every trial, and this hope in Christ and his
+all-atoning blood grows brighter every day, taking away the fear of death,
+and lighting up the pathway through the dark valley, through which so many
+of my loved ones have already passed."</p>
+
+
+
+
+<p align="center">[Illustration: D. Sanford]</p>
+
+
+<h2><a name="daniel_sanford"></a>Daniel Sanford.</h2>
+
+
+
+<p>The late Daniel Sanford, whose name is held in esteem by old Clevelanders,
+was born in Milford, Connecticut, in 1803. At a very early age he left his
+home and went to New York where he learned the trade of a ship joiner, one
+of his first jobs being upon the cabins of the Fairfield, the first
+steamer on the East River.</p>
+
+<p>In 1834, he came to Cleveland and worked for some time at his trade as a
+journeyman ship joiner. In coming time he aspired to build ships on his
+own account, and for this purpose formed a partnership with Luther Moses.
+The first work done by the firm was on the steamer New York, and
+subsequently the steamers Ohio and Saratoga were built by them. In
+addition to these a very large number of propellers and sailing vessels
+were built, and canal boats almost without number. The mere list of crafts
+of one description and another, built by this firm, would take
+considerable space in our pages.</p>
+
+<p>In 1849, the firm, which had done so much important work in the ship
+yards, was dissolved and Mr. Sanford changed his business from
+ship-building to dealing in lumber, which he entered upon on a large scale
+and continued under the title of D. Sanford, and subsequently Sanford &amp;
+Son, until his death, which occurred on Sunday morning, September 22,
+1864, after an illness of about four weeks, the disease being inflammation
+of the bowels.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Sanford came to Cleveland with but five hundred dollars in his pocket,
+but he worked his way with prudence and economy till he had acquired a
+handsome property. His business on his death descended to his third son,
+Nelson Sanford, who has conducted it prudently and with success.</p>
+
+<p>He was earnestly patriotic, and on the outbreak of the war for the
+Union he took a lively interest in everything pertaining to it.
+Becoming satisfied that the rebels never intended submission to the
+lawful authorities until they were flogged into submission, he strongly
+urged their severe punishment, and contributed liberally to send men
+into the field.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Sanford was a strong advocate of the consolidation of Ohio City and
+Cleveland, and in his position of member of the Ohio City Council aided
+materially in bringing about the result. He was no politician, but was not
+one of those who make that fact an excuse for taking no interest in public
+affairs. He had decided views on public matters, and never avoided his
+duties as a citizen.</p>
+
+<p>In whatever concerned the welfare of the city he took strong interest, and
+was one of the first stockholders of the Cleveland, Columbus and
+Cincinnati Railroad Company, as he was also of the Cleveland and Mahoning
+Railroad Company.</p>
+
+<p>Every dollar of Mr. Sanford's money was honestly earned; not a hard,
+mean, or wrongful action tarnished a single penny passing into his
+hands. Had he been avaricious he might have died worth half a million
+dollars, but he was infinitely richer in the blessings of hundreds of
+poor people who were the secret recipients of his bounty. He had "a hand
+open as day for melting charity." Yet in his good deeds he never let his
+left hand know what his right hand did. His last words on earth were of
+a character in keeping with his whole life. Calling his youngest son to
+his bedside he said, "Benjamin, be honest in all your transactions." On
+the tomb of David Sanford can with truth be written: "An honest man--the
+noblest work of God."</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="charles_w_coe"></a>Charles W. Coe.</h2>
+
+
+
+<p>Charles W. Coe, so long and favorably known in our business circles, was
+born in Oswego, New York, March 19th, 1822. His grandfather, Col. Eli
+Parsons, was a soldier in the Revolution, and prominent in the Shay's
+Rebellion, in Massachusetts. His father was a physician of much note in
+Oswego, and died about 1828, leaving two children; Charles, the younger,
+is the subject of this sketch. Like a great many other physicians, he left
+a number of old accounts of no value, and not a great deal besides, so
+that Charles and his brother had to strike out early in life to do
+something towards getting a living, and hence educational matters did not
+receive all the desired attention.</p>
+
+<p>Charles came to Cleveland in 1840, and at once engaged as clerk with N. E.
+Crittenden, jeweler. He remained in that situation about a year, when he
+returned to Oswego, and after the lapse of two years, came back to
+Cleveland, and entered into the employ of Pease &amp; Allen, produce and
+commission merchants, with whom he remained until 1849. At that time, he
+went into the employ of Mr. Charles Hickox, and continued with him until
+1855, when he took an interest with Mr. Hickox in the milling business,
+already referred to in this work, and in which he still continues.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Coe has won his present prominent position among the business men of
+Cleveland by shrewd foresight and close attention to business. He is a
+hard worker and a keen observer of the fluctuations of business, mingling
+prudence with enterprise to such a degree that, whilst he has driven a
+profitable business, it has always been a safe one. He is frank,
+unselfish, and free hearted. Whilst having had reason to appreciate the
+value of money, he esteems it not so much on its own account as on account
+of the domestic comforts and enjoyments its judicious expenditure brings.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="s_m_strong"></a>S. M. Strong</h2>
+
+
+
+<p>The drug establishment of Strong &amp; Armstrong stands foremost in that
+branch of the business of Cleveland and has achieved a wide reputation,
+having an extensive trade not only through Northern Ohio, but in Indiana,
+Michigan and Pennsylvania, drawing custom away from Pittsburgh, Cincinnati
+and Detroit in territory previously considered naturally tributary to
+those places.</p>
+
+<p>S. M. Strong, the leading partner of the firm, is a native Buckeye, having
+been born in Lorain County, Ohio, in 1833. His boyhood was spent in
+acquiring a good common school education, after obtaining which he became
+clerk in a drug store at Elyria, entering it at the age of sixteen and
+remaining about two years when, in 1850, he accompanied his employer, who
+removed to Cleveland, and remained with him there three years more.</p>
+
+<p>At the end of that time, he entered Gaylord's drug store, in which he
+continued about two years, when he turned his attention to pushing a
+fever and ague remedy which he had been at work on for several years
+previous. Four years he devoted to this work, finding a partial success,
+and then he formed a partnership with A. C. Armstrong, of Medina county,
+for the purpose of building up a wholesale and retailing business. The
+business of Henderson &amp; Punderson, which was established in 1836, was
+purchased, and the new firm of Strong &amp; Armstrong opened business in the
+old place, No. 199 Superior street. At first the business was carried on
+in a limited way, the total of jobbing and retail sales for the first year
+amounting to but $75,000. But the partners were young, energetic, and full
+of hope. They pushed their trade vigorously, attended closely to the
+details of the business, and mingled enterprise with prudent economy so
+well that they were soon gratified at finding their business annually
+growing larger and more profitable. In less than ten years their trade has
+grown from about $75,000 in a year to over $600,000, and their limited
+establishment so enlarged as to require the services of twenty-four
+assistants. The business, though large, has been managed with such care
+and prudence as to render losses very light and litigation almost wholly
+unnecessary.
+</p>
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="ship"></a>Ship Building</h2>
+
+
+
+<p>For years Cleveland has been the principal ship building port on the
+lakes. Of late the ship building interest here has shared the depression
+felt by it throughout the Union, but it is still an important interest,
+and before long will probably resume its activity.</p>
+
+<p>The first vessel reported built in the vicinity of Cleveland was the
+Zephyr, thirty tons burthen, built by Mr. Carter, in 1808, for the trade
+of the village. The precise spot of her building is not recorded. She was
+burned at Conjocketa Creek, near Black Rock. The next was the Ohio, of
+sixty tons, built by Murray and Bixby, in 1810, and launched from the East
+bank of the river near the spot now occupied by Pettit &amp; Holland's
+warehouse. She was sailed by John Austen and afterwards became a gunboat
+in Perry's fleet, but took no part in the battle of Lake Erie, being
+absent on special service.</p>
+
+<p>In 1813, Levi Johnson built the Pilot. The story of her construction and
+launch has already been told in the sketch of Levi Johnson's life. In that
+sketch also will be found the account of most of the early ship building
+of Cleveland, he being the principal ship builder of the pioneer days.</p>
+
+<p>In 1821, Philo Taylor built the Prudence, which was launched on the river
+opposite where the New England block now stands.</p>
+
+<p>In 1826, John Blair built the Macedonian, of sixty tons, and in the same
+year the Lake Serpent, forty tons, was built by Captain Bartiss and
+sailed by him.</p>
+
+<p>The first steamboat built in Cleveland was the Enterprise, built by Levi
+Johnson in 1826, but not floated into the lake until the following year.</p>
+
+<p>The enterprise of ship building pursued a steady course in Cleveland for a
+number of years, a few vessels being added annually, until about the year
+1853, when the business took a sudden start and made rapid progress. For
+the next few years the ship yards were busy and the ship building interest
+was one of the most important branches of the business of the city. In
+1856, a total of thirty-seven lake crafts, sail and steam, was reported
+built, having a tonnage of nearly sixteen thousand tons. During the past
+twenty years, nearly five hundred vessels of all kinds, for lake
+navigation, have been built in the district of Cuyahoga, and of these all
+but a small proportion were built in Cleveland. The description of vessels
+built has greatly altered during that time, the size of the largest class
+having more than trebled. During the year 1868, there were built in this
+port four propellers, one steamer and three schooners, with an aggregate
+of 3,279 tons. This is much less in number and tonnage than in some
+previous years, but still gives Cleveland the lead in the ship building of
+the lakes. The absorption of the flats on the lower part of the river for
+railroad and manufacturing purposes, and for lumber yards, has seriously
+incommoded the ship building interests by restricting the space available
+for ship yards.</p>
+
+<p>In the division of the ship building business of the lakes in past years,
+the construction of large side-wheel steamers was principally carried on
+at Buffalo, whilst in first class propellers and sailing vessels Cleveland
+immeasurably distanced all competitors, both in the quantity and quality
+of the craft turned out. As the demand for side-wheel steamers lessened,
+the site of their construction was removed from Buffalo to Detroit.
+Cleveland-built propellers, however, take front rank, and Cleveland-built
+sail vessels have found their way over every part of the lake chain,
+sailed down the Atlantic coast from the Gulf of St. Lawrence to South
+American ports, and crossing the Atlantic, have penetrated nearly every
+European sea. Everywhere they have done credit to their builders by their
+speed, sea worthiness, and excellent construction.</p>
+
+<p>Just here it is proper to place, on record the history of an attempt to
+establish a direct trade with Europe, which gave abundant promise of good
+results, both to the commercial and ship building interests of the city.
+It has already been referred to in this work, but it appropriately falls
+within the scope of this sketch.</p>
+
+<p>In the year 1856, the schooner Dean Richmond, of 379 tons, was built by
+Quayle &amp; Martin in Cleveland, for C. J. Kershaw, of Chicago. This vessel
+was loaded with wheat and under the command of Capt. D. C. Pierce, sailed
+from Chicago to Liverpool. She arrived in good time, having made a quick
+passage, and astonished the English people by her rig, and from the fact
+of her having come from the inland lakes of America to Europe. The
+schooner was sold in Liverpool, and her new owners changed her name to
+the Belina, and placed her in the trade between Liverpool and Brazil, on
+which route she made quick and successful trips.</p>
+
+<p>In 1857, the same builders turned out the barque c.J. Kershaw, of 380 tons
+burthen, having built her for Capt. D. G. Pierce, who was the pioneer
+captain in the trade. The Kershaw was loaded with staves, cedar posts and
+black walnut lumber. In the Fall, she started on her return with a load of
+crockery and iron, but was twice driven back by terrific gales and had to
+go into dock for repairs. This brought her into St. Lawrence river so
+late, that she was frozen in the Lachine Canal. Early in 1858, she arrived
+in Cleveland with her cargo in excellent order and to the perfect
+satisfaction of the consignees.</p>
+
+<p>About the time that the Kershaw was launched, a small British schooner,
+the Madeira Pet of 123 tons, came from Liverpool through the rivers and
+lakes to Chicago, with a cargo of hardware, cutlery, glass, &amp;c., on
+speculation. The enterprise was not successful, and no more attempts were
+made to establish a direct trade between Chicago and European ports.</p>
+
+<p>During the Spring and Summer of 1858, several of the leading business men
+of Cleveland entered with vigor into the trade, and a respectable fleet of
+vessels was dispatched to European ports. A new barque, the D. C. Pierce,
+was built for Messrs. Pierce &amp; Barney and sent to Liverpool with a cargo
+of staves and black walnut lumber. The same parties sent the C. J. Kershaw
+to London with a similar cargo, and the Chieftain and Black Hawk, with the
+same kind of freight. Mr. T. P. Handy sent the R. H. Harmon with staves and
+black walnut lumber to Liverpool, the D. B. Sexton with a similar cargo to
+London, and the J. F. Warner with a cargo of the same kind to Glasgow. Mr.
+H. E. Howe sent the new barque H. E. Howe to London with a cargo of staves
+and lumber. Col. N. M. Standart sent the Correspondent to Liverpool with a
+load of wheat, and Mr. C. Reis freighted the Harvest to Hamburgh with a
+cargo of lumber, staves and fancy woods. This made a fleet of ten vessels,
+owned and freighted by Cleveland merchants, with a total tonnage of about
+3,600 tons. Two vessels were sent out from Detroit with similar cargoes,
+but the enterprise was pre-eminently a Cleveland one.</p>
+
+<p>All of the Cleveland fleet disposed of their cargoes to good advantage.
+Six of them returned with cargoes of crockery, bar iron, pig iron, and
+salt. This part of the trip also proved successful. It was the intention
+of the owners to sell some of the vessels in England, but the shipping
+interests were so prostrated that it was impossible to dispose of the
+ships at anything like a fair price. They therefore still remained in the
+hands of Cleveland owners, but four of them did not return to the Lakes.
+The D. B. Sexton went up the Mediterranean; the H. E. Howe went on a
+voyage to South America, the Harvest to the West Indies, and the C. J.
+Kershaw was employed in the Mediterranean trade. Wherever any of the
+Cleveland vessels went, they called forth complimentary remarks by their
+fleetness and steadiness in heavy weather.</p>
+
+<p>In the following year, other vessels were sent out and made successful
+trips. The remarkable sea-going qualities exhibited by these lake-built
+crafts, outsailing, as they did, ocean clippers and weathering gales that
+sent sea-going ships flying helpless before the storm, attracted the
+attention of Eastern ship-owners, and orders were received for vessels to
+be built for the Atlantic coasting trade. The outbreak of the war gave a
+severe check to the direct trade, which passed into the hands of an
+English firm who still continue to run vessels between Cleveland and
+Liverpool, and in the depressed condition of the American carrying trade
+on the ocean there was no longer a demand for new vessels for the coasting
+trade. With a revival of business in that line, and an enlargement of the
+canals between Lake Erie and tidewater, so as to allow the passage of
+larger vessels, there is a probability that a brisk demand for Cleveland
+vessels for the salt water will yet spring up.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<p align="center">[Illustration: Respectfully, S. W. Johnson]</p>
+
+
+<h2><a name="seth_w_johnson"></a>Seth W. Johnson.</h2>
+
+
+
+<p>The name of Seth W. Johnson has for more than thirty years been closely
+and prominently identified with the ship building interests of
+Cleveland. He saw the business in its infancy, was largely accessory to
+its growth into the important proportions it at last assumed, and though
+no longer engaged in the business, his withdrawal from it is so recent
+that the mention of his name suggests, to those familiar with the
+affairs of the city for a number of years, the incessant tapping of the
+shipwrights' hammers and visions of skeleton ships gradually assuming
+the form and substance in which they are to carry the commerce of the
+great West to market.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Johnson was a native of Middle Haddam, Middlesex County, Connecticut,
+his mother, who died October 17, 1868, being formerly Miss Mary Whitmore,
+born at Middletown, Middlesex County, Connecticut, in 1780, and his
+father, Henry Johnson, born in 1776, and died July 6, 1869. Seth W.
+Johnson was the second son and third child of a family of nine, all of
+whom, with both father and mother, were alive on the 16th of October,
+1868, the oldest child being then about sixty-one years old, and the
+youngest over forty.</p>
+
+<p>Young Johnson worked with his father a short time as a farmer, but not
+feeling in his element in the plow field or in the cow yard, he followed
+the bent of his mechanical tastes, and engaged himself to work in a ship
+yard. He commenced work in this line when about fourteen years old, and
+served out his full apprenticeship of seven years, when he set up in
+business for himself, taking full charge of the work of finishing ships.
+This he carried on for three years with considerable success.</p>
+
+<p>But New England, he rightly judged, was too narrow a field for the young
+man who wished to improve his prospects and with narrow means lay the
+foundation of a liberal competence. The West offered the most promise, and
+to the West he accordingly came, taking his kit of tools with him. Landing
+in Cleveland in the Fall of 1834, he satisfied himself that here was the
+proper place for the exercise of his knowledge and abilities, and here,
+accordingly, he prepared to make his home. Before settling down to steady
+business in Cleveland he made a trip to Perrysburgh, on the Maumee, where
+he assisted in finishing the Commodore Perry. This work done he returned
+to Cleveland in the Spring of 1835, and opened his ship yard, at first
+confining himself to the repair of vessels. But soon he was called on to
+build as well as repair. The steamboat Constellation was completed by him
+at Black River, and the steamboat Robert Fulton, built at Cleveland by
+Griffith, Standart &amp; Co.</p>
+
+<p>In 1844, Mr. Johnson associated with him Mr. E. Tisdale, and the firm of
+Johnson &amp; Tisdale acquired honorable fame as ship builders along the
+entire chain of lakes and beyond. The copartnership lasted nineteen years.
+Before the formation of this partnership, Mr. Tisdale had commenced the
+building of a railway for docking vessels, and this was the first firm to
+lift vessels for the purpose of repairing them. With his first work, in
+1835, in Cleveland, he commenced the acquisition of vessel property, and
+steadily pursued the policy of taking this kind of stock, until he became
+a large ship owner as well as ship builder.</p>
+
+<p>The discovery of the mineral resources of the Lake Superior region
+attracted a large number of people to that locality, the only feasible
+means of communication with which was by lake. The Saut rapids prevented
+the assent of vessels from the lower lakes, and to meet the requirements
+of the trade that suddenly sprung into existence two vessels were built on
+Lake Superior, the freights being carried across the portage around the
+rapids. These vessels being insufficient for the needs, it became a
+question whether others could not be taken across the portage from below
+and launched on the waters of the upper lake. Messrs. Johnson &amp; Tisdale
+thought it could be done, and took the contract for thus transporting the
+schooner Swallow and steamer Julia Palmer. They were hauled two miles on
+greased slides or ways and safely launched on the bosom of the "father of
+lakes." The undertaking was considered one of great difficulty, if not of
+absolute impossibility, and its success gave Messrs. Johnson &amp; Tisdale
+widespread notoriety.</p>
+
+<p>When the first considerable fleet of Lake-built vessels left Cleveland for
+European ports direct--as already described in this volume--Mr. Johnson
+took one of his vessels, loaded with staves. She made a successful voyage,
+remained in Europe two years, engaged in the coasting trade, and then
+returned. His strange looking craft attracted considerable attention among
+the skippers of about forty sea-going vessels wind bound at the same time
+at the Land's End, and much ridicule was thrown on her odd looks, so
+unlike the English salt water shipping. But the laugh came in on the other
+side when her superior sailing qualities enabled her to run so close to
+the wind as to quickly double the point, make her port, unload and reload,
+and sail for another voyage before one of the others could beat around the
+Land's End and get in. Since that time he has sold two vessels, the
+Vanguard and Howell Hoppeck, to be placed by other parties in the direct
+line between Cleveland and Liverpool.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Johnson has taken considerable interest in matters outside of the
+ship building business, but which aided in developing the trade and
+increasing the prosperity of Cleveland. He aided in the formation of
+some of the railroad enterprises of the city although he has now
+withdrawn his interests from all but one. He also was interested in the
+Commercial Insurance Company, but has retired from active business and
+devotes his whole care to the management of his property, which has been
+added to by large investments in real estate in various portions of the
+Southern States.</p>
+
+<p>He was married July 15, 1840, to Miss A. S. Norton of Middle Haddam, Conn.,
+the native place of both, and by the marriage has had three children. The
+oldest, a daughter, died when seven years old; the two sons are still
+living, the oldest being engaged in the coffee and tea business in
+Buffalo, N. Y., with his father; the other at present being in North
+Carolina engaged in the lumber trade.</p>
+
+<p>With commendable prudence Mr. Johnson has known when to quit active
+business and enjoy the fruits of his labor while he has a healthy mind
+and body capable of enjoying it, and which, without accident, he
+undoubtedly will have for many years to come. Hard work and close
+attention to business have been the cause of his success, and hence he
+will be able to appreciate the blessings of an ample competency. In
+social life Mr. Johnson is looked upon as a man of genial temperament,
+kindly disposition, and strong social qualities. He is universally
+respected by all who know him.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="thomas_quayle"></a>Thomas Quayle.</h2>
+
+
+
+<p>The names of Quayle and Martin are as familiar in the mouths of vessel men
+on the lakes as household words. The firm attained honorable prominence in
+the ship building records of Cleveland, and their work is among the best
+that floats upon the western waters.</p>
+
+<p>Thomas Quayle, the senior member of the firm of Quayle &amp; Martin, was born
+in the Isle of Man, May 9th, 1811, and came to America in 1827, coming
+straight to Cleveland, where he has remained ever since. He learned his
+trade of ship building from Mr. Church, of Huron, Ohio, who enjoyed an
+excellent reputation in that line. After working as journeyman till 1847,
+he formed a copartnership with John Codey, and at once started business.
+This firm lasted about three years, during which time, among other work,
+they built a vessel named the Caroline, and another, the Shakespeare. When
+the last named was completed, the California fever had just broken out.
+Mr. Codey caught the disease, the firm dissolved, and he went off to the
+land of gold. Mr. Quayle soon after associated himself with Luther Moses,
+with whom he did business for about two years, during which time they did
+an almost incredible amount of business, considering the short space of
+time, having from six to seven vessels on the stocks at once, and turning
+out two sets a year. One year after Mr. Moses left the firm a
+copartnership was formed with John Martin.</p>
+
+<p>The new firm at once went into business on a large scale. From the time of
+their organization to the present, the firm built seventy-two vessels,
+comprising brigs, schooners, barques, tugs, and propellers. In one year
+they built thirteen vessels, and eight vessels, complete, in a year has
+been no unfrequent task successfully performed. Among others, they built
+the barque W. T. Graves, which carried the largest cargo of any fresh water
+vessel afloat. The propeller Dean Richmond is another of their build, and
+is also one of the largest on the lakes; besides these, four first class
+vessels built for Mr. Frank Perew, deserve mention as giving character to
+Cleveland ship building. They are named the Mary E. Perew, D. P. Dobbin,
+Chandler J. Wells, and J. G. Marston. Besides the building of vessels, they
+have for some years been owners of vessels, and are at present interested
+in several large craft. The firm of Quayle &amp; Martin recently finished a
+new tug of their own, the J. H. Martin intended to be used by them in the
+port of Erie.</p>
+
+<p>[Illustration: Yours Respectfully, Thomas Quayle]</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Quayle was married in 1835, to Eleanor Cannon, of the Isle of Man, by
+whom he has had eleven children, of whom seven are living. The eldest son,
+Thomas, is ship builder by trade, and is still connected with the vessel
+interests, though not building them. W. H. is also of the same trade as his
+father, and engaged with him, as is also Geo. L. Chas. E. has been a
+number of years with Alcott &amp; Horton.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Quayle stands high among the citizens of Cleveland for integrity and
+sterling character generally. He always fulfills his obligations, whether
+to employer or employed. He has worked hard with his own hands, and given
+personal supervision to all his work, believing that the eye of the master
+and the hand of the workman combined assure good work. He is strict in
+fulfilling all his contracts, and in this way has acquired a fine
+reputation and a handsome fortune. But that point has not been reached
+without a severe and continuous struggle against adverse circumstances,
+which were overcome only by a determined will and patient labor that
+conquered all.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Quayle's first wife died in September, 1860. He was married again
+February 8th, 1867, to Miss Mary Proudfoot, of this city.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="elihu_m_peck"></a>Elihu M. Peck.</h2>
+
+
+
+<p>Another of the ship builders who have assisted greatly in building up the
+commerce and reputation of the port of Cleveland, is Elihu M. Peck. The
+vessels built by him, or by the firm of Peck &amp; Masters, which existed
+about nine years, are known over the lakes. A large proportion of the work
+done, especially in the later years, was in the construction of
+propellers, of which several of the finest specimens afloat were made in
+that yard.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Peck was born in Otsego county, New York, in 1822, and on reaching his
+sixteenth year, came west and learned the art of ship building in this
+vicinity. On completing his education in this business, he worked for a
+time as a journeyman. In 1847, he set up for himself, and his first work
+was the construction of the schooner Jenny Lind, of 200 tons. When she was
+finished he ceased building new vessels for some years, and turned his
+attention exclusively to the repair of old vessels, at which he found
+abundant occupation. His yard was always busy, for the growing lake marine
+demanded a large and steadily increasing amount of annual repairs.</p>
+
+<p>In 1855, a partnership was formed with I. U. Masters, and the new firm
+immediately entered upon the construction of new vessels. The first craft
+launched from their stocks was the Ocean Wave, the first of a fleet of
+fifty built by the firm previous to its dissolution and the death of Mr.
+Masters. They form a fleet of which the builders had good reason to be
+proud, for a glance at their names will recall the whole history of the
+lake marine for the past fourteen years. What strides have been made in
+the improvement of the lake marine is plainly shown by the increase in the
+tonnage of the vessels built, whilst to those familiar with the lake
+trade, the names will call up recollections of the crafts that will give a
+yet better idea of the progress made.</p>
+
+<p>The barque Ocean Wave, the first built by the new firm, was followed by
+the Julia Dean, of 460 tons. These were followed in rapid succession by
+the Kenosha, schooner Iowa, 370 tons, barque B. S. Shephard, 500 tons,
+schooners Ralph Campbell, 240 tons, A. H. Stevens, 240 tons, David Tod, 460
+tons, and Ellen Williams, 380 tons; barque De Soto, 570 tons; schooners
+John S. Newhouse, 370 tons, W. B. Castle, 230 tons, Baltic, 360 tons,
+Midnight, 370 tons, and J. T. Ayer, 380 tons. At this time they undertook
+the construction of propellers, and the first two built were at once
+remarked for their correct proportions, beauty of finish, and strength of
+hull. They were the Evergreen City, 612 tons, and the Fountain City, 820
+tons. The schooner Ellen White, 160 tons, was built, and then the firm
+resumed work on propellers. The Cornet, 624 tons, and Rocket of the same
+size, were built and put into the railroad line running from Buffalo
+westward. These were models of beauty and strength. Next came the
+schooners Metropolis, 360 tons, Mary B. Hale, 360 tons, and E. M. Peck, 168
+tons; barque Colorado, 503 tons; propeller Detroit, 398 tons; barques
+Unadilla, 567 tons, C. P. Sherman, 568 tons, Sunrise, 598 tons, Golden
+Fleece, 609 tons, and Northwest, 630 tons; tugs W. B. Castle, 219 tons and
+I. U. Masters, 203 tons; barque S. V. R. Watson, 678 tons; propeller
+Toledo, 621 tons; tug Hector, 204 tons; propellers Winslow, 920 tons,
+Idaho, 920 tons, Atlantic, 660 tons, Meteor, 730 tons, Pewabic, 730 tons,
+Metamora, 300 tons, and Octavia, 450 tons. This ended the operations of
+the firm of Peck &amp; Masters, in 1864. The firm was dissolved and Mr. Masters
+died.</p>
+
+<p>[Illustration: Truly, E. M. Peck]</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Peck now carried on his ship yard alone, and his first work was the
+filling of a contract to build two steam Revenue cutters for service on
+the lakes. The John Sherman, of 500 tons, and the A. P. Fessenden, of the
+same size, were turned out, and no better work could possibly be found.
+The Government officers promptly accepted the vessels and declared them
+more than up to the requirements of the contract. They were pronounced
+models of beauty, strength, and speed.</p>
+
+<p>The cutters were followed by the schooner Oak Leaf, 390 tons; propellers
+Messenger, 400 tons, and Nebraska, 1,300 tons, the latter, one of the
+finest steamers put on the lakes; schooner David Stewart, 675 tons;
+propellers Manistee, 400 tons, and City of Concord, 400 tons. Two other
+propellers, one of 1,000 tons, and one of about 300 tons, were added in
+the season of 1869.</p>
+
+<p>It will be seen that nearly all the vessels, whether sail or steam, built
+by Mr. Peck, were of the first class, being mainly barques and large
+propellers. They will be recognized by those familiar with lake commerce,
+as models in size, beauty, and strength, whilst several have made
+unusually quick trips.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Peck has enjoyed an unusual measure of success. The work of his hands
+has prospered, and he has earned his reward, not only in reputation but in
+substantial prosperity. He has aimed not only to equal the best work done
+by others, but studied how to improve on his own work. The result has been
+a constant improvement in the style and quality of his vessels, so that
+excellent as the last new hull may have been, it was almost sure to be
+excelled by the next one that left the stocks. And whilst thus giving
+close attention to the mechanical details of his business, he was skillful
+in managing the financial part of it so as to secure the rewards honestly
+won by industry and skill. He always kept his affairs in such order that
+no serious financial difficulty ever troubled him.</p>
+
+<p>Nor was he an avaricious, though a prudent man. A working man himself, he
+was in thorough sympathy with his workmen, and in the slack season,
+instead of discharging his men and thus entailing want upon them, he built
+vessels on speculation, merely that he might keep the men busy and their
+families from suffering. Providentially these speculations were always
+successful, thus illustrating the proverb, that "there is he that
+scattereth, and yet increaseth."</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Peck took an active part in the formation of the People's Gas Light
+Company, and is now president of that organization. He is also a director
+of the Savings Loan Association.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="john_martin"></a>John Martin.</h2>
+
+
+
+<p>John Martin, of the firm of Quayle &amp; Martin, was born in the county of
+Antrim, Ireland, December 15th, 1824, of poor parents, with whom he came
+to Canada when but nine years of age. At the age of fourteen he commenced
+working in a ship yard in Montreal, by turning grindstone. He soon
+attracted the attention of the proprietor by his using handily the tools
+of the workmen while they were at dinner, and he was furnished tools and
+set to work at the trade. He continued in this employ for about two years,
+and during the time, with a view to fitting himself for the business of
+life, he attended school in the evenings. He then worked his passage to
+French Creek, New York, having at the time of leaving only a dollar and a
+half in money. At French Creek he engaged with G. S. Weeks, one of the best
+ship builders on the lakes, and remained with him at French Creek two
+years, when Mr. Weeks moved to Oswego, Mr. Martin accompanying him to that
+place, and continuing in his employ two years longer. Mr. Martin then went
+to Detroit, where he worked a year on the steamboat Wisconsin.</p>
+
+<p>In 1843, he came to Cleveland and commenced work for G. W. Jones, on the
+steamboat Empire. This work finished, he commenced sub-contracting,
+wrecking, planking, and jobbing generally, until 1846, when he went into
+the employ of another firm, with whom he worked two years.</p>
+
+<p>At the end of that time his employers were owing him more than they could
+pay, so, to square the matter, he bought an interest in their business.
+But this did not mend the matter, as it proved to be an interest in their
+debts, more than in their business, they being deeply involved. The firm
+owned the brig Courtland, and one of the members had sailed her for some
+time at a great loss. Young Martin took his place and proved himself
+master of the situation, by reducing the liabilities of the firm to about
+$2,500. That done he sold the vessel, dissolved partnership, and commenced
+planking and general jobbing again. After a time he built a vessel for
+Moses &amp; Quayle. He found frequent employment in wrecking jobs, being very
+successful at such work.</p>
+
+<p>[Illustration: Yours truly, John Martin]</p>
+
+<p>The three years thus occupied gave him a start in life. He cleared off
+the indebtedness of the old firm and had $3,000 ahead. He then took the
+contract for building the brig John G. Deshler, for Handy, Warren &amp; Co.
+This was a very successful contract, and gave Mr. Martin a handsome lift,
+and enabled him to take an interest with Mr. Quayle, under the firm name
+of Quayle &amp; Martin, a brief mention of its operations being made in the
+sketch of Mr. Quayle's life.</p>
+
+<p>In 1858, Mr. Martin loaded the John G. Deshler and D. C. Pierce with staves
+and made a successful trip to England, and on the return brought one of
+the spans for the Victoria bridge at Montreal. In 1859, he took over two
+more cargoes in the same vessels, selling one in Cork, and the other in
+Glasgow. Nor was this the only connection of the firm with the direct lake
+and ocean trade. They have built vessels for Liverpool parties, for ocean
+service, and also two vessels for New York parties for the same purpose.
+Six of these vessels have also been sold out of the lake service for ocean
+navigation, and have been used on the ocean for five or six years with
+great success. The John G. Deshler, which had been transferred to the
+ocean, as previously mentioned, was sunk by the rebels at the outbreak of
+the war, and was a total loss to the firm. The latest work of the firm is
+a fine vessel for A. Bradley, that will carry a thousand tons of iron ore.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Martin has proved himself admirably adapted to the line of business it
+was his fortune to learn, and this, of course, together with close
+attention to business, furnishes the clue to his success. He is
+emphatically a self-made man, and can therefore appreciate the handsome
+competence that has crowned his labors so early in life, he being now but
+45 years of age.</p>
+
+<p>During the war Mr. Martin was actively and earnestly on the side of the
+Government. He was never idle, and always ready to furnish his share, and
+far more than his share, to the work of suppressing the rebellion. He
+furnished three substitutes for the army, and was active in promoting
+volunteering.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Martin was married to Miss Mary Picket, of Devonshire, England, whose
+father and grandfather were both Episcopal clergymen. Three children were
+born of this marriage; a son, who is now book-keeper for the firm, and two
+daughters.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Martin has enjoyed the confidence of his neighbors to so high a
+degree, that he has represented the Ninth Ward in the City Council for six
+successive years.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="bench"></a>The Bench and Bar</h2>
+
+
+
+<p>The leading points in the history of legal affairs in Cleveland have
+already been noticed with sufficient fullness in the sketch of the
+history of Cleveland, especially so far as relates more immediately to
+the earlier portion of that history. The following biographical sketches
+give a good general idea of the progress of affairs in relation to the
+Bench and Bar of the city within the active life of the present
+generation. It is therefore unnecessary at this place to detail more than
+a few incidental facts.</p>
+
+<p>The township of Cleveland, of the county of Trumbull, was organized in
+1800. The first justice of the Quorum, for the new township, was James
+Kingsbury, and the first Justice, not of the Quorum, was Amos Spafford.
+The first constables were Stephen Gilbert and Lorenzo Carter.</p>
+
+<p>In 1810, the county of Cuyahoga was organized and Cleveland made the
+county seat. The court-house, of logs, was two years afterwards built on
+the Public Square, as narrated in previuos portions of this work. The
+county was organized on the 9th May, and on 5th of June a County Court was
+held with the following officers:</p>
+
+<blockquote>  <i>Presiding Judge</i>.--Benjamin Ruggles<br />
+  <i>Associate Judges</i>.--Nathan Perry, Sen., Augustus Gilbert, Timothy Doan.<br />
+  <i>Clerk</i>.--John Walworth.<br />
+  <i>Sheriff</i>.--Smith S. Baldwin.</blockquote>
+
+<p>The first lawyer in Cleveland, under the county organization, arrived here
+the same year and put out his shingle with the name of "Alfred Kelley"
+inscribed thereon. Previous to this the law business had all been done by
+Samuel Huntington, who arrived in 1801. At the time of the organization of
+the court, the court-house had not been built, and the first session was
+held in Murray's store, which had just been built. The first business was
+the finding of a bill by the grand jury for petit larceny, and several for
+the offence of selling whisky to Indians, and selling foreign goods
+without license.</p>
+
+<p>The first execution was that of the Indian Omic, which took place June
+24th, 1812, as previously narrated.</p>
+
+<p>In March, 1836, Cleveland was incorporated as a city, and henceforth to
+the ordinary courts of the county was added a city court for cognizance of
+offences against the ordinances.</p>
+
+<p>In the year 1848, a Superior Court was organized, with Sherlock J. Andrew
+as judge, and G. A. Benedict as clerk. This court existed but a short time,
+when it expired by reason of the adoption of the new constitution of the
+State, which made no provision for its continuance.</p>
+
+<p>In 1855, Cleveland was selected as the seat of a District and Circuit
+Court of the United States.</p>
+
+<p>As a matter of curiosity, the following list of Attorneys and Counsellors
+in Cleveland, in 1837, is taken from McCabe's Cleveland and Ohio City
+Directory, those not practising at that time being marked with an
+asterisk: Joseph Adams, John W. Allen, Sherlock J. Andrews, Oliver P.
+Baldwin, John Barr, Phillip Battell, George A. Benedict, Henry W.
+Billings, Elijah Bingham,* Flavius Bingham, Thomas Bolton, James A.
+Briggs, Varnum J. Card, Leonard Case,* Richard M. Chapman, Alexander L.
+Collins, James L. Conger, Samuel Cowles,* Henry H. Dodge, John Erwin,
+Simeon Ford, John A. Foot, James K. Hitchcock, George Hoadly, James M.
+Hoyt, Seth T. Hurd, Moses Kelley, George T. Kingsley, William B. Lloyd,
+George W. Lynde, Samuel Mather, Daniel Parish, Henry B. Payne, Francis
+Randal, Harvey Rice, O. S. St. John, Wyllys Silliman, George W. Stanley,
+Samuel Starkweather, John M. Sterling,* Charles Stetson, Charles
+Whittlesey, Frederick Whittlesey,* John W. Willey,* Samuel Williamson,
+Hiram V. Wilson.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<p align="center">[Illustration: Alfred Kelley]</p>
+
+
+<h2><a name="alfred_kelley"></a>Alfred Kelley.</h2>
+
+
+
+<p>Alfred Kelley was born at Middletown, Conn., Nov. 7th, 1789. He was the
+second son of Daniel and Jemima Kelley. His mother's maiden name was Stow.
+She was a sister of Judge Joshua Stow, and also of Judge Silas Stow of
+Lowville, N. Y. The latter was the father of Judge Horatio Stow, of
+Buffalo, N. Y., and of Alexander Stow, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court
+of Wisconsin, both of whom were men of great talents and distinction. In
+the winter of 1798, Alfred Kelley removed with his father's family to
+Lowville, N. Y. His father was President Judge of the Court of Common
+Pleas of Lewis county, N. Y., was one of the founders of Lowville Academy
+and President of its Board of Trustees.</p>
+
+<p>Alfred Kelley was educated at Fairfield Academy, N. Y. He read law at
+Whitesboro, N. Y., three years, in the office of Jonas Platt, a judge of
+the Supreme Court of that State.</p>
+
+<p>In the Spring of 1810, in company with Joshua Stow, Dr. J. P. Kirtland, and
+others, he removed to Cleveland,--traveling on horseback. At the November
+term 1810, on motion of Peter Hitchcock, Alfred Kelley was admitted as an
+attorney of the Court of Common Pleas for Cuyahoga county. On the same
+day, being his 21st birth day, he was appointed Public Prosecutor as the
+successor of Peter Hitchcock, late Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of
+Ohio. Mr. Kelley continued Prosecutor till 1821, when he resigned. In
+October 1814, he was elected from Cuyahoga county a member of the Ohio
+House of Representatives, being barely old enough under the Constitution
+when the Legislature met to take his seat in that body and being the
+youngest member. Chillicothe was then the temporary State capital.</p>
+
+<p>On the 25th of August, 1817. Alfred Kelley was married to Mary S. Welles,
+oldest daughter of Major Melancthon Wolsey Welles, of Lowville, N. Y.
+They had eleven children of whom six are now living.</p>
+
+<p>He continued, with intervals, a member of the Ohio Legislature from
+Cuyahoga county, from 1814 until 1822, when he was appointed, with
+others, State Canal Commissioner, by an act of the General Assembly,
+empowering the Commissioners to make examinations, surveys and estimates,
+to ascertain the practicability of connecting Lake Erie with the Ohio
+River, by canal.</p>
+
+<p>The Ohio Canal is a monument to the enterprise, energy, integrity and
+sagacity of Alfred Kelley. He was acting Commissioner during its
+construction and the onerous and responsible service was performed with
+such fidelity and economy that the <i>actual cost did not exceed the
+estimate!</i> The dimensions of the Ohio Canal were the same as those of the
+Erie Canal of N. Y., but the number of locks was nearly double. The Erie
+Canal was 363 miles in length, its total cost was $7,143,789, and cost per
+mile $19,679. The Ohio Canal is 307 miles in length, its total cost was
+$4,695,824, and cost per mile $15,300, being less than that of any other
+canal constructed on this continent. The Ohio Canal was finished about
+1830. The labor in the then facilities for conducting important public
+enterprises was Herculean, but Mr. Kelley's indomitable will, and iron
+constitution and physique triumphed over all difficulties. Mr. Kelley
+neither charged nor received any pay for his first year's services in
+superintending the preliminary explorations and surveys for the Ohio
+Canal. The pay of the Acting Canal Commissioner was $3,00 [sic] per day.
+When the work was done he resigned as Canal Commissioner, and retired from
+public service to attend to his private affairs, and recuperate his
+shattered constitution and health. In the Fall of 1830, he became a
+resident of Columbus. In October, 1836, he was elected to the Ohio House
+of Representatives from Franklin county, and was re-elected to the same
+office in the next two Legislatures. He was Chairman of the Ohio Whig
+State Central Committee in 1840, a year distinguished for a great
+political revolution and the election of Wm. H. Harrison to the
+Presidency, and was one of the most active and influential managers of
+that campaign.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Kelley was appointed State Fund Commissioner in 1840, a period of
+great financial embarrassment and distress. In 1841 and '42, a formidable
+party arose in the Legislature and in the State, which advocated the
+non-payment of the maturing interest upon the State debt, and the
+repudiation of the debt itself. This was a time which indeed tried the
+souls of men. Mr. Kelley went to New York, and such was the confidence
+reposed in his integrity and practical ability--notwithstanding the
+underhanded and atrocious means employed by the repudiators, to defeat his
+object--that he was enabled to raise in that city (where no one could be
+found willing to loan money to the sovereign State of Ohio) nearly a
+quarter of a million of dollars on his own personal security, and thus by
+his generous efforts, and by his alone, the interest was paid at maturity,
+and the State of Ohio was saved from repudiation. At the time that Mr.
+Kelley thus volunteered himself as security for the State, (an act which
+was done contrary to the advice of his friends,) such was the
+unenlightened state of public opinion, such the moral obtuseness of some,
+nay, many men in power, that the chances were a hundred to one that no
+effective measure would be adopted to save the public credit--none to
+indemnify him.</p>
+
+<p>In 1844, he was elected to the State Senate from the Franklin district. It
+was during this term that he originated the bill to organize the State
+Bank of Ohio, and other banking companies, which by general consent among
+bankers and financiers, was the best of American banking laws. His banking
+System was successfully in operation during the whole twenty years of its
+charter. Many of the most valuable provisions of the present National
+banking law were taken from Mr. Kelley's bill to "organize the State Bank
+of Ohio." Many of the provisions of this law were original and novel, and
+evinced deep thought and a profound knowledge of this department of
+political science. For several years, and during some of the most trying
+periods in the financial history of Ohio, and of the country, Mr. Kelley
+was a member of the Board of Control of the State Bank of Ohio; and part
+of the time was President of the Board. It was also during this Senatorial
+term that Mr. Kelley originated the present Revenue System of the State.
+The main principles of this Revenue or Tax law were subsequently
+incorporated in the new Constitution of Ohio.</p>
+
+<p>While Mr. Kelley was a member of the Legislature few valuable general laws
+can be found in the Statute books which did not originate with him, and
+most of the measures requiring laborious investigation and profound
+thought were entrusted to him. He was the author, in 1818, of the first
+Legislative bill--either in this country or in Europe--to abolish
+imprisonment for debt.</p>
+
+<p>It then failed to become a law. In a letter to a friend, dated Jan. 16th,
+1819, Mr. Kelley said: "The House has to-day disagreed by a small
+majority, to my favorite bill to abolish imprisonment for debt. I was not
+disappointed, although at first, a large majority seemed in favor of it.
+The time will come when the absurdity as well as inhumanity of adding
+oppression to misfortune will be acknowledged; and if I should live to see
+that day I shall exult in the consciousness of having early combatted one
+of the worst prejudices of the age." In 1831, the Legislature of New York
+passed the first law abolishing imprisonment for debt.</p>
+
+<p>At the end of this Senatorial term he was elected President of the
+Columbus &amp; Xenia Railroad Company, and was actively engaged upon all
+the duties of that enterprise until it was finished; soon after which
+he resigned. While this road was in progress, upon the urgent
+solicitation of the active promoters of the C., C. &amp; C. R. R., Mr. Kelley
+accepted the Presidency of that Company, and began the work with his
+usual order and ability.</p>
+
+<p>His zeal and labors upon this enterprise were only surpassed in his work
+upon the Ohio Canal. He solicited subscriptions to the capital stock;
+located much of the route; procured rights of way; attended in person to
+the purchase of materials; the procuring of money, and the details of the
+construction of the road, and continued the ever working president of the
+road until he resigned, a short time after its completion. With his own
+hands he dug the first shovel of earth, and laid the last rail upon this
+road. It is but just to say, that the citizens of Cleveland and the people
+of Ohio are more indebted to Alfred Kelley than to any other man for the
+C., C. &amp; C. R. R. He was still acting president of the C. &amp; X. and the
+C., C. &amp; C. Companies, when he was chosen, in 1850, president of the
+C., P. &amp; A., or Lake Shore R. R. Company. He was actively engaged upon
+this road in the performance of duties similar to those done upon the
+C., C. &amp; C. road until its completion in 1853, when he resigned. It was
+while he was president of this road that the famous riots occurred at
+Erie and Harbor Creek, Pa., in opposition to the construction of the road
+through Pennsylvania. The success of the company in this formidable
+contest was largely due to the sagacity, forbearance and indomitable will
+of Alfred Kelley. When he took charge of these railroads, such enterprises
+at the West had but little credit at the East. The roads constructed by
+him have paid regular dividends from the time of their completion. He
+continued until his death an active director in these companies.</p>
+
+<p>In October, 1857, he was again elected to the State Senate from Columbus,
+being then 64 years of age, and the oldest member of the Legislature. This
+was his last appearance in public life. During the last year of this
+service his health was declining. Although so much debilitated that
+prudence required confinement to his house, if not to his bed, yet such
+was his fidelity to his trust, that he went daily to the Senate and
+carried through the Legislature several important measures to ascertain
+the true condition of the State Treasury, and to secure the public funds
+from further depredations.</p>
+
+<p>At the end of this term he retired from public life hoping to regain his
+health; but his constitution was too much broken to admit of
+re-establishment. He did not appear to be affected with any specific
+disease, but seemed gradually wasting away from an over-taxed mind and
+body. His oft quoted maxim was, "It is better to wear out than to rust
+out." He was only confined to his room a few days previous to his death,
+and on Friday, the 2d day of December, 1863, his pure spirit left its
+earthly tenement so gently that the friends who surrounded him could
+scarcely determine when it ascended. Mr. Kelley was twenty-four years in
+the service of the people of Ohio, in the Legislature, and as Canal
+Commissioner, and Fund Commissioner. His history would be almost a
+complete financial and political history of Ohio. He gave a greater
+impulse to the physical development of Ohio, and left upon its statute
+books higher proofs of wisdom and forecast than any who had preceded him.
+Indeed, few persons have ever lived who, merely by personal exertions,
+have left behind them more numerous and lasting monuments of patient and
+useful labor.</p>
+
+<p>Note.--For much of this sketch we are indebted to an unpublished "Memoir
+of Alfred Kelley," by the late Judge Gustavus Swan, of Columbus.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="leonard_case"></a>Leonard Case</h2>
+
+
+
+<p>The late Leonard Case was the second child and oldest son of Magdalene and
+Mesech Case, of Westmoreland county, Pennsylvania. His mother, who was a
+native of Winchester, Virginia, was of German extraction, her maiden name
+being Extene. His father, believed to have been of English ancestry, was
+born in Sussex county, New Jersey. For nearly forty years Mr. Mesech Case
+suffered from asthma to the extent of making him a partial invalid, and
+hence much of the management of his affairs devolved upon his wife, a
+woman of superior character, educated beyond the average of those days,
+energetic, having good executive ability, and blessed with robust health.
+The family cultivated a small farm in Pennsylvania, which yielded but a
+moderate support, so that when news came of the land of rich promise
+beyond the mountains, where the soil yielded with an abundance marvellous
+in the eyes of those who painfully cultivated and carefully gathered in
+the older States, they collected their implements and stock, packed their
+household effects, disposed of the farm, and, crossing the mountains,
+settled down somewhere between the western foot of the Alleghanies and
+Pittsburgh. This, however, was not the land of promise. The reports they
+had heard in their Westmoreland home of the soil which produced crops
+almost without care, and which embarrassed by their abundant yield, came
+from still farther west, and again the Case household took up the line of
+march, settling down finally upon a farm of two hundred acres near Warren,
+Trumbull county, Ohio, in the year 1800.</p>
+
+<p>There were then five children in the Case household, Leonard, the oldest
+son, and the subject of this biographical sketch, being then sixteen years
+old, having been born in Westmoreland county, Penn., July 20th, 1784. In
+the invalid condition of his father, and being the oldest son of the
+family, young Leonard was compelled to take a prominent part in the
+management of the affairs of the farm. In the Spring succeeding the
+removal to Trumbull, he started out in search of working oxen needed for
+the Spring work. The task was a difficult one, and he traveled for some
+time, becoming much heated with the walk and the anxiety. On his return he
+had to cross a stream several times whilst he was in this heated
+condition, the result being the contracting of a severe cold which settled
+in his limbs and brought on an inflammation that confined him to his bed
+for months.</p>
+
+<p>It was late in the Fall of 1801, when he recovered sufficiently to arise
+from his bed. But he arose as a cripple. The injury he had received from
+his unfortunate journey was permanent, and he was unable for some time
+after his rising from a sick bed to walk, or even to stand. Thus helpless
+in body, whilst active in mind, he pondered over his future. As a farmer
+he was no longer of any use, and unless some other mode of livelihood was
+adopted he must remain a dependent on his relations. This was galling his
+independent nature, and he determined to avoid it if possible.</p>
+
+<p>[Illustration: I am Respectfully Leonard Case]</p>
+
+<p>His hands were free if his feet gave promise of but little usefulness. He
+concluded that the pen would be a fitter implement for his purposes than
+the plow, and he took measures accordingly. Whilst lying in bed, unable to
+rise, he had a board fastened before him in such a manner as to serve for
+a desk. With this contrivance he worked diligently, whilst lying otherwise
+helpless, to acquire the rudiments of knowledge. He learned to write and
+cipher with moderate ease and correctness, and when he had matured the
+contents of an arithmetical text book, which was the property of his
+mother, he borrowed a few works on the higher branches of mathematics from
+some surveyors in the neighborhood. From the knowledge in this way
+acquired, he conceived the desire to be a surveyor and he set to work
+energetically to perfect himself in that science so far as it could be
+done by books. He was embarrassed by the want of even the most simple
+instruments. A semi-circle for measuring angles was made by cutting a
+groove the required shape on a piece of soft wood, and filling it by
+melting and running in a pewter spoon, making an arc of metal on which the
+graduated scale was etched. A pair of dividers was improvised from a piece
+of hickory, by making the centre thin, bending it over, putting pins at
+the points, and regulating its spread by twisting a cord.</p>
+
+<p>But more education was needed, and if he expected to pursue the path he
+had marked out in his mind, he must leave his home and venture out in the
+world. To do this, money was needed, for to a cripple like him the first
+struggle in the battle of life would be almost hopeless, if he entered on
+it totally without resources. As seen, he had already manifested a strong
+mechanical bent. He was domestic carpenter, making and repairing such
+articles as were needed in the household. This ability he immediately
+commenced to turn to account. A rude chair suitable to his needs was
+mounted on wheels, and in this he was able to reach the edge of the woods
+surrounding the house, where he cut twigs and made baskets, which were
+purchased by the neighbors. Other jobs requiring mechanical skill were
+done by him for the neighborhood, and in this way a small fund was
+gradually accumulated with which to make his meditated start in life.</p>
+
+<p>In 1806, he was able to set out from home and reach the village of
+Warren, where he concluded that a better opportunity existed for
+obtaining work with his pen. He found employment as clerk in the Land
+Commissioner's office, where his industry, zeal, and strong desire to
+improve both his knowledge and opportunities, soon brought him into
+notice and gained for him many valuable friends. Chief among these was
+Mr. John D. Edwards, a lawyer, holding the office of recorder of Trumbull
+county, which then comprised all the Western Reserve. Mr. Edwards proved
+a fast friend to Mr. Case, and his memory was ever held in respect by the
+latter. He advised the young clerk to add a knowledge of law to his
+other acquirements, and furnished him with books with which to prosecute
+his studies, until he was at length admitted to the bar. In addition, he
+gave him such writing as fell in his way to be given out, and thus aided
+in enabling him to support himself.</p>
+
+<p>The war of 1812 found Mr. Case at Warren, having, among his other duties,
+that of the collection of non-resident taxes on the Western Reserve, for
+which he had to furnish what was then considered heavy bail. Having to go
+to Chillicothe to make his settlement, he prepared for the journey by
+making a careful disposition of all his official matters, so that in case
+of misfortune to him, there would be no difficulty in settling his
+affairs, and no loss to his bail. The money belonging to the several
+townships was parcelled out, enveloped, and marked in readiness to hand
+over to the several trustees. The parcels were then deposited with his
+friend, Mr. Edwards, with directions to pay over to the proper parties
+should he not return in time. The journey was made without mishap, but on
+his return Mr. Case found that his friend had set out to join the army on
+the Maumee, and had died suddenly on the way. To the gratification of Mr.
+Case, however, the money was found where he had left it, untouched.</p>
+
+<p>In 1816, Mr. Case received the appointment of cashier of the Commercial
+Bank of Lake Erie, just organized in Cleveland. He immediately removed to
+Cleveland and entered on the discharge of his duties. These did not occupy
+the whole of his time, so with the avocations of a banker he coupled the
+practice of law and also the business of land agent. The bank, in common
+with most of the similar institutions of the time, was compelled to
+suspend operations, but was revived in after years with Mr. Case as
+president. Of those who were connected as officers with the original
+organization, Mr. Case gave the least promise of a long life, but yet he
+outlived all his colleagues.</p>
+
+<p>With the close of the bank he devoted himself more earnestly to the
+practice of the law and the prosecution of his business as a land agent.
+The active practice of the law was abandoned in 1834, but the land agency
+was continued until a comparatively recent period, when his infirmities,
+and the care of his own estate, grown into large proportions, rendered it
+necessary for him to decline all business for others.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Case had a natural taste for the investigation of land titles and
+studying the history of the earlier land owners. His business as a land
+agent gave him scope for the gratification of this taste, and his
+appointment as agent for the management of the Western Reserve school
+lands, enabled him still further to prosecute his researches, whilst his
+strong memory retained the facts acquired until he became complete
+master of the whole history of the titles derived from the Connecticut
+Land Company.</p>
+
+<p>From his earliest connection with Cleveland, Mr. Case took a lively
+interest in the affairs of the village, the improvement of the streets,
+maintenance and enlargement of the schools, and the extension of religious
+influences. For all these purposes he contributed liberally, and spent
+much time and labor. To his thoughtfulness and public spirit are due the
+commencement of the work of planting shade trees on the streets, which has
+added so much to the beauty of the city, and has won for it the cognomen
+of the Forest City. From 1821 to 1825, he was president of the village,
+and was judicious and energetic in the management of its affairs. On the
+erection of Cuyahoga county, he was its first auditor. He was subsequently
+sent to the State Legislature, where he distinguished himself by his
+persistent labors in behalf of the Ohio canals. He headed the subscription
+to the stock of the Cleveland, Columbus and Cincinnati Railroad Company
+with the sum of five thousand dollars, and became a director in the
+Company. His good sense, a judgment that rarely erred, his extensive
+knowledge of the village and surrounding country, and the cheerful
+readiness with which he gave counsel, whenever requested in good faith,
+caused him to be the confidential adviser of the county and municipal
+officials, after he had ceased to take an active part in public affairs.</p>
+
+<p>One of the rules from which he never deviated, was in no case to contract
+a debt beyond his ability to pay within two years without depending on a
+sale of property. In this way he was enabled to accumulate acre after acre
+in what has since proved to be valuable portions of the city, and thus to
+acquire a vast estate, which, in his later years, became steadily
+remunerative.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Case was a man of uncommon industry, of high integrity, and strong
+common sense. His manner to strangers, especially when interrupted in
+business, was brusque, and gave an unfavorable impression to those
+unacquainted with his real character, which was uniformly cheerful and
+kind. As a seller of land, he was both just and generous, and from no one
+ever came the complaint of oppressive or ungenerous treatment. Although
+not a member of any church organization, he had strong religious
+tendencies, of a liberal cast.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Case died December 7th, 1864, leaving one son, Leonard Case, the other
+son, William, having died a short time earlier.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="reuben_wood"></a>Reuben Wood.</h2>
+
+
+
+<p>Honorable Reuben Wood, an early settler of Cleveland, was born in Rutland
+county, Vermont, in 1792. In early life he worked on a farm in Summer and
+taught school in Winter. Resolving to achieve more than this, he went to
+Canada and studied the classics under the tuition of an English clergyman,
+and while there commenced the study of law with Hon. Barnabas Bidwell.
+When war was declared in 1812, young Wood, with all other resident
+Americans were required to leave Canada. He then went to Middletown, Vt.,
+where he completed his legal studies in the office of Gen. Jonas Clark, an
+eminent lawyer of that place.</p>
+
+<p>In 1818, he married, and emigrated to Cleveland, where he arrived
+September of that year, a stranger, and without money. He at once
+entered upon a successful practice, and soon became distinguished as a
+lawyer and advocate.</p>
+
+<p>In 1825, he was elected a member of the State Senate, and was twice
+re-elected to the same position.</p>
+
+<p>In 1830, he was elected President Judge of the Third Judicial Circuit.</p>
+
+<p>In 1833, he was elected a Judge of the Supreme Court, and at the close of
+his term was re-elected. For the last three years of his second term he
+was Chief Justice. As a Judge he was noted for sound logic, and the
+clearness of his decisions.</p>
+
+<p>In 1850, Judge Wood was elected by the Democratic party Governor of the
+State by eleven thousand majority, and was re-elected Governor in 1851,
+under the new constitution, by a majority of twenty-six thousand.</p>
+
+<p>In 1853, he was appointed, by the Government, Consul to Valparaiso, South
+America. While there, he, for some months, at the request of the
+Government, discharged the duties of a Minister Plenipotentiary to Chili.</p>
+
+<p>On his return from Chili, he returned to his farm in Rockport, near
+Cleveland, where he died, October 2, 1864, generally esteemed, and highly
+respected by all who knew him.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="john_w_willey"></a>John W. Willey.</h2>
+
+
+
+<p>John W. Willey was a native of New Hampshire, being born in 1797. He
+pursued a regular course of study at Dartmouth College, under the
+encouragement of the distinguished President Wheelock, after whom he had
+been named. He studied law in New York.</p>
+
+<p>In 1822, being then twenty-five years of age, he came West and settled in
+Cleveland. At that time it had but one tavern, no church, no railroads, no
+canal, an occasional steamboat only, three or four stores and a few
+hundred inhabitants; such was the then picture of a settlement now
+approaching to a city of a hundred thousand people. Small as Cleveland
+then was, professionally, Mr. Willey had been preceded by men of decided
+ability. Alfred Kelley, Leonard Case, and the late Gov. Wood, had taken
+possession of the field four, six and twelve years before him, and were
+men of far more than ordinary ability. Mr. Willey was peculiarly adapted
+to such circumstances as these. Thoroughly versed in legal principles, of
+a keen and penetrating mind, a logician by nature, fertile and ready of
+expedient, with a persuasive eloquence, enlivened with wit and humor, he
+at once rose to prominence at the bar of Northern Ohio. The Cuyahoga bar
+was for many years considered the strongest in the State, but amongst all
+of its talented members, each with his own peculiar forte, for the faculty
+of close and long-continued reasoning, clearness of statement, nice
+discrimination, and never ending ingenuity, he had no superior.</p>
+
+<p>In 1827, Mr. Willey was partially withdrawn from practice, by being
+elected to the Legislature, where he served three years as Representative
+and three as Senator, until 1832.</p>
+
+<p>He was the first Mayor of Cleveland, being elected in 1836, and re-elected
+in 1837, by large majorities, and prepared the original laws and
+ordinances for the government of the city.</p>
+
+<p>He was amongst the earliest projectors, prior to the reverses of 1836 and
+1837, of the railroads to Columbus and Cincinnati, and to Pittsburgh.</p>
+
+<p>In 1840, he was appointed to the bench, thus restoring him to those
+studies and subjects of thought from which years of public and of
+business life had diverted him. No sooner had he assumed this new position
+than by common consent it was recognized as the one above all others he
+was best fitted to adorn. Possessing the power which so few men have, of
+close, concentrated, continuous thought, he was at the same time prompt in
+his decisions. His instructions to juries, and his legal judgments,
+usually pronounced at considerable length, were marked by that precision
+of statement, clearness of analysis, and felicity of language, which made
+them seem like the flowing of a silver stream.</p>
+
+<p>Judge Willey, at the time of his death, which occurred in June, 1841, was
+President Judge of the Fourteenth Judicial District. He died deeply
+regretted by a large circle of professional and other friends, who had
+become much attached to him for his many virtues, uniform and dignified,
+yet unostentatious life.</p>
+
+<p>In the Western Law Journal for 1852, we find a judicial anecdote related
+of Mr. Willey, in illustration of his wit, and immovable self-possession.
+The writer says: "At his last term in Cleveland we happened in while he
+was pronouncing sentence upon a number of criminals who had been
+convicted during the week, of penitentiary offenses. One of them, a
+stubborn looking fellow, who, to the usual preliminary question of
+whether he had anything to offer why the sentence of the law should not
+be pronounced upon him, had replied somewhat truculently, that he had
+'nothing to say,' but who when the judge was proceeding in a few
+prefatory remarks to explain to the man how fairly he had been tried,
+etc., broke in upon the court by exclaiming that 'he did'nt care if the
+court had convicted him, he wasn't guilty <i>any</i> how.' 'That will be a
+consolation to you,' rejoined the judge, with unusual benignity, and with
+a voice full of sympathy and compassion, 'That will be a consolation to
+you, in the hour of your confinement, for we read in the good Book that
+it is better to <i>suffer</i> wrong, than <i>do</i> wrong.' In the irrepressible
+burst of laughter which followed this unexpected response, all joined
+except the judge and the culprit."</p>
+
+
+
+
+<p align="center">[Illustration: Truly Yours, S. Andrews]</p>
+
+
+<h2><a name="sherlock_j_andrews"></a>Sherlock J. Andrews.</h2>
+
+
+
+<p>Judge Andrews was born November, 1801, in the quiet New England village
+of Wallingford, Connecticut. His father was a prominent physician at
+that place, where he spent a long and useful life in the practice of
+his profession. He lived to a good old age, a Christian gentleman of
+the old school.</p>
+
+<p>Although Wallingford is but a short day's travel from Yale, even under the
+old System of horse and shay, or horse and saddle, young Andrews was sent
+out of New England to Union College, at Schenectady, New York, where he
+graduated about the year 1821.</p>
+
+<p>Soon after this time the elder Silliman was at Wallingford, and being in
+need of an assistant in Chemistry and a private secretary, he offered the
+position to Mr. Andrews, which was accepted. It seems to have been
+mutually a happy relation. In his diary, Prof. Silliman says, "he was a
+young man of a vigorous and active mind, energetic and quick in his
+decisions and movements, with a warm heart and a genial temper, of the
+best moral and social habits, a quiet and skillful penman, an agreeable
+inmate of my family, in which we made him quite at home. We found we had
+acquired an interesting and valuable friend as well as a good professional
+assistant. It is true he had, when he came, no experience in practical
+Chemistry. He had everything to learn, but learned rapidly, as he had real
+industry and love of knowledge. Before the end of the first term he proved
+that we had made a happy choice. He continued about four years serving
+with ability, and the zeal of an affectionate son, without whom I could
+scarce have retained my place in the College." During this experience in
+the field of sciences, Mr. Andrews had pursued the study of the law at the
+Law School of New Haven, with the same ardor, and in 1825, removed to
+Cleveland, and established himself as an attorney.</p>
+
+<p>In 1828, he married Miss Ursula Allen, of Litchfield, Connecticut,
+daughter of the late John Allen, a member of Congress from that State, who
+was also the father of Hon. John W. Allen, of this city. The late Samuel
+Cowles had preceded Mr. Andrews here in the profession and offered him a
+partnership. Their competitors were the late Governor Wood and Judge John
+W. Willey, who were partners, and Judge Starkweather, who still survives.
+Considering the limited business of the place, which scarcely numbered
+five hundred inhabitants, the profession was evidently overstocked then,
+as it has been ever since. Briefless lawyers had, however, a wide field to
+cultivate outside this county, embracing at least all the counties of the
+Reserve; with horse and saddle-bags, they followed the Court in its
+travels, judges and attorneys splashing through the mud on terms of
+democratic equality.</p>
+
+<p>Judge Andrews gave immediate promise of celebrity as an advocate. With a
+sensitive and nervous temperament, he entered sympathetically into the
+case of his client, making it his own. He possessed a brilliant readiness
+of manner, full of skillful thrusts, hits, and witticisms. His correct New
+England morals were not deteriorated by contact with the more loose codes
+of a new western town. In his clear and earnest voice there was that
+magnetic influence, which is necessary to complete the style of any
+orator, and which is a gift solely of nature. As a technical pleader,
+though he stood high, there were others upon the circuit equally gifted.
+But in a cause where his convictions of justice and of legal right were
+fixed, there was not among his contemporaries, in the courts of this
+State, an advocate, whose efforts were so nearly irresistible before a
+jury. He has command of sarcasm and invective, without coarseness. He
+attacks oppression, meanness and fraud as if they were offences not only
+against the public, but against himself. He has never strayed from the
+profession to engage in any speculations or occupations to divert his
+thoughts from pure law, except for two years from 1840, while he held a
+seat in Congress. In 1848, the Legislature elected him judge of the
+Superior Court of Cuyahoga county, a place he continued to hold till the
+Court was abolished. As a judge he was eminently successful, his decisions
+having been overruled by higher courts only in a single instance, and that
+owing to a clerical mistake. In politics he was evidently not at home.
+After leaving the bench, Judge Andrews returned to the practice, but has
+been chiefly employed as associate counsel, occasionally addressing juries
+on important cases.</p>
+
+<p>As an advocate, Judge Andrews, during his whole professional career, has
+been in the very foremost rank, with a reputation confined neither to
+county, or even State lines. Distinguished for clear conceptions of legal
+principles, and their varied relations to practical life, he has also
+shown rare ability in judging of mixed questions of law and fact. His
+legal opinions, therefore, have ever been held in the highest esteem.</p>
+
+<p>But as jury lawyer, Judge Andrews has achieved successes so remarkable as
+to have secured a permanent place in the traditions of the bar, and the
+history of judicial proceedings in Northern Ohio. The older lawyers have
+vivid recollections of a multitude of cases when he was in full practice,
+and in his prime, in which his ready insight into character--his power to
+sift testimony and bring into clear relief the lines of truth involved in
+complicated causes--his ability to state the legal principles so that the
+jury could intelligently apply them to the facts--his humor--his pure
+wit--his pathos, at times bringing unfeigned tears to the eyes of both
+judge and jurors--his burning scorn of fraud--and his appeal on behalf of
+what he believed to be right, so impetuous with enthusiasm, so condensed
+and incisive in expression, and so felicitous in illustration, as to be
+well nigh irresistible.</p>
+
+<p>Yet, highly as Judge Andrews has adorned his profession, it is simply
+justice to say in conclusion, that his unblemished character in every
+relation has adorned his manhood. He has been far more than a mere lawyer.
+With a keen relish for historical and philosophical inquiry--a wide
+acquaintance with literature, and an earnest sympathy with the advanced
+lines of thought in the present age, his life has also been practically
+subordinated to the faultless morality of Christianity. A community is
+truly enriched, when it possesses, and can present to its younger members,
+such shining instances of success in honorable endeavor, and sterling
+excellence in character and example.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="john_w_allen"></a>John W. Allen.</h2>
+
+
+
+<p>Mr. Allen, though not among the first attorneys who settled in Cleveland,
+was upon the ground early among the second generation. Samuel Huntington
+was the first lawyer of the place, becoming a resident here in the year
+1801. Alfred Kelley was his successor, commencing his legal career as soon
+as the county courts were organized in 1810. In 1816, Leonard Case was
+added to the profession and in 1818 the late Governor Wood and Samuel
+Cowles, and about 1822, John W. Willey About the year 1826, soon after the
+construction of the Ohio canal was commenced, a troop of young lawyers
+took possession of the field, some of whom still survive, Sherlock J.
+Andrews, Samuel Starkweather and John W. Allen. They were all from Yankee
+land, in pursuit of fame and fortune. Mr. Allen originated in Litchfield
+county, Connecticut, a place prolific in prominent characters. His father,
+John Allen, was a member of Congress from that State.</p>
+
+<p>From 1831 to 1835, inclusive, he was elected annually to be president of
+the village corporation of Cleveland, and mayor of the city corporation
+of Cleveland 1841. In 1835-7, Mr. Allen represented the district of
+which Cuyahoga county was a part, in the Ohio Senate, and in 1836 was
+elected to the Congress of the United States, commencing with the famous
+extra session of September, 1837, as an old line Clay Whig, and was
+re-elected in 1838.</p>
+
+<p>As soon as Cleveland assumed the position of a city in 1836, the subject
+of railways became one of the prominent public questions. A portion of the
+citizens were of the opinion that they had yielded enough to the spirit of
+modern innovation when the Ohio canal was suffered to enter Cleveland.
+This had banished the Dutch wagons entirely, and railroads might complete
+our ruin entirely, by banishing canal boats. Mr. Allen, and the new comers
+generally, took the opposite side. While he was rising to a leading public
+position he labored zealously in the cause of railways in harmony with his
+political opponents John W. Willey, Richard Hilliard, James S. Clark and
+others, most of whom are dead. But for his zeal and perseverence the
+Cleveland &amp; Columbus Railroad Company would not have been organized
+probably for years after it was and then it was done almost in spite of
+many of the large property holders of that day, who looked upon the
+enterprise as chimerical.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Allen's free and generous manner not only rendered him popular among
+his political friends, but prevented bitterness and personality on the
+part of his opponents. During those years of prosperity he led a
+thoroughly active life, not only as an attorney with a large practice,
+but as an indefatigable public servant. In fact, through life he has
+given to the public the first and best of his efforts. He never became a
+finished advocate and speaker, but his enterprise and integrity secured
+him a large business, most of which was litigated in the counties of the
+Western Reserve.</p>
+
+<p>Not long after Mr. Allen commenced practice in Ohio he married Miss Ann
+Maria Perkins of Warren, Trumbull county, an auspicious connection which
+was soon terminated by her death. His second wife was Miss Harriet Mather,
+of New London county, Connecticut, who is now living, and was the mother
+of two sons and two daughters, one son and one daughter now surviving.</p>
+
+<p>[Illustration: J. W. Allen]</p>
+
+<p>The financial storm of 1837-8 did so much damage to Mr. Allen's fortune,
+as well as some unsuccessful efforts in the construction of local rail
+roads ahead of time, that its effects are not yet gone. Being young and
+energetic, with a large property, with few debts of his own, it would have
+affected him but little, had he not been too generous towards his friends
+in the way of endorsements.</p>
+
+<p>In the winter of 1849-50, he was appointed under a resolution of the
+Legislature the Agent of the State to examine into the claims of the State
+on the General Government growing out of the grants of land in aid of the
+canals and which had been twice settled and receipted for in full, which
+occupied him five years at Washington. In this he was eminently successful
+and did the State great service, and had the State performed its part of
+the bargain as well as Mr. Allen did his, the result would have been a
+rich compensation for his labors. His was the only case of repudiation
+ever perpetrated by Ohio and he may well charge the State with punic faith
+toward him.</p>
+
+<p>When the State Bank of Ohio, consisting of branches scattered throughout
+the State under the general management of a board of control, was
+authorized by an act of the Legislature about the year 1846, and which was
+the soundest system ever devised by any State Government, Mr. Allen was
+one of the five Commissioners charged with the duty of putting the
+machinery in operation.</p>
+
+<p>Very few of the present generation realize the obligation of this city to
+him, and his public spirited coadjutors of thirty years since, for the
+solid prosperity it now enjoys.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="hiram_v_willson"></a>Hiram V. Willson.</h2>
+
+
+
+<p>The first judge of the United States District Court for the Northern
+District of Ohio, will long be remembered by the bar and public of that
+District, for the ability, dignity, and purity with which, for over eleven
+years, he administered justice. When at last he lay down to his final
+rest, there was no voice raised in censure of any one of his acts, and
+tributes of heartfelt praise of his life, and sorrow for his loss, were
+laid on his grave by men of all parties and shades of opinion. As lawyer,
+judge, citizen, and man, Judge Willson won the respect and confidence of
+all with whom he was brought into social or official contact.</p>
+
+<p>Hiram V. Willson was born in April, 1808, in Madison county, New York.
+Graduating at Hamilton College in 1832, he commenced the study of law in
+the office of the Hon. Jared Willson, of Canandaigua, New York.
+Subsequently he visited Virginia, read law in the office of Francis S.
+Key, of Washington, and for a time aided his slender pecuniary means by
+teaching in a classical school in the Shenandoah Valley. During his early
+legal studies he laid the foundations of that legal knowledge for which he
+was afterwards distinguished, and acquired that familiarity with the
+text-books and reports which made him a safe, prompt, and prudent
+counsellor. At school, college, and in the Shenandoah Valley, he
+maintained a close intimacy with the Hon. Henry B. Payne, then a young man
+of about his own age. In 1833, he removed to Painesville, but soon changed
+his residence to Cleveland, where he and his intimate friend, H. B. Payne,
+formed a law partnership.</p>
+
+<p>Long after, when at a banquet tendered by the bar of Cleveland in honor of
+the organization of the United States Court for the Northern District of
+Ohio, Judge Willson referred to the auspices under which the young firm
+commenced business. The following toast had been offered:</p>
+
+<p>  The First Judge of the Northern District of Ohio: In the history and
+  eminent success of a twenty years' practice at the Bar, we have the
+  fullest assurance that whatever industry, talent, and integrity can
+  achieve for the character of this long sought for court, will be
+  accomplished by the gentleman who has been appointed to preside over its
+  deliberations.</p>
+
+<p>In responding to the toast, Judge Willson spoke highly of the character
+of the profession, and then made a warm appeal to the young lawyers. He
+said that all there had been young lawyers and knew the struggles and
+difficulties that hang around the lawyer's early path, and which cloud to
+him his future, and nothing is so welcome, so genial to a young lawyer's
+heart as to be taken in hand by an older legal brother. He said he could
+talk with feeling on the subject, for the memory was yet green of the days
+when two penniless young men came to Ohio to take life's start, and when
+as discouragements, and almost despair, seemed to lie in wait for them,
+there was an older lawyer who held out a friendly hand to aid them, and
+who bid them take courage and persevere. Who that friend was he signified
+by offering, with much feeling, a toast to the memory of Judge Willey.</p>
+
+<p>But the young firm did not long need friendly counsel to cheer them in the
+midst of discouragements. Although they were but young men, and Willey,
+Congar, and Andrews were eminent lawyers in full practice, they soon took
+place in the front rank of the profession. Business flowed in upon them,
+and from 1837 to 1840, the number of suits brought by them in the Court of
+Common Pleas averaged two hundred and fifty per year; whilst during the
+same time they appeared for the defence in twice that number of cases
+annually. Briefs in all those cases were, to a great extent, prepared by
+Judge Willson. Upon Mr. Payne's retirement, a partnership was formed with
+Hon. Edward Wade and Reuben Hitchcock, and after a while the firm was
+changed to Willson, Wade &amp; Wade. Under these partnerships the extensive
+business and high reputation of the old firm were preserved and increased.</p>
+
+<p>In 1852, Judge Willson ran for Congress on the Democratic ticket, against
+William Case on the Whig and Edward Wade on the Free Soil tickets. Mr.
+Wade was elected, but Judge Willson received a very handsome vote.</p>
+
+<p>In the Winter of 1854, a bill was introduced to divide the State of Ohio,
+for United States judicial purposes, into two districts. The members of
+the Cleveland Bar pressed the matter vigorously, and after a sharp
+struggle in Congress, the bill creating the United States Court for the
+Northern District of Ohio was passed. During the pendency of the measure,
+and when the prospects were unfavorable for its passage, Judge Willson was
+chosen by the Cleveland Bar to proceed to Washington and labor in the
+interest of the bill. This was done, and the final triumph of the bill was
+doubtless owing in great measure to his unwearied industry in its behalf.
+In March, 1855, President Pierce appointed Mr. Willson judge of the
+District Court just authorized.</p>
+
+<p>The formation of the court and the appointment of Judge Willson as its
+presiding officer, gave general satisfaction. A banquet was held by the
+lawyers to celebrate the event, and although Judge Willson was a strong
+political partizan, the leading lawyers of all parties vied with each
+other in testifying their entire confidence in the ability and
+impartiality of the new judge. Nor was their confidence misplaced. In
+becoming a judge he ceased to be a politician, and no purely political, or
+personal, motives swayed his decisions. He was admitted by all to have
+been an upright judge.</p>
+
+<p>The new court found plenty to do. In addition to the ordinary criminal
+and civil business, the location of the court on the lake border brought
+to it a large amount of admiralty cases. In such cases, the extensive
+knowledge and critical acumen of Judge Willson were favorably displayed.
+Many of his decisions were models of deep research and lucid statement.
+One of his earliest decisions of this character was in relation to
+maritime liens. The steamboat America had been abandoned and sunk, and
+only a part of her tackle and rigging saved. These were attached for debt
+for materials, and the question arose on the legality of the claim
+against articles no longer a part of the vessel. Judge Willson held that
+the maritime lien of men for wages, and material men for supplies, is a
+proprietary interest in the vessel itself, and can not be diverted by the
+acts of the owner or by any casualty, until the claim is paid, and that
+such lien inheres to the ship and all her parts wherever found and
+whoever may be the owner. In the case of L. Wick <i>vs.</i> the schooner
+Samuel Strong, in 1855, Judge Willson reviewed the history and intent of
+the common carrier act of Ohio, in an opinion of much interest. A case,
+not in admiralty, but in the criminal business of the court, gave the
+judge another opportunity for falling back on his inexhaustible stores of
+legal and historical knowledge. The question was on the point whether the
+action of a grand jury was legal in returning a bill of indictment found
+only by fourteen members, the fifteenth member being absent and taking no
+part in the proceedings. Judge Willson reviewed the matter at length,
+citing precedents of the English and American courts for several
+centuries to show that the action was legal.</p>
+
+<p>A very noticeable case was what is known in the legal history of
+Cleveland as "The Bridge Case," in which Charles Avery sued the city of
+Cleveland, to prevent the construction of a bridge across the Cuyahoga,
+at the foot of Lighthouse street. The questions arising were: the
+legislative authority of the city to bridge the river, and whether the
+bridge would be a nuisance, damaging the complainant's private property.
+The decision of Judge Willson, granting a preliminary injunction until
+further evidence could be taken, was a thorough review of the law
+relating to water highways and their obstructions. In the opinion on the
+Parker water-wheel case, he exhibited a clear knowledge of mechanics, and
+gave an exhaustive exposition of the law of patents. In the case of Hoag
+<i>vs</i> the propeller Cataract, the law of collision was set forth and
+numerous precedents cited. In 1860, important decisions were given in
+respect to the extent of United States jurisdiction on the Western lakes
+and rivers. It was decided, and the decisions supported by voluminous
+precedents, that the admiralty and maritime jurisdiction possessed by the
+District Courts of the United States, on the Western lakes and rivers,
+under the Constitution and Act of 1789, was independent of the Act of
+1845, and unaffected thereby; and also that the District Courts of the
+United States, having under the Constitution and Acts of Congress,
+exclusive original cognizance of all civil causes of admiralty and
+maritime jurisdiction, the Courts of Common Law are precluded from
+proceeding <i>in rem</i> to enforce such maritime claims.</p>
+
+<p>These are but a very few of the many important cases coming before Judge
+Willson's court and decided by him in a manner that made his decisions
+important precedents.</p>
+
+<p>The judicial administration of Judge Willson was noticeable also for its
+connection with events of national importance. And here it should be again
+repeated, that in all his conduct on the bench he divested himself of
+personal or party predilections and prejudices. To him it was of no
+consequence who were parties to the case, or what the political effect of
+a decision would be; he inquired only what were the facts in the matter
+and what the law bearing upon them. The keynote of his character in this
+respect may be known from an extract taken from his charge to the grand
+jury in the Winter term of 1856, in which it was expected a case would
+come before that body of alleged impropriety or crime by a Government
+officer, growing out of party zeal during a very heated political canvass.
+The passions of men were intensely excited at the time of the delivery of
+the charge, and that address had the effect of suddenly cooling down the
+popular mind, in the city and vicinity at least, and of bringing about a
+better state of feeling. After referring impressively to the language of
+the oath taken by the grand jury, to present none through malice, and
+except none through favouritism, Judge Willson said:</p>
+
+<p>  It was but yesterday our ears were deafened by the turmoil and clamour
+  of political strife, shaking the great national fabric to its centre,
+  and threatening the stability of the Government itself. In that fearful
+  conflict for the control of the Executive and Legislative Departments of
+  the Federal Government, all the evil passions of men seem to have been
+  aroused. Vituperation and scandal, malice, hatred and ill-will had
+  blotted out from the land all brotherly love, and swept away those
+  characteristics which should distinguish us as a nation of Christians.</p>
+
+<p>  How important, then, it is for us, coming up here to perform the duties
+  incident to the courts, to come with minds free from prejudice, free
+  from passions, and free from the influence of the angry elements around
+  us. To come with a fixed purpose of administering justice with truth,
+  according to the laws of the land. A dangerous political contagion has
+  become rampant in our country, invading the holy sanctuaries of the
+  "Prince of Peace" and polluting the very fountains of Eternal Truth.</p>
+
+<p>  God forbid the time may ever come when the temples of justice in our
+  land shall be desecrated by this unhallowed and contaminating influence,
+  or by wanton disregard of the Constitution, or by a perfidious
+  delinquency on the part of the ministers of the law. Here let passion
+  and prejudice find no abiding place. Here let equal and exact justice be
+  meted out to all men--to rich and to the poor--to the high and the low,
+  and above all things, with you, gentlemen, here preserve with scrupulons
+  fidelity the sanctity of your oaths, and discharge your whole duty
+  without fear and without favour. Put justice to the line and truth to
+  the plummet, and act up fully to the obligations of that oath, and you
+  will ever enjoy those rich consolations which always flow from a
+  conscientious discharge of a sworn duty.</p>
+
+<p>  To men of your intelligence and probity, these admonitions are, perhaps,
+  unnecessary. Knowing, however, the reluctance and pain with which the
+  misconduct of men in office is inquired into, by those who cherish the
+  same political sentiments, I am confident, gentlemen, that in times like
+  these, you can not exercise too great caution in excluding from your
+  minds all considerations, as to whether the party charged before you is
+  the appointee of this or of that administration, or whether he belongs
+  to this or that political organization or party.</p>
+
+<p>In 1858, came before the court the historic case of the Oberlin-Wellington
+Rescue. The facts of the case were, briefly, that on the first of March,
+1857, a negro slave named John, the property of John G. Bacon, of
+Kentucky, escaped across the river into Ohio. In October, 1858, the negro
+was traced out and arrested within the Northern District of Ohio, by one
+Anderson Jennings, holding a power of attorney from Bacon. In company with
+an assistant named Love, Jennings took the negro to Wellington, Lorain
+county, with the purpose of taking the cars for Cincinnati, and thence
+returning the negro to Kentucky and remitting him to slavery. A number of
+residents of Oberlin concerted a plan of rescue marched to Wellington,
+entered the hotel where John was kept, took him from his captors, placed
+him in a buggy, and carried him off. Indictments were found against the
+leading rescuers, who comprised among others some of the leading men of
+the college and village of Oberlin, and they were brought to trial, fined,
+and imprisoned. The trial created great excitement, and, whilst it was
+pending, a monster demonstration against the Fugitive Slave Law was held
+on the Public Square, midway between the building where the court held its
+sessions and the jail in which the accused were confined. At one time
+fears were entertained of violence, threats being freely uttered by some
+of the more headstrong that the law should be defied and the prisoners
+released by force. Cooler counsels prevailed, and the law, odious as it
+was felt to be, was allowed to take its course. In this exciting time the
+charges and judgments of Judge Willson were calm and dispassionate, wholly
+divested of partisanship, and merely pointing out the provisions of the
+law and the necessity of obedience to it, however irksome such obedience
+might be, until it was repealed.</p>
+
+<p>[Illustration: H. V. Willson]</p>
+
+<p>In the November term of 1859, when the public mind was still agitated by
+the John Brown raid and by the tragic affairs succeeding it, and when the
+excitement of the Oberlin-Wellington Rescue had not wholly subsided, the
+attention of Judge Willson was called to these matters by the District
+Attorney, and in his charge to the grand jury he took occasion to define
+the law of treason, with especial bearing on those events. It was a clear,
+logical exposition of the law, pointing out the line of distinction
+between a meeting for the expression of opinions hostile to the Government
+and a gathering for the purpose of violently opposing or overturning the
+Government.</p>
+
+<p>In 1861, when the rebellion had broken out, and it was supposed
+sympathizers with it were in Ohio plotting aid to the rebels, Judge
+Willson delivered a charge to the grand jury, again defining the law in
+regard to conspiracy and treason, and in the course of his address
+took occasion to unreservedly condemn the motives and actions of the
+rebels. He said:</p>
+
+<p>  The loyal people of this great nation have enjoyed the blessings of our
+  excellent Constitution too long and too well, to be insensible of its
+  value or to permit its destruction. They have not yet been schooled to
+  the heresy, that this noble Government is a mere myth, or that it is
+  destitute of the inherent power of perpetuating its own existence. On
+  the contrary, next to their religion, they love and cherish it above all
+  things on earth, not only because it is the rich and sacred legacy of a
+  revered and patriotic ancestry, but because it is a Government of law,
+  possessing the authority to maintain social and civil order, giving to
+  its citizens security of property, of person and of life.</p>
+
+<p>  It is not surprising, therefore, that this bold and mad rebellion in the
+  Southern States, has excited, in all patriotic hearts, a spontaneous and
+  indignant feeling against treason and traitors, wherever they may be
+  found in our land. It is a rebellion without cause and without
+  justification. It had its conception in the wicked hearts of ambitious
+  men. Possibly, some of the chief conspirators may be actuated by the
+  spirit of the sacrilegious incendiary who fired the Ephesian temple to
+  immortalize his name by the infamy of the act.</p>
+
+<p>  Let the motives of the conspirators be what they may, this open,
+  organized and armed resistance to the Government of the United States is
+  <i>treason</i>, and those engaged in it justly merit the penalty denounced
+  against traitors.</p>
+
+<p>  Nor should we be misled by false notions of the reserved right of the
+  States to secede from the Union. This assumed right, claimed by the
+  States in rebellion, is false in theory; it is of the highest criminalty
+  in practice, and without the semblance of authority in the Constitution.
+  The right of secession, (said the lamented Webster,) "as a practical
+  right, existing under the Constitution, is simply an absurdity; for it
+  supposes resistance to Government under the authority of the Government
+  itself--it supposes dismemberment without violating the principles of
+  Union--it supposes opposition to law without crime--it sanctions the
+  violation of oaths without responsibility, and the total overthrow of
+  the Government without revolution."</p>
+
+<p>  The history of this wicked rebellion already shows that many of those
+  who have shared the largest in the offices and emoluments, as well as in
+  the blessings of the National Government, have fallen the lowest in
+  infamy in attempting its overthrow.</p>
+
+<p>  If this Union is to be perpetuated, and the Government itself is to
+  exist as a power among the nations, its laws must be enforced at all
+  hazards and at any cost. And especially should courts and juries do
+  their whole duty, without respect to persons, when crimes are committed,
+  tending to the subversion of the Government and the destruction of our
+  cherished institutions.</p>
+
+<p>At the January term, 1864, he delivered another admirable charge, in which
+he discussed the questions arising under the then recent act of Congress
+authorizing a draft under the direction of the President without the
+intervention of the State authorities, and by a very logical and
+conclusive argument established the constitutional validity of the act in
+question. The crime of resisting the draft, obstructing its execution by
+the officers appointed for that purpose, and enticing soldiers to desert,
+were defined with great clearness, resisting the enrolling officer being
+held to be within the offences embraced in the act. These were but a few
+of the topics treated by the Judge. The entire charge was able, well-timed
+and patriotic, and was admirably calculated to conciliate and unite public
+opinion in support of the law and the measures of the Government to
+enforce it.</p>
+
+<p>In 1865, the health of Judge Willson began to give way and symptoms of
+consumption appeared. He was strongly urged by his friends to leave his
+business for a time and seek the restoration of his health in a milder
+climate. As Winter approached he yielded to their persuasions and visited
+New Orleans and the West Indies. Unhappily the weather was unusually
+severe for those latitudes, and he derived no benefit from his trip. He
+was glad to reach the quiet and comfort of home once more. His sense of
+duty was so strong that, though unfit to leave his home, he came down to
+the city, opened court, so as to set the machinery in order, but found
+himself unable to preside and was compelled to return home, where he
+awaited in patience the coming of the destroyer.</p>
+
+<p>On the evening of November 11th, 1866, he died. A few hours before his
+death he suffered much, his breathing being labored and painful. As his
+end approached, however, he became easier, and his life went out without a
+struggle. Some months earlier, the Judge, who had for years been an
+attendant of the services in the First Presbyterian church, and an active
+supporter of that congregation, made a profession of religion and received
+the rite of baptism. He was perfectly conscious to the close of his life,
+and although hopeful of recovery, as is usual with the victims of
+consumption, had been fully aware of his precarious situation, and had
+thoughtfully contemplated his approaching end. He left a widow and a
+daughter, Mrs. Chamberlin, well provided for.</p>
+
+<p>On the announcement of his death the members of the Cleveland Bar
+immediately assembled, and young or old, of all shades of opinion in the
+profession, vied with each other in bearing testimony to the uprightness,
+ability, and moral worth of the deceased. His death occasioned unaffected
+sorrow among those who had known him, and among the large number of his
+legal brethren who had greater or less opportunities of official
+intercourse with him he did not leave a single enemy. The Bar meeting
+unanimously adopted the following resolutions of respect:</p>
+
+<p>  We, the members of the Bar of the Northern District of Ohio having
+  learned that our brother, the Hon. Hiram V. Willson, departed this life
+  yesterday evening, (Nov. 11,) at his residence, and desiring to pay a
+  tribute of affection and respect to one who was our beloved associate at
+  this Bar for twenty-one years, and anxious also to acknowledge our
+  obligation to him, by whose influence and labors the Courts of the
+  United States were established in our midst, and who has so ably and
+  uprightly presided over those Courts for a period of more than eleven
+  years, do hereby</p>
+
+<p>  <i>Resolve,</i> 1st. That in the death of Judge Willson the Bench has lost a
+  learned, upright and fearless Judge, ever doing right and equity among
+  the suitors of his Court, fearing only the errors and mistakes to which
+  a fallible human judgment is ever liable. Urbanity and courtesy to the
+  older members of the Bar, protecting and loving kindness to its younger
+  members, and deep and abiding interest in the reputation of all, were
+  among his distinguishing characteristics.</p>
+
+<p>  2d. That in him we have lost a near and dear friend, disliked,
+  disrelished by none, but esteemed and loved by all.</p>
+
+<p>  3d. That we wear the usual mourning and attend his funeral in a body, on
+  Wednesday next.</p>
+
+<p>  4th. That the Chairman of this Committee present this report to our
+  Court of Common Pleas, and request the same to be entered on the record
+  of said Court.</p>
+
+<p>  5th. That the United States District Attorney for Northern Ohio be
+  requested to present this report to the Circuit and District Courts of
+  said District at their next term and request that the same be entered
+  and recorded in said Courts.</p>
+
+<p>  6th. That the officers of this meeting be directed to send a copy of its
+  proceedings to the family of the deceased.</p>
+
+<p>At the opening of the next term of the United States District Court under
+Judge Sherman, the successor to Judge Willson, these resolutions were
+read, and warm eulogies on the deceased were made by U. S. District
+Attorney, F. J. Dickman, U. S. Commissioner Bushnell White, George W.
+Willey Esq., Hon. K. P. Spalding and Judge Sherman.</p>
+
+<p>The funeral services over the remains of Judge Willson were held in the
+First Presbyterian church, conducted by Rev. Dr. Atterburry, assisted by
+Rev. Dr. Aiken. The Supreme Court of Ohio, United States Courts of
+Pennsylvania and Michigan, the Cleveland Bench and Bar, and the City
+Government were fully represented at the ceremonies, which were also
+participated in by a very large concourse of citizens.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="samuel_starkweather"></a>Samuel Starkweather.</h2>
+
+
+
+<p>As a member of the legal profession, both on the Bench and at the Bar, as
+the chief magistrate of the city, and as an United States revenue officer,
+and as a citizen of Cleveland, Samuel Starkweather has held honorable
+prominence for forty years.</p>
+
+<p>He was born in the village of Pawtucket, Massachusetts, on the border of
+Rhode Island, a village celebrated as the seat of the first cotton
+manufactures in the United States. He was the son of the Honorable Oliver
+Starkweather, an extensive and successful manufacturer, and grandson of
+the Honorable Ephraim Starkweather, who was prominent among the patriots
+of the Revolution.</p>
+
+<p>The subject of this sketch worked on a farm until nearly seventeen years
+of age, when he began to fit himself for college, after which he entered
+Brown University, Rhode Island, where he graduated with the second honors
+of his class, in the year 1822, and was soon afterward elected a tutor in
+that institution, which position he held until the year 1824, when he
+resigned, to commence the study of the law, which he pursued in the office
+of Judge Swift, in Windham, Connecticut, and afterwards in attendance upon
+the lectures of Chancellor Kent, of New York. He was admitted to the Bar
+of Ohio at Columbus, in the Winter of 1826-7, and soon after settled in
+Cleveland, then a village of a few hundred inhabitants, and was recognized
+as a lawyer of learning and ability in this and the adjoining counties.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Starkweather was prominent among the leaders of the Democratic party
+of this State, when its principles were well defined, and was a strong
+adherent to the administrations of Presidents Jackson and Van Buren, but
+his being always in the political minority in the part of the State in
+which he lived, prevented those high political preferments which otherwise
+would have been conferred upon him. In this connection it is proper to
+say, that for Mr. Starkweather to have attained the highest eminence in
+the legal profession, it was only necessary that he should have made it
+his specialty.</p>
+
+<p>Under the administrations of Presidents Jackson and Van Buren, Mr.
+Starkweather held the office of Collector of Customs of this District, and
+Superintendent of Light-Houses, and under his supervision most of the
+sites were purchased, and the light-houses erected on the Southern shore
+of Lake Erie. He continued to hold these offices in connection with his
+practice of the law, until 1840.</p>
+
+<p>In 1844, Mr. Starkweather was elected Mayor of the city of Cleveland,
+having previously taken a leading part in the City Councils. He was
+re-elected in 1845, and was again elected Mayor in 1857, for two years,
+and in these positions was active in promoting those improvements in the
+city which have tended to its prosperity and beauty. To Mr. Starkweather
+the public schools of the city are much indebted for the interest which he
+has always taken in their behalf; and to his advocacy and efforts, with
+those of Mr. Charles Bradburn, the High School of the city owes its first
+establishment.</p>
+
+<p>In the early struggles for advancing the schemes of railroads, the
+accomplishment of which has made Cleveland the great city of commerce and
+manufactures, no one was more active than Mr. Starkweather. When the
+project of building the Cleveland &amp; Columbus road was at a stand-still,
+and was on the point of being, for the time, abandoned, as a final effort
+a meeting of the business men of Cleveland was called. The speech of Mr.
+Starkweather on that occasion, parts of which are quoted to this day, had
+the effect to breathe into that enterprise the breath of life, and from
+that meeting it went immediately onward to its final completion. So well
+were the services of Mr. Starkweather in behalf of that road appreciated
+at the time, that one of the Directors proposed that he should have a
+pass upon it for life.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Starkweather, in 1852, was the first Judge elected to the Court of
+Common Pleas for Cuyahoga county, under the new constitution of the State,
+in which position he served for five years with ability and satisfaction
+to the members of the Bar and the public generally. For a considerable
+portion of his term, the entire docket of both civil and criminal business
+devolved on Mm, when an additional Judge was allowed the county. He
+presided at some very important State trials, in which, as in the
+disposition of a very large amount of civil business, he exhibited
+abundant legal learning and judicial discrimination.</p>
+
+<p>Since he retired from the Bench he has been known as a citizen of wealth,
+of retired habits, but of influence in public affairs, and retaining to
+the full the conversational gifts which have made him the life and charm
+of social and professional circles. Indeed it may be said that either at
+the Bar, in well remembered efforts of marked brilliancy as an advocate,
+or on the Bench, occasionally illuminating the soberness of judicial
+proceedings, or in assemblies on prominent public occasions occurring all
+through his life, eloquence, wit and humor seemed ready to his use. A fine
+<i>belle lettres</i> scholar, classical, historical and biographical adornments
+and incidents seemed always naturally to flow in to enrich his discourse,
+whether in private or public. He has often been spoken of as of the Corwin
+cast, perhaps a slight personal resemblance aiding the suggestion. He
+certainly has the like gifts of the charming conversationalist and the
+popular orator, in which last capacity, for many years, he was the prompt
+choice of the public on leading occasions, such as at the grand reception
+given to Van Buren after his defeat in 1840; the magnificent reception
+tendered by the city to Kossuth; at the completion of the Cleveland &amp;
+Columbus Railway on the 22nd of February, 1852; at the dedication of
+Woodland Cemetery, and at many other times when the public were most
+anxious to put a gifted man forward.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<p align="center">[Illustration: Truly Yours, Moses Kelly]</p>
+
+
+<h2><a name="moses_kelly"></a>Moses Kelly.</h2>
+
+
+
+<p>The subject of this sketch was born January 21st, 1809, in the township of
+Groveland, now county of Livingston, then county of Ontario, State of New
+York. He was the oldest son of Daniel Kelly, who emigrated from the State
+of Pennsylvania to Western New York in the year 1797. He is of
+Scotch-Irish descent in the paternal line, and of German descent on the
+side of his mother. His great grandfather, on his father's side, emigrated
+from the North of Ireland to America, early in the eighteenth century, and
+settled in the State of Pennsylvania, within a few miles of the city of
+Philadelphia; his grandfather, born there, was a Revolutionary soldier.
+Mr. Kelly lived with his father, on a farm in Groveland, until he was
+eighteen years old, having the usual advantages, and following the
+ordinary pursuits of a farmer's son.</p>
+
+<p>At the age of eighteen he entered the High School on Temple Hill, in the
+village of Genesee, Livingston county, New York, and commenced preparing
+for college, under the tuition of that eminent scholar and accomplished
+educator, the late Cornelius C. Felton, who subsequently became President
+of Harvard University. Mr. Kelly entered the Freshman class at Harvard in
+1829, and graduated with his class in the year 1833. He immediately
+commenced the study of the law, with the late Orlando Hastings, Esq., of
+Rochester, N. Y., and read three years in his office and under his
+direction, when he was admitted to practice. He came to Cleveland in the
+year 1836, and formed a law copartnership with his old friend, college
+classmate and chum, the Hon. Thomas Bolton; the firm name was Bolton &amp;
+Kelly. This partnership continued until the year 1851, when S. O. Griswold
+Esq., who had been their law student, was taken into the firm; the firm
+name thereafter being Bolton, Kelly &amp; Griswold. This connection continued
+until the close of the year 1856, when Mr. Bolton was elected Judge of the
+Court of Common Pleas. Since Judge Bolton retired from the firm Messrs.
+Kelly &amp; Griswold have continued the practice of law under that firm name,
+and are still engaged in the practice.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Kelly has made commercial law and equity jurisprudence his special
+studies, and in these branches of the law his great skill and learning are
+acknowledged by all his brethren. Indeed, as an equity lawyer he stands at
+the head of the profession.</p>
+
+<p>It will be seen from the year 1836 until the present time, Mr. Kelly has
+devoted himself closely to the practice of the law; the only interruption
+to this was a two years service as State senator in the legislature of
+Ohio during the years 1844 and 1845. He was elected to the senate by the
+Whig party of the counties of Cuyahoga and Geauga, these two counties then
+composing one senatorial district. During the first session of the General
+Assembly, of which he was a member, the Democrats had a majority in the
+Senate while the Whigs had the control of the lower house. As is usual
+when a legislature is thus politically divided, no measures of general
+interest were adopted. But there happened during that session to arise a
+question which showed Mr. Kelly's independence, and true character. The
+Democracy had made complaint of the Whig extravagance and laid great claim
+on their own part to retrenchment and economy in the State administration.
+The Whigs to make political capital, proposed a bill reducing the salaries
+of all State officers; the salary of the Judges was put at $750 per year
+and the pay of all other State officials in the same ratio. The measure
+was adopted by the party caucus, and was carried through the lower house.</p>
+
+<p>It was hoped by many that the Senate, being Democratic, would defeat the
+bill, and thus the Whigs would have credit for great economy at the
+expense of the Democrats. But when it came to that body, the Democracy,
+not to be out done by their opponents, favored the bill.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Kelly, singly and alone of all his party, opposed the measure, and
+spoke and voted against it. The bill was finally carried but was repealed
+in the course of a year or two afterwards.</p>
+
+<p>The most prominent subject before the legislature at the second session
+was the establishment of a suitable banking system for the State. The
+business men of Cleveland were in favor of free banks, but the great body
+of the Whig party were strongly in favor of a State Bank and branches, and
+having a majority in both houses in the session of 1845 were determined to
+establish that system. Mr. Kelly succeeded in engrafting upon the State
+Bank scheme the Independent Bank system, with State stocks pledged to
+secure the circulation, and also in adding additional checks and
+safeguards to the State Bank. His efforts in this direction were duly
+appreciated by his constituents, and at a public meeting, called by the
+principal business men of the city, irrespective of party, his action on
+the Bank bill was specially approved.</p>
+
+<p>It is to be observed also that the present National Bank system is modeled
+after the plan of free banking advocated by Mr. Kelly at that time.</p>
+
+<p>During the same session a question arose in which Mr. Kelly took an
+active part, in opposition to the great body of his party, the event of
+which vindicated his sagacity and practical statesmanship. The question
+was upon a bill to grant to the Ohio Life and Trust Company authority to
+issue bills to circulate as currency, to the extent of half a million of
+dollars. At the time this bill was introduced no banking System had been
+adopted by the legislature; most of the charters of the old banks had
+expired prior to that time, and the State was without an adequate bank
+circulation of its own. The chief stockholders and managers of that
+corporation were men of high character and great wealth. The company had
+been successfully managed, and its credit was then deservedly high. Also
+the principal men of the company were leading Whigs, among these were
+Judges Jacob Burnett and John E. Wright of Cincinnati, Nathaniel Wright
+of Cincinnati and Alfred Kelley Esq., who was also at the same time a
+member of the senate from the Franklin district, and this application on
+the part of the company was backed by the presence and Personal influence
+of these gentlemen. The plea made by this company for this additional
+banking privilege was exceedingly plausible, and the measure was approved
+in a caucus of the Whig members almost without inquiry. The bill was
+introduced into the Senate by the Hon. Alfred Kelley, and its success was
+considered certain. Mr. Moses Kelly, alone of his party, expressed his
+opposition to the bill. Urged as the measure was by so many leading men,'
+and introduced by the acknowledged leader of the party, it seemed that
+such opposition must be fruitless. But on the third reading of the bill
+Mr. Kelly attacked it in a speech of great vigor, and strength of
+argument. He opposed it as unjust towards any banking system that might
+be established and as unwise in giving additional privileges to an
+already powerful corporation. Bat he opposed it chiefly because it gave
+to the corporation power to issue bills as money simply on individual
+security. He contended that whenever the State permitted any corporation
+or organization to issue bills to pass as money the faith of the State
+should be pledged to their ultimate redemption. While paying a high
+compliment to the ability and integrity of the managers of the Ohio Life
+and Trust Company, he declared there was no security but what in the
+future it might pass into the control of Wall street shavers and brokers,
+and from thence to ruin, and the people of the State left remediless with
+a worthless circulation in their hands. His vigorous opposition, and the
+strength of his argument awakened the attention of the party to the evils
+of the measure, and notwithstanding its powerful backing, the bill was
+effectually killed by Mr. Kelly's speech.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Alfred Kelley was greatly grieved at the failure of this measure. He
+however lived to see his error, and the ruinous failure of that company
+through the recklessness of the Wall street management into whose hands,
+as had been predicted, that company finally fell. Judge John C. Wright,
+now in Columbus, advocated the aforesaid measure. He was then the senior
+editor of the Cincinnati Gazette, and the influence of his paper was given
+to the bill. Although old, he was in the full enjoyment of his powers of
+intellect, and at that time wielded a great influence in the political
+affairs of the State. It happened that he was present in the senate
+chamber when Mr. Kelly made his speech against the bill; although
+chagrined at the defeat of the measure in which he had such personal
+interest, so struck was he with the originality and force of the argument
+of Mr. Kelly, and with his independence of character, and ability to rise
+above mere party considerations in his legislative career, that he sought
+Mr. Kelly's personal acquaintance, and during the remainder of his life
+there existed a warm personal friendship between them.</p>
+
+<p>At the expiration of his term of service Mr. Kelly returned to the
+practice and ever since has devoted his energies to his profession. The
+office of Bolton &amp; Kelly has been the school of many prominent lawyers.
+Among the members of the Cleveland Bar who studied under them are Messrs.
+F. T. Backus, George Willey, John E. Cary and his present partner, Mr.
+Griswold. Mr. Kelly was City Attorney in the year 1839, and a member of
+the City Council in 1841. While he was in the Council he was active in
+support of the Lake Shore improvement, which stopped the rapid
+encroachment of the Lake upon the shore in front of Lake street.</p>
+
+<p>In 1849, Mr. Kelly was appointed by the legislature one of the
+Commissioners of the city of Cleveland to subscribe on behalf of the city
+to the capital stock of the Cleveland &amp; Pittsburgh Railroad Company. He
+accepted the trust, and for a number of successive years thereafter, until
+the stock of the city in that road was disposed of, was chosen a Director
+of the Cleveland &amp; Pittsburgh Railroad Company, to represent the
+interests of this city in the capital stock of that company.</p>
+
+<p>In September, 1866, he was appointed by President Johnson District
+Attorney of the United States for the Northern District of Ohio, and held
+the office until the next March, not having been confirmed by the Radical
+senate for the reason that he had been a member of the Philadelphia
+Convention of the previous summer.</p>
+
+<p>On the organization of the City Bank of Cleveland under the law of 1845,
+Mr. Kelly became a stockholder therein and was a director, and its
+attorney, during its existence, and has continued in the same connection
+with the National City Bank which succeeded the former. He also for a
+number of years has been a director and attorney of the Cuyahoga Steam
+Furnace Company.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Kelly was one of the organizers of St. Paul's Episcopal church, and
+has always remained a liberal supporter of the same.</p>
+
+<p>He was married in the year 1839 to Jane, the daughter of Gen. Hezekiah
+Howe, of New Haven, Conn.</p>
+
+<p>In 1850, Mr. Kelly purchased a tract of about thirty acres, being a part
+of what was then known as the "Giddings farm," fronting on Euclid avenue,
+a short distance East of Willson avenue. Here he soon after erected a
+tasteful dwelling, where he has since resided, and where in the leisure
+snatched from professional avocations he has gratified his taste for
+horticultural and agricultural pursuits.</p>
+
+<p>In person Mr. Kelly is tall and spare, and dignified in demeanor, and
+although he has reached three score, he is still active and in good
+health. His character for integrity is unblemished and in his long
+professional career has never been known to uphold or defend a
+dishonorable cause. His rule has been to decline advocating causes which,
+in his judgment, have neither merits nor justice. In social intercourse he
+is affable and genial, and in public, private and professional life, has
+always commanded the respect, esteem and confidence of his fellow men.
+Firm in his convictions of duty, and resolute in doing it, yet so
+respectful and courteous to opponents is he that he may be said to be a
+man without an enemy.</p>
+
+<p>The great rise in real estate and his professional earnings have rendered
+Mr. Kelly, if not what in these days would be called wealthy,
+comparatively rich, and surrounded, as he is, by an affectionate family
+and kind friends and possessed of all the enjoyments which culture and a
+successful life brings, we trust he may long continue amongst us.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="thomas_bolton"></a>Thomas Bolton.</h2>
+
+
+
+<p>It has been said of history, that it should never venture to deal
+except with periods comparatively remote. And this was doubtless true
+when literature was venal, or in any way subservient to royal or to
+party power.</p>
+
+<p>It has been alike suggested of biography, that it cannot be securely
+trusted in the portrayal of the living. And this is no doubt true where
+political or partisan objects are sought to be subserved. But with this
+exception the most faithful portraits may naturally be expected where
+the subjects of them are before us, and familiarly known to us. And so
+that the hand refrains from those warmer tints which personal friendship
+might inspire, and simply aims at sketches which the general judgment
+may recognize and approve, the task, however difficult, cannot be said
+to be unsafe.</p>
+
+<p>Thomas Bolton was born in Scipio, Cayuga county, New York, November 29th,
+1809. His father was an extensive farmer in that section of western New
+York, where rich fields, and flowing streams, and beautiful scenery, are
+happily combined.</p>
+
+<p>At seventeen he entered the High School on Temple Hill, in Geneseo, where
+he fitted for college; and in the Fall of 1829, he entered Harvard
+University, where he graduated in 1833, the first in his class in
+mathematics. In this connection, it is pleasant to advert to the fact
+that his most intimate schoolmate, classmate and fellow graduate, was
+Hon. Moses Kelly, who was afterwards his partner in the law for many
+years at Cleveland, and that between the two from boyhood down to the
+present day, there has been a steadfast and unbroken life-friendship
+almost fraternal, both now in affluence, but still living side by side.
+Such life-long friendships are unusual, but whenever they do exist, they
+imply the presence in both parties of true and trusty qualities which
+preserve their character as pure cement, exposed to any atmosphere, or
+tried in any furnace.</p>
+
+<p>[Illustration: Yours Truly, Thomas Bolton]</p>
+
+<p>After graduating, Mr. Bolton entered upon the study of law at
+Canandaigua, in the office of John G. Spencer, now deceased, but then a
+strong and distinguished name in the profession. At the end of a year he
+came west, to seek a permanent location to further pursue his studies and
+enter upon the practice, first stopping at Cleveland, on finding that any
+further west was hardly within the pale of civilization. Cleveland itself
+was then, September, 1834, but a mere village, of about twenty-five
+hundred inhabitants. Superior street had not been graded, and at its
+western terminus was higher than the first story of the Atwater Block, and
+the bank of the lake extended fifteen rods out beyond the present Union
+Depot. The village did not become a city till 1836, when at a public
+meeting to determine upon the corporate limits, Mr. Bolton was appointed
+on a committee to draft the charter, and urged that both sides of the
+river should be embraced, but was overruled, and Ohio City was established
+on the other side of the river as a sort of rival, but since consolidated
+with Cleveland. His connection with city affairs was renewed as
+Councilman in 1839, and as Alderman in 1841.</p>
+
+<p>But to go back to his professional life. Having studied law in the office
+of James L. Conger, at Cleveland, for a year, he was admitted to the Bar
+in September, 1835, by the Supreme Court of Ohio, on the Circuit, Chief
+Justice Peter Hitchcock, that Nestor among judges, then presiding. He was
+in partnership with Mr. Conger for a year, when he bought him out and sent
+for his old college friend, Mr. Kelly, with whom he formed a partnership,
+which continued until the Fall of 1856, a period of twenty years, when he
+was elected to the Bench.</p>
+
+<p>As bearing upon his political career, it may be narrated, that in the Fall
+of 1839, he was elected prosecuting attorney of the county, at which time
+the Whig party was largely in the ascendancy, commanding from 1,500 to
+2,000 majority, though he was a Democrat and nominated by the Democrats
+for the office. Two years later, at the expiration of his term, he was
+strongly solicited by both parties to take the office another term, but
+declined in consequence of the inadequacy of the salary.</p>
+
+<p>An incident occurred during his term as prosecuting attorney which had a
+marked effect upon the politics of Cleveland and its vicinity. Up to 1841,
+slave-owners were in the habit of sending their agents to Cleveland and
+causing their runaway slaves to be arrested and taken before a magistrate,
+when a warrant would be obtained to return the slave, and he would be
+carried back into slavery. All this was done openly and publicly, creating
+little or no excitement, and Mr. Bolton, in the practice of his
+profession, was more frequently employed for this purpose than any other
+attorney in the city. In the Spring of 1841, three negroes, who were
+claimed as slaves, had run away from New Orleans and were in Buffalo. The
+agent of their master applied to a law firm in Cleveland for assistance.
+At that time, slaves arrested in Buffalo were in the habit of claiming a
+trial by jury, which was granted. To avoid a jury, with its sympathies, it
+was thought advisable to get the negroes into Ohio, and, accordingly, one
+of the attorneys, the agent and a negro of Cleveland, repaired to Buffalo.
+On their return the three negroes came with them, and it was said they had
+been kidnapped. On their arrival at Cleveland, the negroes were arrested
+under the law of Congress as fugitives from service, and lodged in the
+county jail. This information coming to the ears of the few Abolitionists
+then in the city, among others the late Hon. Edward Wade and Hon. John A.
+Foot, lawyers at the time in full practice, they applied to the jailor for
+admission to consult with the negroes. But public opinion was so strongly
+prejudiced against the Abolitionists that neither the jailor nor the
+sheriff would permit any of them to communicate with the prisoners.
+Accidentally, a colored man inquired of Mr. Bolton if he would take up
+their defence. He readily assented, and being prosecuting attorney of the
+county, and it being well understood that he was not an Abolitionist, the
+doors of the jail were readily opened to him, and he immediately made
+preparations for a vigorous defence of the prisoners. A writ of <i>habeas
+corpus</i> was immediately applied for to Judge Barber, one of the associate
+judges at the time; the negroes were brought before him, and their case
+continued for ninety days, to prepare for a defence.</p>
+
+<p>When it was known about town that Mr. Bolton had undertaken the defence of
+the negroes, great indignation was excited, and many threatened to tear
+down his office, and to use violence toward his person. This only aroused
+him to greater energy and effort in behalf of the prisoners. In the
+meantime indictments were procured in Buffalo against the alleged
+kidnappers, and the excitement in the city greatly increased, so that on
+the day of the trial the court-house was packed with people. After an
+investigation, which lasted two days, the court discharged the defendants
+and they went acquit.</p>
+
+<p>From the iniquitous proceeding in the case, and the manner in which it
+was prosecuted, and the excitement it produced, the community was led to
+reflect upon the iniquity of the system and the oppression of the law;
+and from that day till the slave-girl Lucy was sent back into Virginia
+slavery, in 1862, (to appease, it is said, the wrath of the rebels,) not
+a negro was sent back into slavery from the city of Cleveland, or county
+of Cuyahoga.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Bolton left the Democratic party in 1848, or, as he claims, it left
+him when it adopted its national platform of that year. He then joined the
+Free Soil party, and was a delegate to the Buffalo Convention, and one of
+its secretaries. In February, 1856, he assisted in organizing the
+Republican party at the Pittsburgh Convention, and in the Summer of the
+same year was a delegate from this Congressional District in the
+Philadelphia Convention, which nominated Fremont and Dayton.</p>
+
+<p>When he was admitted to the Bar, the Court of Common Pleas, under the old
+Constitution, consisted of four members, a president judge and three
+associates, elected by the Legislature, and the Supreme Court of the State
+consisted of four judges, also chosen by the Legislature. A session of the
+Supreme Court was held by two of its members once a year in each county,
+and three sessions a year were held by the Court of Common Pleas in this
+and the adjoining counties. In 1835, Hon. Matthew Birchard, of Warren, was
+president judge. He was succeeded by Hon. Van R. Humphrey, of Hudson, and
+he by Hon. John W. Willey, of Cleveland, who died during his term. Hon.
+Reuben Hitchcock was appointed by the Governor to fill the vacancy, and
+Hon. Benjamin Bissel, of Painesville, was elected by the Legislature during
+the next session. Hon. Philemon Bliss, then of Elyria, and now Supreme
+Judge of Missouri, was afterward elected, and his term was cut short in
+1851, by the adoption of the new Constitution, under which the judges were
+elected by the people for the term of five years. Hon. Samuel Starkweather
+was the first judge elected under the new system, and in 1856. Mr. Bolton
+was chosen his successor. In 1861, he was unanimounanimouslynated and
+elected without opposition, and in 1866, at the expiration of his second
+term, he retired from the Bench and the Bar.</p>
+
+<p>We thus complete our outline sketch of the professional, judicial, and
+political career of one of our most prominent and respected citizens.</p>
+
+<p>He came to the Bar of Cleveland before Cleveland was a city, and entered
+upon practice with that force and earnestness which were the ruling
+elements of his nature. He had able competitors, but he was a strong man
+amongst them. His promptness in the courts was proverbial. He was always
+ready, and if he granted indulgences he never asked for any. He was less
+given to books than his partner, Mr. Kelly, who was the student and
+chancery member of the firm, but in the ordinary departments of the common
+law and in criminal practice, he was always at home. He prepared his
+causes with the most thorough premeditation of the line of his own
+evidence, and of all the opposing evidence that could possibly be
+anticipated. Hence he moved with rapidity and precision, and was never
+taken by surprise. His arguments were not elaborate, or studied in point
+of finish, but they were strong, downright practical, and to the point. In
+this sense he was a fine and effective speaker to courts and juries.</p>
+
+<p>These same characteristics he exhibited upon the Bench. Hardy and vigorous
+in his perceptions and understanding--thoroughly versed and ready in the
+law of pleadings and evidence--bringing to bear on the civil code, the
+logical training of the common law system--his ten years of service as a
+judge were honorable to himself and valuable to the public. In all the
+phases of his career and life he has been thoroughly upright.</p>
+
+<p>Retired upon an ample fortune, amassed by forecast and business
+energy--fond of his home, and devoted with entire liberality to the
+education of his children--independent of office and in all other
+ways--strong and robust as ever in person and in mind--he is still a power
+in any direction wherever he chooses so to be. His broad, projecting
+brow, his direct and forcible speech and bearing, symbolize his character.
+They assure you of vital energy, strong, practical comprehension,
+directness and will. He may have more of the "<i>fortiter in re</i>" than of
+the "<i>suaviter in modo</i>" but all who know him have faith in his truth,
+implicit reliance upon the hearty fidelity of his friendships, and
+assurance, that he is always loyal to his convictions, both in public and
+in private life.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="james_m_hoyt"></a>James M. Hoyt.</h2>
+
+
+
+<p>Several years since, the writer of this was in conversation with a poor
+man who had a hard struggle with misfortune and sickness in his attempt to
+rear a large family, and secure them a humble homestead. In the course of
+conversation the name of James M. Hoyt was mentioned, and the poor man was
+inquired of who that gentleman was. "Lawyer Hoyt?" he replied, "why he's
+the <i>honest lawyer</i>, God bless him!" He who could acquire this title among
+the poor must be no ordinary man.</p>
+
+<p>[Illustration: James M. Hoyt]</p>
+
+<p>James M. Hoyt was born in Utica, New York, January 16, 1815. The
+circumstances of his parents were such that he was enabled to acquire a
+good education, and graduated at Hamilton College, Clinton, New York, in
+1834. On leaving College he commenced the study of law in Utica, but soon
+removed to Cleveland, where, in February, 1836, he read law in the office
+of Andrews &amp; Foot. He remained with them in that capacity for one year,
+when a partnership was formed under the name of Andrews, Foot &amp; Hoyt,
+which lasted about twelve years, and was dissolved only by the appointment
+of Judge Andrews to the bench of the Superior Court of Cuyahoga county.
+The firm of Foot &amp; Hoyt continued four years longer, until in 1853, Mr.
+Hoyt withdrew from the practice of law and turned his attention wholly to
+the business of real estate, not as a broker, but as an operator on his
+own account, or in company with others, nearly all his operations being
+adjacent to the city. For the last twenty years his transactions have been
+very heavy, having made of land belonging to him wholly, or in part, in
+the city of Cleveland and its environs, thirty-one recorded sub-divisions,
+covering an area of five hundred acres, on which he has personally, or in
+connection with others interested with him, opened and named no less than
+seventy-six streets, including the well-known Croton, Laurel, Greenwood,
+Humbolt, Mahoning, Kelly, Lynden, Maple, Mayflower and Siegel streets, and
+Longwood avenue. He was also largely instrumental in opening Prospect
+beyond Hudson, and sold nearly half of the land on Kinsman street, besides
+selling a large amount of land on Superior and St. Clair streets; also on
+the West Side, Madison avenue, Long street, Colgate street and Waverly
+avenue. He has sold in all 3000 lots in Cleveland.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Hoyt united with the Baptist church in Utica in 1835. Soon after
+coming to Cleveland he became connected with the First Baptist church
+Sunday school, and was its superintendent twenty-six years, when he
+resigned, and became teacher of a congregational Bible class, which labor
+of love he has performed for about three years, and still continues.</p>
+
+<p>In 1854, he was licensed to preach the Gospel, by the church with which he
+was connected. He was never ordained, and never contemplated being, but
+simply desired to testify to Christian truth as a business man on the
+principle of "He that heareth, let him say come." For the past fifteen
+years he has labored in that capacity more or less in nearly all the
+Protestant denominations in the city and elsewhere.</p>
+
+<p>In 1854, he was elected President of the Ohio Baptist State Convention,
+and has been re-elected annually ever since, and has held anniversaries
+in nearly every city of the State. In 1866, he was elected president of
+the American Baptist Home Mission Society, being the national
+organization for missions for North America, has been re-elected
+annually, and still holds the office. Through all this time Mr. Hoyt has
+made many public addresses, and given lectures on both secular and
+religious subjects, in addition to publishing a number of articles,
+reviews and other literary work.</p>
+
+<p>He was married in 1836 to Miss Mary Ella Beebe, in the city of New York.
+Of this marriage have been born six children, five of whom are living. The
+oldest daughter, Mary Ella, died in 1854, aged fourteen. The oldest son,
+Wayland, is in the Baptist ministry, and is now pastor of the Strong Place
+Baptist church, Brooklyn, N. Y. The second son, Colgate, is now clerk and
+assistant in his father's business. The daughter, Lydia, is the wife of
+Mr. E. J. Farmer, banker of this city.</p>
+
+<p>We do not think it is exaggeration to say, that not a man in the city has
+more entwined himself with the affection of the people than Mr. Hoyt. For
+many years he has had the power to do untold evil to the poor, and to do
+it with a show of justice and legality, but this power was never
+exercised. Of the thousands of lots sold by him, a very large proportion
+have been for homesteads for the poor, hundreds of whom became involved
+through sickness, or other misfortunes, and were not able to make payments
+when due; many men died and left encumbered homes for widows to struggle
+on with, but they never lacked a friend in James M. Hoyt. Other creditors
+would sometimes crowd such persons, but to the extent of his ability he
+always kept them at bay, and if the load was in any case too heavy, would
+sell for the embarrassed owners, and give them the benefit of the rise in
+property. Time and again have we heard such things from the grateful poor.</p>
+
+<p>He is liberal with his means, contributing freely for religious and
+charitable purposes. In politics he has ever sided with the party of
+progress, and, although not a politician, has added his means and
+exertions to the cause whenever necessary. During the war against the
+rebellion he was an energetic supporter of the Government, and rendered
+valuable aid to the cause of loyalty by his money and influence.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Hoyt, since his retirement from the legal profession, has devoted much
+time to those liberal studies which are too apt to be neglected amid the
+engrossing engagements of the Bar. He is a ripe scholar in English
+history, and especially in the period between the Revolution of 1688 and
+the accession of the House of Hanover. With an eminently practical turn of
+mind, he is not disinclined to meta-physical investigations, and we well
+remember the enthusiasm and keen zest with which he passed many winter
+evenings at the house of a friend in reading, analyzing, and applying the
+canons of criticism to Burke's Essay on the Sublime and Beautiful. His
+article on Miracles, published in the October number, 1863, of the
+Christian Review, contains one of the most searching examinations of
+Hume's doctrines extant. It presents a vexed subject in a new and striking
+light, and offers an unanswerable argument to the sophistries of the great
+skeptic. The article has been widely circulated and much admired for its
+logical acumen, and its striking simplification of an apparently complex
+subject. With the faculty, in a large degree, of presenting abstract truth
+in a form plain, attractive and intelligible to the common understanding,
+it is to be hoped that Mr. Hoyt will continue to contribute to the higher
+departments of our periodical literature, and thus by his studies and his
+pen add to his present usefulness in his daily avocation, for we seldom
+find one blessed with such a versatility of talent. He is methodical in
+everything, and thorough in everything. In short, he is a good lawyer, a
+good preacher, a good citizen, a good business man, a good father, a good
+neighbor, and a true friend. He is now only fifty-four years of age, both
+mentally and physically vigorous, and we sincerely hope his life of
+usefulness may be extended many years.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="franklin_t_backus"></a>Franklin T. Backus.</h2>
+
+
+
+<p>Franklin T. Backus, was born in Lee, Berkshire county, Massachusetts, May
+6th, 1813. He was the son of Thomas and Rebecca Backus. While Franklin T.
+was very young, his father removed to Lansing, New York, where he shortly
+died, leaving a large family of young children to the care of his
+surviving widow, with limited means for their support and education. In
+consequence of this, the subject of this sketch was early in life inured
+to hardy exercise upon a farm, to which, in after life, he has attributed
+his strong constitution, and ability to endure confinement, and the
+severest mental toil incident to an extensive legal practice.</p>
+
+<p>It would be inappropriate in a brief sketch, to refer to and narrate
+incidents of boyhood days, and they are therefore passed over. Mr. Backus,
+while in early youth, became possessed of an unconquerable desire for
+knowledge, and while laboring with his hands, his mind was busy
+determining how he should secure the advantages of education. No
+superficial acquirements could satisfy him. Added to native talents, of a
+high order, were thoroughness and perseverance in everything which he
+resolved to undertake, and these traits applied particularly to him as a
+student. After resolving to obtain a thorough classical education, he set
+about it in earnest, and in an unusually short period of time, prepared
+himself, and on examination, entered the junior class of Yale College in
+1834. Though the only time actually spent in college was during his junior
+and senior years, yet his standing was very high, and he graduated at Yale
+in 1836, occupying a position of one of the best mathematicians in his
+class. Soon after, he was tendered the position of assistant professor, or
+instructor in that venerable institution, an honor accorded to but few in
+so short a time after graduation.</p>
+
+<p>On leaving Yale, Mr. Backus settled in Cleveland, Ohio, where he
+established a classical school, which at once became very popular and
+successful, and shortly afterwards commenced the study of law with
+Messrs. Bolton &amp; Kelly, who were among the leading members of the
+Cuyahoga county Bar.</p>
+
+<p>In August, 1839, he was admitted to the practice of law at Cleveland, the
+Supreme Court then being in session there, and entered at once upon the
+practice of his profession, in which, from the beginning, he took a high
+position. He was also an active politician, and as a member of the Whig
+party, participated largely in its active operations in the State, as well
+as in his own district, and was frequently a recipient of its honors.</p>
+
+<p>In 1841, he was elected to the office of prosecuting attorney of Cuyahoga
+county, having been nominated to that office in a contest in which several
+who were older and more experienced in the profession than he, were
+candidates. His administration of the office was in the highest degree
+able and successful, and so met the approval of the public, that he was
+renominated by his party and elected for the second term of two years.</p>
+
+<p>In January, 1842, Mr. Backus was married to Miss Lucy Mygatt, daughter of
+George Mygatt, Esq., then of Painesville, now of Cleveland. The choice was
+a most suitable and wise one, and Mrs. Backus still lives, the light and
+joy of their home.</p>
+
+<p>In 1846, Mr. Backus was elected as a member of the House of
+Representatives in the Ohio Legislature, and continued there only one
+term, refusing a renomination. In 1848, he was elected to the Senate of
+Ohio, in which he took a commanding position, and was widely talked of
+among his friends in various parts of the State as a suitable candidate
+for the United States Senate, as well as for the House of Representatives
+in Congress.</p>
+
+<p>From the breaking out of the Rebellion to its close, he was as strenuous
+an advocate as any one could be, of putting down the Rebellion at any
+hazard of blood and treasure, but differed widely as to some of the
+measures and policy adopted by the Government, and consequently, did not,
+at, or about the close of the war, act with the Republican party, nor has
+he since; and though not an active politician, he is now generally
+recognized as a member of the Democratic party.</p>
+
+<p>In 1840, Mr. Backus associated himself in the legal practice with J. P.
+Bishop, Esq., with whom he continued for fifteen years. Mr. Bishop was
+afterwards chosen one of the judges of the Court of Common Pleas of the
+Cleveland district. Afterwards, for several years, he was associated with
+that able jurist, Judge R. P. Ranney, and now, for some years, he has been
+associated with E. J. Estep, Esq., in his profession.</p>
+
+<p>That he stood high in his profession in the State as well as in Cleveland,
+is shown by the fact that he was nominated, by the Whig party, as
+candidate for Supreme Judge of Ohio, and afterwards by the Republican
+party for the same office, but failed of an election because the party
+nominating him was unsuccessful each of those years in Ohio.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Backus' life for the last twenty years has been almost exclusively
+devoted to his profession. When the railroads were projected which made
+Cleveland one of their terminations he embarked in the enterprise of their
+location and construction, and was early retained as their attorney and
+counsel, and has been acting as such to the present time. The Cleveland,
+Columbus &amp; Cincinnati Railroad, from the beginning, so far as legal
+services have been required, has been under his special supervision. His
+knowledge of the department of law appertaining to corporations, and his
+ability as a corporation lawyer, it is believed, is not surpassed. The
+same may be said of him as a land lawyer, especially in regard to all
+questions arising in the northern part of this State. In short, Mr. Backus
+has had a very wide and varied experience in almost every branch of legal
+practice, and in every case in which he has suffered himself to be
+retained, he has made it a principle to be thorough and accurate, and to
+possess himself of a full knowledge of his case in all its aspects.</p>
+
+<p>As a summary as to Mr. Backus as a lawyer, it is the opinion of those best
+acquainted with him and his professional ability, acquirements and
+experience, that, as a whole, he is unsurpassed by any in the State.</p>
+
+<p>In nearly all the great enterprises of the city his advice and
+co-operation have been sought, and where legal advice and aid have been
+required, his services have often been called into requisition by the
+city. He not only has occupied the position professionally, before spoken
+of, but has, and does, still occupy high positions of trust, both for the
+city and individuals, and in such matters it may be safely said, there are
+few men living in whom more implicit confidence is reposed.</p>
+
+<p>The extent of his varied legal practice can only be judged of in part, by
+his appearance in court. His business out of court has constituted by far
+the largest and most important part of his practice, and has always been
+done with a view to saving his client from litigation in future, so far as
+possible, and this he has accomplished.</p>
+
+<p>In pecuniary matters Mr. Backus has been successful, not only as the
+fruits of arduous professional labors, but in other respects.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Backus is a very benevolent and liberal man, also, but his generosity
+is not in the beaten track. It is bestowed unseen and unknown by the
+public, and his own judgment selects the object of his bounty. His
+friendship when once bestowed is undying and changes not with time or
+circumstances so long as the person on whom it is bestowed proves worthy
+of his confidence.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<p align="center">[Illustration: Yours truly, J. P. Bishop]</p>
+
+
+<h2><a name="jesse_p_bishop"></a>Jesse P. Bishop.</h2>
+
+
+
+<p>Judge Bishop was born in New Haven, Vermont, June 1, 1815, and was taken
+with his father's family to St. Lawrence county, New York, whilst yet a
+child. His father died when he was but nine years old, and his mother
+returned to Vermont, taking her children with her. As soon as he was of
+age to be serviceable, he was apprenticed to a farmer until his
+fourteenth year, at the expiration of which time he resided with an uncle
+until his seventeenth year, when he left farm work in order to acquire an
+education. He studied hard for four or five years, partly maintaining
+himself by teaching school, and at length had prepared himself for a
+collegiate course.</p>
+
+<p>In 1836, he came to Cleveland, and after an experience in a counting-room
+one season, he concluded that he was better adapted for a literary life.
+Accordingly he entered Western Reserve College, and on examination was
+admitted to the senior class.</p>
+
+<p>In 1838, he began the study of law with Hon. Rufus P. Spalding, afterwards
+with Andrews, Foote &amp; Hoyt, and subsequently with Varnum J. Card, and was
+admitted to practice August, 1839, when he immediately entered into
+partnership with Mr. Card, who, however, died about one year later, and
+Mr. Bishop formed a partnership with F. T. Backus. This business connection
+continued fifteen years.</p>
+
+<p>In 1856, Mr. Bishop was elected to the Common Pleas Judgeship of this
+county and district, and served with great satisfaction both to members
+of the profession and to the public. His decisions were characterized by
+a painstaking research, and an exhaustless consideration of the
+principles of law involved, indicating a clear, accurate and
+discriminating mind. It is believed that very few of his decisions were
+ever reversed by a higher court, which is of itself sufficient testimony
+to his ability and industry. At the end of his term he declined being a
+candidate, and at once resumed the practice of law. In this he still
+continues, having associated with him Seymour F. Adams, recently of the
+Lewis county Bar, New York.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Bishop's life has been one of constant application to business, having
+no idle time, and scarcely any leisure moments. With him a decision is not
+reached by intuition, but by careful study, but when he takes hold of a
+subject he studies it thoroughly to its conclusion, and is master of all
+its points. Although Mr. Bishop has never been what may be termed
+physically robust, he possesses great power of prolonged mental
+application. And being also endowed with a most remarkably retentive
+memory, his mind is stored with a very comprehensive knowledge of law. And
+if there be one faculty of his mind more than another, that gives
+character to the man, it is his prodigious memory of facts. In a case that
+recently came under our notice, Judge Bishop gave evidence pertaining to a
+matter that occurred some twenty years since, with apparently as much
+precision as if the events occurred but yesterday.</p>
+
+<p>In social and religions circles Judge Bishop ranks high. He is agreeable
+in private life, and thoroughly conscientious in moral and religious
+matters. He has long been a valued and honored member of the Baptist
+denomination. By his uprightness of character, courtesy of demeanor, and
+general good qualities, he has won the respect and esteem of a very
+large circle.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="henry_h_dodge"></a>Henry H. Dodge.</h2>
+
+
+
+<p>Amongst the very earliest settlers in Cleveland, was Samuel Dodge, the
+father of the subject of this notice, who emigrated from Westmoreland, New
+Hampshire, to this place, in 1797, being then about 21 years of age. On
+arriving at Cleveland he built a log shanty, and remained about one year,
+when he went to Detroit, and remained about the same length of time, and
+returned to Cleveland, which he considered his home. Here and in the
+adjoining township he resided to the day of his death, which occurred
+October 3d, 1854, aged 78 years. About seven years after coming to
+Cleveland he married a Miss Nancy Doan, of Connecticut, who died in
+Cleveland, December 19th, 1863, leaving two sons, George C. and Henry H.</p>
+
+<p>It is said that Samuel Dodge built the first frame building in this city,
+about the year 1800, and which was a barn for Governor Samuel Huntington,
+at that time living at Painesville. His proper business was that of a
+wheelwright, but adapted himself to all kinds of wood-work in the new
+country. During the war of 1812, he took a contract of Major Jessup, the
+commander at this point, for building a large number of boats for the
+Government, both here and at Erie.</p>
+
+<p>[Illustration: Respectfully Yours, Henry H Dodge]</p>
+
+<p>Henry H. was born August 19th, 1810, and enjoyed what educational
+advantages Cleveland afforded, finishing his education under Hon. Harvey
+Rice. At the age of twenty he commenced the study of law with Hon. John
+W. Willey. In 1835, he married Miss Mary Ann Willey, a niece of Mr.
+Willey, of which marriage seven children were born. Mrs. Dodge died
+February 4, 1867.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Dodge was admitted to the Bar at the same time with H. V. Willson and
+H. B. Payne, in 1834. He at once entered into partnership with Mr. Willey,
+and continued with him until the latter was elected to the president
+judgeship of the Court of Common Pleas, in 1840. Mr. Dodge then withdrew
+from the practice of law to devote his whole attention to the duties of a
+disbursing agent of the United States, for public works, to which he had
+been appointed two years previously. He held that position until 1841. He
+was also commissioner of insolvents during 1837 and 1838.</p>
+
+<p>In 1850, he was appointed State engineer, having charge of public works,
+and retained the position until 1855. On the organization of the United
+States District Court for Northern Ohio, he was appointed United States
+Commissioner, and held that office for three years. In 1859, he was again
+appointed State engineer, and continued as such until 1862, since which
+time he has devoted himself wholly to his real estate interests, opening
+up new streets, building tenement houses, and materially aiding in the
+growth and beauty of the eastern portion of the city. As early as 1837, he
+built the large brick block on the corner of Ontario and Prospect streets,
+formerly known as the Farmers' Block, which was, at that time, one of the
+largest in the city.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Dodge, through all his offices of trust as well as private business,
+has maintained a character for integrity and honor. He is unassuming and
+affable, and well calculated to enjoy the handsome competency accruing
+from the rise of his early real estate purchases, and being of a
+remarkably kind and benevolent disposition, one of his chief pleasures
+arises from the consciousness of doing good, by assisting those who are in
+need, to the extent of his ability. During the war he was most active in
+the country's cause, and spent his time and means freely in furnishing
+substitutes and rendering comfort to the families of our brave defenders,
+and we think, more than anything else, this desire to promote the
+prosperity and happiness of mankind, gives character to him.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Dodge has resided on Euclid avenue over thirty years, having built
+the residence now owned by General Oviatt, adjoining the present residence
+of Mr. D. P. Eells, in 1838, the site at that time being outside the city
+limits. After a few years he sold this to Thomas Bolton, and in 1840,
+built a brick cottage opposite Brownell street, which he occupied about
+fifteen years, when it gave place to the present edifice, the land having
+been in the family since the year 1800.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="james_m_coffinberry"></a>James M. Coffinberry.</h2>
+
+
+
+<p>Judge Coffinberry is a native of Mansfield, Ohio, having been born in that
+town in 1818. He studied law with his father, Andrew Coffinberry, Esq.,
+then located at Perrysburg, in the western part of the State, and upon his
+admission to the Bar in 1841, opened a law office in connection with his
+father in Maumee City. He very early obtained the public confidence, being
+appreciated for his high personal and professional integrity, and giving
+evidence of fine abilities as a lawyer and advocate, he was elected and
+served as prosecuting attorney for Lucas county for several years. About
+the year 1845, he removed to Hancock county, and purchased and edited the
+Findlay Herald, a Whig paper of that day, and for about ten years
+practiced his profession with credit and success in the large circuit of
+Hancock, Allen, Putnam, Van Wert, and Wood counties.</p>
+
+<p>In 1855, he removed to Cleveland, where he entered very readily into a
+good practice, and for six years confirmed the good reputation which he
+brought with him, and took high rank at a Bar which numbers among its
+members sortie of the best lawyers in the State.</p>
+
+<p>In 1861, he was elected judge of the Court of Common Pleas, and performed
+the duties of the office for his full term of five years, with credit to
+himself and to the eminent satisfaction of the public, and an appreciative
+Bar. The kind and genial traits are characteristics of Judge Coffinberry's
+mind, and his quiet manners upon the Bench made it always agreeable for
+both lawyers and suitors doing business in his court. His charges to the
+jury were always plain, clear, and forcible, and in the course of his
+judicial service, he delivered some very able opinions, verbal and
+written, which elicited the favorable consideration of the profession, and
+it is understood that no judicial opinion pronounced by him has ever been
+reversed on review of a higher court. The charge to the jury on the trial
+of Dr. John W. Hughes, for the murder of Tamzen Parsons, of Bedford, which
+took place in December, 1865, was acknowledged by the Cleveland Bar to be
+one of the ablest ever delivered from the Cuyahoga Bench.</p>
+
+<p>[Illustration: Yours Truly, J. M. Coffinberry]</p>
+
+<p>Judge Coffinberry is remarkable for an apparently intuitive perception of
+legal truth, which gives to his argument at the Bar, and as a lawyer and
+judge, to his opinions, a tone of originality. He has a fine appreciation
+of the learning of the profession, but though not, strictly speaking,
+technical in his administration of the law, he is never unmindful of its
+nicest distinctions, but makes them subservient to his broad and liberal
+views of the case. He has now returned to the practice of his profession,
+and is regarded as among the best advocates of the Cleveland Bar.</p>
+
+<p>While Mr. Coffinberry has won distinction as a lawyer, the following
+record will show that he is amongst our most enterprising and energetic
+business men, outside of his profession: He is president of the Midas
+Insurance Company; a director in the Willow Bank Coal Company; a director
+of the Tuscarawas Iron and Coal Company; was one of the projectors of the
+People's Gas and Coke Company, of the West Side; has been a director of
+the Mahoning Railroad Company; director and attorney for the Fremont and
+Indiana Railroad Company; took an active interest in the construction of
+the West Side street railroad, and also the Rocky River Railroad; he was a
+member of the City Council for two years, and president of that body.</p>
+
+<p>In politics, he was formerly a Whig, but now acts with the Democrats. He
+was principal Secretary of the Great Union Convention that nominated the
+late David Tod for Governor.</p>
+
+<p>Judge Coffinberry has been successful in almost every undertaking, and has
+richly deserved it.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="james_mason"></a>James Mason.</h2>
+
+
+
+<p>No member of the Cleveland legal fraternity stands higher in the respect
+of his colleagues and the general public, both for legal abilities and
+personal qualities, than James Mason. As a lawyer he stands in the front
+rank of the profession, his extensive reading, well balanced judgment, and
+logical reasoning, making him one of the most reliable counsellors and
+successful practitioners, whether before a court or a jury, whilst no more
+valuable or respected citizen is found among the list of residents of
+Cleveland.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Mason was born in the Autumn of 1816, in Canton, Ohio, of Vermont
+stock, his parents having early emigrated to this State. He was carefully
+educated at a good school in Trumbull county, and spent two years in
+Western Reserve College. In 1835, he entered the senior class in Jefferson
+College and graduated with the class of 1836.</p>
+
+<p>On leaving College he studied law with Hon. A. W. Loomis, in New Lisbon,
+Ohio, and was admitted to the Bar in 1839, when he practiced in
+partnership with his preceptor until 1845. With the close of this
+partnership he went abroad and spent some time in foreign travel,
+returning in 1851, when he removed to Cleveland and opened a law office.
+His abilities and assiduous attention to business soon brought him a
+large and remunerative practice. Among other business he became the
+legal adviser of the Cleveland &amp; Toledo Railroad Company, and also one
+of its directors. The value of his connection with the company was
+speedily recognized and acknowledged. Business of the highest class came
+to him until he has come to find his time fully occupied by the best
+class of practice.</p>
+
+<p>The duties of his profession, though laborious, are not allowed to engross
+the whole of his time to the exclusion of domestic pleasures and social
+enjoyments. The general culture of Mr. Mason's mind, in addition to his
+legal attainments, and his affable manner, make him an agreeable companion
+for social intercourse, and together with his sterling qualities as a man,
+and his patriotism as a citizen, have won for him a host of friends warmly
+attached to him, and loyally resolved to do him honor.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Mason was married in 1853, to Miss Caroline Robinson, of Willoughby.
+Of this marriage there are five children.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="daniel_r_tilden"></a>Daniel R. Tilden.</h2>
+
+
+
+<p>The name of Daniel R. Tilden has long been familiar in Cleveland and its
+vicinity. For fifteen years he has held the office of Probate Judge of
+Cuyahoga county, and from the nature of his office, has been brought into
+connection with a large proportion of the citizens, and become intimately
+acquainted with their personal and family affairs. Many of these business
+acquaintances became warm personal friends, and it is believed that
+neither by his official, nor by his private life, has Judge Tilden made
+one real enemy.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Tilden was born in Lebanon, Connecticut, November 5th, 1806, He
+received a fair common school education, and on reaching his eighteenth
+year, left his native State for the South, residing four years in North
+Carolina and Virginia. But the South was not a congenial soil for the son
+of the genuine Yankee State, so he turned his steps westward, and set out
+for Ohio. At Garrettsville, Portage county, he halted awhile, and then
+went to study law with Mr. Pierson, at Ravenna. To complete his legal
+education, he entered the office of R. P. Spalding, and studied with him
+for some time.</p>
+
+<p>In 1831, a movement was on foot to agitate the question of abolishing
+slavery. The movement was exceedingly unpopular, and it required
+considerable nerve to profess abolition sentiments. Now, when no other
+principle is avowed, it scarcely seems possible that men, now among us in
+the prime of life, had to endure obloquy, ridicule, and even danger, for
+expressing sentiments that no one now dreams of dissenting from. Among the
+first to espouse the abolition doctrines was Judge Tilden. With Robert F.
+Paine he commenced the work of organizing an Abolition Society in
+Garrettsville, the first of the kind in Portage county. In this work he
+labored with unwearied zeal, and became extensively known as one of the
+most prominent and active of anti-slavery leaders.</p>
+
+<p>In 1832, Mr. Tilden was elected justice of the peace, and continued in
+that office four years; soon after the conclusion of the term, he formed a
+law partnership with Judge Spalding, at Ravenna. This arrangement
+continued about four years, when he formed a partnership with W. S. G.
+Otis, which lasted about three years, and was terminated by Judge Tilden
+becoming prosecuting attorney, an office he held four years.</p>
+
+<p>In 1842, Judge Tilden was elected to Congress as a Whig, from the district
+composed of Summit, Portage, and Trumbull counties, and was in the House
+of Representatives during the exciting debates relative to the annexation
+of Texas and the Mexican war. He, with twelve others, took a bold stand
+against the war, making several speeches of very marked ability. He and
+his associates, among whom were Gov. Vance, Columbus Delano, and Joseph
+Root, refused to vote for the bill furnishing means to carry on the war,
+because of the preamble to the bill, which said: "Whereas, we are, by the
+act of Mexico, become engaged in war," &amp;c., &amp;c. This, Judge Tilden and his
+associates considered false, they would not vote for the bill until it was
+stricken out, and the names of these thirteen were sent throughout the
+country surrounded with a funeral border.</p>
+
+<p>At the Baltimore Convention that nominated General Scott, Judge Tilden
+represented Lake and Summit counties; and at the Philadelphia Convention
+that nominated Taylor, he represented Summit, Trumbull, and Portage.</p>
+
+<p>In 1852, Judge Tilden removed to Cleveland and formed a law partnership
+with Hon. H. B. Payne. Two years afterwards he was elected Probate Judge,
+of Cuyahoga county, and filled the position with such marked satisfaction
+to his constituents that he was re-elected at the close of every term, and
+still holds the office he has filled for fifteen consecutive years.</p>
+
+<p>When practicing law, Judge Tilden was distinguished for his abilities as
+an advocate, and his qualifications for the judicial office he fills is
+attested by his repeated re-elections to it. His officiai conduct has been
+marked by uniform kindness, attention to the duties of his office, and the
+interests of those having business with it, and a constant endeavor to do
+right by all, whether rich or poor, learned or ignorant. If he has
+committed any errors--and no Judge, from the Supreme Court down, but must
+plead guilty to some--they have been errors of judgment only, and not of
+interest. No one can deny to Judge Tilden unimpeached honesty of purpose,
+warmth of heart, and an earnest endeavor to deal justly with all men.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<p align="center">[Illustration: Yours Truly, C. M. Palmer]</p>
+
+
+<h2><a name="charles_w_palmer"></a>Charles W. Palmer.</h2>
+
+
+
+<p>Prominent among the young men of the profession who promise to take
+and worthily fill the places of the old leaders of the Cleveland Bar
+now partly superannuated and soon to retire from active life, is
+Charles W. Palmer.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Palmer was born in Norwich, New London county, Connecticut, September
+8, 1826. Nine years after, his father, Joseph B. Palmer removed to
+Cleveland with his family, and was for a time engaged in the storage
+business on the river. He is now in the employ of the Cleveland &amp;
+Pittsburgh Railroad Company. Charles had only the advantages of the common
+schools until he was sixteen, but before he reached that age he had
+manifested an industry at his books which promised well for his future. He
+taught school on "the ridge" West of Cleveland, walking out to the school
+house and back before and after school hours, and at the same time
+prosecuting his own studies. He prepared for College under Rev. S. B.
+Canfield and W. D. Beattie, of Cleveland, and when nearly eighteen was
+admitted to Western Reserve College at Hudson. He graduated in 1848, with
+the highest honors of his class. For two years after graduation he was
+principal of the High School in Akron, and the next year a tutor in
+Western Reserve College. Coming to Cleveland again after this, he studied
+law in the office of Judge Foote, and was admitted to the Bar in the Fall
+of 1853. In the Spring of the following year he made his first success in
+political life, being elected to the City Council. In the Spring of 1859,
+he was elected city attorney. The duties of this office he discharged
+satisfactorily to all, and found the practice it brought a material help
+in his profession. In the Fall of 1863, Mr. Palmer was elected prosecuting
+attorney for the county. Here he was brought very prominently into notice
+by the successful prosecution of several important cases.</p>
+
+<p>In his profession, Mr. Palmer has been a constantly rising man, until now
+he is on one or the other side of most of the important cases in our
+courts. His reputation as a criminal lawyer is especially high. In 1865,
+he prosecuted the celebrated Hughes murder case successfully. Two years
+afterwards he defended McConnell, the murderer, and in 1868, defended
+Mrs. Victor, in one of the most remarkable poisoning cases ever brought
+into court. His argument in the latter case was a masterpiece of legal
+acumen, forcible exposition, and polished speech. Mr. Palmer began the
+practice of law in Cleveland in the firm of Palmer &amp; Austin. Afterwards he
+was associated with R. B. Dennis, Esq., and at present he is senior in the
+firm of Palmer &amp; De Wolf.</p>
+
+<p>In July, 1819, Mr. Palmer married Miss Sabrina Parks, of Hudson, Ohio.
+This estimable lady died in little more than a year after the marriage,
+leaving a son but a few weeks old. The son still survives. In 1855, Mr.
+Palmer married Miss Minerva Stone, a sister of Mr. S. S. Stone, of
+Cleveland. This second wife died in childbed eleven months after marriage,
+and in 1858, Mr. Palmer married his present wife. She was Miss Lucy
+Hubbell, a daughter of Calvin Hubbell, Esq., of New York. By this marriage
+there is a son now about ten years old.</p>
+
+<p>In politics, Mr. Palmer has been a member of the Republican party since
+its organization. He gave the war for the Union an earnest, active and
+powerful support. No man appreciated more thoroughly the principles
+involved in that contest, and few indeed have the power to present those
+principles so well as he. His party services have been numerous and
+efficient. A man of fine personal appearance, with a fair, open face,
+which carries with it the conviction of sincerity in all he says,
+possessed of a grace of manner which makes it a pleasure to hear him on
+any subject, and having such a command of language as to enable him to put
+his thoughts in the fittest words, he is of course a favorite speaker
+always. He has a conscientiousness in all he does, which never allows him
+to treat carelessly any matter, even in an unexpected public speech. There
+are few men in Cleveland who carry so much weight in speaking, whether it
+be before a court and jury, or to a general assembly of people. Taking an
+intelligent interest in all public affairs, he yet devotes himself
+studiously to his profession, in which he has as bright prospects as any
+man at his age need wish for.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="william_collins"></a>William Collins.</h2>
+
+
+
+<p>William Collins was born at Lowville, New York, the county seat of Lewis
+county, February 22, 1818. He was a son of Ela Collins, who was a son of
+General Oliver Collins, of Oneida county, New York, and Maria Clinton,
+daughter of Rev. Isaac Clinton, of Lowville.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Collins read law with his father, and was admitted to practice in the
+courts of New York, at Rochester, in September, 1813. In October, 1843, he
+formed a copartnership with his father, under the firm name of E. &amp; W.
+Collins. They continued in active and successful practice until the death
+of his father, in 1849. Immediately after Mr. Collins' admission to the
+Bar, he was elected, as the successor of his father, public prosecutor.
+This office he held until 1846, when he resigned, having been elected, by
+the Democratic party, in November, 1846, at the age of twenty-seven, a
+member of the House of Representatives, in the Thirtieth Congress. The
+district represented by him was composed of Lewis and St. Lawrence
+counties. He was in Congress in the years 1847-8-9, during the first
+agitation of the question of extending slavery to the free territories.
+Mr. Collins opposed the proposed extension with much zeal and ability.
+Among his speeches will be found one delivered July 28, 1848, on the "Bill
+to establish the territorial government of Oregon," advocating the Wilmot
+Proviso. Apart from its merit as a brilliant literary production, it
+contains many passages that will be read with much interest by the general
+reader, as showing the beginning of the end at which we have arrived.
+Slavery itself having now become a matter of history, we think it will be
+of interest to introduce the following extracts from the Congressional
+Globe of July, 1848:</p>
+
+<p>  I shall assume, then, sir, that the institution does not exist in our
+  late Mexican acquisitions, but that it has been effectually prohibited.
+  The real question, then, is shall the laws securing <i>freedom</i> in these
+  Territories be abolished, and <i>slavery</i> established? This is indeed,
+  sir, a question of the gravest magnitude. To millions of the oppressed
+  and degraded children of Africa, it is an issue upon which depends all
+  that is dear to them in life--all that is bitter in the hour of death.
+  It seems to me, sir, that they are even now stretching forth their dark
+  hands, and beseeching us, in the name of the God of liberty whom our
+  fathers worshipped, to remove from them the poisoned cup of bondage--to
+  forge for them no more chains. The termination of this question also
+  involves the dearest interests of every person in this country who
+  desires to sustain himself by honorable labor. It intimately concerns
+  our national honor, reputation, and progress in the great family of
+  nations. The two hundred and fifty thousand immigrants who annually land
+  upon our shores are in pursuit of 'free soil and free labor.' Can we
+  pronounce in favor of slavery, without danger to our experiment at
+  self-government? If we thus decide, what will become of the cherished
+  hopes of the friends of civilization, Christianity, and human progress?</p>
+
+<p>  Those who insist upon preserving freedom in the Territories, have no
+  desire to disturb the institution of slavery in the States. The
+  Constitution confers upon them no such authority. They could not
+  interfere with it if they would, and they would not if they could. They
+  have ever heretofore been, and still are, ready strictly to fulfil the
+  constitutional provisions upon this subject.</p>
+
+<p>  I shall aim to discuss this question with a proper regard for the most
+  sensitive feelings of our brethren of the slave States, but also, sir,
+  with a plainness commensurate with its profound importance. The
+  legislatures of thirteen of the States of the Union, including Delaware,
+  which still has two thousand slaves, have passed resolutions instructing
+  their Senators and requesting their Representatives in Congress to
+  oppose any further extension of slavery. There is but one sentiment upon
+  this subject throughout the free States--it is that of eternal and
+  <i>uncompromising</i> hostility to the project. They will never consent that
+  the free and virgin soil of the Territories shall be blighted and cursed
+  by the tears of the slave, while they have a will to determine, or a
+  muscle to resist.</p>
+
+<p>  The proposition to make this Government the instrument for planting
+  slavery upon soil now free, is regarded by a few at the North as so
+  improbable and monstrous, that they have refused to believe that it is
+  seriously entertained. Startling as the proposal is, it is nevertheless
+  true.</p>
+
+<p>       *       *       *       *       *</p>
+
+<p>  Another argument employed by these apologists is, that the 'Proviso,' or
+  a law prohibiting slavery in these Territories, is unnecessary; that it
+  is an abstraction--a 'firebrand' employed by demagogues and factionists
+  to kindle strife in the Democratic party; that the Territories are now
+  free, and that they will so continue, unless an act of Congress is
+  passed establishing slavery. It is impossible to avoid asking ourselves
+  why, if these gentlemen are sincere--if they truly believe that slavery
+  can not and will not go there, and they do not desire that it
+  should--why they so strenuously oppose the passage of such a
+  prohibition? If their views are correct, then such a law would be a mere
+  harmless superfluity. But, sir, this '<i>firebrand of freedom</i>' is a thing
+  more exalted and noble than a mere abstraction. It is wielded by men of
+  strong arms, adamantine will, and hearts animated by the divine impulses
+  of patriotism and liberty. They have registered a vow in Heaven to
+  employ every lawful and constitutional means to roll back the dark tide
+  of slavery from the temple of Freedom, and vindicate the character of
+  the Republic from the disgrace and reproach of establishing slavery in a
+  free territory. We are no abstractionists. The Representatives in this
+  Congress from the fifteen slaveholding States of the Union, without an
+  exception, and without distinction of party, avow an intention to carry
+  their slaves into these Territories, and there hold them in bondage.
+  They assert, with passionate vehemence, that they have such a
+  constitutional right. They have even told us, sir, that, regardless of
+  the remonstrances of the people of the North--heedless of any
+  prohibitory law of Congress upon the subject, they would invade the free
+  soil of the Pacific, and take with them their slaves, and weapons of
+  defence! Are these declarations abstractions? Do they make no appeal for
+  immediate, energetic and prohibitory legislation?</p>
+
+<p>[Illustration: W. Collins]</p>
+
+<p>  When driven from every other argument, gentlemen of the South
+  threaten, that if the 'Proviso' or a law prohibiting slavery in free
+  territory, is passed, they will dissolve the Union. At the North, the
+  dissolution of the Union is not regarded as among possible events. Its
+  value is never calculated. It has been cemented by too many common and
+  glorious sacrifices and struggles; it is protected by too many pious
+  invocations of its magnanimous founders, to be easily severed. The
+  cause by which these fraternal bonds are sundered must be other than a
+  refusal on the part of the free States to allow the Government to
+  establish slavery in free territory. A submission to the will of the
+  majority is a fundamental principle of our institutions. If the North
+  are overborne in this contest, they must and will submit. If the
+  demands of the South are denied by the decision of the majority, a like
+  cheerful and ready acquiesence is expected. Until, however, the
+  majority have decided, no legal and constitutional efforts to exclude
+  slavery from these Territories will be abated by passionate threats
+  against the peace and perpetuity of the Union. The Union would never
+  have been formed had the present demand of the slave States been made
+  and insisted upon. A proposition in the Constitutional Convention to
+  make the Government a propagandist of slavery in free territory, would
+  have been indignantly rejected.</p>
+
+<p>  Whilst we stand here, upon the floor of the American Congress, at the
+  noon of the nineteenth century, gravely discussing whether or not we
+  will extend and perpetuate slavery, the monarchical governments of
+  Europe are striking off shackles and 'letting the oppressed go free.'
+  Slavery has been abolished by the French colonies. Portugal, Spain,
+  and Russia, are moving in the work of emancipation. Within a few
+  years England has given liberty to eight hundred thousand slaves. She
+  has expended, within the last forty years, one hundred millions of
+  dollars in suppressing the slave trade. Is it reserved for the
+  Government of 'free, happy America,' in the midst of examples like
+  these, to be fastening corroding chains upon human beings? Sooner
+  than be involved in such stupendous guilt, let our name and existence
+  perish among the nations.</p>
+
+<p>  On the part of the North no 'compromises' can be made. But one answer--
+  a stern, unyielding NO--will be given to all such proposals. We have
+  made all the concessions that we can make, or ought to make. If a law
+  under the name of a 'compromise' is passed, planting slavery upon a
+  single square mile of free territory, it will have no rest. REPEAL! will
+  be shouted from the mountain tops of the North, and reverberated in
+  thunder tones through the valleys. The preservation of 'free soil for
+  free men,' will alone be satisfactory. For this purpose, the passage of
+  an act of Congress prohibiting slavery in free territory, will be
+  unceasingly urged, until the great measure is consummated.</p>
+
+<p>During this Congress, although the anti-slavery-extension men were in a
+minority in both branches, all compromise bills were defeated, and their
+defeat was due in a good degree to the industrious and vigilant efforts of
+Mr. Collins, and a few associates in the House.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Collins was tendered a renomination to the thirty-first Congress, but
+having determined to remove to the West, he declined, and Preston King was
+elected in his stead. He continued, with much success, the business of
+the late firm of E. &amp; W. Collins, until December, 1853, when he removed to
+Cleveland and opened a law office. He was soon elected a director of the
+Merchants Bank of Cleveland, and of the Lake Shore Railway Company.
+Subsequently he became a director in the Bellefontaine Railway Company;
+the Cleveland, Columbus, Cincinnati and Indianapolis Railway Company; the
+Jamestown and Franklin Railway Company, of Pennsylvania; the East
+Cleveland Street Railroad Company; the Mercer Iron and Coal Company, of
+Pennsylvania, and the Merchants National Bank, of Cleveland, the active
+duties of which positions have absorbed very much of his attention and
+time. He has occasionally appeared in the courts here in litigated cases,
+but has mainly confined his professional work to his office. Mr. Collins
+had a high standing as a lawyer in New York, and has fully sustained his
+early reputation here. He is most remarkable for an admirably fair and
+clear way of stating and arguing to the court and jury, the questions both
+of law and fact. This contributed greatly to his success, not only as a
+forensic advocate, but as a political orator, and legislative debater.</p>
+
+<p>The sympathies of Mr. Collins having always been on the side of freedom,
+he joined the Republican party on its organization, and has remained
+faithful to its principles. When the Rebellion broke out he threw himself
+heartily into the cause of the Union, and contributed freely with money
+and labor in every available way for the furtherance of the Union cause.
+He served on the local military and other committees, working faithfully
+and energetically, and contributing largely to the excellent record
+Cleveland and the county made during the war, by repeatedly and promptly
+filling the quota of troops required, and by liberal contributions in aid
+of the sick and wounded soldiers. Whenever an effort was needed, the voice
+of Mr. Collins was heard exhorting the people earnestly to energetic
+action and liberal contributions, and his exhortations were promptly and
+efficiently seconded by his own example. With him precept and practice
+went together.</p>
+
+<p>Such men as Mr. Collins would do the people valuable service were they
+chosen to fill responsible places in the legislative councils and
+executive departments of the State and Nation. But in these days something
+more than--or it may too often be said--something different from abilities
+of the description possessed by Mr. Collins, seems to be required to
+secure the favor of the people, or rather of the political managers. He is
+of too ingenuous a nature to yield to the intrigues and servility, too
+often, now-a-days, demanded of political candidates by the managers.</p>
+
+<p>On November 20th, 1816, Mr. Collins was married at Columbus, to Jane,
+second daughter of the late Alfred Kelly--the two families having been
+early neighbors and friends in New York. Two children of this marriage
+survive, Frederick and Walter, the former seventeen years of age at the
+present time, and the latter fourteen.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="rufus_percival_ranney"></a>Rufus Percival Ranney.</h2>
+
+
+
+<p>Rufus P. Ranney, one of the most profound jurists this country has
+produced, was born at Blandford, Massachusetts, October 30, 1813. His
+father, Rufus Ranney, was an honest, industrious farmer, of Scotch
+descent. His mother, whose maiden name was Dottie D. Blair, came from
+revolutionary stock.</p>
+
+<p>About the year 1822, Rufus Ranney removed with his family to Ohio. After a
+short stay at Fairport, Lake county, they finally located at Freedom,
+Portage county, where they made a permanent settlement upon a farm. It was
+there that Rufus P. Ranney spent the years of his early manhood, and there
+his parents lived until their decease. Judge Ranney's father was highly
+respected in the neighborhood where he lived, and, though in humble
+circumstances, did all within his power for the education of his children,
+training them in the pathway of honesty and integrity--traits of character
+which have marked the public and private career of his distinguished son.
+His mother, an amiable woman who had received a good education, was very
+attentive to her children, and her son, Rufus P. doubtless owes much of
+whatever he has been in life to her early teachings.</p>
+
+<p>Until he became of age, Rufus P. Ranney was engaged upon his father's
+farm, obtaining, during the winter season, a few weeks education at such
+schools as a country village then afforded. He attended the college at
+Hudson for a season, but circumstances prevented his remaining long enough
+to graduate with his class.</p>
+
+<p>In the year 1835, having determined to make a start in life for himself,
+he left his home and traveled on foot to Jefferson, Ashtabula county. In a
+speech made by him at Ashtabula in September, 1868, he referred to the
+time of his arrival at Jefferson, his worldly goods consisting of the
+clothing upon his person, and <i>one</i> extra shirt, which he carried in the
+top of his hat.</p>
+
+<p>Entering the office of Benjamin F. Wade, he applied himself with
+diligence to the study of the law, and after a clerkship of one year was
+admitted to the Bar. Soon afterward he entered into partnership with his
+preceptor. The firm of Wade &amp; Ranney was a powerful one, and "ruled the
+circuit" of North Eastern Ohio. For several years it enjoyed an extensive
+practice. The firm was dissolved upon the removal of Judge Ranney to
+Warren, (1844,) and Mr. Wade was soon afterward chosen President Judge of
+the Third Judicial District, from which position he was transferred to the
+Senate of the United States.</p>
+
+<p>In 1846, and again in 1848, Judge Ranney was an unsuccessful candidate for
+Congress. In the Trumbull district the Whig party was largely in the
+majority, and though Judge Ranney was defeated, he ran considerably ahead
+of the general ticket, reducing the Whig majority to hundreds, when
+before, that party had triumphed by thousands.</p>
+
+<p>The people having determined that a convention be held to form a new
+constitution, Judge Ranney was chosen to represent the counties of
+Trumbull and Geauga. The convention was held in 1850. It was composed of
+the first men of the State; both parties seem to have vied with each other
+in sending their ablest representatives. There were William Medill, its
+President, who afterwards became Governor of the State; the venerable
+Ex-Governor Vance; Henry Stanbery, late Attorney General of the United
+States; Peter Hitchcock, for thirty years a judge of the Supreme Court;
+Benjamin Stanton, long a member of Congress; Judges Joseph E. Swan,
+Sherlock J. Andrews, Simeon Nash and William Kennon; Charles Reemelin,
+D. P. Leadbetter, William Sawyer, and others not less prominent in the
+Judicial and political annals of Ohio.</p>
+
+<p>In that convention, Rufus P. Ranney greatly distinguished himself.
+Although but thirty-six years of age he commanded the respect and
+admiration of all its members, and won for himself a high reputation as a
+sound lawyer and ready debater. No one was more looked to for advice, and
+none more generally correct in giving it. He was, in fact, a leader, whose
+council, in almost every instance, was acceded to by the convention. All
+the propositions which he introduced were for the welfare and benefit of
+the people. In the official report of the debates will be found his views
+upon nearly or quite all of the questions which agitated the convention.
+He was the champion of the people against monopolies, and many of the most
+important provisions in the constitution are the work of his hand.</p>
+
+<p>The course which he pursued met the hearty approval of the people and
+made his name prominent throughout the State. In response to the wishes of
+the members of the legal profession, and the general desire of the public,
+he was, by the legislature of 1851, chosen one of the judges of the
+Supreme Court. When the new constitution went into effect, he was elected
+to the same position by a large majority.</p>
+
+<p>Judge Ranney occupied a place upon the Supreme Bench until 1856, when he
+resigned on account of ill health. That year he was a member of the
+Cincinnati National Convention, which nominated James Buchanan for
+President.</p>
+
+<p>In March, 1857, Judge Ranney, unsolicited on his part, received from
+President Buchanan the appointment of United States Attorney for the
+Northern District of Ohio. This position he held until July, when he
+resigned. He then removed to Cleveland, where he resumed the practice of
+his profession, as a member of the firm of Ranney, Backus &amp; Noble.</p>
+
+<p>In 1859, Governor Chase tendered him the appointment of commissioner to
+examine and report upon the condition of the State Treasury, this being
+soon after the Gibson-Breslin defalcation, by which the State lost several
+hundred thousand dollars. Judge Ranney declined this appointment. The same
+year he was unanimously nominated by the Democratic State convention as
+the candidate of that party for Governor--his opponent on the Republican
+ticket being the Hon. William Dennison, of Franklin county, late
+Post-Master General of the United States. After a most gallant canvass,
+Judge Ranney failed of an election, though he ran ahead of the other
+candidates on the ticket in all parts of the State.</p>
+
+<p>In 1862, against his personal wishes, he was nominated by the Democracy
+for Judge of the Supreme Court. He consented to be a candidate only
+after the convention had <i>positively refused</i> to accept his declination.
+The Republican nominee was his law partner, the Hon. Franklin T. Backus,
+one of the most prominent members of the Cuyahoga Bar. The result was
+the election of Judge Ranney by a decided majority, and although party
+lines were closely drawn, he again ran ahead of his ticket several
+thousand votes.</p>
+
+<p>He held the position of judge of the Supreme Court until 1864, when he
+resigned. Some months afterwards he resumed the practice of his profession
+in connection with his son-in-law, Mr. T. Kelley Bolton.</p>
+
+<p>During the same year, (1864) he was chosen one of the delegates at large
+to the Democratic National Convention, which nominated George B.
+McClellan for President, and was selected by the Ohio delegation as the
+member from Ohio of the Democratic National Committee, holding that
+position until 1868. In the late Presidential campaign, his name headed
+the Democratic electoral ticket. This closes his public record. It is an
+interesting one, and though briefly given, exhibits this fact, viz.: the
+confidence and regard in which he has ever been held by the Democracy of
+Ohio. Year after year his voice has been heard throughout the State in
+defence of the Constitution and laws, and the honors which his party have
+bestowed upon him, are but a merited tribute to his energy, ability, and
+integrity of character.</p>
+
+<p>As a lawyer, Judge Ranney has ever held the front rank in his
+profession. His practice has been extensive and important; probably no
+attorney in the State has, during the past ten years, been retained in
+as many cases. Possessed of a strong, discriminating mind, capable of
+enduring long continued mental labor, he unites with activity and energy
+a determined spirit, which enables him to overcome obstacles which would
+appal most men.</p>
+
+<p>Judge Ranney is as logical as eloquent, and when his great reasoning
+powers are brought into full sway, formidable must be the opponent to
+overcome him. His arguments in court are peculiarly appropriate, clear,
+calm, and strong; without wordy declamation, vehement gesture, or
+passionate appeal; he seldom fails to carry his point, even when the odds
+seem overwhelmingly against him.</p>
+
+<p>Judge Ranney has a mind richly stored with not only the treasures of his
+profession, but of ancient and modern classics, and the best literature of
+the day. He is a great reader, and though he writes but little, whatever
+proceeds from his pen is marked by elegance and culture.</p>
+
+<p>As a Judge, he was courteous, affable and indulgent. His decisions are his
+best <i>monuments</i>. They exhibit profound learning, sound judgment and
+extensive research. No judge was more popular upon the Bench. Dignified
+and benevolent, he enjoyed in an eminent degree the confidence of the Bar
+and the public. He had the constant respect of those who differed from him
+in opinion, and when he resigned his seat upon the Bench, the best men of
+all parties expressed regret at his retirement from a position which he
+had so much adorned. Pre-eminent in legal knowledge, Rufus P. Ranney has
+reflected honor upon the judiciary of our country, and is one of the
+ablest of the many learned men who have graced the Supreme Bench of our
+State with their presence.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<p align="center">[Illustration: Yours Truly, C. T. Sherman]</p>
+
+
+<h2><a name="charles_taylor_sherman"></a>Charles Taylor Sherman.</h2>
+
+
+
+<p>The Sherman family was among the earliest settlers in Massachusetts and
+Connecticut. They and their descendants were men of note in their
+respective Colonies, of strong, practical minds, pure and lofty in moral
+tone and character.</p>
+
+<p>They were early actors in the settlement and development of Ohio. Taylor
+Sherman, the grandfather of the subject of this sketch, was a judge of
+one of the Superior Courts of Connecticut, and was one of the trustees of
+the Fire Land Company, to whom was granted, by the State of Connecticut,
+the lands now comprised by the counties of Huron and Erie, in Ohio. As
+early as 1800, he was in Ohio, and also in subsequent years, attending to
+the surveying and allotting the lands to the owners, who suffered from
+fire in the excursions of Arnold and Tryon, in Connecticut, in the
+Revolutionary war.</p>
+
+<p>His son, Charles R. Sherman, and father of Charles T. Sherman, emigrated
+to Ohio in 1810, and settled in Lancaster, Fairfield county, Ohio. He
+early became distinguished at the Bar, among the strong and able lawyers
+then practicing in Central Ohio. In 1824, he was elected one of the judges
+of the Supreme Court of Ohio, and died in 1830, whilst in the performance
+of his duties.</p>
+
+<p>Charles T. Sherman, of whose life these notes are made, was born in
+Lancaster, February 3, 1813, and is Ohio born and reared. He was educated
+and graduated at the Ohio University, in Athens, Ohio, in 1832, and
+admitted to the Bar in 1835. He settled in Mansfield, Richland county,
+and continued in the practice of his profession until he was appointed
+judge of the United States Court for the Northern District of Ohio, in
+Mardi, 1867.</p>
+
+<p>He never sought to obtain any public office, but rather carefully avoided
+it. He always esteemed it fortunate that he resided in a county and
+section in which the majority was opposed to him in political sentiments.
+He however took a leading part in developing and forwarding public
+improvements in his county. He contributed liberally by his labors and
+influence in locating and constructing through his county the Pittsburgh,
+Fort Wayne &amp; Chicago Railroad, and the Mansfield &amp; Sandusky Railroad. For
+many years he was a director in both roads, and general soliciter of the
+Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne &amp; Chicago Railroad, and a leading spirit in its
+management.</p>
+
+<p>He was also appointed by Mr. Lincoln to serve four years as one of the
+Government Directors of the Pacific Railroad, and largely contributed to
+its success in its early days.</p>
+
+<p>The Bar of Richland county always ranked among the first in Northern Ohio.
+Among the oldest members who were in full practice when Judge Sherman went
+there, were Jacob Parker, afterwards Judge of the Common Pleas, Andrew
+Coffinberry, one of the most genial and kind hearted men, and, withal, an
+excellent lawyer, John M. May, who commenced the practice of the law in
+1815, and is still living, and James Purdy, Orris Parrish of Columbus,
+William Stanbery, of Newark, Hosmer and Henry B. Curtis, of Mt. Vernon,
+and Edward Avery, of Wooster, afterwards Judge of the Supreme Court, all
+practiced in that county. In later days and cotemporaneous with Judge
+Sherman, were Thomas W. Bartley, Jacob Brinkerhoof, and Josiah Scott, all
+of whom occupied the Bench of the Supreme Court of Ohio, James Stewart,
+Judge of the Common Pleas, S. J. Kirkwood, afterwards Governor of Iowa, and
+U. S. Senator from that State, together with R. G. Hurd and Columbus
+Delano, of Mt. Vernon, and C. L. Boalt and J. M. Root, of Norwalk.</p>
+
+<p>Judge Sherman ranked with those later and younger members of the Bar, and
+enjoyed a practice equal to any, and more lucrative probably, than any of
+them. He was quiet and unostentatious in his profession, and, seemingly,
+only sought to do his whole duty to his clients and obtain the good will
+of his fellow citizens.</p>
+
+<p>A short time after the breaking out of the rebellion, he was appointed
+Provost Marshal of some twenty counties in Northern Ohio, by the War
+Department, and organized four regiments that went into the service, and
+subsequently served on a commission to settle and adjust claims on the
+Government arising in the West.</p>
+
+<p>Upon his appointment to the Bench he resigned his position on the
+Railroads, with the intention of devoting his whole time to the duties of
+his judicial office. For more than two years he has presided with entire
+satisfaction to the public and the members of the Cleveland Bar, proving
+himself to be a strong, capable, common-sense, business judge; and by his
+habitual courteous demeanor has made a host of legal and other friends
+during his short residence in this city.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<p align="center">[Illustration: Very Respectfully, R. P. Spalding]</p>
+
+
+<h2><a name="rufus_p_spalding"></a>Rufus P. Spalding.</h2>
+
+
+
+<p>In a work professing to deal with the "representative men" of Cleveland,
+it is eminently proper that he who has represented the interests of
+Cleveland in Congress for six years with a fidelity unsurpassed by any of
+his predecessors in the national councils, and who won for the district he
+represented a prominence hitherto not accorded to it, should find a
+conspicuous place. The six years' service of Judge Spalding in Congress as
+the Representative from the Eighteenth Ohio District forms a period in the
+history of the city of which the citizens, irrespective of party
+predilections, have reason to be proud.</p>
+
+<p>Rufus Paine Spalding is a native of Massachusetts, having been born on the
+3rd of May, 1798, at West Tisbury, on the island of Martha's Vineyard. The
+remote ancestor of the Spaldings was Edward Spalding, who is recorded as
+having been "made a Freeman" at Braintree, Massachusetts, in 1640. Edward
+Spalding's son Benjamin emigrated from Massachusetts to Connecticut about
+fifteen years after that date, and settled in Plainfield, Windham county.
+The great grandson of Benjamin Spalding, and the father of Rufus Paine
+Spalding, Dr. Rufus Spalding, had in 1798, been for some time a resident
+of West Tisbury, where he practiced medicine.</p>
+
+<p>When his son was fourteen years old Dr. Spalding removed to Connecticut
+and resided in Norwich. Rufus P. Spalding, having been prepared for
+college, entered Yale at the proper time, and graduated in 1817, with the
+degree of Bachelor of Arts. The class in which he graduated contained
+names that afterwards acquired lustre in judicial, legislative, and
+ecclesiastical circles.</p>
+
+<p>From the first Mr. Spalding's tendency was towards the legal profession,
+and immediately on leaving college he prepared himself by study for the
+practice of the law. He was fortunate in the choice of an instructor,
+having entered the office of the Hon. Zephaniah Swift, Chief Justice of
+Connecticut, who is known to the profession as the learned author of the
+"Digest." He profited so well by the instructions he received, that, on
+his leaving the office, Judge Swift complimented him highly on his
+proficiency, and predicted for the young lawyer a successful career, if he
+remained true to his profession. On completing his term of reading law,
+and being admitted to the Bar, he left New England to push his fortune in
+the West, and in December, 1819, reached the old "Post of Arkansas,"
+removing soon after to Little Rock, where he put out his shingle as a
+lawyer, in partnership with Samuel Dinsman, who has since reached the
+gubernatorial chair of New Hampshire. Here he remained about a year and a
+half, when he turned his face eastward, and in passing through Ohio,
+stopped at Warren, the county town of Trumbull county. Here he was induced
+to remain, the chances of practice being represented as good, and his
+profound knowledge of law, ability in making that knowledge serviceable,
+and unwearied industry, enabled him to soon build up an extensive legal
+connection, which he retained and increased during his sixteen years stay
+in Warren.</p>
+
+<p>From Warren he removed to Ravenna, in the adjoining county of Portage. He
+had not long been in the county before the people recognized the abilities
+and power of Mr. Spalding, and he was chosen to represent that county in
+the State Legislature. The contest for the position was sharp, for Mr.
+Spalding was a new man in the county, and it was considered by many proper
+that older residents should represent so important a constituency. But the
+recognized ability of Mr. Spalding outweighed all objections on the ground
+of recent residency, and he was elected by a majority of one.</p>
+
+<p>During his term in the Legislature, and mainly through his efforts, the
+county of Summit was erected, and Mr. Spalding at once became a resident
+of the new county by removing his place of residence to Akron. At the next
+election he offered himself as a representative of Summit in the
+legislature, and was accepted. On the organization of the House of
+Representatives he was chosen speaker, and won the approbation of the
+whole body by the ability and impartiality with which he presided over the
+proceedings. During this term of office the question of repudiating the
+State debt was broached. Mr. Spalding took strong ground against such a
+course, holding it not only disgraceful but suicidal. In this he was
+supported by the late John Brough, then Auditor of State, and largely
+through the bold and persistent opposition of these gentlemen the scheme
+was dropped.</p>
+
+<p>In the Legislative session of 1848-9, the two houses of the General
+Assembly united in electing Mr. Spalding a judge of the Supreme Court of
+the State for the constitutional term of seven years. But when four years
+of the term remained unexpired, the operation of the new constitution
+ended the pending terms of all offices, and devolved the election of
+Supreme Court judges upon the people instead of on the General Assembly.
+Judge Spalding declined being a candidate for the office in a popular
+canvass, and so the advantages of his ripe legal and judicial knowledge
+was lost to the Bench of the State. Concurrent testimony shows that no
+decisions were held in greater respect by the lawyers and the public, for
+their uprightness and justice, whilst to the legal fraternity in
+particular, they commended themselves by their logical force, and terse,
+clear, emphatic style and precision of expression that rendered them
+models of judicial literature. His judicial opinions are contained in
+volumes 18, 19 and 20 of the Ohio Reports.</p>
+
+<p>On his retirement from the Bench of the State, Judge Spalding returned to
+the practice of the law with renewed ardor. Cleveland, presenting a wider
+field for the exercise of his abilities, he removed to that city and at
+once took front rank among the many able members of the profession. His
+profound knowledge of the law, power as a debater, and his ability of
+creating a strong impression on both courts and juries, built up for him
+an extensive and lucrative practice. When he spoke he carried conviction,
+it being all but impossible to resist the solid array of arguments and
+terse, incisive style. The same characteristics that made him afterwards
+so powerful in Congress had great effect on the most intelligent juries,
+and exercised a marked influence on the judges engaged in trying the
+causes in which he was interested as advocate.</p>
+
+<p>Although the law claimed his first attention, and was his choice, Judge
+Spalding was no indifferent spectator of the course of politics. He had
+been trained a Democrat, and was a powerful worker in that party. But all
+his convictions were on the side of justice and freedom, and when, in
+1850, the Fugitive Slave Law wedded Democracy to slavery, Judge Spalding,
+in common with thousands of others, broke through the party traces, and
+joined the "Free Soil" party, opposed to the extention of slavery. At the
+Free Soil convention of 1852, he was an active and prominent delegate, and
+on his nomination, John P. Hale was made the candidate for the Presidency.</p>
+
+<p>On the formation of the Republican party, pledged to the restriction of
+the slave power, Judge Spalding took an active part in carrying out the
+principles of that organization. He was a member of the Pittsburgh
+Convention of 1856, at which the party was organized, and was a delegate
+at large for the State of Ohio at the Philadelphia Convention that
+nominated John C. Fremont. From that time he labored earnestly for the
+success of Republican principles, and the good effect of his efforts
+were frequently acknowledged by the party.</p>
+
+<p>In October, 1862, he was chosen to succeed Mr. Riddle as Representative of
+the Eighteenth Congressional District in Congress. The wisdom of the
+choice was almost immediately made manifest. Judge Spalding had not long
+occupied his seat in the House of Representatives before "the member from
+the Cleveland District" became noticed for the interest he took in
+questions of importance, the soundness of his views, and the ability with
+which they were urged. He took part in all the leading debates, and with
+such effect that he commanded the attention of the House whenever he
+spoke, and the leaders listened respectfully to his suggestions. He was
+appointed a member of the Standing Committee on Naval Affairs, and of the
+Committee on Revolutionary Pensions, and on the formation of a Select
+Committee on the Bankrupt Law, he was made its Chairman. In committee he
+was noticeable for his punctuality, patient and conscientious attention to
+the drudgery of committee work, and the system with which he was enabled
+to despatch large amounts of it satisfactorily.</p>
+
+<p>In 1864, he was re-elected to his seat, and in that term was made a member
+of the Standing Committee on Appropriations, and retained his former
+position on the Committee on Bankruptcy, the chairmanship of which was
+held by Mr. Jenckes. In this Congress Judge Spalding took a leading part
+in the important debates on the subject of Reconstruction, and impressed
+his influence on the Legislation upon this matter. In the early days of
+the session he made a speech, in which he indicated the measures he
+regarded best adapted for the for the purpose of properly reconstructing
+the rebel States. The speech attracted great attention, both within and
+without Congress, and the suggestions therein contained were for the most
+part subsequently adopted, and worked into the Reconstruction Laws. The
+military features of Reconstruction, which formed an integral part of the
+legislation, originated in an amendment proposed by Judge Spalding, when
+the first Reconstruction Bill of Thaddeus Stevens was presented.</p>
+
+<p>In 1866, he was again re-elected to Congress, his national services, as
+well as his fidelity to the local interests of his constituents, having
+secured for him that distinguished compliment. In this Congress he
+continued to occupy a prominent position, and was recognized as one of the
+leading men on the Republican side, though not so thoroughly partizan as
+to accept all the measures proposed in the name of the Republican party.
+He differed occasionally with the dominant section of the party, when he
+believed their zeal outran discretion and sound policy, and the judgment
+of the country has in most cases pronounced him to have acted rightly. In
+this Congress he served on the Committee on Appropriations, the Committee
+on the Revision of the Laws of the United States, and upon the Joint
+Committee on the Library of Congress. In the debates on the financial
+questions that enlisted the attention of Congress at this session he took
+a leading part, and in May, 1868, he delivered a speech on "The Political
+and Financial condition of the Country," which took strong ground against
+the unconstitutionality of the Legal Tenders, whilst approving the passage
+of the Legal Tender Act as a measure of military necessity at the time.
+With this Congress Judge Spalding's legislative career closed. The duties
+of the position, always faithfully performed by him, were growing too
+onerous, and at his time of life, though still full of activity and
+healthy vigor, it was urged that he should enjoy more ease than was
+possibly consistent with his idea of a proper fulfillment of the trust of
+member of Congress. He therefore wrote a letter to his constituents
+several months before the period of nomination, positively declining a
+renomination, and withdrawing from public life.</p>
+
+<p>The determination of Judge Spalding to withdraw from active political life
+was a matter of surprise and regret to his colleagues in Congress, who had
+learned to value his sound judgment, ripe scholarship, earnest patriotism,
+and great legislative ability. It was a positive loss to the people of the
+Eighteenth Ohio District, for never had the interests of that district
+been better cared for. To Cleveland, especially, he proved in reality a
+representative member. The wishes of his constituents were promptly
+attended to, their interests carefully guarded, and no stone left unturned
+in the endeavor to benefit the city and its people. In the Congressional
+session and out of it, he was ever on the watch for opportunities to
+advance the interests of his constituents, and in complying with the daily
+requests for advice and assistance, he did so, not grudgingly or
+reluctantly, but with earnestness and hearty good will, as if it were a
+matter of his own personal concern. The withdrawal of Judge Spalding from
+public political life, was a loss to the national councils in which he had
+achieved distinction, but was a still greater loss to the constituency he
+represented.</p>
+
+<p>Judge Spalding has returned to the legal profession, of which he ranks
+among the brightest lights, and finds in its practice, and in the quiet
+enjoyment of social and domestic life, a satisfaction which his public
+career, brilliant as it was, failed to give. In his seventy-second year,
+he is yet in the full enjoyment of all his faculties, physical and mental,
+and is the picture of sound health and mental vigor.</p>
+
+<p>Judge Spalding has been married twice. In October, 1822, he was married to
+Lucretia A. Swift, oldest daughter of his preceptor in legal studies.
+Seven children were born of this marriage, of whom but three yet live:
+Col. Zeph. S. Spalding, United States Consul at Honolulu, Brevet Captain
+George S. Spalding, First Lieutenant 33d U. S. Infantry, and Mrs. Lucretia
+McIlrath, wife of Charles McIlrath, of St. Paul, Minnesota. In January,
+1859, Judge Spalding was married to his present wife, oldest daughter of
+Dr. William S. Pierson, of Windsor, Connecticut.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="w_s_c_otis"></a>W. S. C. Otis.</h2>
+
+
+
+<p>W. S. C. Otis was born in Cummington, Hampshire county, Massachusetts,
+August 24th, 1808. His father was a farmer in narrow circumstances, who,
+owing to the loss of property, was able to bestow upon his children only
+such an education as could be obtained in the district schools of a purely
+agricultural district. Books were scarce, and as poor in quality as meagre
+in quantity; but being a lad with literary tastes, a desire for
+information, and an omnivorous appetite for reading, every book that fell
+in the way of young Otis was eagerly seized and its contents ravenously
+devoured. The life of a poor farmer, with its ceaseless drudgery and petty
+needs, was distasteful to the lad, and he was anxious to obtain a
+collegiate education, and thus become fitted to fight the battle of life
+with brain instead of muscle. His ambition was not discouraged by his
+father, but there was a great difficulty in the way of its
+gratification--the want of money. Mr. Otis was utterly unable to give his
+son any pecuniary assistance, though ready to resign his claim on his
+son's time; an important sacrifice when the demands of a large family and
+the straitness of his means are taken into consideration. Application was
+made for admission to West Point Military Academy, but unfortunately a
+Congressman's son was also a candidate for the appointment, and of course
+the friendless son of a poor struggling farmer had to go to the wall. This
+was a heavy blow and sore discouragement.</p>
+
+<p>When the subject of this sketch was about seventeen or eighteen years old
+his father emigrated to Ohio, leaving his son behind with only forty
+dollars in money, who, after making arrangements with his brother, W. A.
+Otis, to furnish him such pecuniary aid as he might need, proceeded to fit
+himself for college under the Rev. Roswell Hawks, of Cummington, devoting
+only one year to preparation, and entered Williams College in the Fall of
+1826. In order to lighten the burden upon his brother, he taught school
+two Winters during his college course, and graduated in the autumn of
+1830, among the best scholars of the class.</p>
+
+<p>Before graduating, he was appointed principal of Gates' Academy, in
+Marlborough, Massachusetts, and entered upon the duties of the
+appointment; but at the expiration of the year he followed the rest of the
+family to Ohio, and in the month of September, 1831, commenced reading law
+with Whittlesey &amp; Newton, of Canfield, Ohio. In September, 1833, he was
+admitted to the Bar, and immediately commenced the practice of the law in
+Ravenna, Portage county, where he continued to reside till 1840.</p>
+
+<p>In June, 1840, after the county of Summit was organized, Mr. Otis moved to
+Akron, where he resided and continued to practice his profession until
+January, 1854. While a resident of Summit county he was elected
+Prosecuting Attorney of the county for two years. He also filled the
+position of president of the Akron Bank, from its organization, till
+January, 1854, and was a member of the Board of Control of the State Bank
+of Ohio, and member of the Convention which formed the present
+Constitution of the State of Ohio. While a member of the Convention he
+devised and reported to that body the scheme for the apportionment of the
+members of the House of Representatives, which, with slight modifications,
+was adopted into the Constitution, and is now the system in this State.
+While a member of the Constitutional Convention, he acquired a distaste
+for political life, and resolved to abandon it, a resolution to which he
+has since constantly adhered.</p>
+
+<p>In January, 1854, Mr. Otis was elected vice-president of the Cleveland and
+Pittsburgh Railroad Company, and in order to better perform the duties of
+the position, he removed to Cleveland, taking charge of the operations of
+the road and the finances of the Company. In the Winter of 1854 and 1855,
+he was tendered the presidency of the Bellefontaine and Indiana Railroad
+Company, but declined, and in the Spring of 1855, resumed the practice of
+his profession. Soon afterwards he was elected the Solicitor of the
+Cleveland and Pittsburgh Railroad Company, and continued to act as such
+until he resigned the position in May, 1869, and since that time he has
+confined himself strictly to the practice of law.</p>
+
+<p>As a lawyer Mr. Otis ranks high in his profession, having a very extensive
+knowledge of the law in all its ramifications, and a readiness in the
+application of his knowledge that enables him to baffle and confound his
+opponents without descending to mere pettifogging.</p>
+
+<p>For many years he has been a member either of the Congregational or
+Presbyterian churches in the places in which he has resided; and has
+always taken great pleasure in studying the Bible, and great satisfaction
+in teaching it to others, hence the secret of the spotless morality and
+unswerving integrity he has maintained through life.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Otis was married in January, 1836, to Hannah, daughter of the late G.
+Mygatt, and sister of George Mygatt, of Cleveland. She died without issue
+in April, 1840. In November, 1842, he was married to Laura L., daughter of
+the late Judge Lyman, of Ravenna.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="franklin_j_dickman"></a>Franklin J. Dickman.</h2>
+
+
+
+<p>Franklin J. Dickman is a native of Petersburg, Virginia, where his
+parents have long resided. At the age of sixteen he entered the Junior
+class of Brown University, at Providence, Rhode Island, and at the age of
+eighteen graduated with the salutatory honors of his class. In the same
+class were the Hon. S. S. Cox, Lieutenant Governor Francis Wayland, of
+Connecticut, and the Rev. James C. Fletcher, now so well known for his
+travels in Brazil.</p>
+
+<p>On leaving college Mr. Dickman studied law in the office of the late
+Charles F. Tillinghest and ex-Chief Justice Bradley, at Providence, and
+after completing his studies he commenced the practice of his profession
+in the same city, continuing with success until he removed to Cleveland.</p>
+
+<p>His entry on public life was early. In 1857, the Democracy of Rhode
+Island selected him as their candidate for Attorney General of the State,
+and it is a noticeable fact that although running on the Democratic
+ticket, he received almost the entire colored vote of the State. In 1858,
+he was appointed a member of the Board of Visitors to the Military Academy
+at West Point, and was chosen Secretary of the Board. In that capacity he
+drew up the report of the Board for that year, which was subsequently
+published by order of the Secretary of War.</p>
+
+<p>In December, 1858, he removed to Cleveland, rightly considering that its
+growth and prosperity, and the important cases continually arising out of
+its commercial business, rendered it a good field for a man of knowledge
+and of energy to put that knowledge to account. He entered on the
+practice of his profession with zeal, and speedily reaped his reward in a
+large business.</p>
+
+<p>Up to the breaking out of the war Mr. Dickman had acted with the
+Democratic party, but when treason culminated with rebellion, he joined
+those of his political associates who disregarded party lines and united
+with the Republicans in forming the Union party. Although fitted for
+college with Roger A. Pryor, of Petersburg, and though his parents
+remained in Petersburg during the war, Mr. Dickman took strong ground
+against the rebellion and all who gave it encouragement.</p>
+
+<p>In 1861, he was nominated for member of the State Legislature from this
+city, and was elected by a large majority. In that body he was made
+chairman of the Committee on Railroads and also placed on the Judiciary
+Committee. In the latter capacity the subject of military arrests came
+under his notice, and his speech on that subject was considered so able
+and exhaustive an exposition of that subject that it was published at
+the request of the Judiciary Committee and widely circulated through
+the State.</p>
+
+<p>At the close of his legislative term he formed a law partnership with
+Judge Spalding, which still continues, and re-entered assiduously on the
+duties of his profession, devoting most of his attention to admirality,
+marine insurance, and patent cases. In these he has been very successful.</p>
+
+<p>In 1867, President Johnson appointed Mr. Dickman United States District
+Attorney for the Northern District of Ohio. The appointment was received
+with satisfaction by all shades of political opinions, and Mr. Dickman
+continued to perform its duties to, the approbation of all having business
+with the court until early in 1869, when he resigned the position in
+order to confine himself more closely to his private practice. It is
+admitted on all sides that the duties of his office were faithfully and
+ably performed. Of the great number of criminal cases brought before the
+court by him only two escaped conviction, thus evidencing the merit, care
+and attention given to the getting up of the cases for trial. Such
+uniformity in securing conviction is very unusual.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Dickman is a gentleman of fine literary tastes, extensive reading, and
+rare classical attainments. The relaxation from his legal duties is found
+mainly in his library among the highest class of authors. His frequent
+orations for the literary societies of Brown University and the University
+of Michigan, and other occasions, have been marked by scholarly finish and
+have always been received with approval. During the existence of the
+Knickerbocker Magazine, before its decadence, he contributed to its pages
+a series of valuable articles on "Butler's Horae Juridical," and on "The
+Revolution of 1688."</p>
+
+<p>Cherishing a high ideal of professional attainments and ability, Mr.
+Dickman has realized it to a degree remarkable for a young man. With
+ample acquirements he has clear conceptions, and broad views of the
+principles of legal science, frequently never attained by older lawyers,
+even after a large and life-long practice. His habits of study are wisely
+methodized, so as to husband time, and make his efforts tell without
+waste upon results.</p>
+
+<p>A very marked feature also in his character, is a rigorous but highly
+intelligent economy. Upon a limited practice in Rhode Island, before
+coming to Cleveland, he not only sustained himself, but accumulated a
+considerable sum as a basis upon which he could rely with honorable
+independence in a new field. This was done in circumstances in which
+multitudes of young men at this day, would by self-indulgence and lavish
+outlay, have become embarrassed by debt.</p>
+
+<p>The example of a wise economy in one familiar with the first social
+surroundings--an economy supplying means for a rich and broad literary
+culture, under the guidance of liberal tastes, yet rigid as to
+self-control--but ever avoiding parsimony, is far too rare among young men
+in this lavish and wasteful age. The young man who shows what enlightened
+self-control, what high probity and fidelity to the details of little
+wants and expenditures can do to lift a man high above debt, to thrift and
+self-reliance, is a valuable citizen, exerting an influence as wholesome
+as it is wise, manly, and rare.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Dickman, in his mental growth, aims at the solid, rather than the
+merely sensational; the lasting, rather than the transient. Gifted
+naturally with vigorous and admirably balanced powers, the right use of
+which has enriched him already with ample mental furniture, and with
+habits the most exemplary, and a high character, established upon an
+intelligent religions basis, the future to him is full of promise of the
+most honorable achievements.</p>
+
+<p>In 1862, Mr. Dickman was married to Miss Annie E. Niel, daughter of Robert
+Neil, of Columbus, Ohio, and has two children living.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="james_m_jones"></a>James M. Jones.</h2>
+
+
+
+<p>The subject of this sketch is the third son of Thomas and Mary Ann Jones,
+who emigrated from England to the United States, and settled in Cleveland
+in the Spring of 1831, where they still reside, They were the parents of
+nine sons and four daughters, all of whom, save one son and one daughter,
+are still living.</p>
+
+<p>James Milton Jones enjoyed only such moderate advantages in the way of
+education as were afforded by the common and high schools of the day, and
+by the classical and English school of the late lamented and most
+accomplished educator, H. D. Beattie, A. M.; but his memory was good, he
+was a close student, and he therefore readily and easily familiarized
+himself with the studies in which he engaged. He early manifested unusual
+taste and fondness for composition, and his inclination and talent in that
+direction were much cultivated and improved by assiduous study of the best
+standard works in prose and poetry.</p>
+
+<p>On leaving school he became interested as a partner in the marble
+manufactory of T. Jones &amp; Sons, and acquired a practical knowledge of the
+business, but never applied himself very closely to its duties.</p>
+
+<p>He joined various literary and forensic societies about the year 1850,
+composed of some of the best literary and professional talent among the
+young men of the city, where essays, poems, and discussions on all topics
+of the day were embraced in the order of exercises; and he soon became
+marked for his thorough preparation of and familiarity with the subjects
+of debate, and regarded as a speaker of more than ordinary promise.</p>
+
+<p>He became a frequent contributor, (but never in his own name,) in prose
+and poetry, to the literary, as well as the daily papers of the day, and
+especially to the daily Plain Dealer, of which the late J. W. Gray, Esq.,
+was then the accomplished and witty editor, and by whom Mr. Jones was much
+encouraged, and his contributions frequently commended. As specimens of
+his poetic contributions, we give the following. It should be noted that
+with his entry on the actual duties of professional life, Mr. Jones bade a
+final adieu to the muses:</p>
+
+<h3>      Woodland Reveries.</h3>
+
+<p>      In this deep shady dell,
+      Where the soft breezes swell,
+  And beautiful wood-sprites by pearly streams wander--
+      Where the sweet perfume breathes,
+      O'er angel twined wreaths,
+  Luxuriantly blooming the mossy trees under--
+      Here, beneath the bright vine
+      Whose leaves intertwine,
+  I'm dreaming of thee, my lost Angeline!</p>
+
+<p>      Oh! I think of the time--
+      Of the warm spring time,
+  When with thee I've wandered, and with thee I've dallied;
+      E're my soul had once dreamed
+      That the roses which seemed
+  So fadeless, could leave thy warm cheek cold and pallid,
+      Or thy dear form decline,
+      From its radiance divine,
+  To press the cold grave sod, my own Angeline!</p>
+
+<p>      While the pale starlight laves,
+      With its shadowy waves,
+  A brow, that with memory's anguish is throbbing;
+      Each quivering leaf,
+      Seems trembling with grief,
+  That's borne on the zephyr's low sorrowful sobbing.
+      For that dear form of thine,
+      So oft pressed to mine,
+  My angel-claimed lost one, my own Angeline!</p>
+
+<p>      As the stream leaps along,
+      And I list to its song,
+  It sounds like the surging of sorrow's dark river;</p>
+
+<p>      When o'er my young bride,
+      Passed its dark rolling tide,
+  And bore her away from my bosum forever;
+      Yes; bore thee to shine
+      In regions divine,
+  Resplendently lovely, and pure, Angeline!</p>
+
+<p>      And <i>there</i>, as I gaze
+      On its bright sparkling face,
+  Where pearly white ripples are merrily gleaming,
+      Reflecting each star
+      That shines from afar,
+  The face of my lost one seems tenderly beaming;
+      Yes! there beside mine,
+      Are thy features benign,
+  By memory mirrored, my own Angeline!</p>
+
+<p>      As I gently recline,
+      'Neath the clustering vine,
+  The veil from futurity's vista is lifted,
+      And adown life's wild tide,
+      I rapidly glide,
+  And into eternity's ocean am drifted;
+      And there, soul of mine
+      In regions divine,
+  I meet thee, to part <i>nevermore</i>, Angeline!</p>
+
+
+<h3>    A Wreck! A Wreck! "Man the Life Boat."</h3>
+
+<p>  The blackness of midnight hung over the ocean,
+    And savagely, shrilly, the Storm Spirit screamed.
+  Athwart the dark billows, which wild in commotion,
+    Sublimely, yet awfully, heavenward streamed.</p>
+
+<p>  A bark that but rode from her moorings at morning,
+    'Neath bright sunny skies, and prosperous gales,
+  With streamlet and banner, in beauty adorning
+    Her tapering masts and snowy white sails,</p>
+
+<p>  Now rolls in the trough of the tempest-plowed surges!
+    A wreck! madly urged to a rocky bound shore;
+  Where from the dark jaws of wild ocean emerges,
+    To fear-stricken hearts its ominous roar</p>
+
+<p>  Her sails are in ribbons, her banners in tatters!
+    Her masts are afloat from the perilous wreck,
+  And now o'er the billows the Tempest Fiend scatters
+    With one mighty effort her hurricane deck!</p>
+
+<p>  The voice of the clarion-toned captain is ringing,
+    Above the hoarse murmuring roar of the surge,
+  And an echoing voice, seems sepulchrally flinging,
+    Far back o'er the waves, for the vessel, a dirge.</p>
+
+<p>  And now the doomed vessel is beating and crashing,
+    With violence on the dark, rough, rugged rocks;
+  And the tempest-tossed surge, while resistlessly dashing
+    Around her, each effort to save her but mocks.</p>
+
+<p>  The lightnings play luridly, fiercely above her,
+    Illuming with horror the wind-cloven waves!
+  Displaying the wreck, as their flashes discover,
+    The victims despairingly gaze on their graves.</p>
+
+<p>  For forked and furious, the fiery flung flashes,
+    Gleam o'er the sad wreck like a funeral pyre;
+  And louder and louder each thunder clap crashes.
+    The air in a roar! the billows on fire!</p>
+
+<p>  The heart-anguished cries o'er the pitiless waters,
+    Are borne on the blast of the thunder-rocked air,
+  As husbands and wives, as sons and as daughters,
+    Unite in a wild shrieking wail of despair.</p>
+
+<p>  But now from the moss covered fisherman's dwelling,
+    The <i>Life-Boat</i> is manned by the chivalrous brave!
+  Though the wild howling storm of the tempest is swelling,
+    They'll peril their own lives, the wrecked ones to save.</p>
+
+<p>  And now to the merciless surges they launch her,
+    And back she is flung to the white-pebbled beach!
+  Now cleaves the wild surf, for never a stauncher,
+    Or braver crew mounted a deadlier breach.</p>
+
+<p>  Now swift o'er the waves madly bounding and dashing!
+    The nobly manned life-boat speeds on her lone way,
+  Now sinks she below, the waves o'er her splashing,
+    Now cleaves like arrow, the white foaming spray.</p>
+
+<p>  And now for a moment she's hid from our vision,
+    As darkness, and thick gloom enshroud her frail form;
+  A flash! and we see that the life-saving mission,
+    Still skims o'er the waves like a Bird of the Storm.</p>
+
+<p>  Hurrah! they have triumphed! the wrecked ones no longer
+    Resignedly list to the ocean's hoarse roar;
+  But now with strong arms, that bright Hope has made stronger,
+    They pull with a hearty good-will for the shore.</p>
+
+<p>  Hurrah! and Hurrah! on the whirlwind's commotion,
+    And the howl of the storm, uprose cheers from the land;
+  From hearts throbbing wildly with grateful emotion,
+    As safely she reaches the surf-beaten strand.</p>
+
+
+<h3>    The &AElig;ronaut's Song.</h3>
+
+<p>  Up! up! from the ground, for the chords that bound
+    Us to earth are rent in twain;
+  And our Aerial boat shall gracefully float,
+    Far, far, o'er the sea and main.</p>
+
+<p>  O'er the forest trees, on the rippling breeze,
+    We'll proudly soar away:
+  And higher and higher, will still aspire,
+    Toward realms of endless day.</p>
+
+<p>  To regions on high, like an arrow we fly,
+    Through limitless fields of air;
+  And away apace, through trackless space,
+    The giddiest flight we dare.</p>
+
+<p>  Earth's brilliance fades, and her everglades
+    Assumes a softer hue;
+  Her hills and dales, her lake gemmed vales
+    Are glorious to the view.</p>
+
+<p>  Meandering round enchanted ground,
+    Earth's crystal rivers seem;
+  So far below to brightly flow,
+    Like liquid silver's stream.</p>
+
+<p>  Her cloud capped hills o'er rocks and rills,
+    That proudly seem to stand,
+  Now fade like gleams in passing dreams
+    Of lovely fairy land.</p>
+
+<p>  Yet on we mount to the drainless fount,
+    Of wild tempestuous storms;
+  And our fairy shrouds now kiss the clouds;
+    In all their varied forms.</p>
+
+<p>  Proud man, who at birth was king of the earth,
+    Soon made himself lord of the sea;
+  And now we arise to empyrean skies,
+    For kings of the air are we.</p>
+
+<p>  Grim centuries old to the past have rolled,
+    Since the stars from chaos-woke;
+  Yet no earth-born sound hath this deep, profound
+    And solemn silence broke.</p>
+
+<p>  The highest note of the lark ne'er floats
+    To this region of sunless cloud;
+  Nor hath eagle bird the silence stir'd,
+    With his screaming, shrill and loud.</p>
+
+<p>  Yet our joyous song, as we sweep along
+    In pathless realms afloat,
+  Rings on the air and trembles there,
+    From out our fairy boat.</p>
+
+<p>  On eddying waves a thousand caves,
+    Where Aerial spirits throng,
+  Repeat each tone as though they'd known
+    Our unfamiliar song.</p>
+
+<p>  O'er billowy seas with fresh'ning breeze,
+    'Tis glorious oft to roam;
+  And joy to mark a graceful bark,
+    Divide the salt sea foam:</p>
+
+<p>  And joy to wake at morning break,
+    When huntsman's bugle sounds,
+  And gaily lead on fiery steed,
+    In chase of deer and hounds.</p>
+
+<p>  But moonlight sail with fresh'ning gale,
+    Or merry chase afar,
+  Can ne'er compare with flight through air,
+    In our Aerial Car.</p>
+
+<p>Early in 1853, Mr. Gray, who was also then postmaster, offered him a
+position in the Cleveland post-office, which he accepted, and entered upon
+its duties; but at the end of two months, being dissatisfied with the dull
+routine and monotony of such an occupation, he threw up his position; and
+having, on the very day he left the post-office, decided to adopt the
+legal profession, before night he had secured a position in the law office
+of Charles Stetson, Esq., then in large and active practice, and had
+entered upon the study of the law, where he continued for over a year and
+a half, pursuing his studies with assiduity and success. He then entered
+the law office of Hon. William Collins and pursued his studies with him
+until June, 1855, when he was admitted to the Bar by the District Court in
+Delaware, Delaware county, Ohio.</p>
+
+<p>[Illustration: Yours Very Truly, James M. Jones.]</p>
+
+<p>Shortly after his admission to the Bar, he was retained as leading
+counsel for the defence in the famous "Townsend McHenry" extradition case,
+a proceeding pending before U. S. Commissioner Grannis, on the charge that
+the prisoner, who claimed to be Robert McHenry, was no other than the
+notorious William Townsend, a well known, desperate Canadian highway
+robber and murderer; and in this Mr. Jones attracted attention by the
+skill with which he managed it. Indeed, it became necessary to send to
+Canada for several successive lots of witnesses, before they could make a
+case. The prisoner was, however, taken to Canada and put upon his trial
+for murder as William Townsend, the sole question on the trial being one
+of identity; and a more extraordinary trial in that respect cannot be
+found in history. And although on the trial about one hundred witnesses
+testified to his being the veritable William Townsend, he was,
+nevertheless, able to produce a still larger number of equally credible
+witnesses to testify that they knew Townsend, and this was not the man,
+and also such an array of circumstances as satisfied the jury he was not
+the man, and he was acquitted!</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Jones was nominated by the Republican party of Cleveland as judge of
+the City Court, in 1857, but in common with the entire ticket, was
+defeated. He was an early adherent of the old Liberty party, and a warm
+advocate on the stump and elsewhere, of the election of John C. Fremont to
+the Presidency, and a firm supporter of Lincoln's administration.</p>
+
+<p>He was appointed Attorney for the Western Union Telegraph Company, one of
+the largest corporations in the United States, in the year 1865, and has
+ever since continued, as such attorney, to have charge and supervision of
+a large and peculiar legal business for the company, extending over the
+various States and Territories embraced in what is known as the Central
+Division of the territory covered by its lines. He has made telegraph law
+a speciality for several years, and has probably had as large and extended
+experience in that comparatively new and peculiar branch of the law as any
+other attorney in the country.</p>
+
+<p>He was elected Prosecuting Attorney for the county of Cuyahoga, in the
+Fall of 1867, and was distinguished during his term for the zeal,
+fidelity, and ability with which he discharged his officiai duties. It
+fell to his lot to prosecute many important and difficult criminal cases;
+prominent among them was the trial of Sarah M. Victor, for the murder, by
+poison, of her brother, William Parquette. The case was peculiar and
+remarkable; the murdered man had lain in his grave a whole year before
+suspicions were aroused that his death was caused by foul play; slight
+circumstances directed attention to suspicious appearances in the case,
+which a quiet investigation did not diminish. The prosecutor, therefore,
+caused the body to be secretly disinterred, and engaged J. L. Cassells, an
+accomplished chemist, to subject the body to a chemical analysis, which on
+being done, arsenic in sufficient quantity to produce death was found in
+the stomach and other internal organs. Her arrest for murder, therefore,
+immediately took place. The circumstances of the case were well calculated
+to arouse an intense interest in the public mind as to the result of the
+trial. The facts that the alleged poisoner was a woman, that the murdered
+man was her own brother, that her own sister was supposed to be an
+important witness against her, that the murder, if murder it was, was in
+the highest degree cruel, mercenary, and devilish, that at the time of her
+arrest she was prominently connected with religious and benevolent
+institutions of the city, though it was well known she had previously led
+an irregular life, and the profound secrecy in which the dark deed had
+slumbered for a whole year, all seemed to concur in riveting public
+attention upon it; and yet, previous to the trial, the belief was
+prevalent in the community generally, as well as among the members of the
+Bar, that however guilty the prisoner might be, she would not be
+convicted. In this belief the prosecutor did not share, but at once went
+to work with his accustomed energy to unravel the evidences of the great
+crime; and for many weeks, with an energy that never flagged, himself and
+his assistant, H. B. DeWolf, Esq., patiently and persistently explored the
+dark secrets of her life, examined hundreds of witnesses, and inextricably
+wound the coils of evidence around her.</p>
+
+<p>The case, which was tried in the May term of the Court of Common Pleas,
+1868, lasted fourteen days, was fully reported phonographically, and made
+about twenty-seven hundred pages of testimony, which was pronounced, when
+closed on the part of the State, "a marvelous net-work of circumstantial
+evidence."</p>
+
+<p>The case was closed by Mr. Jones in an able and conclusive speech of six
+hours in length. The prisoner was convicted by the jury after but a
+brief deliberation, and she was sentenced to be hanged, but her sentence
+was afterward commuted to imprisonment for life. In numerous other
+important and warmly contested criminal cases Mr. Jones has been almost
+uniformly successful, displaying in them all, much tact, self-possession,
+and legal ability.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Jones was married at Chagrin Falls, Cuyahoga county, Ohio, February
+8th, 1860, by the Rev. Luther Lee, to Ermina W., daughter of Harmon and
+Leonora Barrows, of the latter place.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="educational"></a>Educational.</h2>
+
+
+
+<p>Citizens of Cleveland are justly proud of their Public Schools, and of the
+system of education under which they are conducted, but yet the history of
+these schools, until within a few years, was one of struggle against
+parsimony and prejudice. It was only by persistent efforts on the part of
+a few public-spirited citizens, who believed that money spent in educating
+the masses is the best investment that can possibly be made, that the
+Public School system of Cleveland has attained its present excellence, and
+the miserable make-shift school buildings, in which the children of the
+city were taught have given place to the large, convenient and elegant
+buildings of the present.</p>
+
+<p>The first public school of Cleveland, the "Cleveland Free School," was
+established in March, 1830, "for the education of male and female children
+of every religious denomination," and was supported by the city. It was
+held for years in the basement of the Bethel church, which was then a
+frame building, measuring forty by thirty feet, situated at the corner of
+Diamond street and Superior Street hill. In 1837, the average number of
+pupils in attendance was ninety males and forty-six females. There were
+also the Young Ladies' Seminary, or the old "Academy," on St. Clair
+street, presided over by Miss Harrison, and the Cleveland Female Seminary,
+in Farmer's Block, corner of Ontario and Prospect streets, incorporated
+April, 1837, with Henry Sexton, Benjamin Rouse, H. H. Dodge, A. P. Smith,
+and A. Wheeler as trustees. At that date, Ohio City supported two district
+and one free school, but the attendance is not recorded.</p>
+
+<p>The story of the growth of the school system of the State and of its local
+development in the city of Cleveland is mainly told in the biography of
+Mr. Harvey Rice, on pages following this, and in the preceding pages which
+sketch the history of Mr. Charles Bradburn. All that is necessary to be
+given here, is a brief summary of some of the leading events in the
+history of the Cleveland Public Schools as prepared by one who took a
+leading part in their organization and development.</p>
+
+<p>The Public Schools were organized under the city charter in 1837, and the
+control vested in a board of five school managers, elected by the Council.
+The chairman of the board was styled the acting manager, and was secretary
+and Superintendant of repairs and of discipline. This original arrangement
+was succeeded in 1853, by a board of seven members, appointed by the
+Council. In 1854, when Cleveland and Ohio City were united, another change
+occurred. One member of the school board from each of the eleven Wards was
+chosen by the Council. In 1856, the number was reduced to five, and
+finally, in 1859, by authority of a law of the State, the members of the
+Board of Education, one from each Ward, were elected by the people, for
+the term of one year, which was extended to two years in 1862, and so
+remains to the present time. The powers of the board were greatly enlarged
+by a law passed in the Spring of 1869.</p>
+
+<p>Charles Bradburn was the first acting manager, secretary and
+superintendent, assisted and encouraged by a few warm friends of
+education, chief of whom, at this time, was Geo. Willey. In 1840, Mr.
+Andrew Freese was employed as principal teacher, and soon became actual
+superintendent, though not formally clothed with that authority until
+several years afterwards. In the meantime, school buildings were erected
+on Prospect street, Rockwell street, West St. Clair street and Kentucky
+street, (West Side).</p>
+
+<p>For several years the course of instruction was quite limited, and of low
+grade. The school buildings, then supposed to be large and commodious,
+were soon crowded with scholars very much mixed, as to standing, and
+moving forward amid much confusion. In 1841, the second stories of the
+Prospect street and Bockwell street buildings were converted into grammar
+schools of a higher grade. The West St. Clair street school was the first
+one arranged for the improved grading of primary and secondary schools in
+separate departments.</p>
+
+<p>In 1850, the board directed Mr. Freese to exercise a general
+superintendence over the classification, instruction and discipline in all
+the grammar and subordinate schools, but no superintendent was authorized
+by law, until 1853. It was full time that some authority should be
+introduced to correct the abuses which had insensibly and unavoidably
+crept into the discipline and course of instruction, and vigorous
+enforcement of strict rules brought out a fierce opposition from anxious,
+but ill-informed and partial parents, who felt provoked and discouraged by
+the discovery that their children were in classes far ahead of their
+actual qualifications and must be put back to be more thoroughly drilled
+in preparatory studies. Gradually confusion gave place to order, scholars
+were ranked as near as could be according to their actual standing; the
+grades arranged as Primary, Secondary, Intermediate and Grammar
+departments, the entire course consummated in the East and West High
+Schools. But all this was the work of immense labor, extending through
+years of ceaseless effort and expense, little anticipated by the people,
+or perhaps by the hopeful projectors of the system, when they so manfully
+entered upon the undertaking. Twenty-six years ago the entire corps of
+teachers numbered only fifteen. In 1848, they had increased to twenty. In
+that year, children under six years of age were excluded, to the great
+disgust of many fond mothers who thought the public school the very best
+place to keep the troublesome young ones out of their way.</p>
+
+<p>Under the general school law a portion of the taxes collected was set
+apart for the support of the schools, while a special fund for school
+buildings was raised, from time to time, by direct taxation, or by
+loan, and buildings erected in the different Wards as the city
+increased in extent.</p>
+
+<p>In 1846, the East High School was opened in the basement of the old
+Universalist Church (now the Plymouth Church) on Prospect street, near
+Erie street. A strong opposition was made to this advanced step. It was
+objected to as illegal, which it actually was, though that was soon
+remedied; and as unnecessary and unreasonable.</p>
+
+<p>It is gratifying to know that many of those strenuous opponents are
+now among the warm friends of the High Schools, and justly proud of
+their success.</p>
+
+<p>Richard Fry, then Principal of the West St Clair school, distinguished
+himself by his writings through the press, and his speeches at public
+meetings, in advocating the claims of the High School, and thus powerfully
+sustained its friends in their unpopular contest. The law authorizing a
+High School limited the whole course to two years, and required one year's
+previous attendance at one of the grammar schools.</p>
+
+<p>In 1851, a regular course of instruction was adopted, extending to three
+years, but still confined to English studies. In 1856, the Latin and
+Greek languages were introduced, and in 1859, the German was added to
+the full course. These ancient and foreign languages were optional with
+the students, as well as the French language, which was introduced some
+years later.</p>
+
+<p>The first graduated class consisted of ten scholars, eight of whom
+afterwards became teachers. Indeed, it soon became evident that the High
+School was not only the best, but almost the only reliable source of
+supplying teachers for the subordinate schools, which were fast
+increasing. The extreme difficulty of procuring competent and reliable
+teachers had, all along, been one of the greatest embarrassments in
+carrying forward a course of instruction, extensive, thorough, and
+heretofore almost unknown west of the mountains.</p>
+
+<p>The original design of one central High School was found to be unsuited to
+the extended territory on both sides of the river, and two High Schools
+were substituted.</p>
+
+<p>The East High School building was completed and opened in 1856. The West
+High School was first opened in the Kentucky street building, and
+continued there for several years, until in 1861, the new building was
+completed.</p>
+
+<p>In 1861, Mr. Freese was relieved from the superintendency which had become
+too laborious for his declining health, and L. M. Oviatt took the
+management for two years, when he was succeeded by Anson Smyth, formerly
+State Superintendent. On his resignation, Mr. Andrew J. Rickoff, of
+Cincinnati, was called to the position. Under his management important
+changes in the classification and management of the schools have been
+introduced.</p>
+
+<p>The prominence given to Messrs Bradburn, Willey and Freese, in the history
+of the public schools, is not intended to disparage or undervalue the
+services rendered by many others, without whose hearty and efficient
+co-operation the whole undertaking would have failed. Prominent among these
+cooperators were J. D. Cleveland, J. Fitch, Dr. Maynard, Harvey Rice, Bev.
+J. A. Thome, T. P. Handy, W. D. Beattie, (since deceased,) R. B. Dennis,
+Ansel Roberts, L. M. Oviatt, and Thos. Jones, Jr.</p>
+
+<p>In 1868, there were eighteen male, and one hundred and thirty-nine female
+teachers employed in the public schools of the city, making an aggregate
+of one hundred and fifty seven. The total number of pupils enrolled was
+10,154. The average number belonging to the schools, 7060, and the average
+daily attendance, 6623.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<p align="center">[Illustration: Yours Truly, Harvey Rice]</p>
+
+
+<h2><a name="harvey_rice"></a>Harvey Rice</h2>
+
+
+
+<p>In the Ohio Educational Monthly for April, 1860, appeared a pretty full
+biography of Hon. Harvey Rice, who has filled an important position in
+connection with the educational interests of Ohio. From that account we
+learn that Mr. Rice is a native of Massachusetts. He was born June 11th,
+1800. In 1824, he graduated from Williams College, and the same year
+removed to Cleveland. He came to Ohio a stranger and without influential
+friends here or elsewhere to aid his efforts for advancement. When he
+landed at Cleveland he owned nothing but the clothes he wore, and three
+dollars in his pocket. At that time Cleveland contained but 400
+inhabitants.</p>
+
+<p>Making no disclosure as to the low state of his treasury and the rather
+dull prospect for an immediate replenishing of the same, he took lodgings
+at the best public house the town afforded, at the rate of two dollars and
+a half per week. At the expiration of one week he paid his board bill and
+removed to a private boarding-house, with but fifty cents left, and
+commenced teaching a classical school in the old academy on St. Clair
+street. About the same time he commenced the study of the law under the
+direction of Reuben Wood, then a prominent member of the Cleveland Bar,
+and at the expiration of two years was admitted to practice, and entered
+into copartnership with his former instructor, which continued until Mr.
+Wood was elected to the Bench.</p>
+
+<p>In 1829, he was elected Justice of the Peace, and in 1830, elected to
+represent his district in the State Legislature. Soon after, without
+solicitation on his part, he was appointed an agent for the sale of the
+Western Reserve school lands, a tract of fifty-six thousand acres,
+situated in the Virginia Military District. He opened a land office at
+Millersburgh, in Holmes county, for the sales, and in the course of three
+years sold all the lands, and paid the avails, nearly one hundred and
+fifty thousand dollars, into the State Treasury, as a school fund for the
+exclusive benefit of educating the children of the Western Reserve, the
+interest of which is now annually paid by the State for that purpose.</p>
+
+<p>In 1833, Mr. Rice returned to Cleveland, and was appointed Clerk of the
+Common Pleas and Supreme Courts, an office in which he faithfully served
+for seven years, and in 1834 and 1836, was nominated by the Democratic
+Convention as a candidate for Congress, and received the united support of
+the party, though without expectation of success, as the Democrats were
+largely in the minority. He was the first Democrat ever sent to the
+Legislature from Cuyahoga county, and, while serving in that body, was
+considered one of its ablest and most influential members. He was
+appointed by the House one of the select committee for revising the
+statutes of the State, and while in that capacity, introduced and
+advocated with acknowledged ability many new provisions, which still
+retain their place upon our statute book.</p>
+
+<p>The natural abilities of Mr. Rice are of a very high order. His mind is
+thoroughly disciplined and cultivated, and for the comparatively short
+time he practiced at the Bar, he obtained an enviable reputation for legal
+ability, sound, practical, discriminating judgment and gentlemanly
+deportment.</p>
+
+<p>He is well known as an able contributor to many of the best periodicals of
+the day, and is a graceful and exceedingly vigorous writer. His
+imagination is rich and glowing, and his mind well stored by a long and
+judicious course of mental training. We have seen some articles of Mr.
+Rice's which compare favorably with those of the best writers of the day.</p>
+
+<p>The following, which we find in the "Nineteenth Century," we take the
+liberty of publishing here, and look upon it as a meritorious and
+beautiful poem:</p>
+
+
+<h3>    The Moral Hero.</h3>
+
+<p>  With heart that trusteth still,
+    Set high your mark;
+  And though with human ill
+    The warfare may be dark,
+  Resolve to conquer, and you will!</p>
+
+<p>  Resolve, then onward press,
+    Fearless and true:
+  Believe it--Heaven will bless
+    The brave--and still renew
+  Your hope and courage in distress.</p>
+
+<p>  Press on, nor stay to ask
+    For friendship's aid;
+  Deign not to wear a mask
+    Nor wield a coward's blade,
+  But still persist, though hard the task.</p>
+
+<p>  Rest not--inglorious rest
+    Unnerves the man;
+  Struggle--'tis God's behest!
+    Fill up life's little span
+  With God-like deeds--it is the test--</p>
+
+<p>  Test of the high-born soul,
+    And lofty aim;
+  The test in History's scroll
+    Of every honored name--None
+  but the brave shall win the goal'</p>
+
+<p>  Go act the hero's part,
+    And in the strife,
+  Strike with the hero's heart
+    For liberty and life--
+  Ay, strike for Truth; preserve her chart'</p>
+
+<p>  Her chart unstain'd preserve,
+    'Twill guide you right.
+  Press on and never swerve,
+    But keep your armer bright,
+  And struggle still with firmer nerve.</p>
+
+<p>  What though the tempest rage,
+    Buffet the sea!
+  Where duty calls, engage:
+    And ever striving be
+  The moral hero of the Age!</p>
+
+<p>In the fall of 1851, Mr. Rice was put in nomination for the State Senate,
+and was elected by a majority exceeding seven hundred votes.</p>
+
+<p>The General Assembly to which he was now returned, was the first that
+convened under the new Constitution. Upon this body devolved the
+responsibility of reconstructing the statutes of the State, and adapting
+them to the requisition of the Constitution, so as to secure to the people
+the practical benefits of the great reforms which had been achieved by its
+adoption. Mr. Rice contributed quite as much as any other member to the
+important legislation of the two sessions held by that General Assembly.
+It was said of him that he <i>was always at his post</i>. The degree of
+influence which he exercised as a legislator, was such as few have the
+good fortune to wield.</p>
+
+<p>Among the variety of measures which engaged his attention, he took a
+prominent part in procuring the passage of the act which authorized the
+establishment of two additional lunatic asylums in the State.</p>
+
+<p>His course in relation to the subject of common schools attracted public
+attention throughout the State, and called forth from the press
+commendations of a very complimentary character. The correspondent of a
+paper published at Newark, writing from Columbus, remarks as follows:</p>
+
+<p>  Senator Rice, of Cuyahoga, has in charge a bill for the reorganization
+  of schools and providing for their supervision.</p>
+
+<p>  No better man than Mr. Rice could have been selected for this work. He
+  is a model man and a model Senator. Clear headed, sound minded,
+  carefully and fully educated, with a painstaking disposition, he is the
+  ablest chairman of the standing committee on schools that any Ohio
+  Legislature ever had. Deeply impressed with the great importance of the
+  subject--of the stern necessity which exists for basing our whole
+  republican form of government on the intelligence of the people, he has
+  carefully provided a bill, which, if enacted into a law, will give a
+  good <i>common</i> school education to every child in the State, and in so
+  doing, has been equally careful that the money raised for that purpose
+  be not squandered. The bill provides for a State Commissioner of Common
+  Schools, and it has been mentioned to me as a matter of deep regret,
+  that the Constitution excludes Mr. Rice from being a candidate for that
+  office--no member of the Legislature being eligible to an office created
+  while he was a member, until one year after the expiration of his term
+  of office.</p>
+
+<p>On the question of the final passage of the bill, Mr. Rice addressed the
+Senate in a concluding speech, which was published, and very generally
+noticed by the press. Among these notices, a leading paper published at
+Cleveland, with a magnanimity rarely possessed by a political opponent,
+makes the following comments and quotations:</p>
+
+<p>  Mr. Rice made the closing speech on the School Bill, in the Senate, on
+  the 24th. It was his Bill. He had labored over it, and for it, a long
+  time, and given to it every consideration, and gained for it every
+  counsel, which, by any possibility, he could gain.</p>
+
+<p>  The text of his speech was the language of the Constitution itself; the
+  duty of securing 'a thorough and efficient system of common schools
+  throughout the State.'</p>
+
+<p>  Mr. Rice goes into detail on the school bill, and, regretting that we
+  have not room for the detail, we close our synopsis of his very sensible
+  speech by quoting its conclusion:</p>
+
+<p>  "It is certainly much cheaper, as well as much wiser, to <i>educate</i> than
+  to <i>punish</i>. How much of crime would be prevented if a higher order of
+  education were generally diffused among all classes. A well educated and
+  enlightened people will have but little occasion for criminal courts,
+  jails and penitentiaries. The educated man has ordinarily too much
+  self-respect, too much regard for moral principle and the value of a
+  good character to stoop to crime. In short, sir, the perpetuity of the
+  government, and security of the citizen, and of property, depend upon
+  the virtue and intelligence of the people.</p>
+
+<p>  "By the provisions of this bill, it is intended to make our common
+  schools what they ought to be--the colleges of the people--'cheap enough
+  for the poorest, and good enough for the richest.' With but a slight
+  increase of taxation, schools of different grades can be established and
+  maintained in every township of the State, and the sons and daughters of
+  our farmers and mechanics have an opportunity of acquiring a finished
+  education, equally with the more favored of the land. And, in this way,
+  the elements of mind now slumbering among the uneducated masses, like
+  the fine unwrought marble in the quarry, will be aroused and brought out
+  to challenge the admiration of the world-Philosophers and sages will
+  abound everywhere, on the farm and in the workshop. And many a man of
+  genius will stand out from among the masses, and exhibit a brilliancy of
+  intellect, which will be recognized in the circling years of the great
+  future, as</p>
+
+<p>    'A light, a landmark on the cliffs of time.'</p>
+
+<p>  "It is only the educated man who is competent to interrogate nature, and
+  comprehend her revelations. Though I would not break down the
+  aristocracy of knowledge of the present age, yet, sir, I would level up,
+  and equalize, and thus create, if I may be allowed the expression, a
+  democracy of knowledge. In this way, and in this way only, can men be
+  made equal in fact--equal in their social and political relations--equal
+  in mental refinement, and in a just appreciation of what constitutes man
+  the brother of his fellow man.</p>
+
+<p>  "In conclusion, sir, allow me to express my belief, that the day is not
+  far distant when Ohio, in the noble cause of popular education and of
+  human rights, will 'lead the column,' and become, what she is capable of
+  becoming--a star of the first magnitude--the brightest in the galaxy of
+  our American Union."</p>
+
+<p>  A proud hour now came for Mr. Rice! A good and glorious one for the
+  State! The roll of the Senate was called, and that body, on the 24th day
+  of January, 1853, proceeded to cast its final vote upon the bill, when
+  only two negatives were announced.</p>
+
+<p>Another bill, of scarcely less importance than the school bill, was
+introduced into the Senate by Mr. Rice, near the heel of the adjourned
+session, which with him was a favorite measure, and which seemed to meet
+with the hearty approbation of the public. It had for its object the
+establishment of a "State Reform School," expressly designed for juvenile
+offenders.</p>
+
+<p>But owing to the late day of the session in which the bill was introduced,
+though very favorably received by the senate, a motion was made to
+postpone it until the next session. In reference to this motion, without
+attempting to make a formal speech, Mr. Rice explained briefly the object
+contemplated by the bill. His remarks relating as they did to a subject of
+public interest, were reported and published. The bill, at a subsequent
+session, resulted in establishing the present Reform Farm School.</p>
+
+<p>The eminent services which he has rendered the State in the promotion of
+her educational interests will be long and gratefully remembered by those
+of his fellow citizens who properly appreciate the true objects of life,
+and who wish to secure to themselves, to their children, and to the
+generations which will follow them, the social blessings which flow from a
+high degree of refinement, intelligence and moral virtue.</p>
+
+<p>While a member of the City Council, in 1857, Mr. Rice took the lead in
+establishing the Cleveland Industrial School, and was chairman of the
+committee that put it into successful operation. It has now grown to be
+one of the most important charitable institutions in Cleveland. Mr. Rice
+is still active in extending its usefulness.</p>
+
+<p>In the same year he originated the project, and introduced the resolution
+into the Council, authorizing the erection of the Perry Monument which now
+graces the Public Park of the city. The cost of the Monument, by the terms
+of the resolution, was made to depend on the voluntary subscriptions of
+the citizens. Mr. Rice was appointed Chairman of the Monument Committee,
+and after three years of persevering effort, succeeded in carrying the
+object of the resolution into effect. The Monument was inaugurated with
+imposing ceremonies, on the 10th of September, 1860, the anniversary of
+Perry's victory on Lake Erie. Mr. Bancroft, the historian, delivered the
+Inaugural Address. As carefully estimated, not less than one hundred
+thousand people attended the inauguration. In carrying out the programme
+the battle of Lake Erie was reproduced, in a mock fight, on the Lake in
+front of the city. It was a proud day for Cleveland. Both the Monument and
+the inauguration were pronounced a perfect success.</p>
+
+<p>In 1861, Mr. Rice, being elected to the Board of Education, was appointed
+President of the Board, and during his term of office rendered essential
+service in promoting the educational interests of the city. In fact, he
+has always been a zealous friend and advocate of popular education. In his
+literary career he has become widely known as the author of "Mount Vernon,
+and Other Poems"--a volume containing two hundred and fifty pages which
+has reached a fifth edition.</p>
+
+<p>In 1862, Mr. Rice was appointed by the Governor of the State, with the
+concurrence of the War Department, a commissioner for Cuyahoga county, to
+conduct the first draft made in the county during the late civil war. In
+executing this delicate task he acquitted himself with firmness,
+integrity, and discretion. While in the discharge of his duties he found
+his office one morning suddenly besieged by some five or six hundred
+excited citizens, who were armed with pistols and other weapons,
+threatening to demolish the office and destroy the records. They had been
+instigated to make this demonstration by false rumors regarding the
+fairness of the draft. Mr. Rice met the crisis firmly, sent to the
+military camp on the Heights for a detachment of soldiers, infantry and
+artillery, who came to his relief on the "double quick," and dispersed the
+riotous assemblage. To satisfy the disaffected that all was right and just
+in relation to the draft, Mr. Rice proposed that they should appoint a
+committee of their own to investigate the state of affairs in the draft
+office. They did so, and with his aid an elaborate examination was made,
+and the committee reported that the draft had been conducted fairly and
+justly in all respects. Mr. Rice then proceeded with the draft, and as
+luck would have it, two of the committee, who had been ring-leaders in
+getting up the demonstration, were drafted on the spot, and every body
+seemed pleased with the result.</p>
+
+<p>In 1867, Mr. Rice, wishing to express his regard for the cause of
+Missions, as well as for the college where he graduated, erected at his
+own expense, and with the approval of the college authorities, a beautiful
+marble monument in Mission Park, at Williamstown, Mass., commemorative of
+the origin of American Foreign Missions. The park is a part of the college
+domains, and within it there is a maple grove where a few pious young
+students of the college, in the summer of 1806, held occasional
+prayer-meetings. At one of these meetings a shower of rain compelled them
+to seek the shelter of a neighboring haystack, where they continued their
+exercises, and where one of their number, Samuel J. Mills, first suggested
+the idea of a mission to foreign heathen lands, as being a religions duty.
+In this noble and philanthropic thought his associates all concurred, and
+there, while at the haystack, consecrated themselves in solemn prayer, to
+the great work. From this circumstance originated American Foreign
+Missions. The monument was planned by Mr. Rice It is erected on the spot
+where the haystack stood, is twelve feet in height, and surmounted with a
+marble globe three feet in diameter, and cut in map lines. The face of the
+monument has the inscription, "The Field is the World," followed with a
+haystack, sculptured in bas relief, and the names of the five young men,
+who held the prayer-meeting, and the date 1806. The monument was dedicated
+July 28th, 1867, at the maple grove, in the park. A large audience was
+present. Mr. Rice, by special request, delivered the dedicatory address,
+which was received with a high degree of satisfaction, and afterwards
+published, with the other proceedings, in pamphlet form.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Rice has accumulated a reasonable share of "this world's goods;" has
+been twice married--first in 1828, and afterwards in 1840.</p>
+
+<p>He has a wife, three sons and three daughters still living, and now
+leads, comparatively, a retired, yet not an idle life.</p>
+
+<p>He still has the appearance of a well preserved gentleman, he is six
+feet in height, erect and of good proportions, and his general personal
+appearance is pleasing. In manner he is a true gentleman,--modest and
+kind, but prompt and decided. Two of his sons, Capt. Percy W. Rice and
+James S. Rice, are settled in business at Cleveland. The youngest son,
+Harvey Rice, Jr., resides in California. The three daughters are
+married and settled--one in California and the other two in Cleveland.
+Mrs. Rice is a lady of refinement, exemplary, and much beloved and
+respected. As a family, but few have been more highly favored, or lived
+in more perfect harmony.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="andrew_freese"></a>Andrew Freese</h2>
+
+
+
+<p>The name of Andrew Freese will always hold a place of honor in the
+scholastic records of Cleveland. No educator in the city is held in such
+affectionate esteem by a large class of former pupils, and none better
+deserves the grateful tributes paid to his abilities as a teacher and his
+worth as a citizen.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Freese was born in Levant, Penobscot county, Maine, on November 1st,
+1816. His father was a farmer, but Andrew was of such slender frame and
+weak constitution that he was completely unfitted for farming life. His
+father destined him to be a printer, and took him to the nearest printing
+office to show him how types were set and newspapers printed. The boy was
+not favorably impressed with what he saw, and begged to be allowed to
+enter college. This was considered out of the question, his father being
+too poor to provide the necessary funds. But the boy's heart was set upon
+it, and he thought that by teaching school for a time he could obtain
+money enough to complete his own education. This idea he carried into
+execution, and had no sooner entered on the business of teaching than he
+realized that he had found his true vocation. He continued to teach and
+study until his collegiate course was completed, and then he resolved to
+fit himself for the business of teaching by studying the best systems of
+education, as laid down in the most approved books and practiced in the
+most successful schools. He examined the best school buildings, and
+brought away plans of construction, and models of their furniture. The
+most thorough teachers were consulted as to the results of their
+experience, and when he had thus acquired a thorough mastery of the whole
+science of teaching, instead of setting out as an educational empiric, he
+resolved to seek the West as a better field for turning his knowledge to
+account, than was the East, where educators were far too numerous to make
+the business profitable.</p>
+
+<p>[Illustration: Yours Truly, Andrew Freese]</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Freese came to Cleveland in 1840, and offered his services to the
+Board of School Managers as a teacher. His rare ability was appreciated,
+he was immediately engaged, and was at once recognized as the head of the
+schools. There was then only the general school law to work under. The law
+as then understood, made it almost a crime to give instruction in the
+higher branches of even an English education. There was then no high
+schools, or graded schools in the great State of Ohio. To Cleveland, and
+to Mr. Freese, belong the honor of establishing the first free high school
+in the State. The scholars from that school may now be found in almost
+every State in the Union, eminent in all departments of life. They have
+been met with as Governors, jurists, mechanicians, and artists, and the
+first inquiry from them <i>all</i> has been, "Is Mr. Freese still with you? All
+I am, and all I have, I owe to him; may God forever bless him."</p>
+
+<p>The high school was established in July, 1846, and Mr. Freese at once
+placed at its head. Those unfriendly to public schools, and especially to
+this department, offered him large inducements to engage in a private
+school, but Mr. Freese had faith in the success of the experiment, and was
+determined not to abandon it until its success was insured. The pay given
+by the city was but a beggarly pittance, and his labors inside and out of
+the school room were exceedingly arduous, but no discouragement could
+daunt his zeal, and he resisted blandishments as he treated opposition,
+with indifference. The unexpected and severe labors imposed upon him
+shattered his health, but with him love overcame all other considerations,
+and he persisted. In June, 1853, the office of Superintendent of
+Instruction was created, and tendered to Mr. Freese, who held it until
+1861, when his failing health admonished him to retire. Recently he was
+summoned from his retirement to take the position of principal of the
+Central High school, now grown to proportions its founders scarcely dared
+hope for it. It was with extreme reluctance that Mr. Freese consented to
+resume his old profession, but he finally did so, working with great zeal
+and success until the close of the Summer term of 1869, when, immediately
+after re-election by a highly complimentary vote, he was compelled, by the
+condition of his health, to resign his position and bid a final farewell
+to the profession he so much loved. The proceedings of the Board of
+Education in relation to the resignation of Mr. Freese are of interest, as
+showing the high value set upon his services to the cause of education.</p>
+
+<p>The following communication was presented to the Board:</p>
+
+<p>  To the Honorable the Board of Education of the city of Cleveland:</p>
+
+<p>  Gentlemen: I have to submit herewith the resignation of Mr. Andrew
+  Freese, who has for the past year acted as principal of the Central
+  High school.</p>
+
+<p>  On account of ill health it was with great reluctance that Mr. Freese
+  went into this position. In accordance, however, with the advice of
+  friends, he finally yielded to persuasion and entered upon the discharge
+  of its duties with the well known earnestness of his character. The
+  result has been marked in the earnestness with which his able corps of
+  assistants associated with him have co-operated to promote the highest
+  interests of the school, and of each and all its pupils. It has been
+  specially marked, too, by the increased devotion of all the scholars to
+  their studies, and the ready acquiescence with which they have obeyed
+  all the rules and regulations of your Board.</p>
+
+<p>  In taking leave of Mr. Freese it is due to him that I should thus
+  formally and earnestly record my high appreciation of his services.
+  Furthermore, it may not be inappropriate for me testify to the fact,
+  that much of the hearty earnestness of the corps of teachers with which
+  I am now laboring, is due to the influence of this gentleman when he
+  held the office which I now hold.</p>
+
+<p>  Andrew J. Rickoff,
+  Superintendent of Instruction.</p>
+
+
+<blockquote>  The Board of Education having received and accepted the resignation of
+  Andrew Freese, Esq., principal of the Central High School, Mr. Perkins
+  offered the following resolutions, which were adopted:</blockquote>
+
+<blockquote>  <i>Resolved</i>, That the thanks of the Board are hereby tendered to Mr.
+  Freese, for the valuable services he has rendered in the various
+  relations he has sustained to the public schools of this city during the
+  last quarter of a century. In every position he has been called to fill,
+  he has proved himself faithful to the trust committed to his keeping. To
+  him more than any other are we indebted for the deservedly elevated
+  character of our System of graded schools.</blockquote>
+
+<blockquote>  <i>Resolved</i>, That the president and secretary of the Board be requested
+  to communicate to Mr. Freese the feeling of regret occasioned by his
+  withdrawal from our service, together with a certified copy of its
+  action this evening.</blockquote>
+
+<p>Mr. Freese was the originator of the celebrated outline maps. Many years
+before any were published by Mitchell, they were in use here, and may
+still be found on some of the walls and floors of our old school houses,
+where they were placed by Mr. Freese. What Horace Mann and William Colburn
+did for the schools of New England, Andrew Freese has done for the schools
+of the West. Almost immediately after commencing his labors he began to
+protest to the Board of School Managers against our school laws; under
+them he could do no justice to himself or his scholars. His efforts were
+aided by the Board of School Managers, and after a hard contest with city
+and State authorities, the laws were altered so as to give us one of the
+best school systems in the world. The first free high school in the State
+was started by Mr. Freese, in the basement of an old church, at a rent of
+fifty dollars per annum, and this was regarded by some of our largest tax
+payers as so great an outrage that they threatened to resist the payment
+of their taxes. The school now enjoys the use of a palatial building, and
+our grammar schools have the use of the most elegant and convenient
+structures for educational purposes in the State. Many of our citizens
+devoted their time and money to bring about this great change, which has
+done and is doing so much for the welfare of our city. But perhaps no one
+man has done so much as Mr. Freese.</p>
+
+<p>It would be difficult, if not impossible, to overrate the services of Mr.
+Freese to the cause of education in Cleveland. It was the sole business of
+his life, and he entered on it with utter unselfishness. With him the
+cause was everything, self nothing. He traveled far, spent his own slender
+funds freely, and labored assiduously in the endeavor to secure the best
+of everything in plan and machinery, for the city schools. He had no
+ambition outside or beyond the school room, and his shrinking modesty
+prevented him claiming the credit justly due him for the unintermitted and
+successful labors performed within the school walls.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="anson_smyth"></a>Anson Smyth.</h2>
+
+
+
+<p>Among the citizens of Ohio, few are more worthy of mention than Rev. Anson
+Smyth. There is not a township in the State in which his influence has not
+been felt, nor a school district in which his name is not honored. He has
+labored to uplift the intellectual, social, and moral status of our great
+commonwealth, and his impress is left on the highest and most sacred
+interests of the people.</p>
+
+<p>Though born in Pennsylvania, Mr. Smyth is none the less a New Englander.
+His parents and older brothers and sisters were natives of New England.
+There many of his early years were spent, and there he received both his
+collegiate and his theological education. There for two years he taught
+school, and for three, was pastor of a church. Thus it is seen, that
+while his birth makes him a Pennsylvanian, his blood and education make
+him a Yankee.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Smyth is a self-made man. By his unaided energies he surmounted the
+difficulties that stood in the way of his advancement, and has achieved
+distinction by a career of great usefulness. His father was a man of high
+respectability, and most excellent character. He was a farmer in moderate
+circumstances, and being well advanced in life, and declining in health,
+when his youngest son, the tenth of twelve children, determined to acquire
+a liberal education, he was unable to do anything for his assistance. But
+the boy had a brave heart, and he went forward, strong in the idea that
+"there is nothing impossible to him that wills." At first by manual labor,
+and afterwards by teaching, he contrived to secure funds for meeting those
+expenses which demanded ready payment. When he left the theological
+seminary he owed several hundred dollars, all of which he paid from his
+first earnings.</p>
+
+<p>After preaching for three years at the East, Mr. Smyth accepted a call to
+the pastoral charge of a church in Michigan. It was a village of a few
+hundred people, in a new and wild region. Society was in a chaotic
+condition, and there were but few who had either the ability or the
+disposition to do much for the young pastor's support or encouragement.
+The locality was unhealthy, and Mr. Smyth suffered severely from prevalent
+diseases. But during a ministry there of four years, he was eminently
+successful, and he left the church four times as strong as he found it.</p>
+
+<p>In 1847, Mr. Smyth came to Ohio, and, after spending a few months in
+Cleveland, received and accepted a call to the pastorate of the
+Presbyterian church in Toledo. He entered upon his new charge with zeal
+and energy. He labored faithfully for the advancement of the cause of
+Christ in that rising town, but owing to chronic alienation among the
+members of his church, from the beginning he felt the need of that degree
+of co-operation and sympathy necessary to insure the full benefit of his
+labors. Still, the condition of affairs greatly improved under his
+ministry; the membership of the church being nearly doubled, and the
+congregation largely increased. At the end of three years he resigned his
+charge and entered upon that department of public service in which he has
+acquired most honorable distinction.</p>
+
+<p>[Illustration: Yours truly, Anson Smyth]</p>
+
+<p>Until 1850, the facilities for education in Toledo were all in the future.
+While pastor of the church there, Mr. Smyth felt keenly the need of
+establishing a good system of schools ere the town should become confirmed
+in the habit of neglecting so important an interest. A few of the citizens
+took hold of the business with energy; the "Akron School Law" was adopted,
+and a Board of Education elected. Mr. Smyth was placed at the head of the
+movement. This was a position he had never expected to fill, but,
+regarding it as a field of usefulness, a field in which to serve God and
+society, not less sacred than that of the pastoral office, he went to his
+new work without a doubt that thereby he was doing the will of God. In
+many particulars the business Mr. Smyth found upon his hands was new and
+strange to him. He had had no experience in organizing schools upon the
+graded plan. Eighteen years ago there were very few good schools in Ohio.
+Lorin Andrews, at Massillon, Dr. Lord, at Columbus, M. F. Cowdery, at
+Sandusky, Andrew Freese, at Cleveland, and H. H. Barney, at Cincinnati,
+were the leaders in the educational reformation, then rising into notice.
+Not till three years afterwards was our noble school law enacted. But Mr.
+Smyth took hold of the great work entrusted to him with characteristic
+energy. He read much and thought more upon the best plan of organizing a
+school system for the city, and when he left there, in 1856, the schools
+of Toledo had gained a most enviable character. They were regarded as
+among the best in the country, and their Superintendent had acquired the
+reputation of being one of the wisest and most successful educators in
+America. The Board of Education committed the entire management of the
+schools to him. The selection of teachers, the classification and
+discipline of the schools, the course of study, and the examinations were
+just what Mr. Smyth was pleased to make them. He gathered around him a
+corps of teachers equal to the best in the State, and the schools were the
+pride of the citizens. When he resigned, in closing an article upon the
+subject, the Blade remarked: "<i>We regard the retirement of Mr. Smyth as no
+less than a public calamity</i>."</p>
+
+<p>At a meeting of the State Teachers Association, in December, 1855, Mr.
+Smyth was unanimously elected President of that body, also editor of the
+Journal of Education. In the following February he removed to Columbus,
+and entered upon his editorial duties. His success in his new field was
+most satisfactory to all who were interested in the cause which he
+represented.</p>
+
+<p>In May, 1856, the Republican State Convention nominated Mr. Smyth for the
+office of State Commissioner of Schools. This was an honor as unexpected
+by him as it was satisfactory to the people. He was elected by a large
+majority, and in February, 1857, entered upon the discharge of the duties
+of his new office. In this high position he remained six years, having
+been re-elected in 1859.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Smyth was not disheartened when he found his post at the head of the
+educational forces of the State, environed with most serious
+embarrassments. The general school law had been in operation three years,
+encountering the hostility of a large portion of the people, who were
+persistent in their efforts to secure its repeal, or extensive
+modification. It was regarded as doubtful whether it could much longer
+survive in the face of the antagonism which confronted it. But when Mr.
+Smyth turned the office over to his successor, in 1863, the law had become
+popular, and strong in the regards of nearly all the people. The changes
+which it had experienced were improvements, and it was everywhere working
+out its own praise.</p>
+
+<p>In this sketch, Mr. Smyth's labors and successes in the Commissionership
+can not be detailed. He spared no pains in promoting the interests which
+the State had confided to him. Whether looking after members of the
+legislature who were working against the law, or performing ordinary
+office duties, or traveling and addressing the people, he showed untiring
+industry and enthusiastic devotion to the good cause. When he declined,
+another nomination, the State Teachers' Association, at their meeting in
+Mount Vernon, passed a resolution highly approving his administration.
+David Tod, then Governor, wrote of him to a friend: "The most faithful
+manner in which Mr. Smyth has discharged the arduous duties of School
+Commissioner of our State for the last six years, involving, as it did,
+the expenditure of millions of money, without the loss of a dollar, has
+won for him my fullest confidence and profound respect. He is an excellent
+business man, and a Christian gentleman." No man ever left an office
+stronger in the confidence and esteem of the people.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Smyth did not propose to continue longer in the educational field, and
+declined many invitations to positions at the head of institutions of
+learning. But, very unexpectedly to him, he was elected Superintendent of
+Instruction for Cleveland. A strong inclination to reside here, and the
+urgency of friends, secured his acceptance. He removed to this city in
+July, 1863, and was warmly welcomed by the people.</p>
+
+<p>At that time, the Board of Education was in many things subordinate to
+the City Council, and these two bodies not always working harmoniously
+prevented the adoption of many reforms advocated by the Superintendant.
+Still, Mr. Smyth's administration was a period of great prosperity and
+advancement with the Cleveland schools. The gradation and classification
+were improved; modes of teaching were introduced which greatly promoted
+the purposes of education. Through his influence the use of the rod in the
+schools was to a great extent discontinued, while better order was
+secured. His success in the selection of teachers was remarkable. He
+seemed to have an intuitive knowledge of character, and next to none of
+those he placed in charge of schools proved failures. His power over
+teachers was very great. While he was exacting in his demands, never
+excusing negligence, he knew how to temper authority with kind and
+courteous manners.</p>
+
+<p>In the management of schools, Mr. Smyth required that due regard be had to
+manners and morals. Arithmetic and grammar were not, in his estimation,
+more important than politeness and Christian morality. He encouraged the
+ornamentation of the school rooms with plants, flowers and engravings,
+which has been so generally adopted, thus rendering them attractive and
+conducive to taste and refinement.</p>
+
+<p>For five successive years Mr. Smyth was re-elected, but the last election
+he declined to accept, having entered into business arrangements, that he
+might pay needed attention to pecuniary interests. During his
+superintendence the number of teachers employed in the schools increased
+from eighty to one hundred and thirty; the splendid school buildings now
+approaching completion, were planned and put under contract, the School
+Library was established, and all school interests were most prosperons.
+When he retired from the superintendence of the schools, nearly two years
+ago, the Leader expressed the public sentiment in regard to his services,
+in the following terms: "It is with unfeigned regret that we announce the
+resignation of Rev. Anson Smyth, as Superintendent of Instruction in this
+city. He has discharged the duties of this office for four years with
+ability and efficiency. The educational interests of the city have been
+guarded with jealous care; and the excellent condition of our public
+schools, the firm, judicious discipline that is enforced, and the thorough
+system of instruction well attest his zeal, ability and faithfulness. To
+the teachers of the schools and the citizens generally, he has given the
+most unqualified satisfaction, and all will sincerely regret the
+circumstances which have induced him to retire."</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Smyth has never given up pulpit services, but has averaged to preach
+one sermon per Sunday ever since resigning his pastoral charge in Toledo,
+eighteen years ago. Though a Presbyterian in doctrine, and loyal to that
+church, he is remarkably free from sectarian exclusiveness, and all
+evangelical churches seek and obtain his ministerial services.</p>
+
+<p>Within the last year he has given more than twenty addresses at college
+commencements, and before literary and educational associations, while he
+has been obliged to decline numerous applications for like labors.</p>
+
+<p>The weight of fifty years and the work of a life of very great activity
+rest lightly upon him. He is possessed of robust health, and is as marked
+for energy and vivacity as he was twenty years ago. But few men, who at
+his age have accomplished so much labor, seem still so able to repeat
+their life-work.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="r_f_humiston"></a>R. F. Humiston.</h2>
+
+
+
+<p>The family of Humiston, or Humbastone, as it was originally called, is one
+of considerable antiquity, and its American branch dates from an early
+period in the history of this country, John Humbastone, its founder,
+having settled in New Haven, Connecticut, towards the middle of the
+seventeenth century. For over two hundred years the family, or a portion
+of it, resided in the same neighborhood, about seven miles out of New
+Haven, on the Quinnipiac river. At the breaking out of the Revolutionary
+War, several members of the family took part in the struggle on the side
+of the patriots, and did good service.</p>
+
+<p>Caleb Humiston (the name had been corrupted in the course of time) was of
+the third generation in descent from John Humbastone, the original settler
+in New Haven. He was born on the old homestead on the Quinnipiac river,
+inherited a portion of it, and lived there until he was thirty years old.
+Then he removed to Berkshire county, Massachusetts, settling down in 1816
+on a farm he had purchased in Great Barrington. He was at this time a
+farmer in comfortable circumstances, but misfortune came upon him, his
+property passed from his control, and he was reduced to extremely narrow
+circumstances. When this misfortune came upon him he had already been
+burdened with a large family. Ten children had been born, one of whom
+died, but the others grew up and had to be provided for, the family
+consisting of seven boys and two girls. It is a noteworthy fact, that with
+the exception of the child who died in infancy, and Caleb Humeston
+himself, there has been no death in the family for over half a century,
+the youngest of them now living being thirty-eight years old. The family
+had been noted for its longevity, the average age of the ancestors of the
+present generation being between seventy and eighty years.</p>
+
+<p>R. F. Humiston, whose life we propose briefly to sketch, was born in Great
+Barrington, July 29th, 1821. The misfortune suffered by his father
+overtook him when R. F. was nine years old, and from that time each one of
+the children was capable to do something towards earning a living. Tools
+were provided for each, proper work marked out, and every one held
+responsible for the faithful performance of the allotted task. As long as
+could be afforded, the children were sent to the district school, but the
+grade of education provided was low, and the knowledge acquired meagre. In
+his ninth year, R. F. Humiston was taken from school and put to earn his
+living with a neighbor, with whom he remained a year, and was then placed
+to work in a cotton factory at Stockbridge, Mass. His duty in this
+establishment was to tend a spinning jenny, and the winter hours of labor
+were from six o'clock in the morning to eight at night, with half an
+hour's intermission for dinner.</p>
+
+<p>His health failing through the severity of this labor, his parents took
+him from this factory and placed him in another factory, for the
+manufacture of cotton batting and wadding, in West Stockbridge. Here he
+remained several months, but was obliged to leave on account of sickness.</p>
+
+<p>In the Spring of 1833, the family removed to Ohio. After selling his farm
+and paying his debts, Caleb Humiston had barely sufficient left with which
+to reach Hudson, Ohio. Here he engaged in making brick, the subject of
+this sketch, twelve years old, assisting in the brick yard. Change of
+climate, hard work, and want brought sickness on the whole family, and
+before R. F. Humiston was fifteen years old the physicians pronounced his
+constitution entirely broken down, and that he could never do severe
+labor. He availed himself of an offer to become clerk of a store in
+Hudson, and clerked there and in Cleveland until he was sixteen years
+old. When clerk in a Cleveland bookstore, the proprietor failed and the
+books were taken to Buffalo, young Humiston receiving an offer of a
+clerkship in that city. This he declined, refusing to desert his family,
+who were in poverty, and working hard. His health having been partially
+restored, he took off his good clothes and re-entered the brick yard,
+where he remained until he was eighteen years old. Whilst in the store he
+had learned to keep books, and turned this knowledge to account in
+arranging his fathers business. A number of the better class of citizens
+of Hudson insisted on the boy having an education, and a merchant offered
+to bear the expense of a collegiate course, but the boy was too useful in
+his father's business to be spared, and so the opportunity was lost.</p>
+
+<p>But the brick-making did not suit the boy, who was ambitious, and desirous
+of learning. In the Winter after he was eighteen, he went to learn the
+trade of a carpenter, agreeing to pay his father for his unexpired time as
+soon as he became of age. He learned the carpenter's trade of Samuel
+Johnson, in Ravenna, an intelligent man, who was highly respected by his
+neighbors, and whose influence was of great benefit to his apprentice,
+forming correct habits, and giving him moral and intellectual training.</p>
+
+<p>Young Humiston was ambitious to excel as a mechanic, and spent his
+evenings in studying architecture and examining plans for buildings. There
+was no eight or ten hour system in those days. Mechanics worked from
+daylight to dark, frequently continuing their labors sixteen hours. Under
+this severe strain his health again gave way, and in September, 1841, he
+was reluctantly compelled to abandon the trade of a carpenter, except to
+work about three days in the week in order to pay his board.</p>
+
+<p>At this point he determined to gain an education, and endeavor to earn a
+living by his brain, since his muscles failed him. He returned to Hudson
+with the purpose of entering college, his entire capital being ten cents
+in money and a few tools, with which he hoped to earn enough to pay for
+his board and tuition. He remained at the college five years, working at
+his trade by the hour, and doing odd jobs, teaching an occasional term,
+and working hard as a carpenter in vacations. His studies and labors were
+unremitting, sometimes allowing him but three hours' sleep out of the
+twenty-four. As might be expected, his health again gave way, and he was
+obliged to leave. The college conferred on him the honorary degree of M.
+A., and the Wesleyan University, at Delaware, Ohio, subsequently conferred
+the same degree, both without solicitation.</p>
+
+<p>[Illustration: R. F. Humiston.]</p>
+
+<p>On leaving college he went into the nursery business, not having physical
+stamina sufficient to prosecute his studies for the ministry, as intended.
+In this business he continued directly for eighteen months, and partially
+for five or six years.</p>
+
+<p>In the Fall of 1847, he commenced teaching in the public schools in
+Cuyahoga Falls, and in the following Spring established a private school,
+the Cuyahoga Falls Seminary. At the end of that year he was elected
+Superintendent of Public Instruction and principal of the high school. He
+continued his seminary, having assistants, and the privilege being allowed
+him of spending a portion of his time in the management of that
+establishment. In the Fall of 1849, he came to Cleveland and was appointed
+principal of the Rockwell street grammar school, where he remained seven
+years, bringing up the school from a low pitch to rank among the foremost
+in the city. His salary, when he began to teach in Cleveland was but five
+hundred dollars, and out of this he had to provide for two families, his
+own and that of his parents. To add to his small stipend, he taught
+evening school, and took agencies in the vacation. At the same time he was
+repeatedly offered other situations at better salaries, and was invited to
+become the principal of a State Normal school. He tendered his resignation
+as principal of the Rockwell street school, but was induced to remain on
+promise of increase of salary. Finally, becoming weary of that hope
+deferred that maketh the heart sick, he resigned and was engaged at a much
+higher salary, to establish, under the patronage of an association of
+leading citizens, the Cleveland Academy. This enterprise was very
+successful, and the position pleasant, a fine corps of assistants being
+gathered around him.</p>
+
+<p>After two years labor in this position, some gentlemen connected with the
+property on University Heights, requested him to engage in the enterprise
+of a school on the Heights, in the building erected for a college under
+president Mahan, but which now lay unfinished and unoccupied, the college
+scheme having failed. They offered rent and grounds free, but he refused,
+until they agreed to sell him the whole property for a nominal sum, if he
+could acquire a clear title, the ownership having become badly involved by
+the failure of the college. This he eventually accomplished after much
+labor, and took possession of the property in 1856.</p>
+
+<p>The task was a gigantic one to a man like Mr. Humiston, with limited funds
+and uncertain health. The building was unfinished and needed considerable
+expenditure to put it in shape for occupation. The location though very
+promising in the distant future, was then very inconvenient of access,
+and was therefore objectionable. But Mr. Humiston possessed a determined
+will and he set to work without delay. He borrowed money, fitted up a
+portion of the building, and opened the Cleveland Institute with strong
+hopes for the future, but gloomy prospects in the present.</p>
+
+<p>About the middle of the second year the building took fire and a large
+portion of the interior was destroyed. The school was closed for six
+months, and with characteristic energy Mr. Humiston went to work to repair
+damages, enlarging the building, and again involving himself in debt to
+meet the expense. Success crowned his enterprise. The number of scholars
+increased rapidly, and again the building had to be enlarged and improved.</p>
+
+<p>The institute was continued ten years, and the gross income in its later
+years ranged from $20,000 to $31,000 per year. During nearly the whole
+time Mr. Humiston taught himself, and usually five hours out of the six
+devoted to studies. At the same time he gave medical lectures at the
+Western Homoeopathic College, and managed all the affairs of the
+institute, keeping no agent or steward. He purchased and fitted up in
+the institute a fine chemical and philosophical apparatus, collected a
+good library and several valuable cabinets of specimens in natural
+history, geology, and mineralogy. The corps of teachers was large and of
+superior talents.</p>
+
+<p>In 1868, Mr. Humiston, considering that he had earned a respite from his
+arduous and unremitting labors, accepted an offer from some gentlemen
+desirous of establishing a Homoeopathic Hospital, and sold his building'
+with half the adjoining grounds for $35,000. He then accepted the tender
+of the agency of the American Missionary Association in Great Britain,
+and early in 1869 left for Europe, having previously visited the South in
+order to acquaint himself with the condition of the freedmen, whose cause
+he designed especially to present. After a year or more spent in this
+work he designs visiting the remainder of Europe, North Africa, and the
+Holy Land.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Humiston has, since 1859, held the position of Professor of Chemistry
+and Toxicology in the Western Homoeopathic College, and has given ten
+courses of lectures in that institution. Each year he insisted on
+resigning, but the resignation has always been refused. On closing his
+educational career he again resigned, but the college again refused to
+accept his resignation, promising to supply his place temporarily during
+his absence in Europe.</p>
+
+<p>The distinguishing characteristic of Mr. Humiston is his strong will, and
+this is well exemplified in the fact that although born with a
+constitutional fierce thirst for liquor, he has been able to continue in
+right habits of temperance through all temptation, though at the cost of
+many powerful struggles with his inordinate cravings. He is a man of
+strong religions convictions, and has been so from his youth up. For many
+years he was connected with the Methodist church on University Heights. As
+an educator he ranks among the best in the State, and was held in
+deservedly high esteem by those who had themselves been taught by him, or
+whose children had been brought up under his tuition.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="railroading"></a>Railroading</h2>
+
+
+
+<p>First of the railroads of any description chartered in connection with
+Cleveland were the Cleveland and Newburgh and Cleveland and Bedford
+Railroad Companies. The first named was incorporated in 1835, built soon
+after, and for some time run by horse power, hauling stone and timber, and
+occasionally passengers. It was eventually abandoned. The Cleveland and
+Bedford was never built. Another local road, run by horse power, with
+wooden rails, was, about the same time, constructed between the city and
+East Cleveland, passing up Euclid street.</p>
+
+<p>The Ohio Railroad was of a different character. It was intended to run
+along the lake shore from the Pennsylvania line to Toledo, mostly to be
+built on piles. Considerable work was done, though no iron laid, when the
+financial crisis overwhelmed it and its kindred schemes. The piles driven
+for the track are yet visible in places between Cleveland and Sandusky.
+The rights of the company, as far as they existed, afterwards became the
+property of the Junction Railroad Company, now the Cleveland and Toledo.
+Of the same period, was the Cleveland, Warren and Pittsburgh. This was
+chartered in 1836, the act of incorporation authorizing the construction
+of a railroad from Cleveland, in the direction of Pittsburgh, to the
+State line of Pennsylvania. At the point of intersection with the State
+line, the charter provided for the union of the road with any other road
+which the State of Pennsylvania might authorize from Pittsburgh, or any
+other point below the Ohio river, running in the direction of Cleveland,
+in order that a continuous route might be perfected from Cleveland to
+Pittsburgh, under the authority of both States. The charter was very
+loose in its provisions, allowing the president and directors to create
+and sell stock as in their judgement occasion might require, without
+limit as to the amount issued, except that it should not exceed the
+needs of the company. Plenary powers were granted to the company in the
+selection of a route, the condemnation of land, and like "full and
+discretionary power" was granted to the company in "the use and occupancy
+of the road, in the transportation of persons or property, either by the
+force and power of steam, or animals, or any mechanical or other power,
+or any combination of them, which the company may think proper to
+employ." The cost of the line was estimated to be less than $7,000 per
+mile. The road was to be an extension of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad,
+a branch of which was to extend to Pittsburgh, and thus would "give the
+whole vast region of the western lakes an opportunity of marketing their
+products in, and receiving their foreign produce from Philadelphia and
+Baltimore, at least rive weeks earlier in the season, and at much less
+expense," than was accomplished at New York.</p>
+
+<p>In the same year a charter was obtained for the Cleveland, Columbus
+and Cincinnati Railroad, connecting Cleveland and Cincinnati by the
+way of Columbus.</p>
+
+<p>None of the roads were built under these charters. The financial panic of
+1837 swept them all into oblivion, together with a multitude of other
+roads projected throughout the country. Some of them were heard of no
+more, and others were revived in after years, the charters greatly
+amended, and the roads eventually built. The design of the Cleveland,
+Columbus and Cincinnati Railroad Company was eventually carried out to the
+extent of building a line to Columbus and there connecting with railroads
+extending to Cincinnati. The Cleveland, Warren and Pittsburgh charter was
+dug up, amended, and made authority for organization of the Cleveland and
+Pittsburgh Railroad, whilst the original route was mainly occupied by the
+new Cleveland and Mahoning Railroad.</p>
+
+<p>The Cleveland and Bedford was at last rendered unnecessary by the
+Cleveland and Pittsburgh passing over its route, whilst the Cleveland and
+Newburgh reap-pears as a street railroad, for passengers only, the
+original design of a local railroad for freight being abandoned thirty odd
+years ago.</p>
+
+<p>In 1845, the lapsed charter of the Cleveland, Columbus and Cincinnati
+Railroad Company was revived, revised, and a new company organized, with
+John W. Allen, Richard Hilliard, Jolin M. Woolsey and H. B. Payne as
+Cleveland directors, and John W. Allen as president. Between the
+organization of the company and the construction of the road there was a
+wide gulf of difficulties, jealousies and enmities, bridged over at last
+by untiring perseverance and unwavering faith in the final success of the
+undertaking. The story of the struggle is told incidentally in the
+biographical sketches of those connected with the enterprise. All that we
+have to do here is, to briefly sketch the leading features in the
+narrative as it has been already told, after a careful examination of the
+documentary history of the company. That account says the incorporation
+of the company had been obtained in the year 1845, with a proviso
+authorizing the city of Cleveland to subscribe two millions of dollars to
+the stock. The bonds of the city were promptly given, but before any money
+could be obtained upon these bonds it was necessary that a further
+subscription should be made by the citizens, not only to meet the current
+expenses, but to give assurance to capitalists abroad that the people here
+were really in earnest, and would not suffer the undertaking to fall
+through. After a thorough canvass of the city, by two well known and
+respected citizens, it was found that not more than twenty-five thousand
+dollars could be obtained. There was both a scarcity of cash and a lack of
+faith in the enterprise.</p>
+
+<p>John M. Woolsey was sent to Cincinnati to negotiate the city bonds with
+the Ohio Life and Trust Company; to Pittsburgh to ascertain upon what
+terms iron could be obtained; and to Philadelphia and New York to enlist
+the sympathy and help of capitalists. The mission was a failure. The
+common strap iron of that day could not be obtained without cash on
+delivery, and the money could not be procured on any terms. Cleveland was
+too far off, and entirely unknown to the moneyed men of the eastern
+cities. Thus, in the Spring of 1847, one of the very darkest periods in
+our history, it was determined to abandon the enterprise for the time, and
+await a more favorable season.</p>
+
+<p>In this desperate extremity Mr. Hilliard and Mr. Payne volunteered another
+and last effort of three months personal labor to arouse their fellow
+citizens to a proper sense of the importance and ultimate value of this
+grand undertaking. By patient perseverance they succeeded in securing a
+leading subscription of five thousand dollars from Leonard Case, who also
+consented to become a director of the company. The ultimate result of the
+solicitations was the subscription of about $40,000 additional to the
+amount previously pledged. About the same time an accession of the utmost
+importance was made when Alfred Kelley, of Columbus, accepted the
+presidency of the road, contrary to his inclination to retire from further
+public duties and to the strong remonstrances of his personal friends.
+Through the influence of Mr. Dwight, of Springfield, Mass., the directors
+secured the services of Captain Childs, well known among Eastern
+capitalists as a skillful engineer, and his endorsement of the company did
+much to advance its credit abroad. But it was still necessary to secure a
+large disposal of stock at home, and to effect this, a liberal additional
+assessment upon the friends of the road was made and accepted. Mr. Childs
+finally recommended Mr. Harbeck, who, in company with Stillman Witt and
+Amasa Stone, Jr., undertook and carried out the building of the road to
+its completion.</p>
+
+<p>In February, 1851, the first through train arrived from Columbus, bringing
+the State authorities and the Legislature, to celebrate the union of the
+two cities. Thus the Cleveland, Columbus and Cincinnati Railroad was the
+pioneer of the series of the now enlarged, and most important enterprises
+so clearly identified with the growth of the city. The chairman of the
+building committee stated at the opening of the new depot, that during the
+entire building of that road, there was not a dollar paid as a bribe to
+either the Legislature or the City Council, to receive their favors.</p>
+
+<p>The terminus of the road at Cleveland was originally intended to be on
+Scranton's Flats, but it was afterwards determined to bring the road
+across the river to the site of the old New England House. Appreciating
+the importance of extending it to the lake shore, the contractors agreed
+to grade the road free of charge from that point to the lake, and it was
+accordingly carried forward to its present terminus.</p>
+
+<p>In 1869, the road was consolidated with the Bellefontaine line, thus
+placing its western terminus in Indianapolis. Its southern stem had
+previously been extended by way of the Delaware Cut-Off to Springfield,
+thus opening another connection with Cincinnati.</p>
+
+<p>We have already said that the charter of the Cleveland, Warren and
+Pittsburgh Railroad, after sleeping for several years, was dug up,
+amended, and the Cleveland and Pittsburgh Railroad Company organized under
+it. The resuscitation of the charter took place in March, 1845, when the
+route was changed from "the most direct in the direction of Pittsburgh,"
+to "the most direct, practicable, and least expensive route to the Ohio
+river, at the most suitable point." The company organized at Ravenna, in
+October of the same year, with James Stewart, of Wellsville, as president,
+A. G. Cattell, as secretary, and Cyrus Prentiss, as treasurer. The route
+was surveyed, meetings held in aid of the project, and in July, 1847, the
+first contracts let from Wellsville northward, and the work of
+construction commenced. The northern end dragged, owing to the slow coming
+in of subscriptions, and the work was not fully let until 1849.</p>
+
+<p>In February, 1851, the line was opened from Cleveland to Hudson, and the
+General Assembly and State officers who had come to Cleveland to attend
+the celebration of the opening of the Cleveland, Columbus and Cincinnati
+Railroad, accepted an invitation to ride over the new railroad to Hudson.
+A short supply of provisions at Hudson, and the ditching of the train on
+the return trip, made the weary and hungry legislators long remember their
+pioneer trip over the unfinished Cleveland and Pittsburgh Railroad. In
+March following, the track was completed to Ravenna, in November to
+Hanover, at which time free passes for "each stockholder and his lady,"
+and "landholders through whose land the road passes, with their wives,"
+were issued, good for one ride over the line and return, that they might
+see the whole of the stupendous undertaking and admire it. In January
+1852, connection was made with the Ohio and Pennsylvania Railroad at
+Alliance, and a route thus opened to Pittsburgh, and in March, of the same
+year, the line was opened to Wellsville, and connection with the Ohio
+river perfected, thus completing the work laid out in the amended charter.</p>
+
+<p>At different times, subsequently, authority was granted by the General
+Assembly for the extension of the line and the construction of branches.
+In this way the River Division was built, connecting the Wellsville end
+with Pittsburgh by a junction with the Ohio and Pennsylvania at Rochester,
+and with the Baltimore and Ohio and Central Ohio, by a line to Bellair.
+The Tuscarawas Branch was built to New Philadelphia, and there stopped,
+though its original purpose was to form a connection with the Steubenville
+and Indiana Railroad. Authority was also given to build a branch from
+Hudson towards the Ohio and Pennsylvania and any line running in the
+direction of Columbus. A separate company afterwards constructed this
+"Akron Branch," or Cleveland, Zanesville and Cincinnati Railroad, so far
+as Millersburgh. The Cleveland and Pittsburgh Railroad has had a serious
+financial struggle to go through, but it has come out as an important and
+prosperous line. It is now working under a consolidation of earnings with
+the Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne and Chicago, formerly known as the Ohio and
+Pennsylvania.</p>
+
+<p>The Cleveland, Painesville and Ashtabula Railroad Company, now, after
+several consolidations and changes of title, forming part of the Lake
+Shore and Michigan Southern Railroad Company, was part of the general
+plan of the Cleveland, Columbus and Cincinnati Railroad, was built under
+much of the same influence, and has always been intimately connected
+with it in its working. The charter was obtained by special act in 1848,
+and empowered the corporators to build a line by way of Painesville,
+through Ashtabula county, to the Pennsylvania State line, and to
+continue their line into that State to any point authorized by the
+Pennsylvania Legislature. That part of the road extending to Erie, in
+the State of Pennsylvania, was constructed under the charter of the
+Franklin Canal Company, passed by the Legislature of Pennsylvania, the
+21st day of May, 1846, and amended April 9th, 1849, giving it authority
+to construct a railroad.</p>
+
+<p>The company was organized August 1st, 1849, by the selection of Alfred
+Kelley, Samuel L. Seldin, Heman B. Ely, George E. Gillett, David R. Paige,
+Laphnor Lake and Peleg P. Sanford as directors, and Heman B. Ely as
+president, and the surveys from Cleveland were made under the
+superintendence of Frederick Harbeck as chief engineer, and from the State
+line to Erie he acted as consulting engineer, filling both situations
+until his death, which occurred in the month of February, 1851. A contract
+for the construction of the road from Cleveland to the State line of
+Pennsylvania was made with Frederick Harbeck, A. Stone, Jr., and Stillman
+Witt, on the 26th day of July, 1850, but the work progressed slowly for
+six months after the contract was concluded, principally for the reason
+that there was no confidence in the ability of a railroad from Cleveland
+to Erie or Buffalo to compete with the lake in the transportation of
+persons and property, and the contractors expended more than $100,000 of
+their means before a like amount could be raised through all other
+sources. In the month of January, 1851, the Hon. Alfred Kelley was
+appointed general agent of the company with unlimited authority to raise
+funds and press forward the work of completion. He entered upon his duties
+with his usual indomitable perseverance and energy, fully seconded by the
+directors and contractors, and they had the satisfaction of passing a
+locomotive over its entire length late in the autumn of the year 1852.</p>
+
+<p>The act conferring authority on the Franklin Canal Company to construct a
+railroad from the State line of Ohio to the city of Erie, being regarded
+by the Legislature of the State of Pennsylvania as doubtful, they
+repealed it on the 28th day of January, 1854. On the 5th day of May,
+1856, the Legislature of the State of Pennsylvania passed an act
+authorizing the Cleveland, Painesville and Ashtabula Railroad Company to
+purchase the road as constructed from the State line to Erie, and to
+operate it under the general law of the State of Pennsylvania, passed the
+19th day of February, 1849. The history of the Pennsylvania portion of
+the line reflects no credit on that State. The petty and vexations "Erie
+War" in 1854, by which a portion of the people of Erie attempted to
+prevent a through connection of the road at that place, and the
+unjustifiable expenses to which the company were subjected by the
+Legislature, are blots on the record of that State.</p>
+
+<p>The road was operated jointly with the Cleveland, Columbus and Cincinnati
+Railroad until April 1st, 1855, when the management was divided. In 1869,
+it was consolidated, first with the Cleveland and Toledo and then with the
+Michigan Southern and Buffalo and Erie Railroads. The Cleveland,
+Painesville and Ashtabula has been one of the most profitable railroads in
+the country.</p>
+
+<p>The story of the Cleveland and Mahoning Railroad Company--one of
+persistent struggle against apparently insurmountable difficulties, is
+told in great part in the sketch of the life of Jacob Perkins, to whose
+labors and sacrifices the success of the undertaking is in great measure
+due. The road was projected to develope more fully the mineral and
+agricultural resource of Trumbull and Mahoning counties, and to find a
+market for their products in Pittsburgh or Cleveland. Unlike many
+projected railroads, the first object of this line was a local trade; the
+through business anticipated was a secondary consideration. The Company
+was incorporated in 1851, and the first meeting of stockholders held at,
+Warren, Trumbull county, in June, 1852, when $300,000 local subscriptions
+were reported and it was determined to survey and prepare estimates for
+the road. The directors under whom this work was commenced were Jacob
+Perkins, Frederick Kinsman and Charles Smith, of Warren, David Tod, of
+Youngstown, Dudley Baldwin of Cleveland, Robert Cunningham, of New
+Castle, and James Magee, of Philadelphia. In order to aid the enterprise
+by securing connections, they opened negotiations with the Pennsylvania
+and Ohio Railroad, and the Pittsburgh and Erie Railroad, but without
+success. About the same time a contract was made with the Junction
+Railroad, afterwards merged in the Cleveland and Toledo Road, for
+purchase of ground near the mouth of the Cuyahoga river, on the west
+side, and the right of way obtained through a portion of Ohio City, and
+through Scranton's Hill to the west end of the Columbus street bridge,
+near which the freight depot was afterwards established. In 1853, the
+principal office of the Company was removed to Cleveland, which was made
+the head quarters of the Company.</p>
+
+<p>After surveying different routes and hesitating over the choice between
+them, it was decided to build the road from Cleveland, on the West Side,
+and running through Scranton's hill to Newburgh, Bedford, Aurora, Mantua
+and Warren, fifty-three miles, and thence down the Mahoning Valley to
+Youngstown and Poland, to the east line of the State.</p>
+
+<p>Repeated attempts were made to induce the Legislature of Pennsylvania to
+authorize an extension of the road in that State, but owing to the
+opposition of the Pittsburgh and Erie Bailroad, and especially of the
+Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne and Chicago Railroad, the desired permission was
+finally refused. The estimated aggregate cost of the road was about one
+and three-quarter millions of dollars, and when the principal contracts
+for labor and iron were made, there was a very fair prospect of disposing
+of the bonds of the company to advantage, and thus, in addition to the
+loans effected in Philadelphia, New York and at home, the means to
+complete the work were reasonably anticipated. In the Directors' Report of
+1854, they were obliged to announce unlooked for embarrassments, growing
+out of the altered condition of the money market. The story of the
+seemingly hopeless, but finally successful, struggle that followed is told
+in another part of this work. At length, in 1857, after five or six years
+of persevering efforts, and most perplexing difficulties, the road was
+opened through to Youngstown; substantial machine shops were built at
+Cleveland, station houses erected along the route, and the coal and iron
+of the Mahoning Valley were made accessible by a quick and easy route.</p>
+
+<p>In October, 1863, the road was leased for ninety-nine years to the
+Atlantic and Great Western Railroad, which had already laid a broad gauge
+upon the track, That company now controls the main line to Youngstown,
+with the several branches to Hubbard and the coal mines. The narrow gauge
+is kept up for the use of the Mahoning trains, freight and passenger,
+while the broad gauge is used by the Atlantic and Great Western through
+trains. The track has been extended to the shore of the old river bed, an
+extensive wharfage established, and large facilities obtained for
+connecting the traffic of the road with the lake commerce.</p>
+
+<p>The Cleveland and Toledo Railroad Company was formed by the consolidation
+of two rival and nearly parallel lines. One of the companies thus united,
+was incorporated as the Junction Railroad Company, and the other by the
+name of the Toledo, Norwalk and Cleveland Railroad Company. The former was
+incorporated by an act of the legislature of Ohio, passed on the second
+day of March, 1846; and the latter, by an act of the seventh of March,
+1850. The Junction Railroad Company, by its original charter and two
+amendments, in 1861, was authorized to construct a railroad from the city
+of Cleveland to the west line of the State by such route as the directors
+might determine, with power to construct branches to any points within the
+counties through which the main line might pass. The charter of the
+Toledo, Norwalk and Cleveland Railroad Company, authorized the
+construction of a railroad from Toledo, by the way of Norwalk, in the
+county of Huron, to a connection with the Cleveland, Columbus, and
+Cincinnati Railroad, at some point in the counties of Huron or Lorain. The
+authorized capital stock of the Junction Company was three millions, and
+that of the other company, two millions of dollars.</p>
+
+<p>The consolidation was effected, and the new company organized on the first
+of September, A. D. 1853, under the specific provisions of the twelfth
+section of the amendment to the Toledo, Norwalk and Cleveland Railroad
+charter, passed on the first of March, 1850. Under its charter, the
+Toledo, Norwalk and Cleveland Railroad Company constructed a road from the
+east bank of the Maumee river, opposite the city of Toledo, to Grafton,
+where it connects with the Cleveland, Columbus and Cincinnati Railroad,
+twenty-five miles south-west from the city of Cleveland, being a distance
+of eighty-seven and one-half miles, all of which was finished and put into
+operation in January, 1853. This became known as the Southern Division of
+the Cleveland and Toledo Railroad.</p>
+
+<p>The Northern Division, or Junction Railroad, was originally intended to
+run from Cleveland, west side, via Berea and Sandusky, westward to a point
+on the Michigan Southern and Northern Indiana Railroad some twenty miles
+west of Toledo, and crossing the track of the Toledo, Norwalk and
+Cleveland Railroad at a point about eight miles east of the same city. The
+road was opened between Cleveland and Sandusky and operations commenced
+upon it in the Fall of 1858, immediately after the consolidation. The
+original project of a separate line to the west was carried out by the
+consolidated corporation so far as to construct the road to its
+intersection with the old Toledo, Norwalk and Cleveland track, from which
+point both lines approached Toledo over the same right of way. This line
+was operated over its whole length until the 31st day of December, 1858,
+on which day the use for regular business of that portion lying west of
+Sandusky was discontinued, and all the through travel and traffic turned
+upon the Southern Division. On the 30th of July, 1856, a contract was
+entered into with the Cleveland, Columbus and Cincinnati Railroad Company
+by which the Cleveland and Toledo Company acquired the right to use the
+track of the first named company from Grafton to Cleveland, for the
+Southern Division trains, and from Berea to Cleveland for the Northern
+Division, and thence forward all trains were run into, and departed from,
+the Union Depot in Cleveland--a change which soon resulted in the
+practical abandonment, for the time, of that portion of the Northern
+Division lying between Berea and Cleveland on the west side of Cuyahoga
+river. This arrangement, together with the completion, in 1855, of a
+bridge over the Maumee river at Toledo, enabled the company to receive and
+discharge its passengers in union depots at each end of its line. During
+the years 1865 and 1866, about eight miles of new road were constructed
+between Elyria on the Northern Division, and Oberlin on the Southern
+Division, for the purpose of allowing all trains to leave and come upon
+the Cleveland, Columbus and Cincinnati Road at Berea, thirteen miles,
+instead of Grafton, twenty-five miles from Cleveland. This new piece of
+road was opened for business on the 10th of September, 1866, and the road
+between Oberlin and Grafton immediately abandoned, The construction of a
+bridge near the mouth of the Cuyahoga river at Cleveland, brought the
+Northern Division line between Cleveland and Berea once more into use, and
+over it the freight trains of the line are now run. In 1869, the company
+was made part of the Consolidated line between Buffalo and Chicago.</p>
+
+<p>The Atlantic and Great Western Railroad, by its lease of the Cleveland and
+Mahoning Railroad, has become an important part of the Cleveland railroad
+System. The company was organized in 1851, as the Franklin and Warren
+Railroad Company, to build a road from Franklin Mills (now Kent) in
+Portage County, to Warren, in Trumbull county, with power to extend to a
+point in the eastern line of the State, northeast of Warren and
+southwesterly to Dayton, Ohio. In July, 1853, operations were actively
+commenced along the whole line, but were soon seriously retarded by
+financial embarrassments. In 1854, the Franklin and Warren Railroad
+Company, under authority of an Act of the General Assembly of 1853,
+changed its name to the Atlantic and Great Western Railroad Company. Two
+years before, a project had been started to extend the broad gauge of the
+Ohio and Mississippi Railroad through Ohio, northeastern Pennsylvania and
+southwestern New York, to connect with the New York and Erie Railroad.
+This route would run through Meadville, Pennsylvania, Warren, Kent, Akron
+and Galion to Dayton, Ohio. In 1858, the Meadville Railroad Company
+changed their name to the Atlantic and Great Western Railroad Company of
+Pennsylvania. In 1859, a company was organized in the State of New York,
+under the name of the Atlantic and Great Western Railroad in New York, and
+purchased in 1860 of the New York and Erie Railroad Company thirty eight
+miles of their road, from Salamanca to near Ashville. These thirty eight
+miles with eleven miles of new line, make up the entire length of line of
+this road in the State of New York. Each of the above companies made
+contracts for the building of their respective roads.</p>
+
+<p>In the Fall of 1858, negotiations were commenced in London with James
+McHenry, for the means to carry on the work. T. W. Kennard, a civil
+engineer, came over as the attorney of Mr. McHenry, and engineer in chief
+of the whole work. In 1862, the road was opened from Corry to Meadville,
+Pennsylvania. In 1863, it was extended to Warren, and in the next year to
+Ravenna and Akron--202 miles from Salamanca.</p>
+
+<p>In October, 1863, the three companies above named, leased for ninety-nine
+years, the Cleveland and Mahoning Railroad, extending from Cleveland
+southerly to Youngstown, Ohio, sixty-seven miles. This road has a narrow
+gauge track crossing the Atlantic and Great Western Railroad at
+Leavittsburgh, Ohio, fifty miles south of Cleveland. The Atlantic and
+Great Western Company laid a rail on either side of the narrow track, thus
+carrying the broad gauge into Cleveland, and a broad gauge train from the
+city of New York entered Cleveland on the evening of November 3rd, 1863.
+Subsequently the several companies forming the Atlantic and Great Western
+line were consolidated into one line, and this again was, in 1869,
+consolidated with the Erie Railway.</p>
+
+<p>Besides opening a new and important thoroughfare to the East, this line
+has opened up to Cleveland the resources of north-western Pennsylvania,
+and in the oil product has added an immense and highly profitable trade to
+the business of the city.</p>
+
+<p>Several lines have been built, connecting with and adding business to the
+railroads leading to Cleveland, but of these it is not the province of
+this work to speak. A large number of new railroads have been from time to
+time projected in various directions. Some of these "paper railroads" have
+intrinsic merit, and these, or lines aiming at the same objects, will
+eventually be built.</p>
+
+
+
+
+
+<p>[Illustration: Yours truly, Jacob Perkins]</p>
+
+
+<h2><a name="jacob_perkins"></a>Jacob Perkins.</h2>
+
+
+
+<p>Jacob Perkins was born at Warren, Trumbull county, Ohio, September 1st,
+1822, being next to the youngest of the children of Gen. Simon Perkins,
+one of the earliest and most prominent, business men of norther Ohio, a
+land agent of large business, and the owner of extensive tracts of land.
+In his early years Jacob Perkins developed a strong inclination for study,
+acquiring knowledge with unusual facility, and gratifying his intense
+passion for reading useful works by every means within his power.</p>
+
+<p>He commenced fitting himself for college at the Burton Academy, then under
+the direction of Mr. H. L. Hitchcock, now president of Western Reserve
+College, and completed his preparation at Middletown, Connecticut, in the
+school of Isaac Webb. He entered Yale College in 1837.</p>
+
+<p>While in college he was distinguished for the elegance of his style and
+the wide range of his literary acquirements. He delivered the philosophic
+oration at his junior exhibition, and was chosen second editor of "Yale
+Literary Magazine," a position in which he took great interest, and filled
+to the satisfaction and pride of his class. His college course was,
+however, interrupted by a long and severe illness before the close of his
+junior year, which compelled him to leave his studies and (to his
+permanent regret) prevented him from graduating with his own class. He
+returned the following year and was graduated with the class of 1842.</p>
+
+<p>He entered his father's office at Warren, and was occupied with its
+business until, upon the death of his father, some two years afterwards,
+he became one of his executors.</p>
+
+<p>During his residence at Warren he appeared occasionally before home
+audiences as a public speaker, and always with great acceptance.</p>
+
+<p>In politics, he early adopted strong anti-slavery principles, then not the
+popular doctrine, and they were always freely and openly advocated. Of an
+address delivered in 1848, which was published and attracted very
+considerable local attention, the editor of the Chronicle remarked, "We
+have listened to the best orators of the land, from the Connecticut to
+the Mississippi, and can truly say, by none have we been so thoroughly
+delighted in every particular as by this effort of our distinguished
+townsman." The oration discussed the true theory of human rights and the
+legitimate powers of human government--and the following extract gives the
+spirit of his political principles on the subject of slavery:</p>
+
+<p>The object of law is not to make rights, but to define and maintain them;
+man possesses them before the existence of law, the same as he does
+afterwards. No matter what government may extend its control over him; no
+matter how miserable or how sinful the mother in whose arms his eyes
+opened to the day; no matter in what hovel his infancy is nursed; no
+matter what complexion--an Indian or an African sun may have burned upon
+him, this may decide the privileges which he is able to assert, but can
+not affect the existence of his rights. His self-mastery is the gift of
+his creator, and oppression, only, can take it away.</p>
+
+<p>Without solicitation he was nominated and elected a member of the
+Convention that framed the present Constitution of Ohio. His associates
+from the district were Judges Peter Hitchcock and R. P. Ranney, and
+although "he was the youngest member but one of the Convention--and in the
+minority, his influence and position were excelled by few."</p>
+
+<p>He was one of the Senatorial Presidential Electors for Ohio on the Fremont
+ticket in 1856.</p>
+
+<p>In the intellectual progress of the young about him, and the building up
+of schools and colleges, he took especial interest. He first suggested and
+urged upon President Pierce to adopt the conditions of the present
+"Permanent Fund of Western Reserve College," rather than to solicit
+unconditional contributions, which experience had proved were so easily
+absorbed by present necessities, and left the future as poor as the past.
+In connection with his brothers, he made the first subscription to that
+fund. The embarrassment arising from his railroad enterprise prevented him
+from increasing that contribution. The wisdom of his suggestions was
+subsequently shown, when, during the rupture and consequent embarrassment
+under which the college labored, the income of this fund had a very
+important, if not vital share in saving it from abandonment, and
+afterwards proved the nucleus of its present endowment.</p>
+
+<p>He was always efficient in favoring improvements. He was associated with
+Hon. F. Kinsman and his brother in founding the beautiful Woodland
+Cemetery at Warren. The land was purchased and the ground laid out by
+them, and then transferred to the present corporation.</p>
+
+<p>Soon after his return from the Constitutional Convention, he became
+interested in the Cleveland and Mahoning Railroad. He was most
+influential in obtaining the charter and organizing the company, of
+which he was elected president, and became the principal, almost sole
+financial manager.</p>
+
+<p>Owing to prior and conflicting railroad interests, little aid could be
+obtained for his project in either of the terminal cities, Cleveland and
+Pittsburgh, and the work was commenced in 1853 with a comparatively small
+stock subscription. A tightening money market prevented any considerable
+increase of the stock list, or a favorable disposition of the bonds of the
+road, and the financial crisis a few years afterwards so reduced the value
+of the securities of this, as of all unfinished railroads, as practically
+to shut them out of the market. In this emergency the alternative
+presented itself to Mr. Perkins and his resident directors, either to
+abandon the enterprise and bankrupt the company, with the entire loss of
+the amount expended, or to push it forward to completion by the pledge,
+and at the risk of their private fortunes, credit, and reputations.</p>
+
+<p>In this, the darkest day of the enterprise, Mr. Perkins manifested his
+confidence in its ultimate success, and his generous willingness to meet
+fully his share of the hazard to be incurred, by proposing to them,
+jointly with him, to assume that risk; and agreeing that in case of
+disaster, he would himself pay the first $100,000 of loss, and thereafter
+share it equally with them.</p>
+
+<p>With a devotion to the interests entrusted to them, a determination rarely
+equalled in the history of our railroad enterprises, they unanimously
+accepted this proposition, and determined to complete the road, at least
+to a remunerative point in the coal fields of the Mahoning Valley.</p>
+
+<p>The financial storm was so much more severe and longer continued than the
+wisest had calculated upon, that for years the result was regarded by them
+and the friends of the enterprise with painful suspense. In the interest
+of the road Mr. Perkins spent the Spring of 1854 in England, without
+achieving any important financial results.</p>
+
+<p>At length, in 1856, the road was opened to Youngstown, and its receipts,
+carefully husbanded, began slowly to lessen the floating debt, by that
+time grown to frightful proportions, and carried solely by the pledge of
+the private property and credit of the president and Ohio directors. These
+directors, consisting of Hon. Frederick Kinsman and Charles Smith, of
+Warren, Governor David Tod, of Briar Hill, Judge Reuben Hitchcock, of
+Painesville, and Dudley Baldwin, of Cleveland, by the free use of their
+widely known and high business credit, without distrust or dissension,
+sustained the president through that long and severe trial, a trial which
+can never be realized except by those who shared its burdens. The
+president and these directors should ever be held in honor by the
+stockholders of the company, whose investment they saved from utter loss,
+and by the business men of the entire Mahoning Valley, and not less by the
+city of Cleveland; for the mining and manufacturing interests developed by
+their exertions and sacrifices, lie at the very foundation of the present
+prosperity of both.</p>
+
+<p>Before, however, the road was enabled to free itself from financial
+embarrassment, so to as commence making a satisfactory return to the
+stockholders, which Mr. Perkins was exceedingly anxious to see
+accomplished under his own presidency--his failing health compelled him to
+leave its active management, and he died before the bright day dawned upon
+the enterprise.</p>
+
+<p>He said to a friend during his last illness, with characteristic
+distinctness: "If I die, you may inscribe on my tomb stone, Died of the
+Mahoning Railroad;" so great had been his devotion to the interests of the
+road, and so severe the personal exposures which its supervision had
+required of him, who was characteristically more thoughtful of every
+interest confided to his care, than of his own health.</p>
+
+<p>He was married October 24th, 1850, to Miss Elizabeth O. Tod, daughter of
+Dr. J. I. Tod, of Milton, Trumbull county, Ohio, and removed his family to
+Cleveland in 1856. Of three children, only one, Jacob Bishop, survives
+him. Mrs. Perkins died of rapid consumption, June 4th, 1857, and his
+devoted attention at the sick bed of his wife greatly facilitated the
+development of the same insidious disease, which was gradually to
+undermine his own naturally vigorous constitution.</p>
+
+<p>The business necessities of his road, embarrassed and pressing as they
+were, united with his uniform self-forgetfulness, prevented his giving
+attention to his personal comfort and health, long after his friends saw
+the shadow of the destroyer falling upon his path. He was finally, in
+great prostration of health and strength, compelled to leave the active
+duties of the road and spent the latter part of the Winter of 1857-8 in
+the Southern States, but returned in the Spring with little or no
+improvement. He continued to fail; during the Summer and in the Fall of
+1858 he again went South in the vain hope of at least physical relief, and
+died in Havana, Cuba, January 12th, 1859. His remains were embalmed and
+brought home by his physician who had accompanied him--and were interred
+at Warren, in Woodland Cemetery, where so many of his family repose around
+him. A special train from either end of the Cleveland and Mahoning
+Railroad brought the board of directors and an unusually large number of
+business and personal friends to join the long procession which followed
+"the last of earth" to its resting place.</p>
+
+<p>One of the editorial notices of his death, at the time, very justly
+remarks of him:</p>
+
+<p>  He was a man of mark, and through strength of talent, moral firmness and
+  urbanity of manner, wielded an influence seldom possessed by a man of
+  his years. In addition to his remarkable business capacity, Mr. Perkins
+  was a man of high literary taste, which was constantly improving and
+  enriching his mind. He continued, even amid his pressing-business
+  engagements, his habits of study and general reading. Mr. Perkins
+  belonged to that exceptional class of cases in which great wealth,
+  inherited, does not injure the recipient.</p>
+
+<p>An editorial of a Warren paper, mentioning his death, says:</p>
+
+<p>  He was born in this town in 1821, and from his boyhood exhibited a
+  mental capacity and energy which was only the promise of the brilliancy
+  of his manhood. To his exertion, his personal influence and liberal
+  investment of capital the country is indebted for the Cleveland and
+  Mahoning Railroad. To his unremitting labor in this enterprise he has
+  sacrificed personal comfort and convenience, and we fear, shortened his
+  days by his labors and exposure in bringing the work to completion.
+  Known widely as Mr. Perkins has been by his active part in public
+  enterprises, his loss will be felt throughout the State, but we who have
+  known him both as boy and man, have a deeper interest in him, and the
+  sympathies of the people of Warren, with his relatives, will have much
+  of the nature of personal grief for one directly connected with them.</p>
+
+<p>Said a classmate in the class meeting of 1862:</p>
+
+<p>  Although his name on the catalogue ranks with the class of 1842, his
+  affections were with us, and he always regarded himself of our number.
+  He visited New Haven frequently during the latter part of his life, in
+  connection with a railway enterprise, in which he was interested, and
+  exhibited the same large-heartedness and intellectual superiority which
+  won for him universal respect during his college course.</p>
+
+<p>A gentleman who knew Mr. Perkins intimately, and as a director was
+associated with him in the construction of the Cleveland and Mahoning
+Railroad, and in carrying its debt, wrote of him as follows:</p>
+
+<p>  The management and construction of the Cleveland and Mahoning Railroad
+  by Mr. Perkins, under circumstances the most difficult and trying, were
+  well calculated to test his powers, and, in that work he proved himself
+  possessed of business capacity rarely equalled, sustained by
+  unquestioned integrity, and remarkable energy. These qualifications,
+  united with his large wealth, gave him the requisite influence with
+  business men and capitalists. His devotion to the interests of the road,
+  his abiding confidence in a favorable result, and his clear and just
+  appreciation of its value, and importance to the community, called forth
+  his best efforts, and were essential conditions of success. To him more
+  than to any other individual are the projection, inauguration, and
+  accomplishment of this enterprise attributable. From its earliest
+  projection, he had a most comprehensive and clear view of its importance
+  to the city of Cleveland and the Mahoning Valley, and confidently
+  anticipated for them, in the event of its completion, a rapidity and
+  extent of development and prosperity, which were then regarded as
+  visionary, but which the result has fully demonstrated.</p>
+
+<p>  His life was spared to witness only the commencement of this prosperity,
+  nor can it be doubted, that his close application, and unremitting
+  efforts to forward the work shortened his life materially. His deep and
+  absorbing interest in it, prevented the precautionary measures and
+  relaxations, which in all probability would have prolonged his life for
+  years. His associates in the board saw the danger and urged him to
+  earlier and more decided measures for relief. He too was aware of their
+  importance. But the constant demand upon his time and strength, and the
+  continually recurring necessities of the enterprise, which he had so
+  much at heart, were urgent, and so absorbed his thoughts and energies,
+  that he delayed until it was obvious that relaxation could afford merely
+  temporary relief.</p>
+
+<p>  In his intercourse with the board, Mr. Perkins was uniformly courteous
+  and gentlemanly, always giving respectful attention to the suggestions
+  of his associates, but ever proving himself thoroughly posted; readily
+  comprehending the most judicious measures, and clearly demonstrating
+  their wisdom. Entire harmony in the action of the directors was the
+  result, and all had the fullest confidence in him. While his business
+  capacity and integrity commanded their highest admiration, his urbanity,
+  kindness and marked social qualities secured their strong personal
+  attachment, and by them his decease was regarded as a severe personal
+  affliction, as well as a great public loss.</p>
+
+<p>Thus is briefly noticed, one who dying comparatively early, had given
+evidence of great business capacity, as well as the promise of unusual
+power and popularity with the people of his own State, and nation.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="william_case"></a>William Case.</h2>
+
+
+
+<p>A work professing to give sketches, however brief and incomplete, of the
+representative men of Cleveland, would be manifestly defective did it omit
+notice of the late William Case, a gentleman of sterling worth and great
+popularity, who was identified with much of the material progress of the
+city, who had a host of deeply attached friends while living, and whose
+memory is cherished with affectionate esteem.</p>
+
+<p>[Illustration: William Case]</p>
+
+<p>William Case was born to prosperity, but this, which to very many has
+proved the greatest misfortune of their lives, was to him no evil, but, on
+the contrary, a good, inasmuch as it gave him opportunity for gratifying
+his liberal tastes, and his desire to advance the general welfare. From
+his father, Leonard Case, he inherited an extraordinary business capacity,
+indomitable energy, and strong common sense, with correct habits. To these
+inherited traits he added an extensive knowledge, acquired both from books
+and men, and made practical by keen observation, and liberal ideas, which
+he carried into his business and social affairs. In all relations of life
+he was ever a gentleman, in the true meaning of the word, courteous to
+all, the rich and the poor alike, and with an instinctive repugnance to
+everything mean, oppressive or hypocritical. With regard to himself, he
+was modest to a fault, shrinking from everything that might by any
+possibility be construed into ostentation or self-glorification. This
+tribute the writer of these lines,--who owed him nothing but friendship,
+and who was in no way a recipient of any favor from him, other than his
+good will,--is glad of an opportunity to pay, and this testimony to his
+good qualities, falls short of the facts.</p>
+
+<p>William Case takes his place in this department of our work by virtue of
+the fact that he was an early friend to the railroad enterprises of
+Cleveland. He contributed largely to the Cleveland, Painesville and
+Ashtabula Railroad, and for four years and a half, until August, 1858, was
+president of that company. Under his management the railroad prospered and
+paid large dividends, and when he left that position it was with the
+regret of all his subordinates, whose esteem had been won by his kindness
+and courtesy.</p>
+
+<p>But it was not alone as a railroad man that Mr. Case won for himself the
+title to a place among the leading representative men of the city. He grew
+up with Cleveland, and was alive to the interests of the growing city. No
+scheme of real improvement but found a friend in him. He was energetic in
+forwarding movements for bettering the condition of the streets; he took a
+leading part in the location and establishment of the Water Works. Anxious
+to effect an improvement in the business architecture of the city, in
+which Cleveland was so far behind cities of less pretension, he projected
+and carried on far towards completion the Case Block, which stands to-day
+the largest and most noticeable business building in the city, and which
+contains one of the finest public halls in the West. Mr. Case died before
+completion of the building, which unforeseen difficulties made of great
+cost, but his plans so far as known--including some of great generosity,
+such as the donation of a fine suite of rooms to the Cleveland Library
+Association--have been faithfully carried out.</p>
+
+<p>In 1846, Mr. Case was elected member of the City Council from the Second
+Ward, and served in that position four years. In that body he was noted
+for his advocacy of every measure tending to the improvement of the city,
+and the development of its industrial and commercial resources.</p>
+
+<p>In the Spring of 1850, he was nominated, on the Whig ticket, for mayor of
+Cleveland, and was elected by a large majority, against a strong
+Democratic opponent, his personal popularity being shown by his running
+ahead of his ticket. His administration was marked with such energy,
+ability and public spirit, that in the following year--the office then
+being annually elective--he was re-elected by an increased majority, and
+ran still further ahead of his ticket.</p>
+
+<p>In 1852, the Whig convention for the Nineteenth Congressional District,
+which then included Cuyahoga county, assembled at Painesville, under the
+presidency of Mon. Peter Hitchcock. Mr. Case was there nominated for
+Congress by acclamation, and the canvass was carried on by the Whigs with
+great enthusiasm. But the Democracy and the Free Soil party were against
+him, and under the excitement growing out of anti-slavery agitation, the
+Free Soil candidate, Hon. Edward Wade, was elected, though closely pressed
+by Mr. Case. From that time Mr. Case, who was not in any respect a
+politician, and who had at no time a desire or need for office, took no
+active part in politics.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Case did not possess a strong constitution, and early in life his
+medical attendant reported against his being sent to college, as the
+application would be too severe a strain on his health. In accordance with
+the advice then given, he devoted much attention to hunting, fishing, and
+to horticultural and agricultural pursuits. But these were insufficient to
+save him, and he died April 19th, 1862, whilst yet in the prime of life,
+being but forty years old.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="amasa_stone_jr"></a>Amasa Stone, Jr.</h2>
+
+
+
+<p>Conspicuous among the railroad managers connected with Cleveland, indeed
+occupying a prominent position in the list of the railroad magnates of the
+country, is the name of Amasa Stone, Jr. The high position he has
+attained, and the wealth he has secured, are the rewards of his own
+perseverance, industry, and foresight; every dollar he has earned
+represents a material benefit to the public at large in the increase of
+manufacturing or traveling facilities.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Stone was born in the town of Charlton, Worcester county,
+Massachusetts, April 27th, 1818. He is of Puritan stock, the founder
+of the American branch of the family having-landed at Boston in 1632,
+from the ship Increase, which brought a colony of Puritans from
+England. The first settlement of the family was at Waltham. The father
+of Mr. Stone, also named Amasa, is now alive, hale and hearty, at the
+age of ninety years.</p>
+
+<p>Young Amasa Stone lived with his parents and worked upon the farm,
+attending the town district school in its sessions, until he was seventeen
+years old, when he engaged with an older brother for three years, to learn
+the trade of a builder. His pay for the first year was to be forty
+dollars, increasing ten dollars yearly, and to furnish his own clothing.
+At the end of the second year, thinking he could do better, he purchased
+the remainder of his time for a nominal sum, and from that time was his
+own master. In the Winter of 1837-8, he attended the academy of Professer
+Bailey, in Worcester, Mass., having saved sufficient from his small wages
+to pay the expenses of a single term.</p>
+
+<p>His first work on his own account was a contract to do the joiner work of
+a house building by Col. Temple, at Worcester. The work was done, and in
+part payment he took a note of a manufacturing firm for $130; within a
+few months the firm failed, the note became worthless, and the first
+earnings of the young builder were lost. That note Mr. Stone still
+preserves as a memento.</p>
+
+<p>The following year, at the age of twenty, he joined his two older brothers
+in a contract for the construction of a church edifice in the town of East
+Brookfield, Mass. In the succeeding year, 1839, he engaged with his
+brother-in-law, Mr. William Howe, to act as foreman in the erection of
+two church edifices and several dwelling-houses in Warren, Mass.</p>
+
+<p>During this time Mr. Howe was engaged in perfecting his invention of what
+is known as the Howe truss bridge. After securing his patent Mr. Howe
+contracted to build the superstructure of the bridge across the
+Connecticut river, at Springfield, for the Western Railroad Company. Mr.
+Stone engaged with him in this work. During a part of the first year he
+was employed on the foundations of the structure in the bed of the river.
+Thereafter until the year 1842, he was employed constantly by Mr. Howe in
+the erection of railway and other bridges, and railway depot buildings. In
+the Winter of 1841, his duties were most trying and arduous. About a
+thousand lineal feet of bridging on the Western Railroad, in the Green
+Mountains, had to be completed, and Mr. Stone and his men were called upon
+to carry the work through. In some locations the sun could scarcely be
+seen, the gorges were so deep and narrow, while during a large portion of
+the time the thermometer ranged below zero. But the work was successfully
+completed.</p>
+
+<p>In the year 1842, he formed a copartnership with Mr. A. Boody, and
+purchased from Mr. Howe his bridge patent for the New England States,
+including all improvements and renewals. Subsequently an arrangement was
+concluded with Mr. D. L. Harris, under the name of Boody, Stone &amp; Co., for
+the purpose of contracting for the construction of railways, railway
+bridges, and similar work, the mechanical details generally to be under
+the charge of Mr. Stone. In the year 1845, Mr. Stone was appointed
+superintendent of the New Haven, Hartford and Springfield Railroad, he,
+however, still continuing his partnership in the firm of Boody, Stone &amp;
+Co., and the business of the firm becoming so heavy that within a year
+from the time of his appointment he resigned his office as superintendent.</p>
+
+<p>Circumstances occurred previous to his appointment that may be worthy of
+remark. The purchase of the bridge patent, before alluded to, was for the
+sum of forty thousand dollars, to be paid in annual instalments. A few
+years after the purchase some defects showed themselves in the bridges
+that had been erected on this plan, and many prominent engineers had come
+to the conclusion that it was not superior to, if it equalled, the truss
+plan of Col. Long, the arch and truss of Burr, or the lattice plan of
+Ithial Towne, and the firm of Boody, Stone &amp; Co. began to fear that they
+had made a bad bargain in the purchase of the patent. Mr. Stone, in
+relating the incident to a friend, said: "I came to the conclusion that
+something must be done or there must be a failure, and it must not be a
+failure. The night following was a sleepless one, at least until three
+o'clock in the morning. I thought, and rolled and tumbled, until time and
+again I was almost exhausted in my inventive thoughts, and in despair,
+when at last an idea came to my mind that relieved me. I perfected it in
+my mind's eye, and then came to the conclusion that it would not only
+restore the reputation of the Howe bridge, but would prove to be a better
+combination of wood and iron for bridges than then existed, and could not
+and would not in principle be improved upon. Sleep immediately came. I
+afterwards, with models, proved my conclusions and have not, up to this
+time, changed them." It seems that the invention consisted in the
+introduction of longitudinal keys and clamps in the lower chords, to
+prevent their elongation, and iron socket bearings instead of wooden for
+the braces and bolts, to avoid compression and shrinkage of the timber,
+which was the great defect in the original invention, and the adoption of
+single instead of double intersection in the arrangement of the braces,
+the latter being the arrangement in the original invention.</p>
+
+<p>In the autumn of 1846, an incident occurred that may be worthy of
+notice. On the 14th day of October, when walking in Broadway, New York,
+Mr. Stone met the president of the New Haven, Hartford and Springfield
+Railroad, who had in his hand a telegram, stating that the bridge across
+the Connecticut river at Enfield Falls, one-fourth of a mile long, had
+been carried away by a hurricane. The president asked the advice of Mr.
+Stone, who stated that the timber for that structure was furnished by
+Messrs. Campbell &amp; Moody, of that city, and advised that he order it
+duplicated at once. The president, a very faithful officer, but
+disinclined to take responsibilities, asked Mr. Stone to take the
+responsibility of ordering it. Mr. Stone replied, "Not unless I am
+president." The timber was, however, ordered, and at the request of the
+president, Mr. Stone went immediately with him to Springfield, where a
+committee of the board was called together, and he was asked to propose
+terms, and the shortest time upon which his firm would contract to
+complete the bridge. He stated that his terms would be high, as the
+season was late and would likely be unfavorable before so heavy a work
+could be completed, and further suggested that if they chose to appoint
+him manager of the work, he would accept and do the best he could for
+them. He was immediately appointed sole manager of the work, and the
+board placed at his control all the resources of the company. The work
+was immediately commenced by bringing to the site men and material, and
+it was completed, and a locomotive and train of cars run across it by
+Mr. Stone within forty days from the day the order was given for its
+erection. The structure consisted of seven spans of seventy-seven feet
+each, with two other spans at each end of about fifty feet each. Mr.
+Stone has been heard to state that he regarded this as one of the most
+important events of his life, and that no one was more astonished than
+himself at the result. He was rewarded by complimentary resolutions, and
+a check for one thousand dollars by the company.</p>
+
+<p>The following Winter the partnership of Boody, Stone &amp; Co. was dissolved
+by mutual consent, and the territory that their contract for the bridge
+patent covered was divided, by Mr. Stone taking the States of
+Massachusetts, Connecticut and Rhode Island, and Mr. Boody the other three
+States. A new partnership was then formed between Mr. Stone and Mr.
+Harris, which continued until the year 1849.</p>
+
+<p>From the year 1839 to 1850, the residence of Mr. Stone, most of the time,
+was in Springfield, Mass., but the numerous contracts in which he was
+interested called him into ten different States, He served several years
+as a director in the Agawam Bank, was also a director for several years,
+and one of the building committee in the Agawam Canal Company, which
+erected and run a cotton mill of ten thousand spindles, in the town of
+West Springfield.</p>
+
+<p>In the autumn of 1848, he formed a partnership with Mr. Stillman Witt and
+Mr. Frederick Harbach, who contracted with the Cleveland, Columbus and
+Cincinnati Railroad Company to construct and equip the road from Cleveland
+to Columbus. This was the largest contract that had, at that time, been
+entered into, of this character, by any one party or firm in the United
+States. A large amount of the capital stock was taken in part payment for
+the work. It was generally regarded as a hazardous adventure, but the work
+was carried through in accordance with the terms of the contract, and
+proved to be a profitable investment for its stockholders. In his
+partnership contract it was stipulated that he was to act as financial
+agent at the East, to send out the necessary mechanics, and to
+occasionally visit the work, but was not to change his residence. Events,
+however, occurred that required his constant presence in Ohio, and in the
+Spring of 1850, he moved his family to Cleveland, where they have since
+resided. In the Winter of 1850-1, the road was opened for business through
+from Cleveland to Columbus, and Mr. Stone was appointed its
+superintendent.</p>
+
+<p>[Illustration: Respectfully, Amasa Stone, Jr.]</p>
+
+<p>In the Fall of 1850, the firm of Harbach, Stone &amp; Witt contracted with
+the Cleveland, Painesville and Ashtabula Railroad Company to construct the
+railroad from Cleveland to the State line of Pennsylvania, and furnish it
+with cars, and to take in part payment for the work a large amount of the
+stock and bonds of the Company. Soon after the execution of this contract,
+Mr. Harbach died suddenly in the city of New York, and the completion of
+the work devolved on Messrs. Stone and Witt. The completion of the road
+through to Erie principally devolved upon the Cleveland company, and was
+attended with many difficulties, as the Legislature of Pennsylvania seemed
+determined that no road should be built through the State along the shore
+of Lake Erie, and the general impression was, at that time, that the
+construction of a road along the shore of the lake was a wild scheme and
+would prove a failure. It was difficult to get capital subscribed and more
+difficult to collect instalments. The contractors having confidence in its
+success, prosecuted the work with vigor up to a period when they found
+they had expended more than $200,000, while the aggregate amount that the
+railroad company was able to raise and pay them was less than $100,000. An
+effort was then made, with success, to engage the services of Mr. Alfred
+Kelley. His well known character, aided by the reputation of others who
+were elected directors, and a subscription from the city of Cleveland of
+$100,000, enabled the company to meet its engagements with the
+contractors, who carried the work forward to completion, and the road was
+opened through to Erie in the Winter of 1852, when Mr. Stone was appointed
+its superintendent. Notwithstanding the great expense that had to be
+incurred in crossing the deep ravines in the State of Pennsylvania, and
+the heavy burdens imposed on the company by that State, it has proved to
+be one of the most successful railroad enterprises in the United States.</p>
+
+<p>In the year 1852, Mr. Stone was elected a director in both Cleveland,
+Columbus and Cincinnati, and the Cleveland, Painesville and Ashtabula
+Railroad Companies, and has held that office in both companies
+continuously up to the present date. He also continued to hold the office
+of superintendent of both roads until the year 1854, when he insisted on
+being relieved in consequence of failing health, caused by the arduous
+labors which seemed unavoidably to devolve upon him. He was elected
+president of the Cleveland, Painesville and Ashtabula Railroad Company in
+the year 1857, which office he has continued to hold for twelve successive
+years, until 1869.</p>
+
+<p>In 1868, the Cleveland and Toledo Railroad was leased perpetually to the
+Cleveland, Painesville and Ashtabula Railroad Company, at which time he
+was also elected President of the former company.</p>
+
+<p>In the year 1855, he, with Mr. Witt, contracted to build the Chicago and
+Milwaukee Railroad, and was for many years a director in that company, and
+for awhile its president.</p>
+
+<p>For several years he held the office of director in the Merchants Bank, of
+Cleveland. From its first organization until it was closed up, he was
+director in the Bank of Commerce, of Cleveland, and has been director in
+the Second National Bank, and the Commercial National Bank, of Cleveland,
+and the Cleveland Banking Company, from the time of their respective
+organizations until the present time. He was for some years president of
+the Toledo Branch of the State Bank, at Toledo. He was elected a director
+in the Jamestown and Franklin Railroad Company in the year 1863, which
+office he has held until the present time. In the same year he was elected
+president of the Mercer Iron and Coal Company and held the office until
+the close of the year 1868.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Stone aided in the establishment of several manufactories at this
+point. During the construction of the railroads from Cleveland, his firm
+carried on extensive car shops in the city, where cars were constructed,
+not only for those two roads, but for several others. He gave financial
+aid and personal influence to the establishment and maintenance of several
+leading iron manufacturing establishments and machine shops. In the year
+1861-2, he erected, in the city of Cleveland, a woolen mill of five sets
+of machinery, and for several years ran it and turned out more goods
+annually than any other mill in the state of Ohio. He subsequently sold it
+to Alton Pope &amp; Sons.</p>
+
+<p>He is often pleased to note the progress in American enterprise, and among
+other events that has come under his own observation, relates the
+following: In the year 1839, he commenced his first railroad service upon
+the foundation of a bridge that was then being erected across the
+Connecticut river at Springfield, Mass., of 1260 feet in length. It was
+regarded as a very difficult undertaking, as the bed of the river was
+composed mostly of quicksand, and a rise of 25-1/2 feet in the river had
+to be provided for, and floating ice, its full width, fifteen inches in
+thickness. Maj. George W. Whistler, the first of his profession, was chief
+engineer of the work, and he had as advisers Maj. McNeal, Capt. Swift, and
+other eminent engineers. The work was about three years under
+construction, at a cost of over $131,000, and every effort was made to
+keep its cost at the lowest possible point, at the same time making
+certain the stability of the structure. Within nine years from the time of
+its completion, a similar structure, in every particular, was to be
+constructed across the same river, at Hartford, twenty-six miles below.
+Its length varied but a few feet, although it covered more water, and its
+foundations and other contingencies were quite as difficult and
+unfavorable. Mr. Stone concluded a contract for its construction for the
+firm of Stone &amp; Harris, complete, for the sum of $77,000, and to have it
+ready for the cars in twenty months. The work was executed in accordance
+with the terms of the contract, and has not only proved as substantial as
+that at Springfield, but in many particulars, more so. It was the pride of
+Mr. Stone for many reasons, (among others, that it was stated by many that
+it could not be done for this sum of money,) to personally superintend
+this work himself, and to put in practice some of his own inventions, the
+most important of which was the cutting off the foundation piles with a
+saw arranged on a scow, propelled by a steam engine, and the sinking of
+the piers below water by means of screws. The result proved to be
+satisfactory, and as favorable, in a financial point of view, as he
+estimated. It will be noticed that the bridge structure, complete, at
+Hartford, cost $54,000 less than that at Springfield, of like character.</p>
+
+<p>He has been interested in the construction of more than ten miles in
+length of truss bridging, and in the construction of roofs of large
+buildings, covering more than fifteen acres of ground, most of which he
+designed and personally superintended their election. The last extensive
+structure that he designed, and the election of which he personally
+superintended, was the Union Passenger Depot, at Cleveland. He was the
+first person that designed and erected pivot draw-bridges of long spans,
+which, however, have been much increased in length of span by other
+parties since. He was also the first to design and erect a dome roof of a
+span of 150 feet, sufficient to cover three lengths of a locomotive with
+its tender, and numerous are the improvements he has introduced in the
+construction of railroad cars and locomotives. The only eight-wheeled dump
+gravel car in successful use was designed and put in practice by him.</p>
+
+<p>For a number of years Mr. Stone has been trustee of the First Presbyterian
+Church Society of Cleveland, and still holds that office. He was chairman
+of the building committee in the election of the new church edifice, and
+when it was burned down, was again elected chairman of the building
+committee, and given full charge of the reconstruction of the building.</p>
+
+<p>In 1868, Mr. Stone visited Europe, being compelled to seek relief, for a
+brief period, from the exhausting cares of his numerous business
+engagements. He is expected to return in the Fall of this year, ready to
+again engage in the active prosecution of the important enterprises with
+which he is connected, and in which he has won such distinction by his
+sound common sense, sound judgment, unresting energy, and practicable
+knowledge. In whatever he undertakes there is good reason for believing
+that the success he has hitherto met will still attend his efforts.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="stillman_witt"></a>Stillman Witt</h2>
+
+
+
+<p>Connected indissolubly with the story of the rise and progress of the
+important railroad interests of Cleveland and northern Ohio, is the name
+of Stillman Witt. As one of the builders of the pioneer railroad from the
+city, and of the next in point of time, which has since become one of the
+foremost lines of the country in importance and profitableness, Mr. Witt
+deserves honorable record among the men who have contributed most to make
+Cleveland what it is to-day, a rich, populous, and rapidly growing city.</p>
+
+<p>Stillman Witt is a self-made man, and unlike some of this class, his
+self-manufacture will stand the test of close criticism. The material has
+not been spoiled or warped in the process. Those who know him best know
+that the struggles of his early years have not soured his disposition or
+hardened his feelings, and that access of fortune has not made him
+purse-proud. The Stillman Witt of to-day, rich and influential, is the
+same Stillman Witt who paddled a ferry boat at about forty cents a day,
+and was happy in his good fortune.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Witt was born in Worcester, Massachusetts, January 4th, 1808. His
+parentage was humble, and, in consequence, his facilities for obtaining an
+education very limited. When about thirteen years old, his father moved
+with his family to Troy, New York, where young Stillman was hired by
+Richard P. Hart to run a skiff ferry, the wages being ten dollars per
+month, which the lad thought a sum sufficient to secure his independence.
+Among the passengers frequently crossing the ferry was Mr. Canvass White,
+U. S. Engineer, at that time superintending the construction of public
+works in various parts of the country. Mr. White took a strong fancy to
+the juvenile ferryman, and was so much impressed by the interest the boy
+manifested in construction, that he applied to Stillman's father for
+permission to take the lad and educate him in his own profession. The
+permission was granted, and from that day dates the career of the future
+railroad builder.</p>
+
+<p>[Illustration: Yours Truly, S. Witt]</p>
+
+<p>Young Witt was greatly pleased with his new profession, and devoted
+himself to it with such zeal and faithfulness that he grew rapidly in the
+esteem of his patron. When he had sufficiently progressed to be entrusted
+with works of such importance, he was dispatched in different directions
+to construct bridges and canals as the agent of Mr. White. In this manner
+he superintended the construction of the bridge at Cohoes Falls, on the
+Mohawk river, four miles above Troy, where, in conjunction with Mr. White,
+he laid out a town which has since grown to a population of thirty
+thousand. The side cut on the Erie canal, at Port Schuyler, was dug under
+his management, and the docks there, since covered with factories, were
+built by him. When these were completed he was dispatched into
+Pennsylvania, with twenty-four carpenters, all his seniors, to build a
+State bridge at the mouth of the Juniata, from Duncan Island to Peter's
+Mountain. He was then ordered to the work on the Louisville and Portland
+canal, but before this was completed he was taken sick and remained a
+prisoner in a sick room at Albany for thirteen months.</p>
+
+<p>With his recovery came a temporary change of occupation. Abandoning for a
+time his work of bridge building and canal digging, he took charge of the
+steamboat James Farley, the first lake-canal boat that towed through,
+without transhipment, to New York. This was followed by his taking charge,
+for between two and three years, of Dr. Nott's steamboat Novelty. Next he
+became manager of the Hudson River Association line of boats, in which
+capacity he remained during the existence of the association, ten years.
+The Albany and Boston Railroad having been opened, Mr. Witt was invited to
+become its manager at Albany, and accepted the trust, remaining in that
+position seven years and a half.</p>
+
+<p>Now came the most important epoch in Mr. Witt's life. After a hard
+struggle the scheme for the construction of a railroad between Cleveland
+and Columbus assumed definite shape, a company was organized and was
+prepared to go to work when contractors should be found who would build
+the road with a little money and a good deal of faith. Mr. Witt's
+opportunity had come. At the end of a four days' toilsome journey from
+Buffalo in a cab, he reached Cleveland, and satisfactory arrangements were
+finally entered into. A firm was formed, under the name of Harbach, Stone
+&amp; Witt, and the work commenced. The story of the building of the
+Cleveland, Columbus and Cincinnati Railroad has already been told in
+another part of this volume; it is a story of hoping almost against hope,
+of desperate struggles against opposition and indifference, and of final
+triumph. Mr. Witt's part in the struggle was an important one, and the
+solid benefit resulting from the success that crowned the enterprise was
+well deserved by him.</p>
+
+<p>Before the work of construction was half completed, Mr. Harbach died, and
+the firm remained Stone &amp; Witt, under which name it has become familiar to
+all parts of the American railroad world. The road was opened between
+Cleveland and Columbus in 1851, and the success that speedily followed the
+opening, demonstrated the wisdom of the projectors of the line, and
+justified the faith of its contractors. The three years of construction
+had not terminated before Messrs. Stone &amp; Witt undertook the construction
+of the Cleveland, Painesville and Ashtabula Railroad, and in two years
+this road, now one of the richest and most powerful lines of the country,
+was completed. This was followed, sometime after, by the building of the
+Chicago and Milwaukee Railroad, which required but one year to construct,
+although built in the best manner.</p>
+
+<p>With the completion of the Chicago and Milwaukee road Mr. Witt's active
+career as a railroad builder ceased. Since that time he has been chiefly
+employed in the management of his extensive railroad and banking
+interests, having been at different periods a director in the Michigan
+Southern; Cleveland, Columbus and Cincinnati; Cleveland, Painesville and
+Ashtabula; Cleveland and Pittsburgh; Chicago and Milwaukee, and
+Bellefontaine and Indiana railroads, besides being vice-president of two
+of these roads and president of one of them. His connection with the
+Bellefontaine and Indiana Railroad is noticeable from the fact that it was
+by his sagacity and unwearied energy, ably assisted by the late Governor
+Brough, as general manager, that the company was raised from absolute
+insolvency to a high rank among dividend paying lines. Mr. Witt had gone
+into the undertaking with a number of other Clevelanders, had all but lost
+his entire investment, but had never lost faith in the ultimate success of
+the line, or flagged for an instant in his efforts to bring about that
+success. The event proved the justness of his conclusions.</p>
+
+<p>In addition to his railroad engagements, Mr. Witt is president of the Sun
+Insurance Company, of Cleveland; director of the Second National, and
+Commercial National Banks, and Cleveland Banking Company; also, of the
+Bank of Toledo. His interests are not all centered in railroad and banking
+enterprises, he having investments in the Cleveland Chemical Works, and in
+several other enterprises that contribute to the prosperity of the city.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Witt was married in June, 1834, to Miss Eliza A. Douglass, of Albany,
+but who was a native of Rhode Island. Of the four children who were the
+fruit of this marriage, but two survive. The elder daughter, Mary, is now
+the wife of Mr. Dan P. Eells, of Cleveland. The younger, Emma, is the wife
+of Col. W. H. Harris, of the United States Army, now in command of the
+arsenal at Indianapolis.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Witt's qualifications as a business man are attested by his success,
+won not by a mere stroke of luck, but by far-seeing sagacity, quick
+decision, and untiring industry. From first to last he never encountered a
+failure, not because fortune chanced always to be on his side, but because
+shrewdness and forethought enabled him to provide against misfortune. As a
+citizen he has always pursued a liberal and enlightened policy, ever ready
+to unite in whatever promised to be for the public good. In social life he
+has a wide circle of attached friends, and not a single enemy. Genial,
+unselfish, deeply attached to his family, and with a warm side for
+humanity in general, Mr. Witt has made for himself more friends than
+perhaps he himself is aware of.</p>
+
+<p>Wealth and position have enabled him to do numerous acts of kindness, and
+his disposition has prompted him to perform those acts without ostentation
+and with a gracefulness that gave twofold value to the act.</p>
+
+<p>In religious belief Mr. Witt is a Baptist, having joined with that church
+organization in Albany, thirty-one years ago. For years he has been a
+valuable and highly respected member of the First Baptist Church in
+Cleveland.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="james_farmer"></a>James Farmer.</h2>
+
+
+
+<p>Although James Farmer has been a resident of Cleveland but thirteen years,
+and cannot, therefore, be ranked among the old settlers of the city, he is
+looked upon as one of its most respected citizens, whose word is as good
+as a secured bond, and whose sound judgment and stability of character
+place him among the most valuable class of business men. But though
+prudent in business affairs, and of deeply earnest character in all
+relations of life, Mr. Farmer has not allowed the stern realities of life
+to obscure the lighter qualities that serve to make life endurable. Always
+cheerful in manner and genial in disposition, with a quaint appreciation
+of the humorous side of things, he endeavors to round off the sharp
+corners of practical life with a pleasant and genial smile. A meditative
+faculty of mind, untrammeled by the opinions or dicta of others, has led
+Mr. Farmer into independent paths of thought and action, in all his
+affairs. Before taking any course, he has thought it out for himself, and
+decided on his action, in accordance with his conscientious convictions of
+right, independent of considerations of mere worldly notice.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Farmer was born near Augusta, Georgia, July 19th, 1802. His early
+opportunities for acquiring an education were scant, only such knowledge
+being gained as could be picked up in a common school, where the
+rudiments of an education only are taught. Until his twenty-first year,
+his time was chiefly spent on his father's farm, but on attaining his
+majority he concluded to strike out a different path for himself, and
+coming north, he engages in the manufacture of salt, and in the milling
+business, at Salineville, Ohio. His means were small, but by assiduous
+attention to business he was moderately successful. Four years later he
+added a store for general marchandise to his mill and salt works, and
+thus added to his property.</p>
+
+<p>In the Spring of 1847, Mr. Farmer, imbued with the spirit of progress, and
+appreciating in advance the benefits to accrue from the proposed Cleveland
+and Pittsburgh Railroad, entered with spirit into the enterprise, worked
+hard in procuring subscriptions to the stock, and aided in various ways to
+its consummation. For several years he held the position of president of
+the company, and it was through his labors in this channel of commerce,
+that he became so thoroughly identified with the progress and prosperity
+of Cleveland.</p>
+
+<p>[Illustration: Very Respectfully, James Farmer]</p>
+
+<p>On the completion of the railroad, Mr. Farmer was among the first to
+avail himself of the increased facilities for business offered by the
+road, and embarked in the coal trade, having previously owned coal fields
+in Salineville. These coal fields were now worked, and the product shipped
+by railroad to Cleveland and other points.</p>
+
+<p>In the Spring of 1856, he removed to Cleveland, abandoning the mercantile
+business after devoting to it thirty-two years of his life, and having
+been completely successful. His coal fields still continue to furnish
+supplies to the coal market of Cleveland.</p>
+
+<p>So far as human power can be said to control human affairs, Mr. Farmer has
+been wholly the architect of his own fortunes. The prosperity that has
+attended his efforts has been due to the close attention given his
+legitimate business, his strictness in making and keeping contracts, his
+prudent economy, and his nice sense of commercial honor and general
+honesty. What man can do to make honest success, he has endeavored to do,
+and Providence has smiled upon his efforts.</p>
+
+<p>Mr Farmer is still a hale appearing gentleman, though sixty-seven years
+old, retaining most of his mental vigor, and much of his physical stamina,
+and will, we trust, be permitted to remain among us for years to come,
+that he may enjoy the fruits of his labor, and have the satisfaction felt
+by those only who minister to the necessities of others.</p>
+
+<p>In 1834, Mr. Farmer was married to Miss Meribah Butler, of Columbiana
+county, Ohio, by whom he has had seven children, of whom five still
+live--one son and four daughters. The son, Mr. E. J. Farmer, has been for
+some years engaged in the banking business in Cleveland.</p>
+
+<p>The father of Mr. James Farmer joined the Society of Friends, and was an
+honored member of that society. His family were all brought up in the same
+faith, and Mr. James Farmer has maintained his connection with the
+society, by the members of which he is held in high respect and esteem.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="george_b_ely"></a>George B. Ely.</h2>
+
+
+
+<p>George B. Ely is a native of Jefferson county, New York, a county which
+has contributed many good citizens to the population of Cleveland. He was
+born in the town of Adams, June 23d, 1817, received a good academical
+education, and when seventeen left the academy to become clerk with Judge
+Foster, under whose auspices he came to Cleveland. After serving with
+Judge Foster one year in Cleveland, he accepted the position of
+book-keeper in the forwarding house of Pease &amp; Allen, on the river,
+remaining in this position until 1843. At that date he removed to Milan,
+Erie county, then at the head of slackwater navigation on the Huron river.
+Here he engaged in trading in wheat, and in the general forwarding
+business, and also became interested in lake shipping, doing business
+under the firm name of Wilber &amp; Ely.</p>
+
+<p>In 1851, the railroad between Columbus and Cleveland was completed, and
+the course of trade was almost entirely diverted from its old channels.
+The business of Milan fell away rapidly, and the forwarding trade at that
+point was completely at an end, Mr. Ely closed up his connection with the
+place in the Spring of 1852, and removed to Cleveland, where he had
+engaged a warehouse with the intention of continuing in the forwarding
+business, but was induced to take the secretaryship of the Cleveland,
+Painesville and Ashtabula Railroad, many of his old business and personal
+friends having become interested in that undertaking and desiring the
+benefit of his business tact and experience. About a year after his
+accession to the company, the offices of secretary and treasurer were
+combined, and Mr. Ely assumed charge of the joint offices. Three years
+later he was elected a director of the company and has continued in that
+position to the present time. At various times he has been chosen
+vice-president of the company. In 1868, he was elected president of the
+Cleveland and Toledo Railroad Company, retaining that position until the
+consolidation of the company with the Cleveland and Erie Railroad Company,
+and the formation of the Lake Shore Railroad Company. Mr. Ely is now the
+oldest officer in point of service in the Consolidated company, and is
+about the oldest employee. During all his long service he has been an
+indefatigable worker, having the interests of the line always at heart,
+and his arduous and faithful services have contributed their full share to
+the prosperity of the company.</p>
+
+<p>[Illustration: Yours Respectfully, Geo. B. Ely]</p>
+
+<p>Whilst always watchful for the interests of the road with which he was
+connected, Mr. Ely found time to engage in other enterprises tending to
+advance the material interests of the city. In connection with Messrs.
+R. H. Harman, A. M. Harman, and L. M. Coe, he projected and built the
+Cleveland City Forge and put it into successful operation in the year 1864.
+This forge has now four large hammers at work, and preparations are making
+for two others, and it gives employment to about eighty skilled workmen.
+He was one of the projectors of the Pennsylvania Coal Company, of
+Cleveland, an organization having five thousand acres of coal lands in
+Mercer county, Pennsylvania, and now that the Jamestown and Franklin
+Railroad is completed, the prospects of ample returns for the outlay are
+good. Sixty tons of good coal are daily delivered in Cleveland, whilst the
+best markets of the product are found in Erie, Buffalo, and the
+Pennsylvania oil regions. Of this company Mr. Ely is treasurer and one of
+its directors.</p>
+
+<p>Among his other business connections he was a director in the old Bank of
+Commerce from its early days until it was reorganized as the Second
+National Bank, and is still a director under the new organization. He is
+also a director in the Citizens Savings and Loan Association, and is
+interested in the Cleveland Banking Company.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Ely has been the architect of his own fortune, and attributes his
+success in life to close application to business and a firm determination
+never to live beyond his income. He is now fifty-two years old, enjoys
+vigorous health, and has never been seriously sick. From present
+appearances he has a fair prospect of a long life in which to enjoy the
+fruits of his labors, and to pass the afternoon and evening of his life
+amid domestic comforts earned by industry and the esteem of a large circle
+of friends to whom he has become endeared by his many social qualities and
+personal virtues.</p>
+
+<p>In 1843, he was married to Miss Gertrude S. Harman, of Brooklyn, Michigan,
+and formerly of Oswego, New York. They have one son, now twenty-five years
+old, who has charge of the Cleveland City Forge, and one daughter, Helen,
+aged seventeen, who is now at school.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="worthy_s_streator"></a>Worthy S. Streator.</h2>
+
+
+
+<p>Dr. Streator, as he is still called, although for many years he has
+abandoned the active practice of medicine, was born in Madison county, New
+York, October 16th, 1816. He received an academical education, and at the
+age of eighteen he entered a medical college, where he remained four
+years. On completing his medical course he went to Aurora, Portage county,
+Ohio, where he commenced the practice of his profession, in the year 1839
+In Aurora he remained rive years, when he removed to Louisville, Kentucky,
+spent a year in the medical college there, and returned to Portage county,
+resuming his practice in Ravenna.</p>
+
+<p>In 1850, Dr. Streator removed from Ravenna to Cleveland, and after
+remaining two years in the practice of medicine, turned his attention to
+railroad building. In conjunction with Mr. Henry Doolittle, he undertook
+the contract for building the Greenville and Medina Railroad, and
+completed it successfully. In 1853, the same parties contracted for the
+construction of the Atlantic and Great Western Railway in Ohio, a work of
+244 miles. Operations were at once commenced, and were pushed forward with
+varying success, funds of the company coming in fitfully. In 1860, the
+same firm took contracts for the construction of the Pennsylvania portion
+of the line, ninety-one miles, and next for the New York portion. Work on
+both these contracts was commenced in February, 1860, and the road was
+completed from Salamanca, in New York, to Corry, in Pennsylvania,
+sixty-one miles, in the Spring of 1861.</p>
+
+<p>During the prosecution of the work Mr. Doolittle died, and, in 1861,
+Dr. Streator sold the unfinished contracts to Mr. James McHenry, of
+London, England, by whom they were completed, Dr. Streator acting as
+superintendent of construction for about a year after the transfer
+of contract.</p>
+
+<p>[Illustration: Yours Truly, W. S. Streator]</p>
+
+<p>In 1862, he projected the Oil Creek Railroad, from Corry to Petroleum
+Center, the heart of the Pennsylvania oil regions, a line thirty-seven
+miles long. The line was built with extraordinary rapidity, and achieved a
+success unparalleled in railway history. No sooner had the rails reached a
+point within striking distance of Oil Creek than its cars were crowded
+with passengers flocking to the "oildorado," and for many months, during
+the height of the oil fever, the excited crowds struggled at the stations
+for the privilege of a standing place on the car platforms after the seats
+and aisles were filled. The resources of the road were inadequate to meet
+the great demand on it for the transportation of passengers and oil, and
+although Dr. Streator worked energetically to keep pace with the demand
+upon the road, the development of the oil regions, consequent upon the
+construction of the line, for some time outstripped him. The profits of
+the line were enormous in proportion to the outlay, but the amount of
+wealth it created in the oil regions was still more extraordinary. Dr.
+Streator managed the road until 1866, when he sold out his interest to
+Dean Richmond and others interested in the New York Central Railroad. In
+order to connect the Oil Creek Railroad with the line of its purchasers an
+extension northward, styled the Cross-Cut Railroad, was built from Corry
+to Brocton, on the Buffalo and Erie Railroad, a distance of forty-two
+miles, by Dr. Streator, for the New York Central Railroad Company. This
+was the last of Dr. Streator's railroad building undertakings.</p>
+
+<p>Since the close of his railroad business Dr. Streator has organized a
+company, mainly composed of citizens of Cleveland, for the working of coal
+lands purchased in La Salle, on the Vermillion river, Illinois. The
+purchase contains three thousand acres on which is a five and one-half
+feet splint-vein of coal resembling in general characteristics the
+Massillon coal of Ohio. Thirteen miles of railroad have been built to
+connect the mines with the Illinois Central Railroad, and during the year
+that the road has been opened the average product of the mines has been
+two hundred and fifty tons per day, with demands for more, that cannot be
+met owing to a deficiency of rolling stock. By the close of 1869, it is
+expected the product will reach a thousand tons daily. Another railroad is
+to be built to connect with the Chicago, Burlington &amp; Quincy Railroad.</p>
+
+<p>Aside from his interest in this coal company, Dr. Streator has now no
+active business engagements, and devotes his time to the care of his real
+estate and a fine stock farm in East Cleveland, containing over three
+hundred acres, on which he is raising some of the finest stock to be found
+in the county.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Streator has had the good sense to retire from the pressing cares of
+business whilst able to enjoy the fruits of his labors. At fifty-three
+years old he is healthy and vigorous, and fully able to appreciate the
+advantages of wealth in procuring social and domestic enjoyments. His
+residence on Euclid avenue is a model of comfort and elegance, and the
+surrounding grounds are laid out with artistic taste.</p>
+
+<p>He was married in 1839, to Sarah W. Sterling, of Lyman, N. Y. His only
+daughter is the wife of E. B. Thomas, Esq., of Cleveland; his oldest son
+devotes his attention to the care of the stock farm; the other sons are
+yet at home, being young.</p>
+
+<p>Although Mr. Streator has been regarded, for years, as one of our most
+active and energetic business men, he has found time to devote to his
+religious duties. He has for a long time been a useful member of the
+Disciple Church.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="coal"></a>The Coal Interest</h2>
+
+
+
+<p>By the commencement of the season of 1828, the Ohio canal had been opened
+from Cleveland to Akron. Henry Newberry, father of Professer Newberry, who
+among his other possessions on the Western Reserve, owned some valuable
+coal lands, saw, or fancied he saw, an opening for an important trade in
+coal, and sent a shipment of a few tons to Cleveland by way of experiment.
+On its arrival a portion of it was loaded in a wagon and hawked around the
+city, the attention of leading citizens being called to its excellent
+quality and its great value as fuel. But the people were deaf to the voice
+of the charmer. They looked askance at the coal and urged against it all
+the objections which careful housewives, accustomed to wood fires, even
+now offer against its use for culinary purposes. It was dirty, nasty,
+inconvenient to handle, made an offensive smoke, and not a few shook their
+heads incredulously at the idea of making the "stone" burn at all. Wood
+was plentiful and cheap, and as long as that was the case they did not see
+the use of going long distances to procure a doubtful article of fuel,
+neither as clean, convenient, nor cheap as hickory or maple. By nightfall
+the wagon had unsuccessfully traversed the streets and found not a single
+purchaser for its contents. Here and there a citizen had accepted a little
+as a gift, with a doubtful promise to test its combustible qualities.
+Eventually, Philo Scovill was persuaded into the purchase of a moderate
+quantity at two dollars per ton, and promised to put in grates at the
+Franklin House to properly test its qualities.</p>
+
+<p>That was the beginning of a trade which has since grown to mammoth
+proportions, and which has become the foundation of the prosperity of
+Cleveland, for it is to the proximity and practically inexhaustibleness of
+its coal supply that Cleveland owes its manufacturing character, which is
+the secret of its rapid development within a few years, its present
+prosperity, and the assured greatness of its future.</p>
+
+<p>As a domestic fuel coal made slow progress in the city for many years, but
+other uses were found for it, and the receipts of coal by canal rapidly
+increased. Steamboats multiplied on the lakes, and these found the coal of
+Cleveland a valuable fuel. By degrees manufacturing was ventured on, in a
+small way, and there being no water-power of consequence, recourse was had
+to steam, which created a moderate demand for coal. For ten years the
+receipts increased steadily, until in 1838, it reached 2,496 tons. In
+1848, it had grown to 66,551 tons, and in 1858--the canal transportation
+being supplemented by two lines of railroad crossing the coal fields on
+the way to Cleveland--to 222,267 tons. In 1868, it had swollen to 759,104
+tons, and the demand continues to increase in a rate more than
+proportionate to the enlarged sources of supply and increased facilities
+for transportation.</p>
+
+<p>The opening of the Cleveland and Mahoning Railroad gave a strong stimulus
+to the coal trade of northern Ohio, and was one of the most important
+events in the history of Cleveland. By this time the beds of the valuable
+Briar Hill, or block coal, were tapped, which has proved the best fuel for
+manufacturing iron from the raw ore, and has no superior, if it has a
+rival, in the West. With the discovery of this bed of coal, blast furnaces
+and rolling mills were established in the Mahoning Valley, and as the uses
+of the coal became known in Cleveland and in other ports, a large demand,
+for consumption in the city and exports to other points, sprang up. Over
+one-half the amount of Ohio coal raised is of the Briar Hill grade, and of
+the whole amount of Ohio coal raised, about one-half finds its market in
+Cleveland.</p>
+
+<p>The bituminous coal is of several grades, each suitable for a particular
+purpose. The most important is the Briar Hill grade, mined in the southern
+half of Trumbull county and finding its outlet by the Cleveland and
+Mahoning Railroad. This is a good grate coal, but its great use is in the
+manufacture of iron, and the numerous furnaces of the Mahoning Valley, the
+iron manufactories of Cleveland, and the demand along the line of the
+lakes, keep the numerous mines in full operation. The Mineral Ridge grade
+is a comparatively new quality to Cleveland, and has yet but comparatively
+few mines. It is used both for domestic and manufacturing purposes. The
+Massillon grade is brought both by canal and railroad, and is highly
+esteemed as a grate coal. The rapidly growing demand for grate fuel has
+given a great stimulus to the mining of this coal within a few years. The
+Hammondsville and Salineville grades are used chiefly for stoves in
+domestic use, for steam purposes, and for the manufacture of gas. These
+grades come to market on the Cleveland and Pittsburgh Railroad. The
+Blossburgh grade is used almost entirely for blacksmithing.</p>
+
+<p>Besides the Ohio bituminous coals there is a steadily increasing demand
+for the anthracite and semi-anthracite coals of eastern Pennsylvania,
+which is brought by lake from Buffalo.</p>
+
+<p>The growth of the coal trade during the past four years can be seen by the
+following table, showing the receipts from all sources and shipments,
+chiefly by lake, coastwise and to Canadian ports:</p>
+
+<pre>  Date.      Receipts.       Shipments.
+
+  1865.......439,483 tons....235,784 tons.
+  1866.......583,107  "  ....397,840  "
+  1867.......669,026  "  ....334,027  "
+  1868.......759,104  "  ....392,928  "</pre>
+
+<p>The amount brought over each route of supply during 1868, is thus shown:</p>
+
+<pre>  By Lake, Anthracite...................................... 13,665 tons.
+  " Canal, Bituminous...................................... 197,475 "
+  " Cleveland and Pittsburgh Railroad...................... 274,159 "
+  " Atlantic and Great Western Railroad
+       (Cleveland and Mahoning)............................ 254,000 "
+  " Cleveland and Erie Railroad............................ 17,600  "
+  " Cleveland, Columbus and Cincinnati Railroad............ 2,205   "
+                                                            -----------
+                                                            759,104 "</pre>
+
+<p>This shows an increase of nearly 100,000 tons on the receipts of 1867,
+notwithstanding a most obstinate and continued strike among the miners,
+which diminished the receipts by the Atlantic and Great Western, from
+20,000 to 30,000 tons. Of the shipments of each during the year, 382,928
+tons went by lake, and about 10,000 tons by rail, mostly by Cleveland and
+Toledo Railroad to Toledo and intermediate points.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="william_philpot"></a>William Philpot.</h2>
+
+
+
+<p>Although never a resident of Cleveland, the enterprise of William Philpot
+so directly contributed to the prosperity of the city, the labors of his
+life were so connected with it, and the interests he founded have since
+become such an integral part of the business of Cleveland, that his
+memoir appropriately finds a place in this work. It is proper, too, that
+it should stand foremost in the department relating to the coal trade of
+the city, for he may justly be considered one of the leading founders of
+that trade.</p>
+
+<p>William Philpot was born in Shropshire, England. At an early age he
+removed to Wales and went to work in the mines at three pence per day.
+Soon after he was able to earn full wages, he became an overseer, and
+continued in that capacity until he took contracts on his own account. His
+success was varied, on some he made handsomely, on others he failed. By
+the year 1835, he accumulated about eight thousand dollars, and concluded
+to go to the United States as affording greater facilities for small
+capitalists. He proceeded to Pittsburgh, where he immediately interested
+himself in the mining of coal. He commenced by leasing from one party a
+portion of the coal and the right of way on a large tract of coal land,
+for a term of twenty-one years, and leased coal from others, at a quarter
+cent per bushel. Of another person he purchased a farm, bearing coal, at
+seventy-five dollars an acre. In the Summer of 1837, he took into
+partnership Mr. Snowden, and the firm set to work vigorously, mining coal
+at Saw Mill Run and shipping on the Ohio river, to which Mr. Philpot had
+built a railway a mile in length. The two partners were not well matched.
+Mr. Philpot was full of energy, fertile in resources, and never slackened
+in his endeavors to push his affairs. No difficulties daunted him; the
+greater the obstacles the more pleasure he took in surmounting them. He
+built his railroad tracks where most other men would have shrunk from
+placing a rail and whilst those who commenced preparations for a mine at
+the same time with himself were still in the preparatory stages of work,
+his cars would be rattling down to the river loaded with coal. One great
+secret of his ability to hasten matters was his influence with the men
+under him. He was familiar and affable with them, worked energetically
+among them whenever a sharp effort was needed, and in this way got more
+work out of the men, without their feeling that they had been imposed
+upon, than most employers could have done. Mr. Snowden was a man of an
+entirely different stamp, and it soon became evident that the firm must
+dissolve. After some negotiations Mr. Philpot disposed of his interests to
+Messrs. Snowden and Lewis, and in 1838, removed to Paris, Portage county,
+Ohio, where he had purchased a farm. His family at that time consisted of
+his wife and two daughters; Mary Ann, now the wife of R. J. Price, Esq.,
+Dorothy, now widow of the late David Morris, Esq. With them also was his
+father, Samuel Philpot, now dead. Soon after his removal to Portage county
+he became interested with Mr. Philip Price, in the excavation of the
+Pennsylvania and Ohio canal, and during the progress of the work they
+purchased land on either side of the canal, including Lock fourteen, where
+they built a saw and flouring mill, using the canal water as motive power.
+Towards the latter part of 1839, Mr. Philpot purchased the interest of Mr.
+Price in the mills and land, and ran the mills successfully, until 1841,
+when he sold both mills and land to Colonel Elisha Garrett, of
+Garrettsville. In the Spring of 1841, Mr. Philpot rented his home farm and
+removed with his family to Middlebury, Summit county, where he had
+purchased a coal bank, and engaged once more in the coal trade.</p>
+
+<p>The importance of his operations in coal, both to the business of the coal
+regions and of Cleveland, which formed his principal market, can scarcely
+be overestimated. Before removing to Springfield he discovered there, in
+1840, a valuable coal mine, which he afterwards developed and worked
+successfully, building a railroad of about three miles from the mines to
+the canal at Middlebury, whence the coal was shipped to Cleveland. This
+road he stocked with about forty coal cars, and for several years his mine
+supplied the principal demand for the Cleveland market. In 1843, he
+developed and improved the celebrated Chippewa mines, Wayne county, near
+the village of Clinton, and built a railroad to the Ohio canal. From these
+mines he supplied the Cleveland market with large quantities of coal until
+the year 1845, when he sold out half his interests in them to Mr. Lemuel
+Crawford, and some time afterward he sold one-quarter interest to Mr.
+David Camp.</p>
+
+<p>His next remove was to Youngstown, where, in 1846, he leased the Manning
+and Wertz bank, and while sinking for coal, discovered iron ore. He then
+went to Pittsburgh and endeavored to get up a furnace company, but not
+being successful, he returned, and associated himself with Jonathan
+Warner and a few others in organizing the Ohio Iron and Mining Company,
+now known as the Eagle Furnace Company, Messrs. Philpot and Warner owning
+two-thirds of the entire stock. Mr. Philpot at that time opened and
+developed the Wertz and Manning Briar Hill coal mines, the furnace having
+been built with the purpose of smelting iron ore with raw stone coal,
+being the second constructed for this purpose in the Mahoning Valley, the
+first being that of Wilkenson, Wilks &amp; Co., at Lowellville. The
+experiment was hazardous, and was carried forward under many difficulties,
+financial and otherwise, but the energy and enterprise of Mr. Philpot
+triumphed over them all.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Philpot was a man of rare energy, industry and practical good sense.
+He was always successful for he seemed to have an intuitive knowledge of
+what was the right course to take, and when once entered on an enterprise
+never allowed himself to be defeated or discouraged. His integrity was
+unquestioned. His word was as good as a bond, and was entirely relied on.
+He was a kind husband and father, a true friend, and his heart and hand
+were always open to the poor and distressed, many of whom were not only
+relieved from their pressing emergencies, but were assisted to start in
+business or to procure homesteads. Besides his many excellent social
+qualities and business talents, he was possessed of a most extraordinary
+memory, and it is related of him by one who knew him intimately, that
+after hearing a speech or sermon that enlisted his whole attention, he
+would sometimes rehearse it to others almost verbatim.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Philpot died in Liberty township, Trumbull county, June 2d, 1851.</p>
+
+<p>In all the great enterprises of his business career, Mr. Philpot was ably
+supported by his beloved partner in life, who was a woman of more than
+ordinary ability. She was also most remarkably benevolent, bestowing much
+care on the sick and indigent in her immediate neighborhood. She survived
+her husband a number of years, and died at Cleveland, in August, 1865,
+deeply lamented.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<p align="center">[Illustration: Lemuel Crawford]</p>
+
+
+<h2><a name="lemuel_crawford"></a>Lemuel Crawford.</h2>
+
+
+
+<p>The subject of this sketch belonged to the business classes, as
+distinguished from the professional, but which are none the less fruitful
+in characters of prominence and public interest.</p>
+
+<p>Indeed it has come to pass in later years that what are commonly known as
+the learned professions, law, medicine and theology, though still high in
+rank, have lost something of the ruling pre-eminence they occupied in our
+earlier history. Other departments in the world's industry have asserted
+themselves, and railway systems, telegraphs, commerce, journalism,
+manufactures, banking, and other branches, have come forward and absorbed
+their fair proportion of the best talent and ambition of the country.</p>
+
+<p>Lemuel Crawford was born in Florida, Schoharie county, New York,
+December 15, 1805.</p>
+
+<p>Left without means, at the age of fourteen he chose the trade of moulder
+in the iron or furnace business.</p>
+
+<p>At twenty-one he came to Painesville, Ohio, where he was made foreman of
+the Geauga Furnace. Here he remained about six years, having especial
+superintendence of the pattern and moulding department, and filling his
+position with great skill and credit. At this place, July 29, 1832, he
+married Louisa Murray, of Willoughby, in the same county, who still
+survives him, and to whose long and faithful companionship, judgment and
+energy, in all the vicissitudes of his fortune, he was largely indebted
+for his success.</p>
+
+<p>In 1833, Mr. Crawford moved with his family to Detroit, whence, after
+remaining six years, he removed to Presque Isle on Lake Huron, where he
+was the first to start the wood trade, for fuel for our then rapidly
+growing steamboat commerce. Here he remained seven years, superintending
+large bodies of wood cutters and suppliers, the saw mills, now so common
+in the lumber region, being then unknown.</p>
+
+<p>In 1846, perceiving, with his usual forecast, that coal was likely to
+supplant wood for the uses of our steam marine, he removed to Cleveland,
+and at once invested about forty thousand dollars in the Chippewa mines,
+so called, in the Mahoning Valley, which had been opened a year or two
+before, and promised, as the event proved, to afford an almost
+inexhaustible supply of the richest coal. These mines, adding tracts of
+adjoining coal land to them as occasion demanded, he continued to work
+with a large annual yield for more then twenty years.</p>
+
+<p>Shortly after commencing with the Chippewa, he was found, in 1848, to be
+among the pioneers in opening up the beds of Briar Hill coal in the
+Mahoning Valley, so well known to steamboat men and manufacturers ever
+since, as being a kind of coal peculiarly fitted for their uses. Here he
+continued to mine largely at several different localities selected by him
+with rare judgment. He also opened and carried on mining extensively at
+other points, such as on the Ohio, below Steubenville, also in Orange
+county, Pennsylvania, and elsewhere.</p>
+
+<p>His chief business office and coal depots were at Cleveland, but he had
+branch establishments at Detroit and Chicago, and at one time was largely
+interested in vessel property on the Lakes, and although the business of
+mining and selling coal, mainly for supplying steam craft and for
+exportation, was his leading pursuit, he was one of the earliest in 1851,
+to engage in the manufacture of pig iron from our native ores in the
+Mahoning Valley, having an interest in the second furnace started there,
+and being the builder of the fourth. From time to time he invested
+judiciously in real estate.</p>
+
+<p>From all these sources in spite of some business adventures which
+proved disastrous, through unexpected financial revulsions, or the
+fault of others, he succeeded in amassing a splendid fortune to be
+inherited by his family. He was never a speculator, nor a rash
+operator, but his business views were liberal and comprehensive, and
+carried out with energy and wisdom. Personally he was a man of fine
+presence and manners, always pleasant to meet with on the street,
+cordial and unassuming. He was intensely loyal and liberal throughout
+the war, and always kind and charitable to the poor. He was not a
+church member, but was a regular church attendant and a respecter of
+religions institutions. In his later years he was frequently an
+invalid, and being in New York in the Fall of 1867, by the advice of
+physicians, and in company with friends from Cleveland, he sailed for
+Europe, where, in Paris, during the Exposition, he spent some months,
+returning with health improved, but which again declined until June
+30, 1868, when at the age of sixty-two years, six months and fifteen
+days, he died at his beautiful home in Cleveland, surrounded by his
+family and friends, peacefully and calmly, as a good man dies.</p>
+
+<p>We feel that we can not do better than to conclude this brief and
+imperfect sketch with the notice which appeared in the Cleveland Herald on
+the evening of the day of his decease. Speaking of the event it says:</p>
+
+<p>  We regret to announce the decease of this prominent business man and
+  respected citizen, who died at his residence on Euclid avenue this
+  (Tuesday) morning at about 9 o'clock.</p>
+
+<p>  Mr. Crawford had for years been more or less an invalid, but had not
+  been alarmingly ill until last Thursday, when by a sudden and severe
+  attack he was completely prostrated, and recovery became hopeless.</p>
+
+<p>  Mr. Crawford had nearly reached the age of sixty-three. A native of New
+  York, beginning life with few, if any, adventitous aids, he had attained
+  to affluence and position by a long and enterprising business career.
+  For the last twenty-four years he has lived in Cleveland. He was among
+  the pioneers in the coal mining business of Northern Ohio, contributing
+  largely ever since by his sagacity and experience, to the development of
+  that important element of commerce and public wealth.</p>
+
+<p>  Through all the vicissitudes of a long business life he maintained a
+  character of the most perfect integrity. As a citizen he was liberal and
+  public spirited; as a neighbor and friend he was kind and generous; in
+  his social and domestic relations he was simple and unostentatious,
+  affectionate and beloved. Very many in the various ranks and conditions
+  of life, both here and elsewhere, will mourn his loss, and remember him
+  with sincere respect.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="d_p_rhodes"></a>D. P. Rhodes.</h2>
+
+
+
+<p>The name of D. P. Rhodes is distinguished among those who have
+contributed to the prosperity of Cleveland by the development of its coal
+and iron interests. For many years he has labored to build up the coal
+and iron trade of the city, on which its future mainly depends, and has
+met with a success which has benefitted the public in a far greater
+degree than it has enriched himself, although he has had nothing to
+complain of in that respect.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Rhodes was born in Sudbury, Rutland county, Vermont. His father dying
+when the boy was but five years old, he was compelled to work for his own
+living, riding horse for his neighbors whilst they plowed corn, digging
+potatoes and picking apples for every tenth bushel, and doing other odd
+jobs. When he was fifteen years old his mother married again and he lived
+with his stepfather till twenty-one. His stepfather, being rich, offered
+him a farm if he would stay with him, but he was bent on seeing the West
+before accepting the farm, and so set out westward. Whilst in the West he
+became engaged to be married, and before marriage he visited his home,
+when his stepfather offered him half his property if he would return there
+and live. The papers were made out but were not to be executed till he had
+consulted his affianced. To do this he returned to the West. As he
+traveled by canal he had abundant time to consider the matter, and the
+more he thought of it the more he became sick of the idea. Things were too
+circumscribed down east to suit his taste. He said nothing of the matter
+to his affianced, but wrote home that he was not coming; and to this day
+he has never seen occasion to regret his decision, but has been confirmed
+in its wisdom. To use his own expression: "By Jupiter, I would rather live
+west, if I did'nt live half as long."</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Rhodes became early interested in the coal business, his first
+enterprise being in company with Messrs. Tod and Ford, in 1845, at the old
+Briar Hill mines, from which they raised and shipped by canal about fifty
+tons per week. This was considered a good business. In two or three years
+business increased to a hundred tons daily. In 1846, another mine was
+opened in Girard. This was followed by the Clover Hill mine in the
+Tuscarawas Valley, previous to the opening of which the firm was changed
+by the death of Mr. Ford. The next opened was the Clinton mines in the
+Tuscarawas Valley. Then a mine in Fairview, Wayne county, which was the
+last large transaction with Gov. Tod as partner. In about 1855, Tod and
+Rhodes dissolved partnership, Mr. Rhodes taking Clover Hill, and Gov. Tod
+all the rest of the interests.</p>
+
+<p>Whilst developing his coal interests, Mr. Rhodes made important
+discoveries of iron ore, the first being veins of black band ore, very
+similar to the English and Scotch, though richer. The veins of this ore in
+Tuscarawas are from five to fifteen feet thick. He also discovered and
+worked a vein of mountain ore that will also run from five to fifteen feet
+thick, and is easily mined, one miner being able to mine twenty tons per
+day after the earth has been removed. Mr. Rhodes spent several months in
+the ore fields of Scotland and England in 1868, and found the veins there
+not over two feet in thickness.</p>
+
+<p>[Illustration: Yours Truly, D. P. Rhodes]</p>
+
+<p>In the Tuscarawas Valley property, Mr. Rhodes has found seven veins of
+coal, five of which are very good, and he has worked the whole of them.
+There is also as good fire-clay as any yet discovered, the finest grade
+being pure sandstone, which stands fire as hearthstones in furnaces better
+than any other. Shell ore, block ore, and limestone also exist in
+abundance. The iron enterprises in which Mr. Rhodes is interested are the
+Tuscarawas Iron Company, formed about 1864, of which Mr. Rhodes is
+president. This company have three or four thousand acres of mineral land
+in the Tuscarawas Valley, and the works have a capacity of a hundred and
+fifty tons per week; also the Dover Rolling Mill Company, of which Mr.
+Baker is president. It makes all sizes of merchant and small T rail iron,
+having a capacity of about fifteen tons per day.</p>
+
+<p>He is largely interested in a mining company near Massillon, having three
+engines and three openings there, and can mine a thousand tons of coal per
+day as soon as the road from Massillon to Clinton is completed. This will
+be the shortest coal bearing road,--for blast furnace coal--to Cleveland,
+by fifteen miles, for it connects with the Cleveland, Zanesville and
+Cincinnati Railroad at Clinton, thence to Cleveland by Cleveland and
+Pittsburgh Railroad at Hudson. A company was formed and sunk some eight
+hundred or nine hundred feet, within three miles of Canal Dover, on the
+line of this company, and found salt water of the very best quality, the
+water itself being almost strong enough to preserve meat. There is coal
+within twenty rods of the wells at ninety cents per ton, whereas in
+Syracuse and Saginaw they have to use wood, at a cost (at the former
+place) of seven dollars per cord. Mr. Cass, President of the Fort Wayne
+Railroad, and J. N. McCullough, of the same and of the Cleveland and
+Pittsburgh Railroad, are heavily interested in the road connections
+adverted to above.</p>
+
+<p>At Fulton, three miles below Clinton, is another coal company in which Mr.
+Rhodes is interested. This mine yields about three hundred tons per day,
+and could double that amount if there were sufficient transportation.
+There are two engines and two openings at this bank.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Rhodes is also interested in three mines at Marseilles, Willmington
+and Braceville, Illinois. He has taken a hearty interest in all
+improvements, and especially in the matter of railroads. He was interested
+in building the Northern Division of the Cleveland and Toledo Railroad,
+and was on the executive committee.</p>
+
+<p>D. P. Rhodes and H. S. Stevens built the West Side street railroad, and
+equipped it. He was also largely interested in building and equipping the
+Rocky River railroad. He is also interested in the Cleveland and
+Zanesville railroad project.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Upson, of Talmadge, and Messrs. Philpot and Camp were in the coal
+business when Mr. Rhodes commenced, and they have all disappeared. They
+only then received about one boat load of fifty tons per week by canal,
+whereas, the firm of Rhodes &amp; Co. now handle from ninety thousand to one
+hundred thousand tons per year.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Rhodes has built his docks in this city, two of them are the largest
+on the line of the river. About seven hundred men are employed on works in
+which he is heavily interested, but nothing troubles him. He says: "If the
+men don't dig the coal or iron, they don't get paid for it, so I take it
+easy, and am giving my attention to farming. I have a stock farm of five
+hundred and forty-four and a half acres at Ravenna that I run myself, and
+I have another of eighty acres adjacent to the city, rented for gardening,
+and still another of twenty-six and a half acres, out on the Detroit road
+where I intend to build me a home to live and die in, if I do not die away
+from home." He is now only fifty-three years old, hale and hearty, and
+seemingly good for another score or two of years.</p>
+
+<p>He has four children, the oldest and youngest being daughters. The oldest
+is the wife of M. A. Hanna, of the firm of Rhodes &amp; Co. The oldest son,
+Robert, is a member of the same firm; the other son, James, has just
+returned from a long visit to the mineral fields of Europe and attending
+lectures on metallurgy and mining. By his observation and studies he has
+acquired an extensive knowledge of the old world and the modes of working
+mines. The youngest daughter, Fanny, is at school at Batavia, New York.</p>
+
+<p>In 1867, Mr. D. P. Rhodes and J. F. Card being tired of the sale department
+of their coal business, and having immense interest in mines that
+required close attention, gave up their sale business in Cleveland to
+Rhodes &amp; Co., a firm consisting of G. H. Warmington, M. A. Hanna, and
+Robert R. Rhodes, who are receiving and selling both coal and iron, the
+same as the old firm.</p>
+
+<p>The sales of coal by the firm for the past two years amounted to one
+hundred thousand tons per year; together with a large trade in pig iron
+and ore. The Willson Bank and Massillon and also Briar Hill grades of coal
+are principally handled by this firm, who are also operators largely in
+the Pennsylvania anthracites.</p>
+
+<p>The ores passing through Cleveland to supply the manufactories of the
+Mahoning Valley are from Lake Superior and Canada; the Canada ores forming
+quite an extensive item. The firm keep for sale many varieties of pig
+iron, the most considerable being that of the Tuscarawas iron, but
+including also the Lake Superior and Salisbury irons.</p>
+
+<p>The business of the firm averages one million dollars per year, and
+extends through the entire chain of lakes, having agencies at Chicago and
+Milwaukee, and also on Lake Superior ports. The Chicago trade is steadily
+increasing, for which there are two or three good reasons, to wit: The
+city is growing very rapidly; the Illinois coals are very inferior to
+those of Ohio, and the local demand for the product of the Illinois coal
+fields is very large, owing to the scarcity of wood.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="david_morris"></a>David Morris.</h2>
+
+
+
+<p>The importance of biography as a branch of historical literature is
+indisputable, and long before reaching this portion of our work the reader
+must have realized the truth, that in the life of the individual can be
+seen mirrored not only his individual struggles, "but all mankind's
+epitome." The trouble, trials and labors of the one are but specimens of
+the struggles of the many who have to fight the battle of life, and who go
+down to their graves unchronicled. From the story of those whose
+experience is recorded, may be gleaned lessons of hope under the most
+discouraging circumstances, of perseverance amid difficulties, and
+assurances that labor and faith will eventually conquer. These lessons are
+forcibly taught in the history of the subject of the present sketch.</p>
+
+<p>David Morris was born of respectable parents, in Sirhowy, Monmouth county,
+on the border of Wales, July 9th, 1819. His opportunities for acquiring an
+education were limited, but such as they were he made the most of, and
+obtained sufficient knowledge of the ordinary branches to enable him to
+successfully carry on business in after life. When about twenty years of
+age he emigrated to the United States, landing in New York. October 4th,
+1839, in company with his mother and the remainder of the children, his
+father having arrived earlier, for the purpose of seeking a location. The
+first stop was made in Pottsville, Pennsylvania, thence they removed for a
+short time to Llewellyn, and afterwards to Primrose, Schuylkill county.</p>
+
+<p>In 1841, he left his parents and went to Middlebury, Summit county, Ohio.
+He at once commenced digging coal for Mr. Philpot, with whom he had been
+acquainted in Wales. After a few months he commenced driving team on the
+railroad, and continued in that capacity for about two years. The zeal
+and ability shown by the young man attracted the attention of his
+employer, and proved of signal assistance in pushing forward the work. So
+marked was the interest exhibited by Mr. Philpot in his assistant, that
+he favored a closer connection, and in 1843, his daughter, Dorothy
+Philpot, was married to David Morris. The young wife was a lady of more
+than ordinary good qualities, and the union proved a source of unfailing
+happiness, Mrs. Morris being not only an exemplary wife and mother in her
+home, but by her counsel and assistance materially advancing the business
+interests of her husband.</p>
+
+<p>In 1847, Mr. Morris, in connection with W. H. Harris, contracted with
+Lemuel Crawford for mining the Chippewa bank by the ton. After two years,
+he took the management of the work for Crawford &amp; Price, the latter having
+purchased an interest. He then went to Girard to work his own mines at
+that point. The coal being of an excellent quality, and the demand
+constantly increasing, these mines became a source of great wealth,
+engrossing large capital, and giving employment to a host of workmen.
+Instead of the one mine which he found, his original enterprise, his
+estate now comprises the Mineral Ridge mines, which have been worked about
+eighteen years, and have yielded about a hundred and fifty tons per day;
+the Girard mines, worked about the same period, and yielding two hundred
+tons daily; and mines at Youngstown, which have been worked eight years.
+The pay roll of these mines now bears about $12,000 per month, and the
+freight bills on the railroad average $3,000 per week. The coal is mostly
+brought to Cleveland, whence it is shipped to Chicago, Milwaukee,
+Hamilton, and Toronto, a large amount going to the latter place.</p>
+
+<p>In 1856, Mr. Morris moved to Cleveland, the amount of business transacted
+with this city making this step prudent. Here the firm of Crawford, Price
+&amp; Morris was formed, which subsequently became Price, Crawford &amp; Morris,
+and finally Morris &amp; Price. On the 15th of February, 1862, he died in the
+forty-third year of his age.</p>
+
+<p>[Illustration: Truly Yours, David Morris]</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Morris was active, industrious, and unfailing in his watchfulness
+over the interests in his charge, both when an employee and when an
+employer. His industry set a good example, which those under him were
+induced to follow, and in this way labors which would have wearied and
+discouraged men with a less energetic and industrious manager, were
+performed with cheerfulness. He was a man of few words but his manner and
+acts spoke more forcibly than words, and his men learned to obey and
+respect an employer, who, instead of ordering and lecturing them, quietly
+showed them how he wished a thing by setting about it with them. He was
+careful to restrain his passions, and to act from judgment instead of from
+impulse. In this way he was not only successful in business, and respected
+by his business associates, but possessed the esteem and confidence of his
+workmen, who, when he lay in his last illness, gathered anxiously to learn
+every item of intelligence that could be learned in regard to his
+condition.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Morris was simple and unpretending in his habits, and of a religious
+turn of mind. He felt his obligations to God, and during his later years,
+especially, was diligent in his attention on Divine worship. In the
+closing days of his illness, he was constantly engaged in prayer, and
+departed this life in the assured hope of a peaceful and joyous hereafter.</p>
+
+<p>The disease that carried him off was typhoid fever, with which he was at
+first seized in Cleveland, where he lay at his residence for some weeks.
+On his partial recovery he visited Girard, where he suffered a relapse,
+and after a lingering illness, died at the residence of his parents. He
+was buried in Youngstown cemetery, the funeral exercises being attended by
+one of the largest assemblages of friends ever congregated at that place
+on a similar occasion.</p>
+
+<p>It was feared that with his death the operation of his works would cease
+and a large number of people be thus thrown out of employment. But a short
+time before his death he had expressed the desire that the works should be
+carried on after his departure the same as before it; "because," said he,
+"to stop the work would do much harm to others and no good to us." Mr.
+Morris appointed his wife, Mrs. Dorothy Morris, and Mr. Robert McLauchlan,
+executors of his will, and trustees of the estate. Mr. McLauchlan, who had
+been for a number of years engaged with the firm previous to the death of
+Mr. Morris, and therefore familiar with all its business detail, had the
+additional qualification of being an able financier, and possessing a
+practical knowledge of all branches of the coal interest, and above all,
+a character for unimpeachable integrity. His administration has been
+eminently successful.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Morris left a wife and six children to mourn his loss, the eldest of
+whom, Mary, is now the widow of the late A. V. Cannon, and the second,
+William, is a member of the firm of Ward, Morris &amp; Co., coal dealers. The
+third, John, is engaged at one of the estate mines, at Niles, Ohio, the
+rest being quite young.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="w_i_price"></a>W. I. Price.</h2>
+
+
+<p>W. I. Price was born in Nantiglo, South Wales, May 21st, 1823, and came to
+the United States with his father when about twelve years of age. His
+father settled at Paris, Ohio, where the subject of this sketch remained
+until he grew up to man's estate, when he removed to Cleveland, and was
+engaged as book-keeper with Messrs. Camp &amp; Stockly. The confidence of his
+employers in his business ability and integrity was soon manifested by
+their sending him to Chicago as their agent in the coal business. His stay
+in that city was marked by several severe fits of sickness, and he was
+eventually compelled to leave that post and return to Cleveland.</p>
+
+<p>Soon after his return he became interested with Lemuel Crawford, in the
+business of mining coal, in the early development of which branch of trade
+he filled a conspicuous and important part. He often related, after the
+coal interest had assumed large proportions, the difficulties to be
+surmounted in introducing coal as an article of fuel, especially on the
+steamboats. Frequently he has sat up all night watching for the steamers
+to come in, and then almost gave away coal in order to induce their
+officers to use it.</p>
+
+<p>The firm of Crawford &amp; Price was formed in 1850. With persistent energy it
+continued to push its coal business until it assumed considerable
+proportions, when, in 1856, Mr. David Morris became a partner, and the
+firm name was changed to Crawford, Price &amp; Co., and again in 1858, to
+Price, Crawford &amp; Morris. In 1857, the firm of Price, Morris &amp; Co. was
+established in Chicago, and Mr. Price was, during much of his time,
+actively engaged in the extensive coal transactions of that firm.</p>
+
+<p>[Illustration: Very Resp. Yours, W. I. Price]</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Price was married to Miss Harriet Murray, who died in 1850, after two
+years of married life, leaving one child, which only survived her three
+months. He was married again August 27, 1856, to Miss Caroline Anderson,
+of Manchester, Vermont, daughter of Rev. James Anderson, of the
+Congregational church.</p>
+
+<p>Being in ill health at the time of his second marriage, Mr. Price, with
+his wife, took a trip to Europe, visiting his old home in Wales, and
+returned with his health so much improved that he was scarcely recognized
+by his friends.</p>
+
+<p>The year 1857 was a most trying time for business men. Mr. Price's labors
+were arduous in the extreme; his energy was unbounded, and the labors he
+was compelled to perform doubtless so over-taxed his strength that he had
+not sufficient vitality to recover.</p>
+
+<p>In the Fall of 1858, he had the first serious apprehensions for his
+health. A bronchial difficulty from which he suffered, was aggravated by
+traveling and exposure, and in the Spring of 1859, he went to New York
+for advice. He was told to make another trip to Europe. This advice was
+followed, but he returned very little benefited. After a few weeks he
+started with his wife on a tour south, intending to remain there during
+the Winter. Reaching Charleston, S. C., about the middle of November, he
+remained but a short time, and then set out for the Sulphur Springs, at
+Aiken. Here he improved rapidly, but as the cold came on, and the
+accommodations were poor, it was thought advisable to go further south.
+At Savannah he remained a short time, and after wandering from point to
+point, arrived early in February at New Smyrna, where a large company of
+English hunters made their headquarters. Here they found better food and
+accommodations. After wandering through the South until about the middle
+of May, they returned to New York, where they were met by the partner of
+Mr. Price, Mr. Morris, and Mr. Price's brother Philip. The latter
+accompanied them to Manchester, Vermont. The mountain air of that region
+stopped the cough of the invalid, and from Thursday, May 17th, to Monday
+21st, he was able to sit up, and was attending to business with his
+brother all the morning of the last named day. A friend from Brooklyn
+called, and with him he conversed for half an hour. On rising to bid him
+good bye, he was seized with hemorrhage, and asked to be assisted to bed.
+He never spoke more, and died in fifteen minutes. His remains were
+brought to Cleveland and interred in Erie street cemetery, but were
+afterwards removed to Woodland. The last illness of Mr. Price was borne
+without a murmur.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Price was modest and retiring in manner, affable in disposition, and
+benevolent to a fault. He was most beloved where best known. In business
+circles his integrity was proverbial, and his financial ability
+everywhere acknowledged. Few men have died so sincerely regretted by
+those who knew him.</p>
+
+<p>James Anderson Price, the only child of the subject of this sketch, was
+born April 22d, 1858, and though yet very young, presents in personal
+appearance and disposition an exact counterpart of his father.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="d_w_cross"></a>D. W. Cross.</h2>
+
+
+
+<p>In the Spring of 1855, when the coal trade of Cleveland was,
+comparatively, in its infancy, and before the Mahoning Railroad was built,
+the late Oliver H. Perry and David W. Cross set about investigating the
+coal deposits in the Mahoning Valley, which resulted in their making some
+leases of coal lands, and in purchasing a coal tract of about one hundred
+and fifty acres, known then as the old Heaton coal bank, of Mineral Ridge
+coal. In January, 1856, Perry, Cross &amp; Co. commenced operations in
+earnest, opened an office and coal yard on Johnson &amp; Tisdale's dock and
+mined and brought to Cleveland the first cargo of Mineral Ridge coal. It
+came by the way of the Pennsylvania and Ohio canal from Niles, Trumbull
+county, Ohio.</p>
+
+<p>At that time, when a gold dollar was only worth a dollar, the coal was
+mined at forty cents per ton, the canal freight about one dollar and
+seventy-five cents per ton, "dead work," handling, dockage, &amp;c., about
+seventy-five cents, making the total cost of that coal on the docks in
+Cleveland ready for delivery, about two dollars and ninety cents per ton.</p>
+
+<p>This mine produced about a hundred tons per day. The company that year
+also received about eight thousand tons of Briar Hill or "block coal" from
+Powers' bank, about two miles below Youngstown. This coal was also brought
+in by canal boats.</p>
+
+<p>In the year 1859, Hon. Henry B. Payne, who had an interest in the
+original purchase of coal lands, with a view of establishing his son,
+Nathan P. Payne, in business, bought the entire interest of Mr. Perry in
+the concern and the business was continued in the name of D. W. Cross &amp; Co.
+Mr. N. P. Payne, then an active young man just from his collegiate studies,
+took charge of the retail trade, and Isaac Newton had charge of the books.
+In 1860, arrangements were made with the late Lemuel Crawford to run his
+Chippewa and Briar Hill mines in connection with the Mineral Ridge mines,
+and it resulted in forming the company known as Crawford, Cross &amp; Co., for
+one year, at the expiration of which time the firm of Cross, Payne &amp; Co.,
+composed of D. W. Cross, Nathan P. Payne and Isaac Newton, carried on the
+business. This firm made extensive explorations for coal. They discovered
+and opened the Summit bank coal mines, near Akron, built a locomotive
+railroad three miles long to the canal at Middlebury, and to the Cleveland
+&amp; Zanesville and Atlantic &amp; Great Western railroads; repaired the feeder
+canal from Middlebury to Akron, built a basin capable of holding eight
+canal boats, extensive shutes, docks, &amp;c., capable of handling four
+thousand five hundred tons per day. This coal tract includes between three
+and four hundred acres. The coal is a superior quality of the Massillon
+grade, about four and a half feet thick, and for steam, manufacturing and
+domestic uses is claimed to have no superior. The company employed at this
+mine from seventy-five to a hundred and fifty men; built extensive shaft
+works for elevating coal to the surface; erected about forty comfortable
+tenements for the workmen and miners, and, in short, used all their past
+experience to make this a model mine. It is the nearest coal bank to
+Cleveland now open.</p>
+
+<p>They also, in connection with the late W. A. Otis, Charles A. Otis and
+James Lewis, leased and purchased several hundred acres of coal lands in
+Brookfield, Trumbull county, Ohio, and opened the extensive works known as
+the Otis Coal Company's bank.</p>
+
+<p>A shaft on this tract was sunk to the coal eight by sixteen feet and a
+hundred and fifty-five feet deep, in sixty-one days by Isaac Halford,
+superintendent, through solid rock, said to be the quickest work ever
+known in the valley. This tract produces an excellent quality of the Briar
+Hill grade of coal; a locomotive railroad connects it with a branch of the
+Mahoning Railroad, and the works are capable of mining and raising three
+hundred tons of coal per day.</p>
+
+<p>In February, 1867, Mr. Cross retired from the business, and the present
+firm of Payne, Newton &amp; Co., composed of N. P. Payne, Isaac Newton and
+Charles J. Sheffield, now carry on the extensive business of the entire
+concern. They have ample facilities for mining and handling five or six
+hundred tons of coal per day.</p>
+
+<p>After the completion of the Cleveland &amp; Mahoning Railroad the Pennsylvania
+and Ohio canal was abandoned, the Railroad Company having obtained control
+of the stock, and fixed so high a tariff as to cut off all competition
+with themselves. This effectually killed the canal, except that portion
+between Akron and Kent. The active trade on this part of the Pennsylvania
+and Ohio canal will insure its preservation, and as it is an important
+feeder (supplying water and trade) to the Ohio canal, the State will
+undoubtedly take possession of it. The capital invested by this concern in
+the coal trade is about $250,000.</p>
+
+<p>Since his retirement from the coal trade, Mr. Cross has been actively
+interested in the Winslow Car Roofing Company and the Cleveland Steam
+Gauge Company, both carrying on their manufactories in Cleveland.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="religious"></a>Religious</h2>
+
+
+
+<p>Although originally settled by people from Connecticut, Cleveland was not
+in its early days distinguished for its religious characteristics. Old
+inhabitants narrate how in the infancy of the settlement the whisky shop
+was more frequented than the preaching meeting, whenever that was held,
+and how, on one occasion, a party of scoffing unbelievers bore in mock
+triumph an effigy of the Saviour through the streets. A regular meeting of
+infidels was held, and burlesque celebrations of the Lord's Supper
+performed. Still later, when the business of slaughtering hogs became an
+important branch of industry, it was carried on regularly, on Sundays as
+well as on week-days, and as this was a leading feature in the year's
+doings the religious observance of the day was seriously interfered with
+during slaughtering season. Trade on the river, in the busy season, went
+on with but little regard for the Sundays, except that Mr. John Walworth
+invariably refused, although not a church member, to conform to the usage
+of his neighbors in doing business on that day. Unlike the modern
+emigrants from New England, the Cleveland pioneers did not carry the
+church with them.</p>
+
+<p>The first regularly organized religious society in Cleveland was the
+Episcopal, which gathered together for religious worship in 1817, under
+the ministration of the Rev. Roger Searles. The meetings were held
+wherever a room could be obtained, the court-house, old academy building,
+and other public rooms being frequently used for the purpose. In 1828,
+Trinity Church was regularly incorporated, and the frame building which
+stood on the corner of Seneca and St. Clair streets until its destruction
+by fire in 1853, is remembered with affection by many Clevelanders as
+"Old Trinity."</p>
+
+<p>The next religions organization was Presbyterian. In 1820, a few residents
+of Cleveland engaged, the Rev. Randolph Stone, pastor of a church at
+Morgan, Ashtabula county, to devote a third of his ministrations to
+Cleveland. In June of that year the first Sunday school was established
+with Elisha Taylor as superintendent, but it was only by the most
+persistent effort that it was enabled to combat the prejudices and
+overcome the indifference of the people. In September, 1820, the First
+Presbyterian church was formally organized, with fourteen members, in the
+old log court-house. In 1827, the society was regularly incorporated, and
+in 1834, the old stone church on the Public Square was opened for worship.
+During the whole of this time the congregation had no settled pastor, but
+was dependent on occasional visits of ministers from other places.</p>
+
+<p>The first attempt at Methodist organization was somewhere between 1824 and
+1827. Methodism was not in favor among the early settlers in Cleveland.
+The historian of the Erie Conference relates that a Methodist friend in
+New England, who owned land in Cleveland, sent on a deed for the lot on
+the northeast corner of Ontario and Rockwell street, where Mr. Crittenden
+afterwards built a large stone house, which lot would have been most
+suitable for a church, and that no person could be found willing to pay
+the trifling expense of recording, or take charge of the deed, and it was
+returned to the donor. In 1830, Cleveland became a station, with Rev. Mr.
+Plimpton, pastor.</p>
+
+<p>The first Baptist meeting was held in the old academy, in 1832, the Rev.
+Richmond Taggart preaching to a handful of believers. In 1833, the First
+Baptist society was formally organized with twenty-seven members, Moses
+White and Benjamin Rouse, who still live in the city, being of the
+original deacons. In 1836, their first church, on the corner of Seneca and
+Champlain streets, was dedicated with a sermon by the Rev. Elisha Tucker,
+of Buffalo, who was afterwards called to the pastorate.</p>
+
+<p>About the year 1835, the first Roman Catholic church was built on Columbus
+street on the flats, and was intended to supply the religious needs of the
+Roman Catholics of Cleveland and Ohio City, being situated almost midway
+between the settled portions of the two places. The first pastor was the
+Rev. Mr. Dillon.</p>
+
+<p>In 1835, the first Bethel church, for the use of sailors, was built at the
+back of the site of Gorton, McMillan &amp; Co.'s warehouse. It was a plain
+wooden structure, which remained there until the erection of the brick
+church on Water Street, when the wooden building was removed to make way
+for the Cleveland, Columbus and Cincinnati Railroad.</p>
+
+<p>In 1839, the first Hebrew synagogue was organized and a brick church was
+afterwards built on Eagle street.</p>
+
+<p>From these feeble beginnings have grown up the present religious
+organizations of Cleveland, numbering about seventy churches, many of them
+of great beauty and costliness, with flourishing Sunday schools and
+wealthy congregations. The leading denominations have each several
+churches graded, from stately buildings for the older and wealthier
+congregations to the modest mission chapels. Nearly all the religious
+beliefs of the day are represented by organizations in the city, and all
+are in a flourishing, or at least a growing condition.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="samuel_c_aiken"></a>Samuel C. Aiken.</h2>
+
+
+
+<p>The ancestors of Mr. Aiken were from the North of Ireland, particularly
+from Londonderry, Antrim and Belfast. At an early day one or two colonies
+came over to this country and settled on a tract of land on the Merrimac
+River, in New Hampshire, calling it Londonderry, after the name of the
+city from which most of them had emigrated. Fragments of these colonies
+were soon scattered over New England, and a few families moved to Vermont
+and purchased a tract of land midway between the Green Mountains and
+Connecticut River. The township was at first called Derry, and afterwards
+divided, one portion retaining the original name, and the other taking the
+name of Windham. In the latter town Dr. Aiken was born, September 21,
+1791. His parents were both natives of Londonderry, New Hampshire. Before
+their marriage, his mother, whose maiden name was Clark, resided a
+considerable portion of her time in Boston, with a brother and three
+sisters, and was there when the Revolutionary war broke out. When the city
+fell into the hands of the British, they refused to let any one leave. By
+some means however Miss Clark escaped and crossed over to Cambridge, where
+the American army was stationed under General Washington. After
+questioning her as to her escape and the situation of affairs in the city,
+Washington told her, that, in the present condition of the country it was
+unsafe for her to travel unprotected, and accordingly gave her an escort,
+proving that the great General was also mindful of the courtesies of a
+gentleman.</p>
+
+<p>When about twelve or thirteen years of age, Dr. Aiken, after a preparatory
+course, entered Middlebury college, in 1813. In his junior year a long fit
+of sickness placed him under the care of a physician from Georgia, who
+bled him forty times and gave him calomel and julep, (such was the way of
+curing fever,) sufficient to destroy the best constitution. The
+consequence was, his health was so impaired that he was obliged to leave
+college for a year. Afterwards returning he entered the class of 1814. In
+both classes were quite a number of young men who became distinguished in
+Church and State. Among them was Sylvester Larned, the eloquent preacher
+of New Orleans, Levi Parsons and Pliney Fisk, first missionaries to
+Palestine, Carlos Wilcox, the poet, Silas Wright, afterwards Governor of
+New York State, and Samuel Nelson, now on the Bench of the Supreme Court
+of the United States.</p>
+
+<p>[Illustration: ]</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Aiken's first religious impressions were occasioned by reading
+Doddridge's Rise and Progress of Religion in the Soul. Faithful parental
+instruction in the Bible and Shorter Catechism had laid the foundation for
+belief in the truth of religion. A revival of religion soon after entering
+college awakened a new and solemn purpose to devote his life to the work
+of the Gospel ministry. The usual course of three years at Andover
+Theological Seminary was passed without any special occurrence. He was
+then called by the "Young Men's Missionary Society" in New York, to labor
+in their service in that city. He had but just entered the field when an
+urgent request from the First Presbyterian society in Utica, New York,
+took him to that place, then only a small village, where he was ordained
+and installed, the third of February, 1818. Some events of deep interest
+occurred while he was in Utica. The building and completion of the Erie
+canal was one. The cholera in 1832, was another. It was there and then
+this fatal epidemic first appeared in the United States. In Utica also
+during his ministry were several revivals of religion of great power and
+interest. Moreover, about that time the subject of anti-slavery began to
+be agitated; opposition and mobs began to gather, which, under the control
+of the Almighty, have resulted in the emancipation of millions of slaves.</p>
+
+<p>Impaired health, after about nineteen years of labor, with very little
+relaxation or relief by traveling, such as is common now, determined him
+to accept a call from the First Presbyterian church and society in
+Cleveland, over which he was installed pastor in November, 1835. Although
+the church had been organized fifteen years, Rev. Mr. Aiken was the first
+regular pastor. The ministerial duties were performed by supplies.</p>
+
+<p>Soon after Mr. Aiken was installed pastor, a great financial revulsion
+took place; and for a period of about ten years he voluntarily
+relinquished three hundred dollars out of his salary of fifteen hundred,
+lest it should prove burthensome to the church. This low tide in financial
+matters was characterized by remarkable religious developments; slavery,
+temperance and Millerism became church questions; and it was regarded as
+the peculiar mission of Mr. Aiken to distinguish between truth and error.
+His moderation, judicious advice, and devoted character were just
+calculated to conduct his charge safely through the distractions of that
+period. The society increased at such a rate that the building became
+crowded, and another church was organized for the West Side. On the East
+Side a Congregational church was formed about the year 1840, to which some
+of the more radical members of the First Presbyterian church went over. In
+process of time the nucleus of the Second Presbyterian church on Superior
+street, and the Third, on Euclid street, were formed out of the First
+church, not because of any dissatisfaction, however, but for want of room.
+But, notwithstanding these offshoots, a new and larger edifice became
+necessary, and in 1853, the present enlarged, elegant and substantial
+building was put up on the site of that of 1834. In March, 1857, the wood
+work of this spacious stone structure was destroyed by fire.</p>
+
+<p>In his physical constitution, with which the mental is closely allied, Mr.
+Aiken is deliberate, to a degree which some have greatly mistaken for
+indolence. But with a commanding person, and strong will this habitual
+absence of excitement was never tame, but rather impressive. He seldom
+rose above the even tenor of his discourse, but never fell to commonplace,
+was generally interesting and occasionally eloquent. His sermons were not
+hasty compositions, without a purpose, but well studied, rich with
+original and important thought, artistically arranged and glowing with
+genuine piety and embellished with scholastic treasures. Dr. Aiken
+possessed the accomplishment, and understood the value of good reading, so
+rare in the pulpit, and which is scarcely inferior to eloquence. We
+remember but few occasions when he became thoroughly aroused. The
+destruction of so fine a church edifice so soon after it was completed
+seemed to him a personal calamity. On the following Sunday the
+congregation met in Chapin's Hall. His heart was evidently full of grief;
+but also of submission. His fine enunciation, correct emphasis, and strong
+yet suppressed feelings, secured the earnest attention of every hearer. He
+touched graphically upon the power of fire; how it fractures the rock,
+softens obdurate metals, envelopes the prairies in flame, and how it
+seized upon the seats, ceiling and roof in his darling house of worship,
+thence fiercely ascending the spire to strive to rise still higher, and
+invade the clouds. From this he turned to the doctrine of submission, in a
+manner so earnest and pathetic that a perceptible agitation pervaded the
+audience, in which many could not suppress their tears. There was no
+laboring after effect. It was the natural result of a lofty sentiment,
+expressed with unction, beauty and vigor.</p>
+
+<p>During the same year the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church was
+held at Cleveland. The slavery question was there presented for the last
+time. The Southern members, represented by Rev. Mr. Ross, of Alabama, had
+counted upon what they called a conservative course, on the part of Mr.
+Aiken. They wished, simply, to be let alone. From the Middle States there
+were many clergyman of moderate views, who expected him to take their
+ground, or, at least, to be silent. He had advised non-resistence to the
+execution of the fugitive slave law, even on the part of the blacks, in
+cases where governmental officials were implicated. As usual, the negro
+question came up, and a large portion of a day was given to it.</p>
+
+<p>Until near the close of the debate the representatives of the Middle and
+Southern States were quite hopeful of a moderate policy, or of no policy.
+Mr. Aiken sat near the marble pulpit in the Second church without any
+apparent interest in the discussion. He rose and spoke with difficulty and
+in a weak voice, and few words. In a temperate but firm and patriarchal
+manner he recounted the various phases of the question, during his public
+ministry. He then touched upon the moral and religions aspect of the case,
+but with no asseveration, and concluded by denouncing slavery as an evil,
+so monstrous that the church could neither sustain nor ignore it. The
+silence was so complete that no word was lost. When he sat down, the
+Southern members remarked that their fate within the church was settled.</p>
+
+<p>On a previous public occasion in 1851, when the Columbus Railway was just
+completed, and an excursion of State dignitaries made a trial trip to
+Cleveland, Mr. Aiken was requested to preach in their presence. As this
+discourse is one of a very few that have been printed, we can give a few
+literal extracts:</p>
+
+<p>  It was my privilege on the Lord's day to address De Witt Clinton and
+  the Canal Commissioners of New York in recognition of the beneficient
+  hand of Providence, who had carried them on to the completion of the
+  Erie Canal. In a moral and religions, as well as in a social and
+  commercial point of view, there is something both solemn and sublime
+  in the completion of a great thoroughfare. It indicates not only the
+  march of mind and a higher type of society, but the evolution of a
+  divine purpose.</p>
+
+<p>In his quarter century sermon, June 3d, 1850, he says of revivals:</p>
+
+<p>  They are as their Divine Author says, like the breath of wind through
+  fragrant trees and flowers, scattering grateful odors, pervading the
+  universal church with the treasured sweetness of divine grace. If my
+  success has not been as great as I would wish, it is as great as I had
+  reason to expect. I confess I have much to deplore, and much for which
+  to be thankful. There have been adverse influences here to counteract
+  those usually falling to the lot of other ministers. So far as the
+  subject of slavery is concerned I have endeavored without the fear or
+  favor of man to preserve a course best calculated to promote freedom and
+  save the church from dismemberment.</p>
+
+<p>With such a style, perspicuous, easy and impressive, it is easy to see
+how he might thoroughly absorb the attention of an audience, without
+affecting the orator. If he had been more ambitions and more enterprising,
+he might have risen higher as a popular preacher, but would have held a
+lower place in the affections of his people. The position of a pastor in
+an active and growing city is beset with difficulty on all sides. To
+retain place and influence in one congregation during a period of
+thirty-five years is an evidence of prudence, character and stability of
+purpose more to be desired than outside fame in the church.</p>
+
+<p>Though not yet arrived at extreme old age, he is too feeble to perform
+much service. It is ten years since he has retired from active duty, but
+his congregation continue his annual salary by an unanimous vote. Few
+clergyman are permitted to witness, like him, the fruits of their early
+labors. He has contributed largely to shape the religions institutions of
+a city, while it was increasing in population from three thousand to
+ninety thousand. We remember but one instance where he was drawn into a
+newspaper discussion. This was in the year 1815, in which he reviewed the
+decrees of the Council of Trent in relation to the prohibition of the
+Scriptures to the common people. The letters of "Clericus" and "Veritas"
+on that subject covered the whole ground on both sides, and are worthy of
+publication in a more permanent form.</p>
+
+<p>The Rev. Doctor sustained the relation of pastor to the First Presbyterian
+church until 1858, when he resigned, leaving the Rev. Dr. Goodrich sole
+pastor. The whole extent of his ministry from the time of his license by
+the Londonderry Presbytery, 1817, to the present time, March, 1869, has
+been about fifty-three years. During forty-three years of this period he
+has been a pastor in only two congregations. The other portion of this
+time he has preached and labored in vacant churches and where there was no
+church, as health and opportunity permitted.</p>
+
+<p>The Doctor still resides in Cleveland, beloved by the church over which
+for so many years he watched and prayed, and honored in a community in
+which he has so long been recognized as an unswerving advocate of right.</p>
+
+<p>Retired from active duty, and nearing, as he is, the sunset of life, his
+quiet hours may bring to him remembrances of vigorous effort and
+unmeasured usefulness, while his gentle nature may be cheered by the
+consciousness that he still holds the love of this people.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="seymour_w_adams"></a>Seymour W. Adams.</h2>
+
+
+
+<p>The subject of this sketch, Rev. Seymour Webster Adams, D. D., was born at
+Vernon, Oneida county, New York, August 1, 1815. His father's name was
+Isaac Adams and his mother's maiden name was Eunice Webster--she was a
+niece of Noah Webster, the great American lexicographer. His mother is
+still living. His father died in 1861. Dr. Adams was possessed of
+remarkable equanimity of temperament, a healthful constitution and great
+powers of application and endurance. These traits, the home influences
+under which he was nurtured, developed in a high degree. His early years
+were passed upon his father's farm at Vernon and in the home circle.
+Having before him constantly not only the example of right living, as
+generally esteemed, but of holy living, he could not do otherwise than
+profit greatly by the example set before him. But he did not only profit
+by this example--he went much further. It is said of him, "As a son he was
+docile, loving, tenderly attached to his kindred, profoundly obedient and
+reverent towards his parents, whose wish was the law of his heart, and
+whom he loved to call blessed."</p>
+
+<p>At the age of seventeen he became a member of the Baptist church at
+Vernon, and soon after this entered upon a course of preparation for a
+liberal education and in due time he entered Hamilton College, Clinton,
+New York, from which he graduated after a full course, taking a very high
+position in his class.</p>
+
+<p>That the leading traits of his character while young may be appreciated,
+some of his early writings are here referred to.</p>
+
+<p>Soon after entering upon his collegiate course he wrote upon "Integrity of
+Character," and among other things remarked that the man who suffers his
+principles to be violated "sacrifices his honor, barters all that is noble
+and admirable, and abandons those principles to which he should cling with
+an unyielding grasp."</p>
+
+<p>On another occasion a little further on he is found maintaining the
+necessity of the exercise of the physical and intellectual powers of man
+"as a wise provision of the Sovereign Ruler of the world" for man's
+happiness, and he maintains that not only in this should there be activity
+but <i>energy</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Afterwards, in 1841, when he had become a senior and was about to bid
+adieu to college life, he chose as the subject of his oration,
+"Development of Character," maintaining that no one can become "deservedly
+great" who does not encounter and overcome the impediments and
+difficulties constantly presenting themselves. He says: "Difficulties may
+long have met the aspirant at every step and been for years his constant
+companions, yet so far from proving detrimental, they have been among the
+most efficient means for preparing him for vigorous effort to surmount
+still greater barriers."</p>
+
+<p>These references are deemed sufficient to indicate the principles and
+leading traits of the youthful Seymour W. Adams, and as we shall see, were
+his unvarying guides through life. To him it was the same to resolve as to
+perform, for whether in earlier or later life he never put his hand to the
+plow and looked back. Therefore, having resolved to become a Christian
+minister, he never swerved from that resolution for a single moment, but
+went forward with his mind fixed upon his purpose and object as the
+mariner's upon his guiding star. In pursuance of his previous
+determination, in the Fall of 1841 he entered the Hamilton Theological
+Seminary at Hamilton, Madison county, New York, from which in regular
+course he graduated, and after acting as ministerial supply in one or two
+places, he was called to and accepted the pastorate of the Baptist church
+at Vernon, his native place, having previously received ordination. Here
+he was greatly beloved by his people and continued there quietly pursuing
+his duties, until sought out at his village home and invited to accept the
+vacant pastorate of the First Baptist church of Cleveland, Ohio.</p>
+
+<p>When first invited to the Cleveland pastorate he refused to listen, and
+declined to entertain the call; but upon the matter being further pressed
+upon him, upon the second call he consented to visit Cleveland for the
+purpose of becoming acquainted with the people and learning their
+situation, but was careful to give them no encouragement that he would
+accept their invitation.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Adams came to Cleveland in pursuance of this call October 19th, 1846,
+and after remaining three weeks returned home to Vernon, leaving it in
+great doubt whether he would return here. In about a month afterwards, the
+church at Cleveland calling him was relieved of suspense by his acceptance
+of the pastorate. He entered upon it November 22d, 1846. The subject of
+his discourse on this occasion was:</p>
+
+<p>  "For they watch for your souls as they that must give
+  account."--Heb. xiii, 17.</p>
+
+<p>A few words as to this discourse is deemed not out of place here, as it
+has become historic in the church to which it was delivered. The doctrine
+of the discourse was the reciprocal duty of pastor and people. Reference
+will only be made to what appertains to the pastor. He laid down most
+rigid rules for him--"that he should be a holy man,"--that he should be
+one that "hath clean hands and a pure heart; who hath not lifted up his
+soul unto vanity." That the injunction was laid upon him, "Keep thyself
+pure;" that as the conduct of the minister is observed by many it should
+be fitting as an example to others "in word, in conversation, in charity,
+in spirit, in faith, in purity." That in preparation for preaching the
+Word "time, thought and prayer must be given--that the burden of all his
+preaching should be 'Christ and him crucified.'"</p>
+
+<p>How well he observed these will appear hereafter in the language of those
+who made addresses at his funeral, or soon afterwards. The reader is also
+referred to the Memoir of Dr. Adams, edited by Judge Bishop.</p>
+
+<p>In this pastorate Dr. Adams continued till his decease. No extended
+reference can be made to his labors in so brief a sketch as this. A mere
+summary only can be given of his life work. The number of sermons preached
+by him, including addresses at funerals, is three thousand four hundred
+and ninety-three; number of marriages solemnized, three hundred and
+fifty-two; number of funerals attended, five hundred and four; number
+received into the church, including those received both by letter and
+baptism, about seven hundred. In addition to his other labors, in 1858-9,
+he wrote the life of Rev. Dr. Nathaniel Kendrick, so long and honorably
+known as the founder of the Hamilton Theological School, and which has
+since grown to be Madison University and Hamilton Theological Seminary.
+While in this work all display and all mere ornament is avoided, it is a
+work of decided merit, requiring severe application and patient industry
+to accomplish it. His surviving wife has said that "his pastoral labors
+were prosecuted regardless of self."</p>
+
+<p>He was three times married. First to Miss Caroline E. Griggs, who died
+April, 1847. Second, January, 1849, to Mrs. Cordelia C. Peck, widow of
+Rev. Linus M. Peck, and daughter of Rev. Dr. Nathaniel Kendrick; she died
+October, 1852. Third, to Miss Augusta Hoyt, August, 1855, who is the
+mother of his four surviving children.</p>
+
+<p>He was not only a Christian minister, but he was a true Christian patriot,
+and never, during all the terrible struggle for the life of the nation,
+when he offered prayer, did he fail to remember his country. Nearly the
+last work of his life was to accept an appointment in the Christian
+Commission to render service in Washington and at the front, relieving and
+comforting the sick and wounded of our army.</p>
+
+<p>On the sixth of July, 1864, he returned home from this service, quite
+unwell, but he thought he could find no space for repose, and labored on
+more intensely than ever, all which time a crisis was approaching which he
+did not anticipate. He at last began to perceive symptoms of severe
+illness, and Sabbath, September 11th, he preached his last sermon to his
+people from Heb. iii: 7, 8. "To-day if ye will hear his voice harden not
+your hearts," &amp;c. All that can be said here of this discourse is, that if
+he had known it was his last he could not have spoken more appropriately
+or warned more earnestly. From the preaching of this discourse he went to
+the sick-room, and on the 27th of September, 1864, Dr. Adams bade adieu to
+earth and passed away.</p>
+
+<p>His funeral was attended September 30th, by a great multitude of mourners
+and friends, at the First Baptist church, and a large number of the
+clergymen of Cleveland participated in the solemnities.</p>
+
+<p>This sketch can not be better concluded than by referring briefly to some
+of the remarks made on that occasion, as a fitting testimonial to the
+character and worth of Dr. Adams.</p>
+
+<p>Remarks, 1st, by Rev. Dr. Aiken:</p>
+
+<p>  I have known him intimately, and I have thought, as I have seen him on
+  the street, of that passage of Scripture, "Behold an Israelite indeed in
+  whom there is no guile," for there was no guile in him. You might read
+  his profession in his daily life. He commended daily the Gospel that he
+  preached, and gave living witness of its power and showed that he loved
+  the truth. He was eminently successful as a pastor and useful in the
+  cause of the Redeemer.</p>
+
+<p>2d, by Rev. Dr. Goodrich:</p>
+
+<p>  There was manifest a diligence in his study and a thoroughness of
+  thought which commanded increased respect the longer we listened to him.
+  His life and character made him felt in this community even more than
+  his words. He preached one day in the week to his own flock, but he
+  lived forth the Gospel of Christ every day before the world. There was
+  in him a sincerity and consistency which could not be hid. He was
+  transparent as crystal and honest as a little child. No man ever doubted
+  him. He was always himself, true, manly, faithful. Men, as they passed
+  him in the street, said to themselves, "There is a man who believes all
+  the Gospel he preaches." He is gone, but his works follow him. "Being
+  dead he yet speaketh."</p>
+
+<p>3d, by Rev. Dr. Hawks:</p>
+
+<p>  Possessed naturally of a strong intellect, he disciplined it by the
+  severe process of thought and study. His scholarship was accurate and
+  thorough, his reading extensive and profitable, by means of these he
+  intended to serve, as he did, Christ and the church. Dr. Adams was a
+  pastor as well as preacher. He taught not only publicly but from
+  house to house.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="j_a_thome"></a>J. A. Thome.</h2>
+
+
+
+<p>James Armstrong Thome was born in Augusta, Kentucky, January 20, 1813.
+He is of Scotch descent on his father's side, and of North Irish by his
+mother, a native Armstrong of the border land. His father was a
+Presbyterian of the Scotch type, and a ruling elder in the church. His
+mother was a Methodist of the original Wesleyan order and period, having
+been converted under the labors of the Wesleys at the age of nine. This
+difference of the parents in religious beliefs and church affinities
+remained unchanged till the death of the mother, each attending their
+respective meetings; yet, wide as the distinction then was, and warm as
+the prevalent feeling was, between Presbyterians and Methodists,
+particularly in Kentucky, there was neither sectarian width nor warmth
+between the godly pair, the twain were one flesh and one spirit in
+Christ Jesus.</p>
+
+<p>The son usually followed his father to church, though he sometimes
+accompanied his mother; and during week-day evenings he had the double
+advantage of going to prayer-meeting with the one, and to class-meeting
+with the other. To this two-fold, yet harmonious, religious training in
+childhood the son is indebted for a breath of religious sentiment and
+sympathy which made him early a Presbyteria-Methodist in heart, and led
+him subsequently to the mid-way ground of Congregationalism, where many a
+Presbyterian and many a Methodist have met in Christian unity,</p>
+
+<p>He owes his early conversion to the faithful teachings and pious example
+of his parents, to their religious instruction, to family worship, to
+Sabbath observance, to sanctuary means, in prosecution of the covenant his
+parents entered into with God when they consecrated him in infancy.</p>
+
+<p>The son's first great sorrow came when he was in his ninth year, in the
+death of his mother. The loss was irreparable, but it led him to Christ,
+From the sad moment when the dying mother laid her hand upon his head and
+spoke in words never to be forgotten, her last benediction, sorrow for the
+sainted dead was blended with penepenitentialrow towards God, and prayers
+and tears cried to heaven for mercy. It was not, however, until the age of
+seventeen that the blind seeker found the Saviour, and conscious peace in
+Him. This happy event was immediately followed by union with the
+Presbyterian church, and this by personal consecration to the ministry.
+Just before his conversion, his college course, early begun, had been
+completed. Three years were spent in farther study, and in travel, and
+general observation bearing on the chosen calling of life.</p>
+
+<p>At the opening of Lane Seminary, under the Theological headship of Dr.
+Lyman Beecher, the young divinity student chose that school of the
+prophets, and joined its first class in 1833. It was a class destined to
+be made famous by a discussion, in its first year, of the slavery
+question, then beginning to be agitated by the formation of an
+anti-slavery society on the basis of immediate emancipation, and by the
+active agitation of the subject in the neighboring city, Cincinnati,
+whereby the mobocratic spirit was aroused, whence threats of sacking the
+seminary buildings, and thereupon alarm and hasty action of the trustees,
+disallowing further agitation, and enjoining the disbanding of the
+society. The students, too much in earnest to yield, after unavailing
+attempts at reconciliation with the authorities, the professors mediating,
+and Doctor Beecher conjuring his beloved pupils to stay with him, seceded
+in a body, in December, 1834. The young Kentuckian, son of a slave-holder,
+became a thorough convert to the doctrine of emancipation, joined the
+anti-slavery society, agitated with his brethren, delivered an address at
+the first anniversary of the American Anti-Slavery Society, in New York,
+May, 1834, and seceded with the class. "A Statement of the Reasons which
+induced the Students of Lane Seminary to Dissolve their Connection with
+that Institution"--a pamphlet of twenty-eight pages, signed by fifty-one
+names, and bearing date December 15, 1834, was published and went over the
+land, and the city, intensifying the agitation at home, and raising it
+throughout the country. Among the signatures to this document are those of
+Theodore D. Weld, H. B. Stanton, George Whipple, J. W. Alvord, George
+Clark, John J. Miter, Amos Dresser, (afterwards scourged in the Public
+Square of Nashville,) William T. Allen, son of a slaveholding Presbyterian
+minister in Alabama, and James A. Thome.</p>
+
+<p>Exiled from the Seminary halls, these rebel reformers took refuge in a
+building hard by the city, and extemporized a Theological school,
+themselves being both lecturers and students. The following Spring,
+negotiations being matured for adding a Theological department to the
+Oberlin Institute by the accession of Professors Finney and Morgan the
+seceders went in a body to Oberlin, where they prosecuted their
+preparations for the ministry, which were completed in 1836. Among these
+first graduates of Oberlin Theological Seminary was J. A. Thome. The Winter
+of 1835-6, he had spent in lecturing on anti-slavery in Ohio, under
+commission of the American Anti-Slavery Society. The Winter of 1836-7, he,
+with Jos. Horace Kimball, of New Hampshire, visited the British West India
+Islands to investigate the results of the abolition of slavery, two years
+prior, by act of Parliament. A volume entitled "Emancipation in the West
+Indies," prepared by Mr. Thome, and published, in 1837, by the American
+Anti-Slavery Society at New York, embodied these observations. The book
+was timely and told efficiently on the reform in this country. The Winter
+of 1837, was passed in Kentucky, the abolitionist living among
+slaveholders, and officiating as the minister in the church of his father.
+The next Spring he accepted a call to the chair of Rhetoric and Belles
+Lettres in Oberlin college, and in September following was married to Miss
+Ann T. Allen, daughter of John Gould Allen, Esq., of Fairfield,
+Connecticut. After ten years of professorial labors, in association with
+men of great worth, most of whom still retain their connection with the
+college, Mr. Thome entered upon the pastoral work, December, 1848, in
+connection with the church of which he is still the pastor.</p>
+
+<p>He has enjoyed a pastorate of twenty years, uninterrupted by serious
+ill-health, and cheered by successive revivals and consequent accessions
+to the church, which, having a membership at the beginning of his
+pastorate of little over one hundred, now numbers over three hundred,
+after many losses by dismission and death.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Thome, early converted to anti-slavery, and consistently devoted to
+that cause, has lived to see slavery abolished in America. In addition to
+the volume on West India Emancipation, he wrote, in 1850, a book on
+Slavery in America, which was published by the British Anti-Slavery
+Society. Since, a Prize Tract on Prayer for the Oppressed, also a tract
+during the war on "What are we Fighting for?" and a treatise on "The
+Future of the Freed People."</p>
+
+<p>At the earnest solicitation of the Secretaries of the American Missionary
+Association, and with the generous consent of his church, Mr. Thome,
+accompanied by his wife and daughter, went abroad early in 1867, to
+secure pecuniary assistance from the friends of the freedmen in England
+and Scotland for their education and evangelization. He was absent on
+this mission one year. The result of his efforts have not yet ceased to
+be realized.</p>
+
+<p>After thirty years of unbroken domestic felicity, three beloved daughters
+having been reared to womanhood in the enjoyment of the Christian's hope,
+and two of them happily wedded, Mr. Thome and his wife were overwhelmed
+with sorrow by the sudden death, on the last day of April, 1869, of their
+second daughter, Mrs. Maria E. Murphy, wife of Mr. Thos. Murphy, of
+Detroit. A lady of singular amiability, purity, and Christian excellence,
+she was endeared by her sweet graces to rich and poor, to young and old,
+throughout the circle of her acquaintances.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="william_h_goodrich"></a>William H. Goodrich.</h2>
+
+
+
+<p>Rev. William H. Goodrich, D. D., pastor of the First Presbyterian Church of
+Cleveland, is a native of New Haven, Conn. His ancestry is among the most
+honorable known in American society. His father was the late Rev. Chauncey
+A. Goodrich, D. D., a greatly distinguished professor in Yale College; and
+his grandfather, Hon. Elizur Goodrich, for some years a representative in
+Congress, and for twenty years Mayor of New Haven; and his
+great-grandfather, Rev. Elizur Goodrich, D. D., distinguished both as a
+clergyman and an astronomer. His mother was the daughter of Noah Webster,
+LL.D., the lexicographer.</p>
+
+<p>He graduated at Yale college, and was subsequently a tutor in that
+institution. He studied theology at the New Haven Theological Seminary.
+While tutor, it was his duty to preserve order about the college grounds,
+and he received, (though not from a student,) during a night disturbance,
+a severe injury upon the head, which put his life in peril and
+interrupted mental labor for a long period. A part of this time was spent
+abroad in 1848; and it was not till 1850 that he entered steadily upon
+the duties of his profession. He was first settled as pastor of the
+Congregational Church of Bristol, Connecticut, where he remained four
+years. He was then called to the pastorate of the Presbyterian Church in
+Binghamton, N. Y., where he remained till 1858, when he removed to this
+city, where, for eleven years, his ministry has been marked by very great
+success. The prosperous condition of the church under his care, together
+with almost unparalleled attachment between pastor and people, afford
+evidence of the ability and faithfulness with which he has discharged his
+ministerial duties. To remarkable mental vigor, he adds great delicacy of
+character and the warmest sympathies; and those who know most of him,
+regard it as no partial judgment which awards him a front rank among
+preachers and pastors.</p>
+
+<p>[Illustration: Yours truly, W. H. Goodrich]</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Goodrich has enjoyed the best of opportunities, and is a writer of
+rare taste and rhetorical force, and an eloquent and impressive speaker.
+As a preacher he is never speculative and theoretical, never dogmatic nor
+sectarian, but eminently spiritual and practical. But the strongest point
+in his character is his downright, never-failing <i>common sense</i>. He never
+blunders, and never has to apologize for important mistakes committed. He
+is remarkable for insight to the character of all with whom he has to do.
+This trait gives him influence with many who care little for the gospel
+which he preaches. Though not conspicuously demonstrative in his outward
+life, and though free from all approach to obtrusiveness, so earnest and
+direct are his ways, that he becomes known to thousands with whom he has
+no personal acquaintance.</p>
+
+<p>In this country it is generally regarded as a misfortune to have had a
+grandfather. Most Americans who have reached distinction for abilities and
+usefulness, have been the sons of parents unknown to fame. As a general
+rule, self-made men are the only well made men. By the force of their own
+energies they have surmounted the difficulties that stood in their
+pathway, and achieved distinction by their own efforts. There are very few
+prominent men in our country whose fathers and grandfathers have left
+names which will live for a score of years in the memory of society. But
+to this general truth the history of our country affords honorable
+exceptions. The sons of certain families distinguished for wealth, for
+talent and for the highest position in society, have been so wisely and
+prayerfully trained that they have escaped the dangers which have proved
+fatal to most of those who have inherited honored names, and to this class
+Mr. Goodrich belongs. Though not ignorant of the truth that his ancestry
+is held in the highest honor by all good men, it seems never to have
+occurred to him that anything less than his own personal labors and merits
+would avail to give him a good name with those whose good opinion is
+desirable. "The poet is born, not made." <i>Character is made, not born</i>.</p>
+
+<p>In 1867, Mr. Goodrich was prostrated by severe illness, which for a
+season filled the hearts of his friends with most painful apprehension,
+but the prayers of a loving people were answered, and after an interim of
+six months he again resumed the duties of his pastorate. It soon became
+apparent, however, that while the "the spirit" was "willing," "the flesh"
+was "weak," and that a longer respite was necessary before he could again
+enter upon his work with his wonted zeal. Hoping to renew his impaired
+energies by a temporary release from care, and in the pleasures of travel,
+Mr. Goodrich, with his wife, sailed for Europe in 1868, where he remained
+for eight months, re-visiting the scenes with which he had become
+acquainted twenty years before. The ultimate object of his tour was
+secured, and at the close of the year he returned to his people in
+excellent health, and with an enriched experience from which he seemed to
+draw new inspiration for his work.</p>
+
+<p>Soon after his return from abroad, the rapidly failing health of his
+mother, residing in New Haven, became to him a constant source of
+solicitude, more especially so from the fact of his being the sole
+surviving child of that once happy and affectionate household. His
+departure for Europe had been saddened by the sudden death of his only
+brother, Rev. Chauncey Goodrich. In the month of August, 1869, that mother
+passed from a life which seemed rounded to completeness, into the
+"day-break of heaven," leaving this son, Rev. William H. Goodrich, to rear
+the tablet to her memory, and to go out from a vacant, voiceless home, the
+last of his household.</p>
+
+<p>But a quarter of a century has laid grandparents, parents, brother and
+sisters in the grave.
+
+At the present writing, Mr. Goodrich is once more united to his people,
+and we but give utterance to the general voice in the desire, that in the
+love and confidence of this church and community, he may find solace for
+his bereavements; and that henceforth Cleveland may be the home of his
+adoption, and the field of his labors.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="isaac_errett"></a>Isaac Errett.</h2>
+
+
+
+<p>Among the preachers and writers of the nineteenth century who have pleaded
+for a return to primitive Christianity, the subject of this notice stands
+pre-eminently among the most distinguished. For more than thirty-five
+years he has been connected with the Disciples, and, during the greater
+portion of that time, has been an earnest, able and successful advocate
+for their plea for reformation.</p>
+
+<p>Isaac Errett was born in the city of New York, January 2, 1820. His father
+was a native of Arklow, county of Wicklow, Ireland, and his mother was a
+native of Portsmouth, England. His paternal grandfather was shot down in
+sight of his own house during the Irish rebellion of 1798. His immediate
+parents were both of Protestant families, and became identified with the
+Disciples in New York city, as early as 1811--the father being an elder in
+the original church in that place. Hence, the son was trained from infancy
+in the principles which he now cherishes, and, in the Spring of 1832, at
+Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania--where his mother had moved soon after the death
+of his father, in 1825--when only a little over twelve years of age, at a
+time when the church was without preaching, under the instruction of his
+mother, he, in company with an elder brother, went forward and asked the
+privilege of baptism. He was baptized by Robert McLaren, one of the elders
+of the church.</p>
+
+<p>He now became a diligent student of the Word of God, and, under many
+embarrassing circumstances, made constant and encouraging progress.</p>
+
+<p>From the time he was ten years old he has been dependent upon his own
+personal exertions for a living; hence his respectable education has been
+gathered in the midst of toil and care, by dint of untiring, industrious
+application.</p>
+
+<p>While laboring as farmer, miller, lumberman, bookseller, printer,
+schoolteacher, and editor, he never ceased to augment his stock of useful
+knowledge, and to use whatever opportunities he had for the discipline of
+his mental powers.</p>
+
+<p>He commenced preaching in the city of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, in the
+Spring of 1840, and soon gave promise of the distinguished position which
+he has since held as a preacher of the Gospel.</p>
+
+<p>He enjoyed the advantages of frequent and intimate association with
+Walter Scott, Thomas Campbell, Alexander Campbell, and most of the early
+advocates of primitive Christianity in the West; and his association with
+these men was of incalculable advantage to him, for they not only gave him
+valuable instruction in the principles of the Reformation, but he was
+enabled, by coming in frequent contact with them, to draw inspiration from
+their lives and characters for the great work upon which he had entered.</p>
+
+<p>His ministerial labors have been divided between the work of an evangelist
+and pastor. He was pastor of a church in Pittsburgh three years; New
+Lisbon, Ohio, five years; North Bloomfield, Ohio, two years; Warren, Ohio,
+five years; Muir and Ionia, Michigan, eight years; and Detroit, Michigan,
+two years. At all these points he was eminently successful, and, besides
+his regular pastoral labors, did considerable work in the general field.</p>
+
+<p>He removed to Warren, Ohio, in 1851, and while there, was corresponding
+secretary of the Ohio Missionary Society three years; and it was he who
+first put that society into systematic and active operation.</p>
+
+<p>In 1856, he removed his family to Ionia county, Michigan, and while
+laboring to build up a congregation at that point, he was prevailed upon
+to take the corresponding secretaryship of the American Christian
+Missionary Society, which position he held three years, and succeeded in
+bringing the society to a degree of prosperity which it had never before
+reached. When heresigned the Secretaryship he was appointed first
+vice-president, and afterwards presided at the annual meetings of the
+society until 1866, when he was elected president. This, however, he at
+once declined. In the Spring of 1856, he removed to Cleveland, Ohio.</p>
+
+<p>In April, 1866, he established the Christian Standard in Cleveland, which
+has become a leading and influential religions journal. In August, 1868,
+having been elected first president of Alliance College, he removed to
+Alliance, Ohio, and at once gave to the new college a successful position
+among our literary institutions. In May, 1869, he was elected president of
+the Ohio Christian Missionary Society. In August, 1869, he was elected, by
+a unanimous vote of the Board of Curators of Kentucky University, to the
+presidency of the Agricultural and Mechanical College of that University.
+Also, about the same time, Bethany College tendered him the Biblical
+Department of that institution. We have not learned whether he has yet
+accepted either of these positions.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Errett's personal appearance is striking and prepossessing. He is
+about six feet one inch high, has dark auburn hair, light grey eyes, and a
+well developed muscular organization. As a public speaker he has few, if
+any, superiors. His language is chaste and copious, containing an
+unusually large per cent, of Saxon words; his gesticulation is easy and
+natural, but his voice, though well under control, has not volume enough
+to give full force to his beautiful and stirring thoughts. His writings,
+like his sermons, are full of strong and rugged points, and are frequently
+interspersed with brilliant passages of exquisite beauty that will compare
+favorably with many of the finest word-paintings in the English language.</p>
+
+<p>In the social circle he is companionable, but not a very good
+conversationalist. He needs the inspiration of an audience, or the quiet
+solitude of the study, to bring out his full strength; hence, while he is
+pleasant in company--full of wit and humor--he does not appear there to
+the best advantage.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="benjamin_rouse"></a>Benjamin Rouse</h2>
+
+
+
+<p>Benjamin Rouse was born in Boston, March 23d, 1795, and was brought up as
+a builder, working at the trade at first in Massachusetts, and
+subsequently removing to New York, where he carried on his business
+extensively for about six years. From an early age he had taken great
+interest in religions matters, and especially in the establishment of
+Sunday schools. In 1830, he accepted the appointment of agent of the
+American Sunday School Union for the purpose of going to the West and
+establishing Sunday schools and book depositories. For this purpose he
+gave up his business and turned his face westward, prepared to endure
+hardships and encounter difficulties for the cause in which he was so
+deeply interested.</p>
+
+<p>Coming directly to Cleveland, he opened his Sunday school book depository,
+near the corner of the Public Square and Superior street. The prospect was
+not a hopeful one, but Mr. Rouse had faith, and persevered. There was but
+one church building in the place, old Trinity, built by the Episcopalians
+with the aid of those of other denominations, and but little religious
+sentiment among the people. A Sunday school had for some time struggled
+hard to maintain its existence, and had but just become established on a
+tolerably firm basis. The depository, aided by the active labors of Mr.
+Rouse in the schools, gave a powerful impetus to the cause.</p>
+
+<p>Three months after the opening of the depository Mr. Rouse purchased the
+lot on which it stood, for six hundred dollars. In making the purchase he
+had little thought of its speculative value, the sole object being a
+permanent home for his agency. Time has, however, so enhanced the value of
+property that the lot on which stood the little book-room, has now, with
+the pile of buildings standing on it, reached a value of eighty thousand
+dollars, thus amply repaying Mr. Rouse for his labors in the cause of
+religion and morality in the earlier days of the place.</p>
+
+<p>For about three years the depository was continued, and then Mr. Rouse
+turned his attention for a while to general store-keeping, abandoning it
+finally for the purpose of removing to Richfield, where he went to benefit
+the health of his wife. In that place hie remained six years.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Rouse was a member of the Baptist denomination, and was largely
+instrumental in the organization of a Baptist society in Cleveland. When,
+in 1835, it was decided to erect a church building on the corner of Seneca
+and Champlain streets, the experience of Mr. Rouse, then a deacon of the
+church, was called into requisition. In due time the church was built and
+a steeple placed on it, which became the wonder and admiration of the
+country round about, and Trinity, built by the Episcopalians with the aid
+of those of other denominations, and but little religious sentiment among
+the people. A Sunday school had for some time struggled hard to maintain
+its existence, and had but just become established on a tolerably firm
+basis. The depository, aided by the active labors of Mr. Rouse in the
+schools, gave a powerful impetus to the cause.</p>
+
+<p>Three months after the opening of the depository Mr. Rouse purchased the
+lot on which it stood, for six hundred dollars. In making the purchase he
+had little thought of its speculative value, the sole object being a
+permanent home for his agency. Time has, however, so enhanced the value of
+property that the lot on which stood the little book-room, has now, with
+the pile of buildings standing on it, reached a value of eighty thousand
+dollars, thus amply repaying Mr. Rouse for his labors in the cause of
+religion and morality in the earlier days of the place.</p>
+
+<p>For about three years the depository was continued, and then Mr. Rouse
+turned his attention for a while to general store-keeping, abandoning it
+finally for the purpose of removing to Richfield, where he went to benefit
+the health of his wife. In that place he remained six years.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Rouse was a member of the Baptist denomination, and was largely
+instrumental in the organization of a Baptist society in Cleveland. When,
+in 1835, it was decided to erect a church building on the corner of Seneca
+and Champlain streets, the experience of Mr. Rouse, then a deacon of the
+church, was called into requisition. In due time the church was built and
+a steeple placed on it, which became the wonder and admiration of the
+country round about, and the especial pride of Deacon Rouse.</p>
+
+<p>On his return from Richfield, Mr. Rouse engaged in the coal business in
+connection with Mr. Freeman Butts. About the year 1862, he retired from
+active business and thenceforth devoted his time to the cause of
+patriotism, religion, and charity. From the breaking out of the war Mr.
+and Mrs. Rouse entered vigorously on the work of aiding the nation's cause
+by caring for the nation's defenders. Their zeal and activity were
+irrepressible, visiting the camps and hospitals, ascertaining the needs of
+the soldiers, and then with unresting assiduity collecting money and
+materials to supply those needs. Mrs. Rouse became president of the
+Soldiers' Aid Society of northern Ohio, and was directly instrumental in
+the formation of hundreds of auxiliary societies that made every city,
+village, and nearly every home in northern Ohio busy in the work of
+preparing and sending forward comforts and luxuries for the soldiers of
+the Union. Mrs. Rouse visited camps and hospitals in the South, and her
+visits and reports were productive of great good. Her name was known and
+respected by thousands of soldiers, was repeated with grateful praise in a
+multitude of homes from which brave boys had gone forth to the war, and
+has passed into history. In all her labors she was cordially seconded and
+efficiently aided by her husband.</p>
+
+<p>Three sons and one daughter have been born to this worthy couple.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="medical"></a>Medical.</h2>
+
+
+
+<p>In the early records of Cleveland, as in those of most western towns, the
+story of sickness and death fills a large part. Fever and ague, brought on
+by exposure, privations, and by the miasma from swamp, river and uncleared
+lands, disabled a large number of the early settlers, and hurried some to
+untimely graves. There were no physicians, and save a few drugs and the
+simples gathered from the river banks and forest, there were no remedies.</p>
+
+<p>In course of time appeared the pioneer doctor with his saddle-bags, and he
+was soon followed by a number of his brethren to practice their skill upon
+the settlers. When the first Cleveland Directory was issued, in 1837,
+there were already established a round two dozen of physicians and
+surgeons, and three "surgeon-dentists." It may be interesting to quote
+the names of these brethren of the lancet and saddlebags who purged and
+bled the good people of thirty-two years ago. They were, J. L. Ackley, F.
+I. Bradley, C. D. Brayton, W. A. Clark, Horace Congar, E. Cushing,
+Jonathan Foote, S. B. Gay, Robert Hicks, M. L. Hewitt, Smith Inglehart,
+Robert Johnston, Burr Kellogg, David Long, P. Mathivet, George Mendenhall,
+Joshua Mills, T. M. Moore, W. F. Otis, A. D. Smith, J. Swain, Charles
+Terry, Samuel Underhill, Joseph Walrath. The surgeon-dentists were B.
+Strickland, and Coredon &amp; Sargeant.</p>
+
+<p>This list has now swollen to proportions that make the two dozen and three
+exceedingly insignificant by comparison, and every school of medicine is
+represented. There are two Allopathic medical colleges--the Cleveland and
+Charity Hospital colleges--and two Homeopathic--the Western Homeopathic
+college and the Homeopathic College for Women. There are also three
+hospitals, the Charity Hospital (Allopathic), the Homeopathic Hospital on
+University Heights, and the Woman's Hospital on Wilson street.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="david_long"></a>David Long.</h2>
+
+
+
+<p>Dr. Long was born at Hebron, Washington county, New York, September 29,
+1787. In early life he qualified himself for the practice of medicine and
+surgery, studying in Massachusetts and graduating in New York city. In
+June, 1810, he arrived at Cleveland and commenced his professional career.
+At this early day there was no physician nearer than Painesville on the
+east, Hudson on the south-east, Wooster on the south, River Raisin (now
+Monroe) on the west. The arrival of a physician was, therefore, a matter
+of no small gratification to the settlers here and the neighboring
+settlements.</p>
+
+<p>In this wild region, without roads, streams without bridges, cabins in
+many places eight to ten miles apart, did the young and ardent Long
+hopefully commence the practice of medicine. Nor were the hopes of the
+early settlers disappointed. In rain and snow, in Winter's cold and
+Summer's heat, by darkest midnight or mid-day sun the doctor ever
+cheerfully responded to all the calls for his services with alacrity and
+zeal, forgetful of self, desirous only to administer timely relief to the
+suffering and afflicted. In this he was eminently successful, as many of
+those who knew him for more than a third of a century can testify.</p>
+
+<p>In proof of the untiring perseverance of Dr. Long in the early part of his
+professional life, it has been stated that on one occasion, in the Fall of
+the year, about midnight, he rode nine miles in fifty-one minutes. In
+another instance of extreme urgency, he rode, in the day time, fourteen
+miles in fifty minutes by changing horses twice on the route. He was a
+surgeon in the army during the war of 1812, and brought the news of Hull's
+surrender at Detroit to this city, from the mouth of Black River, a
+distance of twenty-eight miles, in two hours and fourteen minutes. Such
+was his character for promptitude to all the calls that were made upon
+him, and they were far from being few.</p>
+
+<p>For kindness to his patients and friends he had no superior. In his zeal
+in their behalf, in a few years, he sacrificed in a measure one of the
+finest constitutions.</p>
+
+<p>After following his profession thirty years or more, Dr. Long retired
+from general medical practice, and engaged in other pursuits more
+favorable to his health and congenial to his tastes.</p>
+
+<p>In all public measures for the benefit of our city, in the way of
+improvements, schools, churches, every effort in behalf of humanity,
+religion or science, Dr. Long was ready to place his shoulder to the work
+with all the ardor and enthusiasm of youth.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Long never had any aspirations for political distinctions, but such
+was his popularity and so great the confidence of the people in his
+judgment and integrity that he could have obtained it had he so desired.
+At one time, however, he was elected to fill a vacancy which had
+occurred by the death of one of the three County Commissioners.
+Unimportant as this may seem now, it then occasioned intense excitement.
+The location of a new county court house, presumptively fixing the
+county seat for all time, devolved upon these Commissioners. Newburg and
+Cleveland were the contestants, both being villages of about an equal
+number of inhabitants--the claims of each supported by a single
+Commissioner, yet Newburg having the more central location. Though hotly
+contested, Dr. Long was elected, and the result was the erection of the
+Court house in the south-west corner of the square, which was demolished
+about ten years since.</p>
+
+<p>In the year 1834, Dr. Long united with the Presbyterian church in this
+city, and by his daily walk and conduct in the community, by his deeds of
+love and charity to the poor, his kindness to the sick and afflicted gave
+the most striking evidence of a heart renewed by grace and made meet for
+the kingdom of heaven. During his last painful illness his calmness and
+resignation showed that he had placed his trust firmly upon the sure
+foundation.</p>
+
+<p>He filled all the relations of life in a most exemplary manner and thus
+embalmed his memory in the hearts of all who knew and survive him. He died
+on the first day of September, 1851, at the age of sixty-four years,
+lacking a single month.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="john_delamater"></a>John Delamater.</h2>
+
+
+
+<p>Just before the massacre of St. Bartholomew, the ancestors of Dr.
+Delamater fled from France to Holland. The family name was then De La
+Maitre. Being whole-souled protestants, they migrated with other Dutch
+families to the Province of New York, and settled on the banks of the
+Hudson, near Kingston. Their names are still visible on the ancient grave
+stones of that neighborhood. Like the Huguenots, of South Carolina, they
+were Calvinist, or puritans of the French school. They became allied by
+marriage to the Rogardus family of New York, and others partook of the
+blood of Anneke Jans, whose name has become famous in the New York courts.
+The investigation of this connexion and heirship, occupied the last years
+of Prof. Delamater's life. It was closed only about a month before his
+death. His coadjutor in this work, was the late Chancellor Walworth, of
+Saratoga, whose ancestors were also in the line of Anneke Jans.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Delamater was born in Columbia county, New York, near Chatham, on the
+State line of Massachusetts, April 18th, 1787. He died at East Cleveland,
+in March, 1867, having almost reached the extreme age of four score years.</p>
+
+<p>The Huguenots like English Puritans, and the Scotch Irish, have made their
+mark in North America. John Delamater, while a boy, was destined to be a
+farmer, on the soil where he was born. He was transferred to the medical
+profession on account of an accident, which injured his ability for manual
+labor. His father removed to Schenectady, New York, where his son was put
+under the tuition of one of the self-denying clergymen of those times,
+whose salary did not meet the expenses of living. At the age of nineteen
+his medical education was finished and he commenced practice in his native
+town. From thence he moved to Florence, Montgomery county, N. Y. Then
+stopped a short time in Albany, N.Y., and in 1816, established himself at
+Sheffield, Massachusetts. There was a settlement of negroes in this
+ancient borough. Dr. Delamater was then, as ever since, an active
+philanthropist. He attended the negroes as physician, Sunday teacher, and
+preacher. They also drew money from his purse, which was never very well
+filled, and paid back very little, either of his fees or of their debts.
+After some years of assiduous labor on his colored charge, his views of
+the race underwent a radical change. Among the last utterances of his life
+he expressed the opinion, based upon his experience at Sheffield, that the
+negro is by nature unfit for citizenship. In the days of the Jeffersonian
+Republicans and Adams Federalists, Dr. Delamater was in full accord with
+the new and rising Democratic party. He left it during the administration
+of General Jackson, and since then was a thorough Whig and Republican. No
+one hated slavery more. He saw the remnants of it in his early practice
+over the line in Connecticut, but never recovered faith in the capacity of
+the colored man for self-government.</p>
+
+<p>Returning to his medical career, in which for sixty years he led in the
+profession, it is briefly as follows: While practising in the valley of
+the Housatonic, he rode almost constantly on a racking horse, about
+sixteen hands high, and almost with the speed of the wind, and
+occasionally in a two wheeled vehicle, common in those days, called a
+chaise, or more often a "one horse shay." At such times one of his medical
+students rode beside him, and drove the horse.</p>
+
+<p>Between calls along the road the Doctor read his works, especially those
+relating to cases in hand. This custom of keeping up with the new works
+and periodicals of the profession he never relaxed, even after old age and
+the most distressing physical infirmities prevented his practice. Neither
+was the old shay ever abandoned; our citizens remember it well, moving
+carefully along these streets, with its huge calash top and faithful
+horse. No storm of rain or snow prevented him from keeping an appointment
+while he was able to get in and out of his vehicle.</p>
+
+<p>In 1823, Dr. Delamater was made Professer in the Medical Institute of
+Pittsfield, Berkshire county, Mass.; in 1827, at the Fairfield Medical
+School, Herkimer county, New York. He was at the same time giving lessons
+at Bowdoin College, Mass. While at Fairfield, he was invited to lecture in
+the Medical College of Ohio, where Kirtland, Drake and Mussey have
+occupied chairs. This resulted in an appointment as Professor in the
+Willoughby University, Lake county, Ohio, at that time a flourishing
+institution. In 1842, he became one of the Faculty of the Western Reserve
+Medical College, at Cleveland.</p>
+
+<p>Almost every man has some prominent talent, though with many it is never
+developed. With Professor Delamater it was the ability to give prolonged,
+profound and perspicuous lectures. This was his special gift and as usual
+in such cases he was not a facile writer. It is said he delivered seventy
+courses of medical lectures. His memory was perfect and his reading
+embraced everything relating to his profession. A good lecturer requires
+not only a clear perception of his subject, but a lucid and fluent
+presentation of it. Dr. Delamater never wrote lectures. His memoranda were
+of the most meagre kind. They were frequently nothing more than a few
+hieroglyphics made on the margin of a newspaper drawn from his vest pocket
+as he mounted the desk. Every case he had ever treated and all its details
+appeared to be thoroughly fixed in his recollection. He sometimes wrote
+medical essays for publication, but with evident reluctance. In cases of
+malpractice Dr. Delamater was the especial dread of the attorney whose
+side he did not favor. His full, clear and logical statements made a deep
+and generally an irresistible impression upon the court and jury.</p>
+
+<p>After he became unable to visit patients he was consulted with never
+ceasing confidence by physicians and by patients, especially those
+afflicted with chronic complaints.</p>
+
+<p>His moral and religious qualities were as conspicuous as his mental ones.
+He carried the faculty of conscientiousness to a length which the most
+conscientious would regard as extreme. Against the poor his charges for
+professional service were merely nominal and were never pressed, and with
+the rich he was so moderate and easy that with a large practice he was
+barely able to maintain his family, which, like himself, were afflicted
+with prolonged constitutional diseases. His rare Christian virtues are
+described with fidelity and beauty in the farewell discourse of Rev. W. H.
+Goodrich, of the First Presbyterian Church, which, being in print, may be
+read and preserved by the numerous friends of the good old man.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="jared_potter_kirtland"></a>Jared Potter Kirtland.</h2>
+
+
+
+<p>Prof. Kirtland belongs to the class of self-made naturalists who attain to
+greater eminence than others of equal talents and better advantages.
+Success in this branch of science requires not only a native genius, but
+enthusiasm and never tiring perseverance; to the rich and the educated
+these last qualifications are frequently wanting, or, if they are not,
+instead of growing with the progress of life, they become more and more
+weak instead of more and more strong. Industry and ambition are more than
+a match for education in minds of the same order.</p>
+
+<p>[Illustration: Your Fellow Citizen, J. P. Kirtland]</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Kirtland originated at Wallingford, Connecticut. His father,
+Turhand Kirtland, in 1799, was appointed general agent of the
+Connecticut Land Company, on the Reserve. He removed to Poland, in
+Mahoning county, the next year, where he became a prominent citizen of
+the new county then known as New Connecticut. So long as the Company
+existed he was continued in the agency, and survived until 1833 to
+witness the developments of the region.</p>
+
+<p>Jared appears to have been left in Connecticut, probably to secure the
+advantages of those common schools which were wanting in this western
+wilderness. The young man made his appearance in Ohio on horseback, July
+4th, 1810, at the age of fifteen years. He was destined to be a physician,
+and in 1817 he was sent to the celebrated medical school of Dr. Rush, in
+Philadelphia. After leaving that institution he set forth on the way of
+life with horse and saddle bags, dispensing advice and prescriptions,
+according to the custom of the times, to the people of the townships
+around Poland. Every old settler knows what a time the pioneer doctors
+had. Their patients were scattered far and wide in log cabins which stood
+in small clearings in the forest surrounded by gigantic trees. A messenger
+rushed in at any hour of the day or night from a distressed, perhaps a
+distant family, requiring immediate attention. It was the duty of the
+frontier physician to saddle his horse at the moment and return with the
+messenger. The route more often lay along a narrow trail through the
+woods, over roots and logs, with mud and water on all sides. In dark
+nights, or in storms of rain and sleet, the overhanging boughs of the
+trees dripping with water, these visits were not of the most cheerful
+character. In those early days bridges were behind roads in regard to
+condition and repairs, and it was frequently necessary, in order to reach
+a suffering patient, to do as Cassius did--plunge in and trust to a
+faithful horse--in order to cross swollen creeks and rivers.</p>
+
+<p>While engaged in this rude professional practice, acquiring a good
+reputation as a physician, he was closely observing the fishes, reptiles,
+shells and animals of a region teeming with animal and vegetable life.
+Scientific works were scarce in that new region, but living subjects were
+abundant. This exuberance of life was of more value to a scrutinizing
+mind than a surplus of books and a deficiency of specimens. An unusually
+rich field for the naturalist lay open to his daily observation for
+twenty years.</p>
+
+<p>During his residence at Poland, Dr. Kirtland was twice elected to the
+House of Representatives for Ohio. In that body he directed his efforts
+especially to a change in the Penitentiary system. It was mainly through
+his zeal and activity that the old style of treating State prisoners was
+abandoned, and they have been made a source of revenue and not of expense.
+Convict labor has thus proven by experience to be valuable to the public
+and to the convict a relaxation of the rigor of his situation.</p>
+
+<p>It was while studying the habits of the fresh water shells of the
+Mahoning and its branches that Dr. Kirtland made a discovery which
+attracted attention throughout the scientific world. The classification
+of species had been made upon mere difference of form. Dr. Kirtland
+perceived that in the same species a difference of form was due to sex in
+<i>testacea</i> the same as in all other animals, and that too many species
+had been adopted. This bold announcement, coming from the back woods of
+Ohio, created quite a commotion among naturalists. It was, however,
+found, on investigation, to be true, though it rendered obsolete a large
+number of terrible Latin phrases.</p>
+
+<p>In the publication of his views, and afterwards for his descriptions of
+the fishes of Ohio, he found a liberal patron in the Boston Society of
+Natural History. When the State of Ohio organized a geological survey, in
+1838, the department of Natural History was of course given to him. There
+was barely time to make a catalogue of the fauna and flora of the State
+before the survey was suspended, but many of his figures and descriptions
+of the fishes have since been published in the transactions of the Boston
+Society. This appointment broke up his large medical practice in Trumbull
+and adjacent counties. He now accepted the appointment of Professer in the
+Ohio Medical College at Cincinnati. About 1838, Prof. Kirtland removed
+from Poland to Cleveland, to perform the same duties in the Cleveland
+Medical College. With a restless energy he went beyond natural history and
+medicine in his investigations, into the field of horticulture,
+floriculture and agriculture.</p>
+
+<p>Purchasing a rugged farm on the ridge road five miles out of Cleveland, he
+entered with zeal into the business of scientific farming. Here he
+demonstrated that a stiff clay soil derived from the underlying Devonian
+Shales may be made highly productive in fruit. His success stimulated
+others along the ridge road, until the old pastures and meadows on that
+side of the city have been changed into the most profitable orchards and
+gardens in the vicinity. This required twenty years more of time and
+industry, during much of which he came daily to the college and delivered
+one or more lectures. In the lecture his style is entirely
+conversational, but rapid, fluent, and always intelligible. Here all the
+varieties of his studies come into play, as it were, spontaneously. He is
+equally at home among the birds, the insects and the reptiles, the fishes
+or the mammalia. Their habits are as familiar as those of his children and
+grandchildren. He writes but seldom, and thus the teachings of so many
+years on so many subjects are confided principally to the memory of the
+many hundreds of students to whom they have been delivered.</p>
+
+<p>For several years Dr. Kirtland has declined to lecture on any subject. He
+is verging upon four score, a period which with most men, is necessarily
+one of rest if not of weariness, but he has never known what it is to
+rest. No farmer in Rockport is up earlier or attends more closely to his
+grounds. All the valuable varieties of peaches, pears, cherries and
+grapes, have been tested by their actual product, or are in the process of
+being tested. He is enthusiastically fond of the culture of bees and of
+every variety of flowers which will thrive in this climate. A number of
+new varieties of cherries have been originated on the Kirtland farm, and
+after trial those which are valuable have been scattered over the country.
+There are very few men who are enabled to make so many applications of
+science to practical subjects, and still fewer who are permitted to live
+long enough to witness the fruits of their labors.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="theodatus_garlick"></a>Theodatus Garlick.</h2>
+
+
+
+<p>We are almost at a loss in what class to place Dr. Garlick. By natural
+taste and genius he belongs to the artists. His devotion to the healing
+art arose principally from the necessities of our race for something to
+eat and wear. He had the fortune, probably good fortune, to be born in
+Vermont, at Middlebury, March 30th, 1805, in view of the Green
+Mountains, among rocks and mountains. This region is principally famous
+for marble, slate, iron ore, and hardy young men, generally known as
+Green Mountain boys.</p>
+
+<p>An older brother, Abel B. Garlick, having been apprenticed to a marble
+cutter, came out West, sometime after the war of 1812, and located at
+Cleveland. In 1816, Theodatus, at the age of eleven years, had drifted
+as far as Erie, Pennsylvania; in 1819, to Cleveland. The Winter of
+1819-20, he spent at Black River, which was then the leading ship yard of
+the lakes.</p>
+
+<p>Abel B. had artist's ability also. In this region no marble was to be
+found, but a tolerable substitute existed in the fine grained blue
+sandstone at Newburg. A mill was erected at the quarry on Mill creek,
+below the falls, where these stones were sawed, as they are now, into
+handsome slabs.</p>
+
+<p>Like other New Englanders, the Vermont boys are early impressed with the
+idea of self-support. Although Theodatus much preferred fun and frolic to
+hard labor, he entered cheerfully upon the business of a stone cutter at
+the age of sixteen. Their marble yard (without marble) was on Bank street,
+where Morgan &amp; Root's block now stands. Abel marked the outlines of the
+letters upon incipient grave stones in pencil, and Theodatus carved them
+with his chisel. Most of the renowned sculptors of Ohio, such as Powell,
+Clevenger and Jones, took their first lessons in the same way. All of them
+have left samples of their untutored skill in various angels and cherubs,
+now mouldering in old churchyards. The blue sandstone monuments, on which
+Dr. Garlick cut inscriptions fifty years since, are still to be seen in
+the early cemeteries of the Western Reserve; some are touching enough, but
+not a few are more ridiculous than mournful. When Nathan Perry became so
+prosperous that he proposed to remove the old wooden store on the corner
+of Water and Superior streets and replace it with a brick one, he
+concluded to expend something upon ornament. He ordered two oval stone
+signs to be made and to be built into the walls over the two doors, one on
+each street. These were among the earliest efforts of Dr. Garlick. Both of
+these stones were in existence until the ground was cleared for the
+present Bank building, when they were broken up and put into the cellar
+wall. In those days it was one of the duties of an apprentice to sharpen
+the tools at a blacksmith's forge. The young man concluded to carve flying
+cherubims with their stone trumpets to ring in the ears of coming
+generations no longer.</p>
+
+<p>Having a robust physical constitution, he became passionately fond of
+hunting and fishing. In 1822, he lived with a brother in Newbury, Geauga
+county, which was then a forest full of game. In a letter referring to the
+sporting days of his youth, he wrote as follows:</p>
+
+<p>  My brother and myself started out very early one morning for a deer that
+  we knew had been feeding around the cabin that night; within a quarter
+  of a mile from the cabin my brother shot him, and as he fired, up jumped
+  eleven elk; one of our neighbors shot five of them within an acre of
+  ground; they were near together, at bay, fighting with the dogs. I
+  helped to get them in; they were a part of a larger herd, we counted
+  their beds in the snow where they had lain at night, and there were over
+  one hundred in the drove.</p>
+
+<p>[Illustration: Yours Truly, T. Garlick]</p>
+
+<p>Ten or fifteen years previous to that time, one of those tornadoes, which
+occasionally visit this region, had prostrated the timber along a tract a
+mile wide and several miles in length, through the township of Newbury. A
+thicket of bushes had sprung up among the fallen trees, which furnished
+excellent browsing ground and shelter for game, of which there was an
+abundance of bear, wolves, elk, deer, turkeys, &amp;c., constituting quite a
+paradise for a young Nimrod.</p>
+
+<p>He finally determined to become a physician, and after some years of the
+usual experience of medical students, practicing some, and assisting at
+operations, he entered the medical department of the University of
+Maryland, in the city of Baltimore, where he graduated in 1834.</p>
+
+<p>No sooner was his diploma secured than the artist again broke forth. He
+suddenly produced bas-reliefs in wax of five favorite professors without
+sittings, which were pronounced perfect likenesses. General Jackson and
+Henry Clay gave him a short sitting, and the next day their statuetts were
+on exhibition. Mr. Clay expressed his satisfaction for his own in an
+autograph letter. Another miniature in relief, full length, of Chief
+Justice Marshall, from a portrait by Waugh, was pronounced by Mr. Bullock,
+an English virtuoso, as equal to anything produced by Thorwaldsen. But
+being surrounded by medical men, who, like men of all professions, regard
+their own as more important than any other, Dr. Garlick was induced to
+turn his artistic skill upon anatomical models.</p>
+
+<p>He located at Youngstown, Ohio, the same year that he graduated, at which
+place, and at the Medical College of Cleveland, he devoted nearly two
+years in getting up models of all parts of the human body, taken from
+subjects in the dissecting room. They may yet be seen in the Medical
+Colleges at Cleveland, Buffalo, Toronto, Charleston, South Carolina,
+Cincinnati, and other places. These were such close imitations of nature
+that the late Professer Mussey, of Cincinnati, pronounced them superior to
+the French models at Paris by Auzoux. At Youngstown he made a life size
+bust of Judge George Tod, copies of which are now in the family. In 1853,
+after a successful practice at Youngstown, he came to Cleveland, and
+formed a partnership in surgery with the late Professer H. A. Ackley, and
+for a number of years was a member of the Board of Medical Censors of the
+Cleveland Medical College, and vice president of the Cleveland Academy of
+Natural Science. As he was a naturalist, he applied the principles of the
+anatomical models to animals and parts of animals, especially fishes. He
+entered with great zeal upon the artificial propagation of brook trout and
+other fish in connection with Dr. Ackley. In 1857, he published a small
+book, which is the standard work of the United States on this subject.</p>
+
+<p>He was a skillful physician and surgeon, a diligent student of natural
+history, a keen sportsman, and a great lover of the fine arts. A good
+physical constitution is at least one-half of the capital of any man,
+however gifted in mind. In this respect he was like Christopher North,
+with few equals. In the rude contests of strength among the young men of a
+new country, the races, wrestling matches, and occasional fights, he never
+felt like backing down; but of late years this powerful frame has been
+partially stricken with paralysis.</p>
+
+<p>The doctor still resides in this city, devoted to natural science,
+especially botany, but the days of his personal activity are past.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="j_l_cassels"></a>J. L. Cassels.</h2>
+
+
+
+<p>John Lang Cassels, M.D., LL.D., was born in Stirlingshire, Scotland, and
+in 1827, while quite a young man, came to this country. Soon after, he
+studied medicine with Prof. John Delamater, in Fairfield, New York, and
+graduated in 1834, in the College of Physicians and Surgeons located at
+Fairfield, N. Y. He was Demonstrator of Anatomy in that school three years,
+two years during his pupilage and one after his graduation. He opened an
+office for the practice of medicine in Earlville, New York, in the spring
+of 1835, and in the fall of the same year received and accepted the
+appointment of Professor of Chemistry in Willoughby University, Ohio,
+which connection he retained until the fall of 1843, when he and his
+associates opened and established the Cleveland Medical College, in which
+he still occupies the chair of Chemistry.</p>
+
+<p>In 1837, he received the appointment of First Assistant Geologist of the
+New York State Geological Survey, which he occupied for several seasons,
+performing field labor in the summer and lecturing on chemistry in
+Willoughby Medical College during the winter. His connection with the New
+York survey gave him an excellent opportunity to become an expert
+practical geologist; his location being on the Hudson river district,
+offered him a fine field of action, as it is really the key to the geology
+and mineralogy of the State.</p>
+
+<p>In the winter of 1839, he gave a course of demonstrated lectures on
+chemistry before the Young Men's Library Association in Cleveland, the
+first public lectures on science ever given in the city. The following
+winter the citizens of Cleveland invited him to lecture again on the same
+subject, and he complied. The city at that time contained mostly young
+people--only two gray-headed men attended the Stone Church.</p>
+
+<p>In 1815, he spent most of the season in visiting and collecting specimens
+of mineral in the lead region of Wisconsin, Illinois, Iowa and Missouri,
+thus becoming familiar with the geology of their rich mineral region.</p>
+
+<p>In 1846, he spent the whole season in exploring the Lake Superior country,
+coasting the south shore in a bark canoe, having for his traveling
+companions two Indians and a half-breed voyager. At this date there were
+no steamers on Lake Superior, and but a very few small sailing craft. It
+was during this time that he took squatter possession of a mile square of
+the iron region of that country, for the benefit of the Cleveland Iron
+Company. He was the first white man that had visited this region, now so
+famous for its ferruginous wealth. Near the close of the season he spent a
+short time geologizing Isle Royale, and returned to Saut St. Marie on the
+steamer Julia Palmer, which had, during the summer, been hauled over the
+passage of Saut St. Marie. During the winter following, at the request of
+a number of Clevelanders, he gave a public lecture on the Lake Superior
+region; at the close of which he said he would venture a prophecy: "Such
+was the character of the climate, scenery, etc., of Lake Superior that the
+time was not far distant when it would become as great a resort for
+invalids and pleasure-seekers as Saratoga and Newport now are." Also, that
+there is iron enough in the iron district sufficient to furnish a double
+track of the much talked of Whitney's railroad. These statements were then
+received with a stormy manifestation of incredulity.</p>
+
+<p>In 1859, the Jefferson College of Mississippi conferred the Degree of LL.D.
+on Dr. Cassels.</p>
+
+<p>In 1861, he was elected a corresponding member of the Imperial Geological
+Institution of Berlin, Prussia.</p>
+
+<p>For the last ten years, in addition to the duties of his chair in the
+Cleveland Medical College, he has regularly filled the chair of chemistry
+and natural history in the Western Reserve College at Hudson. During the
+past twenty years he has given several courses of popular experimental
+lectures in his favorite branches of chemistry and geology in a number of
+our neighboring towns, Akron, Canton, &amp;c. He is also the regular lecturer
+in these branches in the Female Seminary in Painesville.</p>
+
+<p>Perhaps few men have been as extensively engaged in texicological
+examinations during the past twenty years as Dr. Cassels. Many of these
+have been of great interest, both in a social and moral point of view. In
+all such cases he is regarded with great confidence, both on account of
+his scientific skill and his high sense of moral integrity.</p>
+
+<p>As an analytical chemist he has few superiors, and is much of his spare
+time engaged in the analysis of waters, ores, coal, limestone, &amp;c. In
+1866, he analyzed the water of Cleveland which is brought from Lake Erie
+and distributed through the city. He analyzed this water taken from
+different parts of the city and from the point where it entered the pipes
+to be forced into the reservoir; also from a point in the lake three
+thousand four hundred and fifty feet from the shore, where he advised that
+the inlet pipe ought to be located. All these analyses are embraced in his
+report to the Trustees of the city water works; in which also are many
+valuable suggestions respecting supply pipes and the character of the
+water for steam purposes.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="j_s_newberry"></a>J. S. Newberry.</h2>
+
+
+
+<p>J. S. Newberry, M.D., LL.D., was born at Windsor, Connecticut, of old
+Puritan stock, his ancestry having formed part of the colony which in
+1635, emigrated from Dorchester, colony of Massachusetts Bay, and founded
+the town of Windsor, the first settlement made in Connecticut.</p>
+
+<p>[Illustration: Yours Very Truly, J. S. Newberry]</p>
+
+<p>The family continued to reside at Windsor for two hundred years, during
+which time it held an honorable place in that community and contributed
+several representatives, who took an important part in the affairs of the
+State government, or in the defense of the colony against the Indians, and
+in the French and Indian and Revolutionary wars. Dr. Newberry's
+grandfather, Hon. Roger Newberry, a distinguished lawyer, and for many
+years a member of the Governor's council, was one of the directors of the
+Connecticut Land Company, which purchased a large part of the Connecticut
+Western Reserve. The town of Newberry received its name from him. His son,
+Henry Newberry, inherited his interest in the land of the company, by
+which he became possessed of large tracts in Summit, Ashtabula, Medina,
+Lorain and Cuyahoga counties, including one hundred acres now within the
+city of Cleveland. Looking after these interests he made three journeys on
+horseback (the first in 1814,) from Connecticut to Ohio, and, in 1824,
+removed his family to Summit county, where he founded the town of Cuyahoga
+Falls, remaining there till his death, in 1854.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Newberry graduated at Western Reserve College, in 1846, and from the
+Cleveland Medical College in 1848. The years 1849 and 1850, he spent in
+study and travel abroad. Returning at the close of the latter year he
+established himself, early in 1851, in the practice of medicine in
+Cleveland. Here he remained till 1855, when his professional business
+became so engrossing as to leave him no time for the scientific study to
+which he had been devoted from his boyhood. To escape from too great
+professional occupation, and impelled by an unconquerable passion for a
+scientific career, in May, 1855, he accepted an appointment from the War
+Department, and became connected with the army as acting assistant
+surgeon and geologist to the party which, under Lieutenant R. S.
+Williamson, U.S.A., made an exploration of the country lying between San
+Francisco and the Columbia river. The results of this expedition are
+embodied in Vol. 6 P. R. R. Reports. The reports of Dr. Newberry on the
+"Geology, Botany and Zoology of North California and Oregon," are
+republished in a volume of 300 pp., 4to., with 48 plates. In 1857-8, he
+accompanied Lieutenant J. O. Ives, U.S.A., in the exploration and
+navigation of the Colorado river, one of the most interesting
+explorations made by any party in any country. The object of the
+expedition was to open a navigable route of communication with our army
+in Utah. To this end an iron steamer was constructed in Philadelphia,
+taken in sections to the head of the Gulf of California, where it was put
+together and launched. With this steamer the river, before almost
+entirely unknown, was navigated for five hundred miles, opening a route
+of travel which has since been extensively used. Beyond the point reached
+by the steamer the course of the river is for several hundreds of miles
+through the "Great Ca&ntilde;on," as it is called, a chasm worn by the stream in
+the table lands of the "Colorado Plateau." This ca&ntilde;on has nearly vertical
+banks, and is nowhere less than three thousand feet deep; in some places
+six thousand feet, or more than a mile in depth.</p>
+
+<p>The party with which Dr. Newberry was connected, spent nearly a year in
+exploring the country bordering the Colorado, adding much to our knowledge
+of our western possessions, and giving, in their report, an interesting
+and graphic description of, perhaps, the most remarkable portion of the
+earth's surface. Half of the report of the Colorado Expedition was
+prepared by Dr. Newberry, and so much importance was attached to his
+observations by his commanding officer, that in the preface he speaks of
+them as constituting "the most interesting material gathered by the
+expedition."</p>
+
+<p>In 1859, having finished his portion of the Colorado Report, Dr. Newberry
+took charge of another party sent out by the War Department, to report to
+Captain J. N. Macomb, topographical engineer, U.S.A., for the exploration
+of the San Juan and upper Colorado rivers. The Summer of 1859 was spent in
+the accomplishment of the object had in view by this expedition, during
+which time the party traveled over a large part of Southern Colorado and
+Utah and Northern Arizona and New Mexico, filling up a wide blank space in
+our maps and opening a great area before unknown, much of which proved
+rich and beautiful, abounding in mineral wealth, and full of natural
+objects of great interest. Among the results of this expedition were the
+determination of the point of junction of Grand and Green rivers, which
+unite to form the Colorado, and the exploration of the valley of the San
+Juan, the largest tributary of the Colorado; a stream as large as the
+Connecticut, before almost unknown, but which, though now without an
+inhabitant upon its banks, is for several hundred miles lined with ruined
+towns or detached edifices built of stone, and once occupied by many
+thousands of a semi-civilized people. The report of this expedition made
+by Dr. Newberry, containing much new and interesting scientific matter,
+was finished just before the war, but yet remains unpublished.</p>
+
+<p>Immediately after the commencement of the war, the United States Sanitary
+Commission was organized. Dr. Newberry was one of the first elected
+members, and it is, perhaps, not too much to say that no other one
+individual contributed more to the great success that attended the labors
+of that organization. In September, 1861, he accepted the position of
+Secretary of the Western Department of the Sanitary Commission, and from
+that time had the general supervision of the affairs of the Commission in
+the valley of the Mississippi; his head-quarters being first at
+Cleveland, and subsequently, as the frontier was carried southward, at
+Louisville, Kentucky.</p>
+
+<p>Through his efforts branches of the Sanitary Commission were established
+in the principal cities of the West, and agencies for the performance of
+its work at all important military points, and with each considerable
+sub-division of the army. Before the close of the war the entire West was
+embraced in one great System of agencies for the production and
+distribution of supplies, and the care of sick and wounded on the
+battle-field, in hospital or in transitu. The magnitude of the work of the
+Sanitary Commission at the West may be inferred from the fact that there
+were at one time over five thousand societies tributary to it in the loyal
+States of the Northwest--that hospital stores of the value of over
+$5,000,000 were distributed by it in the valley of the Mississippi--that
+over 850,000 names were on the records of its Hospital Directory at
+Louisville, and 1,000,000 soldiers, for whom no other adequate provision
+was made, were fed and sheltered in its "homes."</p>
+
+<p>Of this great work Dr. Newberry was the responsible head, and by the
+wisdom and energy displayed by himself very much of the harmony and
+efficiency which characterized this organization are to be ascribed.</p>
+
+<p>As his labors in connection with the Sanitary Commission were drawing
+to a close, Dr. Newberry was appointed Professor of Geology in the
+School of Mines of Columbia College, New York city. He entered on the
+duties of the position in 1866. In 1869, he was appointed by Governor
+Hayes to the office of State Geologist, created by the Ohio General
+Assembly of that year.</p>
+
+<p>The scientific acquirements of Professor Newberry have given him a
+world-wide fame. As a Geologist his reputation ranks among the foremost.
+He has been honored with the membership of the most of the learned
+societies of this country, and of many in Europe; was one of the original
+corporators of the National Academy of Sciences; was recently elected
+president of the American Association for the advancement of Science, and
+is now president of the New York Lyceum of Natural History.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="d_h_beckwith"></a>D. H. Beckwith.</h2>
+
+
+
+<p>The first Homeopathist in Cleveland was W. K. Adams, who succeeded in
+converting Dr. Hoyt, with whom he formed a partnership. Very soon after,
+in 1845, Drs. Wheeler and Williams were added to the list. There were but
+six families in the city having firm faith in the principles of
+homeopathy, and these were silent followers of Dr. John Wheeler, not
+willing to be known as such, so strong was public opinion against them.
+Dr. Wheeler continued unshaken by the strong opposition he met with, and
+heeded neither sneers nor denunciations. His course was onward and his
+practice successful, every month adding to his list of converts, and the
+profits of each year doubling the preceding one. Dr. Wheeler was the first
+member of the profession to propose that a homeopathic medical college
+should be located in Cleveland, and he earnestly pressed his theory that
+Cleveland should be the centre of homeopathy in the West. His name was the
+first signature to procure a charter, and when the college was organized
+he was selected as the President, and held the office for the first eleven
+years of its existence, contributing materially to its success, and
+resigning only when increasing age rendered its duties too onerous, when
+added to a large practice.</p>
+
+<p>From the little beginnings in the early days of Dr. Wheeler's
+practice, homeopathy has grown in Cleveland, until it now reckons a
+flourishing college, a woman's medical college, two hospitals, an
+insurance company, twenty-six practicing physicians, and a host of
+believers in homeopathic principles and modes of treatment.</p>
+
+<p>Prominent among the number of practicing physicians is D. H. Beckwith,
+M.D., who was born in Huron county, Ohio, in 1826. His father was one of
+the pioneers of the northern part of the State; emigrating from the State
+of New York in 1815, and making the journey the most of the way on foot,
+occupying more than six weeks. He remained a few days in Cleveland, and
+not admiring the soil for agricultural purposes (little thinking it was
+the site for a city of its present beauty and magnitude), he journeyed on
+until he reached more fertile soil in Huron county, where, by economy and
+industry, in a short time he accumulated sufficient to purchase a small
+farm, on which he lived until his death, having seen his family of six
+sons and one daughter arrive at mature age.</p>
+
+<p>[Illustration: Truly Yours, D. H. Beckwith]</p>
+
+<p>The subject of this memoir remained at home during his boyhood, attending
+school during the winter and working on the farm in the summer season. At
+the age of sixteen he entered the Norwalk Seminary, pursuing his studies
+with vigor for a few years, when it became necessary for him to earn his
+own living. He taught several schools and was among the first in the State
+to inaugurate the normal school system to elevate the standard of teaching
+and improve public schools.</p>
+
+<p>Early in life he decided that the medical profession would be his choice,
+and all his leisure hours were spent in studying medical books. After
+securing a sufficiency from teaching (as he supposed,) to meet the
+expenses of a medical education, he studiously applied himself, under the
+tuition of John Tiff, M.D., one of the most scientific practitioners of
+the State. During the third year of his studies his money was expended,
+and not wishing to call on friends for assistance he concluded to commence
+the practice of medicine. A partnership was offered him in an adjacent
+town, and arrangements were made for him to commence his professional
+career. He unfolded his plan to his preceptor, who listened attentively to
+his future plans, and then rising from his chair, exclaimed with much
+emphasis: "If there is anything, sir, that I despise, it is half a
+doctor," and immediately left the office. The brilliant prospect was
+clouded. With but eight months more study the young student could commence
+the practice of medicine and be an honor to his preceptor and to himself,
+but the lack of money was a seemingly impassable barrier. It was a dark
+day to the student, but he had learned "never to let his energies
+stagnate." One resource was left him. He determined to open a select
+school for advanced scholars. In four days from that time he entered the
+school room with one hundred scholars, many of them his former pupils.
+Morning and evening he clerked in a drug store, for which he received his
+board and washing. On Wednesday and Saturday evenings he was examined in
+his medical studies with two other students who devoted their entire time
+to their studies. Thus for thirteen weeks he was daily performing the
+duties of a teacher, so arduous that many would have complained, though
+they had no other occupation. In addition to this he was several hours
+each day compounding and dispensing medicine, and at the same time keeping
+pace with his class in the study of materia medica and botany.</p>
+
+<p>Having already attended one course of lectures in an allopathic college,
+and not being satisfied with that mode of prescriptions for the sick, he
+attended the Eclectic College of Cincinnati, where he listened to the
+first course of lectures ever delivered in any chartered college in the
+country on homeopathic medicine, by the lamented Prof. Rosa who had no
+superior in his profession. After receiving his degree he commenced the
+practice of medicine with his preceptor. The prompt and curative effect
+produced by homeopathic remedies soon convinced him of its superiority
+over other systems of medicine and decided him to adopt it as his system
+of practice for life. The success that has attended his labors ever since
+has well proved the correctness of his choice.</p>
+
+<p>The first few years of his practice were spent among the acquaintances of
+his childhood, in the beautiful village of Norwalk. In 1852, he left a
+large practice and many warm friends to seek a larger field for future
+work, and located in Zanesville, Ohio, where he continued his profession
+until the year 1863. The climate not being adapted to the health of his
+family he moved to Cleveland and soon obtained what he had left in
+Zanesville--a large and lucrative practice. By close attention to his
+patients, being always ready to give his services to the poor as
+cheerfully as to the rich, and his unusual kindness to all persons placed
+under his professional care, he has won the affection and esteem of his
+patients to a degree rarely equaled.</p>
+
+<p>He has always taken a lively interest in the advancement of medical
+science, firmly believing in the immutable principles that govern the
+administration of homeopathic medicine as well as the curative effect. He
+has always been anxious to induce young men that proposed to study the
+science of medicine to follow the example of the illustrious Hahnemann.
+His lectures in the Cleveland Homeopathic College have always been
+characterized by practicability. He has not only published a medical
+journal, but has largely contributed to the pages of many others in this
+country. He has always been a leading member of county and State medical
+societies, as well as of the Northwestern and American Institute of
+Homeopathy, holding the office of Vice President of all the above named
+societies. In 1866, he was chosen by the American Institute as one of the
+committee to prepare an essay on Cholera, its nature and treatment.</p>
+
+<p>He was among the first to establish the Hahnemann Life Insurance Company
+of Cleveland, being one of its incorporators and procuring a large amount
+of capital stock for its support, besides giving his time in organizing
+it. He was chosen their chief medical examiner, and the great success of
+the Company is largely due to his skill in selecting good and healthy
+risks for insurance.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<p align="center">[Illustration: T. T. Seelye]</p>
+
+
+<h2><a name="thomas_t_seelye"></a>Thomas T. Seelye.</h2>
+
+
+
+<p>Thomas T. Seelye, M.D., was born in Danbury, Connecticut, August 23, 1818.
+His parents were Seth and Abigail Seelye, of English descent. After
+preparing for a collegiate course, it became necessary for him to take
+charge of his father's store. At twenty-one years of age he commenced the
+study of medicine as a private pupil of William Parker, professor of
+surgery in the College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, from which
+college he graduated in the Spring of 1842. He was then appointed
+assistant physician in Bellevue Hospital, where he remained one year, when
+he commenced the practice of his profession in Woodbury, Connecticut.
+There he remained until the Spring of 1848, when he sold out his business
+and removed to Cleveland, having previously leased a tract of land just
+within the suburbs of the city, covered with native forest and such a
+profusion of real natural beauty in glen, woodland, and beautiful springs
+of soft water, that it seemed apparent that art only needed to blend with
+nature to make this one of the most desirable of localities for a great
+health institution.</p>
+
+<p>His system of practice, though called water cure, in fact drew assistance
+from all the experience of the past in relieving physical suffering and
+curing disease. It was not <i>orthodox</i>, it belonged to no <i>pathy</i>, and in
+consequence had the opposition of all branches of the profession. His
+means were quite limited, as were also his accommodations--not so limited,
+however, but that the expense of construction and furnishing greatly
+exceeded the length of his purse. Business waited for <i>success</i>, to
+establish itself, but the sheriff <i>did not</i>. Debts became due, and nothing
+with which to pay, but hope in the future, which is rather unsatisfactory
+nutriment for hungry creditors.</p>
+
+<p>But, by and by, patient labor and persistent effort in the right direction
+began to bring forth fruit. Business increased, the visits of the sheriff
+were less frequent, and after about five years he could lie down to rest
+at night without fear of a dun in the morning.</p>
+
+<p>In ten years he purchased the Forest City Cure, which was started in
+opposition, the capacity of the old Cure having become altogether
+inadequate for his increased business. After ten years he sold it to the
+Hebrews for an orphan asylum, preferring to unite the two institutions
+under one roof. He then proceeded to complete the plan he had been
+perfecting for the past five years, for erecting buildings of an extent
+that would amply accommodate his ever increasing patronage, and supplied
+with those conveniences and appliances which an experience of twenty-one
+years had deemed most desirable for the invalid. The architect has
+furnished us a sketch of this institution, of which, when completed, every
+lover of our beautiful city will be proud.</p>
+
+<p>In addition to his professional labors he is largely engaged, in
+connection with W. J. Gordon and others, in the manufacture of the
+non-explosive lamp, which bids fair to be one of the most successful and
+extensive manufacturing enterprises ever started in this city.</p>
+
+<p>Within the past three years, Dr. Seelye has purchased the twenty-six acres
+he originally leased, and twenty-two acres adjoining, making a very
+valuable tract of real estate, taken in connection with the present and
+prospective growth of the city.</p>
+
+<p>Although Dr. Seelye is not engaged conspicuously in public charities, few
+hands are so frequently open as his to the wants of the poor. Great
+comprehensiveness of intellect, an indomitable energy, a rare penetration
+and control over other minds, combined with an unblemished integrity of
+character, have given him a high reputation among physicians in the West.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<p align="center">[Illustration: Water Corm.]</p>
+
+
+<h2><a name="manufacturing"></a>Manufacturing</h2>
+
+
+
+<p>With neither water power nor steam power very little can be done in the
+way of manufacturing. Cleveland, until the construction of the Ohio canal,
+was without either of those two requisites for a manufacturing point. The
+Cuyahoga river, though giving abundant water power along a considerable
+portion of its course, enters Cleveland as a slow moving stream, winding
+its sluggish way in so tortuous a course that it seems reluctant to lose
+its identity in the waters of the lake. Water power, under such
+circumstances, is out of the question, and, as with no coal, and a rapidly
+decreasing supply of wood, steam cannot be economically used for
+manufacturing purposes, the people of Cleveland turned their attention
+wholly to buying and selling instead of producing.</p>
+
+<p>The construction of the Ohio canal to the coal fields of Summit county
+opened the eyes of the more enterprising citizens to the possibilities of
+a great future for Cleveland as a manufacturing city. No sooner had the
+canal reached Akron, and an experimental shipment of coal been made to the
+future city--with but poor success, as already narrated--than attention
+was called to the importance of the new field thus opened to Cleveland
+enterprise. On the 7th of March, 1828; a letter appeared in the Cleveland
+Herald, from which the following is an extract:</p>
+
+<p>"We possess, beyond a doubt, decided advantages over Buffalo, or any other
+town on Lake Erie, in our contiguity to inexhaustible beds of pit-coal and
+iron ore, very justly considered the basis of all manufacturing. On the
+one hand, at the distance of about thirty miles, we can obtain any
+quantity of crude iron of an excellent quality, while, on the other, at
+about the same distance, we have access by canal to exhaustless mines of
+coal of good quality. This last most invaluable, and all important article
+in manufacturing, can not be obtained anywhere else on the Lakes without
+the extra expense of shifting from canal-boats to other craft.</p>
+
+<p>"When these mines shall have become extensively worked, coal will be
+delivered in this place very little, if any, above that paid in
+Pittsburgh, say from four to six cents; and good pig-iron can and is now
+delivered at a less price here than in Pittsburgh. Doctor Cooper further
+says: 'The very basis of all profitable manufacturing is, plenty of fuel,
+easily, cheaply and permanently procurable;--the next desirable object is
+plenty of iron ore; iron being the article upon which every other
+manufacture depends. It is to the plentiful distribution of these two
+commodities that Great Britain is chiefly indebted for the pre-eminence
+of her manufactures and her commerce.' Surely it need not be thought
+strange that Cleveland must one day become a great manufacturing place,
+if we consider,</p>
+
+<p>"<i>First</i>, That the canal will give us access to one of the finest portions
+of country in the United States, sufficient for vending, to almost any
+extent, articles such as might be manufactured here;--and, <i>Secondly</i>,
+That power and materials in great abundance are 'easily, cheaply and
+permanently procurable.' There is probably not a town in the Western
+country, Pittsburgh only excepted, that unites these two objects so
+happily as this place does.</p>
+
+<p>"Every steam-engine wanted for boats on the Lake, for mills and factories
+near the Lake, and on and near the canal should be made at this point.</p>
+
+<p>"Not a pound of nails, a wagon-tire, an anchor, a cable, a cast-iron
+stove, pot, kettle, ploughshare, or any article made of cast-iron--a yard
+of coarse cotton, a gallon of beer, an ax, a shovel, nor a spade, should
+be sent east for. There ought to be in full operation before the
+completion of our canal, at least one steam engine manufactory, one
+establishment for puddling iron, one rolling and slitting mill, and nail
+factory, two or three iron foundries, in addition to the one now going
+into operation under very favorable auspices, a cotton factory, a woolen
+factory, a steam grist and saw mill, a brewery, &amp;c."</p>
+
+<p>On the succeeding week appeared some editorial comments in support of the
+suggestions in the letter, and for some time frequent references, by
+correspondents and editorially, were made to the matter. On the 25th of
+April, 1828, appeared in the Herald a notice of a new iron foundry; the
+first that had been built, and reference to which had been made in the
+letter quoted. This was built by John Ballard &amp; Co., and an editorial
+announcing its opening says it "supplies this place and the surrounding
+country on short notice and on reasonable terms, with the various articles
+of cast iron work, for which, before this foundry was established, our
+citizens were forced to send to a distance, and at the cost of much
+trouble and expense."</p>
+
+<p>But with all this urging of newspapers, and talking of far-sighted
+citizens, the cause of manufacturing progressed slowly. To establish
+manufactories was a costly experiment, requiring capital, patience, and a
+faith, which, though some might profess, few actually possessed. As is
+frequently the case in regard to public improvements, those who pressed
+them most had no funds to invest in them, and those who had the funds were
+little inclined to heed the suggestions of moneyless advisers.</p>
+
+<p>MacCabe's Directory of Cleveland and Ohio City for 1837-8, says that at
+that time there were on the east side of the river, in the corporation of
+Cleveland, "four very extensive iron foundries and steam engine
+manufactories; also, three soap and candle manufactories, two breweries,
+one sash factory, two rope walks, one stoneware pottery, two carriage
+manufactories, and two French run millstone manufactories, all of which
+are in full operation." A flouring mill was in course of erection by Mr.
+Ford which, it was predicted, would be, when finished, "the largest and
+most complete establishment of the kind in the State of Ohio." At the same
+time Ohio City was described as possessing "among the principal
+manufactories of the place, the Cuyahoga Steam Furnace, the Saleratus
+manufactory, and the Glue manufactory." The Cuyahoga Steam Furnace had
+turned off in the previous year five hundred tons of castings, besides a
+great quantity of wrought iron work, and gave employment to seventy men.
+In noticing the description of the iron furnaces and steam engine
+manufactories on the East side of the river as "very extensive", it must
+be borne in mind that the standard of size and importance for such
+establishments in Cleveland was much smaller then than now.</p>
+
+<p>In spite of all the attempts made to stir up an interest in manufactories,
+slow progress was made until a comparatively late period. One great
+obstacle in the way was the opposition or indifference of the
+land-holders, who directly rebuffed the proposals of intending
+manufacturers, or placed a value on their land so high as to require an
+amount of capital sunk in the soil that rendered the chances of profit
+very hazardous. There was also a strong prejudice against factories on the
+part of very many persons because they were "so dirty," and would tend to
+make the neat and trim residences and door-yards of Cleveland as smutty as
+those of Pittsburgh.</p>
+
+<p>It was not until the breaking out of the war for the Union called into
+existence manufactories all over the land to supply the needs born of the
+war, that manufactories found a home and cordial welcome in Cleveland. The
+exigencies of the time, and the intense feeling excited, scattered to the
+wind all the prejudices against the dirt and smoke of iron manufactories,
+and establishments of this kind sprang up on all sides, calling into
+existence a host of other manufactories dependent on and contributing to
+the successful conduct of iron foundries and iron mills. The war found
+Cleveland a commercial city, whose trade, if not languishing, threatened
+to soon reach its turning point; it left Cleveland a busy, bustling
+manufacturing city, over a great part of which hung a perpetual cloud of
+dense smoke, and with a population nearly doubled in numbers and greatly
+changed in character owing to its change from a commercial to a
+manufacturing city. The petroleum discovery in North Western Pennsylvania
+and the coincident opening of direct railroad communication between
+Cleveland and the oil regions, contributed greatly to the rapid increase
+of the population and wealth of the city. Oil refineries grew up rapidly
+like mushrooms in the valleys and ravines around, and lined the railroad
+tracks, but, unlike mushrooms, did not disappear with equal rapidity. A
+great number of people found employment in this new industry, and wealth
+poured in with greater volume from this source than had ever been known to
+flow from any species of trade or manufacture hitherto established. From
+this time the future of Cleveland was assured. Year by year it has grown
+with astonishing increase and new manufactories of every description are
+springing up on every side. The flats that had lain deserted and of but
+little value were brought into requisition for iron furnaces and iron
+mills, and wherever lands could be had at reasonable rates in convenient
+neighborhood to transportation lines, factories of some kind were
+established.</p>
+
+<p>The four or five small iron manufactories in and about Cleveland in 1837,
+have grown to fourteen rolling mills, having two hundred puddling furnaces
+and a daily capacity of four hundred tons of finished iron, not including
+the nails spikes, nuts, bolts, horseshoes, &amp;c. Several of these mills own
+their own blast furnaces, and nearly all have coal mines of their own.
+There are also five stove foundries; one malleable iron works; one axe and
+tool company; half a dozen boiler plate and sheet iron works of large
+capacity; nearly as many factories of steam engines of all descriptions,
+and other machinery; three foundries for making car wheels and castings
+for buildings; one large manufactory of cross cut, circular and other
+saws, and several saw and file works of smaller dimensions.</p>
+
+<p>Although the operations of domestic iron works were seriously affected by
+the large increase of importations from Europe, the following amount of
+iron was produced from the mills of Cleveland in 1868:</p>
+
+<pre>  Pig Iron                                 11,037 Tons.
+  Rail Road Iron                           22,344  "
+  Merchant Iron                            11,396  "
+  Boiler, Tank and Sheet Iron               2,676  "
+  Forgings                                  4,125  "
+  Nuts, Washers, Rests, Nails and Spikes    5,607  "
+  Machinery Castings                       18,250  "
+  Wire                                        865  "</pre>
+
+<p>Making a total of 76,300 tons. To produce this it is estimated that
+225,000 tons of coal and coke were consumed. The stove foundries produced
+nearly 35,000 stoves, with the attendant hardware and stove furniture;
+requiring nearly 10,000 tons of metal, and 4,000 tons of coal and coke,
+and giving employment to about five hundred persons.</p>
+
+<p>The planing mills and wooden ware manufactures give direct employment to
+six hundred and fifty persons, and the year's business exceeded a
+million dollars.</p>
+
+<p>The growth and magnitude of the petroleum business of Cleveland can be
+seen by the reports of receipts and shipments during the past four years:</p>
+
+<pre>  Date.               Crude Received    Refined Forwarded
+  1865                 220,000 bbls.    145,000 bbls.
+  1866                    613,247 "     402,430 "
+  1867                    693,100 "     496,600 "
+  1868                    956,479 "     776,356 "</pre>
+
+<p>Between three and four millions of dollars of capital are invested in this
+business in Cleveland, and the annual product will not fall short of ten
+or twelve millions of dollars. The rapid increase of the business created
+an urgent demand for barrels. The receipts of staves in 1868, mainly to
+supply this demand, were nearly three times in excess of the previous
+year. Some 3,000 tons of hoop iron were required for barrels.</p>
+
+<p>It is impossible to give, in the absence of any recent exact census, full
+and correct statistics of the number and classification of the
+manufactories of Cleveland, the capital invested, and the value of the
+product. It has, however, been estimated from the best data that could be
+procured, that the grand total value of all the manufactories of the city
+in 1868, was not less than sixty millions of dollars, and it is daily
+increasing.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="william_b_castle"></a>William B. Castle.</h2>
+
+
+
+<p>William B. Castle was born in Essex, Crittenden county, Vermont, November
+30, 1814. Immediately on the conclusion of the war, his father removed to
+Toronto, where he had been engaged, as an architect, to superintend the
+construction of the first Parliament buildings there. In 1827, he removed
+with his family to Cleveland, William B. Castle being then thirteen years
+old. His father had taken a farm about thirteen miles from the city, and
+there the lad spent most of his time until 1832, when, in company with his
+father and Mr. Charles M. Giddings, he established the first lumber-yard
+in Cleveland. The business was carried on for a couple of years, when Mr.
+Castle, Sen., died, and the son removed to Canada, engaging in
+merchandizing and in manufacturing lumber for the yard in Cleveland. In
+1839, he abandoned the Canada branch of the business, and in the following
+year the partnership with Mr. Giddings was dissolved.</p>
+
+<p>A new partnership was formed with a brother-in-law, under the name of
+Castle &amp; Field, for carrying on the hardware, in connection with jewelry
+and watch making, business, on the west side of the river, then known as
+Ohio City. In 1843, he left the business and entered the Cuyahoga Steam
+Furnace Company, with which he has ever since been connected. So
+thoroughly identified has Mr. Castle been with the history of that
+establishment during the past quarter of a century, that this is a fitting
+place for a brief sketch of the nature and history of the pioneer iron
+company of Cleveland.</p>
+
+<p>In 1830, Mr. Charles Hoyt projected the works which were erected and put
+in operation under the firm name of Hoyt, Railey &amp; Co. In 1834, the firm
+was changed to an incorporated company under the name of the Cuyahoga
+Steam Furnace Company, with a capital of one hundred thousand dollars, of
+which three-fourths were paid in. The principal stockholders at the time
+of the incorporation were Josiah Barber, Richard Lord, John W. Allen, and
+Charles Hoyt. The managing officer was Charles Hoyt. Soon after the
+incorporation the works were burned to the ground, but the company were
+energetic, and soon a substantial brick structure, two hundred and
+thirty-five feet front, with a wing of ninety feet deep, was erected on
+the site of the destroyed building. The pig metal for the use of the works
+was obtained at the company's blast furnace at Dover, twelve miles west,
+and was considered equal in quality to the best Scotch pig. In 1840, Mr.
+Hoyt was succeeded in the management by D. Cushing, who had been secretary
+of the company. In 1843, Mr. Cushing gave place to Elisha T. Sterling, who
+remained the head of the concern until his untimely death, in 1859.</p>
+
+<p>[Illustration: Yours Truly, W. B. Castle]</p>
+
+<p>From the advent of Mr. Sterling and the consequent re-organization of the
+staff of officers of the works, dates the connection of Mr. Castle with
+the establishment. Mr. Castle took the position of secretary, and held
+that post until the death of Mr. Sterling, when he was appointed to fill
+the position of manager. At the time when the sole charge of the works
+devolved upon him the company was in a deplorable financial condition. The
+prospect was sufficient to daunt a less resolute and hopeful spirit, but
+Mr. Castle at once set about the Herculean task of bringing the concern
+through its difficulties and establishing it on a firm financial basis.
+The struggle was long continued, and more than once the advance gained
+seemed suddenly to be again lost, but eventually it was pulled through
+without having compromised a single debt, and without having but a single
+case of litigation under his management. This case was not properly
+chargable to the administration of the works, as it arose from the
+supplying of a defective beam strap, which, there being then no forges in
+Cleveland, had been ordered from Pittsburgh. This unusual exemption from
+litigation was, doubtless, owing to the invariable rule adopted by Mr.
+Castle, to reduce all contracts to careful writing and to live strictly up
+to the letter as well as spirit of the contract.</p>
+
+<p>The heavy work of the establishment in its early years was the supplying
+of most of the mills in Ohio and the new States of the West with mill
+gearing, and the manufacture of agricultural implements. In 1840, was
+commenced the manufacture of stationary and land steam engines. In 1843,
+the manufacture of marine engines was commenced by building the engine for
+the first propeller on Lake Erie, the "Emigrant." About the same time work
+was commenced on engines for the large side-wheel steamers, the largest of
+their day being fitted out with machinery from these works. Among the
+steamers thus equipped, and which were in their successive days the
+wonders of the lakes, was the Europe, Saratoga, Hendrick Hudson, Pacific,
+Avon, and Ohio. Among the propellers receiving their engines from the
+Cuyahoga Works were the Winslow, Idaho, Dean Richmond, Ironsides, S. D.
+Caldwell, Meteor, and a very large number of others, besides a great many
+first-class steam tugs plying on Detroit river.</p>
+
+<p>In 1853, the introduction of the manufacture of locomotives added a new
+feature to the manufacturing industry of Cleveland. The Cleveland,
+Columbus and Cincinnati Railroad was supplied from these works, and
+locomotives were also made for the Cleveland and Pittsburgh, Lake Shore,
+Cleveland and Toledo, and Bellefontaine and Indianapolis Railroads,
+besides several other railroads in the west. In 1857, this branch of the
+business was sold out to the Cleveland, Columbus and Cincinnati Railroad
+Company, who now use the locomotive works for the manufacture and repair
+of their own engines.</p>
+
+<p>In addition to the marine engines, for which the establishment has become
+famous, the company have lately entered upon the manufacture of first
+class engines and blowing machines for blast furnaces. These have been
+supplied to the furnaces in the Mahoning Valley and Wisconsin, and to
+furnaces elsewhere, even supplying Pittsburgh, the home of the iron
+manufacture. A very large engine has been constructed for the Atlantic
+Docks, in Brooklyn, New York. Rolling mill engines and machinery have been
+made for mills at Alliance, in the Tuscarawas Valley, at Harmony, Indiana,
+and at Escanaba, in the Lake Superior iron district. Various engines have
+been supplied to the Newburgh works, including the blowing engines and
+hydraulic cranes for the Bessemer steel works, among the most perfect of
+their kind in America. Railway tools manufactured by the company's works
+have been ordered from so far east as New Jersey.</p>
+
+<p>The Cuyahoga Steam Furnace Company have employed at times two hundred and
+fifty men, and will probably average one hundred and fifty. Year after
+year the company have been compelled to enlarge their facilities, until
+now their property occupies the two corners of Detroit and Centre streets,
+and one corner of Centre and West River streets. The buildings extend
+three hundred and fifty feet on the river, and to a greater length on
+Detroit street. The capital employed amounts to about a quarter of a
+million dollars. The importance of these works in attracting attention and
+capital to Cleveland, in giving employment to the people, and in assisting
+to build up the business of the city, can hardly be overestimated. Taking
+its nature, extent and history together it may probably be said with
+safety that nothing in the city has had a more important influence in
+shaping the future of Cleveland and contributing to its present
+prosperity, and much of this influence is due to the labor and wisdom of
+Mr. Castle. At present the works are organized under the presidency of Mr.
+Castle, with Josephus Holloway as superintendant and designing engineer;
+S. J. Lewis, secretary; W. W. Castle, book-keeper. From 1843 to 1857, the
+superintendent and designing engineer, was Mr. Ethan Rogers, who by his
+knowledge and skill added very much to the celebrity of the works.</p>
+
+<p>In 1853, Mr. Castle was elected mayor of Ohio City, and during his term
+of office the consolidation of the two cities was effected. To bring
+about this desirable end he labored diligently, and was one of the
+commissioners for settling the terms of annexation. In 1855, he was
+elected mayor of the Consolidated city, and his rule was marked by vigor,
+justice, and a strict regard for the rights and interests of the
+citizens. For six years subsequent to his mayoralty he held the office of
+commissioner of water works.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Castle was married in December, 1836, to Miss Mary Derby, who died in
+Canada in the following year. In 1840, he was married to Miss Mary H.
+Newell, of Vermont, by whom he has had one son and three daughters. The
+son, W. W. Castle, now twenty-six, is book-keeper of the Cuyahoga Steam
+Furnace Company. The oldest daughter is wife of Mr. Robert R. Rhodes, of
+Cleveland. The youngest daughters are still at school.</p>
+
+<p>The success of Mr. Castle has been achieved by a persistent struggle
+against adverse circumstances and with but little to aid him but a
+resolute will and good constitution. At an early age he was left with the
+care of his father's family on his hands, and has had to fight, not only
+his own battles, but to struggle with the difficulties into which
+circumstances had thrown the company with which he became connected. Out
+of the struggle he has come with a spotless reputation, the esteem of his
+friends and the respect of his fellow-citizens, financial prosperity, and
+the blessing of good health and undiminished vigor.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="charles_jarvis_woolson"></a>Charles Jarvis Woolson.</h2>
+
+
+
+<p>On the sixth of August, 1869, the citizens of Cleveland were surprised and
+pained at the announcement of the death, on the morning of that day, of
+Charles Jarvis Woolson, one of the most active and respected business men
+of the city. Few were aware of his illness, and even by those acquainted
+with the facts his death, up to within a very short time of the event, was
+wholly unexpected.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Woolson was born in Chester, Vermont, and received careful educational
+training, the family being in good circumstances. His father was engaged
+in various manufacturing enterprises, including cotton and wool fabrics,
+and the making of machine and hand cards. He was one of the very earliest
+manufacturers of cooking stoves in the country.</p>
+
+<p>At the age of nineteen, Mr. Woolson went into business on his own account,
+choosing the newspaper profession instead of manufactures for his <i>debut.</i>
+His first venture was as editor and publisher of a newspaper in Grafton
+county, New Hampshire. Two years later, he sold out and removed to
+Virginia, where he assumed charge of the Charlotteville Advocate. But the
+political and social atmosphere of the South was uncongenial to one born
+and bred in the free air of Vermont. He could neither feel nor affect to
+feel anything but abhorrence of the "institution," and so he soon
+terminated his connection with the press of Virginia, and returned to the
+land of churches, free schools and free speech. In 1830, he married Miss
+Pomeroy, of Cooperstown, New York, and removing to Keene, New Hampshire,
+engaged in mercantile business; but he who has once dabbled in journalism
+imbibes a taste which it is difficult afterwards to eradicate. Mr. Woolson
+was not at home in a mercantile store, and before long he purchased the
+New England Palladium, a Boston daily newspaper, and conducted it for two
+years, when he bade a final adieu to journalism as a profession, disposing
+of his property in the Palladium and removing to Claremont, New Hampshire,
+where he engaged with his father in the manufacture of stoves. Here he
+remained until 1840, when he removed to Cleveland, taking with him the
+patterns and materials connected with the stove business, and commenced
+on his own account in a small way, his capital having been seriously
+crippled by the financial convulsion of 1837.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Woolson had, in 1845, succeeded in getting his business into a
+flourishing condition, when, through the defalcation of a trusted partner,
+he was very nearly ruined. But he did not stop his works one day on
+account of this disaster. Collecting together his scattered resources, he
+set to work all the harder, and as the Fall of the year approached, had
+succeeded in accumulating a fine stock of wares for the Fall trade, which
+he had stored in a warehouse at the rear of his factory, but which he
+neglected to insure. A fire broke out, and the building, with its
+contents, was completely destroyed, resolving the valuable stoves into a
+heap of old iron. Even this did not stop the works. With his
+characteristic energy, Mr. Woolson had the ground cleared and set to work
+with redoubled zeal, making new stoves out of the old iron, and succeeded
+in doing a tolerable business that winter, in spite of his accumulation of
+disasters.</p>
+
+<p>When Mr. Woolson commenced business in Cleveland, it was but a lively
+village. His stove foundry, the first of importance in northern Ohio, when
+running to its full capacity, employed but ten hands, and its trade was
+limited to the immediate vicinity, and a few towns on the canal. But few
+of the farmers then used cooking stoves, the fire on the hearth serving
+for all purposes of cooking and warming. The works now employ about one
+hundred hands when running full, and the customers are found in Chicago,
+St. Louis, Kansas, Nebraska, Minnesota and Iowa. The firm was changed
+several years since to Woolson &amp; Hitchcock, and subsequently to Woolson,
+Hitchcock &amp; Carter. Death removed the senior and junior partners of the
+firm within a few months of each other.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Woolson's death was caused by erysipelas, brought on by debility;
+after an illness of two weeks the disease yielded to medical treatment,
+and he seemed to gain strength rapidly. On Saturday, the 31st of July,
+he joined a party of friends and drove in his buggy twenty miles into
+the country, believing that the fresh air would invigorate him as it had
+done many times before when his health gave way. But the old remedy
+failed, and, leaving his horse behind, Mr. Woolson took the cars and
+reached home in the evening very much exhausted. After lingering five
+days, typhoid symptoms appeared, and at eight o'clock Friday morning he
+died, unconscious, and without suffering, after a life of 63 years and
+one month.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Woolson possessed a very genial and sociable disposition, was highly
+intelligent and well informed, and in spite of an infirmity of deafness
+was a charming companion. His business qualifications are proven by the
+success of the establishment he founded, in spite of the succession of
+unforeseen and unavoidable disasters with which it had to contend. He was
+a man of very domestic habits, and these habits were mellowed and refined
+by many family losses that might have crushed one less hopeful, and less
+patient and uncomplaining. To his family he was entirely devoted, and all
+the affection of a loving household clustered around him with an intensity
+that made the blow of his sudden loss one peculiarly hard to be borne.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Woolson had long been connected with Grace Church (Episcopal), of
+which he was senior warden, and very tender domestic ties, sundered by
+death some years since, made that church peculiarly dear to him.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="william_hart"></a>William Hart.</h2>
+
+
+
+<p>William Hart, son of Judah Hart, of English descent, was born in Norwich,
+Connecticut, in the year 1811. About the year 1821, Judah Hart removed to
+the West with his family, settling in Brownhelm, Lorain county, where he
+died two years after, and one year from this time, William changed his
+residence to Cleveland. Soon after the arrival of the Harts in Cleveland,
+Governor Clinton, of New York, came to Ohio to formally commence the work
+of constructing the Ohio Canal, which was begun on the fourth of July,
+1825. Governor Clinton landed in Cleveland in June, and one of the
+principal incidents of Mr. Hart's recollection of his early days in
+Cleveland, was the general turning out of the people to receive and
+welcome the father of internal improvements. Cleveland was then but an
+insignificant village, a place "six miles from Newburg, where steamboats
+stopped to wood and water," but great, and well-founded hopes were
+entertained of the benefits to flow from the opening of the canal, and the
+people were therefore much elated at the arrival of Governor Clinton, who
+was to commence the important work, and whose influence had done so much
+to aid the enterprise.</p>
+
+<p>[Illustration: Yours Truly, Wm. Hart]</p>
+
+<p>About this time young Hart went to live with Asabel Abel, to whom he was
+apprenticed for the purpose of learning the business of cabinet making.
+When the term of his apprenticeship had expired, he set up in business on
+his own account, at first opening his modest store and workshop on the
+site of the present Birch House, and subsequently, after five or six years
+of business, removing his location to the opposite side of the street, on
+the spot now occupied by his present warehouse.</p>
+
+<p>In 1852, a fire swept away his entire establishment, destroying
+ware-rooms, factory, and all the appurtenances, and throwing out of
+employment the twenty hands of which his force of workmen then consisted.
+In the succeeding year, he rebuilt the warehouse and factory on a greatly
+enlarged scale, and has since still further enlarged and improved the
+buildings, until, in size and commodiousness, they are not excelled in
+the city. At present, seventy-five hands are employed in the
+establishment, aided by the most improved descriptions of labor-saving
+machinery adapted to the business, and the annual sales reach nearly two
+hundred thousand dollars.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Hart believed in always putting his shoulder to the wheel, though on
+one occasion a too literal adherence to this principle came near costing
+him his life. In attempting to give some aid in the factory, he came in
+contact with a circular saw, and his right arm was nearly severed from the
+shoulder. This was in the year 1850. On his partial recovery, the
+citizens, to show their sympathy with him in his misfortune, elected him
+City Treasurer, an office then of but little value, requiring only a small
+portion of his time and paying him two hundred dollars a year. For
+nineteen years he held this office uninterruptedly, being elected by both
+parties term after term, and witnessing the growth of the city, under his
+financial administration, from an annual revenue of forty-eight thousand
+dollars to nearly two millions. The emoluments of the office have risen
+from a salary of two hundred dollars to a salary of fifteen hundred
+dollars, and a percentage on special taxes collected. During his nineteen
+years of service, Mr. Hart has negotiated all the loans, sold the school
+bonds, and collected the special taxes, occupying nearly the whole of his
+time, and employing the services of a clerk in transacting the business of
+his office.</p>
+
+<p>When William Hart became City Treasurer, the credit of the city stood
+rather low, city warrants being hawked about at seventy-five cents on the
+dollar. This unsatisfactory state of things was put an end to, mainly
+through the exertions of the Hon. H. B. Payne, then in the City Council,
+who procured the funding of the outstanding debt, and brought the credit
+of the city up to the high standard at which it now stands.</p>
+
+<p>When Judah Hart reached Cleveland, the then far West, a part of the family
+slept in the Mansion House, occupying the site on which now stands
+Cooper's hardware store, but young William and some other members of the
+family slept in the covered traveling wagon, under a shed standing on the
+site of the present Atwater Block. With the revolution of years the then
+poor boy has now become part owner of the splendid block standing where a
+part of the Harts slept, homeless wayfarers, forty-five years ago.</p>
+
+<p>In 1834, Mr. Hart was married in Cleveland, to Miss Elizabeth Kirk,
+daughter of John Kirk, who had left England about a dozen years
+previously. No children were born of this marriage, but the pair have
+adopted four, giving them all the advantages and rights of children born
+to themselves, and three of these are now married.</p>
+
+<p>Still in vigorous life, Mr. Hart has, to a great extent, retired from
+active business, his establishment being carried on mainly by his sons
+through adoption or marriage. This partial rest he has earned by a life of
+labor and enterprise, in which he has watched narrowly his opportunities,
+and availed himself of every chance of improving his facilities for
+manufacture, and enlarging his field of business, has faithfully performed
+his official duties, and has secured the respect alike of his business
+acquaintances, his political constituents, and the public at large.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="john_bousfield"></a>John Bousfield.</h2>
+
+
+
+<p>The wooden ware manufacture of Cleveland is an important part of its
+industry, the manufacturing establishments being the largest within the
+United States and doing a business that covers the entire west. Large as
+the industry now is, it is of but very recent growth, and Cleveland is
+chiefly indebted for its permanent establishment, in spite of a series of
+discouraging disasters, to the enterprise and determination of John
+Bousfield.</p>
+
+<p>[Illustration: Yours Truly, John Bousfield]</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Bousfield was born at Stockport, in the county of Cheshire, England,
+July 22, 1819. After serving an apprenticeship to the saddle and harness
+business for seven years, he engaged in that business on his own
+account, adding to it the manufacture of whips. Four years were thus
+spent, when he decided on removing to America, leaving his native land
+in December, 1843. Having brought two of his workmen with him, he
+established himself in the same business in a small way in the city of
+New York, but his health failing after a few months, he determined on
+leaving for the west, hoping that a change of atmosphere, and possibly
+of business, would be of benefit.</p>
+
+<p>His first stay was at Kirtland, Lake county, Ohio, where he purchased a
+farm and at the same time carried on the harness business. At this he
+continued until about the year 1850, when he purchased a factory and water
+power, put in a pail-making machine, and commenced, in a small way, the
+manufacture of pails. In 1854, he removed to Fairport, in the same county,
+where he purchased a larger building and carried on pail manufacturing
+upon a larger scale. In March, 1855, he sold out the establishment, taking
+in pay for it a note which he still holds.</p>
+
+<p>In May of that year he came to Cleveland and organized the Cleveland
+Wooden Ware Manufacturing Company, built a factory on the ground now
+occupied by the present firm of Bousfield &amp; Poole, and commenced
+manufacturing in the following September. The first operations of the
+company were on a small scale, making tubs, pails, washboards, and similar
+articles in a limited way, but gradually increasing the business until it
+reached what was then considered respectable proportions. In July, 1857,
+the company sold out to Greenman &amp; Co., of Massachusetts, and Mr.
+Bousfield was retained by the new owners as superintendent of the works,
+until January 12, 1859, when the factory was destroyed by fire.</p>
+
+<p>In March of that year, Mr. Bousfield rented a building on the West Side
+and commenced manufacturing again on his own account. Five months
+afterwards he was burned out. Nothing daunted, he immediately purchased
+the ruins of the Greenman &amp; Co. factory, rebuilt it, and in January, 1860,
+associated with him Mr. J. B. Hervey, of Cleveland, and in the following
+month resumed work.</p>
+
+<p>The new partnership was very successful. The business increased rapidly,
+the area of their trade enlarged until it comprised all the principal
+cities and towns in Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, Illinois and Wisconsin. A
+planing mill was added to the factory, and this, too, was highly
+profitable. In 1864, the works were greatly enlarged to meet the rapidly
+increasing demand for their wares. In 1865, Mr. John Poole, of Harmer,
+Ohio, was admitted to the partnership, thus bringing in additional
+capital and experience gained in the management of a similar factory at
+Harmer. Mr. Poole has devoted himself principally to the financial and
+sales departments of the business, and has proved himself a man of more
+than ordinary business ability.</p>
+
+<p>Thus far everything had been going on prosperously, but the old enemy,
+fire, was as relentless as ever. On the 23d of March, 1866, the whole of
+the extensive establishment was reduced to ashes, and the unfortunate
+proprietors sorrowfully contemplated the ruins of years of labor and
+enterprise, whilst a host of workmen stood still more sorrowfully by, and
+saw their daily bread swept from them by the pitiless flames.
+Seventy-five thousand dollars of capital were converted into valueless
+ashes in a few hours.</p>
+
+<p>The owners of the factory wasted no time in fruitless sorrow. An old
+wooden building had partially escaped the flames. This was hastily patched
+up, and within thirty days they were making pails and tubs as earnestly as
+if they had never known a fire. Mr. Hervey sold out his interest to the
+other partners, Messrs. Bousfield &amp; Poole, who went to work with almost
+unparalleled enterprise and energy, built one of the largest and most
+substantial factories in the country, and entered upon the work of
+manufacturing wooden ware upon a larger scale than had ever before been
+attempted. The factory has two hundred feet front on Leonard and Voltaire
+streets, with a depth of sixty feet, and five stories high; attached to
+the main building are the engine and boiler rooms. The cost of the
+building was forty-five thousand dollars. The present capacity of the
+works is twenty-five hundred pails per day, six hundred tubs, a hundred
+and twenty-five churns and other small ware, and a hundred dozen zinc
+washboards.</p>
+
+<p>In May, 1867, the firm commenced the erection of a match factory which
+was ready for operation in September of that year. A superintendent was
+engaged who, unfortunately, was unqualified for his position and did much
+harm to the enterprise, but on his removal, Mr. Bousfield took personal
+charge of the match factory, and has succeeded in building up an
+extensive trade. The daily capacity of the factory is two hundred and
+ninety gross, which, if run to the full capacity throughout the year,
+would yield to the United States government a revenue of over a hundred
+and twenty thousand dollars.</p>
+
+<p>The trade of Messrs. Bousfield &amp; Poole extends from Buffalo through the
+principal cities of the central, southern and western States, to New
+Orleans on the south, and Salt Lake City on the west, two bills having
+been sold to the son-in-law of Brigham Young in that city. A branch
+warehouse has been established in Chicago as an entrepot for the supply of
+the vast territory of which Chicago is the source of supply.</p>
+
+<p>The manufactory of Messrs. Bousfield &amp; Poole is the largest in the
+country, and for the past three years has turned out about fifty per cent.
+more work than any other in the United States. It consumes ten millions of
+feet of lumber and logs annually, besides other material, and gives
+employment to from three hundred to three hundred and fifty persons, men
+women and children. Its influence on the population and prosperity of the
+city can therefore be judged. The money for the support of these people,
+and for the purchase of the materials employed, is almost wholly brought
+from abroad, the amount of the wares used in Cleveland being, of course, a
+very small fraction of the amount produced and sold. The same is true to a
+greater or less extent, of all the manufactories of Cleveland, and serves
+to account for the rapid growth of the city in population and wealth
+within the few years past, in which Cleveland has entered in good earnest
+on its career as a manufacturing centre.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Bousfield was married January 1, 1855, to Miss Sarah Featherstone, of
+Kirtland, by whom he has had ten children, six of whom are yet living.
+The oldest son, Edward Franklin Bousfield, is engaged with his father in
+the factory.</p>
+
+<p>The secret of Mr. Bousfield's successful career can be found in his
+indomitable perseverance. He has been wholly burned out three times, and
+had, in all, about twenty fires, more or less disastrous, to contend with,
+but each time he seemed to have gained new strength and vigor in business
+as his works rose phoenix like from the ashes. Coupled with his
+perseverance is a remarkable mechanical ingenuity which has served him to
+good purpose in the construction and management of his factories. Whilst
+in England, he invented a machine for braiding whips that would do the
+work of fifteen women working by hand, as was the usual practice.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="j_g_hussey"></a>J. G. Hussey.</h2>
+
+
+
+<p>Among the elements that have contributed to the prosperity of Cleveland,
+copper and oil hold no inconsiderable place. Not only has the cupriferous
+wealth of Lake Superior directly enriched many Cleveland citizens who
+interested themselves in its production, but it has led to the
+establishment of a large and steadily increasing commerce between
+Cleveland and Lake Superior. In the other direction, the enterprise of
+Clevelanders in the petroleum region of Western Pennsylvania has built up
+large fortunes for themselves and has established in Cleveland one of the
+most extensive and remunerative of its industries. One of the earliest to
+be identified, first with the copper and afterwards with the oil interest,
+was J. G. Hussey.</p>
+
+<p>Christopher Hussey, the father of the subject of the present sketch,
+emigrated from Baltimore and settled in Cincinnati, in 1804, subsequently
+removing to Jefferson county, Ohio, where J. G. Hussey was born in 1819.
+Young Hussey received such an education as the facilities of a rural
+neighborhood at that early day afforded, and added to his school knowledge
+the practical details of business by becoming clerk in a village store.
+Here he acquired those correct business habits that stood him in good
+service in after life. In 1840, he opened a store on his own account in
+Hanover, Ohio, and was very successful. From Hanover he removed to
+Pittsburgh, where he operated in provisions until 1845. In that year there
+was much excitement over the mineral discoveries on the south shore of
+Lake Superior. The Indian titles to the mineral lands on that lake had
+been but a short time before completely extinguished, and the surveys of
+Dr. Houghton were bringing the cupriferous riches of the region into
+notice. Mining permits were issued under the authority of Congress, those
+permits giving the applicant a lease for three years, with a conditional
+re-issue for three years more. The lessees were to work the mines with due
+diligence and skill, and to pay a royalty to the United States of six per
+cent, of all the ores raised. Early in the Spring of 1845, Mr. Hussey
+formed a company of miners and explorers, with whom he went to Lake
+Superior and opened several copper veins, some of which proved highly
+productive and are still successfully worked. In some of these he has
+retained an interest to the present time.</p>
+
+<p>[Illustration: Yours Truly, J. G. Hussey]</p>
+
+<p>In the Spring of 1847, he became a member of the private banking firm
+of Hussey, Hanna &amp; Co., in Pittsburgh, which did a successful business
+for several years. At the same time he became interested in a banking
+establishment in Milwaukee under the firm name of Marshall, Hussey &amp;
+Ilsley. In 1850, he removed to Milwaukee, to attend to the interest of
+that firm, but the climate proving injurions to his health, he sold out
+and removed to Cleveland, where he took up his residence in 1851. From
+that time he became thoroughly identified with the business interests
+of the city.</p>
+
+<p>His first act was to establish the Forest City Bank, under the regulations
+of the Free Banking Law of Ohio, and during his connection with the
+institution it was eminently successful. During the same summer, he built
+and put in operation a copper smelting and refining works, under the firm
+name of J. G. Hussey &amp; Co., engaging at the same time in the produce
+commission business, under the firm name of Hussey &amp; Sinclair, which
+afterwards changed to Hussey &amp; McBride. It is a matter of fact, on which
+Mr. Hussey justly prides himself, and to which in great measure he
+attributes his success, that he confined himself strictly to the
+legitimate conduct of his business as a commission dealer, never
+speculating in produce when selling it for others.</p>
+
+<p>In 1859, Mr. Hussey became interested in the discoveries of petroleum in
+the creeks and valleys of Venango county, Pennsylvania. With his
+characteristic energy he went to the scene of the excitement just breaking
+out over the discoveries, and becoming satisfied of their importance, he
+immediately commenced the work of exploration, in company with others, who
+purchased the McElhenny Farm, on which was struck the noted Empire well,
+one of the most famous wells on Oil Creek, that by its extraordinary yield
+first added to the petroleum excitement, and then broke down the market by
+a supply far in excess of the then demand. The tools were no sooner
+extracted than the oil rushed up in a torrent, equal to three thousand
+barrels daily. The good fortune of the adventurers was disastrous. It was
+more than they had bargained for, and was altogether too much of a good
+thing. The demand at that time was very limited, the uses to which
+petroleum had been applied being few, and science had not yet enabled it
+to be converted into the cheap and useful illuminator it has now become.
+One day's flow of the Empire would supply all the demands of the United
+States for a week. Barrels, too, were scarce, and when those at hand were
+filled tanks were hastily improvised, but were speedily overflowed. Pits
+were dug and rapidly filled, until at length the well owners, cursed with
+too much good luck, were compelled to turn the oil into the river. Then it
+rapidly fell in price, owing to the superabundant supply. It fell, in the
+autumn of 1861, to ten cents a barrel, and the oil interest was, for the
+time, ruined.</p>
+
+<p>At this juncture Mr. Hussey was induced to erect works for refining the
+oil and preparing it as an illuminator. The first establishment was a
+small one, but as the demand increased and the oil interest revived, the
+capacity was increased until it reached its present limit of from three
+hundred and fifty to four hundred barrels per day.</p>
+
+<p>When the second oil excitement broke out in 1864, Mr. Hussey was again one
+of the leading explorers and adventurers in the oil regions of
+Pennsylvania. Successful wells were put down in Oil Creek and on the
+Allegheny river, and a large proportion of the product was brought to
+Cleveland to be refined. His interest in this department of industry
+became so great and important, that after fifteen years of active
+connection with the produce and copper smelting business of Cleveland, he
+sold out his interest in both the commission house and smelting works and
+devoted his entire attention to oil.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Hussey is a good example of the success attending faithful,
+intelligent and conscientious attention to business. A self-made man, he
+never lost sight of the fact that the same scrupulous honesty which gave
+him success was necessary to retain it. Debt he looked upon as the road to
+ruin, and he scrupulously shunned it. He never bought an article for
+himself or his family on credit. His business paper was always good and
+never was protested. His engagements were ever punctually kept. His two
+cardinal principles were "Time is money," and "Honesty is the best
+policy," and these rules of action he carefully impressed on the young men
+whom he brought up in business life. The value of his teachings and
+example is shown in the fact that those brought up under his business care
+during the past twenty years have come to hold a place in the front rank
+of business men, and have, by their energy and integrity, accumulated
+competence, and even affluence.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<p align="center">[Illustration: Yours Truly, A. B. Stone]</p>
+
+
+<h2><a name="a_b_stone"></a>A. B. Stone</h2>
+
+
+
+<p>Andros B. Stone was born in the town of Charlton, Worcester county,
+Massachusetts, June 18, 1824. He is the youngest son of Mr. Amasa Stone,
+(now a hale, old man, ninety years of age, in possession of all his
+faculties,) and brother of A. Stone, Jr., whose biography has been
+sketched in an earlier portion of this work. Mr. Stone's boyhood was
+spent in the various occupations of country farm life, where he received
+in common with other boys the advantages of a public school education. In
+his sixteenth year he left home to try the world for himself, and for a
+year and a half worked industriously at the carpenter's trade with his
+elder brother, to whom he was apprenticed for four years, to receive
+thirty-five dollars the first year, forty the second, forty-five the
+third, and fifty the fourth. An unconquerable desire for a better
+education forced him to leave this occupation for a time, and enter an
+academy, the expenses of which he met in part by teaching a public school
+in the winter season, and which left him only five dollars with which to
+make another start in the world.</p>
+
+<p>In the meantime, Mr. Stone's brother, to whom he was apprenticed, had been
+employed by Mr. Howe, the patentee of the "Howe Bridge," and to Andros was
+assigned the keeping of the time of the workmen, and other similar duties,
+instead of the more direct labors of the shop. In the autumn of 1842, Mr.
+Howe purchased Mr. Stone's unexpired time from his brother, advanced his
+pay, and kept him in the same employment as time-keeper, and adding to
+this duty that of making estimates, drawing bridge plans, etc., allowing
+him in the winter an opportunity of increasing his finances by teaching
+school. Subsequently, Mr. A. Boody and Mr. A. Stone, Jr., purchased the
+Howe Patent for building bridges in New England, and A. B. Stone, then
+about nineteen years of age, made an engagement with the new firm. At
+first he was given the charge of a few men in framing and raising small
+bridges, but an opportunity soon occurred which enabled him to exhibit his
+capabilities in a most advantageous light. Messrs. Boody and Stone were
+constructing a bridge over the rapids of the Connecticut river at Windsor
+Locks, about fifteen hundred feet in length, in spans of one hundred and
+eighty feet. One day the superintendent, who had the immediate charge of
+the work, went to Mr. Stone and complained of being so ill that he was
+obliged to go home, and desired him to take temporary charge of the men.
+Mr. Stone alleged his unfitness for the duty of taking charge of so many
+men at the commencement of so important a work, but as the superintendent
+said he could not stay longer, Mr. Stone was compelled to assume the
+responsibility, against his wishes.</p>
+
+<p>On examining the condition of the work the cause of the superintendent's
+severe illness was made manifest. The lower chords or stringers, of about
+two hundred and sixty feet in length, had been packed without being
+placed opposite each other, one being placed several feet too far in one
+direction, and the other about the same distance in the opposite
+direction. Here was a dilemma and a difficulty, and an ability in the
+mind of the young mechanic to meet it, so that, in a very short time, the
+chords were properly adjusted. He then proceeded with the work, and in
+three days had nearly completed the first span, when his brother paid a
+visit of inspection to the bridge. Not finding the regular superintendent
+in charge, he naturally inquired the cause, and when the circumstances
+were explained, examined the work very minutely. Without any comments
+upon what had been done, Mr. Stone left the place, leaving his younger
+brother in charge, a tacit expression of confidence which was most
+gratifying, and gave him a self-confidence he had not previously
+possessed. About this time Mr. Stone was advanced to the general
+superintendence of construction, which position he retained between two
+and three years, when his brother admitted him as his partner in the
+construction of the bridges on the Atlantic &amp; St. Lawrence railroad. A
+year was successfully spent in the prosecution of this work, when a
+partnership was formed with Mr. A. Boody for constructing the bridges on
+the Rutland &amp; Burlington railroad in Vermont, which, although accompanied
+with grave difficulties, resulted in success.</p>
+
+<p>In 1850, Mr. Stone extended the field of his operations by forming a new
+partnership with Mr. Maxwell, and purchasing the Howe Patent for building
+bridges in the three northern New England States. For two years this field
+was profitably and creditably filled, when, dazzled by the ample resources
+of the West, New England was abandoned for Illinois. Here another
+partnership was formed, with his brother-in-law, Mr. Boomer, and under the
+stimulating effect of an undeveloped country, the new firm of Stone &amp;
+Boomer soon took a high and honorable rank throughout the entire Western
+States. The total amount of bridging built by this firm from 1852 to 1858
+was not less than thirty thousand feet. They constructed the first bridge
+across the Mississippi river, the longest span of a wooden truss that had
+up to that time ever been built. This was done under the most trying
+circumstances, the thermometer at times marking 30 degrees below zero. The
+longest draw-bridge of its period was also erected by this firm across the
+Illinois river, it having a length of two hundred and ninety-two feet, the
+whole structure revolving on its centre, and capable of being opened by
+one man in one and one-half minutes. During this time they built the roof
+of the Union Passenger House, in Chicago, which was of longer span than
+had hitherto been built. The organization for the carrying on of their
+work was so complete, that it was a common remark among the engineers of
+western railroads, "If we want any bridges put up on short notice, we can
+get them of Stone &amp; Boomer; they have them laid up on shelves, ready for
+erection!" In connection with their bridge business the firm carried on
+the manufacture of railroad cars.</p>
+
+<p>In the Spring of 1858, Mr. Stone gave up his home and business in Chicago
+for his present residence in Cleveland and his present business as an iron
+manufacturer. After carefully investigating the advantages which Cleveland
+afforded for such a purpose, and realizing the present and prospective
+demands for an increased development for the manufacture of iron, Mr.
+Stone availed himself of the opportunity of identifying his interests with
+that of the firm of Chisholm &amp; Jones, who at that time had just put in
+operation a small mill in Newburg. Here at once opened a new and
+delightful opportunity for Mr. Stone to develope his natural love for the
+mechanical arts. To manufacture iron required knowledge--was a science,
+and to be master of his business was both his duty and his pride, and
+claimed all his unflagging energy, his undaunted courage and
+determination. Thus the small mill at Newburg grew from the capacity of
+turning out thirty tons of re-rolled rails to its present capacity of
+sixty tons, beside the addition of a puddling mill, a merchant bar mill, a
+wire rod mill, two blast furnaces, spike, nut and bolt works. In the
+meantime the small beginning had grown into such large proportions, and so
+many railroad corporations had centered here, that it was thought best to
+form the same into a stock company, embracing another rolling mill on the
+lake shore, within the city limits. This was done, Mr. Stone filling the
+office of President of the Cleveland Rolling Mill Company. In 1868, the
+Company put into successful operation extensive steel works which they
+had been engaged in erecting with great care and expense for nearly two
+years. During that time Mr. Stone had made two visits to Europe for more
+thorough investigation into the process of making Bessemer steel, and the
+success of this undertaking so far has been admitted by all who have
+visited the works to be without parallel in the American manufacture of
+steel. In addition to this heavy and extended business, Mr. Stone is
+president of another rolling mill company in Chicago, in which he is
+largely interested, also of a large coal mining company in Indiana, and
+vice President of a large iron manufacturing company at Harmony, Indiana,
+also president of the American Sheet and Boiler Plate Company.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Stone is eminently known, and justly so, as a mechanic, and is widely
+known as a man who crowns his thoughts with his acts. Still in the prime
+of manhood, he stands connected with manufacturing interests, furnishing
+employment to thousands of men, all of which has been the outgrowth of
+scarcely more than ten years. This eminent success has not been the result
+of speculation, or of luck, but the legitimate end of his own hands and
+brain. Neither can it be said he has had no reverses. At one time the
+failure of railroad companies left him, not only penniless, but fifty
+thousand dollars in debt. With an indomitable will he determined to
+liquidate that debt, and how well he succeeded need not be told. Mr. Stone
+at present stands at the head of iron manufacturing companies, second to
+none in the country, possessing almost unlimited credit. This
+extraordinary success has by no means affected Mr. Stone's modest nature
+for which he is so noted. Gentlemanly and affable in his intercourse with
+all ranks and conditions of men, he has won universal respect, and an
+enviable position in the business interests of our country.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Stone was married in 1846 to Miss M. Amelia Boomer, daughter of Rev.
+J. B. Boomer, of Worcester, Massachusetts.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<p align="center">[Illustration: Yours truly, Henry Chisholm]</p>
+
+
+<h2><a name="henry_chisholm"></a>Henry Chisholm</h2>
+
+
+
+<p>Henry Chisholm is of Scotch origin, having been born in Lochgelly in
+Fifeshire, April 27, 1822. There, as in New England, children, if they are
+heirs to nothing else, inherit the privilege of some early education. When
+he was at the age of ten his father died. At the age of twelve, Henry's
+education was finished and he was apprenticed to a carpenter, serving in
+an adjoining city five years, at the expiration of which time he went to
+Glasgow, as a journeyman. Whilst in Glasgow, he married Miss Jane Allen,
+of Dunfermline.</p>
+
+<p>In 1842, he resolved to quit his native land and seek his fortune in the
+West. Landing in Montreal, in April, he found employment as a journeyman
+carpenter, working at his trade for two years. He then undertook contracts
+on his own account, relying wholly on his own resources for their
+execution, and all his undertakings proved successful. In 1850, he entered
+into partnership with a friend to build the breakwater for the Cleveland
+and Pittsburgh Railroad, at Cleveland, the work occupying three years.
+This, and other similar contracts, such as building piers and depots at
+Cleveland, employed his time and energies until his commencement of the
+iron business at Newburg, as one of the firm of Chisholm, Jones &amp; Co. This
+company, and its business, have developed into the Cleveland Rolling Mill
+Company of Cleveland, with two rail mills, making a hundred tons of rails
+and twenty-five tons of merchant iron per day; two blast furnaces, turning
+out forty tons of pig iron daily, and a Bessemer steel works,
+manufacturing thirty tons of steel per day. Besides these, have been
+established the Union Rolling Mills of Chicago, making seventy tons of
+rails per day; of this extensive establishment Mr. Chisholm's son,
+William, is manager. There are also two blast furnaces and a rolling mill
+in Indiana, making forty tons of iron per day. Fifteen hundred acres of
+coal land are owned in connection with these works. Of all these
+enterprises Mr. Chisholm has been one of the leading managers, and remains
+largely interested, his perseverence and energy aiding materially to crown
+the undertakings, up to the present time, with the greatest success.</p>
+
+<p>In the midst of a business so large, the social and religions duties of
+Mr. Chisholm have not been neglected. He is a zealous and liberal member
+of the Second Baptist church. For more than twenty-three years himself and
+wife have been professors of religion, and their five surviving children,
+the oldest of whom is now twenty-six years old, have become members of the
+same church.</p>
+
+<p>The history of the Scotch boy and his success in America should be read by
+the youth of England and Scotland, as an example for them to follow. In
+these and other European countries such a career would be almost, if not
+quite, impossible. Mr. Chisholm has not been made proud by success, but
+retains the affability and simplicity of his early days. He has still a
+hearty physical constitution, with the prospect of a long life in which to
+enjoy, in the retired and quiet manner most agreeable to his tastes, the
+good fortune of this world, and the respect of his employees, and
+neighbors and friends, which he values more highly than money.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="r_p_myers"></a>R. P. Myers.</h2>
+
+
+
+<p>R. P. Myers was born in Schodack, Rensselaer county, New York, January 1,
+1820. When between two and three years of age, his parents moved to Sand
+Lake, in the same county. His father died May 14, 1823, leaving but very
+limited means for the support of the widowed mother and three young
+children; and it is to the prayers, counsels and Christian influence of
+his mother Mr. Myers is largely indebted for the direction of his life. At
+the age of fifteen he left school and became clerk in a village store, but
+after one year, being dissatisfied with the business prospects of the
+village, he obtained a situation in a dry goods store in Albany.</p>
+
+<p>In 1842, he commenced business in Albany in the same line, with but two
+hundred and twenty-five dollars and a good character, for his capital,
+under the firm name of Allen &amp; Myers, continuing thus about two years. At
+the end of that time, believing the West offered greater inducements to
+young men of small means, he removed to Ohio. His partner had previously
+made a tour of observation through the West and become favorably impressed
+with the business prospects of Akron, Ohio, which was at that time
+attracting considerable attention. Mr. Myers, in company with his wife,
+passed through Cleveland May 3d, 1844, (being the first anniversary of
+their wedding,) on their way to Akron. There he conducted his old business
+under the same name as at Albany, for about one year, and then formed a
+company for the manufacture of stoves, under the style of Myers, Cobb &amp;
+Co., his former partner being the "Co." To this business he gave his
+personal attention. The dry goods business was discontinued about a year
+after engaging in the manufacture of stoves. In addition to this Mr. Myers
+became interested in the manufacture of woolen and cotton machinery,
+machine cards, &amp;c., the name of the firm being Allen, Hale &amp; Co. This was
+developed into a flourishing business.</p>
+
+<p>[Illustration: Respectfully yours, R. P. Myers]</p>
+
+<p>In 1849, he was instrumental in the formation of the Akron Stove Company,
+into which the firm of Myers, Cobb &amp; Co. merged. At the first meeting of
+the stockholders Mr. Myers was chosen general agent, in which position he
+remained with signal profit to the stockholders, until February 1st, 1859.
+This, though a small company, was one of the most successful stock
+companies ever formed in this part of the country. Business continued to
+expand, causing the company to enlarge its facilities for manufacturing
+from time to time, and their products were sold through Ohio, Michigan,
+Indiana, and other Western States. The fact that the stock at the time he
+retired from the company sold for from four hundred to five hundred per
+cent, above par value, after declaring liberal dividends from time to
+time, speaks more plainly of its unparalleled success than anything we can
+say, and is the best compliment that could be paid to the energy,
+enterprise and business capacity of its retiring manager.</p>
+
+<p>After a time, the stove business required his whole attention, and the
+machine branch was sold out to one of the other partners; he then bent all
+his energies to the invention and perfection of the stoves, and the
+vigorous prosecution of the business of the company. After conducting the
+business of the company ten years, he felt the want of a larger field for
+enterprise, cast around for the most eligible situation, and finally
+concluded that Cleveland was destined to be a great stove centre.
+Resigning the management of the company February 1st, 1859, but retaining
+most of his interest, he came to Cleveland and started an individual
+manufactory, at the same time connecting with the stove business the
+wholesaling of tin plate, sheet iron, &amp;c., which was conducted with such
+energy that a large trade was attracted to Cleveland that had previously
+been given to other markets.</p>
+
+<p>The rapid development of business, the demand upon his time in the
+manufacturing department, and the need of extended facilities induced Mr.
+Myers to associate with him Messrs. B. F. Rouse and James M. Osborn, who
+now form the firm of Myers, Rouse &amp; Co. Since the present firm has existed
+they have built a new foundry, of large capacity, with all the modern
+improvements, on West River street, which is now taxed to its full
+capacity to meet the wants of their trade.</p>
+
+<p>The increase of the stove manufacturing of the city is estimated to have
+been full four hundred per cent. in ten years, and has fully justified
+Mr. Myers' estimate of the natural advantages of Cleveland as a
+manufacturing point.</p>
+
+<p>This firm has patented a variety of new stoves that have become very
+popular, and hence remunerative, among which are the Eclipse, in 1850,
+soon followed by the Golden Rule and Benefactor, the last named having
+obtained a most remarkable sale, and the name itself become a household
+word throughout the country, and, in 1868, the celebrated Princess stove.</p>
+
+<p>Of course, close attention to the wants of the country in this
+direction for about one quarter of a century, has given Mr. Myers a
+very valuable experience, which he is continually turning to account to
+the benefit of the public and his own enrichment. The shipments of this
+firm are to nearly all the markets in the northwest, reaching Council
+Bluffs and Omaha.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Myers is now numbered among the most successful business men of the
+city, and his success has been achieved in a department that has added
+very materially to the progress of the city. The large number of men
+employed, and the still larger number put into requisition in the
+production of the material required for the uses of the manufactory, and
+to supply the needs of the men, have added to the population and wealth of
+Cleveland.</p>
+
+<p>Although so much engrossed in business since coming to Cleveland, Mr.
+Myers has found time to be active in many benevolent movements. For thirty
+years he has been a useful member of the Baptist church. His Christian
+labors have been generously given to the Sunday schools and mission work,
+and he is at this time superintendent of the First Baptist church Sunday
+school of this city.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Myers is now forty-nine years old, with a vigorous physical
+constitution and strong mind, that give promise of very many years of
+usefulness still to come.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="m_c_younglove"></a>M. C. Younglove</h2>
+
+
+
+<p>From 1837 to 1842, when specie payments were resumed, Cleveland saw her
+greatest financial embarrassments; but from the latter year, a new and
+more promising era dawned upon her. The land speculator gave place to the
+business man, and for many years immediately following, her progress,
+though slow, was sure and steady. During these years of depression many
+young and enterprising men settled here, who were, of course, untrammeled
+by old speculating debts, and their business habits were untainted by the
+loose recklessness of the land speculator. Many of these young men are now
+to be found among our most substantial, successful and enterprising
+citizens, and the gentleman whose name stands at the head of this article
+is one of that number.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Younglove was born in Cambridge, Washington county, New York. His
+immediate ancestors on both sides having been officers in the
+Revolutionary army, gives him a good title to native citizenship. His
+father died before his birth, leaving him sufficient property for all
+educational purposes, but none to commence business with. He first essayed
+a professional life, and with that view began the study of law, but soon
+discovered that a sedentary occupation was uncongenial to him, and
+abandoned the profession.</p>
+
+<p>His first business connection, which was formed before his majority, was
+with an uncle in his native county. But finding the country village of his
+nativity too slow for a sanguine and active temperament, he determined to
+try his fortune in the then comparatively unknown West, and in August,
+1836, came to Cleveland. After a clerkship of eight months in a dry goods
+store, he bought an interest in a book store, and in a few months
+thereafter bought out his partner and added job and news printing, and
+book publishing, to his other business. At this time he introduced the
+first power press into Cleveland--and it is believed the second that was
+run west of the Alleghenies--on which he printed for a long time the daily
+papers of the city.</p>
+
+<p>In 1848, in connection with Mr. John Hoyt, he built the Cleveland Paper
+Mill; the first having steam power west of the mountains, and the first of
+any importance in the United States. This innovation on the old mode of
+obtaining power for such machinery, called out many prophecies of failure.
+But these gentlemen not only made their business a success, but
+demonstrated to Cleveland, that she had, in her proximity to the coal
+fields, and in the steam engine, facilities for manufacturing unsurpassed
+by the best water power in the country--a hint which she has not been slow
+to improve upon.</p>
+
+<p>Messrs. Younglove &amp; Hoyt finally united their business with that of the
+Lake Erie Paper Company, under the name of the Cleveland Paper Company, of
+which latter company Mr. Younglove was elected president, and continued in
+the chief management of its business until the Spring of 1867, when he
+sold his entire interest, leaving the company with a capital of three
+hundred thousand dollars, and one of the most prosperous paper
+manufacturing companies in the country.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Younglove was one of the first of our citizens to perceive the
+importance and necessity of a gas company for Cleveland. Learning that a
+charter had been obtained by some of our wealthy men, and was laying
+dormant in their hands, he, with some associates, bought it up and
+proceeded to the erection of the works--himself being one of the
+directors. Few, however, know the struggles and discouragements which
+these directors encountered in their efforts to furnish the citizens of
+Cleveland with one of the greatest conveniences and luxuries of
+civilized life. The stock could not be sold here. Aside from that taken
+by Mr. Younglove, only five hundred dollars were subscribed by the
+citizens, and distributed as follows: James Kellogg, four hundred
+dollars, and J. W. Allen, one hundred dollars; and this was subsequently
+all taken off the hands of the subscribers by Mr. Younglove before it
+was paid up. But the directors, well persuaded of the value and
+importance of the work they had in hand, were in no way discouraged, but
+pushed on the work till all present funds were exhausted and not a
+dollar was left in the treasury to meet the demands of the next
+Saturday's pay roll. At this juncture, the Board had a consultation,
+which may be fitly termed an "anxious meeting." The question arose,
+"What is to be done?" and in answer, each member determined to take such
+an amount of stock as he could either pay for or sell. Mr. Younglove
+took five thousand dollars, and determined to make another attempt to
+sell to the wealthy men of the city, but after four days of industrious
+effort he had not one dollar of subscription to reward his labor. Mr.
+P. M. Weddell was the only one who gave any encouragement--"He might take
+a few hundred dollars at seventy-five per cent."</p>
+
+<p>After this failure, Mr. Younglove mortgaged his lot on Euclid avenue,
+where he now lives, and paid up his subscription, thus fulfilling his
+promise to his associates, and placing himself on record as the <i>only</i>
+citizen who would help to supply the city with gas.</p>
+
+<p>In 1850, Mr. Younglove, associated with Mr. Dudley Baldwin, bought of
+Howell &amp; Dewitt their machinery for manufacturing agricultural implements.
+This establishment was immediately enlarged to do an extensive business.
+Mr. Baldwin subsequently sold his interest to his partner, who still
+retains his interest in the business, it being at present one of the
+largest and most reputable manufactories in the city.</p>
+
+<p>The writer of this has authority for saying, that Mr. Younglove looks upon
+his connection with the Society for Savings in this city, from its
+organization, as one of the most honorable and reputable of his business
+life. It is an association purely benevolent in its objects and action,
+managed by men who have no hope or desire of pecuniary benefit, with
+matured judgment and an abnegation of self that may well secure for it the
+utmost confidence--as it most happily has--of the laboring poor and the
+helpless, for whose benefit it is maintained.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Younglove is one of the most enterprising and intelligent business
+men. Having a natural talent for mechanics, he has done much to inaugurate
+and encourage the manufactures of our city.</p>
+
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="john_d_rockefeller"></a>John D. Rockefeller.</h2>
+
+
+
+<p>Although yet quite a young man, John D. Rockefeller occupies in our
+business circles a position second to but few. He began life with few
+advantages, save that of honesty of purpose and unflinching morality, and
+a determination to succeed, if unremitting effort would secure that end.
+He, in connection with M. B. Clark, commenced the produce and commission
+business on the dock, with a small capital saved from earnings. For a time
+their profits were exceedingly small, but the firm soon gained the
+confidence of our citizens and bankers, and at the end of the first year
+they had done business to the amount of $450,000. Each successive year
+added to their business, and in the fourth, it amounted to something like
+$1,200,000, the average being, perhaps, about $700,000.</p>
+
+<p>In the Spring of 1863, Mr. Rockefeller engaged in the oil refining
+business, commencing with a capacity of forty-five barrels of crude oil
+per day, and gradually increased it until 1865, when the capacity of his
+works was a hundred and fifty barrels per day. At this time he sold his
+interest in the commission business, and devoted his whole attention to
+the oil refining. Every year witnessed an enlargement of his works, and
+for the last three years it is believed that his has been the largest of
+its kind in the world, the present capacity being twenty-five hundred
+barrels of crude oil per day. The growth of the business, dating back to
+1865, was such that it became necessary to establish a house in New York
+for the disposition of their oil, where they now have warehouses of their
+own, and sell and take care of their property.</p>
+
+<p>The effect of such works as those of Mr. Rockefeller in the city may be
+imagined when we say that there are about one hundred men regularly
+employed in them, besides a force of some fifteen or twenty teams and
+teamsters. To these must be added from seven hundred to eight hundred
+men around the city employed in making barrels for the oil, and from
+$20,000 to $25,000 per year expended among plumbers and various other
+mechanics for repairs. The enlargements of their works this year will
+cost near $40,000.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Rockefeller never retrogrades; he has always advanced from the
+commencement. Close application to one kind of business, an avoidance of
+all positions of an honorary character that cost time, and strict business
+habits, have resulted in the success, the fruits of which he now enjoys.
+He has worked himself, and kept everything pertaining to his business in
+so methodical a manner that he knows every night how he stands with the
+world. He was drilled to strict economy as an accountant during hard
+times, before his own business history, and he has rigidly adhered to the
+principles then learnt.</p>
+
+<p>He has frequently been so situated as to choose between his own judgment
+and that of older heads, and where he has followed his own opinions in
+opposition to others of more experience he has seen no reason to regret
+his choice. The result of his course has been, that, though still young,
+he stands at the head of one of the most extensive business establishments
+in the city, and is possessed of wealth sufficient to secure a comfortable
+maintainance, and a provision against the ordinary mishaps of business.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Rockefeller is a valued member of the Second Baptist church
+having long been a sincere believer in the faith and practice of the
+Baptist church.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<p align="center">[Illustration: Fraternally Yours, Peter Thatcher]</p>
+
+
+<h2><a name="peter_thatcher"></a>Peter Thatcher.</h2>
+
+
+
+<p>Peter Thatcher derives his descent in a direct line from the Reverend
+Thomas Thatcher, the first minister of the Old South Church, in Boston,
+who at the age of twelve years left England with his uncle Anthony, and
+arrived in New England in 1635.</p>
+
+<p>Peter Thatcher was born in Attleboro, Massachusetts, July 20, 1812. At the
+age of nineteen, not liking his father's business of farming, he announced
+his intention of seeking other means of livelihood, and, sorely against
+his father's wish, he set out in search of fortune. Two days after leaving
+his father's roof, he found employment with a house-carpenter, in Taunton,
+Massachusetts, to whom he engaged himself to work one year for forty
+dollars and board. After two years service in this employ he, in November,
+1834, commenced work on the Boston and Providence Railroad, laying track,
+in the employ of Messrs. Otis &amp; Co. His industry and ability attracted the
+attention of his employers, and he was retained and promoted by them,
+remaining in the employ of the firm and their successors, railroad
+building, until 1850, with the exception of three years spent on Fort
+Warren and Fort Independence, in Boston Harbor, where he superintended the
+work of construction under the supervision of Colonel Sylvanus Thayer.
+During his career as a railroad builder he was engaged on the principal
+railroads on the sea-coast from Maine to Georgia.</p>
+
+<p>In 1850, the firm of Thatcher, Stone &amp; Co. was formed, for the purpose of
+building bridges, both in the eastern and western States, an office being
+opened in Springfield for the former, and another in Cleveland for the
+latter. In 1851, this firm was dissolved and that of Thatcher, Burt &amp; Co.
+formed. The patent for building the Howe Truss Bridge in the States of
+Ohio, Indiana, Kentucky and Michigan was purchased, and nearly all the
+original railroad bridges in Ohio, with the depots and engine houses,
+together with many in other States, were built by this firm.</p>
+
+<p>After having for thirteen years carried on the bridge building business,
+and added to it a trade in lumber, the firm built the Union Elevator, in
+Cleveland, and the new firm of Thatcher, Gardner, Burt &amp; Co., commission
+merchants and produce dealers, was formed. This firm was dissolved in
+1865, by the withdrawal of Mr. Thatcher.</p>
+
+<p>About this time a company was formed for the purchase of a patent obtained
+for the manufacture of a durable paint and fire-proof mastic from prepared
+iron ore. Mr. Thatcher was chosen president of the company which at once
+entered on a vigorous prosecution of its business and has succeeded beyond
+the anticipation of its projectors. The paint is made of Lake Superior
+iron ore, ground fine and mixed with linseed oil, with which it forms a
+perfect union. It is then used in a thin state as a paint for surfaces,
+whether of wood stone or metal, exposed to the weather, and in a thicker
+state for a fire-proof mastic. The ore is crushed with machinery of great
+strength, and about three tons of the paint are produced daily, besides
+the mastic, and find ready market.</p>
+
+<p>In connection with the above Mr. Thatcher has recently purchased a patent,
+obtained by Mr. Ward, for the manufacture of "Metallic Shingle Roofing,"
+which is now being perfected and introduced to the public, and which, its
+inventor claims, will supercede all methods of roofing now in use for
+cheapness, durability, weight and effectiveness.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Thatcher has long been identified with the Masonic order, and has
+filled high positions in that body. He is Past M. of Iris Lodge of
+Cleveland, Past H. P. of Webb Chapter, has been Treasurer of Iris Lodge for
+ten years, Past D. G. H. P. of the Grand Chapter of Ohio, and is now Grand
+Treasurer of the Grand Commandery of Knights Templar of Ohio, which
+position he has held six years.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Thatcher is a genial, whole-souled man, having a host of warm friends,
+and has enjoyed the respect and confidence of all with whom he has been
+connected.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="w_c_scofield"></a>W. C. Scofield,</h2>
+
+
+
+<p>W. C. Scofield was born near Wakefield, England, October 25, 1821, and
+spent the earlier years of his life in Leeds, where he was employed on
+machine work until his twenty-first year, when he determined to emigrate
+to the Western continent to seek his fortune. On reaching America he found
+his way westward until he arrived at Chagrin river in Cuyahoga county,
+where he found employment with a Mr. Waite, at eight dollars a month,
+working one year at this rate. The next two years were spent in the brick
+yard of A. W. Duty. Following this, he was for two years turnkey under
+sheriff Beebe, and then established himself in a brick yard of his own on
+the west side of the river. One Summer's work in this experiment gave him
+a start in business life, and laid the foundation, small though it was, of
+his after prosperity.</p>
+
+<p>[Illustration: Yours Respectfully, W. C. Scofield]</p>
+
+<p>After his experiment in the brick making business, he undertook the
+charge of the lard oil and saleratus works owned by Mr. C. A. Dean.
+After three years, Messrs. Stanley, Wick &amp; Camp bought the
+establishment; and shortly after this change, Mr. Scofield purchased
+the interest of Mr. Wick, and after a few months Mr. Camp sold his
+interest to the remaining partners, who carried on the business until
+1857. At that time Mr. Scofield purchased the interest of his partners
+and became sole owner of the whole concern and carried on business in
+this way for the next five years.</p>
+
+<p>In 1861, he added to his lard oil and saleratus business that of refining
+oil, associating himself in this enterprise with Messrs. Halle and
+Fawcett. Their refinery was built on the site of the City Forge works, and
+the capacity of the works was limited to two eight barrel stills.
+Subsequently this land was sold for other purposes and the refinery was
+closed, after a very successful career. Previous to that event the firm
+built an oil refinery on Oil Creek, with a capacity of about forty
+barrels. This is still in operation under the firm name of Lowry, Fawcett
+&amp; Co., turning out about sixty barrels of refined oil daily, and proving
+from its start a continual success. In 1865, Mr. Scofield became
+interested in the oil refining firm of Critchley, Fawcett &amp; Co., in which
+he still retains his interest, and which is in successful operation, with
+a yield of about one hundred barrels per day. About the same time he
+became a partner in an oil commission business in New York, established
+under the name of Hewitt &amp; Scofield, which has also proved a success. He
+is also interested in the Cleveland Chemical Works, being vice president
+of the company, which is doing a heavy business. The extent and importance
+of the works may be inferred from the fact, that the buildings
+necessitated an outlay of a hundred and sixty thousand dollars.</p>
+
+<p>In 1863, the firm of Alexander, Scofield &amp; Co., was formed, and commenced
+operation on the site of the present works, at the junction of the
+Atlantic &amp; Great Western Railway with Liberty street. The works were
+commenced with a capacity of fifty barrels daily, and gradually enlarged,
+until the capacity now reaches six hundred barrels daily.</p>
+
+<p>During the whole of Mr. Scofield's business career, with the extensive
+operations of the firms in which he is interested, there has been but one
+case of litigation. This is noteworthy, and speaks well for the integrity
+and strict business habits of Mr. Scofield. He is not given to jumping
+hastily at conclusions or embarking wildly in business schemes. Before
+entering on an undertaking, he carefully, though rapidly, studies the
+natural effect of the step and having satisfied himself of its probable
+success, he prosecutes it with unflagging energy. The course of events
+within the past few years offered unusual opportunities for a clear headed
+and active business man to advance himself, and Mr. Scofield had the
+forethought and energy to take advantage of those opportunities. From
+first to last he had to depend on his own energies, having been left an
+orphan at sixteen years of age, and from the time of his reaching his
+majority, being compelled to push his way unaided, a stranger in a strange
+land. The efforts of just such men have made Cleveland what it is to-day.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="levi_haldeman"></a>Levi Haldeman.</h2>
+
+
+
+<p>Levi Haldeman is a representative of another class of our citizens than
+refiners, who have taken advantage of the petroleum enterprise, and are
+spending their money in building up the prosperity of the city, turning
+its energies into channels that cannot fail to give an impetus to all
+branches of trade, and aid in establishing our financial institutions on a
+basis of unrivalled strength, and who, at the same time, reap their reward
+by putting money into their own pockets.</p>
+
+<p>[Illustration: Respectfully + Truly, L. Haldeman]</p>
+
+<p>The subject of this sketch was born in Chester county, Pennsylvania, Dec.
+14, 1809, received a good common school education, and removed with his
+father to Columbiana county, Ohio, in 1819. Until he was about twenty-five
+years of age he spent his time with his father on his farm, and in
+teaching school. He then commenced reading medicine with Drs. Robertson
+and Cary of that place; after which he attended lectures at Cincinnati,
+and was a private student of Drs. Gross and Parker--the former being now
+Professer in Jefferson College, Philadelphia, and the latter Professor in
+the College of Physicians and Surgeons in New York. Mr. Haldeman commenced
+practice alone in 1839, at Minerva, Ohio, although he had practiced from
+1837 with his old preceptor. He soon obtained an excellent practice in
+medicine, and was noted for his skill in surgery, performing nearly all
+the operations in that part of the country, among them tractreotomy, or
+opening the windpipe and extracting foreign matter from it, and difficult
+cases of lithotomy.</p>
+
+<p>In 1860, Mr. Haldeman, in connection with Messrs. Hussey and McBride, of
+Cleveland, bought the McElhenny Farm, in the Pennsylvania oil regions,
+which proved to be very valuable. For the whole farm of two hundred acres
+the sum of twenty thousand dollars was paid, subject to some leases, which
+were renewed to the lessees. Mr. Funk leased a hundred and thirty acres of
+the farm, subdivided it in into acre lots, and sub-lot them to a number of
+oil companies, representing an aggregate capital of millions of dollars.
+Messrs. Bennet and Hatch, the sub-lessees of one sub-lot, struck the
+largest producing well yet found in the oil region the Empire, a three
+thousand barrel well, which is estimated to have produced no less than six
+hundred thousand barrels of oil and the whole farm is estimated to have
+produced two millions of barrels. At the present time the sub-leases have
+nearly all been forfeited, through breach of covenant, and the farm has
+reverted to the owners, Messrs. Hussey and Haldeman. It is not now worked,
+the wells having been flooded by the unexpected influx of water, against
+which there had been no provision made by the owners of the wells. It is
+expected to remedy this misfortune by plugging the wells below the water
+veins, and pumping, with the hope of thus restoring the value of the farm.</p>
+
+<p>The next enterprise was the purchase of the A. Buchanan farm, of three
+hundred acres, in connection with others, subject, also, to a lease, but
+giving the owners of the farm a royalty of one sixth of the oil produced,
+free of cost, and retaining the use of the land for other purposes. On
+this farm the town of Rouseville has been built since the purchase. This
+has proved a very lucrative investment. The first well struck on it in
+1860 is still producing. In company with others, Mr. Haldeman also bought
+the royalty of the John McClintock farm for ten thousand dollars in gold,
+the Irishman owning it thinking nothing but gold worth having. Mr.
+Haldeman sold his thirty-second part of the same for a hundred thousand
+dollars; another partner sold his for forty-thousand dollars, the
+purchaser subsequently re-selling it for one hundred thousand dollars.
+Besides this, Mr. Haldeman became half owner of two hundred acres not yet
+developed, and he and his sons own about four hundred acres, supposed to
+be excellent oil land. He has also invested about forty thousand dollars
+in iron tanking, in the oil region, and has now tankage for four hundred
+thousand barrels, in connection with others.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Haldeman was married in 1840 to Miss Mary Ann Gaves, of Columbiana
+county. The oldest and second sons, L. P. and W. P. Haldeman, are engaged
+in business with their father, and by their energy, foresight, and close
+attention to business, have aided materially in the later successes of the
+firm. Mr. Haldeman has, as is evident from the record here given, won for
+himself considerable wealth, but it has been secured only by the exercise
+of sound judgment and intelligent enterprise, which deserves, though it
+does not always achieve, success.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="g_westlake"></a>G. Westlake.</h2>
+
+
+
+<p>The firm of Westlake, Hutchins &amp; Co., composed of G. Westlake, H. A.
+Hutchins, C. H. Andrews and W. C. Andrews, stands high among the oil
+refining establishments of Cleveland, not only for the extent of their
+operations but for their fair dealing in business matters. The firm
+commenced the erection of their works in October, 1866, and in June of the
+succeeding year began operations with a capacity of two hundred barrels of
+crude oil per day. The business improved, and the works had to be enlarged
+to keep pace with it, until the present capacity of the works is seven
+hundred and fifty barrels per day. In the enlargements, the latest
+improvements in the appliances for the refining of oil have been put in.
+One still now employed has a capacity of eleven hundred barrels, which is
+charged twice a week, and was the first of the kind in the State. Besides
+this are ten stills of thirty barrels each, one of two hundred and fifty
+barrels, and one, recently completed, forty feet in diameter, of the same
+pattern as the monster still just mentioned, and which is calculated for
+two thousand barrels. The total capacity of the works, including this
+still, is fourteen hundred and sixteen barrels of crude per day, which
+will yield, if running to full capacity, two hundred and eighty-eight
+thousand barrels of refined oil in a year, or between three and four
+millions of dollars in value at the stills. Connected with the works are a
+twenty thousand barrel tank, a fifteen thousand barrel tank, two of ten
+thousand barrels each, one of six thousand barrels, and several from two
+thousand barrels down. When all its improvements in progress are completed
+it will be one of the largest refineries in Cleveland and in the United
+States, and with enterprise corresponding to the size and importance of
+its works. A large number of men are employed, either at the works or in
+direct connection with it by providing cooperage and other necessaries for
+the business.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Westlake, the senior member of the firm, was born in Chemung county,
+New York, January 11, 1822, received a good education and when a young man
+was employed as a clerk in a lumber business for a couple of years. In
+1847, he went into the lumber trade on his own account, remaining in that
+business until 1866, when he removed to Cleveland, and finding that the
+oil refining business held out reasonable prospects of profit, he embarked
+in it, and by his energy of character and enterprise has achieved
+flattering success, although the time in which he has been engaged in the
+business is short. He is still in the prime of life.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Westlake was married in 1848 to Miss Hatch, of Elmira, Chemung county,
+and has three children.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="stephen_buhrer"></a>Stephen Buhrer.</h2>
+
+
+
+<p>Stephen Buhrer, the subject of this sketch, is of immediate German
+descent. His father, a native of Baden, and his mother of Wirtemburg,
+emigrated to this country in the year 1817. Their acquaintance was first
+formed on board of the emigrant ship on their passage hither, and they
+were married soon after their arrival in this country. After remaining in
+the State of Pennsylvania about two years, they came to make their home
+in Tuscarawas county, Ohio, where, on the 26th day of December, 1825,
+their son, Stephen Buhrer, was born. That region at that time (fifty
+years ago) was remarkably wild and rough, and inhospitable, but since, by
+the thrifty German population, by whom it was mainly inhabited, it has
+become scarcely inferior to any other part of the State in agricultural
+wealth. But the father of Stephen Buhrer was not destined to live to see
+this prosperity. He died in the year 1829, leaving his widow and two
+young children, Stephen and Catharine, dependent on themselves to make
+their way in the world.</p>
+
+<p>From the severe discipline to which Mr. Buhrer was subjected in early
+life, and from the difficulties which he had to overcome, he acquired that
+energy and force of character which have given him success and by which he
+has attained to a high rank as a self-made man.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Buhrer does not remember that he was privileged to attend any school
+after he was ten years of age. All the education which he subsequently
+acquired he obtained on Sundays and in evenings, after his day's labor was
+over. He has been a citizen of Cleveland since the year 1844. His first
+business in this city was at his trade, as cooper, and afterwards he
+became extensively engaged, and with success, in the business of purifying
+and refining spirits.</p>
+
+<p>In the Spring of the year 1853, he was elected a member of the City
+Council, and was twice thereafter re-elected to the same office, the last
+time almost without opposition.</p>
+
+<p>By the manner in which he discharged his duty as a member of the City
+Council, public attention was directed toward him as a suitable person for
+the responsible office of Mayor of the city, to which he was elected, at
+the April election, in the year 1867, by a very large majority, although
+he did not belong to the dominant political party. It is conceded by all
+that he has discharged the duties of Mayor, with a zeal and a devotion to
+the interests of the city which have had few examples. Turning aside, on
+his election, from the business in which he was engaged, he has allowed
+the affairs of the city to monopolize his attention. Placed by his office
+at the head of the Board of City Improvements, and having in charge public
+works of great magnitude, involving the expenditure of vast sums of money,
+invested with the sole control and management of the large police force of
+the city, and therefore made responsible for its fidelity and efficiency,
+and exercising a supervision over all the departments of the city
+government, to promote economy and to lessen taxation, Mayor Buhrer has
+found his office to be no sinecure. Among the distinguishing traits of his
+official conduct has been his impartiality, his exemption from favoritism
+and partizanship, when in conflict with the public interests, and
+especially his well-known hostility to "cliques" and "rings," such as
+resort to a city government as a rich placer, where they may work to
+enrich themselves at the expense of the people. The rigid discharge of
+duty which he has required of the police under his charge, and the
+avoidance, at the same time, of everything like oppression, or the
+exercise of undue severity in office, have received the public
+approbation.</p>
+
+<p>[Illustration: Yours Respectfully, Stephen Buhrer]</p>
+
+<p>One of the most prominent institutions of Cleveland will be the House of
+Correction, now in progress of construction, and which is humanely
+intended to reform and reclaim, as well as to punish, the vicious and the
+criminal. To Mr. Buhrer much credit will be awarded for the active and
+leading part he has taken in the establishment of such an institution.</p>
+
+<p>At the expiration of his term of office, it was his wish to be relieved
+from public care and to devote all of his time to his private pursuits,
+and which, the more he expected to do, as no one of his predecessors had
+ever been re-elected, or had entered again upon a second term. But
+yielding to the solicitations of friends, he again became a candidate, and
+at the April election, in 1869, was again elected Mayor of the city of
+Cleveland, by nearly three thousand majority. Such a demonstration by the
+people is a sufficient commentary upon his character as a citizen, and
+upon the public estimation of his official services.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="m_b_clark"></a>M. B. Clark.</h2>
+
+
+
+<p>M. B. Clark was born in Malmsbury, England, September 6, 1827. From early
+boyhood until he was nearly of age he was employed in all the various
+occupations of an agricultural district. About this time the United
+States, as a promising country for the working man, was attracting
+considerable notice in his native village, and young Clark, being
+favorably impressed with reports from America, secretly resolved to
+husband his means and follow the example of those who had recently gone.</p>
+
+<p>In the Spring of 1847, he left home with but barely sufficient means for
+the expenses of the journey. On the 17th of June in that year he landed at
+Boston, amidst martial music and parade of military, celebrating the
+battle of Bunker's Hill. This, however, was but poor consolation to the
+English lad, who found himself penniless and friendless. He used every
+effort to find employment without success, and in the meantime was obliged
+to sleep wherever night overtook him. At last he obtained work on a farm,
+in the little town of Dover, Massachusetts, at ten dollars per month. He
+remained in this situation until October, when, with the regrets of his
+employer, he left for the West.</p>
+
+<p>On arriving in Ohio, he first obtained employment at chopping wood and
+teaming, in Lorain county. In the following Spring he returned to
+Cleveland and obtained a situation as helper in a hardware store. Here it
+became apparent to him that he was sadly deficient in an educational point
+of view, and that it offered an almost insuperable barrier to his
+advancement in life. To remedy this, so far as possible, he devoted all
+his leisure hours to study, and on the establishment of the evening
+schools the following winter, he availed himself of them, and the
+advantage soon became apparent.</p>
+
+<p>With a view to the improvement of his circumstances, in 1851, he engaged
+himself to Hussey &amp; Sinclair, with whom he remained six years, when he
+returned to his former employers, Otis &amp; Co., and remained with them three
+years longer.</p>
+
+<p>In 1859, he established himself in the commission business, associating
+with him John D. Rockefeller, the firm name being Clark &amp; Rockefeller;
+both young men of limited means. By strict attention and honorable conduct
+they soon built up a lucrative business. In 1860, G. W. Gardner became a
+member of the firm, and continued as such for two years, when he retired.</p>
+
+<p>In 1863, Mr. Clark's attention was attracted to the manufacture of
+petroleum oils, a business then in its infancy. In connection with his
+partners, he erected a factory on the Newburg road, the capacity of which
+was about fifty-six barrels of crude oil per day. They soon discovered
+that there was money in the enterprise, and before the end of the year
+they had increased the capacity of their works four-fold; and the
+enterprise of this firm has aided materially in making Cleveland what it
+is to-day, the successful rival of Pittsburgh in the manufacture of
+petroleum oils. In 1865, the manufacturing branch was purchased by his
+partner, and the general commission business was continued by Mr. Clark
+until 1866, when he sold out his interest, remaining nominally out of the
+business until June of that year, when he wearied of idleness and sought
+active business once more. Purchasing the controlling interest in another
+refinery, he set to work, vigorously, enlarging the capacity of the works
+and bringing capital and energy to bear with such effect upon the business
+of the firm, that it now ranks among the leading oil refining
+establishments of the country.</p>
+
+<p>[Illustration: Yours Respectfully, M. B. Clark]</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Clark has been no niggard with the wealth that has accrued to him
+from his business. During the war he contributed liberally and was active
+in aiding the cause of the government by giving every practical measure
+his cordial and generous support. In other matters he has manifested a
+like liberal spirit. In politics he has acted with the Republicans, and
+has been active in furthering the success of that party. In 1866, he was
+elected member of the city council from the fourth ward, and was
+re-elected in 1868. In religions matters he has always connected himself
+with the Wesleyan Methodists, and has been a leading supporter of that
+congregation in Cleveland.</p>
+
+<p>Still in the vigor of life, Mr. Clark has the opportunity of doing much
+more for the prosperity of the city by increasing the manufacturing
+business, and this his practical nature leads him to do.</p>
+
+<p>It will be seen that Mr. Clark has been the architect of his own
+fortune. His sympathies are with the industrial classes, from which he
+sprang, and in return he has the confidence and good will of a large
+portion of that class.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Clark was married in 1853, and has a family of five children.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="jacob_lowman"></a>Jacob Lowman.</h2>
+
+
+
+<p>Jacob Lowman was born in Washington county, Maryland, Sept. 22, 1810. He
+worked with his father on the farm until he was eighteen, at which time he
+became an apprentice to the smithing department of the carriage building
+trade. At the expiration of his apprenticeship, in 1832, he came to Ohio.
+He stopped in Stark county for a few months, and then came to Cleveland,
+in search of work, which he readily obtained, with Elisha Peet, on Seneca
+street, where Frankfort street now intersects it. He worked about a year
+and a half, for which he received nine dollars per month and board. Being
+of steady habits, he saved in that time about seventy-five dollars. Mr.
+Lowman then bought out his employer, and commenced at once on his own
+account, at the same place. After two years, he built a shop where the
+Theatre Comique now stands, and remained there eight years. At first he
+labored alone, after awhile he had one journeyman, soon adding still
+another, and another, till, at the end of the eight years, he employed
+about fifteen men. He then removed to Vineyard street, having built shops
+there to accommodate his increasing business. This was about the year
+1842--3. After moving to the new buildings, his business constantly grew
+with the city, and more men were employed. In 1851, Mr. Lowman commenced
+the erection of a still larger building to meet his increasing demands; he
+was then employing from thirty-five to forty men. About this time too, he
+associated with him Mr. Wm. M. Warden, who had then been in his employ for
+about ten years. Their facilities were sufficient till about the time of
+the war, when they erected a large brick building on Champlain street, now
+occupied as a smith shop, trimming shop, store room, etc., since which
+they have employed about sixty men. Mr. Lowman, for a number of years, did
+little beside a local trade, but for the last five or six years he has
+built up quite a large foreign trade, shipping West extensively--
+Wisconsin, Illinois, Iowa, Michigan, Nebraska, Indiana and Kentucky, being
+the principal markets.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Lowman has been strictly temperate all his life. He has taken a lively
+interest in the Sunday schools of the city, in connection with the
+Methodist Episcopal Church, of which he has been a member nearly since he
+came to the city.</p>
+
+<p>He was married in 1841 to Miss Minerva E. Peet, by whom he had four
+children, three of whom are now living--the oldest son being in business
+with his father. He suffered the loss of his partner in life in 1857. He
+married again in 1863, to Mrs. Sarah D. Goodwin, of Lorain county, Ohio,
+formerly of Vermont.</p>
+
+<p>He attributes his success in business to the fact that he had an object in
+view, and endeavored to attain it, strict attention to business, economy,
+and studying to give satisfaction by his work.</p>
+
+<p>He is only fifty-eight years of age, and well preserved, and in all
+human probability will live to enjoy the fruit of his labor for many
+years to come.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<p align="center">[Illustration: Yours Truly W. G. Wilson]</p>
+
+
+<h2><a name="w_g_wilson"></a>W. G. Wilson.</h2>
+
+
+
+<p>W. G. Wilson, now president of the Wilson Sewing Machine Company of
+Cleveland, was born in Franklin county, Pennsylvania, on the first of
+April, 1841. His education was obtained at a village school house. When he
+was in his thirteenth year his parents removed to Ohio, and the lad
+remained with them until his eighteenth year, when he left home with a
+somewhat indefinite idea of doing something for himself, although
+possessing neither money nor friends to aid him in his start in life.
+Until the year 1864, he wandered from place to place, turning his hand to
+various employments, but was dissatisfied with them all, being convinced
+that he had not yet found his right vocation or location.</p>
+
+<p>In 1864, he was visiting some friends at Madison county, Ohio, when his
+attention was attracted by a cheap sewing machine. Believing that money
+could be made by the sale of such machines he purchased one, mastered its
+mode of operation, and took a traveling agency. Finding this a more
+profitable business than any he had yet undertaken, he prosecuted it with
+vigor, and being of an inquiring mind, soon picked up important facts
+concerning the business, the manufacture of the machines, and the profits
+of the manufacturers and dealers. He discovered that the largest profits
+were not made by those who retailed the machines, and, therefore, he set
+to work to change his position in the business and so enlarge his profits.</p>
+
+<p>In Fremont, Ohio, he formed the acquaintance of a young man in the grocery
+business, who had thought at times of entering on the sewing machine
+trade. A partnership was formed. Mr. Wilson contributed his whole
+available means, sixty-five dollars, to which he added the experience he
+had gained, whilst his partner contributed to the common stock three
+hundred dollars. With this slender cash capital, but abundant confidence
+in their success, the new firm came to Cleveland, which they selected as
+the base of their operations on account of its superior shipping
+facilities, and opened a wareroom in Lyman's Block, having previously made
+arrangements with manufacturers in Massachusetts to make machines for
+them. The new firm of Mather &amp; Wilson were successful beyond their
+expectations.</p>
+
+<p>About a year had been passed in this way when suits were brought against
+Mather &amp; Wilson, in common with a number of other parties throughout the
+West, for an alleged infringement of a sewing machine patent. Under the
+pressure of these suits, which were prosecuted with a large capital to
+back up the litigating parties, Mr. Wilson endeavored to secure the
+co-operation of the more powerful of the defendants, but without success,
+each party preferring to fight the battle singly. After a hard fight in
+the courts, a compromise was effected, the suit against Mather &amp; Wilson
+withdrawn on each party paying his own costs, and they were allowed to
+carry on the business unmolested.</p>
+
+<p>Shortly afterwards Mr. Wilson sold out his interest in the firm. A few
+weeks subsequently he made an agreement with H. F. Wilson, whereby the
+latter was to perfect and patent a low priced shuttle machine, and assign
+the patent to the former. In two months the machine was in the patent
+office, and in 1867 the manufacture was commenced in Cleveland. No money
+or labor was spared in perfecting the machine, which achieved an instant
+success and became exceedingly profitable.</p>
+
+<p>In 1868, the Wilson Sewing Machine Company was organized with a paid up
+capital of one hundred thousand dollars, the principal portion of their
+stock being owned by Mr. Wilson, who is president of the company. The
+business of the concern has grown until it now reaches five hundred
+machines per week, and branch houses have been established in Boston and
+St. Louis, with general agencies in the principal cities of the United
+States. Through the rapid development of their business the company have
+recently purchased a tract of land at the junction of Platt street and the
+Pittsburgh railroad crossing, in Cleveland, for the purpose of erecting a
+large building for the manufacture of their sewing machines, that will
+give employment to between two and three hundred men.</p>
+
+<p>The Wilson Sewing Machine Company is one of the latest established
+manufactories in Cleveland, but promises to take rank among the most
+important. It deserves especial mention among the record of Cleveland
+enterprises, as producing the first local sewing machine that has
+succeeded, although many attempts have been made.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="albert_c_mcnairy"></a>Albert C. McNairy.</h2>
+
+
+
+<p>This department of the present work would be imperfect without a reference
+to the firm of McNairy, Claflen &amp; Co., which ranks among the heaviest and
+most important contracting firms in the country.</p>
+
+<p>Albert C. McNairy, the head of the firm and a man of great enterprise and
+energy of character, was born June 14, 1815, at Middletown, Connecticut,
+and was early engaged in work of a similar character to that now
+undertaken by the firm. In 1848, he constructed the famous Holyoke Dam,
+across the Connecticut river at Holyoke, which is over a thousand feet
+between the abutments, and thirty feet in height. In 1851, he became a
+member of the bridge building firm of Thatcher, Burt &amp; Co., of Cleveland,
+whose operations in the construction of bridges were very extensive. In
+1864, the firm name became McNairy, Claflen &amp; Co., by the admission of
+Henry M. Claflen, who had been in the employ of the firm since 1854. In
+1866, Mr. Thatcher and Mr. Burt retired and Harvey T. Claflen, (who had
+been connected with the establishment since 1852,) and Simeon Sheldon
+were admitted.</p>
+
+<p>From 1851 to a recent date, the Howe Truss Bridge was nearly the only
+bridge made by the concern. They now are largely engaged in the
+construction of iron bridges and all kinds of railway cars. The concern
+has built three thousand two hundred and eighty-one bridges--about sixty
+miles in the aggregate. The streams of nearly every State east of the
+Rocky Mountains are spanned by their bridges, and it is a historical fact
+that not one bridge of their construction has fallen.</p>
+
+<p>Three hundred and fifty men are employed by the firm, and the aggregate of
+their business reaches two millions of dollars yearly.</p>
+
+<p>The firm is now constructing the New York and Oswego Midland
+Railroad, from Oneida to Oswego, a distance of sixty-five miles, and
+furnishing the cars.</p>
+
+<p>The general management of the affairs of the company is in the hands of
+Messrs. McNairy and Henry M. Claflen. The management of the works is
+assigned to Harvey T. Claflen, whilst the engineering department falls to
+the particular superintendence of Mr. Sheldon. The Messrs. Claflen are
+natives of Taunton, Massachusetts, and Mr. Sheldon of Lockport, New York.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="j_h_morley"></a>J. H. Morley.</h2>
+
+
+
+<p>J. H. Morley is a native of Cayuga county, New York. He came to Cleveland
+in 1847, and commenced the hardware business on Superior street, under the
+firm name of Morley &amp; Reynolds. This firm continued, successfully, for
+about twelve years, after which, for some time, Mr. Morley was engaged in
+no active business. In 1863, he commenced the manufacture of white lead,
+on a limited scale. Three years subsequently, a partnership was formed
+with T. S. Beckwith, when the capacity of the works was immediately
+enlarged. Every year since that time they have added to their facilities.
+Their factory has a frontage on Canal and Champlain streets, of over three
+hundred feet. Their machinery is driven by a hundred horse-power engine,
+and four hundred corroding pots are run. About one thousand tons of lead
+are manufactured yearly, and find a ready market in Ohio, Michigan,
+Wisconsin, Iowa and New York.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="telegraphy"></a>Telegraphy.</h2>
+
+
+
+<p>The telegraphic history of Cleveland is mainly written in the story of the
+connection with this city of the two leading telegraphers whose
+biographical sketches are given in this work. The master spirit of the
+great telegraphic combination of the United States, and the chief
+executive officer of that combination, have made Cleveland their home and
+headquarters. Their story, as told in the immediately succeeding pages, is
+therefore the telegraphic history of Cleveland.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="jeptha_h_wade"></a>Jeptha H. Wade.</h2>
+
+
+
+<p>Foremost on the roll of those who have won a distinguished position in the
+telegraphic history of the West, is the name of Jeptha H. Wade, until
+recently president of the Western Union Telegraph Company, and who still,
+although compelled by failing health to resign the supreme executive
+control, remains on the Board of direction, and is one of the leading
+spirits in the management.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Wade was born in Seneca county, New York, August 11, 1811, and was
+brought up to mechanical pursuits, in which he achieved a fair amount of
+success. Having a taste for art, and finding his health impaired by the
+labors and close application consequent on his mechanical employment, he,
+in 1835, turned his attention to portrait painting, and by arduous study
+and conscientious devotion to the art, became very successful. Whilst
+engaged in this work, the use of the camera in producing portraits came
+into notice. Mr. Wade purchased a camera, and carefully studied the
+printed directions accompanying the instrument. These were vague, and
+served but as hints for a more careful investigation and more thorough
+development of the powers of the camera. By repeated experiments and
+intelligent reasoning from effects back to causes, and from causes again
+to effects, he at length became master of the subject, and succeeded in
+taking the first daguerreotype west of New York.</p>
+
+<p>When busy with his pencil and easel taking portraits, and varying his
+occupation by experimenting with the camera, news came to him of the
+excitement created by the success of the telegraphic experiment of
+building a line between Baltimore and Washington. This was in 1844. Mr.
+Wade turned his attention to the new science, studied it with his
+accustomed patience and assiduity, mastered its details, so far as then
+understood, and immediately saw the advantage to the country, and the
+pecuniary benefit to those immediately interested, likely to accrue from
+the extension of the telegraph system which had just been created.
+Without abandoning his devotion to art, he entered on the work of
+extending the telegraph system. The first line west of Buffalo was built
+by him, between Detroit and Jackson, Michigan, and the Jackson office was
+opened and operated by him, although he had received no practical
+instruction in the manipulation of the instruments. In the year 1848, an
+incident occurred, which, though at the time he bitterly deplored it as a
+calamity, was, in fact, a blessing in disguise, and compelled him
+perforce to embark on the tide which bore him on to fame and fortune. He
+was an operator in the line of the Erie and Michigan Telegraph Company,
+at Milan, Ohio, when a conflagration destroyed all the materials and
+implements forming his stock in trade as a portrait painter. After a
+brief consideration of the subject, he decided not to replace the lost
+implements of his art, but to cut loose altogether from the career of an
+artist, and hereafter to devote himself solely to the business he had
+entered upon with fair promise of success.</p>
+
+<p>[Illustration: Very Truly Yours, J. H. Wade]</p>
+
+<p>The first years of telegraph construction were years of much vexation of
+spirit to those engaged in such enterprises. Difficulties of all kinds,
+financial, mechanical, and otherwise, had to be encountered and overcome.
+There were those who objected to the wires crossing their land or coming
+in proximity to their premises, fearing damage from the electric current
+in storms. Those who had invested their capital wanted immediate large
+returns. Some of those who had to be employed in the construction of the
+lines were ignorant of the principles of electrical science, and their
+ignorance caused serious embarrassments and delays. Defective insulation
+was a standing cause of trouble, and telegraphers were studying and
+experimenting how to overcome the difficulties in this direction, but
+without satisfactory result. In the face of all these difficulties, Mr.
+Wade proceeded with the work of extending and operating telegraph lines.
+In addition to the interest he had secured in the Erie and Michigan line.
+he constructed the "Wade line" between Cleveland via Cincinnati, to St.
+Louis, and worked it with success. The "House consolidation" placed Mr.
+Wade's interest in the lines mentioned in the hands of the Mississippi
+Valley Printing Telegraph Company, and before long this consolidation was
+followed by the union of all the House and Morse lines in the West, and
+the organization of the Western Union Telegraph Company. In all these acts
+of consolidation the influence of Mr. Wade was active and powerful.
+Realizing the fact that competition between short detached lines rendered
+them unproductive, and that in telegraphing, as in other things, union is
+strength, he directed his energies to bringing about the consolidation,
+not only of the lines connecting with each other, but of rival interests.
+The soundness of his views has been proved by the unremunerativeness of
+the lines before consolidation and their remarkable prosperity since.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Wade was one of the principal originators of the first Pacific
+telegraph, and on the formation of the company he was made its first
+president. The location of the line, and its construction through the
+immense territory--then in great part a vast solitude--between Chicago and
+San Francisco, were left mainly to his unaided judgment and energy, and
+here again those qualities converted a hazardous experiment into a
+brilliant success. Mr. Wade remained president of the Pacific Company
+until he secured its consolidation with the Western Union Telegraph
+Company, to accomplish which, he went to California, in the latter part of
+1860, and succeeded in harmonizing the jarring telegraphic interests
+there. On the completion of this consolidation, Mr. Wade was made
+president of the Western Union Telegraph Company, his headquarters being
+in Cleveland.</p>
+
+<p>At a meeting of the Board of Directors, in July, 1867, a letter was
+received from Mr. Wade, declining a re-election to the office of
+president. The following resolutions were unanimously adopted by
+the Board:</p>
+
+<p>  <i>Resolved</i>, That in receiving the letter of J. H. Wade, Esq., declining
+  re-election to the presidency of this company, we cannot pass it to the
+  officiai files without recording our testimony to the distinguished
+  service he has rendered to the general system of American Telegraphs,
+  and especially to the company whose management he now resigns.</p>
+
+<p>  Connecting himself with it in its earliest introduction to public use,
+  and interesting himself in its construction, he was the first to see
+  that the ultimate triumph of the telegraph, both as a grand system of
+  public utility, and of secure investment, would be by some absorbing
+  process, which would prevent the embarrassments of separate
+  organizations.</p>
+
+<p>  To the foresight, perseverance and tact of Mr. Wade, we believe is
+  largely due the fact of the existence of one great company to-day with
+  its thousand arms, grasping the extremities of the continent, instead of
+  a series of weak, unreliable lines, unsuited to public wants, and, as
+  property, precarious and insecure.</p>
+
+<p>  <i>Resolved</i>, That we tender to Mr. Wade our congratulations on the great
+  fruition of his work, signalized and cemented by this day's election of
+  a Board representing the now united leading telegraph interests of the
+  nation, accompanied with regrets that he is not with us to receive our
+  personal acknowledgements, and to join us in the election of a successor
+  to the position he has so usefully filled.</p>
+
+<p>  Office of the Western Union Telegraph Company, New York, July
+  10th, 1867.</p>
+
+<p>  William Orton, President.
+  O. H. Palmer, Secretary.</p>
+
+<p>As before mentioned, Mr. Wade remains a director and leading spirit in the
+Board, where his suggestions are listened to with respect and acted on
+without unnecessary delay. In addition to his connection with the
+telegraph Company, Mr. Wade is heavily interested in several of the most
+important manufactories, in the railroads, and in the leading banks of
+Cleveland. The wealth he has accumulated is mostly invested in such a
+manner as to largely aid in building up the property of Cleveland, a city
+in which he feels a strong interest, not only from the fact that it has
+been for the past twenty years his place of residence, but that the wealth
+enabling him to enjoy the beautiful home he has secured there, was made in
+Cleveland.</p>
+
+<p>It has already been noted that Mr. Wade, when a painter, took the first
+daguerreotype west of New York. Soon after his entering upon the business
+of telegraphy, he put into practice, for the first time, the plan of
+enclosing a submarine cable in iron armor. It was applied to the cable
+across the Mississippi, at St. Louis, in 1850. Weights had been applied
+to the previous cables, at regular distances, on account of the sand,
+change of bottom, drifts, and other difficulties that interfered with the
+safety of the cable. Mr. Wade conceived the idea of combining weight and
+protection in the cable itself. He constructed it with eighteen pieces of
+wire, placed lengthwise around the cable, and bound together with soft
+iron wire at intervals. While the spiral cordage of hemp, such as was
+used at that time on the cable from Dover to Calais, would stretch, and
+allow the strain to come on the cable itself. This invention caused the
+strain to come on the armor. It was a complete success, and lasted until
+the line was abandoned. Mr. Wade also invented, in 1852, what is now
+known as the Wade insulator, which has been used more extensively,
+perhaps, than any other.</p>
+
+<p>Among the strong points in Mr. Wade's character, is his readiness and
+ability to adapt himself to whatever he undertakes to do. The evidence of
+his common sense, business foresight and indomitable perseverance, has
+been proved by the success attending the various pursuits in which
+circumstances have placed him. Finding, in early manhood, his mechanical
+labor undermining his health, he turned his attention to portrait and
+miniature painting, to which he applied himself so close that after a
+dozen years or more at the easel, he was compelled to abandon it and seek
+more active and less sedentary pursuits. Having so long applied himself to
+painting--the business of all others the most calculated to disqualify a
+man for everything else--but few men would have had the courage to enter
+so different a field, but Mr. Wade seemed equal to the task, and with
+appropriate courage and renewed energy grappled with the difficulties and
+mystories of the telegraph business, then entirely new, having no books
+or rules to refer to, and without the experience of others to guide him,
+and having, as it were, to climb a ladder, every round of which had to be
+invented as he progressed. But nothing daunted him. Through perseverance
+and system he succeeded, not only in supplying the United States in the
+most rapid manner with better and cheaper telegraphic facilities than has
+been afforded any other country on the globe, but in making for himself
+the ample fortune to which his ability and energy so justly entitle him.
+And when care and over-work in the telegraph business had made such an
+impression upon his health as to induce him to retire from its management,
+and give more attention to his private affairs, he was again found equal
+to the emergency, and has proved himself equally successful as a financier
+and business man generally, as he had before shown himself in organizing
+and building up the telegraph speciality.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="anson_stager"></a>Anson Stager.</h2>
+
+
+
+<p>One of the most widely known names in connection with telegraphy in the
+West--and not in the West alone, but probably throughout the United
+States--is that of General Anson Stager. From the organization of the
+Western Union Telegraph Company, General Stager has had the executive
+management of its lines as general superintendent, and the position has
+not only brought him into close relations with all connected in any way
+with the telegraph, but has given him a larger circle of business
+acquaintances than it falls to the lot of most men to possess. The natural
+effect of his position and the extraordinary course of events during his
+occupation of that position, have brought him into communication, and
+frequently into intimate confidential relations, with the leading men in
+commerce, in science, in journalism, in military affairs, and in State and
+national governments.</p>
+
+<p>[Illustration: Very Respectfully Yours, Anson Stager]</p>
+
+<p>Anson Stager was born in Ontario county, New York, April 20, 1825. At the
+age of sixteen he entered a printing office under the instruction of Henry
+O'Reilly, well known afterwards as a leader in telegraph construction and
+management. For four or five years he continued his connection with the
+"art preservative of all arts," and the knowledge of and sympathy with
+journalism which he acquired through his connection with it during this
+period of his life, enabled him during his subsequent telegraphic career
+to deal understandingly with the press in the peculiar relations it holds
+with the telegraph, and has occasioned many acts of courtesy and good will
+which the managers of the press have not been backward in recognizing and
+acknowledging.</p>
+
+<p>In October, 1846, General Stager changed his location from the
+compositor's case to the telegraph operator's desk, commencing work as an
+operator in Philadelphia. With the extension of the lines westward, he
+removed to Lancaster, Pennsylvania, and then crossed the Alleghenies to
+Pittsburgh, where he was the pioneer operator. His ability and
+intelligence were speedily recognized by those having charge of the new
+enterprise, and in the Spring of 1848, he was made chief operator of the
+"National lines" at Cincinnati, a post he filled so well that, in 1852, he
+was appointed superintendent of the Mississippi Valley Printing Telegraph
+Company. Immediately following his appointment to that position the
+company with which he was connected absorbed the lines of the New York
+State Printing Telegraph Company, and General Stager's control was thus
+extended over that State.</p>
+
+<p>Whilst holding the position of executive manager of the lines of this
+company, the negotiations for the consolidation of the competing and
+affiliated lines into one company were set on foot. General Stager warmly
+favored such a consolidation on equitable terms and set to work vigorously
+to promote it. On its consummation, and the organization of the Western
+Union Telegraph Company his services in that respect and his general
+fitness as a telegraph manager, were recognized by his appointment as
+general superintendent of the consolidated company. The position was, even
+then, one of great responsibility and difficulty, the vast net work of
+lines extending like a spider's web over the face of the country requiring
+a clear head, and practical knowledge to keep it free from confusion and
+embarrassment, whilst the delicate and complicated relations in which the
+telegraph stood with regard to the railroads and the press increased the
+difficulties of the position. The rapid extension of the wires increased
+the responsibilities and multiplied the difficulties yearly, but the right
+man was in the right position, and everything worked smoothly.</p>
+
+<p>The extensive and elaborate System of railroad telegraphs which is in use
+on all the railroads of the West and Northwest owes its existence to
+General Stager. The telegraphs and railroads have interests in common, and
+yet diverse, and the problem to be solved was, how to secure to the
+telegraph company the general revenue business of the railroad wires, and
+at the same time to enable the railroad companies to use the wires for
+their own especial purposes, such as the transmission of their own
+business correspondence, the moving of trains, and the comparison and
+adjustment of accounts between stations. How to do this without confusion
+and injustice to one or the other interest was the difficult question to
+be answered, and it was satisfactorily met by the scheme adopted by
+General Stager. That scheme, by the admirable simplicity, complete
+adaptability and perfection of detail of its system of contracts and plan
+of operating railroad telegraph lines, enabled the diverse, and seemingly
+jarring, interests to work together in harmony. Telegraph facilities are
+always at the disposal of the railroads in emergency, and have repeatedly
+given vital aid, whilst the railroad interests have been equally prompt
+and active in assisting the telegraph when occasion arises.</p>
+
+<p>The relations between the journalistic interests of the country and the
+telegraph, through the various press associations for the gathering and
+transmission of news by telegraph, have also given occasion for the
+exercise of judgment and executive ability. The various and frequently
+clashing interests of the general and special press associations and of
+individual newspaper enterprise, and the necessity, for economical
+purposes, of combining in many instances the business of news gathering
+with news transmission, make the relations between the press and telegraph
+of peculiar difficulty and delicacy, and probably occasioned not the
+smallest portion of General Stager's business anxieties. It is safe to
+say, that in all the embarrassing questions that have arisen, and in all
+the controversies that have unavoidably occurred at intervals, no
+complaint has ever been made against General Stager's ability, fairness,
+or courtesy to the press.</p>
+
+<p>Whilst the Western Union Telegraph Company has been developing from its
+one wire between Buffalo and Louisville into its present giant
+proportions, General Stager has had a busy life. His planning mind and
+watchful eye were needed everywhere, and were everywhere present. The
+amount of travel and discomfort this entailed during the building of the
+earlier lines may be imagined by those who know what a large extent of
+country is covered by these lines, and what the traveling facilities were
+in the West before the introduction of the modern improvements in railway
+traveling, and before railroads themselves had reached a large portion of
+the country to be traveled over.</p>
+
+<p>With the breaking out of the rebellion, a new era in General Stager's life
+commenced. With the firing of the first rebel gun on Fort Sumpter, and the
+resultant demand for troops to defend the nation's life, the Governors of
+Ohio, Illinois and Indiana united in taking possession of the telegraph
+lines in those States for military purposes, and the superintendent of the
+Western Union Telegraph Company was appointed to represent these in their
+official capacity. General Stager acted with promptness and vigor, and no
+small share of the credit accorded to those States for the promptness with
+which their troops were in the field and striking effective blows for the
+Union, is due to General Stager for the ability with which he made the
+telegraph co&ouml;perate with the authorities in directing the military
+movements. When General McClellan took command of the Union forces in West
+Virginia and commenced the campaign that drove the rebels east of the
+mountains, General Stager accompanied him as chief of the telegraph staff,
+and established the first system of field telegraph used during the war.
+The wire followed the army headquarters wherever that went, and the enemy
+were confounded by the constant and instant communications kept up between
+the Union army in the field and the Union government at home. When General
+McClellan was summoned to Washington to take command of the Army of the
+Potomac, General Stager was called by him to organize the military
+telegraph of that department. This he accomplished, and remained in charge
+of it until November, 1862, when he was commissioned captain and assistant
+quartermaster, and by order of the Secretary of war, appointed chief of
+the United States Military Telegraphs throughout the United States--a
+control that covered all the main lines in the country. He was
+subsequently commissioned colonel and aid-de-damp, and assigned to duty in
+the War Department, and was also placed in charge of the cypher
+correspondence of the Secretary of War. The cryptograph used throughout
+the war was perfected by him, and baffled all attempts of the enemy to
+translate it. At the close of the war he left the active military service
+of the government, retiring with the brevet of Brigadier General,
+conferred for valuable and meritorious services.</p>
+
+<p>At the close of the war the Southwestern and American Telegraph Companies
+were consolidated with the Western Union Telegraph Company, and a
+re-organization of the latter company effected. The general
+superintendency of the Consolidated company was urged upon General Stager,
+but as this would necessitate his removal to New York, he declined it,
+preferring to live in the west. For a time he meditated retiring
+altogether from the telegraph business and embarking in newspaper life,
+for which his early training had given him a taste, and towards which he
+always maintained an affection. Eventually the company persuaded him to
+remain in connection with them, and to suit his wishes, the field of the
+company's operations was divided into three divisions, the Central,
+Eastern and Southern. General Stager assumed control of the Central, which
+covered the field with which he had so long been identified, and which
+left him with his headquarters in the home he had for years occupied, in
+Cleveland. Early in 1869, the duties of his position rendered it necessary
+that he should remove to Chicago, which he did with great reluctance, his
+relations with Cleveland business, and its people, being close and
+uniformly cordial.</p>
+
+<p>General Stager is a man with a host of friends and without, we believe,
+one enemy. His position was such as to bring him into contact with every
+kind of interest, and frequently, of necessity, into conflict with one or
+other, but his position was always maintained with such courtesy, as well
+as firmness, that no ill feeling resulted from the controversy, however it
+terminated.</p>
+
+<p>Socially he is one of the most genial of companions; in character the
+personification of uprightness and honor; firm in his friendships and
+incapable of malice toward any one. Well situated financially, happy in his
+domestic circle, of wide popularity, and possessing the esteem of those
+who know him best, General Stager is one of those whose lot is enviable,
+and who has made his position thus enviable by his own force of character
+and geniality of disposition.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="city_improvements"></a>City Improvements</h2>
+
+
+
+<p>Cleveland covers a large extent of territory. The width of its streets and
+the unusual amount of frontage possessed by most of the dwellings, made
+the work of city improvements in the way of paving, sewerage and water
+supply, at first very slow of execution. The light gravelly soil, on which
+the greater portion of the city is built, enabled these works to be
+postponed, until the increased number and compactness of the population,
+and excess of wealth, would render the expense less burdensome.</p>
+
+<p>The first attempts at paving were made on Superior street, below the
+Square, and on River street. The paving was of heavy planks laid across
+the street, and was at the time a source of pride to the citizens; but
+when, in coming years, the planks were warped and loosened, it became an
+intolerable nuisance. On River street the floods of the Cuyahoga sometimes
+rushed through the warehouses and covered the street, floating off the
+planks and leaving them in hopeless disorder on the subsidence of the
+waters. It was at last determined to pave these streets with stone.
+Limestone was at first chosen, but found not to answer, and Medina
+sandstone was finally adopted, with which all the stone paving of the
+streets has been since done. Within two or three years the Nicholson wood
+pavement has been introduced, and has been laid extensively on the streets
+above the bluff. On the low land along the river valley the paving still
+continues to be of stone. At the present time there are between seventeen
+and eighteen miles of pavement finished or under construction, about half
+of which is Nicholson wood pavement, and the remainder Medina sandstone.</p>
+
+<p>Within a few years the work of sewering the city has been systematized
+and pushed forward vigorously. At first, the sewers were made to suit the
+needs of a particular locality, without any reference to a general system,
+and consequently were found utterly inadequate to the growing necessities
+of the city. Proper legislation was obtained from the General Assembly,
+money was obtained on the credit of the city, the territory was mapped out
+into sewer districts, with sewer lines for each district, so arranged as
+to form a part of one harmonious whole, and the work commenced. All the
+main sewers drain into the lake. There are now about twenty-seven miles of
+main and branch sewers finished, and additional sewers are in progress of
+construction.</p>
+
+<p>The rapid growth of the city, and the gradual failure, or deterioration,
+of the wells, in the most thickly settled parts, rendered it necessary to
+find some other source of a constant supply of pure water. It was
+determined to obtain the supply from Lake Erie, and for this purpose an
+inlet pipe was run out into the lake, west of the Old River Bed. The pipe
+is of boiler plate, three-eighths of an inch thick, fifty inches in
+diameter, and three hundred feet long, extending from the shore to the
+source of supply at twelve feet depth of water, and terminating in the
+lake at a circular tower, constructed of piles driven down as deep as they
+can be forced into the bottom of the lake. There are two concentric rows
+of piles, two abreast, leaving eight feet space between the outer and
+interior rows, which space is filled with broken stones to the top of the
+piles. The piles are then capped with strong timber plates, securely
+bolted together and fastened with iron to the piles. The outside diameter
+of the tower is thirty-four feet, the inside diameter is eight feet,
+forming a strong protection around an iron well-chamber, which is eight
+feet in diameter and fifteen feet deep, which is riveted to the end of the
+inlet pipe. An iron grating fixed in a frame which slides in a groove, to
+be removed and cleaned at pleasure, is attached to the well-chamber, and
+forms the strainer, placed four feet below the surface of the lake,
+through which the water passes into the well-chamber and out at the inlet
+pipe. A brick aqueduct connects the shore end of the inlet pipe with the
+engine house, three thousand feet distant. From the engine house the water
+is conveyed to the reservoir, on Franklin, Kentucky and Duane streets,
+built on a ridge thirty feet higher than any other ground in the city.</p>
+
+<p>The Cleveland Water Works were commenced on the 10th day of August, 1854,
+and were so far completed as to let water on the city on the 19th day of
+September, 1856. The time required to build the Works was two years and
+thirty-nine days. The capacity of these Works to deliver water is greater
+than the originally estimated wants of the population the works were
+intended to supply, which was for 100,000. They are, however, capable of
+supplying at least 300,000 inhabitants with abundance of water. By an
+enlargement of the main pump barrel and plunger to each Cornish engine,
+which was contemplated in the plans, the supply may be increased to an
+almost unlimited extent. No fear can be entertained that the present
+Water Works in the next fifty years will fail to yield a superabundant
+supply of water.</p>
+
+<p>The water was first introduced into the city temporarily at the earnest
+solicitation of the Mayor, Common Council, and Trustees of Water Works, in
+which the citizens generally participated, on the occasion of the State
+Fair, on the 24th of September, 1856. Apart from the Fair, this event was
+hailed with demonstrations of great joy as the celebration of the
+introduction of the waters of Lake Erie into the city of Cleveland. At the
+intersection of the road ways, crossing at the centre of the Public
+Square, a capacious fountain, of chaste and beautiful design was erected,
+from which was thrown a jet of pure crystal water high into the air,
+which, as the centre, greatest attraction, gratified thousands of admiring
+spectators. It became necessary after the Fair to shut off the water as
+was anticipated, to remove a few pipes near the Ship Channel which had
+broke in two by the unequal settling of the pipes in the quicksand bed
+through which they were laid. These repairs were promptly made, and the
+water let on the city again; since which time the supply has been regular
+and uninterrupted. The length of pipes laid up to the first of January,
+1869, aggregated thirty-nine and one-half miles. The total cost of the
+Works to that period was $722,273.33. The earnings, over running expenses,
+for 1868, were $36,340.23, being a little over five per cent, on the
+capital invested. The preliminary work is now doing for the construction
+of a tunnel under the bed of the lake, in order to obtain a water supply
+at such a distance from the shore as to be beyond the reach of the winter
+ice-field and the impurities collected beneath the ice-crust.</p>
+
+<p>Three commodious and tasteful markets have been erected within a few
+years, one on the west side of the river, one in the fifth ward, and the
+Central Market, at the junction of Woodland avenue and Broadway.</p>
+
+<p>Four horse railroads are in active operation within the city: the East
+Cleveland, organized in 1859, and running from the junction of Superior
+and Water streets, by the way of Euclid avenue and Prospect street, to the
+eastern limit of the city on Euclid avenue, thence continuing to East
+Cleveland. This line has also a branch running off the main line at
+Brownell street, and traversing the whole length of Garden street, to the
+eastern limit of the city. The Kinsman street line, organized in 1859,
+runs from the junction of Superior and Water streets, through Ontario
+street and Woodland avenue to Woodland Cemetery. The West Side railroad
+runs from the junction of Superior and Water streets, by way of South
+Water, Detroit and Kentucky street, to Bridge street, with a branch along
+Pearl street. The St. Clair street railroad, the latest built, runs along
+St. Clair from Water street to the eastern line of the city. Besides
+these, a local railroad, operated by steam, connects the Kinsman street
+line with Newburg, and another of a similar character connects the West
+Side railroad with Rocky River. Charters have been obtained for a railroad
+to connect the Pearl street branch of the West Side railroad with
+University Heights, and for a line to run parallel with the bluff
+overlooking the north bank of the Cuyahoga from River street, to the
+boundary between the city and Newburg township.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<p align="center">[Illustration: Yours very truly, H. S. Stevens]</p>
+
+
+<h2><a name="henry_s_stevens"></a>Henry S. Stevens.</h2>
+
+
+
+<p>To Henry S. Stevens, more than to any other man, are the citizens of
+Cleveland indebted for their facilities in traveling, cheaply and
+comfortably, from point to point in the city, and for the remarkable
+immunity the Forest City has enjoyed from hack driving extortions and
+brutality, which have so greatly annoyed citizens and strangers in many
+other cities. To his foresight, enterprise and steady perseverance is
+Cleveland indebted for its excellent omnibus and public carriage system,
+and for the introduction of street railroads. Both these improvements were
+not established without a sharp struggle, in the former case against the
+determined opposition of the hack drivers who preferred acting for
+themselves and treating the passenger as lawful prey, and in the case of
+street railroads, having to overcome interested opposition, popular
+indifference or prejudice, and official reluctance to permit innovations.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Stevens was born in Middlesex county, Massachusetts, January, 1821.
+After spending seven years at school in Salem and Boston, his father's
+family moved to New Hampshire. He attended school there for two years.
+Before he was twenty years of age he developed a desire to visit new
+scenes and a propensity for observing strange characters and manners,
+which seems to have strengthened with his years. Our railroad system and
+ocean steam navigation were then in their infancy, and the first journey
+he made was almost equivalent to a journey around the globe at the present
+day. He took passage in a packet ship from Boston for the West Indies,
+visiting Porto Rico, Matanzas and Havana, thence to New Orleans, the
+interior of Texas and Arkansas, and remained a winter at Alexandria, in
+western Louisiana. About a year after his return to New Hampshire the
+family removed to Maryland, where he resided nine years, and finally came
+to Cleveland in 1849, when this city had less than a fifth of its present
+population. He was one of the early proprietors of the Weddell House, and
+upon his retirement from the business, he established the omnibus local
+transit for passengers and baggage at a uniform rate of charge, which
+system has been generally adopted in the principal cities in the country.</p>
+
+<p>In 1856, in company with two other gentlemen from New York, he explored
+the southern part of Mexico from the Gulf to the Pacific ocean, with
+reference to its availability for a railroad and preliminary stage road.
+The result was, that two years later he completed an arrangement with the
+Louisiana Tehuantepec Company to carry out the provisions of their
+charter. He chartered a vessel at New York and shipped mechanics and other
+employees, coaches and materials, and in two months thereafter the line
+commenced moving a distance of one hundred and twelve miles through the
+forests and over the rolling plains of Southern Mexico.</p>
+
+<p>For nearly a year this continued successfully, and it was owing either to
+his good fortune or good management, that no accident to passengers or
+property was incurred, and of the large number of his employees from the
+States, every one returned in good health. The rebellion was then in its
+incipiency, and the Southern owners of the route decided to suspend
+operations until their little difficulty was adjusted with the North.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Stevens, however, is better known as having started the street
+railroad system here, which has proved so great a convenience to our
+citizens, and which has enhanced the price of real estate in this city
+more than any other one cause. He built the Prospect street, Kinsman
+street and West Side railroads; the first two without aid from
+capitalists, and in the face of many discouragements. In the Fall of 1865,
+he went to Rio Janeiro for the purpose of establishing street railroads in
+that city. These roads are now in successful operation there. In this
+journey Mr. Stevens visited many other places in Brazil, including
+Pernambuco, Bahia, St. Salvador and Para, on the river Amazon. Returning
+by the way of Europe, he stopped at the Cape de Verde Islands, on the
+coast of Africa, thence to Lisbon and across Portugal to Madrid. During
+his sojourn in Spain he visited Granada, the Alhambra, and many cities in
+the south of Spain. His route home was through Paris, London and
+Liverpool. Two years later he made an extended tour over Europe, including
+Russia, Hungary, and other places of the Danube.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Stevens has served four years in the city council, and for two years
+was president of that body. During his official term he was noted for
+regularity and punctuality of attendance, close attention to business,
+and watchful care of the public interests. As presiding officer he had
+few equals. Dignified, yet courteous, in manner, and thoroughly
+impartial, he possessed the respect of all parties in the council, and
+was always able to so conduct the deliberations as to prevent unseemly
+outbreaks or undignified discussions. Methodical in the disposition of
+business, he was able to get through a large amount in a short time,
+without the appearance of haste.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Stevens is one of that class of travelers of whom there are,
+unhappily, but few, who not only travel far, but see much, and are able to
+relate what they saw with such graphic power as to give those who remain
+at home a pleasure only secondary to visiting the scenes in person. His
+several wanderings in Mexico and Central America, in South America,
+Western Europe, and Russia, have all been narrated briefly, or more at
+length, in letters to the Cleveland Herald, which for felicity of
+expression and graphic description, have had no superiors in the
+literature of travel. This is high praise, but those who have read the
+several series of letters with the well known signature "H. S. S." will
+unqualifiedly support the assertion. In his journeyings he generally
+avoided the beaten track of tourists and sought unhackneyed scenes. These
+were observed with intelligent eyes, the impressions deepened and
+corrected by close investigation into the historical and contemporary
+facts connected with the localities, and the result given in language
+graphic, direct, and at the same time easy and graceful. A collection of
+these letters would make one of the most delightful volumes of travel
+sketches in the language.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="theodore_r_scowden"></a>Theodore R. Scowden.</h2>
+
+
+
+<p>Theodore R. Scowden, son of Theodore Scowden, of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania,
+was born June 8, 1815, and was educated at Augusta College, Kentucky.</p>
+
+<p>On leaving college, in 1832, he was apprenticed to the steam engine
+business at Cincinnati, and continued at this about four years, when he
+engaged as engineer on a steamer plying between Cincinnati and New
+Orleans. From the time of commencing engine building, he employed all his
+spare moments in studying mechanics, hydraulics and civil engineering. He
+remained in the position of engineer on the river for about eight years,
+when, in 1844, he turned his attention to the work of designing and
+planning engines, and so put into practice the knowledge acquired by
+application for the previous twelve years, and, in fact, for which he
+more particularly fitted himself while at college. He was then appointed
+by the city council of Cincinnati, engineer of water works, the primitive
+works then existing being inadequate to the increased wants of the city.
+The water was conveyed in log pipes, and the work before Mr. Scowden was
+to replace these logs by iron pipes, and to design and erect new works. In
+about a year from his appointment his plans were perfected and he was
+ready to commence operation. A great difficulty under which he labored,
+was, the necessity of keeping up the supply of water all the time, and
+being at the same time compelled to place the new reservoir and engine
+house in the exact spot of the old. This made the construction extend
+through nearly eight years, during which time from forty to fifty miles of
+iron pipe were laid, and a reservoir of great capacity constructed. This
+was his first great public work completed, and was a perfect success.</p>
+
+<p>The first low pressure engine ever successfully used in the Ohio and
+Mississippi valleys, was designed by Mr. Scowden and introduced into these
+works. It was found that the sedimentary matter of the Ohio river cut the
+valves in the condensing apparatus, and so destroying the vacuum, rendered
+the working of the engine ineffective. This Mr. Scowden overcame by
+introducing vulcanized india rubber valves, seated on a grating. Since
+that time he has designed several low pressure engines for the Mississippi
+river, which are still working successfully.</p>
+
+<p>In 1851, Mr. Scowden was commissioned by the city of Cincinnati, to make
+the tour of England and France for the purpose of examining the principles
+and workings of public docks, drainage, paving and water works. After
+returning and making his report he resigned his post and came to
+Cleveland, for the purpose of constructing the water works now in
+operation in this city. The plan and designs were completed during 1852,
+and active operations commenced in 1853. The site of these works is said
+to have presented more engineering difficulties than any other in the
+country. At the time the tests were made for the foundation of the engine
+house, the water was nearly knee deep, and four men forced a rod thirty
+feet long and three-quarters of an inch in diameter twenty-eight feet into
+the ground. By the aid of five steam engines and pumps he succeeded in
+excavating to the depth of fourteen feet, and not being able to proceed
+further, he commenced the foundation. It is well to note the fact here,
+that the soil was in such a semi-fluid state that it could not be handled
+with a shovel, and altogether the chances of success for securing a
+permanent foundation looked, to the public, at least, very dubious. The
+citizens grew uneasy; they thought it was a waste of public money, but Mr.
+Snowden never despaired, though he with his own hand thrust a pole down
+twelve feet from the bottom of the excavation.</p>
+
+<p>He laid down over the whole area two courses of timber laid cross-wise,
+leaving a space of twelve inches between each timber. The first timber was
+drawn by a rope, and floated to its place. In order to get a bed he
+scooped a space of two feet in length at one end, which was filled with
+gravel. This process was continued through the whole length of the timber.
+The second timber was floated to its place, leaving a foot between them,
+and the same operation was performed throughout the whole foundation.</p>
+
+<p>All the spaces between the timbers were filled with broken stone and
+hydraulic cement; then the cross timbers were laid, filling the spans with
+the concrete also. It is to be observed that not a single pile was driven
+in all the foundation.</p>
+
+<p>The masonry was commenced upon the timbers, and carried up about nineteen
+feet, and, notwithstanding the misgivings of scientific and experienced
+contractors and builders, and others, the superstructure was completed in
+1855, and from that day to this not a crack in an angle of the building
+has been seen, although it may with truth be said that the engine house
+floats on a bed of quicksand. There were three thousand feet of aqueduct
+from the engine house to the lake, which presented similar difficulties,
+as did also the laying of pipes under the Cuyahoga river.</p>
+
+<p>The engines in use in the Cleveland works are the first Cornish engines
+introduced west of the Allegheny mountains. After completing the works and
+putting them in successful operation, Mr. Scowden resigned his position
+here, in 1856.</p>
+
+<p>In 1857, Mr. Scowden commenced the construction of the water works of
+Louisville, Kentucky, and finished them in 1860, and for character,
+capacity and finish they are acknowledged to be second to none in the
+United States, if in the world. The second pair of Cornish engines used
+west of the mountains were introduced there.</p>
+
+<p>The next public work of Mr. Scowden was the extension and enlargement of
+the canal around the Falls of the Ohio at Louisville, which comprises a
+new work, as very little of the old was used. The engineering of the work
+was done under the direction of a board of directors, the president of
+which was James Guthrie, former Secretary of the Treasury under Pierce,
+and late United States Senator.</p>
+
+<p>The locks in these works are the largest in the known world for width,
+length, and lift, not excepting the Suez Canal. There are two locks of
+thirteen feet lift, and containing fifty-two thousand yards of masonry.
+The canal is crossed by iron swing bridges. The work has been inspected by
+the United States topographical engineers, and General Wietzel, now in
+charge of the work, has pronounced it unsurpassed by anything within the
+range of his knowledge, and, what is more remarkable, a like tribute to
+the skill of our fellow citizen has been accorded by French, English and
+German engineers, and also by the president of the board.</p>
+
+<p>This was his last and greatest triumph of engineering skill; and being a
+national work, and he a civilian, he may well feel proud of his
+achievement.</p>
+
+<p>After completing the last mentioned work, Mr. Scowden returned to
+Cleveland and engaged in the iron trade, constructing a rolling mill at
+Newburg, for the American sheet and boiler plate company, with which he is
+still connected.</p>
+
+<p>As an engineer, Mr. Scowden stands high. He never was baffled, though
+established principles failed, for he had resources of his own from which
+to draw. Without an exception, every great public work undertaken by him
+has been not only completed, but has proved entirely successful.</p>
+
+<p>As a man he enjoys the respect and confidence of his fellow citizens. His
+manner is affable and unassuming, and his disposition kindly. Constant
+application for twenty-five years has had its effect upon him, but with
+care, he may yet be spared many years to enjoy the fruits of his labors.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="john_h_sargent"></a>John H. Sargent.</h2>
+
+
+
+<p>John H. Sargent has been, and is, so intimately connected with the
+construction and management of some of the most important public
+improvements of the city, and notably so with the sewerage system and
+water works management, that it is eminently proper he should be noticed
+here as a representative man in the department of City Improvements.</p>
+
+<p>[Illustration: Yours with Respect, J. H. Sargent]</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Sargent was born March 7, 1814, at Carthage, near Rochester, New
+York. His parents were but recent emigrants from New Hampshire, and when
+he was but three years old they removed again toward the land of the
+setting sun, taking up their residence in what is now the city of Monroe,
+Michigan, but which was then known as River Raisin. In that place they
+remained but a year, at the end of which time they removed to Cleveland.
+Levi Sargent, the father of the subject of this sketch, was by trade a
+blacksmith, and was at one time a partner in that business with Abraham
+Hickox, then, and long after, familiarly known to every one in the
+neighborhood as "Uncle Abram." He soon removed to the west side of the
+river, and thence to Brooklyn, where he built him one of the first houses
+erected on that side, on top of the hill. Hard knocks upon the anvil could
+barely enable him to support his family, so the boy, at the age of nine,
+was sent to the Granite State, where for ten years he enjoyed, during the
+Winter months, the advantages of a New England district school, and worked
+and delved among the rocks upon a farm the remainder of the year. At the
+age of nineteen, with a freedom suit of satinet, and barely money enough
+to bring him home, he returned to Cleveland.</p>
+
+<p>Here, after supporting himself, he devoted all his leisure time to the
+study of mathematics, for which he had a predilection. Subsequently he
+spent some time at the Norwich University, Vermont, at an engineering and
+semi-military school, under the management of Captain Patridge.</p>
+
+<p>When the subject of railroads began to agitate the public mind, and the
+project of a railroad along the south shore of Lake Erie was resolved
+upon, Mr. Sargent was appointed resident engineer upon the Ohio Railroad,
+which position he held until the final collapse of that somewhat
+precarious enterprise, in 1843. Sandusky City had already taken the lead
+in Ohio in the matter of railroads, having a locomotive road in operation
+to Tiffin, and horse road to Monroeville. Upon the reconstruction and
+extension of this last road Mr. Sargent was appointed resident engineer,
+and while there, seeing the advantages that Sandusky was likely to gain
+over Cleveland by her railways, at the solicitation of J. W. Gray, he sent
+a communication to the Plain Dealer, illustrating the same with a map,
+urging the construction of a railroad from Cleveland to Columbus and
+Cincinnati. He also advocated the project in the Railroad Journal, but
+that paper discouraged the matter, as it was likely to be too much of a
+competing line with the Sandusky road already begun. But the agitation
+continued until the preliminary surveys were made, the greater part of
+them under Mr. Sargent's immediate charge. When the project hung fire for
+a time, Mr. Sargent, in company with Philo Scovill, spent two seasons
+among the copper mines of Lake Superior. When the Cleveland, Columbus and
+Cincinnati railroad was begun in good earnest, he was called upon once
+more and located the line upon which it was built. Mr. Sargent remained
+upon the road until opened to Wellington, when he went upon the Michigan
+Southern and Northern Indiana railroad, where, for nearly five years, he
+was engaged in extending and reconstructing that road, and in locating and
+building its branches.</p>
+
+<p>Since 1855, most of his time has been spent in Cleveland, in engineering
+and works of public utility. While city civil engineer he strongly
+advocated, though for the time unsuccessfully, the introduction of the
+Nicholson pavement, and introduced and established the present system of
+sewerage, a work, the importance of which to the health and comfort of the
+citizens, can not be overestimated.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Sargent has been chosen one of the commissioners for enlarging and
+extending the water works so as to meet the altered circumstances and
+enlarged demands of the city.</p>
+
+<p>In politics Mr. Sargent is, and has always been, a Democrat, but never
+allows party prejudices to sway him, and is in no sense a professed
+politician. The honesty of his convictions and his uprightness of conduct
+have won for him the respect and friendship of men of all parties, who
+have confidence in his never permitting party considerations to interfere
+with his honest endeavor to serve the public interests to the best of his
+ability, whenever placed in a position to do so. During the rebellion he
+was zealous and untiring in his support of the government, and aiding, by
+all the means in his power, to crush out the rebellion.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="military"></a>Military.</h2>
+
+
+
+<p>Previous to the rebellion, Cleveland had the honor of possessing military
+companies famous for their drill and efficiency, and which were the pride
+of the citizens and a credit to the State. At the outbreak of the
+rebellion, the Cleveland companies were foremost in tendering their
+services, were among the first Ohio troops that rushed to the scene of
+danger, and were in the first skirmish of the war between the volunteer
+troops of the North and the organized troops of the rebels--that at
+Vienna. The first artillery company organized in the West was formed in
+Cleveland, and kept its organization up for many years before the war. The
+breaking out of the war found this artillery organization ready for
+service, and scarcely waiting for authority, it was speedily on its way to
+the point where its services seemed most needed. To its promptness and
+efficiency is largely due the swift expulsion of the rebels from West
+Virginia and the saving of that State to the Union cause. As the war
+progressed, companies first, and then whole regiments, were rapidly
+organized, and sent forward from Cleveland, until at length every portion
+of the field of war had Cleveland representatives in it. Those who
+remained at home eagerly aided those in the field. Money was raised in
+large sums whenever wanted, to forward the work of enlistment, to provide
+comforts for the soldiers in the field, and to care for the sick and
+wounded. Busy hands and sympathetic hearts worked together in unison,
+enlarging their field of operation until the Cleveland Soldiers' Aid
+Society became the Northern Ohio Soldiers' Aid Society, and that again
+developed into the Western Branch of the Sanitary Commission.</p>
+
+<p>In the imposing ceremonies of the inauguration of the Perry statue on the
+Public Square in Cleveland on the tenth of September, 1860, a few months
+before the breaking out of actual hostilities between the North and
+South, the whole military force of the city participated. The
+organizations represented were the First Regiment Cleveland Light
+Artillery, under command of Colonel James Barnett and Lieutenant Colonel
+S. B. Sturges, composed of the following companies: Co. A, Capt. Simmons;
+Co. B, Capt. Mack; Co. D, Capt. Rice; Co. E, Capt. Heckman. [Co. C, Capt.
+Kenny, belonged to Geneva. It took part in the ceremonies, under the
+general command of Colonel Barnett, but at that time retained its old
+organization as Independent Battery A.] Brooklyn Light Artillery, Capt.
+Pelton; Cleveland Light Dragoons, Capt. Haltnorth; Cleveland Grays, Capt.
+Paddock; Cleveland Light Guards, Capt. Sanford; Hibernian Guards, Capt.
+Kenny. Of these the Cleveland Grays had achieved the greatest reputation
+in past years for its drill and efficiency. It had been the pet of the
+citizens, and in its ranks, at one time or another, had been found the
+very best class of the people of Cleveland, who continued to take pride in
+the organization, and contribute to its maintenance, long after they
+ceased to be actually connected with it.</p>
+
+<p>When President Lincoln's call for troops was received, the Cleveland Grays
+and Hibernian Guards promptly tendered their services, and the first named
+company started for the field without a single hour's unnecessary delay.
+It was formed with the First Ohio Volunteer Infantry, and was in the
+skirmish at Vienna. On the re-organization of the Ohio troops into three
+years' regiments, a large proportion of the Cleveland Grays found
+positions as officers in new regiments, where their knowledge of drill and
+discipline was of great value in bringing the masses of raw volunteers
+into speedy use as efficient soldiers. The Hibernian Guards followed the
+Cleveland Grays and did good service throughout the war. Many of the
+original members of this company also became gradually scattered
+throughout other regiments as company or staff officers. The Cleveland
+Light Guards formed the nucleus of the Seventh Ohio, whose history is
+identical with that of its two principal officers, which will be found in
+subsequent pages. The story of the Cleveland Light Artillery is mainly
+told in that of General Barnett, its commander and leading spirit.</p>
+
+<p>It is, of course, impossible to furnish an exact account of the number of
+men furnished by Cleveland to the army of the Union, or even to designate
+the particular organizations belonging to that city. Clevelanders were to
+be found scattered through a number of regiments not raised in this
+vicinity, and among the regiments organized in Cleveland camps many were
+almost entirely composed of men from beyond the city, or even county
+lines. To the 1st Ohio Infantry Cleveland contributed the Cleveland Grays.
+The 7th Ohio was organized at Camp Cleveland, and contained three
+companies raised exclusively in Cleveland. The 8th Ohio, organized in
+Cleveland, contained one Cleveland company--the Hibernian Guards. The 23d
+and 27th Ohio, organized at Camp Chase, contained Cleveland companies. The
+37th Ohio, (German) was organized in Cleveland, and a large part of its
+members enlisted at this point. The 41st Ohio was a Cleveland regiment,
+recruited mainly in the city. The 54th Ohio, organized at Camp Dennison,
+contained one Cleveland company. The 58th Ohio, (German,) also contained a
+Cleveland contingent. Clevelanders also were in the 61st, organized at
+Camp Chase. The 67th Ohio had a considerable proportion of Clevelanders.
+The 103rd Ohio was organized in Cleveland, and was, to a large extent, a
+Cleveland regiment, in both officers and men. The 107th Ohio, (German,)
+was organized and largely recruited in Cleveland. The 124th Ohio was
+organized in Cleveland, most of its companies recruited there and the
+regiment officered mainly by Cleveland men. The 125th Ohio was organized
+in Cleveland, with some Cleveland recruits. The 128th Ohio, (Prisoner's
+Guards,) was recruited and organized in Cleveland. It did duty on
+Johnson's Island. The 129th Ohio was organized in Cleveland, having been
+partially recruited and officered in the same place. It was organized for
+six months' service. The 150th Ohio, National Guard, for one hundred days'
+service, was organized in Cleveland, and contained eight companies from
+the city, (the 29th Ohio Volunteer Militia,) with one from Oberlin, and
+another from Independence. It garrisoned some of the forts around
+Washington and took part in the repulse of the rebel attack in June, 1864.
+The 177th Ohio, one year regiment, was organized and partly recruited in
+Cleveland. The 191st, organized at Columbus, was commanded and partly
+recruited with Clevelanders. The 2nd, 10th and 12th Ohio Cavalry regiments
+were organized and partially recruited in Cleveland. The 1st regiment of
+Ohio Light Artillery was made out of the 1st regiment Cleveland Light
+Artillery. Besides these Cleveland furnished to the service, in whole or
+part, the 9th, 14th, 15th, 19th and 20th Independent Batteries. Other
+regiments were organized at the Cleveland camps, but probably contained no
+members that could be credited to Cleveland, and mention of them is
+therefore omitted here. In addition a large number of recruits were
+obtained for the regular army, and for the navy, besides contributions to
+the colored regiments raised during the war. A number of Clevelanders, for
+one reason or another, also took service in regiments of other States.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="colonel_charles_whittlesey"></a>Colonel Charles Whittlesey.</h2>
+
+
+
+<p>Although Colonel Whittlesey was trained to the profession of arms, and
+has a military record of which he may well be proud, it is not in the
+field of battle that he has won the honors he prizes most, but in the
+broader fleld of science. It is among the heroes who have achieved
+distinction in grappling with the mysteries of nature and who have
+developed means for making life more useful and comfortable, that Colonel
+Whittlesey would have preferred taking position, rather than among those
+whose distinction comes rather of destruction than construction or
+production. But the exigencies of this work prevent the formation of a
+distinct scientific department, and the military services of Colonel
+Whittlesey have been such that he could not, without injustice, be
+omitted from this department of our work.</p>
+
+<p>Charles Whittlesey was born in Southington, Connecticut, about midnight
+of October 4-5, 1808, being the first born of Asaph and Vesta Whittlesey.
+When four years old he was sent to the old red school house "to be out
+of harm's way," whilst his father was in the Ohio wilderness, exploring
+for a home.</p>
+
+<p>The location was found, and in 1813 the family removed to Talmadge, Summit
+county, Ohio. There the young boy trudged from home to the log school
+house, south of Talmadge Centre, until 1819, when the frame academy was
+finished and the eleven year old lad attended school in the new building
+during the Winter, and in Summer worked on the farm. This mode of life
+continued until 1824.</p>
+
+<p>In 1827, he was appointed a cadet at West Point.</p>
+
+<p>During his second year at West Point, a fiery Southerner made a Personal
+assault upon a superior officer, the military punishment for which is
+death. He was condemned by a court-martial to be shot. While the sentence
+was being forwarded to Washington for approval the culprit was confined in
+the cadet prison, without irons. Cadet Whittlesey was one evening on post
+at the door of the prison, and as he passed on his beat, his back being
+for a moment towards the door, the prisoner, who was a powerful man,
+sprang out and seized the sentinel's musket from behind. At the same
+instant the muzzle of a pistol was presented to the ear of the young cadet
+with an admonition to keep quiet. This, however, did not prevent him from
+calling lustily for the "corporal of the guard." Cadet O. M. Mitchel, of
+subsequent fame, happened to be in charge of the guard as corporal and
+then coming up stairs with the relief. With his usual activity he sprang
+forward and the scion of chivalry ran. The guns of the sentinels at West
+Point are not loaded. The escaping prisoner could not, therefore, be shot,
+but in the pursuit by Cadet Whittlesey he had nearly planted a bayonet in
+his back when the guard seized him.</p>
+
+<p>[Illustration: Yours Truly, Chas Mattingly]</p>
+
+<p>After passing through the regular course of instruction at West Point, he
+graduated, and, in 1831, was made Brevet Second Lieutenant of the Fifth
+United States Infantry, and served in the Black Hawk campaign of 1832. He
+afterwards resigned, and for the next quarter of a century his record is
+wholly a scientific one. Recognizing the right of the government to his
+military services in national emergencies he offered to resume his old
+rank in the Florida war of 1838, and in the Mexican war of 1846, but his
+offers were not accepted.</p>
+
+<p>In 1837, he was appointed on the geological survey of Ohio, and was
+engaged on that work two years, the survey eventually terminating through
+the neglect of the Legislature to make the necessary appropriations.
+Incomplete as the work was, the survey was of immense importance to Ohio,
+as the investigations of Colonel Whitlesey and his associates revealed a
+wealth of mineral treasures hitherto unsuspected, and enabled capital and
+enterprise to be directed with intelligence to their development. The
+value of the rich coal and iron deposits of North-eastern Ohio was
+disclosed by this survey, and thus the foundation was laid for the
+extensive manufacturing industry that has added enormously to the
+population, wealth and importance of this portion of the State. It was
+with the important results of his labors in Ohio in mind, that the State
+Government of Wisconsin secured his services for the geological survey of
+that State, which was carried on through the years 1858, 1859 and 1860,
+terminating with the breaking out of the war. From this survey also very
+important results have already followed, and still more will be arrived at
+in the course of a few years.</p>
+
+<p>From 1847 to 1851, both inclusive, Colonel Whittlesey was employed by the
+United States government in the survey of Lake Superior and the upper
+Mississippi in reference to mines and minerals. In addition to this he has
+spent much time in surveying particular portions of the mineral districts
+of the Lake Superior basin, and has, in all, spent fifteen seasons on the
+waters of Lake Superior and upper Mississippi, making himself thoroughly
+familiar with the topography and geological character of that portion of
+our country.</p>
+
+<p>Colonel Whittlesey was at home in Cleveland quietly pursuing his
+scientific studies and investigations, when the national trouble
+commenced. When the entrance of President Lincoln into Washington was
+threatened by violence in February, 1861, he was an enrolled member of one
+of the companies tendering their services to General Scott. Seeing that
+war was inevitable, he personally urged the Governor and Legislature of
+Ohio to prepare for it before the proclamation of April 15, 1861, and on
+the 17th he joined the Governor's staff as assistant quartermaster
+general. He served in the field in Western Virginia, with the three months
+levies, as State military engineer with the Ohio troops under Generals
+McClellan, Cox and Hill, and at Scary Run, on the Kanawha, July 17, 1861,
+behaved with great gallantry under fire, and conducted himself with
+intrepidity and coolness during an engagement that lasted two hours, and
+in which his horse was wounded under him. At the expiration of the service
+of the three months troops he was appointed Colonel of the 20th regiment
+Ohio volunteers, and detailed by General O. M. Mitchel as chief engineer
+of the department of the Ohio, where he planned and constructed the
+defences of Cincinnati, which he afterwards volunteered to defend, in
+September, 1862. At the battle of Fort Donelson he was with his regiment,
+and was complimented by General Grant on the morning of the surrender by
+being put in charge of the prisoners. A published correspondence from the
+prisoners proves with what kindness and courtesy to the unfortunate this
+task was performed. A testimony to a similar effect is the correspondence
+from the leading residents of the rebel counties of Owen, Grant, Carroll
+and Gallatin, in Kentucky, which in the Winter of 1861, were placed under
+his command, and which he ruled with such firmness, yet moderation, that
+both Union men and rebels bore witness to his conservative, moderate, and
+gentlemanly course, as well as to his promptness and decision.</p>
+
+<p>At the battle of Shiloh, Colonel Whittlesey, on the second day of that
+desperate fight, commanded the third brigade of General Wallace's
+division. The part borne by this brigade in the battle has become
+historic. It was composed of Ohio troops, the 20th, 56th 76th, and 78th
+regiments, and it was against their line that General Beauregard attempted
+to throw the whole weight of his force for a last desperate charge, when
+he was driven back by the terrible fire poured into him. General Wallace,
+in his officiai report, makes especial and honorable mention of the
+important part taken by this brigade and its commander in the battle.</p>
+
+<p>Soon after the battle Colonel Whittlesey sent in his resignation, which
+he had intended sending in earlier, but withheld because he foresaw some
+important military movements in which he desired to take part. The
+critical condition of his wife's health and his own disabilities, which
+had reached a point threatening soon to unfit him for any service
+whatever, compelled him to take this step. After the battle of Shiloh,
+when he could resign with honor and without detriment to the service, he
+sent in his resignation. General regret was expressed by the officers with
+whom he had been associated and by his old command. The application was
+endorsed by General Grant "We cannot afford to lose so good an officer."
+General Wallace, General Cox, and General Force added their commendations
+of his abilities and services, and few officers retired from the army with
+a clearer or more satisfactory record, or with greater regret on the part
+of his military associates.</p>
+
+<p>Since his retirement, Colonel Whittlesey has been leisurely engaged in
+scientific and literary pursuits, has again spent much time in geological
+explorations in the Lake Superior and Upper Mississippi country, has
+organized and brought into successful operation the Western Reserve
+Historical Society, of which he continues to be president, and has
+accumulated in its spacious hall a good collection of historical works
+relating to the West, and a rich collection of geological and antiquarian
+specimens, gathered in Ohio and the Northwest.</p>
+
+<p>Colonel Whittlesey has contributed largely to scientific literature, and
+his works have attracted wide attention, not only among scientific men of
+America, but of Europe. His published works are to be found in the
+Geological Reports of Ohio, 1838-9; United States Geological Surveys of
+the Upper Mississippi, D. D. Owen, 1847, 1849; United States Geological
+Surveys of Upper Peninsula of Michigan, Foster and Whitney, 1850, 1851;
+Life of John Fitch, Spark's American Biography, new series, Volume 6,
+1845; Fugitive Essays, mainly historical, published at Hudson, Ohio, 8vo.,
+pp. 357, 1854; Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge;--Ancient Works of
+Ohio, 1852; Fluctuation of Lake Levels, 1860; Ancient Mining on Lake
+Superior, 1863; Fresh Water Glacial Drift, 1866. In addition to these are
+an essay on the Mineral Resources of the Rocky Mountains, in 1863; a
+handsome and valuable volume on the Early History of Cleveland, in 1866,
+and about thirty essays, reports, and pamphlets, besides very numerous and
+valuable contributions to newspapers and scientific journals.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="general_james_barnett"></a>General James Barnett.</h2>
+
+
+
+<p>James Barnett was born on the 21st of June, 1821, at Cherry Valley, Otsego
+county, New York. He came to Cleveland when about four years of age, and
+after receiving a common school education commenced his business career by
+entering the hardware store of Potter, Clark &amp; Murfey, where he served
+three years as clerk. At the end of that time he went into the hardware
+house of George Worthington, and has for many years been a member of the
+firm of George Worthington &amp; Co. As a business man and good citizen he
+stands very high in the estimation of the people of Cleveland, but it is
+with his military record that we have now chiefly to deal.</p>
+
+<p>In 1840, an independent Company of artillery was organized in Cleveland,
+and at its start was made a part of the old Cleveland Grays, afterwards
+the artillery part formed a company by itself, which had for its
+commanders D. L. Wood and A. S. Sanford. This organization was kept up
+until the breaking out of the war, and was, without doubt, the best
+drilled and equipped artillery organization west of the mountains; the
+State supplied the guns, harness and caissons, but the expenses for
+horses, the meeting and drill houses, and equipments, and all their
+expenses, were paid by themselves. They drilled regularly, took an
+excursion every year, visited Niagara, Syracuse, Sandusky, Wooster, and
+also Chicago, on the occasion of the assembling of the River and Harbor
+Convention. At every point they visited they never failed to infuse a
+military spirit into the people, and to create a desire for similar
+companies. Nearly all the artillery organizations of the West sprang out
+of this little nucleus at Cleveland, for at the places visited and
+instructed by the Cleveland company, men were obtained at the breaking out
+of the war who were to some extent familiar with artillery drill, and many
+of them became, because of this, commanders during the rebellion. Such
+commanders were to be found throughout the service.</p>
+
+<p>About two years before the war, the Ohio militia law was so amended as to
+permit the organization of artillery companies, with one gun to a company,
+every six guns to form a command, entitled to elect a colonel,
+lieutenant-colonel, and major. The Cleveland Light Artillery took
+immediate advantage of this by organizing into the First, Regiment Light
+Artillery, O. V. M., with the following officers: Colonel, James Barnett;
+Lieutenant Colonel, S. B. Sturges; Major, Clark Gates; Quartermaster, Amos
+Townsend; Quartermaster's Sergeant, Randall Crawford; Co. A, Captain Wm.
+R. Simmons; Co. B, Captain John G. Mack; Co. C, Captain D. Kenny; Co. D,
+Captain Percy Rice; Co. E, Captain F. W. Pelton. The three city companies
+drilled at what is now the Varieties, on Frankfort street, Captain
+Pelton's company at Brooklyn, and Captain Kenny's at Geneva.</p>
+
+<p>In the Winter of 1860, the regiment tendered their services to the State
+authorities in case of difficulty, as the rebels in West Virginia were
+assuming a threatening attitude. This offer was accepted, but the opinion
+expressed in the acceptance, that the proffered services would probably
+not be needed. Five days after the fall of Fort Sumter the order came for
+the regiment to report with its six guns to Columbus. On the second day
+after the date of the order the organization, with full complement of men
+and guns, passed through Columbus en route to Marietta, where a rebel
+demonstration was expected. Here it remained a little over a month, when a
+detachment with two guns, under command of Lieutenant Colonel Sturges,
+crossed into West Virginia at Parkersburg, and the remainder, under
+command of Colonel Barnett, crossed the river at Benwood and proceeded to
+Grafton, West Virginia. The two guns under Lieutenant Colonel Sturges went
+up the Baltimore and Ohio line to Philippi, and in the affair at that
+place did telling service. Theirs was the first artillery fired in the
+field by the National forces in the war of the rebellion. About a month
+after, the detachment rejoined the main body of the regiment, and the guns
+of the artillery did good service in the attack on the rebels at Laurel
+Hill, the result being the hasty flight of the enemy.</p>
+
+<p>In the pursuit from Laurel Hill, two pieces pushed over the mountains and
+pressed their rear guard with great energy for two days, during nearly the
+whole time in a drenching rain, deep mud, and through fords, the men all
+anxiety to overtake the fleeing foes. The rebels had felled trees to
+obstruct the road. Some chopped the trees asunder, some helped the guns
+through the mud, and all worked like desperate men. Finally the
+transportation of the rebels stuck fast in quicksand and stopped the whole
+train. The rebels were compelled to make a stand to protect their baggage.
+To effect this they drew up their forces on a little table land, near
+Carrick's Ford--the position being hid by a row of bushes on the edge of
+the hill, and overlooking the line of Colonel Barnett's command. The head
+of the column was pushing on with great impetuosity when they were
+suddenly opened upon from the point of land on their right hand, but,
+fortunately, from the elevation, their fire mostly passed over their
+heads. The troops were immediately put into position to repel the attack;
+the guns, to give them scope, were wheeled out into the field and opened
+fire immediately with canister. Although fired upon by two pieces of
+artillery from the eminence, they lost no one, and after a few rounds the
+rebel guns were silenced, and the gallant attack by the infantry under
+Colonel Steadman of the 14th Ohio, Colonel Dumont, 6th Indiana, and
+Colonel Milroy, 9th Indiana, at the same time, drove them from their
+position. When taken, it was found that the gunner of one piece had been
+killed and was lying across the trunnions of the piece with the cartridge
+only half rammed--the horses having been killed at the same time and in
+falling broke the pole, so that it was impossible to get the gun away. Our
+men soon improvised another pole and harness, hitched some mules to the
+piece, and brought it away, together with the captured supplies. The
+pursuing column returned to camp at Laurel Hill.</p>
+
+<p>Immediately after this, Colonel Barnett was ordered to report to General
+McClellan in person, at Beverly. There a consultation was had on the
+policy of taking the artillery on a campaign up the Kanawha, after General
+Wise. There was some question about ordering them on the campaign, from
+the fact that they were not in the United States command, their
+organization then not having been recognized by the General Government.
+They were Ohio troops, and their invasion of West Virginia was excused on
+the plea that it was necessary to the "defence of the State," for which
+purpose only they were mustered into the State service.</p>
+
+<p>While the matter of a new campaign was being submitted to the command, the
+battle of Bull's Run took place, and McClellan was peremptorily ordered to
+Washington to take command of the army of the Potomac. Colonel Barnett
+returned to Columbus with his command, which was mustered in and mustered
+out of the United States service on the same day.</p>
+
+<p>This affair, in connection with the operation at Rich Mountain, under
+Rosecrans, closed the campaign made by General McClellan in Western
+Virginia, and preserved the State to the Union.</p>
+
+<p>Colonel Barnett and his command returned to Cleveland, bringing with them,
+by permission of Governor Dennison, the piece of artillery captured at
+Carrick's Ford, which still remains in Cleveland and is used for firing
+salutes. On reaching Cleveland the returning soldiers were received with
+public demonstrations of joy, and a vote of thanks, couched in the
+strongest terms of commendation, was unanimously adopted by the city
+council at their regular meeting, July 30, 1861.</p>
+
+<p>Governor Dennison had strongly urged the General Government to grant him
+permission to furnish a twelve battery regiment of artillery as part of
+the State quota of troops. This was steadily refused for a considerable
+time, but at length a Mr. Sherwin, of Cincinnati, was granted permission
+to raise such a regiment, provided he could do it within a stated time.
+The attempt proving a failure, Governor Dennison obtained permission from
+the War Department to appoint Colonel Barnett to the task. Colonel Barnett
+at once left for Columbus, and in August, 1861, commenced the work of
+recruiting and equipping, the batteries being sent to the field as rapidly
+as they could be got ready. Co. A and Co. C reported to General Thomas in
+time to participate in the battle of Mill Springs, Kentucky. The other
+batteries were sent to different commands in Western Virginia and
+Kentucky, as soon as ready.</p>
+
+<p>Colonel Barnett reported to General Buell, at Louisville, the following
+Spring, with a portion of the command, and on the arrival of the army at
+Nashville, in March, he was placed in command of the Artillery Reserve of
+the Army of the Ohio, in which capacity he served until ordered to Ohio,
+in July, 1862, on recruiting service, and was in command through the
+campaign embracing the battles of Pittsburgh Landing, Corinth and other
+affairs, up to the time of the occupation of Huntsville by Buell's army.</p>
+
+<p>After having obtained the requisite number of recruits for his regiment,
+he was assigned to duty, in September, upon the staff of General C. C.
+Gilbert, at that time commanding the centre corps of the Army of the Ohio.
+After the battle of Perryville, the Colonel was transferred to the staff
+of Major General McCook, as Chief of Artillery, which position he filled
+until November 24, 1862, when he was designated by General Rosecrans,
+Chief of Artillery of the army of the Cumberland.</p>
+
+<p>In the battles of Stone River, Chickamauga, Mission Ridge, and the various
+other operations of the grand old army of the Cumberland, Colonel Barnett
+was constantly and actively engaged, and is mentioned with special
+commendation by General Rosecrans in his official report, and received the
+confidence and support of the final commander of that department, the
+sturdy and gallant Thomas.</p>
+
+<p>After the close of operations around Chattanooga, Colonel Barnett was put
+in command of the artillery of the department, requiring reorganization
+and remounting, which was formed in two divisions, consisting of six
+batteries in a division; the first division being batteries in the regular
+service; the second division being volunteer batteries, and principally
+composed of batteries of the First Ohio Light Artillery, having their
+camps near the city of Nashville, where they were thoroughly drilled,
+reorganized and equipped, and held in readiness for the field at any
+moment on requisition of the department commander; which command he
+retained until mustered out of the service, October 20, 1864.</p>
+
+<p>Colonel Barnett also participated in the battle of Nashville, in which,
+however, he acted in a volunteer capacity, the battle having taken place
+subsequent to his muster out of the service.</p>
+
+<p>Subsequently he was awarded a Brevet Brigadier Generalship, in
+consideration of his eminent abilities and the valuable services he had
+performed. On his return home he resumed his position in the old firm,
+having, by the generosity of his partners, been allowed to retain his
+interest without detriment during the whole time of his service.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="colonel_wm_h_hayward"></a>Colonel Wm. H. Hayward.</h2>
+
+
+
+<p>Wm. H. Hayward was born at Lebanon, Connecticut, in 1824, was brought to
+Cleveland in 1826, received a good common school education, and at the
+age of fifteen became an apprentice to the printing business in the
+office of Sanford &amp; Lott. At the end of his five years apprenticeship he
+was admitted as partner, solely because of his proficiency, not having
+any capital to put in. Mr. Lott retired on account of ill health, and the
+firm became Sanford &amp; Hayward, which it has ever since remained, and
+which has steadily built up a large and profitable blank-book and
+lithographing business.</p>
+
+<p>From boyhood Mr. Hayward had a taste for military studies, and he was
+early connected with the military organizations of the city. In the early
+days of the Cleveland Light Artillery, when it was under the command of
+his partner, General A. S. Sanford, he was First Lieutenant. When
+permission was received for the organization of the First Ohio Artillery
+as a three years regiment, Mr. Hayward was tendered, and from a sheer
+sense of duty to the country accepted, the Lieutenant Colonelcy of the
+regiment. He took an active part in recruiting, drilling, and organizing
+the men as fast as received, and sending them to the front. When the
+regiment was divided and sent in different directions his command was
+ordered to the Shenandoah Valley to report to General Shields. Under this
+command he took part in the fight at Port Republic, June 12, 1862, fought
+whilst another battle was going on at Cross Keys, seven miles distant.
+Soon afterwards he and his command became part of the Army of the Potomac,
+being attached to the Third Division under General Whipple, who was
+subsequently mortally wounded at Chancellorsville. On being assigned to
+that Division, Colonel Hayward was made Chief of Artillery. At the time of
+the battle of Gettysburg Colonel Hayward was assigned to duty in
+Washington.</p>
+
+<p>His health, never good, having completely broken down, he was compelled to
+resign and return home. Here he remained attending his business duties and
+rendering such aid as lay in his power until the call for hundred days
+troops to defend Washington. At the time he was in command of the 29th
+Regiment Ohio Volunteer Militia, organized for just such emergencies, and
+which contained eight companies. With these two other companies were
+Consolidated, and the organization styled the 150th Ohio National Guards.
+Colonel Hayward led it to Washington, and took a leading part in the
+repulse of Early. The attack of the rebel forces was mainly against that
+part of the defences garrisoned by the 150th Regiment. There were no hopes
+of permanently keeping the rebels out of Washington with so small a force,
+but the main object was to keep them at bay until succor could arrive. To
+do this strategy was adopted. About eight hundred quartermaster's men,
+darkeys and teamsters, were sent off from Washington to swell the force;
+these men were kept marching and counter-marching around a piece of wood,
+then wheeled around and brought again into the view of the rebels, who,
+thinking there was a large force being massed there, deferred the attack
+till morning, when the veteran Sixth corps came up to their relief, and
+Early was driven back in discomfiture.</p>
+
+<p>On the expiration of their term of service the 150th National Guards
+returned to Cleveland, and Colonel Hayward resumed business life.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="colonel_wm_r_creighton"></a>Colonel Wm. R. Creighton.</h2>
+
+
+
+<p>No Infantry regiment raised in Cleveland became so thoroughly identified
+with Cleveland as the "Fighting Seventh." This was in great measure due to
+the fact that it was the first complete regiment sent from Cleveland, and
+that it contained a large number of the spirited young men of the city,
+taken from all classes of the population. The fortunes of the Seventh were
+followed with deep interest, their successes exulted in, and their losses
+mourned over. No public sorrow, saving that for the death of President
+Lincoln, was so general and deep as that which followed the news of the
+fall of the gallant leaders of the "old Seventh," as they led their
+handful of men, spared from numerous murderous battles, in the face of
+certain death up the hill at Ringgold. Grief for the loss was mingled with
+indignation at the stupidity or wanton cruelty that had sent brave men to
+such needless slaughter.</p>
+
+<p>William R. Creighton, with whom the history of the Seventh is identified,
+was born in Pittsburgh, in June, 1837. At ten years old he was placed in a
+shoe store where he remained two years and then was placed for six months
+in a commercial college. From there he entered a printing office, where he
+served an apprenticeship of four years, and came to Cleveland, where he
+entered the Herald office, remaining there, with the exception of a few
+months, until just previous to the breaking out of the war.</p>
+
+<p>In 1858, he became a member of the Cleveland Light Guards and rose to
+become a lieutenant in that organization. He was a great favorite with his
+fellow members of the company, and was not only a genial companion, but an
+excellent disciplinarian. At the breaking out of the war, he organized a
+company with the old Cleveland Light Guards as a nucleus, and soon had so
+many applications that his company was full and a second company was
+organized. A third company was also recruited. This was the beginning of
+the Seventh Ohio.</p>
+
+<p>On a beautiful Sunday morning, in May, 1861, the Seventh marched through
+the streets of Cleveland, the first full regiment that had left the city,
+on the way to the railroad. The whole population turned out to bid them
+farewell. The regiment went to Camp Dennison, unarmed, without
+uniforms--except such uniforms as belonged to the old independent
+organizations--and with but temporary regimental organization. When but a
+few days in Camp Dennison, the call came for three years troops, and the
+regiment, with but few exceptions, volunteered for the three years
+service, with E. B. Tyler as Colonel, and Wm. E. Creighton as Lieutenant
+Colonel. The places of those who declined to enlist for three years were
+soon filled by fresh recruits.</p>
+
+<p>The regiment was ordered to West Virginia to take part in the campaign to
+be opened there. Colonel Tyler had gone in advance, and Lieutenant Colonel
+Creighton took the regiment to Clarksburg, where he turned it over to his
+commanding officer. At Glenville he again took command, drilling the men
+daily when in camp, and bringing them into a high state of proficiency.
+Hard marching and many privations were endured until the regiment reached
+Cross Lanes.</p>
+
+<p>On the 21st of August orders were received to join General Cox, at Gauley
+Bridge. The regiment, then under command of Colonel Tyler, had reached
+Twenty-mile Creek when word was received that the rebels, four thousand
+strong, were preparing to cross the river at Cross Lanes, which the
+Seventh had so recently left. A counter-march was ordered. About six miles
+from Cross Lanes the regiment was attacked by an overwhelming force, and
+after a desperate fight was broken, and compelled to retreat in two
+different directions, with a loss of a hundred and twenty men in killed,
+wounded, and prisoners. Creighton was among those who escaped.</p>
+
+<p>The scattered companies re-united at Charleston, West Virginia, where they
+remained waiting orders, and were in the meantime thoroughly drilled by
+Lieutenant Colonel Creighton, who was in fact, if not in title, the
+commanding officer of the regiment. An order coming for five hundred
+picked men of the regiment to join in the pursuit of Floyd, he was sent in
+command of the detachment, was given the advance in the pursuit, and
+followed Floyd's trail hotly for several days, marching on foot at the
+head of his men. Soon after this Tyler became Brigadier General and
+Creighton was made Colonel of his regiment, which was ordered to the East.</p>
+
+<p>At Winchester, Creighton led his regiment, the first in the famous charge
+of the Third Brigade, having a horse shot under him, and then fighting on
+foot with a musket, among his men, until the time came to assume the
+position of commanding officer again. In the march to Fredricksburgh and
+the return to the Valley he shared every privation and hardship the men
+were obliged to encounter, always refuse to take advantage of his
+privileges as an officer. He endeavored to procure every needful comfort
+for his men, but when they were barefooted and hungry he shared his
+stores with them, and fought and marched on foot with them. At Port
+Republic he headed his regiment in five desperate charges, in each of
+them driving the enemy. In the battle of Cedar Mountain Creighton handled
+his regiment with a dexterity that told fearfully on the ranks of the
+enemy. He was finally severely wounded, and compelled to leave the field.
+In doing so, he kept his face to the foe, saying that "no rebel ever saw
+his back in battle; and never would." He was taken to Washington, where
+the bullet was extracted from his side, which was an exceedingly painful
+operation. Soon after this he came to his home; but while still carrying
+his arm in a sling, he reported to his regiment. While at home the battle
+of Antietam was fought, which was the only one in which he failed to
+participate. Soon after his return, the affair at Dumfries occurred,
+where, through his ingenuity and skill, Hampton's cavalry command was
+defeated by a mere handful of men. For this he was publicly thanked by
+Generals Slocum and Geary. He took part in the battle of
+Chancellorsville, where he won new laurels. It is said that being ordered
+by General Hooker to fall back, he refused to do so until able to bring
+Knapp's Battery safely to the rear; for which disobedience of orders he
+was recommended for promotion. This battery was from his native city, and
+in it he had many friends. Next he was at Gettysburg, where he fought
+with his accustomed valor. He was also at Lookout Mountain and Mission
+Ridge, in "Hooker's battle above the clouds."</p>
+
+<p>After this battle came the pursuit of Bragg, whose rear-guard was
+overtaken at Ringgold, Georgia, where it was securely posted on the top of
+Taylor's Ridge--a naked eminence. It was madness to undertake to drive
+them from this hill, without the use of artillery to cover the assault;
+but in the excitement of the moment the order was given. In this assault
+Creighton commanded a brigade. Forming his command he made a speech.
+"Boys," said he, "we are ordered to take that hill. I want to see you walk
+right up it." After this characteristic speech, he led his men up the
+hill. It soon became impossible to advance against the terrible fire by
+which they were met; he therefore led them into a ravine, but the rebels
+poured such a fire into it from all sides, that the command was driven
+back. Reaching a fence, Creighton stopped, and facing the foe, waited for
+his command to reach the opposite side. While in this position he fell,
+pierced through the body with a rifle bullet. His last words were: "Oh,
+my dear wife!" and he expired almost immediately. The brigade now fell
+rapidly back, carrying the remains of its idolized commander with it.</p>
+
+<p>Lieutenant Colonel Crane fell in the same fight and but just after
+Creighton fell.</p>
+
+<p>The bodies were taken to the rear and sent to Cleveland, where they were
+given such a reception and funeral as had never been witnessed in
+Cleveland before, or after. The whole city was in mourning, and after
+lying in state in Council Hall, to be visited by thousands, the mortal
+remains of the dead heroes were borne, amid the firing of minute guns, the
+tolling of bells, and the solemn dirges of the band, to their last resting
+place in Woodland cemetery.</p>
+
+<p>Colonel Creighton was killed on November 27th, 1863, in the
+twenty> seventh year of his age.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="lieutenant_colonel_orrin_j_crane"></a>Lieutenant Colonel Orrin J. Crane.</h2>
+
+
+
+<p>Orrin J. Crane was born in Troy, New York, in 1829. When he was three
+years old his parents removed to Vermont, where his father died soon
+after, leaving his wife and children poorly provided for. Young Crane was
+taken, whilst still a small boy, by an uncle, and about the year 1852, he
+came in charge of his relative to Conneaut, where he worked as a mechanic.
+He left Conneaut at one time for the Isthmus of Panama, where he spent a
+year, and on returning found work as a ship carpenter in Cleveland, where
+he became connected with one of the military organizations of the city.</p>
+
+<p>At the fall of Sumter he entered the service as first-lieutenant in
+Captain Creighton's company; and on his promotion, was made captain. He
+early devoted himself to the instruction of his company; and it can be
+said that it lost nothing of the efficiency it acquired under the
+leadership of Creighton.</p>
+
+<p>After the regiment entered the field, his services were invaluable. If a
+bridge was to be constructed, or a road repaired, he was sent for to
+superintend it. If the commissary department became reduced, he was the
+one to procure supplies. No undertaking was too arduous for his iron-will
+to brave. All relied on him with the utmost confidence, and no one was
+ever disappointed in him.</p>
+
+<p>At the affair at Cross Lanes, where he first came under fire, he behaved
+with great valor, and inspired his men with true courage. They stood like
+a wall, and fell back only when ordered by their leader, then dashed
+through the strong lines of the enemy, and were brought off with safety
+out of what was seemingly certain destruction. He kept his men well
+together during the long march to Gauley Bridge.</p>
+
+<p>After his arrival at that point he was sent out to the front, up New
+River, where he rendered valuable service. He was in every march and
+skirmish in both Western and Eastern Virginia, until the battle of
+Winchester. In this engagement he showed the same indomitable courage. He
+held his men to the work of carnage so fearfully, that the enemy's slain
+almost equalled his command.</p>
+
+<p>He shared in every battle in which his regiment was engaged in the East;
+Port Republic, Cedar Mountain (where he was slightly wounded), Antietam,
+Dumfries, Chancellorsville, and Gettysburg. In all of these he never sent
+his men forward; he led them on.</p>
+
+<p>At the battle of Antietam, he commanded the regiment, and during the
+latter part of the engagement, a brigade. Before the regiment left for the
+West, he was made lieutenant-colonel; a position which his ability and
+long, as well as faithful, service of his country rendered him eminently
+qualified to fill.</p>
+
+<p>Arriving at the West, he commanded the regiment in the battles of Lookout
+Mountain and Mission Ridge, where he added new laurels to his already
+imperishable name. At fatal Ringgold, he again commanded the regiment. He
+led it up the steep ascent, where the whistling of bullets made the air
+musical; and where men dropped so quietly that they were scarcely missed,
+except in the thinned ranks of the command. The regiment had not recovered
+from the shock produced by the announcement of the death of Creighton,
+when Crane himself fell dead at the feet of his comrades, pierced through
+the forhead by a rifle bullet. He fell so far in the advance, that his men
+were driven back before possessing themselves of his body but it was soon
+after recovered, and shared with the remains of Colonel Creighton the
+honors of a public funeral.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="other_military_men"></a>Other Military Men of Cleveland.</h2>
+
+
+
+<p>In selecting the five subjects for the foregoing military biographical
+sketches it was not intended to single them out as all that were worthy of
+mention for their services. There are numerous others deserving a place,
+but the materials for full biographical sketches were wanting for most of
+them, and it was thought best, therefore, to confine the separate sketches
+to those military men who, for one reason or another, have come to be
+considered the representative men in the military history of the city. We
+add here brief mention of a few others, from such material as is in our
+posession, and must then, doubtless, omit many equally worthy a place.</p>
+
+<p>Brevet Brigadier Russell Hastings, though not entering the army from
+Cleveland, is now a resident of the city and holds the position of United
+States Marshal. He was commissioned Second Lieutenant in the 23rd Ohio
+Infantry, commanded at first by Major-General Rosecrans and subsequently
+by General Hayes, rose by regular promotion to the Lieutenant-Colonelcy,
+and was subsequently made Brevet Brigadier General "for gallant and
+meretorious services at the battle of Opequan, Virginia." General Hastings
+was permanently disabled by a bullet wound in the leg.</p>
+
+<p>Brevet Brigadier Robert L. Kimberly was on the editorial staff of the
+Cleveland Herald when he joined the 41st Ohio Infantry, as Second
+Lieutenant under Colonel Hazen, was rapidly promoted to Major, in which
+rank he had charge of his regiment during the greater part of the time,
+and sometimes acting as brigade commander. He was made Lieutenant Colonel
+January 1, 1865, and Colonel of the 191st Ohio Infantry in the succeeding
+March. He participated with distinction in several engagements, and for
+these services was breveted Brigadier General.</p>
+
+<p>Brigadier General Oliver H. Payne was commissioned Colonel of the 124th
+Ohio Infantry January 1, 1863. His regiment was distinguished for its
+discipline and for the care taken of the men by Colonel Payne and
+Lieutenant Colonel James Pickands, and also for its gallant services under
+those leaders. At Chickamauga Colonel Payne was wounded and, being unable
+to rejoin his regiment, resigned his position in November, 1864. He was
+subsequently breveted Brigadier General for meritorious services.</p>
+
+<p>Among those who distinguished themselves in the service, but who stopped
+short of null rank of those mentioned above, may be mentioned Major James
+B. Hampson, who commanded the Cleveland Grays in the three years'
+organization of the 1st Ohio Infantry, and subsequently was Major of the
+124th Ohio. Lieutenant Colonel James T. Sterling, who commenced his
+military career as company commander in the 7th Ohio Infantry and
+subsequently became Lieutenant Colonel of the 103rd Ohio, from which
+position he was appointed null General on the staff of General Cox.
+Captain Joseph B. Molyneaux, who served with gallantry in the 7th Ohio
+Infantry. Captain Mervin Clark, the fearless "boy officer" of the same
+regiment, who braved death on every occasion, and fell, colors in hand,
+when leading a forlorn hope over a rebel work at Franklin. Lieutenant
+Colonel Frank Lynch, of the 27th Ohio Infantry. Lieutenant Colonel G. S.
+Mygatt, of the 41st Ohio Infantry, who died of disease contracted in
+serving his country. Major J. H. Williston, of the same regiment. Captains
+G. L. Childs, Alfred P. Girty, and G. L. Heaton, of the 67th Ohio Infantry.
+Lieutenant Colonel John N. Frazee, of the 84th and 150th Ohio Infantry.
+Lieutenant Colonel H. S. Pickands, of the 103rd Ohio Infantry, and Colonel
+James Pickands, of the 124th Ohio, who reached their positions by active
+service in various ranks throughout the war. Captain Isaac C. Vail, of the
+103rd Ohio Infantry, who died in service. Major George Arnold of the 107th
+Ohio Infantry, (German,) who fought with great gallantry. Surgeon C. A.
+Hartman, whose skill as a surgeon was fully equalled by his valor as a
+soldier, and who, unable to content himself as a non-combatant, engaged in
+the thickest of the fight at Winchester and was killed in the terrible
+slaughter the regiment experienced. Captain Wm. C. Bunts, of the 125th
+Ohio Infantry. Lieutenant Colonel E. A. Scovill, of the 128th Ohio
+Infantry, rendered important service in charge of the null affairs of the
+great prison for the rebels on Johnson's Island. Major Junius R. Sanford
+was in service in this regiment. Lieutenant Colonel George L. Hayward, of
+the 129th Ohio Infantry, had seen active service as company commander in
+the 1st Ohio Infantry. In the Cavalry service Cleveland furnished among
+other leading regimental officers Colonel Charles Doubleday, Lieutenant
+Colonel G. G. Minor, Major Albert Barnitz, now in the United States
+service, Major L. C. Thayer, who died soon after his leaving the service,
+and Major J. F. Herrick. To the Artillery service, in addition to General
+Barnett and Lieutenant Colonel Hayward, Cleveland contributed Lieutenant
+Colonel Walter E. Lawrence, who declined promotion and died deeply
+regretted by his comrades in arms and by a host of warm friends at home.
+Major Seymour Race, who ably assisted in the organization of the regiment
+and left Camp Dennison January 10, 1862, with two batteries and reported
+to General Buell at Louisville; had command of the camp at the Fair
+Grounds, composed of seven batteries from Ohio, Indiana and Wisconsin;
+left Louisville February 10, with three batteries on steamers, and
+reported to General Nelson at the mouth of Salt River accompanying him to
+Nashville; was Chief of Artillery of General T. J. Wood's Division at
+Pittsburgh Landing and the siege of Corinth and continued in that position
+in the division through Northern Alabama and back to Louisville;
+participated in the battles of Perryville and Stone River; was highly
+commended by his Division commander for valuable services in all these
+actions; and was also in command of the fortifications at Nashville for
+about five months; Major Warren P. Edgerton, Major W. F. Goodspeed,
+Assistant Surgeon Charles E. Ames, Captains Wm. A. Standart, Louis
+Heckman, Norman A. Baldwin, Joseph C. Shields, Frank Wilson, Louis
+Smithnight, William Backus, and a long list of Lieutenants. From the fact
+that the Cleveland Light Artillery organization was the origin of the
+Light Artillery service of the State, and that the Artillery had long been
+popular in the city, the Ohio Light Artillery service in the war was very
+largely officered and heavily recruited from Cleveland. In the 5th U. S.
+Colored Infantry, officered by white soldiers of Ohio, Gustave W. Fahrion,
+who had done good service in an Ohio regiment, was appointed Captain, and
+did hard service with his men in Virginia and North Carolina.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="journalism"></a>Journalism</h2>
+
+
+
+<p>It would require more space than can be given here to merely enumerate the
+different newspaper ventures that have been set afloat in Cleveland, some
+to disappear almost as soon as launched, others to buffet the waves for a
+few months, or even years, and then to pass away and be forgotten. In the
+days when nothing more was required to start a newspaper than a few pounds
+of type and a hand press, or credit with the owner of a press, new
+journals appeared and disappeared with great rapidity. Even now, when it
+is hopeless to think of attempting the establishment of a journal without
+first sinking a large capital, there are people venturesome enough to try
+the experiment of starting a newspaper upon little or nothing. The end of
+such experiments is always the same.</p>
+
+<p>The first newspaper issued in Cleveland was the Cleveland Gazette and
+Commercial Register, commenced July 31, 1818. It was ostensibly a weekly
+publication, but the difficulty of procuring paper with the desired
+regularity, and other untoward circumstances, sometimes caused a lapse of
+ten, fourteen, and even more days between each issue. In October, 1819,
+the Cleveland Herald was started as a weekly, by Z. Willes &amp; Co.</p>
+
+<p>In the Summer of 1836, the Daily Gazette was issued. This ran until March
+22, 1837, when its owner, Charles Whittlesey, united it with the Herald,
+under the name of the Daily Herald and Gazette, the new firm being
+Whittlesey &amp; Hull, and after a few days Whittlesey &amp; J. A. Harris. The
+Gazette title was subsequently dropped, and that of the Herald preserved,
+Mr. Harris being the sole proprietor and editor. Messrs. W. J. May, A. W.
+Fairbanks, G. A. Benedict and John Coon were at different times added to
+the firm, Mr. May and Coon afterwards retiring, and being followed after
+some years by Mr. Harris, who was the veteran editor of the city. The
+Herald is now the oldest paper in the city, and the oldest daily in
+Northern Ohio. It was always Whig or Republican in politics.</p>
+
+<p>The Cleveland Plain Dealer was the natural successor of the Cleveland
+Daily Advertiser, a Democratic paper published about a third of a century
+since, by Canfield &amp; Spencer. The Plain Dealer was owned and edited from
+its start by J. W. Gray, who made it a sharp and spicy journal. His
+declining health compelled him to take less interest in his paper, which
+soon lost prestige, and having gone into incompetent hands after Mr.
+Gray's death, it was before long compelled to suspend. Being purchased,
+after a short suspension, by Mr. Armstrong, it was resuscitated, and is at
+present, under the ownership and management of Messrs. Armstrong &amp; Green,
+a successful enterprise.</p>
+
+<p>The Leader dates its origin on one side to the True Democrat, an
+Independent Free Soil paper, dating back over twenty years, and on the
+other to the Daily Forest City, a "Silver Gray Whig," started about 1852,
+by Joseph and James Medill. After some coquetting an alliance was formed
+between the two papers, and the name of Forest City Democrat adopted for
+the Consolidated paper which was afterwards changed to the Leader. None of
+those connected with either of the original papers are now connected with
+the Leader. Of those who became the publishers of the latter paper Mr. E.
+Cowles retains his connection and is the largest proprietor.</p>
+
+<p>The German Wachter am Erie completes the list of regular daily papers now
+published in Cleveland. The Herald is published morning and evening, there
+being two editions of the evening issue. The Leader is issued in the
+morning with an evening edition under the name of the News. The Plain
+Dealer publishes two editions in the afternoon, and the Wachter am Erie
+one afternoon edition.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<p align="center">[Illustration: Yours Truly, A. W. Fairbanks]</p>
+
+
+<h2><a name="a_w_fairbanks"></a>A. W. Fairbanks.</h2>
+
+
+
+<p>A. W. Fairbanks, the senior proprietor of the Cleveland Herald, was born
+March 4, 1817, in Cornish, now Claremont, Sullivan county, New Hampshire.
+When twelve years old he entered a printing office in Waterford, Saratoga
+county, New York, with the purpose of learning the business. In those days
+it was held necessary to serve a regular apprenticeship as a preliminary
+to becoming a journeyman printer, and the apprentice had to pass through
+an ordeal to which the learner of the present day is a total stranger.
+There were then no machine presses out of the city of New York, nor
+rollers for inking. The types were inked by dabbing with buckskin balls,
+as had been done since the invention of printing. Rollers were, however,
+introduced within a short time of our young apprentice entering on his
+course of education as a printer.</p>
+
+<p>The office in which he worked, owned by a man named Johnson, was for book
+and job printing, thus affording the apprentice an opportunity of
+acquiring a more extensive and varied knowledge of the business than could
+have been acquired in a newspaper office. He had a taste for the life on
+which he had entered, and soon made rapid headway in obtaining a knowledge
+of the "art preservative of all arts." He remained in the same office
+until it was discontinued. He afterwards went to Schenectady, Ballston,
+Spa, and Troy, following the fortunes of the man he was apprenticed to,
+before finishing his trade. His first situation, as a journeyman, was in
+Rochester, New York.</p>
+
+<p>In 1836, he removed from Rochester to Michigan, then a territory, and
+assumed charge of the job department of the Detroit Advertiser. In this
+position he remained for a year, when he was induced to remove to Toledo.</p>
+
+<p>Some time previously an attempt had been made to establish the Toledo
+Blade as a newspaper. The town was young, and though giving promise of
+vigorous growth, was yet unable to make such a newspaper enterprise an
+assured success. About fifty numbers were issued, under several
+ownerships, and then the enterprise sank, apparently to rise no more. Mr.
+Fairbanks saw his opportunity and availed himself of it. Possessing
+himself of what remained of the Blade establishment, he announced its
+revival, got up and got out the first number himself, working it off on a
+hand press, and announced to the public that the Blade had this time "come
+to stay." In spite of difficulties and discouragements he persisted in the
+work he had undertaken, and in a short time had secured for the paper a
+good circulation. There was in the office scarcely enough type to get out
+a single issue; there was no imposing stone on which to make up the forms,
+and but one press to do all the work of the office. Mr. Fairbanks worked
+diligently with brain and hands, wrote matter for the Blade, managed its
+mechanical details, and at the same time spent time, labor, and money in
+enlarging the capabilities of the office and building up a valuable
+job-printing business. In fourteen years he built up out of nothing, or
+next to nothing, a newspaper with a profitable circulation and a wide
+reputation, a job office admitted to be one of the most complete in the
+State, having five presses and material abundant in quantity and
+unsurpassed in quality. The office had made money every year since his
+connection with it, except in 1840, when he gave all his labor to the
+Harrison campaign.</p>
+
+<p>In 1850, Mr. Fairbanks left Toledo for Cleveland, and became connected
+with the Cleveland Herald, then edited by J. A. Harris and W. J. May. He
+found the establishment without a press, the newspaper being printed on
+the press of M. C. Younglove, under a contract, giving him twelve and a
+half cents per token, Mr. Younglove having the only steam press in the
+city. Land was purchased on Bank street and the present Herald building
+erected. The entire book and job office of Mr. Younglove was purchased, a
+Hoe cylinder press for working the Herald purchased, and the establishment
+placed on a footing for doing a greatly enlarged and constantly increasing
+business. Additional and improved facilities were furnished yearly, to
+keep pace with the rapidly increasing demands, the single cylinder
+newspaper press was changed for a double cylinder, and that had been
+running but a short time when it proved insufficient for the rapid
+increase of circulation, and its place was taken by a four cylinder, which
+remains the only press of the kind in Ohio outside of Cincinnati, and
+which is capable of running off ten thousand impressions per hour. From a
+small part of the building this establishment grew until it crowded out
+all other occupants; then the building itself was altered so as to
+economise room, and finally additions made, doubling its size, the whole
+of the space being immediately filled with material, presses and machinery
+containing the latest improvements. From an entire valuation of six
+thousand dollars the establishment has reached an inventory value of about
+a hundred and fifty thousand dollars; and from a newspaper without a press
+it has grown to an office with ten steam presses, a mammoth four-cylinder,
+and a large building crowded full with the best machinery and material
+required in a first-class printing office, giving employment to
+ninety-five men, women and boys, and sending out the Morning Herald and
+two regular editions of the Daily Herald, every day, except Sunday,
+besides a Tri-Weekly Herald and Weekly Herald.</p>
+
+<p>The entire mechanical details of the establishment have, from his first
+connection with the office, been under the control of Mr. Fairbanks, and
+he feels a just pride in the perfection to which these details have been
+brought. His heart is in his profession, and it is his constant study. No
+improvement in it escapes his observation, and he is ever on the alert to
+avail himself of everything promising to increase the efficiency of his
+establishment. It is a noticeable fact, that the Herald has never missed a
+daily issue, although at times during the war the scarcity of paper was so
+great that the issue of the Morning Herald, then but a recent venture, had
+to be suspended for a day or two.</p>
+
+<p>The firm, which, when Mr. Fairbanks became connected with it, was Harris,
+Fairbanks &amp; Co., is now Fairbanks, Benedict &amp; Co., Mr. Fairbanks being the
+only member of the original firm yet connected with the concern.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="j_w_gray"></a>J. W. Gray.</h2>
+
+
+
+<p>J. W. Gray was born in the village of Bradport, Addison county, Vermont,
+on the 5th of August, 1813. When only two years of age his parents removed
+to Madrid, St. Lawrence county, New York, where his early life was passed,
+receiving such meagre education as those early days afforded, during the
+Winter months, to farmer lads. He afterwards became a pupil in the
+Institutes at Potsdam and Governeur, founded by the New York State
+Association for Teachers, where he made rapid progress, his mind,
+naturally fond of study grasping knowledge intuitively. His scholastic
+career terminated here, the pecuniary means being wanting to enable him to
+prosecute a collegiate course, and he was soon after launched upon the
+world to carve, with nothing but his own right arm and resolute will, the
+future high public and social position he subsequently attained.</p>
+
+<p>In 1836, he came to Cleveland, then, though recently incorporated as a
+city, in reality but a flourishing village, and was soon engaged as a
+teacher in one of the public schools, the old Academy, on St. Clair
+street, being the scene of his first labors. He continued here but two or
+three terms, when a more advantageous position was offered him as
+instructor of a district school in Geauga county, to which he repaired and
+where he continued about a year. On his return to the city, having fitted
+himself in part previously, he entered the null of Hon. H. B. Payne and
+U. S. Judge Willson, who were then associated under the law firm of Payne &amp;
+Willson, and after a little over a year under their preceptorship, during
+which time his remarkable talents attracted the attention of many, he was
+admitted to the bar, and almost immediately after receiving his diploma
+commenced the practice of his profession. He soon formed a law connection
+which led him to the State of Michigan, where, however he remained but a
+short time.</p>
+
+<p>On January 1st, 1842, in connection with his brother, A. N. Gray, he
+purchased the Cleveland Advertiser, which he converted into the Cleveland
+Plain Dealer.</p>
+
+<p>In July, 1845, the firm of A. N. &amp; J. W. Gray was dissolved, the latter
+becoming sole proprietor and editor. The bold, poignant and dashing
+talents he brought to bear, soon made the Plain Dealer widely known as a
+political journal and placed its editor among the foremost men of his
+party in the State. In 1853, he received the appointment of post master of
+Cleveland from President Pierce, which position he continued to hold till
+the Summer of 1858, when, owing to his refusal to advocate the infamous
+Lecompton constitution of Mr. Buchanan, he was beheaded with the scores of
+other martyrs who remained true to Senator Douglas and the constitutional
+rights and liberties of the people.</p>
+
+<p>In 1858, he received the Democratic nomination for Congress against Hon.
+B. F. Wade, his successful competitor. In 1860, he was chosen, with Hon.
+H. B. Payne, delegate from this district to the Charleston-Baltimore
+convention where he labored with untiring devotion for the nomination of
+Judge Douglas. When the revolt was raised by the traitorous South, he
+rallied at once to the support of the constitution and Union, and,
+following the example of Douglas buried the partizan in the noble struggle
+of the patriot for the preservation of the liberties of the country.</p>
+
+<p>Of the Silas Wright school of politics, he labored during his editorial
+career of over twenty years, for his cherished principles. The friend of
+Mr. Pierce, he was the beloved and confidential exponent of the great
+Douglas. No man possessed the friendship and esteem of the Illinois
+statesman in a larger degree than did Mr. Gray. The Plain Dealer was Mr.
+Douglas' recognized organ--more so than any other paper published in the
+country, and the close intimacy which existed between them was never
+interrupted, and continued to the hour of that statesman's death.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Gray died May 26, 1862. He had been feeble for a few days previously,
+and for a day or two before his death had not left the house, yet nothing
+serious was apprehended by his family or physicians, and though the nature
+of his illness was such as to have long made him an invalid, the hope was
+firmly entertained that he would regain his general health. On the morning
+of the day of his death, however, paralysis seized his heart and lungs,
+soon depriving him of speech, and under which he rapidly, but gently, sank
+away and died at fifteen minutes past two of the same day.</p>
+
+<p>His life affords another example to the rising young men of the day, of
+the power of will to triumph over all obstacles, when to indefatigable
+industry are added those exemplary virtues, strict integrity and
+temperance.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="george_a_benedict"></a>George A. Benedict.</h2>
+
+
+
+<p>George A. Benedict, of the printing and publishing firm of Fairbanks,
+Benedict &amp; Co., and editor-in-chief of the Cleveland Herald, is a native
+of Jefferson county, New York, having been born in Watertown, August 5,
+1813. Mr. Benedict was well educated and in due course entered Yale
+College, from which he has received the degree of A. B.</p>
+
+<p>When eighteen years old he commenced the study of law with Judge Robert
+Lansing, in Watertown, finishing his legal education in the office of
+Sterling &amp; Bronson. He was admitted to practice in New York, and
+immediately thereafter, in 1835, removed to Ohio, taking up his residence
+in Cleveland. Here he entered the office of Andrews &amp; Foot and
+subsequently of that of John W. Allen, being admitted to practice in the
+Ohio Courts in the year 1836.</p>
+
+<p>As soon as admitted to the Ohio Bar a partnership was formed with John
+Erwin, under the name of Erwin &amp; Benedict; this arrangement continued
+three years. On its dissolution Mr. Benedict formed a partnership with
+James K. Hitchcock, the firm of Benedict &amp; Hitchcock continuing until
+1848, when Mr. Benedict was appointed Clerk of the Superior Court, Judge
+Andrews being the Judge. With the adoption of the new constitution of the
+State this court became extinct.</p>
+
+<p>Immediately after the termination of his duties as Clerk of the Superior
+Court, Mr. Benedict purchased an interest in the Herald establishment,
+and became co-partner with Messrs. J. A. Harris and A. W. Fairbanks. The
+subsequent retirement of Mr. Harris from editorial life left Mr.
+Benedict as editor-in-chief of that paper, a position he has from that
+time retained.</p>
+
+<p>In 1843, Mr. Benedict was a member of the City Council, and president
+of that body. For one term previous to that time Mr. Benedict was
+city attorney.</p>
+
+<p>In August, 1865, Postmaster General Dennison, of Ohio, tendered to Mr.
+Benedict the office of Postmaster of Cleveland. The appointment was
+accepted, and at this writing, 1869, he still holds the office.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Benedict is impulsive in temperament, but his impulses are more of a
+friendly than unkindly character. He is warm-hearted, quick to forgive a
+wrong atoned for, and still quicker to apologize for and atone an injury
+done to others. In nearly a score of years editing a newspaper he has
+never intentionally done injustice to any man, no matter what
+differences of opinion might exist, and has never knowingly allowed the
+columns of his newspaper to be the vehicle of private spite. Nor has he
+ever refused any one, fancying himself aggrieved, the privilege of
+setting himself right in a proper manner in the same columns in which
+the alleged injury was inflicted. He has the genuine and unforced
+respect and esteem of those employed by him, for his treatment of them
+has always been kind and considerate, and although no newspaper
+conductor can possibly avoid creating prejudice and temporary
+ill-feeling. Mr. Benedict has probably no real enemy, whilst among those
+who best know him he has none but warm friends.</p>
+
+<p>In addition to his editorial abilities, Mr. Benedict is one of the few
+really good writers of an occasional newspaper letter, and in his
+journeyings from home his letters to the Herald are looked for with
+interest and read with keen relish.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Benedict was married June, 1839, to Miss Sarah R. Rathbone, of
+Brownsville, Jefferson county, New York, and has three children, the
+oldest, George S. Benedict, being one of the proprietors and in the active
+business management of the Herald.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<p align="center">[Illustration: Yours Truly, J. H. A. Bone]</p>
+
+
+<h2><a name="j_h_a_bone"></a>J. H. A. Bone</h2>
+
+
+
+<p>John H. A. Bone is a native of Cornwall, England, having been born in
+that county October 31, 1830. He received a good education, being first
+intended for the army, but an accident having permanently crippled his
+right arm, that purpose had to be abandoned. He resided awhile in London
+and Liverpool, during which time he was connected with the press of
+those cities, and contributed to periodicals. Having married in his
+native place, he left England in the Autumn of 1851, for the United
+States, and after a brief stay in New York, arrived in Cleveland in
+October of that year.</p>
+
+<p>Early in the Spring of 1857, he joined the editorial staff of the
+Cleveland Herald, to the columns of which he had for some years previous
+been a frequent contributor. At the same time he had contributed to the
+pages of the Knickerbocker Magazine, Godey, Peterson's, the Boston Carpet
+Bag, then conducted by B. P. Shillaber ("Mrs. Partington,") and G. C.
+Halpine ("Miles O'Reilly,") and other literary papers of Boston, New York
+and Philadelphia, as well as to a Cleveland magazine, the New American
+Monthly, and was a regular contributor to the Cincinnati Pen and Pencil, a
+handsome weekly magazine of more than ordinary merit that was run for some
+time under the editorship of W. W. Warden.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Bone, on joining the Herald, took charge of its commercial, local,
+amusements and literary departments. As the business of the paper
+increased he resigned those departments, one after another, to others, and
+on the retirement of Mr. Harris, transferred his labors to the leading
+editorial department, retaining charge of the literary department also.</p>
+
+<p>In addition to his daily duties on the Herald, Mr. Bone has found time to
+furnish papers to the Atlantic Monthly on matters of scholarly interest
+and historical importance, has for the past three years been on the
+regular staff of Our Young Folks, contributing to it a number of
+historical articles, prepared with much care and research, and is an
+occasional contributor to other periodicals.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Bone published, about sixteen years ago, a small volume of poems,
+mostly written in boyhood. His after verses, of various characters, are
+scattered through newspapers and magazines and have never been collected.
+With the exception of a few political squibs, he has for some years
+abandoned verse. A work on the oil regions was issued in 1864, and a
+second, enlarged edition, was published in Philadelphia, in 1865.</p>
+
+<p>Aside from his professional duties as a journalist and the fulfilment of
+his engagements as a magazine writer, Mr. Bone's literary tastes are
+chiefly with the older works of English literature. He is a close student
+of what is known as Early English, delighting in his intervals of leisure
+to pick from the quaint and curious relics of the earliest English
+literature bits of evidence that serve to throw some light on the actual
+social and intellectual condition of our English ancestors four or five
+centuries ago. He has been for years, and still is, connected with English
+literary societies for the bringing to light and publishing for the use of
+the members, unpublished documents of historical and literary value. Of
+what is know as Elizabethean literature he has been a diligent student. At
+present he is connected with the management of the Cleveland Library
+Association and Western Reserve Historical Society.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="william_w_armstrong"></a>William W. Armstrong.</h2>
+
+
+
+<p>William W. Armstrong, one of the present proprietors of the Cleveland
+Plain Dealer, is a native Buckeye, having been born in New Lisbon,
+Columbiana county, Ohio, in 1833. In his fifteenth year he removed to
+Tiffin, Seneca county, with the purpose of learning the printing business.
+In 1852-3, he was appointed to the position of Registrar of the Bank
+Department in the State Treasurer's office at Columbus. In 1854, he
+returned to Tiffin and purchased the Seneca County Advertiser, which he
+made noticeable among the Democratic papers of the State for its vigor and
+ability. He was recognized among the Democrats of the State as one of
+their rising men, and in 1862, he was chosen as the Democratic candidate
+for Secretary of State, and was elected.</p>
+
+<p>In 1865, having completed his term of office and returned to editorial
+life, he purchased the material and good will of the Plain Dealer, which
+had suspended publication, and set about bringing it back to its old
+prosperity and position among the journals of the State. His efforts were
+crowned with success. The reputation of the paper for boldness and
+ability, which had been affected by the death of its founder, was
+restored, and the business knowledge and tact which Mr. Armstrong brought
+to bear upon its management before long put its affairs in a healthy state
+and established the journal on a good paying basis. Although a strong
+partisan in politics, Mr. Armstrong recognizes the importance of fairness
+and courtesy, and hence he has the personal good will of his professional
+and business rivals as well as associates.</p>
+
+<p>In 1868, Mr. Armstrong was elected delegate at large to the Democratic
+National Convention which nominated Horatio Seymour for the Presidency.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="frederick_w_green"></a>Frederick W. Green.</h2>
+
+
+
+<p>Frederick W. Green, the associate of Mr. Armstrong in the proprietorship
+and editorship of the Plain Dealer, was born in Fredericktown, Frederick
+county, Maryland, in 1816. In 1833, he removed to Tiffin, Seneca county,
+Ohio. Becoming identified with the Democratic party he was elected by that
+party Auditor of Seneca county, and retained that position six years. In
+1851, he was elected to Congress from the Seneca district, and in 1853,
+was re-elected. At the close of his term he was appointed Clerk of the
+newly organized United States District Court for the Northern District of
+Ohio. In this position he remained twelve years.</p>
+
+<p>In 1867, he purchased an interest in the Plain Dealer, and at once entered
+upon editorial duties on that paper in connection with Mr. Armstrong.
+Their joint labors have made the paper the Democratic organ of Northern
+Ohio. Mr. Green, during his fourteen years residence in Cleveland, has
+been reckoned among its most respectable citizens, and possesses many warm
+friends irrespective of political differences of opinion.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="index"></a>Index.</h2>
+
+
+
+<h3>Historical and Statistical.</h3>
+
+
+<p><a href="#history">History of Cleveland</a><br />
+<a href="#trade">Trade and Commerce</a><br />
+<a href="#ship">Ship Building</a><br />
+<a href="#bench">The Bench and Bar</a><br />
+<a href="#educational">Educational</a><br />
+<a href="#railroading">Railroading</a><br />
+<a href="#coal">The Coal Interest</a><br />
+<a href="#religious">Religious</a><br />
+<a href="#medical">Medical</a><br />
+<a href="#manufacturing">Manufacturing</a><br />
+<a href="#telegraphy">Telegraphy</a><br />
+<a href="#city_improvements">City Improvements</a><br />
+<a href="#military">Military</a><br />
+<a href="#journalism">Journalism</a></p>
+
+
+
+<h3>Biographical Sketches.</h3>
+
+
+<p>Those marked with an asterisk (*) are illustrated with portraits.</p>
+
+<p><a href="#samuel_c_aiken">*Aiken, S. C.</a><br />
+<a href="#seymour_w_adams"> Adams, S. W.</a><br />
+<a href="#john_w_allen">*Allen, J. W.</a><br />
+<a href="#sherlock_j_andrews">*Andrews, S. J.</a><br />
+<a href="#grove_n_abbey">*Abbey, G. N.</a><br />
+<a href="#leverett_alcott"> Alcott, Leverett.</a><br />
+<a href="#william_w_armstrong"> Armstrong. W. W.</a><br />
+<a href="#john_blair"> Blair, John.</a><br />
+<a href="#melancthon_barnett"> Barnett, Melancthon.</a><br />
+<a href="#dudley_baldwin"> Baldwin, Dudley.</a><br />
+<a href="#norman_c_baldwin"> Baldwin, Norman C.</a><br />
+<a href="#charles_bradburn">*Bradburn, Charles.</a><br />
+<a href="#david_h_beardsley"> Beardsley, D. H.</a><br />
+<a href="#alva_bradley">*Bradley, Alva.</a><br />
+<a href="#john_barr"> Barr, John.</a><br />
+<a href="#william_bingham"> Bingham, Wm.</a><br />
+<a href="#t_s_beckwith"> Beckwith, T. S.</a><br />
+<a href="#elbert_irving_baldwin">*Baldwin, E. I.</a><br />
+<a href="#h_f_brayton"> Brayton, H. F.</a><br />
+<a href="#thomas_bolton">*Bolton, Thomas.</a><br />
+<a href="#franklin_t_backus"> Backus, F. T.</a><br />
+<a href="#jesse_p_bishop">*Bishop, J. P.</a><br />
+<a href="#d_h_beckwith">*Beckwith, D. H.</a><br />
+<a href="#john_bousfield">*Bousfield, John.</a><br />
+<a href="#stephen_buhrer">*Buhrer, S.</a><br />
+<a href="#general_james_barnett"> Barnett, James.</a><br />
+<a href="#george_a_benedict"> Benedict, G. A.</a><br />
+<a href="#j_h_a_bone">*Bone, J. H. A.</a><br />
+<a href="#orlando_cutter"> Cutter, Orlando.</a><br />
+<a href="#h_m_chapin">*Chapin, H. M.</a><br />
+<a href="#n_e_crittenden">*Crittenden, N. E.</a><br />
+<a href="#wellington_p_cooke">*Cooke, W. P.</a><br />
+<a href="#j_b_cobb"> Cobb. J. B.</a><br />
+<a href="#a_g_colwell"> Colwell, A. G.</a><br />
+<a href="#a_v_cannon">*Cannon, A. V.</a><br />
+<a href="#o_a_childs"> Childs, O. A.</a><br />
+<a href="#samuel_sage_coe"> Coe, S. S.</a><br />
+<a href="#charles_w_coe"> Coe, C. W.</a><br />
+<a href="#leonard_case">*Case, Leonard.</a><br />
+<a href="#james_m_coffinberry">*Coffinberry, J. M.</a><br />
+<a href="#william_collins">*Collins, W.</a><br />
+<a href="#william_case">*Case, William.</a><br />
+<a href="#lemuel_crawford">*Crawford, L.</a><br />
+<a href="#d_w_cross"> Cross, D. W.</a><br />
+<a href="#j_l_cassels"> Cassels, J. L.</a><br />
+<a href="#william_b_castle"> Castle, W. B.</a><br />
+<a href="#henry_chisholm">*Chisholm. H.</a><br />
+<a href="#m_b_clark">*Clark, M. B.</a><br />
+<a href="#colonel_wm_r_creighton"> Creighton, W. R.</a><br />
+<a href="#david_a_dangler">*Dangler, David A.</a><br />
+<a href="#henry_h_dodge">*Dodge, H. H.</a><br />
+<a href="#franklin_j_dickman"> Dickman, F. J.</a><br />
+<a href="#john_delamater"> Delamater, John</a><br />
+<a href="#william_edwards"> Edwards, Wm.</a><br />
+<a href="#george_b_ely">*Ely, George B.</a><br />
+<a href="#isaac_errett"> Errett, Isaac</a><br />
+<a href="#andrew_freese">*Freese, Andrew</a><br />
+<a href="#james_farmer">*Farmer, James</a><br />
+<a href="#a_w_fairbanks">*Fairbanks, A. W.</a><br />
+<a href="#hiram_garretson"> Garretson, Hiram</a><br />
+<a href="#william_j_gordon"> Gordon, W. J.</a><br />
+<a href="#william_h_goodrich">*Goodrich, W. H.</a><br />
+<a href="#theodatus_garlick">*Garlick, Theodatus</a><br />
+<a href="#frederick_w_green"> Green, F. W.</a><br />
+<a href="#richard_hilliard"> Hilliard, Richard</a><br />
+<a href="#charles_hickox"> Hickox, Charles</a><br />
+<a href="#truman_p_handy">*Handy, T. P.</a><br />
+<a href="#robert_hanna"> Hanna, Robert</a><br />
+<a href="#hinman_b_hurlbut"> Hurlbut, H. B.</a><br />
+<a href="#james_m_hoyt">*Hoyt, J. M.</a><br />
+<a href="#r_f_humiston">*Humiston, R. F.</a><br />
+<a href="#william_hart">*Hart, William</a><br />
+<a href="#j_g_hussey">*Hussey, J. G.</a><br />
+<a href="#levi_haldeman"> Haldeman. L.</a><br />
+<a href="#colonel_wm_h_hayward"> Hayward, W. H.</a><br />
+<a href="#levi_johnson">*Johnson, Levi</a><br />
+<a href="#b_w_jenness">*Jenness, B. W.</a><br />
+<a href="#seth_w_johnson">*Johnson, S. W.</a><br />
+<a href="#james_m_jones">*Jones, James M.</a><br />
+<a href="#alfred_kelley">*Kelley, Alfred</a><br />
+<a href="#moses_kelly">*Kelly, Moses</a><br />
+<a href="#jared_potter_kirtland">*Kirtland, J. P.</a><br />
+<a href="#richard_t_lyon"> Lyon, Richard T.</a><br />
+<a href="#s_f_lester"> Lester, S. F.</a><br />
+<a href="#david_long"> Long, David</a><br />
+<a href="#jacob_lowman"> Lowman, Jacob</a><br />
+<a href="#noble_h_merwin"> Merwin, Noble H.</a><br />
+<a href="#george_mygatt">*Mygatt, George</a><br />
+<a href="#e_p_morgan"> Morgan, E. P.</a><br />
+<a href="#james_mcdermott">*McDermott, James</a><br />
+<a href="#john_martin">*Martin, John</a><br />
+<a href="#david_morris">*Morris, David</a><br />
+<a href="#r_p_myers">*Myers, R. P.</a><br />
+<a href="#albert_c_mcnairy"> McNairy, A. C.</a><br />
+<a href="#j_h_morley"> Morley, J. H.</a><br />
+<a href="#j_s_newberry">*Newberry, J. S.</a><br />
+<a href="#william_a_otis"> Otis, William A.</a><br />
+<a href="#w_s_c_otis"> Otis, W. S. C.</a><br />
+<a href="#other_military_men"> Other Military Men</a><br />
+<a href="#joseph_perkins"> Perkins, Joseph</a><br />
+<a href="#elihu_m_peck">*Peck, E. M.</a><br />
+<a href="#charles_w_palmer">*Palmer, C. W.</a><br />
+<a href="#jacob_perkins">*Perkins, Jacob</a><br />
+<a href="#william_philpot"> Philpot, William</a><br />
+<a href="#w_i_price">*Price, W. I.</a><br />
+<a href="#thomas_quayle">*Quayle, Thomas</a><br />
+<a href="#j_p_robison">*Robison, J. P.</a><br />
+<a href="#samuel_raymond"> Raymond, S.</a><br />
+<a href="#ja_a_redington"> Redington, J. A.</a><br />
+<a href="#rufus_percival_ranney"> Ranney, R. P.</a><br />
+<a href="#harvey_rice">*Rice, Harvey</a><br />
+<a href="#d_p_rhodes">*Rhodes, D. P.</a><br />
+<a href="#benjamin_rouse"> Rouse, Benjamin</a><br />
+<a href="#john_d_rockefeller"> Rockefeller, J. D.</a><br />
+<a href="#philo_scovill"> Scovill, Philo</a><br />
+<a href="#joel_scranton"> Scranton, Joel</a><br />
+<a href="#s_h_sheldon">*Sheldon, S. H.</a><br />
+<a href="#alexander_sackett"> Sackett, Alexander</a><br />
+<a href="#martin_b_scott"> Scott, M. B.</a><br />
+<a href="#elias_sims">*Sims, Elias</a><br />
+<a href="#john_long_severance"> Severance, J. L.</a><br />
+<a href="#daniel_sanford">*Sanford, D.</a><br />
+<a href="#s_m_strong"> Strong, S. M.</a><br />
+<a href="#samuel_starkweather"> Starkweather, Samuel</a><br />
+<a href="#charles_taylor_sherman">*Sherman, C. T.</a><br />
+<a href="#rufus_p_spalding">*Spalding, R. P.</a><br />
+<a href="#anson_smyth">*Smyth, Anson</a><br />
+<a href="#amasa_stone_jr">*Stone, Amasa, Jr.</a><br />
+<a href="#worthy_s_streator">*Streator, W. S.</a><br />
+<a href="#thomas_t_seelye">*Seelye, T. T.</a><br />
+<a href="#a_b_stone">*Stone, A. B.</a><br />
+<a href="#w_c_scofield">*Scofield, W. C.</a><br />
+<a href="#anson_stager">*Stager, Anson</a><br />
+<a href="#henry_s_stevens">*Stevens, H. S.</a><br />
+<a href="#theodore_r_scowden"> Scowden, T. R.</a><br />
+<a href="#john_h_sargent">*Sargent, J. H.</a><br />
+<a href="#amos_townsend"> Townsend, Amos</a><br />
+<a href="#daniel_r_tilden"> Tilden, D. R.</a><br />
+<a href="#j_a_thome"> Thome, J. A.</a><br />
+<a href="#peter_thatcher">*Thatcher, Peter</a><br />
+<a href="#peter_martin_weddell"> Weddell, P. M.</a><br />
+<a href="#richard_winslow"> Winslow, Richard</a><br />
+<a href="#moses_white"> White, Moses</a><br />
+<a href="#thomas_augustus_walton"> Walton, T. A.</a><br />
+<a href="#george_worthington">*Worthington, George</a><br />
+<a href="#henry_wick"> Wick, Henry</a><br />
+<a href="#john_fletcher_warner"> Warner, J. F.</a><br />
+<a href="#reuben_wood"> Wood, Reuben</a><br />
+<a href="#john_w_willey"> Willey, John W.</a><br />
+<a href="#hiram_v_willson">*Willson, H. V.</a><br />
+<a href="#stillman_witt">*Witt, Stillman</a><br />
+<a href="#charles_jarvis_woolson"> Woolson, C. J.</a><br />
+<a href="#g_westlake"> Westlake, G.</a><br />
+<a href="#w_g_wilson">*Wilson, W. G.</a><br />
+<a href="#jeptha_h_wade">*Wade, J. H.</a><br />
+<a href="#colonel_charles_whittlesey">*Whittlesey, C.</a><br />
+<a href="#m_c_younglove"> Younglove, M. C.</a></p>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
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