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+The Project Gutenberg eBook of Old News, by Nathaniel Hawthorne
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and
+most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
+whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms
+of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
+www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you
+will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before
+using this eBook.
+
+Title: Old News
+
+Author: Nathaniel Hawthorne
+
+Release Date: September 18, 2003 [eBook #9239]
+[Most recently updated: May 16, 2022]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: UTF-8
+
+Produced by: David Widger
+
+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK OLD NEWS ***
+
+
+
+
+Old News
+
+by Nathaniel Hawthorne
+
+
+
+
+There is a volume of what were once newspapers each on a small
+half-sheet, yellow and time-stained, of a coarse fabric, and imprinted
+with a rude old type. Their aspect conveys a singular impression of
+antiquity, in a species of literature which we are accustomed to
+consider as connected only with the present moment. Ephemeral as they
+were intended and supposed to be, they have long outlived the printer
+and his whole subscription-list, and have proved more durable, as to
+their physical existence, than most of the timber, bricks, and stone of
+the town where they were issued. These are but the least of their
+triumphs. The government, the interests, the opinions, in short, all
+the moral circumstances that were contemporary with their publication,
+have passed away, and left no better record of what they were than may
+be found in these frail leaves. Happy are the editors of newspapers!
+Their productions excel all others in immediate popularity, and are
+certain to acquire another sort of value with the lapse of time. They
+scatter their leaves to the wind, as the sibyl did, and posterity
+collects them, to be treasured up among the best materials of its
+wisdom. With hasty pens they write for immortality.
+
+It is pleasant to take one of these little dingy half-sheets between
+the thumb and finger, and picture forth the personage who, above ninety
+years ago, held it, wet from the press, and steaming, before the fire.
+Many of the numbers bear the name of an old colonial dignitary. There
+he sits, a major, a member of the council, and a weighty merchant, in
+his high-backed arm-chair, wearing a solemn wig and grave attire, such
+as befits his imposing gravity of mien, and displaying but little
+finery, except a huge pair of silver shoe-buckles, curiously carved.
+Observe the awful reverence of his visage, as he reads his Majesty’s
+most gracious speech; and the deliberate wisdom with which he ponders
+over some paragraph of provincial politics, and the keener intelligence
+with which he glances at the ship-news and commercial advertisements.
+Observe, and smile! He may have been a wise man in his day; but, to us,
+the wisdom of the politician appears like folly, because we can compare
+its prognostics with actual results; and the old merchant seems to have
+busied himself about vanities, because we know that the expected ships
+have been lost at sea, or mouldered at the wharves; that his imported
+broadcloths were long ago worn to tatters, and his cargoes of wine
+quaffed to the lees; and that the most precious leaves of his ledger
+have become waste-paper. Yet, his avocations were not so vain as our
+philosophic moralizing. In this world we are the things of a moment,
+and are made to pursue momentary things, with here and there a thought
+that stretches mistily towards eternity, and perhaps may endure as
+long. All philosophy that would abstract mankind from the present is no
+more than words.
+
+The first pages of most of these old papers are as soporific as a bed
+of poppies. Here we have an erudite clergyman, or perhaps a Cambridge
+professor, occupying several successive weeks with a criticism on Tate
+and Brady, as compared with the New England version of the Psalms. Of
+course, the preference is given to the native article. Here are doctors
+disagreeing about the treatment of a putrid fever then prevalent, and
+blackguarding each other with a characteristic virulence that renders
+the controversy not altogether unreadable. Here are President
+Wigglesworth and the Rev. Dr. Colman, endeavoring to raise a fund for
+the support of missionaries among the Indians of Massachusetts Bay.
+Easy would be the duties of such a mission now! Here—for there is
+nothing new under the sun—are frequent complaints of the disordered
+state of the currency, and the project of a bank with a capital of five
+hundred thousand pounds, secured on lands. Here are literary essays,
+from the Gentleman’s Magazine; and squibs against the Pretender, from
+the London newspapers. And here, occasionally, are specimens of New
+England honor, laboriously light and lamentably mirthful, as if some
+very sober person, in his zeal to be merry, were dancing a jig to the
+tune of a funeral-psalm. All this is wearisome, and we must turn the
+leaf.
+
+There is a good deal of amusement, and some profit, in the perusal of
+those little items which characterize the manners and circumstances of
+the country. New England was then in a state incomparably more
+picturesque than at present, or than it has been within the memory of
+man; there being, as yet, only a narrow strip of civilization along the
+edge of a vast forest, peopled with enough of its original race to
+contrast the savage life with the old customs of another world. The
+white population, also, was diversified by the influx of all sorts of
+expatriated vagabonds, and by the continual importation of
+bond-servants from Ireland and elsewhere, so that there was a wild and
+unsettled multitude, forming a strong minority to the sober descendants
+of the Puritans. Then, there were the slaves, contributing their dark
+shade to the picture of society. The consequence of all this was a
+great variety and singularity of action and incident, many instances of
+which might be selected from these columns, where they are told with a
+simplicity and quaintness of style that bring the striking points into
+very strong relief. It is natural to suppose, too, that these
+circumstances affected the body of the people, and made their course of
+life generally less regular than that of their descendants. There is no
+evidence that the moral standard was higher then than now; or, indeed,
+that morality was so well defined as it has since become. There seem to
+have been quite as many frauds and robberies, in proportion to the
+number of honest deeds; there were murders, in hot-blood and in malice;
+and bloody quarrels over liquor. Some of our fathers also appear to
+have been yoked to unfaithful wives, if we may trust the frequent
+notices of elopements from bed and board. The pillory, the
+whipping-post, the prison, and the gallows, each had their use in those
+old times; and, in short, as often as our imagination lives in the
+past, we find it a ruder and rougher age than our own, with hardly any
+perceptible advantages, and much that gave life a gloomier tinge. In
+vain we endeavor to throw a sunny and joyous air over our picture of
+this period; nothing passes before our fancy but a crowd of sad-visaged
+people, moving duskily through a dull gray atmosphere. It is certain
+that winter rushed upon them with fiercer storms than now, blocking up
+the narrow forest-paths, and overwhelming the roads along the sea-coast
+with mountain snow drifts; so that weeks elapsed before the newspaper
+could announce how many travellers had perished, or what wrecks had
+strewn the shore. The cold was more piercing then, and lingered further
+into the spring, making the chimney-corner a comfortable seat till long
+past May-day. By the number of such accidents on record, we might
+suppose that the thunder-stone, as they termed it, fell oftener and
+deadlier on steeples, dwellings, and unsheltered wretches. In fine, our
+fathers bore the brunt of more raging and pitiless elements than we.
+There were forebodings, also, of a more fearful tempest than those of
+the elements. At two or three dates, we have stories of drums,
+trumpets, and all sorts of martial music, passing athwart the midnight
+sky, accompanied with the—roar of cannon and rattle of musketry,
+prophetic echoes of the sounds that were soon to shake the land.
+Besides these airy prognostics, there were rumors of French fleets on
+the coast, and of the march of French and Indians through the
+wilderness, along the borders of the settlements. The country was
+saddened, moreover, with grievous sicknesses. The small-pox raged in
+many of the towns, and seems, though so familiar a scourge, to have
+been regarded with as much affright as that which drove the throng from
+Wall Street and Broadway at the approach of a new pestilence. There
+were autumnal fevers too, and a contagious and destructive
+throat-distemper,—diseases unwritten in medical hooks. The dark
+superstition of former days had not yet been so far dispelled as not to
+heighten the gloom of the present times. There is an advertisement,
+indeed, by a committee of the Legislature, calling for information as
+to the circumstances of sufferers in the “late calamity of 1692,” with
+a view to reparation for their losses and misfortunes. But the
+tenderness with which, after above forty years, it was thought
+expedient to allude to the witchcraft delusion, indicates a good deal
+of lingering error, as well as the advance of more enlightened
+opinions. The rigid hand of Puritanism might yet be felt upon the reins
+of government, while some of the ordinances intimate a disorderly
+spirit on the part of the people. The Suffolk justices, after a
+preamble that great disturbances have been committed by persons
+entering town and leaving it in coaches, chaises, calashes, and other
+wheel-carriages, on the evening before the Sabbath, give notice that a
+watch will hereafter be set at the “fortification-gate,” to prevent
+these outrages. It is amusing to see Boston assuming the aspect of a
+walled city, guarded, probably, by a detachment of church-members, with
+a deacon at their head. Governor Belcher makes proclamation against
+certain “loose and dissolute people” who have been wont to stop
+passengers in the streets, on the Fifth of November, “otherwise called
+Pope’s Day,” and levy contributions for the building of bonfires. In
+this instance, the populace are more puritanic than the magistrate.
+
+The elaborate solemnities of funerals were in accordance with the
+sombre character of the times. In cases of ordinary death, the printer
+seldom fails to notice that the corpse was “very decently interred.”
+But when some mightier mortal has yielded to his fate, the decease of
+the “worshipful” such-a-one is announced, with all his titles of
+deacon, justice, councillor, and colonel; then follows an heraldic
+sketch of his honorable ancestors, and lastly an account of the black
+pomp of his funeral, and the liberal expenditure of scarfs, gloves, and
+mourning rings. The burial train glides slowly before us, as we have
+seen it represented in the woodcuts of that day, the coffin, and the
+bearers, and the lamentable friends, trailing their long black
+garments, while grim Death, a most misshapen skeleton, with all kinds
+of doleful emblems, stalks hideously in front. There was a coach maker
+at this period, one John Lucas, who scents to have gained the chief of
+his living by letting out a sable coach to funerals. It would not be
+fair, however, to leave quite so dismal an impression on the reader’s
+mind; nor should it be forgotten that happiness may walk soberly in
+dark attire, as well as dance lightsomely in a gala-dress. And this
+reminds us that there is an incidental notice of the “dancing-school
+near the Orange-Tree,” whence we may infer that the salutatory art was
+occasionally practised, though perhaps chastened into a characteristic
+gravity of movement. This pastime was probably confined to the
+aristocratic circle, of which the royal governor was the centre. But we
+are scandalized at the attempt of Jonathan Furness to introduce a more
+reprehensible amusement: he challenges the whole country to match his
+black gelding in a race for a hundred pounds, to be decided on Metonomy
+Common or Chelsea Beach. Nothing as to the manners of the times can be
+inferred from this freak of an individual. There were no daily and
+continual opportunities of being merry; but sometimes the people
+rejoiced, in their own peculiar fashion, oftener with a calm, religious
+smile than with a broad laugh, as when they feasted, like one great
+family, at Thanksgiving time, or indulged a livelier mirth throughout
+the pleasant days of Election-week. This latter was the true holiday
+season of New England. Military musters were too seriously important in
+that warlike time to be classed among amusements; but they stirred up
+and enlivened the public mind, and were occasions of solemn festival to
+the governor and great men of the province, at the expense of the
+field-offices. The Revolution blotted a feast-day out of our calendar;
+for the anniversary of the king’s birth appears to have been celebrated
+with most imposing pomp, by salutes from Castle William, a military
+parade, a grand dinner at the town-house, and a brilliant illumination
+in the evening. There was nothing forced nor feigned in these
+testimonials of loyalty to George the Second. So long as they dreaded
+the re-establishment of a popish dynasty, the people were fervent for
+the house of Hanover: and, besides, the immediate magistracy of the
+country was a barrier between the monarch and the occasional
+discontents of the colonies; the waves of faction sometimes reached the
+governor’s chair, but never swelled against the throne. Thus, until
+oppression was felt to proceed from the king’s own hand, New England
+rejoiced with her whole heart on his Majesty’s birthday.
+
+But the slaves, we suspect, were the merriest part of the population,
+since it was their gift to be merry in the worst of circumstances; and
+they endured, comparatively, few hardships, under the domestic sway of
+our fathers. There seems to have been a great trade in these human
+commodities. No advertisements are more frequent than those of “a negro
+fellow, fit for almost any household work”; “a negro woman, honest,
+healthy, and capable”; “a negro wench of many desirable qualities”; “a
+negro man, very fit for a taylor.” We know not in what this natural
+fitness for a tailor consisted, unless it were some peculiarity of
+conformation that enabled him to sit cross-legged. When the slaves of a
+family were inconveniently prolific,—it being not quite orthodox to
+drown the superfluous offspring, like a litter of kittens,—notice was
+promulgated of “a negro child to be given away.” Sometimes the slaves
+assumed the property of their own persons, and made their escape; among
+many such instances, the governor raises a hue-and-cry after his negro
+Juba. But, without venturing a word in extenuation of the general
+system, we confess our opinion that Caesar, Pompey, Scipio, and all
+such great Roman namesakes, would have been better advised had they
+stayed at home, foddering the cattle, cleaning dishes,—in fine,
+performing their moderate share of the labors of life, without being
+harassed by its cares. The sable inmates of the mansion were not
+excluded from the domestic affections: in families of middling rank,
+they had their places at the board; and when the circle closed round
+the evening hearth, its blaze glowed on their dark shining faces,
+intermixed familiarly with their master’s children. It must have
+contributed to reconcile them to their lot, that they saw white men and
+women imported from Europe as they had been from Africa, and sold,
+though only for a term of years, yet as actual slaves to the highest
+bidder. Slave labor being but a small part of the industry of the
+country, it did not change the character of the people; the latter, on
+the contrary, modified and softened the institution, making it a
+patriarchal, and almost a beautiful, peculiarity of the times.
+
+Ah! We had forgotten the good old merchant, over whose shoulder we were
+peeping, while he read the newspaper. Let us now suppose him putting on
+his three-cornered gold-laced hat, grasping his cane, with a head
+inlaid of ebony and mother-of-pearl, and setting forth, through the
+crooked streets of Boston, on various errands, suggested by the
+advertisements of the day. Thus he communes with himself: I must be
+mindful, says he, to call at Captain Scut’s, in Creek Lane, and examine
+his rich velvet, whether it be fit for my apparel on Election-day,—that
+I may wear a stately aspect in presence of the governor and my brethren
+of the council. I will look in, also, at the shop of Michael Cario, the
+jeweller: he has silver buckles of a new fashion; and mine have lasted
+me some half-score years. My fair daughter Miriam shall have an apron
+of gold brocade, and a velvet mask,—though it would be a pity the wench
+should hide her comely visage; and also a French cap, from Robert
+Jenkins’s, on the north side of the town-house. He hath beads, too, and
+ear-rings, and necklaces, of all sorts; these are but vanities,
+nevertheless, they would please the silly maiden well. My dame desireth
+another female in the kitchen; wherefore, I must inspect the lot of
+Irish lasses, for sale by Samuel Waldo, aboard the schooner Endeavor;
+as also the likely negro wench, at Captain Bulfinch’s. It were not
+amiss that I took my daughter Miriam to see the royal waxwork, near the
+town-dock, that she may learn to honor our most gracious King and
+Queen, and their royal progeny, even in their waxen images; not that I
+would approve of image-worship. The camel, too, that strange beast from
+Africa, with two great humps, to be seen near the Common; methinks I
+would fain go thither, and see how the old patriarchs were wont to
+ride. I will tarry awhile in Queen Street, at the bookstore of my good
+friends Kneeland & Green, and purchase Dr. Colman’s new sermon, and the
+volume of discourses by Mr. Henry Flynt; and look over the controversy
+on baptism, between the Rev. Peter Clarke and an unknown adversary; and
+see whether this George Whitefield be as great in print as he is famed
+to be in the pulpit. By that time, the auction will have commenced at
+the Royal Exchange, in King Street. Moreover, I must look to the
+disposal of my last cargo of West India rum and muscovado sugar; and
+also the lot of choice Cheshire cheese, lest it grow mouldy. It were
+well that I ordered a cask of good English beer, at the lower end of
+Milk Street.
+
+Then am I to speak with certain dealers about the lot of stout old
+Vidonia, rich Canary, and Oporto-wines, which I have now lying in the
+cellar of the Old South meeting-house. But, a pipe or two of the rich
+Canary shall be reserved, that it may grow mellow in mine own
+wine-cellar, and gladden my heart when it begins to droop with old age.
+
+Provident old gentleman! But, was he mindful of his sepulchre? Did he
+bethink him to call at the workshop of Timothy Sheaffe, in Cold Lane,
+and select such a gravestone as would best please him? There wrought
+the man whose handiwork, or that of his fellow-craftsmen, was
+ultimately in demand by all the busy multitude who have left a record
+of their earthly toil in these old time-stained papers. And now, as we
+turn over the volume, we seem to be wandering among the mossy stones of
+a burial-ground.
+
+II. THE OLD FRENCH WAR.
+
+At a period about twenty years subsequent to that of our former sketch,
+we again attempt a delineation of some of the characteristics of life
+and manners in New England. Our text-book, as before, is a file of
+antique newspapers. The volume which serves us for a writing-desk is a
+folio of larger dimensions than the one before described; and the
+papers are generally printed on a whole sheet, sometimes with a
+supplemental leaf of news and advertisements. They have a venerable
+appearance, being overspread with a duskiness of more than seventy
+years, and discolored, here and there, with the deeper stains of some
+liquid, as if the contents of a wineglass had long since been splashed
+upon the page. Still, the old book conveys an impression that, when the
+separate numbers were flying about town, in the first day or two of
+their respective existences, they might have been fit reading for very
+stylish people. Such newspapers could have been issued nowhere but in a
+metropolis the centre, not only of public and private affairs, but of
+fashion and gayety. Without any discredit to the colonial press, these
+might have been, and probably were, spread out on the tables of the
+British coffee-house, in king Street, for the perusal of the throng of
+officers who then drank their wine at that celebrated establishment. To
+interest these military gentlemen, there were bulletins of the war
+between Prussia and Austria; between England and France, on the old
+battle-plains of Flanders; and between the same antagonists, in the
+newer fields of the East Indies,—and in our own trackless woods, where
+white men never trod until they came to fight there. Or, the travelled
+American, the petit-maitre of the colonies,—the ape of London foppery,
+as the newspaper was the semblance of the London journals,—he, with his
+gray powdered periwig, his embroidered coat, lace ruffles, and glossy
+silk stockings, golden-clocked,—his buckles of glittering paste, at
+knee-band and shoe-strap,—his scented handkerchief, and chapeau beneath
+his arm, even such a dainty figure need not have disdained to glance at
+these old yellow pages, while they were the mirror of passing times.
+For his amusement, there were essays of wit and humor, the light
+literature of the day, which, for breadth and license, might have
+proceeded from the pen of Fielding or Smollet; while, in other columns,
+he would delight his imagination with the enumerated items of all sorts
+of finery, and with the rival advertisements of half a dozen
+peruke-makers. In short, newer manners and customs had almost entirely
+superseded those of the Puritans, even in their own city of refuge.
+
+It was natural that, with the lapse of time and increase of wealth and
+population, the peculiarities of the early settlers should have waxed
+fainter and fainter through the generations of their descendants, who
+also had been alloyed by a continual accession of emigrants from many
+countries and of all characters. It tended to assimilate the colonial
+manners to those of the mother-country, that the commercial intercourse
+was great, and that the merchants often went thither in their own
+ships. Indeed, almost every man of adequate fortune felt a yearning
+desire, and even judged it a filial duty, at least once in his life, to
+visit the home of his ancestors. They still called it their own home,
+as if New England were to them, what many of the old Puritans had
+considered it, not a permanent abiding-place, but merely a lodge in the
+wilderness, until the trouble of the times should be passed. The
+example of the royal governors must have had much influence on the
+manners of the colonists; for these rulers assumed a degree of state
+and splendor which had never been practised by their predecessors, who
+differed in nothing from republican chief-magistrates, under the old
+charter. The officers of the crown, the public characters in the
+interest of the administration, and the gentlemen of wealth and good
+descent, generally noted for their loyalty, would constitute a
+dignified circle, with the governor in the centre, bearing a very
+passable resemblance to a court. Their ideas, their habits, their bode
+of courtesy, and their dress would have all the fresh glitter of
+fashions immediately derived from the fountain-head, in England. To
+prevent their modes of life from becoming the standard with all who had
+the ability to imitate them, there was no longer an undue severity of
+religion, nor as yet any disaffection to British supremacy, nor
+democratic prejudices against pomp. Thus, while the colonies were
+attaining that strength which was soon to render them an independent
+republic, it might have been supposed that the wealthier classes were
+growing into an aristocracy, and ripening for hereditary rank, while
+the poor were to be stationary in their abasement, and the country,
+perhaps, to be a sister monarchy with England. Such, doubtless, were
+the plausible conjectures deduced from the superficial phenomena of our
+connection with a monarchical government, until the prospective
+nobility were levelled with the mob, by the mere gathering of winds
+that preceded the storm of the Revolution. The portents of that storm
+were not yet visible in the air. A true picture of society, therefore,
+would have the rich effect produced by distinctions of rank that seemed
+permanent, and by appropriate habits of splendor on the part of the
+gentry.
+
+The people at large had been somewhat changed in character, since the
+period of our last sketch, by their great exploit, the conquest of
+Louisburg. After that event, the New-Englanders never settled into
+precisely the same quiet race which all the world had imagined them to
+be. They had done a deed of history, and were anxious to add new ones
+to the record. They had proved themselves powerful enough to influence
+the result of a war, and were thenceforth called upon, and willingly
+consented, to join their strength against the enemies of England; on
+those fields, at least, where victory would redound to their peculiar
+advantage. And now, in the heat of the Old French War, they might well
+be termed a martial people. Every man was a soldier, or the father or
+brother of a soldier; and the whole land literally echoed with the roll
+of the drum, either beating up for recruits among the towns and
+villages, or striking the march towards the frontiers. Besides the
+provincial troops, there were twenty-three British regiments in the
+northern colonies. The country has never known a period of such
+excitement and warlike life; except during the Revolution,—perhaps
+scarcely then; for that was a lingering war, and this a stirring and
+eventful one.
+
+One would think that no very wonderful talent was requisite for an
+historical novel, when the rough and hurried paragraphs of these
+newspapers can recall the past so magically. We seem to be waiting in
+the street for the arrival of the post-rider—who is seldom more than
+twelve hours beyond his time—with letters, by way of Albany, from the
+various departments of the army. Or, we may fancy ourselves in the
+circle of listeners, all with necks stretched out towards an old
+gentleman in the centre, who deliberately puts on his spectacles,
+unfolds the wet newspaper, and gives us the details of the broken and
+contradictory reports, which have been flying from mouth to mouth, ever
+since the courier alighted at Secretary Oliver’s office. Sometimes we
+have an account of the Indian skirmishes near Lake George, and how a
+ranging party of provincials were so closely pursued, that they threw
+away their arms, and eke their shoes, stockings, and breeches, barely
+reaching the camp in their shirts, which also were terribly tattered by
+the bushes. Then, there is a journal of the siege of Fort Niagara, so
+minute that it almost numbers the cannon-shot and bombs, and describes
+the effect of the latter missiles on the French commandant’s stone
+mansion, within the fortress. In the letters of the provincial
+officers, it is amusing to observe how some of them endeavor to catch
+the careless and jovial turn of old campaigners. One gentleman tells us
+that he holds a brimming glass in his hand, intending to drink the
+health of his correspondent, unless a cannon ball should dash the
+liquor from his lips; in the midst of his letter he hears the bells of
+the French churches ringing, in Quebec, and recollects that it is
+Sunday; whereupon, like a good Protestant, he resolves to disturb the
+Catholic worship by a few thirty-two pound shot. While this wicked man
+of war was thus making a jest of religion, his pious mother had
+probably put up a note, that very Sabbath-day, desiring the “prayers of
+the congregation for a son gone a soldiering.” We trust, however, that
+there were some stout old worthies who were not ashamed to do as their
+fathers did, but went to prayer, with their soldiers, before leading
+them to battle; and doubtless fought none the worse for that. If we had
+enlisted in the Old French War, it should have been under such a
+captain; for we love to see a man keep the characteristics of his
+country.*
+
+[* The contemptuous jealousy of the British army, from the general
+downwards, was very galling to the provincial troops. In one of the
+newspapers, there is an admirable letter of a New England man, copied
+from the London Chronicle, defending the provincials with an ability
+worthy of Franklin, and somewhat in his style. The letter is
+remarkable, also, because it takes up the cause of the whole range of
+colonies, as if the writer looked upon them all as constituting one
+country, and that his own. Colonial patriotism had not hitherto been so
+broad a sentiment.]
+
+
+These letters, and other intelligence from the army, are pleasant and
+lively reading, and stir up the mind like the music of a drum and fife.
+It is less agreeable to meet with accounts of women slain and scalped,
+and infants dashed against trees, by the Indians on the frontiers. It
+is a striking circumstance, that innumerable bears, driven from the
+woods, by the uproar of contending armies in their accustomed haunts,
+broke into the settlements, and committed great ravages among children,
+as well as sheep and swine. Some of them prowled where bears had never
+been for a century, penetrating within a mile or two of Boston; a fact
+that gives a strong and gloomy impression of something very terrific
+going on in the forest, since these savage beasts fled townward to
+avoid it. But it is impossible to moralize about such trifles, when
+every newspaper contains tales of military enterprise, and often a
+huzza for victory; as, for instance, the taking of Ticonderoga, long a
+place of awe to the provincials, and one of the bloodiest spots in the
+present war. Nor is it unpleasant, among whole pages of exultation, to
+find a note of sorrow for the fall of some brave officer; it comes
+wailing in, like a funeral strain amidst a peal of triumph, itself
+triumphant too. Such was the lamentation over Wolfe. Somewhere, in this
+volume of newspapers, though we cannot now lay our finger upon the
+passage, we recollect a report that General Wolfe was slain, not by the
+enemy, but by a shot from his own soldiers.
+
+In the advertising columns, also, we are continually reminded that the
+country was in a state of war. Governor Pownall makes proclamation for
+the enlisting of soldiers, and directs the militia colonels to attend
+to the discipline of their regiments, and the selectmen of every town
+to replenish their stocks of ammunition. The magazine, by the way, was
+generally kept in the upper loft of the village meeting-house. The
+provincial captains are drumming up for soldiers, in every newspaper.
+Sir Jeffrey Amherst advertises for batteaux-men, to be employed on the
+lakes; and gives notice to the officers of seven British regiments,
+dispersed on the recruiting service, to rendezvous in Boston. Captain
+Hallowell, of the province ship-of-war King George, invites able-bodied
+seamen to serve his Majesty, for fifteen pounds, old tenor, per month.
+By the rewards offered, there would appear to have been frequent
+desertions from the New England forces: we applaud their wisdom, if not
+their valor or integrity. Cannon of all calibres, gunpowder and balls,
+firelocks, pistols, swords, and hangers, were common articles of
+merchandise. Daniel Jones, at the sign of the hat and helmet, offers to
+supply officers with scarlet broadcloth, gold-lace for hats and
+waistcoats, cockades, and other military foppery, allowing credit until
+the payrolls shall be made up. This advertisement gives us quite a
+gorgeous idea of a provincial captain in full dress.
+
+At the commencement of the campaign of 1759, the British general
+informs the farmers of New England that a regular market will be
+established at Lake George, whither they are invited to bring
+provisions and refreshments of all sorts, for the use of the army.
+Hence, we may form a singular picture of petty traffic, far away from
+any permanent settlements, among the hills which border that romantic
+lake, with the solemn woods overshadowing the scene. Carcasses of
+bullocks and fat porkers are placed upright against the huge trunks of
+the trees; fowls hang from the lower branches, bobbing against the
+heads of those beneath; butter-firkins, great cheeses, and brown loaves
+of household bread, baked in distant ovens, are collected under
+temporary shelters or pine-boughs, with gingerbread, and pumpkin-pies,
+perhaps, and other toothsome dainties. Barrels of cider and spruce-beer
+are running freely into the wooden canteens of the soldiers. Imagine
+such a scene, beneath the dark forest canopy, with here and there a few
+struggling sunbeams, to dissipate the gloom. See the shrewd yeomen,
+haggling with their scarlet-coated customers, abating somewhat in their
+prices, but still dealing at monstrous profit; and then complete the
+picture with circumstances that bespeak war and danger. A cannon shall
+be seen to belch its smoke from among the trees, against some distant
+canoes on the lake; the traffickers shall pause, and seem to hearken,
+at intervals, as if they heard the rattle of musketry or the shout of
+Indians; a scouting-party shall be driven in, with two or three faint
+and bloody men among them. And, in spite of these disturbances,
+business goes on briskly in the market of the wilderness.
+
+It must not be supposed that the martial character of the times
+interrupted all pursuits except those connected with war. On the
+contrary, there appears to have been a general vigor and vivacity
+diffused into the whole round of colonial life. During the winter of
+1759, it was computed that about a thousand sled-loads of country
+produce were daily brought into Boston market. It was a symptom of an
+irregular and unquiet course of affairs, that innumerable lotteries
+were projected, ostensibly for the purpose of public improvements, such
+as roads and bridges. Many females seized the opportunity to engage in
+business: as, among others, Alice Quick, who dealt in crockery and
+hosiery, next door to Deacon Beautineau’s; Mary Jackson, who sold
+butter, at the Brazen-Head, in Cornhill; Abigail Hiller, who taught
+ornamental work, near the Orange-Tree, where also were to be seen the
+King and Queen, in wax-work; Sarah Morehead, an instructor in
+glass-painting, drawing, and japanning; Mary Salmon, who shod horses,
+at the South End; Harriet Pain, at the Buck and Glove, and Mrs.
+Henrietta Maria Caine, at the Golden Fan, both fashionable milliners;
+Anna Adams, who advertises Quebec and Garrick bonnets, Prussian cloaks,
+and scarlet cardinals, opposite the old brick meeting-house; besides a
+lady at the head of a wine and spirit establishment. Little did these
+good dames expect to reappear before the public, so long after they had
+made their last courtesies behind the counter. Our great-grandmothers
+were a stirring sisterhood, and seem not to have been utterly despised
+by the gentlemen at the British coffee-house; at least, some gracious
+bachelor, there resident, gives public notice of his willingness to
+take a wife, provided she be not above twenty-three, and possess brown
+hair, regular features, a brisk eye, and a fortune. Now, this was great
+condescension towards the ladies of Massachusetts Bay, in a threadbare
+lieutenant of foot.
+
+Polite literature was beginning to make its appearance. Few native
+works were advertised, it is true, except sermons and treatises of
+controversial divinity; nor were the English authors of the day much
+known on this side of the Atlantic. But catalogues were frequently
+offered at auction or private sale, comprising the standard English
+books, history, essays, and poetry, of Queen Anne’s age, and the
+preceding century. We see nothing in the nature of a novel, unless it
+be “The Two Mothers, price four coppers.” There was an American poet,
+however, of whom Mr. Kettell has preserved no specimen,—the author of
+“War, an Heroic Poem”; he publishes by subscription, and threatens to
+prosecute his patrons for not taking their books. We have discovered a
+periodical, also, and one that has a peculiar claim to be recorded
+here, since it bore the title of “THE NEW ENGLAND MAGAZINE,” a
+forgotten predecessor, for which we should have a filial respect, and
+take its excellence on trust. The fine arts, too, were budding into
+existence. At the “old glass and picture shop,” in Cornhill, various
+maps, plates, and views are advertised, and among them a “Prospect of
+Boston,” a copperplate engraving of Quebec, and the effigies of all the
+New England ministers ever done in mezzotinto. All these must have been
+very salable articles. Other ornamental wares were to be found at the
+same shop; such as violins, flutes, hautboys, musical books, English
+and Dutch toys, and London babies. About this period, Mr. Dipper gives
+notice of a concert of vocal and instrumental music. There had already
+been an attempt at theatrical exhibitions.
+
+There are tokens, in every newspaper, of a style of luxury and
+magnificence which we do not usually associate with our ideas of the
+times. When the property of a deceased person was to be sold, we find,
+among the household furniture, silk beds and hangings, damask
+table-cloths, Turkey carpets, pictures, pier-glasses, massive plate,
+and all things proper for a noble mansion. Wine was more generally
+drunk than now, though by no means to the neglect of ardent spirits.
+For the apparel of both sexes, the mercers and milliners imported good
+store of fine broadcloths, especially scarlet, crimson, and sky-blue,
+silks, satins, lawns, and velvets, gold brocade, and gold and silver
+lace, and silver tassels, and silver spangles, until Cornhill shone and
+sparkled with their merchandise. The gaudiest dress permissible by
+modern taste fades into a Quaker-like sobriety, compared with the deep,
+rich, glowing splendor of our ancestors. Such figures were almost too
+fine to go about town on foot; accordingly, carriages were so numerous
+as to require a tax; and it is recorded that, when Governor Bernard
+came to the province, he was met between Dedham and Boston by a
+multitude of gentlemen in their coaches and chariots.
+
+Take my arm, gentle reader, and come with me into some street, perhaps
+trodden by your daily footsteps, but which now has such an aspect of
+half-familiar strangeness, that you suspect yourself to be walking
+abroad in a dream. True, there are some brick edifices which you
+remember from childhood, and which your father and grandfather
+remembered as well; but you are perplexed by the absence of many that
+were here only an hour or two since; and still more amazing is the
+presence of whole rows of wooden and plastered houses, projecting over
+the sidewalks, and bearing iron figures on their fronts, which prove
+them to have stood on the same sites above a century. Where have your
+eyes been that you never saw them before? Along the ghostly
+street,—for, at length, you conclude that all is unsubstantial, though
+it be so good a mockery of an antique town,—along the ghostly street,
+there are ghostly people too. Every gentleman has his three-cornered
+hat, either on his head or under his arm; and all wear wigs in infinite
+variety,—the Tie, the Brigadier, the Spencer, the Albemarle, the Major,
+the Ramillies, the grave Full-bottom, or the giddy Feather-top. Look at
+the elaborate lace-ruffles, and the square-skirted coats of gorgeous
+hues, bedizened with silver and gold! Make way for the phantom-ladies,
+whose hoops require such breadth of passage, as they pace majestically
+along, in silken gowns, blue, green, or yellow, brilliantly
+embroidered, and with small satin hats surmounting their powdered hair.
+Make way; for the whole spectral show will vanish, if your earthly
+garments brush against their robes. Now that the scene is brightest,
+and the whole street glitters with imaginary sunshine,—now hark to the
+bells of the Old South and the Old North, ringing out with a sudden and
+merry peal, while the cannon of Castle William thunder below the town,
+and those of the Diana frigate repeat the sound, and the Charlestown
+batteries reply with a nearer roar! You see the crowd toss up their
+hats in visionary joy. You hear of illuminations and fire-works, and of
+bonfires, built oil scaffolds, raised several stories above the ground,
+that are to blaze all night in King Street and on Beacon Hill. And here
+come the trumpets and kettle-drums, and the tramping hoofs of the
+Boston troop of horseguards, escorting the governor to King’s Chapel,
+where he is to return solemn thanks for the surrender of Quebec. March
+on, thou shadowy troop! and vanish, ghostly crowd! and change again,
+old street! for those stirring times are gone.
+
+Opportunely for the conclusion of our sketch, a fire broke out, on the
+twentieth of March, 1760, at the Brazen-Head, in Cornhill, and consumed
+nearly four hundred buildings. Similar disasters have always been
+epochs in the chronology of Boston. That of 1711 had hitherto been
+termed the Great Fire, but now resigned its baleful dignity to one
+which has ever since retained it. Did we desire to move the reader’s
+sympathies on this subject, we would not be grandiloquent about the sea
+of billowy flame, the glowing and crumbling streets, the broad, black
+firmament of smoke, and the blast or wind that sprang up with the
+conflagration and roared behind it. It would be more effective to mark
+out a single family at the moment when the flames caught upon an angle
+of their dwelling: then would ensue the removal of the bedridden
+grandmother, the cradle with the sleeping infant, and, most dismal of
+all, the dying man just at the extremity of a lingering disease. Do but
+imagine the confused agony of one thus awfully disturbed in his last
+hour; his fearful glance behind at the consuming fire raging after him,
+from house to house, as its devoted victim; and, finally, the almost
+eagerness with which he would seize some calmer interval to die! The
+Great Fire must have realized many such a scene.
+
+Doubtless posterity has acquired a better city by the calamity of that
+generation. None will be inclined to lament it at this late day, except
+the lover of antiquity, who would have been glad to walk among those
+streets of venerable houses, fancying the old inhabitants still there,
+that he might commune with their shadows, and paint a more vivid
+picture of their times.
+
+III. THE OLD TORY.
+
+Again we take a leap of about twenty years, and alight in the midst of
+the Revolution. Indeed, having just closed a volume of colonial
+newspapers, which represented the period when monarchical and
+aristocratic sentiments were at the highest,—and now opening another
+volume printed in the same metropolis, after such sentiments had long
+been deemed a sin and shame,—we feel as if the leap were more than
+figurative. Our late course of reading has tinctured us, for the
+moment, with antique prejudices; and we shrink from the strangely
+contrasted times into which we emerge, like one of those immutable old
+Tories, who acknowledge no oppression in the Stamp Act. It may be the
+most effective method of going through the present file of papers, to
+follow out this idea, and transform ourself, perchance, from a modern
+Tory into such a sturdy King-man as once wore that pliable nickname.
+
+Well, then, here we sit, an old, gray, withered, sour-visaged,
+threadbare sort of gentleman, erect enough, here in our solitude, but
+marked out by a depressed and distrustful mien abroad, as one conscious
+of a stigma upon his forehead, though for no crime. We were already in
+the decline of life when the first tremors of the earthquake that has
+convulsed the continent were felt. Our mind had grown too rigid to
+change any of its opinions, when the voice of the people demanded that
+all should be changed. We are an Episcopalian, and sat under the
+High-Church doctrines of Dr. Caner; we have been a captain of the
+provincial forces, and love our king the better for the blood that we
+shed in his cause on the Plains of Abraham. Among all the refugees,
+there is not one more loyal to the backbone than we. Still we lingered
+behind when the British army evacuated Boston, sweeping in its train
+most of those with whom we held communion; the old, loyal gentlemen,
+the aristocracy of the colonies, the hereditary Englishman, imbued with
+more than native zeal and admiration for the glorious island and its
+monarch, because the far-intervening ocean threw a dim reverence around
+them. When our brethren departed, we could not tear our aged roots out
+of the soil.
+
+We have remained, therefore, enduring to be outwardly a freeman, but
+idolizing King George in secrecy and silence,—one true old heart
+amongst a host of enemies. We watch, with a weary hope, for the moment
+when all this turmoil shall subside, and the impious novelty that has
+distracted our latter years, like a wild dream, give place to the
+blessed quietude of royal sway, with the king’s name in every
+ordinance, his prayer in the church, his health at the board, and his
+love in the people’s heart. Meantime, our old age finds little honor.
+Hustled have we been, till driven from town-meetings; dirty water has
+been cast upon our ruffles by a Whig chambermaid; John Hancock’s
+coachman seizes every opportunity to bespatter us with mud; daily are
+we hooted by the unbreeched rebel brats; and narrowly, once, did our
+gray hairs escape the ignominy of tar and feathers. Alas! only that we
+cannot bear to die till the next royal governor comes over, we would
+fain be in our quiet grave.
+
+Such an old man among new things are we who now hold at arm’s-length
+the rebel newspaper of the day. The very figure-head, for the
+thousandth time, elicits it groan of spiteful lamentation. Where are
+the united heart and crown, the loyal emblem, that used to hallow the
+sheet on which it was impressed, in our younger days? In its stead we
+find a continental officer, with the Declaration of Independence in one
+hand, a drawn sword in the other, and above his head a scroll, bearing
+the motto, “WE APPEAL TO HEAVEN.” Then say we, with a prospective
+triumph, let Heaven judge, in its own good time! The material of the
+sheet attracts our scorn. It is a fair specimen of rebel manufacture,
+thick and coarse, like wrapping-paper, all overspread with little
+knobs; and of such a deep, dingy blue color, that we wipe our
+spectacles thrice before we can distinguish a letter of the wretched
+print. Thus, in all points, the newspaper is a type of the times, far
+more fit for the rough hands of a democratic mob, than for our own
+delicate, though bony fingers. Nay we will not handle it without our
+gloves!
+
+Glancing down the page, our eyes are greeted everywhere by the offer of
+lands at auction, for sale or to be leased, not by the rightful owners,
+but a rebel committee; notices of the town constable, that he is
+authorized to receive the taxes on such all estate, in default of
+which, that also is to be knocked down to the highest bidder; and
+notifications of complaints filed by the attorney-general against
+certain traitorous absentees, and of confiscations that are to ensue.
+And who are these traitors? Our own best friends; names as old, once as
+honored, as any in the land where they are no longer to have a
+patrimony, nor to be remembered as good men who have passed away. We
+are ashamed of not relinquishing our little property, too; but comfort
+ourselves because we still keep our principles, without gratifying the
+rebels with our plunder. Plunder, indeed, they are seizing
+everywhere,—by the strong hand at sea, as well as by legal forms oil
+shore. Here are prize-vessels for sale; no French nor Spanish
+merchantmen, whose wealth is the birthright of British subjects, but
+hulls of British oak, from Liverpool, Bristol, and the Thames, laden
+with the king’s own stores, for his army in New York. And what a fleet
+of privateers—pirates, say we—are fitting out for new ravages, with
+rebellion in their very names! The Free Yankee, the General Greene, the
+Saratoga, the Lafayette, and the Grand Monarch! Yes, the Grand Monarch;
+so is a French king styled, by the sons of Englishmen. And here we have
+an ordinance from the Court of Versailles, with the Bourbon’s own
+signature affixed, as if New England were already a French province.
+Everything is French,—French soldiers, French sailors, French surgeons,
+and French diseases too, I trow; besides French dancing-masters and
+French milliners, to debauch our daughters with French fashions!
+Everything in America is French, except the Canadas, the loyal Canadas,
+which we helped to wrest, from France. And to that old French province
+the Englishman of the colonies must go to find his country!
+
+O, the misery of seeing the whole system of things changed in my old
+days, when I would be loath to change even a pair of buckles! The
+British coffee-house, where oft we sat, brimful of wine and loyalty,
+with the gallant gentlemen of Amherst’s army, when we wore a redcoat
+too,—the British coffee-house, forsooth, must now be styled the
+American, with a golden eagle instead of the royal arms above the door.
+Even the street it stands in is no longer King Street! Nothing is the
+king’s, except this heavy heart in my old bosom. Wherever I glance my
+eyes, they meet something that pricks them like a needle. This
+soap-maker, for instance, this Hobert Hewes, has conspired against my
+peace, by notifying that his shop is situated near Liberty Stump. But
+when will their misnamed liberty have its true emblem in that Stump,
+hewn down by British steel?
+
+Where shall we buy our next year’s almanac? Not this of Weatherwise’s,
+certainly; for it contains a likeness of George Washington, the upright
+rebel, whom we most hate, though reverentially, as a fallen angel, with
+his heavenly brightness undiminished, evincing pure fame in an
+unhallowed cause. And here is a new book for my evening’s recreation,—a
+History of the War till the close of the year 1779, with the heads of
+thirteen distinguished officers, engraved on copperplate. A plague upon
+their heads! We desire not to see them till they grin at us from the
+balcony before the town-house, fixed on spikes, as the heads of
+traitors. How bloody-minded the villains make a peaceable old man! What
+next? An Oration, on the Horrid Massacre of 1770. When that blood was
+shed,—the first that the British soldier ever drew from the bosoms of
+our countrymen,—we turned sick at heart, and do so still, as often as
+they make it reek anew from among the stones in King Street. The pool
+that we saw that night has swelled into a lake,—English blood and
+American,—no! all British, all blood of my brethren. And here come down
+tears. Shame on me, since half of them are shed for rebels! Who are not
+rebels now! Even the women are thrusting their white hands into the
+war, and come out in this very paper with proposals to form a
+society—the lady of George Washington at their head—for clothing the
+continental troops. They will strip off their stiff petticoats to cover
+the ragged rascals, and then enlist in the ranks themselves.
+
+What have we here? Burgoyne’s proclamation turned into Hudibrastic
+rhyme! And here, some verses against the king, in which the scribbler
+leaves a blank for the name of George, as if his doggerel might yet
+exalt him to the pillory. Such, after years of rebellion, is the
+heart’s unconquerable reverence for the Lord’s anointed! In the next
+column, we have scripture parodied in a squib against his sacred
+Majesty. What would our Puritan great-grandsires have said to that?
+They never laughed at God’s word, though they cut off a king’s head.
+
+Yes; it was for us to prove how disloyalty goes hand in hand with
+irreligion, and all other vices come trooping in the train. Nowadays
+men commit robbery and sacrilege for the mere luxury of wickedness, as
+this advertisement testifies. Three hundred pounds reward for the
+detection of the villains who stole and destroyed the cushions and
+pulpit drapery of the Brattle Street and Old South churches. Was it a
+crime? I can scarcely think our temples hallowed, since the king ceased
+to be prayed for. But it is not temples only that they rob. Here a man
+offers a thousand dollars—a thousand dollars, in Continental rags!—for
+the recovery of his stolen cloak, and other articles of clothing.
+Horse-thieves are innumerable. Now is the day when every beggar gets on
+horseback. And is not the whole land like a beggar on horseback riding
+post to the Davil? Ha! here is a murder, too. A woman slain at
+midnight, by all unknown ruffian, and found cold, stiff, and bloody, in
+her violated bed! Let the hue-and-cry follow hard after the man in the
+uniform of blue and buff who last went by that way. My life on it, he
+is the blood-stained ravisher! These deserters whom we see proclaimed
+in every column,—proof that the banditti are as false to their Stars
+and Stripes as to the Holy Red Cross,—they bring the crimes of a rebel
+camp into a soil well suited to them; the bosom of a people, without
+the heart that kept them virtuous,—their king!
+
+Here flaunting down a whole column, with official seal and signature,
+here comes a proclamation. By whose authority? Ah! the United
+States,—these thirteen little anarchies, assembled in that one grand
+anarchy, their Congress. And what the import? A general Fast. By
+Heaven! for once the traitorous blockheads have legislated wisely! Yea;
+let a misguided people kneel down in sackcloth and ashes, from end to
+end, from border to border, of their wasted country. Well may they fast
+where there is no food, and cry aloud for whatever remnant of God’s
+mercy their sins may not have exhausted. We too will fast, even at a
+rebel summons. Pray others as they will, there shall be at least an old
+man kneeling for the righteous cause. Lord, put down the rebels! God
+save the king!
+
+Peace to the good old Tory! One of our objects has been to exemplify,
+without softening a single prejudice proper to the character which we
+assumed, that the Americans who clung to the losing side in the
+Revolution were men greatly to be pitied and often worthy of our
+sympathy. It would be difficult to say whose lot was most lamentable,
+that of the active Tories, who gave up their patrimonies for a pittance
+from the British pension-roll, and their native land for a cold
+reception in their miscalled home, or the passive ones who remained
+behind to endure the coldness of former friends, and the public
+opprobrium, as despised citizens, under a government which they
+abhorred. In justice to the old gentleman who has favored us with his
+discontented musings, we must remark that the state of the country, so
+far as can be gathered from these papers, was of dismal augury for the
+tendencies of democratic rule. It was pardonable in the conservative of
+that day to mistake the temporary evils of a change for permanent
+diseases of the system which that change was to establish. A
+revolution, or anything that interrupts social order, may afford
+opportunities for the individual display of eminent virtues; but its
+effects are pernicious to general morality. Most people are so
+constituted that they can be virtuous only in a certain routine; and an
+irregular course of public affairs demoralizes them. One great source
+of disorder was the multitude of disbanded troops, who were continually
+returning home, after terms of service just long enough to give them a
+distaste to peaceable occupations; neither citizens nor soldiers, they
+were very liable to become ruffians. Almost all our impressions in
+regard to this period are unpleasant, whether referring to the state of
+civil society, or to the character of the contest, which, especially
+where native Americans were opposed to each other, was waged with the
+deadly hatred of fraternal enemies. It is the beauty of war, for men to
+commit mutual havoc with undisturbed good-humor.
+
+The present volume of newspapers contains fewer characteristic traits
+than any which we have looked over. Except for the peculiarities
+attendant on the passing struggle, manners seem to have taken a modern
+cast. Whatever antique fashions lingered into the War of the
+Revolution, or beyond it, they were not so strongly marked as to leave
+their traces in the public journals. Moreover, the old newspapers had
+an indescribable picturesqueness, not to be found in the later ones.
+Whether it be something in the literary execution, or the ancient print
+and paper, and the idea that those same musty pages have been handled
+by people once alive and bustling amid the scenes there recorded, yet
+now in their graves beyond the memory of man; so it is, that in those
+elder volumes we seem to find the life of a past age preserved between
+the leaves, like a dry specimen of foliage. It is so difficult to
+discover what touches are really picturesque, that we doubt whether our
+attempts have produced any similar effect.
+
+
+
+
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