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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/9090-8.txt b/9090-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..03180e2 --- /dev/null +++ b/9090-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,8275 @@ +Project Gutenberg's Germania and Agricola, by Caius Cornelius Tacitus + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most +other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions +whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of +the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at +www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have +to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. + +Title: Germania and Agricola + +Author: Caius Cornelius Tacitus + +Posting Date: February 24, 2015 [EBook #9090] +Release Date: October, 2005 +First Posted: September 4, 2003 + +Language: Latin + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK GERMANIA AND AGRICOLA *** + + + + +Produced by David Starner, Tapio Riikonen and Distributed Proofreaders + + + + + + + + + +The GERMANIA and AGRICOLA + +Of + +Caius Cornelius Tacitus + + +With Notes for Colleges + +By W. S. Tyler + +Professor of the Greek and Latin Languages in Amherst College + + + + +PREFACE. + + +This edition of the Germania and Agricola of Tacitus is designed to meet +the following wants, which, it is believed, have been generally felt by +teachers and pupils in American Colleges. + +1. A Latin text, approved and established by the essential concurrence of +all the more recent editors. The editions of Tacitus now in use in this +country abound in readings purely conjectural, adopted without due regard +to the peculiarities of the author, and in direct contravention of the +critical canon, that, other things being equal, the more difficult +reading is the more likely to be genuine. The recent German editions +labor to exhibit and explain, so far as possible, the reading of the best +MSS. + +2. A more copious illustration of the grammatical constructions, also of +the rhetorical and poetical usages peculiar to Tacitus, without +translating, however, to such an extent as to supersede the proper +exertions of the student. Few books require so much illustration of this +kind, as the Germania and Agricola of Tacitus; few have received more in +Germany, yet few so little here. In a writer so concise and abrupt as +Tacitus, it has been deemed necessary to pay particular regard to the +connexion of thought, and to the particles, as the hinges of that +connexion. + +3. A comparison of the writer and his cotemporaries with authors of the +Augustan age, so as to mark concisely the changes which had been already +wrought in the language and taste of the Roman people. It is chiefly with +a view to aid such a comparison, that it has been thought advisable to +prefix a Life of Tacitus, which is barren indeed of personal incidents, +but which it is hoped may serve to exhibit the author in his relation to +the history, and especially to the literature, of his age. + +4. The department in which less remained to be done than any other, for +the elucidation of Tacitus, was that of Geography, History, and +Archaeology. The copious notes of Gordon and Murphy left little to be +desired in this line; and these notes are not only accessible to American +scholars in their original forms, but have been incorporated, more or +less, into all the college editions. If any peculiar merit attaches to +this edition, in this department, it will be found in the frequent +references to such classic authors as furnish collateral information, and +in the illustration of the private life of the Romans, by the help of +such recent works as Becker's Gallus. The editor has also been able to +avail himself of Sharon Turner's History of the Anglo Saxons, which sheds +not a little light on the manners of the Germans. + +5. Many of the ablest commentaries on the Germania and Agricola have +appeared within a comparatively recent period, some of them remarkable +examples of critical acumen and exegetical tact, and others, models of +school and college editions. It has been the endeavor of the editor to +bring down the literature pertaining to Tacitus to the present time, and +to embody in small compass the most valuable results of the labors of +such recent German editors as Grimm, Günther, Gruber, Kiessling, Dronke, +Roth, Ruperti, and Walther. + +The text is, in the main, that of Walther, though the other editors just +named have been consulted; and in such minor differences as exist between +them, I have not hesitated to adopt the reading which seemed best to +accord with the usage and genius of Tacitus, especially when sanctioned +by a decided preponderance of critical suffrage. Other readings have been +referred to in the Notes, so far as they are of any considerable +importance, or supported by respectable authority. Partly for +convenience, but chiefly as a matter of taste, I have ventured to follow +the German editions in dispensing entirely with diacritical marks, and in +some peculiarities of less importance, which if not viewed with favor, it +is hoped, will not be judged with severity. The punctuation is the result +of a diligent comparison of the best editions, together with a careful +study of the connexion of language and of thought. + +The German editions above mentioned, together with several French, +English, and American works, have not only been constantly before me, but +have been used with great freedom, and credit awarded to them +accordingly. Some may think their names should have appeared less +frequently; others that they should have received credit to a still +greater extent. Suffice it to say, I have never intended to quote the +language, or borrow the thoughts of an author, without giving his name; +and in matters of fact or opinion, I have cited authorities not only when +I have been indebted to them for the suggestion, but whenever, in a case +of coincidence of views, I thought the authorities would be of any +interest to the student. + +I have not considered it needful, with German scrupulosity, to +distinguish between my own references and those of others. It may safely +be taken for granted, that the major, perhaps the better, part of them +have been derived from foreign sources. But no references have been +admitted on trust. They have been carefully verified, and it is hoped +that numerous as they are, they will be found pertinent and useful, +whether illustrative of things, or of mere verbal usage. Some, who use +the book, will doubtless find occasion to follow them out either in whole +or in part; and those who do not, will gain a general impression as to +the sources from which collateral information may be obtained, that will +be of no small value. + +The frequent references to the Notes of Professor Kingsley, will show the +estimation in which I hold them. Perhaps I have used them too freely. My +only apology is, that so far as they go, they are just what is wanted; +and if I had avoided using them to a considerable extent, I must have +substituted something less perfect of my own. Had they been more copious, +and extended more to verbal and grammatical illustrations, these Notes +never would have appeared. + +The editor is convinced, from his experience as a teacher, that the +student of Tacitus will not master the difficulties, or appreciate the +merits, of so peculiar an author, unless his peculiarities are distinctly +pointed out and explained. Indeed, the student, in reading any classic +author, needs, not to be carried along on the broad shoulders of an +indiscriminate translator, but to be guided at every step in learning his +lessons, by a judicious annotator, who will remove his difficulties, and +aid his progress; who will point out to him what is worthy of attention, +and guard him against the errors to which he is constantly exposed; for +first impressions are lively and permanent, and the errors of the study, +even though corrected in the recitation, not unfrequently leave an +impression on the mind which is never effaced. + +Besides the aid derived from books, to which the merit of this edition, +if it have any merit, will be chiefly owing, the editor takes this +opportunity to acknowledge his many obligations to those professors and +other literary gentlemen, who have extended to him assistance and +encouragement. To Prof. H. B. Hackett, of Newton Theological Seminary, +especially, he is indebted for favors, which, numerous and invaluable in +themselves, as the results of a singularly zealous and successful +devotion to classical learning, are doubly grateful as the tokens of a +personal friendship, which began when we were members of the same class +in college. The work was commenced at his suggestion, and has been +carried forward with his constant advice and co-operation. His ample +private library, and, through his influence, the library of the Seminary, +have been placed at my disposal; and the notes passed under his eye and +were improved in not a few particulars, at his suggestion, though he is +in no way responsible for their remaining imperfections. I have also +received counsel and encouragement in all my labors from my esteemed +colleague, Prof. N. W. Fiske, whose instructions in the same department +which has since been committed to my charge, first taught me to love the +Greek and Latin classics. I have only to regret that his ill health and +absence from the country have prevented me from deriving still greater +advantages from his learning and taste. An unforeseen event has, in like +manner, deprived me of the expected cooperation of Prof. Lyman Coleman, +now of Nassau Hall College in N. J., in concert with whom this work was +planned, and was to have been executed, and on whose ripe scholarship, +and familiarity with the German language and literature, I chiefly relied +for its successful accomplishment. + +I should not do justice to my feelings, were I to omit the expression of +my obligations to the printer and publishers for the unwearied patience +with which they have labored to perfect the work, under all the +disadvantages attending the superintendance of the press, at such a +distance. If there should still be found in it inaccuracies and +blemishes, it will not be because they have spared any pains to make it a +correct and beautiful book. + +It is with unfeigned diffidence that I submit to the public this first +attempt at literary labor. I am fully sensible of its many imperfections, +at the same time I am conscious of an ability to make it better at some +future day, should it meet the favorable regard of the classical teachers +of our land, to whom it is dedicated as an humble contribution to that +cause in which they are now laboring, with such unprecedented zeal. +Should it contribute in any measure to a better understanding, or a +higher appreciation by our youthful countrymen of a classic author, from +whom, beyond almost any other, I have drawn instruction and delight, I +shall not have labored in vain. + +_Amherst College, June 1, 1847_. + + + + +PREFACE TO THE REVISED EDITION + + +The text of this edition has been carefully revised and compared with +those of Döderlein, Halle, 1847, Orelli, Zurich, 1848, and Ritter, Bonn +and Cambridge, 1848. The notes also have been re-examined and, to a +considerable extent, re-written; partly to correspond with the progress +of my own mind, partly in accordance with suggestions derived from the +above named editions, and from friendly criticisms either by letter or in +the public journals. Among the journals, I am particularly indebted to +the Bibliotheca Sacra and the New-Englander; and for communications by +letter, I am under especial obligations to Professors Crosby and Sanborn +of Dartmouth College, Robbins of Middlebury, and Lincoln of Brown +University. + +In revising the geography of the Germania, I have consulted, without +however entering much into detail, Ukert's invaluable treatise on the +Geography of the Greeks and Romans, whose volume on Germany contains a +translation and running commentary on almost the entire work of Tacitus. +Particular attention has been paid to the ethnology of the tribes and +nations, in reference to whose origin and early history Tacitus is among +the best authorities. In this department the works of Prichard and Latham +have been my chief reliance. Grimm and Zeuss, though often referred to, I +regret to say I have been able to consult only at second hand. + +In sending out this revised edition of these most delightful treatises of +an author, in the study of whose works I never tire, I cannot but express +the hope, that it has been not a little improved by these alterations and +additions, while it will be found to have lost none of the essential +features by which the first edition was commended to so good a measure of +public favor. + +W. S. Tyler. + +_Amherst, May_, 1852 + + + + +LIFE OF TACITUS. + + +It is the office of genius and learning, as of light, to illustrate +other things, and not itself. The writers, who, of all others perhaps, +have told us most of the world, just as it has been and is, have told us +least of themselves. Their character we may infer, with more or less +exactness, from their works, but their history is unwritten and must for +ever remain so. Homer, though, perhaps, the only one who has been argued +out of existence, is by no means the only one whose age and birthplace +have been disputed. The native place of Tacitus is mere matter of +conjecture. His parentage is not certainly known. The time of his birth +and the year of his death are ascertained only by approximation, and very +few incidents are recorded in the history of his life; still we know the +period in which he lived, the influences under which his character was +developed and matured, and the circumstances under which he wrote his +immortal works. In short, we know his times, though we can scarcely +gather up enough to denominate his life; and the times in which an author +lived, are often an important, not to say, essential means of elucidating +his writings. + +CAIUS CORNELIUS TACITUS was born in the early part of the reign of Nero, +and near the middle of the first century in the Christian Era. The +probability is, that he was the son of Cornelius Tacitus, a man of +equestrian rank, and procurator of Belgic Gaul under Nero; that he was +born at Interamna in Umbria, and that he received a part of his education +at Massilia (the modern Marseilles), which was then the Athens of the +West, a Grecian colony, and a seat of truly Grecian culture and +refinement. It is not improbable that he enjoyed also the instructions of +Quintilian, who for twenty years taught at Rome that pure and manly +eloquence, of which his Institutes furnish at once such perfect rules, +and so fine an example. If we admit the Dialogue de Claris Oratoribus to +be the work of Tacitus, his beau-idéal of the education proper for an +orator was no less comprehensive, no less elevated, no less liberal, than +that of Cicero himself; and if his theory of education was, like +Cicero's, only a transcript of his own education, he must have been +disciplined early in all the arts and sciences--in all the departments +of knowledge which were then cultivated at Rome; a conclusion in which we +are confirmed also by the accurate and minute acquaintance which he +shows, in his other works, with all the affairs, whether civil or +military, public or private, literary or religious, both of Greece and +Rome. + +The boyhood and youth of Tacitus did, indeed, fall on evil times. +Monsters in vice and crime had filled the throne, till their morals and +manners had infected those of all the people. The state was distracted, +and apparently on the eve of dissolution. The public taste, like the +general conscience, was perverted. The fountains of education were +poisoned. Degenerate Grecian masters were inspiring their Roman pupils +with a relish for a false science, a frivolous literature, a vitiated +eloquence, an Epicurean creed, and a voluptuous life. + +But with sufficient discernment to see the follies and vices of his age, +and with sufficient virtue to detest them, Tacitus must have found his +love of wisdom and goodness, of liberty and law, strengthened by the +very disorders and faults of the times. If the patriot ever loves a +well-regulated freedom, it will be in and after the reign of a tyrant, +preceded or followed by what is still worse, anarchy. If the pure and the +good ever reverence purity and goodness, it will be amid the general +prevalence of vice and crime. If the sage ever pants after wisdom, it is +when the fountains of knowledge have become corrupted. The reigns of Nero +and his immediate successors were probably the very school, of all +others, to which we are most indebted for the comprehensive wisdom, the +elevated sentiments, and the glowing eloquence of the biographer of +Agricola, and the historian of the Roman Empire. His youth saw, and felt, +and deplored the disastrous effects of Nero's inhuman despotism, and of +the anarchy attending the civil wars of Galba, Otho, and Vitellius. His +manhood saw, and felt, and exulted in the contrast furnished by the +reigns of Vespasian and Titus, though the sun of the latter too soon went +down, in that long night of gloom, and blood, and terror, the tyranny of +Domitian. And when, in the reigns of Nerva and Trajan, he enjoyed the +rare felicity of thinking what he pleased, and speaking what he thought, +he was just fitted in the maturity of his faculties, and the extent of +his observation and reflections, "to enroll slowly, year after year, that +dreadful reality of crimes and sufferings, which even dramatic horror, in +all its license of wild imagination, can scarcely reach, the long +unvarying catalogue of tyrants and executioners, and victims that return +thanks to the gods and die, and accusers rich with their blood, and more +mighty as more widely hated, amid the multitudes of prostrate slaves, +still looking whether there may not yet have escaped some lingering +virtue which it may be a merit to destroy, and having scarcely leisure to +feel even the agonies of remorse in the continued sense of the +precariousness of their own gloomy existence." [Brown's Philosophy of the +Mind.] + +Tacitus was educated for the bar, and continued to plead causes, +occasionally at least, and with not a little success, even after he had +entered upon the great business of his life, as a writer of history. We +find references to his first, and perhaps his last appearance, as an +advocate, in the Letters of Pliny, which are highly complimentary. The +first was, when Pliny was nineteen, and Tacitus a little older (how much +we are not informed), when Tacitus distinguished himself, so as to awaken +the emulation and the envy, though not in a bad sense, of Pliny. The last +was some twenty years later, when Tacitus and Pliny, the tried friends of +a whole life, the brightest ornaments of literature and of the forum, +were associated by the choice of the Senate, and pleaded together at +the bar of the Senate, and in the presence of the Emperor Trajan, for +the execution of justice upon Marius Priscus, who was accused of +maladministration in the proconsulship of Africa. Pliny says, that +Tacitus spoke with singular gravity and eloquence, and the Senate passed +a unanimous vote of approbation and thanks to both the orators, for the +ability and success with which they had managed the prosecution (Plin. +Epis. ii. 11) + +We have also the comments of Pliny on a panegyrical oration, which +Tacitus pronounced, when consul, upon his predecessor in the consular +office, Verginius Rufus, perhaps the most remarkable man of his age, +distinguished alike as a hero, a statesman, and a scholar, and yet so +modest or so wise that he repeatedly refused the offer of the imperial +purple. "Fortune," says Pliny, "always faithful to Verginius, reserved +for her last favor, such an orator to pronounce a eulogium on such +virtues. It was enough to crown the glory of a well spent life" (Plin. +Epis. ii. 1). + +The speeches in the historical works of Tacitus, though rather concise +and abstract for popular orations, are full of force and fire. Some of +them are truly Demosthenic in their impassioned and fiery logic. The +speech of Galgacus before the Briton army, when driven into the extremity +of Caledonia by the Romans under Agricola, can hardly be surpassed for +patriotic sentiments, vigorous reasoning, and burning invective. The +address of Germanicus to his mutinous soldiers (in the Annals) is not +less remarkable for tender pathos. The sage and yet soldierlike address +of the aged Galba to his adopted son Piso, the calm and manly speech of +Piso to the body guard, the artful harangue of the demagogue Otho to his +troops, the no less crafty address of Mucianus to Vespasian, the headlong +rapidity of Antonius' argument for immediate action, the plausible plea +of Marcellus Eprius against the honest attack of Helvidius Priscus, and +the burning rebukes of the intrepid Vocula to his cowardly and +treacherous followers--all these, in the Histories, show no ordinary +degree of rhetorical skill and versatility. Indeed, the entire body of +his works is animated with the spirit of the orator, as it is tinged also +with the coloring of the poet. For this reason, they are doubtless +deficient in the noble simplicity of the earlier classical histories; but +for the same reason they may be a richer treasure for the professional +men at least of modern times. + +Of his marriage with the daughter of Agricola, and its influence on his +character and prospects, as also of his passing in regular gradation +through the series of public honors at Rome, beginning with the +quaestorship under Vespasian, and ending with the consulship under Nerva, +Tacitus informs us himself (A. 9, His. i. 1), barely alluding to them, +however, in the general, and leaving all the details to mere conjecture. +We learn to our surprise, that he not only escaped the jealousy of the +tyrant Domitian, but was even promoted by him to the office of +Quindecimvir and Praetor (Ann. ii. 11). Beyond these vague notices, we +know little or nothing of his course of life, except that Pliny says +(Epist. iv. 13), he was much esteemed by the learned and the great at +Rome, who went in crowds to his levees. Of the time of his death, we can +only conjecture, that he died before the Emperor Trajan, but after his +friend Pliny--the former, because, had he outlived the Emperor, he would +probably have executed his purpose of writing the history of his reign +(His. i. 1); the latter, because, if he had not survived his friend, +Pliny, who lamented the death of so many others, would not have failed to +pay the last tribute to the memory of Tacitus. + +It is generally admitted, though without direct testimony, that Tacitus +died not without issue. That excellent prince, M. Claudius Tacitus, +deduced his pedigree from the historian, and ordered his image to be set +up, and a complete collection of his works to be placed in the public +archives, with a special direction that twelve copies should be made +every year at the public expense. It is greatly to be regretted that such +praiseworthy precautions should have failed to preserve for us that +treasure entire! + +The age of Tacitus is usually styled the silver age of Roman Literature; +and it merits no higher title, when compared with the golden age of +Augustus. It was the good fortune of Augustus to gain the supremacy at +Rome, when society had reached its maximum of refinement, and was just +ready to enter upon its stage of corruption and decline. Hence his name +is identified with that proud era in literature, in producing which he +bore at best only an accidental and secondary part. In the literature of +the Augustan age, we admire the substance of learning and philosophy +without the show, the cultivation of taste without the parade of +criticism, the fascination of poetry without its corruption, and the use +of eloquence without its abuse. Grecian refinement was no longer +despised; Grecian effeminacy had not yet prevailed. The camp was not now +the home of the Romans; neither were the theatres and the schools. They +had ceased to be a nation of soldiers, and had not yet become a nation of +slaves. At no other period could Rome have had her Cicero, her Livy, and +her Virgil. + +The silver age produced no men who "attained unto these first three." But +there are not wanting other bright names to associate with Tacitus, +though most of them lived a little earlier than he. There was Seneca, the +Philosopher, whose style, with its perpetual antitheses, is the very +worst of the age, but his sentiments, perhaps more or less under the +influence of Christianity, approach nearer to the Christian code of +morals than those of any other Latin author. There were Martial and +Juvenal, whose satires made vice tremble in its high places, and helped +to confer on the Romans the honor of originating one species of literary +composition, unknown to the Greeks. There were Suetonius and Plutarch; +the one natural, simple, and pure in his style, far beyond his age, but +without much depth or vigor of thought; the other involved and affected +in his manner, but in his matter of surpassing richness and incalculable +worth. There was the elder Pliny, a prodigy of learning and industry, +whose researches in Natural History cost him his life, in that fatal +eruption of Vesuvius which buried Herculaneum and Pompeii. There was also +the judicious Quintilian, at once neat and nervous in his language, +delicate and correct in his criticisms, a man of genius and a scholar, a +teacher and an exemplar of eloquence. Finally, there were the younger +Pliny and Tacitus, rival candidates for literary and professional +distinction, yet cherishing for each other the most devoted and +inviolable attachment, each viewing the other as the ornament of their +country, each urging the other to write the history of their age, and +each relying chiefly on the genius of the other for his own immortality +(Plin. Epis. vii. 33). Their names were together identified by their +contemporaries with the literature of the age of Trajan: "I never was +touched with a more sensible pleasure," says Pliny, in one of his +beautiful Letters [Eleven of these are addressed to Tacitus, and two +or three are written expressly for the purpose of furnishing materials +for his history.] (which rival Cicero's in epistolary ease and +elegance), "than by an account which I lately received from Cornelius +Tacitus. He informed me, that at the last Circensian Games, he sat next +a stranger, who, after much discourse on various topics of learning, +asked him whether he was an Italian or a Provincial. Tacitus replied, +'Your acquaintance with literature must have informed you who I am.' +'Aye,' said the man, 'is it then Tacitus or Pliny I am talking with?' I +cannot express how highly I am pleased to find, that our names are not +so much the proper appellations of individuals, as a designation of +learning itself" (Plin. Epis. ix. 23). Critics are not agreed to which +of these two literary friends belongs the delicate encomium of +Quintilian, when, after enumerating the principal writers of the day, +he adds, "There is another ornament of the age, who will deserve the +admiration of posterity. I do not mention him at present; his name will +be known hereafter." Pliny, Tacitus, and Quintilian, are also rival +candidates for the honor of having written the Dialogue de Claris +Oratoribus, one of the most valuable productions in ancient criticism. + +As a writer, Tacitus was not free from the faults of his age. The native +simplicity of Greek and Latin composition had passed away. An affected +point and an artificial brilliancy were substituted in their place. The +rhetoric and philosophy of the schools had infected all the departments +of literature. Simple narrative no longer suited the pampered taste of +the readers or the writers of history. It must be highly seasoned with +sentimentalism and moralizing, with romance and poetry. Tacitus, +certainly, did not escape the infection. In the language of Macaulay, "He +carries his love of effect far beyond the limits of moderation. He tells +a fine story finely, but he cannot tell a plain story plainly. He +stimulates, till stimulants lose their power." [See a fine article on +history, Ed. Her., 1828. Also in Macaulay's Miscellanies.] We have taken +occasion in the notes to point out not a few examples of rhetorical +pomp, and poetical coloring, and even needless multiplication of words, +where plainness and precision would have been much better, and which +may well surprise us in a writer of so much conciseness. Lord Monboddo, +in a very able, though somewhat extravagant critique on Tacitus, has +selected numerous instances of what he calls the ornamented dry style, +many of which are so concise, so rough, and so broken, that he says, +they do not deserve the name of composition, but seem rather like the +raw materials of history, than like history itself (Orig. and Prog. +of Lang., vol iii. chap. 12). + +Still, few readers can fail to pronounce Tacitus, as Macaulay affirms, +and even Lord Monboddo admits him to be, the greatest of Latin +historians, superior to Thucydides himself in the moral painting of his +best narrative scenes, and in the delineation of character without a +rival among historians, with scarcely a superior among dramatists and +novelists. The common style of his narrative is, indeed, wanting in +simplicity, and sometimes in perspicuity. He does not deal enough in the +specific and the picturesque, the where, the when and the how. But when +his subject comes up to the grandeur of his conceptions, and the strength +of his language, his descriptions are graphic and powerful. No battle +scenes are more grand and terrific than those of Tacitus. Military men +and scholars have also remarked their singular correctness and +definiteness. The military evolutions, the fierce encounter, the doubtful +struggle, the alternations of victory and defeat, the disastrous rout and +hot pursuit, the carnage and blood, are set forth with the warrior's +accuracy and the poet's fire; while, at the same time, the conflicting +passions and emotions of the combatants are discerned, as it were, by the +eye of a seer--their hidden springs of action, and the lowest depths of +their hearts laid bare, as if by the wand of a magician. In the painting +of large groups, in the moral portraiture of vast bodies of men under +high excitement and in strenuous exertion, we think that Tacitus far +surpasses all other historians. Whether it be a field of battle or a +captured city, a frightened senate or a flattering court, a mutiny or a +mob, that he describes, we not only see in a clear and strong light the +outward actions, but we look into the hearts of all the mixed multitude, +and gaze with wonder on the changing emotions and conflicting passions by +which they are agitated. + +His delineations of individual character are also marked by the same +profound insight into the human soul. Like the old Latin Poet, he might +have said, + + "Homo sum; nihil _humani_ a me alienum puto." + +There is scarcely a landscape picture in his whole gallery. It is full of +portraits of _men_, in groups and as individuals, every grade of +condition, every variety of character, performing all kinds of actions, +exhibiting every human passion, the colors laid on with a bold hand, the +principal features presented in a strong light, the minuter strokes +omitted, the soft and delicate finish despised. We feel, that we have +gained not a little insight into the character of those men, who are +barely introduced in the extant books of Tacitus, but whose history is +given in the books that are lost. Men of inferior rank even, who appear +on the stage only for a short time, develope strongly marked characters, +which are drawn with dramatic distinctness and power, while yet the +thread of history is never broken, the dignity of history never +sacrificed. And those Emperors, whose history is preserved entire,--with +them we feel acquainted, we know the controlling principles, as well as +the leading events of their lives, and we feel sure that we could predict +how they would act, under almost any imaginable circumstances. + +In a faithful portraiture of the private and public life of the +degenerate Romans, there was much to call for the hand of a master in +_satire_. And we find in the glowing sketches of our author, all the +vigor and point of a Juvenal, without his vulgarity and obscenity; all +the burning indignation which the Latin is so peculiarly capable of +expressing, with all the vigor and stateliness by which the same language +is equally characterized. Tacitus has been sometimes represented as a +very Diogenes, for carping and sarcasm--a very Aristophanes, to blacken +character with ridicule and reproach. But he is as far removed from the +cynic or the buffoon, as from the panegyrist or the flatterer. He is not +the indiscriminate admirer that Plutarch was. Nor is he such a universal +hater as Sallust. It is the fault of the times that he is obliged to deal +so much in censure. If there ever were perfect monsters on earth, such +were several of the Roman Emperors. Yet Tacitus describes few, if any, of +them without some of the traits of humanity. He gives us in his history +neither demons nor gods, but veritable men and women. In this respect, as +also in his descriptions of battles, Tacitus is decidedly superior to +Livy. The characters of Livy are distinguishable only as classes--the +good all very good, the bad very bad, the indifferent very indifferent. +You discover no important difference between a Fabius and a Marcellus, +further than it lies on the face of their actions. In Tacitus, the +characters are all individuals. Each stands out distinctly from the +surrounding multitude, and not only performs his own proper actions, but +is governed by his own peculiar motives. Livy places before us the +statues of heroes and gods; Tacitus conducts us through the crowd of +living men. + +In an attempt to sketch the most striking features of Tacitus, as a +writer, no critic can omit to mention his sage and pithy maxims. +Apothegms abound on every page--sagacious, truthful, and profound in +sentiment, in style concise, antithetic and sententious. Doubtless he is +excessively fond of pointed antithesis. Perhaps he is too much given to +moralizing and reflection. It was, as we have said, the fault of his age. +But no one, who is familiar with Seneca, will severely censure Tacitus. +He will only wonder that he should have risen so far above the faults of +his contemporaries. Indeed, Tacitus interweaves his reflections with so +much propriety, and clothes his apothegms with so much dignity--he is so +manifestly competent to instruct the world by maxims, whether in civil, +social, or individual life, that we are far from wishing he had indulged +in it less. His reflections do not interrupt the thread of his narrative. +They grow naturally out of his incidents. They break forth spontaneously +from the lips of his men. His history is indeed philosophy teaching by +examples; and his pithy sayings are truly lessons of wisdom, embodied in +the form most likely to strike the attention, and impress the memory. We +should love to see a collection of apothegms from the pen of Tacitus. It +would make an admirable book of laconics. No book would give you more +ideas in fewer words. Nowhere could you gain so much knowledge, and lose +so little time. The reader of Tacitus, who will study him with pen in +hand, to mark, or refer to the most striking passages, will soon find +himself master of a text book in moral and political science, we might +say a text book in human nature, singularly concise and sententious, and +what is not always true even of concise and sententious writers, as +singularly wise and profound. In such a book, many of the _speeches_ +would find a place entire; for many of them are little else than a series +of condensed, well-timed, and most instructive apothegms. [E.g. the +speech of Galba to Piso. His. i. 15, 16.] + +But the scholar, who is on the lookout, will find lurking in every +section, and almost every sentence, some important truth in morals, in +politics, in the individual or social nature of man. Neither the editor +nor the teacher can be expected to develope these sentiments, nor even, +in many instances, to point them out. That labor must be performed by the +scholar; and his will be the reward. + +No hasty perusal, no single reading of Tacitus, will give a just +conception of the surpassing richness of his works. They must be studied +profoundly to be duly appreciated. They are a mine of wisdom, of vast +extent and unknown depth, whose treasures lie chiefly beneath the +surface, imbedded in the solid rock which must be entered with mining +implements, explored with strong lights, and its wealth brought up by +severe toil and sweat. + + + + + + +C. CORN. TACITUS + +DE SITU, MORIBUS ET POPULIS GERMANIAE + + + + +BREVIARIUM LIBELLI. + + +Cap. 1. Germaniae situs: 2. incolae indigenae: auctores gentis: nominis +origo: Hercules. 3. Baritus: ara Ulixis. 4. Germani, gens sincera: +habitus corporum. 5. Terrae natura: non aurum, non argentum, nec +aestimatum. 6. Germanorum arma, equitatus, peditatus, ordo militiae: 7. +reges, duces, sacerdotes: 8. feminarum virtus et veneratio: Veleda: +Aurinia. 9. dii, sacra, simulacra nulla. 10. Auspicia, sortes: ex equis, +e captivo praesagia. 11. Consultationes publicae et conventus. 12. +Accusationes, poenae, jus redditum. 13. Scuto frameaque ornati juvenes, +principum comites: eorum virtus et fama. 14. Gentis bellica studia. 15. +In pace, venatio, otium: Collata principibus munera. 16. Urbes nullae: +vici, domus, specus suffugium hiemi et receptaculum frugibus. 17. +Vestitus hominum, feminarum. 18. Matrimonia severa: dos a marito oblata. +19. Pudicitia. Adulterii poena: Monogamia: Liberorum numerus non finitus. +20. Liberorum educatio: Successionis leges. 21. Patris, propinqui, +amicitiae, inimicitiaeque susceptae: homicidii pretium: Hospitalitas. 22. +Lotio, victus, ebriorum rixae: consultatio in conviviis. 23. Potus, +cibus. 24. Spectacula: aleae furor. 25. Servi, libertini. 26. Fenus +ignotum: Agricultura: Anni tempora. 27. Funera, sepulcra, luctus. + +28. Singularum gentium instituta: Galli, olim valida gens, in Germaniam +transgressi, Helvetii, Boii: Aravisci, Osi, incertum genus: Germanicae +originis populi Treveri, Nervii, Vangiones, Triboci, Nemetes, Ubii. 29. +Batavi, Cattorum proles: Mattiaci: Decumates agri. 30, 31. Cattorum +regio, habitus, disciplina militaris; vota, virtutis incentiva. 32. +Usipii, Tencteri, equitatu praestantes. 33. Bructerorum sedes, a Chamavis +et Angrivariis occupatae. 34. Dulgibini: Chasvari: Frisii. 35. Chauci, +pacis studio, justitia, et virtute nobiles. 36. Cherusci et Fosi, a +Cattis victi. 37. Cimbrorum parva civitas, gloria ingens: Romanorum +clades; Germani triumphati magis quam victi. 38. Suevorum numerus, mores. +39. Semnonum religio, victimae humanae 40. Longobardi: Reudigni: Aviones: +Angli: Varini: Eudoses: Suardones: Nuithones: Herthae cultus communis. +41. Hermunduri. 42. Narisci: Marcomanni: Quadi. 43. Marsigni: Gothini: +Osi: Burii: Lygiorum civitates, Arii, Helvecones, Manimi, Elysii, +Naharvali; horum numen Alcis: Gotones: Rugii: Lemovii. 44. Suiones, +classibus valentes. 45. Mare pigrum: Aestyi, Matris Deum cultores, +succinum legunt: Sitonibus femina imperat. 46. Peucini, Venedi, Fenni, +Germani, an Sarmatae? Eorum feritas, paupertas: Hominum monstra, +Hellusii, Oxiones. + + + + +I. Germania omnis a Gallis Rhaetisque et Pannoniis Rheno et Danubio +fluminibus, a Sarmatis Dacisque mutuo metu aut montibus separatur: cetera +Oceanus ambit, latos sinus et insularum immensa spatia complectens, nuper +cognitis quibusdam gentibus ac regibus, quos bellum aperuit. Rhenus, +Rhaeticarum Alpium inaccesso ac praecipiti vertice ortus, modico flexu in +occidentem versus, septentrionali Oceano miscetur. Danubius, molli et +clementer edito montis Abnobae jugo effusus, plures populos adit, donec +in Ponticum mare sex meatibus erumpat: septimum os paludibus hauritur. + +II. Ipsos Germanos indigenas crediderim, minimeque aliarum gentium +adventibus et hospitiis mixtos; quia nec terra olim, sed classibus +advehebantur, qui mutare sedes quaerebant, et immensus ultra, utque sic +dixerim, adversus Oceanus raris ab orbe nostro navibus aditur. Quis +porro, praeter periculum horridi et ignoti maris, Asia aut Africa aut +Italia relicta, Germaniam peteret, informem terris, asperam coelo, +tristem cultu aspectuque, nisi si patria sit? Celebrant carminibus +antiquis (quod unum apud illos memoriae et annalium genus est) Tuisconem +deum terra editum, et filium Mannum, originem gentis conditoresque. Manno +tres filios assignant, e quorum nominibus proximi Oceano Ingaevones, +medii Hermiones, ceteri Istaevones vocentur. Quidam autem, ut in licentia +vetustatis, plures deo ortos pluresque gentis appellationes, Marsos, +Gambrivios, Suevos, Vandalios, affirmant; eaque vera et antiqua nomina. +Ceterum Germaniae vocabulum recens et nuper additum; quoniam, qui primi +Rhenum transgressi Gallos expulerint, ac nunc Tungri, tunc Germani vocati +sint: ita nationis nomen, non gentis evaluisse paulatim, ut omnes primum +a victore ob metum, mox a seipsis invento nomine Germani vocarentur. + +III. Fuisse apud eos et Herculem memorant, primumque omnium virorum +fortium ituri in proelia canunt. Sunt illis haec quoque carmina, quorum +relatu, quem baritum vocant, accendunt animos, futuraeque pugnae fortunam +ipso cantu augurantur: terrent enim trepidantve, prout sonuit acies. Nec +tam voces illae, quam virtutis concentus videntur. Affectatur praecipue +asperitas soni et fractum murmur, objectis ad os scutis, quo plenior et +gravior vox repercussu intumescat. Ceterum et Ulixem quidam opinantur +longo illo et fabuloso errore in hunc Occanum delatum, adisse Germaniae +terras, Asciburgiumque, quod in ripa Rheni situm hodieque incolitur, ab +illo constitutum nominatumque. Aram quin etiam Ulixi consecratam, +adjecto Laertae patris nomine, eodem loco olim repertam, monumentaque et +tumulos quosdam Graecis litteris inscriptos in confinio Germaniae +Rhaetiaeque adhuc exstare: quae neque confirmare argumentis, neque +refellere in animo est: ex ingenio suo quisque demat, vel addat fidem. + +IV. Ipse eorum opinionibus accedo, qui Germaniae populos nullis aliis +aliarum nationum connubiis infectos propriam et sinceram et tantum sui +similem gentem exstitisse arbitrantur: unde habitus quoque corporum, +quanquam in tanto hominum numero, idem omnibus; truces et cacrulei +oculi, rutilae comae, magna corpora et tantum ad impetum valida; laboris +atque operum non eadem patientia: minimeque sitim aestumque tolerare, +frigora atque inediam coelo solove assueverunt. + +V. Terra, etsi aliquanto specie differt, in universum tamen aut silvis +horrida aut paludibus foeda: humidior, qua Gallias; ventosior, qua +Noricum ac Pannoniam aspicit: satis ferax; frugiferarum arborum +impatiens: pecorum fecunda, sed plerumque improcera; ne armentis quidem +suus honor, aut gloria frontis: numero gaudent; eaeque solae et +gratissimae opes sunt. Argentum et aurum propitii an irati dii +aegaverint, dubito. Nec tamen affirmaverim, nullam Germaniae venam +argentum aurumve gignere: quis enim scrutatus est? possessione et usu +haud perinde afficiuntur. Est videre apud illos argentea vasa, legatis et +principibus eorum muneri data, non in alia vilitate, quam quae humo +finguntur quanquam proximi, ob usum commerciorum, aurum et argentum in +pretio habent, formasque quasdam nostrae pecuniae agnoscunt atque +eligunt: interiores simplicius et antiquius permutatione mercium utuntur. +Pecuniam probant veterem et diu notam, serratos bigatosque. Argentum +quoque, magis quam aurum sequuntur, nulla affectione animi, sed quia +numerus argenteorum facilior usui est promiscua ac vilia mercantibus. + +VI. Ne ferrum quidem superest, sicut ex genere telorum colligitur. Rari +gladiis aut majoribus lanceis utuntur: hastas, vel ipsorum vocabulo +frameas gerunt, angusto et brevi ferro sed ita acri et ad usum habili, ut +eodem telo, prout ratio poscit, vel cominus vel eminus pugnent: et eques +quidem scuto frameaque contentus est: pedites et missilia spargunt, plura +singuli, atque in immensum vibrant, nudi aut sagulo leves. Nulla cultus +jactatio; scuta tantum lectissimis coloribus distinguunt: paucis loricae: +vix uni alterive cassis aut galea. Equi non forma, non velocitate +conspicui: sed nec variare gyros in morem nostrum docentur. In rectum, +aut uno flexu dextros agunt ita conjuncto orbe, ut nemo posterior sit. In +universum aestimanti, plus penes peditem roboris: eoque mixti +proeliantur, apta et congruente ad equestrem pugnam velocitate peditum, +quos ex omni juventute delectos ante aciem locant. Definitur et numerus: +centeni ex singulis pagis sunt: idque ipsum inter suos vocantur; et quod +primo numerus fuit, jam nomen et honor est. Acies per cuneos componitur. +Cedere loco, dummodo rursus instes, consilii quam formidinis arbitrantur. +Corpora suorum etiam in dubiis proeliis referunt. Scutum reliquisse, +praecipuum flagitium; nec aut sacris adesse, aut concilium inire, +ignominioso fas; multique superstites bellorum infamiam laqueo finierunt. + +VII. Reges ex nobilitate, duces ex virtute sumunt. Nec regibus infinita +aut libera potestas: et duces exemplo potius, quam imperio, si prompti, +si conspicui, si ante aciem agant, admiratione praesunt. Ceterum neque +animadvertere neque vincire, ne verberare quidem, nisi sacerdotibus +permissum; non quasi in poenam, nec ducis jussu, sed velut deo imperante, +quem adesse bellantibus credunt: effigiesque et signa quaedam, detracta +lucis, in proelium ferunt. Quodque praecipuum fortitudinis incitamentum +est, non casus nec fortuita conglobatio turmam aut cuneum facit, sed +familiae et propinquitates, et in proximo pignora, unde feminarum +ululatus audiri, unde vagitus infantium: hi cuique sanctissimi testes, hi +maximi laudatores. Ad matres, ad conjuges vulnera ferunt; nec illae +numerare, aut exigere plagas pavent; cibosque et hortamina pugnantibus +gestant. + +VIII. Memoriae proditur, quasdam acies, inclinatas jam et labantes, a +feminis restitutas, constantia precum et objectu pectorum et monstrata +cominus captivitate, quam longe impatientius feminarum suarum nomine +timent: adeo ut efficacius obligentur animi civitatum, quibus inter +obsides puellae quoque nobiles imperantur. Inesse quin etiam sanctum +aliquid et providum putant: nec aut consilia earum aspernantur, aut +responsa negligunt. Vidimus sub divo Vespasiano Veledam diu apud +plerosque numinis loco habitam. Sed et olim Auriniam et complures alias +venerati sunt non adulatione, nec tanquam facerent deas. + +IX. Deorum maxime Mercurium colunt, cui certis diebus humanis quoque +hostiis litare fas habent. Herculem ac Martem concessis animalibus +placant: pars Suevorum et Isidi sacrificat. Unde causa et origo peregrino +sacro parum comperi, nisi quod signum ipsum, in modum liburnae figuratum, +docet advectam religionem. Ceterum nec cohibere parietibus deos, neque in +ullam humani oris speciem assimulare, ex magnitudine coelestium +arbitrantur: lucos ac nemora consecrant, deorumque nominibus appellant +secretum illud, quod sola reverentia vident. + +X. Auspicia sortesque, ut qui maxime, observant. Sortium consuetudo +simplex: virgam, frugiferae arbori decisam, in surculos amputant, eosque, +notis quibusdam discretos, super candidam vestem temere ac fortuito +spargunt: mox, si publice consuletur, sacerdos civitatis, sin privatim, +ipse paterfamiliae, precatus deos coelumque suspiciens, ter singulos +tollit, sublatos secundum impressam ante notam interpretatur. Si +prohibuerunt, nulla de eadem re in eundem diem consultatio; sin +permissum, auspiciorum adhuc fides exigitur. Et illud quidem etiam hic +notum, avium voces volatusque interrogare: proprium gentis, equorum +quoque praesagia ac monitus experiri; publice aluntur iisdem nemoribus ac +lucis candidi et nullo mortali opere contacti: quos pressos sacro curru +sacerdos ac rex vel princeps civitatis comitantur, hinnitusque ac +fremitus observant. Nec ulli auspicio major fides non solum apud plebem, +sed apud proceres, apud sacerdotes; se enim ministros deorum, illos +conscios putant. Est et alia observatio auspiciorum, qua gravium bellorum +eventus explorant; ejus gentis, cum qua bellum est, captivum, quoquo modo +interceptum, cum electo popularium suorum, patriis quemque armis, +committunt: victoria hujus vel illius pro praejudicio accipitur. + +XI. De minoribus rebus principes consultant; de majoribus omnes: ita +tamen, ut ea quoque, quorum penes plebem arbitrium est, apud principes +pertractentur. Coeunt, nisi quid fortuitum et subitum inciderit, certis +diebus, cum aut inchoatur luna aut impletur: nam agendis rebus hoc +auspicatissimum initium credunt. Nec dierum numerum, ut nos, sed noctium +computant. Sic constituunt, sic condicunt: nox ducere diem videtur. Illud +ex libertate vitium, quod non simul, nec ut jussi conveniunt, sed et +alter et tertius dies cunctatione coeuntium absumitur. Ut turbae placuit, +considunt armati. Silentium per sacerdotes, quibus tum et coercendi jus +est, imperatur. Mox rex vel princeps, prout aetas cuique, prout nobilitas, +prout decus bellorum, prout facundia est, audiuntur, auctoritate suadendi +magis, quam jubendi potestate. Si displicuit sententia, fremitu +aspernantur; sin placuit, frameas concutiunt. Honoratissimum assensus +genus est, armis laudare. + +XII. Licet apud concilium accusare quoque et discrimen capitis intendere. +Distinctio poenarum ex delicto: proditores et transfugas arboribus +suspendunt; ignavos et imbelles et corpore infames coeno ac palude, +injecta insuper crate, mergunt. Diversitas supplicii illuc respicit, +tanquam scelera ostendi oporteat, dum puniuntur, flagitia abscondi. Sed +et levioribus delictis, pro modo poenarum, equorum pecorumque numero +convicti mulctantur: pars mulctae regi vel civitati, pars ipsi, qui +vindicatur, vel propinquis ejus exsolvitur. Eliguntur in iisdem conciliis +et principes, qui jura per pagos vicosque reddunt. Centeni singulis ex +plebe comites, consilium simul et auctoritas, adsunt. + +XIII. Nihil autem neque publicae neque privatae rei, nisi armati agunt. +Sed arma sumere non ante cuiquam moris, quam civitas suffecturum +probaverit. Tum in ipso concilio, vel principum aliquis vel pater vel +propinquus scuto frameaque juvenem ornant: haec apud illos toga, hic +primus juventae honos: ante hoc domus pars videntur, mox reipublicae. +Insignis nobilitas, aut magna patrum merita, principis dignationem etiam +adolescentulis assignant: ceteris robustioribus ac jampridem probatis +aggregantur; nec rubor, inter comites aspici. Gradus quin etiam et ipse +comitatus habet judicio ejus, quem sectantur: magnaque et comitum +aemulatio, quibus primus apud principem suum locus, et principum, cui +plurimi et acerrimi comites. Haec dignitas, hae vires, magno semper +electorum juvenum globo circumdari, in pace decus, in bello praesidium. +Nec solum in sua gente cuique, sed apud finitimas quoque civitates id +nomen, ea gloria est, si numero ac virtute comitatus emineat: expetuntur +enim legationibus et muneribus ornantur et ipsa plerumque fama bella +profligant. + +XIV. Cum ventum in aciem, turpe principi virtute vinci, turpe comitatui, +virtutem principis non adaequare. Jam vero infame in omnem vitam ac +probrosum, superstitem principi suo ex acie recessisse. Illum defendere, +tueri, sua quoque fortia facta gloriae ejus assignare, praecipuum +sacramentum est. Principes pro victoria pugnant; comites pro principe. Si +civitas, in qua orti sunt, longa pace et otio torpeat plerique nobilium +adolescentium petunt ultro eas nationes, quae tum bellum aliquod gerunt; +quia et ingrata genti quies, et facilius inter ancipitia clarescunt, +magnumque comitatum non nisi vi belloque tuentur: exigunt enim principis +sui liberalitate illum bellatorem equum, illam cruentam victricemque +frameam. Nam epulae et, quanquam incompti, largi tamen apparatus pro +stipendio cedunt: materia munificentiae per bella et raptus. Nec arare +terram, aut expectare annum, tam facile persuaseris, quam vocare hostes +et vulnera mereri. Pigrum quinimmo et iners videtur, sudore acquirere, +quod possis sanguine parare. + +XV. Quotiens bella non ineunt, non multum venatibus, plus per otium +transigunt, dediti somno ciboque, fortissimus quisque ac bellicosissimus +nihil agens, delegata domus et penatium et agrorum cura feminis +senibusque et infirmissimo cuique ex familia: ipsi hebent; mira +diversitate naturae, cum iidem homines sic ament inertiam et oderint +quietem. Mos est civitatibus ultro ac viritim conferre principibus vel +armentorum vel frugum, quod pro honore acceptum, etiam necessitatibus +subvenit. Gaudent praecipue finitimarum gentium donis, quae non modo a +singulis, sed publice mittuntur: electi equi, magna arma, phalerae, +torquesque. Jam et pecuniam accipere docuimus. + +XVI. Nullas Germanorum populis urbes habitari, satis notum est: ne pati +quidem inter se junctas sedes. Colunt discreti ac diversi, ut fons, ut +campus, ut nemus placuit. Vicos locant, non in nostrum morem, connexis et +cohaerentibus aedificiis: suam quisque domum spatio circumdat, sive +adversus casus ignis remedium, sive inscitia aedificandi. Ne caementorum +quidem apud illos aut tegularum usus: materia ad omnia utuntur informi et +citra speciem aut delectationem. Quaedam loca diligentius illinunt terra +ita pura ac splendente, ut picturam ac lineamenta colorum imitetur. +Solent et subterraneos specus aperire, eosque multo insuper fimo onerant, +suffugium hiemi et receptaculum frugibus: quia rigorem frigorum ejusmodi +locis molliunt: et, si quando hostis advenit, aperta populatur, abdita +autem et defossa aut ignorantur, aut eo ipso fallunt, quod quaerenda +sunt. + +XVII. Tegumen omnibus sagum, fibula, aut, si desit, spina consertum: +cetera intecti totos dies juxta focum atque ignem agunt. Locupletissimi +veste distinguuntur, non fluitante, sicut Sarmatae ac Parthi, sed stricta +et singulos artus exprimente. Gerunt et ferarum pelles, proximi ripae +negligenter, ulteriores exquisitius, ut quibus nullus per commercia +cultus. Eligunt feras, et detracta velamina spargunt maculis pellibusque +belluarum, quas exterior Oceanus atque ignotum mare gignit. Nec alius +feminis quam viris habitus, nisi quod feminae saepius lineis amictibus +velantur, eosque purpura variant, partemque vestitus superioris in +manicas non extendunt, nudae brachia ac lacertos: sed et proxima pars +pectoris patet. + +XVIII. Quanquam severa illic matrimonia; nec ullam morum partem magis +laudaveris: nam prope soli barbarorum singulis uxoribus contenti sunt, +exceptis admodum paucis, qui non libidine, sed ob nobilitatem, plurimis +nuptiis ambiuntur, Dotem non uxor marito, sed uxori maritus offert. +Intersunt parentes et propinqui, ac munera probant: munera non ad +delicias muliebres quaesita, nec quibus nova nupta comatur: sed boves et +frenatum equum et scutum cum framea gladioque. In haec munera uxor +accipitur: atque invicem ipsa armorum aliquid viro affert: hoc maximum +vinculum, haec arcana sacra, hos conjugales deos arbitrantur. Ne se +mulier extra virtutum cogitationes extraque bellorum casus putet, ipsis +incipientis matrimonii auspiciis admonetur, venire se laborum +periculorumque sociam, idem in pace, idem in proelio passuram ausuramque: +hoc juncti boves, hoc paratus equus, hoc data arma denuntiant; sic +vivendum, sic pereundum: accipere se, quae liberis inviolata ac digna +reddat, quae nurus accipiant rursus, quae ad nepotes referantur. + +XIX. Ergo septa pudicitia agunt, nullis spectaculorum illecebris, nullis +conviviorum irritationibus corruptae. Litterarum secreta viri pariter ac +feminae ignorant. Paucissima in tam numerosa gente adulteria; quorum +poena praesens et maritis permissa. Accisis crinibus, nudatam, coram +propinquis, expellit domo maritus, ac per omnem vicum verbere agit: +publicatae enim pudicitiae nulla venia: non forma, non aetate, non opibus +maritum invenerit. Neme enim illic vitia ridet: nec corrumpere et +corrumpi saeculum vocatur. Melius quidem adhuc eae civitates, in quibus +tantum virgines nubunt, et cum spe votoque uxoris semel transigitur. Sic +unum accipiunt maritum, quo modo unum corpus unamque vitam, ne ulla +cogitatio ultra, ne longior cupiditas, ne tanquam maritum, sed tanquam +matrimonium ament. Numerum liberorum finire, aut quenquam ex agnatis +necare, flagitium habetur: plusque ibi boni mores valent, quam alibi +bonae leges. + +XX. In omni domo nudi ac sordidi, in hos artus, in haec corpora, quae +miramur, excrescunt. Sua quemque mater uberibus alit, nec ancillis ac +nutricibus delegantur. Dominum ac servum nullis educationis deliciis +dignoscas: inter eadem pecora, in eadem humo degunt; donec aetas separet +ingenuos, virtus agnoscat. Sera juvenum Venus; eoque inexhausta pubertas: +nec virgines festinantur; eadem juventa, similis proceritas: pares +validaeque miscentur; ac robora parentum liberi referunt. Sororum filiis +idem apud avunculum, qui ad patrem honor. Quidam sanctiorem arctioremque +hunc nexum sanguinis arbitrantur, et in accipiendis obsidibus magis +exigunt; tanquam et in animum firmius, et domum latius teneant. Heredes +tamen successoresque sui cuique liberi: et nullum testamentum. Si liberi +non sunt, proximus gradus in possessione fratres, patrui, avunculi. +Quanto plus propinquorum, quo major affinium numerus, tanto gratiosior +senectus, nec ulla orbitatis pretia. + +XXI. Suscipere tam inimicitias, seu patris, seu propinqui, quam +amicitias, necesse est: nec implacabiles durant. Luitur enim etiam +homicidium certo armentorum ac pecorum numero, recipitque satisfactionem +universa domus: utiliter in publicum; quia periculosiores sunt +inimicitiae juxta libertatem. Convictibus et hospitiis non alia gens +effusius indulget. Quemcunque mortalium arcere tecto, nefas habetur: pro +fortuna quisque apparatis epulis excipit. Cum defecere, qui modo hospes +fuerat, monstrator hospitii et comes: proximam domum non invitati adeunt: +nec interest; pari humanitate accipiuntur. Notum ignotumque, quantum ad +jus hospitis, nemo discernit. Abeunti, si quid poposcerit, concedere +moris: et poscendi invicem eadem facilitas. Gaudent muneribus: sed nec +data imputant, nec acceptis obligantur. Victus inter hospites comis. + +XXII. Statim e somno, quem plerumque in diem extrahunt, lavantur, saepius +calida, ut apud quos plurimum hiems occupat. Lauti cibum capiunt: +separatae singulis sedes et sua cuique mensa: tum ad negotia, nec minus +saepe ad convivia, procedunt armati. Diem noctemque continuare potando, +nulli probrum. Crebrae, ut inter vinolentos, rixae, raro conviciis, +saepius caede et vulneribus transiguntur. Sed et de reconciliandis +invicem inimicis et jungendis affinitatibus et asciscendis principibus, +de pace denique ac bello plerumque in conviviis consultant: tanquam nullo +magis tempore aut ad simplices cogitationes pateat animus, aut ad magnas +incalescat. Gens non astuta nec callida aperit adhuc secreta pectoris +licentia joci. Ergo detecta et nuda omnium mens postera die retractatur, +et salva utriusque temporis ratio est: deliberant, dum fingere nesciunt; +constituunt, dum errare non possunt. + +XXIII. Potui humor ex hordeo aut frumento, in quandam similitudinem vini +corruptus. Proximi ripae et vinum mercantur. Cibi simplices; agrestia +poma, recens fera, aut lac concretum. Sine apparatu, sine blandimentis, +expellunt famem. Adversus sitim non eadem temperantia. Si indulseris +ebrietati suggerendo quantum concupiscunt, haud minus facile vitiis, quam +armis vincentur. + +XXIV. Genus spectaculorum unum atque in omni coetu idem. Nudi juvenes, +quibus id ludicrum est, inter gladios se atque infestas frameas saltu +jaciunt. Exercitatio artem paravit, ars decorem: non in quaestum tamen +aut mercedem; quamvis audacis lasciviae pretium est voluptas spectantium. +Aleam, quod mirere, sobrii inter seria exercent tanta lucrandi perdendive +temeritate, ut, cum omnia defecerunt, extremo ac novissimo jactu de +libertate ac de corpore contendant. Victus voluntariam servitutem adit: +quamvis juvenior, quamvis robustior, alligari se ac venire patitur: ea +est in re prava pervicacia: ipsi fidem vocant. Servos conditionis hujus +per commercia tradunt, ut se quoque pudore victoriae exsolvant. + +XXV. Ceteris servis, non in nostrum morem descriptis per familiam +ministeriis, utuntur. Suam quisque sedem, suos penates regit. Frumenti +modum dominus, aut pecoris aut vestis, ut colono, injungit: et servus +hactenus paret; cetera domus officia uxor ac liberi exsequuntur. +Verberare servum ac vinculis et opere coercere, rarum. Occidere solent, +non disciplina et severitate, sed impetu et ira, ut inimicum, nisi quod +impune. Liberti non multum supra servos sunt, raro aliquod momentum in +domo, nunquam in civitate; exceptis duntaxat iis gentibus, quae +regnantur: ibi enim et super ingenuos et super nobiles ascendunt: apud +ceteros impares libertini libertatis argumentum sunt. + +XXVI. Fenus agitare et in usuras extendere, igno tum: ideoque magis +servatur, quam si vetitum esset. Agri pro numero cultorum ab universis in +vices occupantur, quos mox inter se secundum dignationem partiuntur: +facilitatem partiendi camporum spatia praestant. Arva per annos mutant: +et superest ager; nec enim cum ubertate et amplitudine soli labore +contendunt, ut pomaria conserant et prata separent et hortos rigent: sola +terrae seges imperatur. Unde annum quoque ipsum non in totidem digerunt +species hiems et ver et aestas intellectum ac vocabula habent autumni +perinde nomen ac bona ignorantur. + +XXVII. Funerum nulla ambitio; id solum observatur, ut corpora clarorum +virorum certis lignis crementur. Struem rogi nec vestibus nec odoribus +cumulant: sua cuique arma, quorundam igni et equus adjicitur. Sepulcrum +caespes erigit; monumentorum arduum et operosum honorem, ut gravem +defunctis, aspernantur. Lamenta ac lacrimas cito, dolorem et tristitiam +tarde ponunt. Feminis lugere honestum est; viris meminisse. Haec in +commune de omnium Germanorum origine ac moribus accepimus: nunc +singularum gentium instituta ritusque, quatenus differant, quae nationes +e Germania in Gallias commigraverint, expediam. + +XXVIII. Validiores olim Gallorum res fuisse, summus auctorum divus Julius +tradit: eoque credibile est etiam Gallos in Germaniam transgressos. +Quantulum enim amnis obstabat, quo minus, ut quaeque gens evaluerat, +occuparet permutaretque sedes, promiscuas adhuc et nulla regnorum +potentia divisas? Igitur inter Hercyniam sylvam Rhenumque et Moenum amnes +Helvetii, ulteriora Boii, Gallica utraque gens, tenuere. Manet adhuc +_Boihemi_ nomen, signatque loci veterem memoriam, quamvis mutatis +cultoribus. Sed utrum Aravisci in Pannoniam ab Osis, Germanorum natione, +an Osi ab Araviscis in Germaniam commigraverint, cum eodem adhuc sermone, +institutis, moribus utantur, incertum est: quia, pari olim inopia ac +libertate, eadem utriusque ripae bona malaque erant. Treveri et Nervii +circa affectationem Germanicae originis ultro ambitiosi sunt, tanquam per +hanc gloriam sanguinis a similitudine et inertia Gallorum separentur. +Ipsam Rheni ripam haud dubie Germanorum populi colunt, Vangiones, +Triboci, Nemetes. Ne Ubii quidem, quanquam Romana colonia esse meruerint +ac libentius Agrippinenses conditoris sui nomine vocentur, origine +erubescunt, transgressi olim et experimento fidei super ipsam Rheni ripam +collocati, ut arcerent, non ut custodirentur. + +XXIX. Omnium harum gentium virtute praecipui Batavi, non multum ex ripa, +sed insulam Rheni amnis colunt, Chattorum quondam populus et seditione +domestica in eas sedes transgressus, in quibus pars Romani imperii +fierent. Manet honos et antiquae societatis insigne: nam nec tributis +contemnuntur, nec publicanis atterit: exempti oneribus et collationibus +et tantum in usum proeliorum sepositi, velut tela atque arma, bellis +reservantur. Est in eodem obsequio et Mattiacorum gens; protulit enim +magnitudo populi Romani ultra Rhenum, ultraque veteres terminos, imperii +reverentiam. Ita sede finibusque in sua ripa, mente animoque nobiscum +agunt, cetera similes Batavis, nisi quod ipso adhuc terrae suae solo et +coelo acrius animantur. Non numeraverim inter Germaniae populos, quanquam +trans Rhenum Danubiumque consederint, eos, qui Decumates agros exercent. +Levissimus quisque Gallorum et inopia audax, dubiae possessionis solum +occupavere. Mox limite acto promotisque praesidiis, sinus imperii et pars +provinciae habentur. + +XXX. Ultra hos Chatti initium sedis ab Hercynio saltu inchoant, non ita +effusis ac palustribus locis ut ceterae civitates, in quas Germania +patescit; durant siquidem colles, paulatim rarescunt, et Chattos suos +saltus Hercynius prosequitur simul atque deponit. Duriora genti corpora, +stricti artus, minax vultus et major animi vigor. Multum, ut inter +Germanos, rationis ac solertiae: praeponere electos, audire praepositos, +nosse ordines, intelligere occasiones, differre impetus, disponere diem, +vallare noctem, fortunam inter dubia, virtutem inter certa numerare: +quodque rarissimum nec nisi ratione disciplinae concessum, plus reponere +in duce, quam exercitu. Omne robur in pedite, quem, super arma, +ferramentis quoque et copiis onerant. Alios ad proelium ire videas, +Chattos ad bellum. Rari excursus et fortuita pugna; equestrium sane +virium id proprium, cito parare victoriam, cito cedere: velocitas juxta +formidinem, cunctatio propior constantiae est. + +XXXI. Et aliis Germanorum populis usurpatum rara et privata cujusque +audentia apud Chattos in consensum vertit, ut primum adoleverint, crinem +barbamque submittere, nec, nisi hoste caeso, exuere votivum obligatumque +virtuti oris habitum. Super sanguinem et spolia revelant frontem, seque +tum demum pretia nascendi retulisse, dignosque patria ac parentibus +ferunt. Ignavis et imbellibus manet squalor. Fortissimus quisque ferreum +insuper annulum (ignominiosum id genti) velut vinculum gestat, donec se +caede hostis absolvat. Plurimis Chattorum hic placet habitus. Jamque +canent insignes, et hostibus simul suisque monstrati. Omnium penes hos +initia pugnarum: haec prima semper acies, visu nova; nam ne in pace +quidem vultu mitiore mansuescunt. Nulli domus aut ager aut aliqua cura: +prout ad quemque venere, aluntur: prodigi alieni, contemptores sui donec +exsanguis senectus tam durae virtuti impares faciat. + +XXXII. Proximi Chattis certum jam alveo Rhenum, quique terminus esse +sufficiat, Usipii ac Tencteri colunt. Tencteri, super solitum bellorum +decus, equestris disciplinae arte praecellunt: nec major apud Chattos +peditum laus, quam Tencteris equitum. Sic instituere majores, posteri +imitantur; hi lusus infantium, haec juvenum aemulatio, perseverant senes +inter familiam et penates et jura successionum equi traduntur; excipit +filius, non, ut cetera, maximus natu, sed prout ferox bello et melior. + +XXXIII. Juxta Tencteros Bructeri olim occurrebant: nunc Chamavos et +Angrivarios immigrasse narratur, pulsis Bructeris ac penitus excisis +vicinarum consensu nationum, seu superbiae odio, seu praedae dulcedine, +seu favore quodam erga nos deorum: nam ne spectaculo quidem proelii +invidere: super sexaginta millia, non armis telisque Romanis, sed, quod +magnificentius est, oblectationi oculisque ceciderunt. Maneat, quaeso, +duretque gentibus, si non amor nostri, at certe odium sui: quando, +urgentibus imperii fatis, nihil jam praestare fortuna majus potest, quam +hostium discordiam. + +XXXIV. Angrivarios et Chamavos a tergo Dulgibini et Chasuarii cludunt +aliaeque gentes, haud perinde memoratae. A fronte Frisii excipiunt. +Majoribus minoribusque Frisiis vocabulum est ex modo virium: utraeque +nationes usque ad Oceanum Rheno praetexuntur, ambiuntque immensos insuper +lacus et Romanis classibus navigatos. Ipsum quin etiam Oceanum illa +tentavimus: et superesse adhuc Herculis columnas fama vulgavit; sive +adiit Hercules, seu, quicquid ubique magnificum est, in claritatem ejus +referre consensimus. Nec defuit audentia Druso Germanico: sed obstitit +Oceanus in se simul atque in Herculem inquiri. Mox nemo tentavit; +sanctiusque ac reverentius visum, de actis deorum credere, quam scire. + +XXXV. Hactenus in Occidentem Germaniam novimus. In Septentrionem ingenti +flexu redit. Ac primo statim Chaucorum gens, quanquam incipiat a Frisiis +ac partem littoris occupet, omnium, quas exposui, gentium lateribus +obtenditur, donec in Chattos usque sinuetur. Tam immensum terrarum +spatium non tenent tantum Chauci, sed et implent: populus inter Germanos +nobilissimus, quique magnitudinem suam malit justitia tueri: sine +cupiditate, sine impotentia, quieti secretique, nulla provocant bella, +nullis raptibus aut latrociniis populantur. Id praecipuum virtutis ac +virium argumentum est, quod, ut superiores agant, non per injurias +assequuntur. Prompta tamen omnibus arma, ac, si res poscat, exercitus, +plurimum virorum equorumque: et quiescentibus eadem fama. + +XXXVI. In latere Chaucorum Chattorumque Cherusci nimiam ac marcentem diu +pacem illacessiti nutrierunt; idque jucundius, quam tutius, fuit: quia +inter impotentes et validos falso quiescas; ubi manu agitur, modestia ac +probitas nomina superioris sunt. Ita, qui olim boni aequique Cherusci, +nunc inertes ac stulti vocantur: Chattis victoribus fortuna in sapientiam +cessit. Tracti ruina Cheruscorum et Fosi, contermina gens, adversarum +rerum ex aequo socii, cum in secundis minores fuissent. + +XXXVII. Eundem Germaniae sinum proximi Oceano Cimbri tenent, parva nunc +civitas, sed gloria ingens; veterisque famae lata vestigia manent, +utraque ripa castra ac spatia, quorum ambitu nunc quoque metiaris molem +manusque gentis et tam magni exitus fidem. Sexcentesimum et quadragesimum +annum urbs nostra agebat, cum primum Cimbrorum audita sunt arma, Caecilio +Metello et Papirio Carbone consulibus. Ex quo si ad alterum Imperatoris +Trajani consulatum computemus, ducenti ferme et decem anni colliguntur; +tamdiu Germania vincitur. Medio tam longi aevi spatio, multa invicem +damna: non Samnis, non Poeni, non Hispaniae Galliaeve, ne Parthi quidem +saepius admonuere: quippe regno Arsacis acrior est Germanorum libertas. +Quid enim aliud nobis, quam caedem Crassi, amisso et ipse Pacoro, infra +Ventidium dejectus Oriens objecerit? At Germani, Carbone et Cassio et +Scauro Aurelio et Servilio Caepione, M. quoque Manlio fusis vel captis, +quinque simul consulares exercitus Populo Romano, Varum, tresque cum eo +legiones, etiam Caesari abstulerunt: nec impune C. Marius in Italia, +divus Julius in Gallia, Drusus ac Nero et Germanicus in suis eos sedibus +perculerunt. Mox ingentes C. Caesaris minae in ludibrium versae. Inde +otium, donec occasione discordiae nostrae et civilium armorum, expugnatis +legionum hibernis, etiam Gallias affectavere: ac rursus pulsi, inde +proximis temporibus triumphati magis quam victi sunt. + +XXXVIII. Nunc de Suevis dicendum est, quorum non una, ut Chattorum +Tencterorumve, gens: majorem enim Germaniae partem obtinent, propriis +adhuc nationibus nominibusque discreti, quanquam in commune Suevi +vocentur. Insigne gentis obliquare crinem nodoque substringere: sic Suevi +a ceteris Germanis, sic Suevorum ingenui a servis separantur in aliis +gentibus, seu cognatione aliqua Suevorum, seu quod saepe accidit, +imitatione, rarum et intra juventae spatium; apud Suevos, usque ad +canitiem, horrentem capillum retro sequuntur, ac saepe in ipso solo +vertice religant. Principes et ornatiorem habent: ea cura formae, sed +innoxiae: neque enim ut ament amenturve; in altitudinem quandam et +terrorem, adituri bella, compti, ut hostium oculis, ornantur. + +XXXIX. Vetustissimos se nobilissimosque Suevorum Semnones memorant. +Fides antiquitatis religione firmatur. Stato tempore in silvam auguriis +patrum et prisca formidine sacram, omnes ejusdem sanguinis populi +legationibus coeunt, caesoque publice homine celebrant barbari ritus +horrenda primordia. Est et alia luco reverentia. Nemo nisi vinculo +ligatus ingreditur, ut minor et potestatem numinis prae se ferens, Si +forte prolapsus est, attolli et insurgere haud licitum: per humum +evolvuntur: eoque omnis superstitio respicit, tanquam inde initia gentis, +ibi regnator omnium deus, cetera subjecta atque parentia. Adjicit +auctoritatem fortuna Semnonum: centum pagis habitantur; magnoque corpore +efficitur, ut se Suevorum caput credant. + +XL. Contra Langobardos paucitas nobilitat: plurimis ac valentissimis +nationibus cincti, non per obsequium, sed proeliis et periclitando tuti +sunt. Reudigni deinde et Aviones et Anglii et Varini et Eudoses et +Suardones et Nuithones fluminibus aut silvis muniuntur: nec quidquam +notabile in singulis, nisi quod in commune Nerthum, id est Terram matrem +colunt, eamque intervenire rebus hominum, invehi populis arbitrantur. Est +in insula Oceani castum nemus, dicatumque in eo vehiculum, veste +contectum attingere uni sacerdoti concessum. Is adesse penetrali deam +intelligit, vectamque bubus feminis multa cum veneratione prosequitur. +Laeti tunc dies, festa loca, quaecumque adventu hospitioque dignatur. Non +bella ineunt, non arma sumunt; clausum omne ferrum: pax et quies tunc +tantum nota, tunc tantum amata, donec idem sacerdos satiatam +conversatione mortalium deam templo reddat. Mox vehiculum et vestes, et, +si credere velis, numen ipsum secreto lacu abluitur. Servi ministrant, +quos statim idem lacus haurit; arcanus hinc terror sanctaque ignorantia, +quid sit illud, quod tantum perituri vident. + +XLI. Et haec quidem pars Suevorum in secretiora Germaniae porrigitur. +Propior, ut quo modo paulo ante Rhenum, sic nunc Danubium sequar, +Hermundurorum civitas, fida Romanis, eoque solis Germanorum non in ripa +commercium, sed penitus, atque in splendidissima Rhaetiae provinciae +colonia. Passim et sine custode transeunt: et, cum ceteris gentibus arma +modo castraque nostra ostendamus, his domos villasque patefecimus non +concupiscentibus. In Hermunduris Albis oritur, flumen inclitum et notum +olim; nunc tantum auditur. + +XLII. Juxta Hermunduros Narisci, ac deinde Marcomanni et Quadi agunt. +Praecipua Marcomannorum gloria viresque, atque ipsa etiam sedes, pulsis +olim Boiis, virtute parta. Nec Narisci Quadive degenerant. Eaque +Germaniae velut frons est, quatenus Danubio peragitur. Marcomannis +Quadisque usque ad nostram memoriam reges manserunt ex gente ipsorum, +nobile Marobodui et Tudri genus: jam et externos patiuntur. Sed vis et +potentia regibus ex auctoritate Romana: raro armis nostris, saepius +pecunia juvantur, nec minus valent. + +XLIII. Retro Marsigni, Gothini, Osi, Burii, terga Marcomannorum +Quadorumque claudunt: e quibus Marsigni et Burii sermone cultuque Suevos +referunt Gothinos Gallica, Osos Pannonica lingua coarguit non esse +Germanos, et quod tributa patiuntur. Partem tributorum Sarmatae, partem +Quadi, ut alienigenis, imponunt. Gothini, quo magis pudeat, et ferrum +effodiunt. Omnesque hi populi pauca campestrium, ceterum saltus et +vertices montium jugumque insederunt. Dirimit enim scinditque Sueviam +continuum montium jugum, ultra quod plurimae gentes agunt: ex quibus +latissime patet Lygiorum nomen in plures civitates diffusum. +Valentissimas nominasse sufficiet, Arios, Helveconas, Manimos, Elysios, +Naharvalos. Apud Naharvalos antiquae religionis lucus ostenditur. +Praesidet sacerdos muliebri ornatu: sed deos, interpretatione Romana, +Castorem Pollucemque memorant: ea vis numini; nomen Alcis. Nulla +simulacra, nullum peregrinae superstitionis vestigium: ut fratres tamen, +ut juvenes, venerantur. Ceterum Arii super vires, quibus enumeratos paulo +ante populos antecedunt, truces, insitae feritati arte ac tempore +lenocinantur. Nigra scuta, tincta corpora: atras ad proelia noctes +legunt: ipsaque formidine atque umbra feralis exercitus terrorem +inferant, nullo hostium sustinente novum ac velut infernum aspectum: nam +primi in omnibus proeliis oculi vincuntur. Trans Lygios Gothones +regnantur, paulo jam adductius, quam ceterae Germanorum gentes, nondum +tamen supra libertatem. Protinus deinde ab Oceano Rugii et Lemovii +omniumque harum gentium insigne, rotunda scuta, breves gladii, et erga +reges obsequium. + +XLIV. Suionum hinc civitates, ipso in Oceano, praeter viros armaque +classibus valent: forma navium eo differt, quod utrimque prora paratam +semper appulsui frontem agit: nec velis ministrantur, nec remos in +ordinem lateribus adjungunt. Solutum, ut in quibusdam fluminum, et +mutabile, ut res poscit, hinc vel illinc remigium. Est apud illos et +opibus honos; eoque unus imperitat, nullis jam exceptionibus, non +precario jure parendi. Nec arma, ut apud ceteros Germanos, in promiscuo, +sed clausa sub custode et quidem servo: quia subitos hostium incursus +prohibet Oceanus, otiosa porro armatorum manus facile lasciviunt: +enimvero neque nobilem neque ingenuum ne libertinum quidem, armis +praeponere regia utilitas est. + +XLV. Trans Suionas aliud mare, pigrum ac prope immotum, quo cingi +cludique terrarum orbem hinc fides, quod extremus cadentis jam solis +fulgor in ortus edurat adeo clarus, ut sidera hebetet; sonum insuper +audiri, formasque deorum et radios capitis aspici persuasio adjicit. +Illuc usque, et fama vera, tantum natura. Ergo jam dextro Suevici maris +littore Aestyorum gentes alluuntur: quibus ritus habitusque Suevorum; +lingua Britannicae propior. Matrem deum venerantur: insigne +superstitionis, formas aprorum gestant; id pro armis omnique tutela: +securum deae cultorem etiam inter hostes praestat. Rarus ferri, frequens +fustium usus. Frumenta ceterosque fructus patientius, quam pro solita +Germanorum inertia, laborant. Sed et mare scrutantur, ac soli omnium +succinum, quod ipsi glesum vocant inter vada atque in ipso littore +legunt. Nec, quae natura quaeve ratio gignat, ut barbaris, quaesitum +compertumve. Diu quin etiam inter cetera ejectamenta maris jacebat, donec +luxuria nostra dedit nomen: ipsis in nullo usu: rude legitur, informe +perfertur, pretiumque mirantes accipiunt. Succum tamen arborum esse +intelligas, quia terrena quaedam atque etiam volucria animalia plerumque +interlucent, quae implicata humore, mox, durescente materia, cluduntur. +Fecundiora igitur nemora lucosque, sicut Orientis secretis, ubi thura +balsamaque sudantur, ita Occidentis insulis terrisque inesse, crediderim; +quae vicini solis radiis expressa atque liquentia in proximum mare +labuntur, ac vi tempestatum in adversa littora exundant. Si naturam +succini admoto igne tentes, in modum taedae accenditur, alitque flammam +pinguem et olentem: mox ut in picem resinamve lentescit. Suionibus +Sitonum gentes continuantur. Cetera similes, uno differunt, quod femina +dominatur: in tantum non modo a libertate, sed etiam a servitute +degenerant. + +XLVI. Hic Sueviae finis. Peucinorum Vene dorumque et Fennorum nationes +Germanis an Sarmatis ascribam, dubito: quanquam Peucini, quos quidam +Bastarnas vocant, sermone, cultu, sede ac domiciliis, ut Germani, agunt. +Sordes omnium ac torpor procerum: connubiis mixtis, nonnihil in +Sarmatarum habitum foedantur. Venedi multum ex moribus traxerunt. Nam +quidquid inter Peucinos Fennosque silvarum ac montium erigitur, +latrociniis pererrant. Hi tamen inter Germanos potius referuntur, quia et +domos figunt et scuta gestant et pedum usu ac pernicitate gaudent; quae +omnia diversa Sarmatis sunt, in plaustro equoque viventibus. Fennis mira +feritas, foeda paupertas: non arma, non equi, non penates: victui herba, +vestitui pelles, cubile humus: sola in sagittis spes, quas, inopia ferri, +ossibus asperant. Idemque venatus viros pariter ac feminas alit. Passim +enim comitantur, partemque praedae petunt. Nec aliud infantibus ferarum +imbriumque suffugium, quam ut in aliquo ramorum nexu contegantur: huc +redeunt juvenes, hoc senum receptaculum. Sed beatius arbitrantur, quam +ingemere agris, illaborare domibus, suas alienasque fortunas spe metuque +versare. Securi adversus homines, securi adversus deos, rem difficillimam +assecuti sunt, ut illis ne vote quidem opus esset. Cetera jam fabulosa: +Hellusios et Oxionas ora hominum vultusque, corpora atque artus ferarum, +gerere: quod ego, ut incompertum, in medium relinquam. + + + + + + +CN. JULII AGRICOLAE VITA. + + + + +BREVIARIUM. + + +Cap. 1. Scribendi clarorum virorum vitam mos antiquus, 2. sub malis +principibus periculosus, 3. sub Trajano in honorem Agricolae repetitus a +Tacito, qui non eloquentiam, at pietatem pollicetur. 4. Agricolae stirps, +educatio, studia. 5. Positis in Britannia primis castrorum rudimentis, 6. +uxorem ducit: fit quaestor, tribunus, praetor: recognoscendis templorum +donis praefectus. 7. Othoniano bello matrem partemque patrimonii amittit. +8. In Vespasiani partes transgressus, legioni vicesimae in Britannia +praepositus, alienae famae cura promovet suam. 9. Redux inter patricios +ascitus Aquitaniam regit. Consul factus Tacito filiam despondet. +Britanniae praeficitur. + +10. Britanniae descriptio. Thule cognita: mare pigrum. 11. Britannorum +origo, habitus, sacra, sermo, mores, 12. militia, regimen, rarus +conventus: coelum, solum, metalla, margarita. 13. Victae gentis ingenium. +Caesarum in Britanniam expeditiones. 14. Consularium legatorum res +gestae. 15. Britanniae rebellio, 16. Boadicea duce coepta, a Suet. +Paullino compressa. Huic succedunt ignavi. 17. Rem restituunt Petilius +Cerialis et Julius Frontinus; hic Silures, ille Brigantes vincit; 18. +Agricola Ordovices et Monam. Totam provinciam pacat, et 19, 20. +moderatione, prudentia, abstinentia, aequitate in obsequio retinet, 21. +animosque artibus et voluptatibus mollit. + +22, 23. Nova expeditio novas gentes aperit, quae praesidio firmantur. +Agricolae candor in communicanda gloria. 24. Consilium de occupanda +Hibernia. 25-27. Civitates trans Bodotriam sitae explorantur. Caledonii, +Romanos aggressi, consilio ductuque Agricolae pulsi, sacrificiis +conspirationem civitatum sanciunt. 28. Usipiorum cohors miro casu +Britanniam circumvecta. Agricolae filius obit. 29. Bellum Britanni +reparant Calgaco duce, cujus 30-32. oratio ad suos. 33, 34. Romanos +quoque hortatur Agricola. 35-37. Atrox et cruentum proelium. 38. Penes +Romanos victoria. Agricola Britanniam circumvehi praecipit. + +39. Domitianus, fronte laetus, pectore anxius, nuntium victoriae excipit. +40. Honores tamen Agricolae decerni jubet, condito odio, donec provincia +decedat Agricola. Is redux modeste agit. 41. Periculum ab accusatoribus +et laudatoribus. 42. Excusat se, ne provinciam sortiatur proconsul. 43. +Obit non sine veneni suspicione, a Domitiano dati. 44. Ejus aetas, +habitus, honores, opes. 45. Mortis opportunitas ante Domitiani +atrocitates. 46. Questus auctoris et ex virtute solatia. Fama Agricolae +ad posteros transmissa. + + + + +I. Clarorum virorum facta moresque posteris tradere, antiquitus usitatum, +ne nostris quidem temporibus quanquam incuriosa suorum aetas omisit, +quotiens magna aliqua ac nobilis virtus vicit ac supergressa est vitium +parvis magnisque civitatibus commune, ignorantiam recti et invidiam. Sed +apud priores, ut agere digna memoratu pronum magisque in aperto erat, ita +celeberrimus quisque ingenio ad prodendam virtutis memoriam, sine gratia +aut ambitione, bonae tantum conscientiae pretio ducebatur. Ac plerique +suam ipsi vitam narrare fiduciam potius morum, quam arrogantiam arbitrati +sunt: nec id Rutilio et Scauro citra fidem aut obtrectationi fuit: adeo +virtutes iisdem temporibus optime aestimantur, quibus facillime +gignuntur. At nunc narraturo mihi vitam defuncti hominis, venia opus +fuit: quam non petissem incursaturus tam saeva et infesta virtutibus +tempora. + +II. Legimus, cum Aruleno Rustico Paetus Thrasea, Herennio Senecioni +Priscus Helvidius laudati essent, capitale fuisse: neque in ipsos modo +auctores, sed in libros quoque eorum saevitum, delegato triumviris +ministerio, ut monumenta clarissimorum ingeniorum in comitio ac foro +urerentur. Scilicet illo igne vocem populi Romani et libertatem senatus +et conscientiam generis humani aboleri arbitrabantur, expulsis insuper +sapientiae professoribus atque omni bona arte in exilium acta, ne quid +usquam honestum occurreret. Dedimus profecto grande patientiae +documentum: et sicut vetus aetas vidit, quid ultimum in libertate esset, +ita nos, quid in servitute, adempto per inquisitiones et loquendi +audiendique commercio. Memoriam quoque ipsam cum voce perdidissemus, si +tam in nostra potestate esset oblivisci, quam tacere. + +III. Nunc demum redit animus: et quanquam primo statim beatissimi saeculi +ortu Nerva Caesar res olim dissociabiles miscuerit, principatum ac +libertatem, augeatque quotidie felicitatem imperii Nerva Trajanus, nec +spem modo ac votum securitas publica, sed ipsius voti fiduciam ac robur +assumpserit; natura tamen infirmitatis humanae tardiora sunt remedia, +quam mala; et, ut corpora nostra lente augescunt, cito exstinguuntur, sic +ingenia studiaque oppresseris facilius, quam revocaveris. Subit quippe +etiam ipsius inertiae dulcedo: et invisa primo desidia postremo amatur. +Quid, si per quindecim annos, grande mortalis aevi spatium, multi +fortuitis casibus, promptissimus quisque saevitia principis +interciderunt? Pauci, et, ut ita dixerim, non modo aliorum, sed etiam +nostri superstites sumus, exemptis e media vita tot annis, quibus juvenes +ad senectutem, senes prope ad ipsos exactae aetatis terminos per +silentium venimus. Non tamen pigebit vel incondita ac rudi voce memoriam +prioris servitutis ac testimonium praesentium bonorum composuisse. Hic +interim liber honori Agricolae soceri mei destinatus, professione +pietatis aut laudatus erit aut excusatus. + +IV. Cnaeus Julius Agricola, veteri et illustri Forojuliensium colonia +ortus, utrumque avum procuratorem Caesarum habuit: quae equestris +nobilitas est. Pater Julius Graecinus, senatorii ordinis, studio +eloquentiae sapientiaeque notus, iisque ipsis virtutibus iram Caii +Caesaris meritus: namque M. Silanum accusare jussus et, quia abnuerat, +interfectus est. Mater Julia Procilla fuit, rarae castitatis: in hujus +sinu indulgentiaque educatus, per omnem honestarum artium cultum +pueritiam adolescentiamque transegit. Arcebat eum ab illecebris +peccantium, praeter ipsius bonam integramque naturam, quod statim +parvulus sedem ac magistram studiorum Massiliam habuit, locum Graeca +comitate et provinciali parsimonia mistum ac bene compositum. Memoria +teneo solitum ipsum narrare, se in prima juventa studium philosophiae +acrius, ultra quam concessum Romano ac senatori, hausisse, ni prudentia +matris incensum ac flagrantem animum coercuisset. Scilicet sublime et +erectum ingenium pulchritudinem ac speciem excelsae magnaeque gloriae +vehementius, quam caute, appetebat: mox mitigavit ratio et aetas: +retinuitque, quod est difficillimum, ex sapientia modum. + +V. Prima castrorum rudimenta in Britannia Suetonio Paullino, diligenti ac +moderato duci, approbavit, electus, quem contubernio aestimaret. Nec +Agricola licenter more juvenum, qui militiam in lasciviam vertunt, neque +segniter ad voluptates et commeatus titulum tribunatus et inscitiam +retulit: sed noscere provinciam, nosci exercitui, discere a peritis, +sequi optimos, nihil appetere jactatione, nihil ob formidinem recusare, +simulque et anxius et intentus agere. Non sane alias exercitatior +magisque in ambiguo Britannia fuit: trucidati veterani, incensae +coloniae, intercepti exercitus; tum de salute, mox de victoria, +certavere. Quae cuncta, etsi consiliis ductuque alterius agebantur ac +summa rerum et recuperatae provinciae gloria in ducem cessit, artem et +usum et stimulos addidere juveni; intravitque animum militaris gloriae +cupido ingrata temporibus, quibus sinistra erga eminentes interpretatio, +nec minus periculum ex magna fama, quam ex mala. + +VI. Hinc ad capessendos magistratus in urbem digressus, Domitiam +Decidianam, splendidis natalibus ortam, sibi junxit; idque matrimonium ad +majora nitenti decus ac robur fuit; vixeruntque mira concordia, per +mutuam caritatem et invicem se anteponendo: nisi quod in bona uxore tanto +major laus, quanto in mala plus culpae est. Sors quaesturae provinciam +Asiam, proconsulem Salvium Titianum dedit: quorum neutro corruptus est; +quanquam et provincia dives ac parata peccantibus, et proconsul in omnem +aviditatem pronus, quantalibet facilitate redempturus esset mutuam +dissimulationem mali. Auctus est ibi filia, in subsidium simul et +solatium: nam filium ante sublatum brevi amisit. Mox inter quaesturam ac +tribunatum plebis atque etiam ipsum tribunatus annum quiete et otio +transiit, gnarus sub Nerone temporum, quibus inertia pro sapientia fuit. +Idem praeturae tenor et silentium; nec enim jurisdictio obvenerat: ludos +et inania honoris medio rationis atque abundantiae duxit, uti longe a +luxuria, ita famae propior. Tum electus a Galba ad dona templorum +recognoscenda, diligentissima conquisitione fecit, ne cujus alterius +sacrilegium respublica, quam Neronis sensisset. + +VII. Sequens annus gravi vulnere animum domumque ejus afflixit: nam +classis Othoniana, licenter vaga, dum Intemelios (Liguriae pars est) +hostiliter populatur, matrem Agricolae in praediis suis interfecit: +praediaque ipsa et magnam patrimonii partem diripuit, quae causa caedis +fuerat. Igitur ad solemnia pietatis profectus Agricola, nuntio affectati +a Vespasiano imperii deprehensus ac statim in partes transgressus est. +Initia principatus ac statim urbis Mucianus regebat, juvene admodum +Domitiano et ex paterna fortuna tantum licentiam usurpante. Is missum ad +delectus agendos Agricolam integreque ac strenue versatum, vicesimae +legioni, tarde ad sacramentum transgressae; praeposuit, ubi decessor +seditiose agere narrabatur: quippe legatis quoque consularibus nimia ac +formidolosa erat. Nec legatus praetorius ad cohibendum potens, incertum, +suo an militum ingenio: ita successor simul et ultor electus, rarissima +moderatione maluit videri invenisse bonos, quam fecisse. + +VIII. Praeerat tunc Britanniae Vettius Bolanus placidius, quam feroci +provincia dignum est: temperavit Agricola vim suam ardoremque compescuit, +ne incresceret; peritus obsequi eruditusque utilia honestis miscere. +Brevi deinde Britannia consularem Petilium Cerialem accepit. Habuerunt +virtutes spatium exemplorum. Sed primo Cerialis labores modo et +discrimina, mox et gloriam communicabat: saepe parti exercitus in +experimentum, aliquando majoribus copiis ex eventu praefecit: nec +Agricola unquam in suam famam gestis exsultavit; ad auctorem et ducem, ut +minister, fortunam referebat: ita virtute in obsequendo, verecundia in +praedicando, extra invidiam, nec extra gloriam erat. + +IX. Revertentem ab legatione legionis divus Vespasianus inter patricios +ascivit, ac deinde provinciae Aquitaniae praeposuit, splendidae in primis +dignitatis, administratione ac spe consulatus, cui destinarat. Credunt +plerique militaribus ingeniis subtilitatem deesse, quia castrensis +jurisdictio secura et obtusior ac plura manu agens calliditatem fori non +exerceat. Agricola naturali prudentia, quamvis inter togatos, facile +justeque agebat. Jam vero tempora curarum remissionumque divisa: ubi +conventus ac judicia poscerent, gravis, intentus, severus, et saepius +misericors; ubi officio satisfactum, nulla ultra potestatis persona: +tristitiam et arrogantiam et avaritiam exuerat: nec illi, quod est +rarissimum, aut facilitas auctoritatem aut severitas amorem deminuit. +Integritatem atque abstinentiam in tanto viro referre, injuria virtutum +fuerit. Ne famam quidem, cui etiam saepe boni indulgent, ostentanda +virtute, aut per artem quaesivit: procul ab aemulatione adversus +collegas, procul a contentione adversus procuratores, et vincere +inglorium, et atteri sordidum arbitrabatur. Minus triennium in ea +legatione detentus ac statim ad spem consulatus revocatus est, comitante +opinione Britanniam ei provinciam dari nullis in hoc suis sermonibus sed +quia par videbatur. Haud semper errat fama, aliquando et elegit. Consul +egregiae tum spei filiam juveni mihi despondit ac post Consulatum +collocavit, et statim Britanniae praepositus est, adjecto pontificatus +sacerdotio. + +X. Britanniae situm populosque, multis scriptoribus memoratos non in +comparationem curae ingeniive referam; sed quia tum primum perdomita est. +Ita quae priores nondum comperta eloquentia percoluere, rerum fide +tradentur. Britannia, insularum quas Romana notitia complectitur, maxima, +spatio ac coelo in orientem Germaniae, in occidentem Hispaniae +obtenditur: Gallis in meridiem etiam inspicitur: septemtrionalia ejus, +nullis contra terris, vasto atque aperto mari pulsantur. Formam totius +Britanniae Livius veterum, Fabius Rusticus recentium eloquentissimi +auctores, oblongae scutulae vel bipenni assimulavere: et est ea facies +citra Caledoniam, unde et in universum fama est transgressa: sed +immensunt et enorme spatium procurrentium extremo jam littore terrarum, +velut in cuneum tenuatur. Hanc oram novissimi maris tunc primum Romana +classis circumvecta insulam esse Britanniam affirmavit, ac simul +incognitas ad id tempus insulas, quas Orcadas vocant, invenit domuitque. +Dispecta est et Thule, nam hactenus jussum, et hiems appetebat; sed mare +pigrum et grave remigantibus; perhibent ne ventis quidem perinde attolli: +credo, quod rariores terrae montesque, causa ac materia tempestatum, et +profunda moles continui maris tardius impellitur. Naturam Oceani atque +aestus neque quaerere hujus operis est, ac multi retulere; unum +addiderim: nusquam latius dominari mare, multum fluminum huc atque illuc +ferre, nec littore tenus accrescere aut resorberi, sed influere penitus +atque ambire, et jugis etiam atque montibus inseri velut in suo. + +XI. Ceterum Britanniam qui mortales initio coluerint, indigenae an +advecti, ut inter barbaros, parum compertum. Habitus corporum varii: +atque ex eo argumenta; namque rutilae Caledoniam habitantium comae, magni +artus, Germanicam originem asseverant. Silurum colorati vultus et torti +plerumque crines et posita contra Hispania Iberos veteres trajecisse +easque sedes occupasse fidem faciunt. Proximi Gallis et similes sunt; seu +durante originis vi, seu, procurrentibus in diversa terris, positio coeli +corporibus habitum dedit: in universum tamen aestimanti, Gallos vicinam +insulam occupasse credibile est. Eorum sacra deprehendas superstitionum +persuasione: sermo haud multum diversus; in deposcendis periculis eadem +audacia et, ubi advenere, in detrectandis eadem formido. Plus tamen +ferociae Britanni praeferunt, ut quos nondum longa pax emollierit: nam +Gallos quoque in bellis floruisse accepimus: mox segnitia cum otio +intravit, amissa virtute pariter ac libertate; quod Britannorum olim +victis evenit: ceteri manent, quales Galli fuerunt. + +XII. In pedite robur: quaedam nationes et curru proeliantur: honestior +auriga, clientes propugnant. Olim regibus parebant, nunc per principes +factionibus et studiis trahuntur: nec aliud adversus validissimas gentes +pro nobis utilius, quam quod in commune non consulunt. Rarus duabus +tribusve civitatibus ad propulsandum commune periculum conventus: ita, +dum singuli pugnant, universi vincuntur. Coelum crebris imbribus ac +nebulis foedum: asperitas frigorum abest. Dierum spatia ultra nostri +orbis mensuram, et nox clara et extrema Britanniae parte brevis, ut finem +atque initium lucis exiguo discrimine internoscas. Quod si nubes non +officiant, aspici per noctem solis fulgorem, nec occidere et exsurgere, +sed transire affirmant. Scilicet extrema et plana terrarum, humili umbra, +non erigunt tenebras, infraque coelum et sidera nox cadit. Solum, praeter +oleam vitemque et cetera calidioribus terris oriri sueta, patiens frugum, +fecundum. Tarde mitescunt, cito proveniunt: eadem utriusque rei causa, +multus humor terrarum coelique. Fert Britannia aurum et argentum et alia +metalla, pretium victoriae: gignit et Oceanus margarita, sed subfusca ac +liventia. Quidam artem abesse legentibus arbitrantur: nam in Rubro mari +viva ac spirantia saxis avelli, in Britannia, prout expulsa sint, +colligi: ego facilius crediderim naturam margaritis deesse, quam nobis +avaritiam. + +XIII. Ipsi Britanni delectum ac tributa et injuncta imperii munera +impigre obeunt, si injuriae absint: has aegre tolerant, jam domiti ut +pareant, nondum ut serviant. Igitur primus omnium Romanorum divus Julius +cum exercitu Britanniam ingressus, quanquam prospera pugna terruerit +incolas ac littore potitus sit, potest videri ostendisse posteris, non +tradidisse. Mox bella civilia et in rempublicam versa principum arma, ac +longa oblivio Britanniae etiam in pace. Consilium id divus Augustus +vocabat, Tiberius praeceptum. Agitasse C. Caesarem de intranda Britannia +satis, constat, ni velox ingenio, mobilis poenitentiae, et ingentes +adversus Germaniam conatus frustra fuissent. Divus Claudius auctor +operis, transvectis legionibus auxiliisque et assumpto in partem rerum +Vespasiano: quod initium venturae mox fortunae fuit: domitae gentes, +capti reges, et monstratus fatis Vespasianus. + +XIV. Consularium primus Aulus Plautius praepositus, ac subinde Ostorius +Scapula, uterque bello egregius: redactaque paulatim in formam provinciae +proxima pars Britanniae: addita insuper veteranorum colonia: quaedam +civitates Cogiduno regi donatae (is id nostram usque memoriam fidissimus +mansit) ut vetere ac jam pridem recepta populi Romani consuetudine, +haberet instrumenta servitutis et reges. Mox Didius Gallus parta a +prioribus continuit, paucis admodum castellis in ulteriora promotis, per +quae fama aucti officii quaereretur. Didium Veranius excepit, isque intra +annum exstinctus est. Suetonius hinc Paullinus biennio prosperas res +habuit, subactis nationibus firmatisque praesidiis: quorum fiducia Monara +insulam, ut vires rebellibus ministrantem, aggressus, terga occasioni +patefecit. + +XV. Namque absentia legati remoto metu, Britanni agitare inter se mala +servitutis, conferre injurias et interpretando accendere: nihil profici +patientia, nisi ut graviora, tanquam ex facili toleratibus, imperentur: +singulos sibi olim reges fuisse, nunc binos imponi: e quibus legatus in +sanguinem, procurator in bona saeviret. Aeque discordiam praepositorum, +aeque concordiam, subjectis exitiosam: alterius manus centuriones, +alterius servos vim et contumelias miscere. Nihil jam cupiditati, nihil +libidini exceptum: in proelio fortiorem esse, qui spoliet; nunc ab +ignavis plerumque et imbellibus eripi domos, abstrahi liberos, injungi +delectus, tanquam mori tantum pro patria nescientibus: quantulum enim +transisse militum, si sese Britanni numerent? sic Germanias excussisse +jugum: et flumine, non Oceano, defendi: sibi patriam, conjuges, parentes, +illis avaritiam et luxuriam causas belli esse. Recessuros, ut divus +Julius recessisset, modo virtutes majorum suorum aemularentur. Neve +proelii unius aut alterius eventu pavescerent: plus impetus, majorem +constantiam, penes miseros esse. Jam Britannorum etiam deos misereri, qui +Romanum ducem absentem, qui relegatum in alia insula exercitum +detinerent: jam ipsos, quod difficillimum fuerit, deliberare: porro in +ejusmodi consiliis periculosius esse deprehendi, quam audere. + +XVI. His atque talibus invicem instincti, Boudicea, generis regii femina, +duce (neque enim sexum in imperiis discernunt) sumpsere universi bellum: +ac sparsos per castella milites consectati, expugnatis praesidiis, ipsam +coloniam invasere, ut sedem servitutis: nec ullum in barbaris saevitiae +genus omisit ira et victoria. Quod nisi Paullinus, cognito provinciae +motu, propere subvenisset, amissa Britannia foret: quam unius proelii +fortuna veteri patientiae restituit, tenentibus arma plerisque, quos +conscientia defectionis et propius ex legato timor agitabat, ne, quanquam +egregius cetera, arroganter in deditos et, ut suae quoque injuriae +ultor, durius consuleret. Missus igitur Petronius Turpilianus, tanquam +exorabilior: et delictis hostium novus, eoque poenitentiae mitior, +compositis prioribus, nihil ultra ausus, Trebellio Maximo provinciam +tradidit. Trebellius segnior, et nullis castrorum experimentis, comitate +quadam curandi provinciam tenuit. Didicere jam barbari quoque ignoscere +vitiis blandientibus: et interventus civilium armorum praebuit justam +segnitiae excusationem: sed discordia laboratum, cum assuetus +expeditionibus miles otio lasciviret. Trebellius fuga ac latebris vitata +exercitus ira, indecorus atque humilis, precario mox praefuit: ac velut +pacti, exercitus licentiam, dux salutem; et seditio sine sanguina stetit. +Nec Vettius Bolanus, manentibus adhuc civilibus bellis, agitavit +Britanniam disciplina: eadem inertia erga hostes, similis petulantia +castrorum: nisi quod innocens Bolanus et nullis delictis invisus, +caritatem paraverat loco auctoritatis. + +XVII. Sed, ubi cum cetero orbe Vespasianus et Britanniam recuperavit, +magni duces, egregii exercitus, minuta hostium spes. Et terrorem statira +intulit Petilius Cerialis, Brigantum civitatem, quae numerosissima +provinciae totius perhibetur, aggressus. Multa proelia, et aliquando non +incruenta magnamque Brigantum partem aut victoria amplexus est aut bello. +Et, cum Cerialis quidem alterius successoris curam famamque obruisset, +sustinuit quoque molem Julius Frontinus, vir magnus quantum licebat, +validamque et pugnacem Silurum gentem armis subegit, super virtutem +hostium, locorum quoque difficultates eluctatus. + +XVIII. Hunc Britanniae statum, has bellorum vices media jam aestate +transgressus Agricola invenit, cum et milites, velut omissa expeditione, +ad securitatem, et hostes ad occasionem verterentur. Ordovicum civitas, +haud multo ante adventum ejus, alam, in finibus suis agentem, prope +universam obtriverat eoque initio erecta provincia: et, quibus bellum +volentibus erat, probare exemplum, ac recentis legati animum opperiri, +cum Agricola, quanquam transvecta aestas, sparsi per provinciam numeri, +praesumpta apud militem illius anni quies, tarda et contraria bellum +inchoaturo, et plerisque custodiri suspecta potius videbatur, ire obviam +discrimini statuit: contractisque legionum vexillis et modica auxiliorum +manu, quia in aequum degredi Ordovices non audebant, ipse ante agmen, quo +ceteris par animus simili periculo esset, erexit aciem: caesaque prope +universa gente, non ignarus instandum famae, ac, prout prima cessissent, +terrorem ceteris fore, Monam insulam, cujus possessione revocatum +Paullinum rebellione totius Britanniae supra memoravi, redigere in +potestatem animo intendit. Sed, ut in dubiis consiliis, naves deerant: +ratio et constantia ducis transvexit. Depositis omnibus sarcinis, +lectissimos auxiliarium, quibus nota vada et patrius nandi usus, quo +simul seque et arma et equos regunt, ita repente immisit, ut obstupefacti +hostes, qui classem, qui naves, qui mare expectabant, nihil arduum aut +invictum crediderint sic ad bellum venientibus. Ita petita pace ac dedita +insula, clarus ac magnus haberi Agricola: quippe cui ingredienti +provinciam, quod tempus alii per ostentationem aut officiorum ambitum +transigunt, labor et periculum placuisset. Nec Agricola, prosperitate +rerum in vanitatem usus, expeditionem aut victoriam vocabat victos +continuisse: ne laureatis quidem gesta prosecutus est: sed ipsa +dissimulatione famae famam auxit, aestimantibus, quanta futuri spe tam +magna tacuisset. + +XIX. Ceterum animorum provinciae prudens, simulque doctus per aliena +experimenta parum profici armis, si injuriae sequerentur, causas bellorum +statuit excidere. A se suisque orsus, primum domum suam coercuit; quod +plerisque haud minus arduum est, quam provinciam regere. Nihil per +libertos servosque publicae rei: non studiis privatis nec ex +commendatione aut precibus centurionum milites ascire, sed optimum +quemque fidissimum putare: omnia scire, non omnia exsequi: parvis +peccatis veniam, magnis severitatem commodare: nec poena semper, sed +saepius poenitentia contentus esse: officiis et administrationibus potius +non peccaturos praeponere, quam damnare, cum peccassent. Frumenti et +tributorum auctionem aequalitate munerum mollire, circumcisis, quae, in +quaestum reperta, ipso tributo gravius tolerabantur: namque per ludibrium +assidere clausis horreis et emere ultro frumenta, ac vendere pretio +cogebantur: devortia itinerum et longinquitas regionum indicebatur, ut +civitates a proximis hibernis in remota et avia referrent, donec, quod +omnibus in promptu erat, paucis lucrosum fieret. + +XX. Haec primo statim anno comprimendo, egregiam famam paci circumdedit; +quae vel incuria vel intolerantia priorum haud minus quam bellum +timebatur. Sed, ubi aestas advenit, contracto exercitu, multus in agmine +laudare modestiam, disjectos coercere: loca castris ipse capere, +aestuaria ac silvas ipse praetentare; et nihil interim apud hostes +quietum pati, quo minus subitis excursibus popularetur: atque, ubi satis +terruerat, parcendo rursus irritamenta pacis ostentare. Quibus rebus +multae civitates, quae in illum diem ex aequo egerant, datis obsidibus, +iram posuere, et praesidiis castellisque circumdatae tanta ratione +curaque, ut nulla ante Britanniae nova pars illacessita transierit. + +XXI. Sequens hiems saluberrimis consiliis absumpta: namque, ut homines +dispersi ac rudes, eoque in bella faciles, quieti et otio per voluptates +assuescerent, hortari privatim, adjuvare publice, ut templa, fora, domus +exstruerent, laudando promptos et castigando segnes: ita honoris +aemulatio pro necessitate erat. Jam vero principum filios liberalibus +artibus erudire, et ingenia Britannorum studiis Gallorum anteferre, ut, +qui modo linguam Romanam abnuebant, eloquentiam concupiscerent. Inde +etiam habitus nostri honor et frequens toga: paulatimque discessum ad +delenimenta vitiorum, porticus et balnea et conviviorum elegantiam: idque +apud imperitos humanitas vocabatur, cum pars servitutis esset. + +XXII. Tertius expeditionum annus novas gentes aperuit, vastatis usque ad +Taum (aestuario nomen est) nationibus: qua formidine territi hostes +quanquam conflictatum saevis tempestatibus exercitum lacessere non ausi; +ponendisque insuper castellis spatium fuit. Annotabant periti non alium +ducem opportunitates locorum sapientius legisse: nullum ab Agricola +positum castellum aut vi hostium expugnatum aut pactione ac fuga +desertum. Crebrae eruptiones: nam adversus moras obsidionis annuis copiis +firmabantur: ita intrepida ibi hiems, et sibi quisque praesidio, irritis +hostibus eoque desperantibus, quia soliti plerumque damna aestatis +hibernis eventibus pensare, tum aestate atque hieme juxta pellebantur. +Nec Agricola unquam per alios gesta avidus intercepit: seu centurio seu +praefectus, incorruptum facti testem habebat. Apud quosdam acerbior in +conviciis narrabatur; ut erat comis bonis, adversus malos injucundus: +ceterum ex iracundia nihil supererat; secretum et silentium ejus non +timeres: honestius putabat offendere, quam odisse. + +XXIII. Quarta aestas obtinendis, quae percurrerat, insumpta: ac, si +virtus exercituum et Romani nominis gloria pateretur, inventus in ipsa +Britannia terminus. Nam Clota et Bodotria, diversi maris aestibus per +immensum revectae, angusto terrarum spatio dirimuntur: quod tum +praesidiis firmabatur: atque omnis propior sinus tenebatur, summotis +velut in aliam insulam hostibus. + +XXIV. Quinto expeditionum anno, nave prima transgressus, ignotas ad id +tempus gentes crebris simul ac prosperis proeliis domuit: eamque partem +Britanniae, quae Hiberniam aspicit, copiis instruxit in spem magis quam +ob formidinem; si quidem Hibernia, medio inter Britanniam atque Hispaniam +sita et Gallico quoque mari opportuna, valentissimam imperii partem +magnis invicem usibus miscuerit. Spatium ejus, si Britanniae comparetur, +angustius, nostri maris insulas superat. Solum coelumque et ingenia +cultusque hominum haud multum a Britannia differunt: in melius aditus +portusque per commercia et negotiatores cogniti. Agricola expulsum +seditione domestica unum ex regulis gentis exceperat ac specie amicitiae +in occasionem retinebat. Saepe ex eo audivi, legione una et modicis +auxiliis debellari obtinerique Hiberniam posse. Idque etiam adversus +Britanniam profuturum, si Romana ubique arma, et velut e conspectu +libertas tolleretur. + +XXV. Ceterum aestate, qua sextum officii annum inchoabat, amplexus +civitates trans Bodotriam sitas, quia motus universarum ultra gentium et +infesta hostilis exercitus itinera timebantur, portus classe exploravit: +quae, ab Agricola primum assumpta in partem virium, sequebatur egregia +specie, cum simul terra, simul mari bellum impelleretur, ac saepe iisdem +castris pedes equesque et nauticus miles, mixti copiis et laetitia, sua +quisque facta, suos casus attollerent: ac modo silvarum ac montium +profunda, modo tempestatum ac fluctuum adversa, hinc terra et hostis, +hinc victus Oceanus militari jactantia compararentur. Britannos quoque, +ut ex captivis audiebatur, visa classis obstupefaciebat, tanquam, aperto +maris sui secreto, ultimum victis perfugium clauderetur. Ad manus et arma +conversi Caledoniam incolentes populi, paratu magno, majore fama, uti mos +est de ignotis, oppugnasse ultro, castella adorti, metum, ut provocantes, +addiderant: regrediendumque citra Bodotriam, et excedendum potius, quam +pellerentur, specie prudentium ignavi admonebant: cum interim cognoscit +hostes pluribus agminibus irrupturos. Ac, ne superante numero et peritia +locorum circumiretur, diviso et ipse in tres partes exercitu incessit. + +XXVI. Quod ubi cognitum hosti, mutato repente consilio, universi nonam +legionem, ut maxime invalidam, nocte aggressi, inter somnum ac +trepidationem caesis vigilibus, irrupere. Jamque in ipsis castris +pugnabant, cum Agricola, iter hostium ab exploratoribus edoctus et +vestigiis insecutus, velocissimos equitum peditumque assultare tergis +pugnantium jubet, mox ab universis adjici clamorem; et propinqua luce +fulsere signa: ita ancipiti malo territi Britanni: et Romanis redit +animus, ac, securi pro salute, de gloria certabant. Ultro quin etiam +erupere: et fuit atrox in ipsia portarum angustiis proelium, donec pulsi +hostes; utroque exercitu certante, his, ut tulisse opem, illis, ne +eguisse auxilio viderentur. Quod nisi paludes et silvae fugientes +texissent, debellatum illa victoria foret. + +XXVII. Cujus conscientia ac fama ferox exercitus nihil virtuti suae +invium: penetrandam Caledoniam, inveniendumque tandem Britanniae terminum +continuo proeliorum cursu, fremebant: atque illi modo cauti ac sapientes, +prompti post eventum ac magniloqui erant. Iniquissima haec bellorum +conditio est: prospera omnes sibi vindicant, adversa uni imputantur. At +Britanni non virtute, sed occasione et arte ducis rati, nihil ex +arrogantia remittere, quo minus juventutem armarent, conjuges ac liberos +in loca tuta transferrent, coetibus ac sacrificiis conspirationem +civitatum sancirent: atque ita irritatis utrimque animis discessum. + +XXVIII. Eadem aestate cohors Usipiorum, per Germanias conscripta, in +Britanniam transmissa, magnum ac memorabile facinus ausa est. Occiso +centurione ac militibus, qui ad tradendam disciplinam immixti manipulis +exemplum et rectores habebantur, tres liburnicas, adactis per vim +gubernatoribus, ascendere: et uno remigante, suspectis duobus eoque +interfectis, nondum vulgato rumore ut miraculum praevehebantur: mox hac +atque illa rapti, et cum plerisque Britannorum, sua defensantium, proelio +congressi, ac saepe victores, aliquando pulsi, eo ad extremum inopiae +venere, ut infirmissimos suorum, mox sorte ductos, vescerentur. Atque +circumvecti Britanniam, amissis per inscitiam regendi navibus, pro +praedonibus habiti, primum a Suevis, mox a Frisiis intercepti sunt: ac +fuere, quos per commercia venumdatos et in nostram usque ripam mutatione +ementium adductos, indicium tanti casus illustravit. + +XXIX. Initio aestatis Agricola, domestico vulnere ictus, anno ante natum +filum amisit. Quem casum neque, ut plerique fortium virorum, ambitiose, +neque per lamenta rursus ac moerorem muliebriter tulit: et in luctu +bellum inter remedia erat. Igitur praemissa classe, quae pluribus locis +praedata, magnum et incertum terrorem faceret, expedito exercitu, cui ex +Britannis fortissimos et longa pace exploratos addiderat, ad montem +Grampium pervenit, quem jam hostis insederat. Nam Britanni, nihil fracti +pugnae prioris eventu, et ultionem aut servitium exspectantes, tandemque +docti commune periculum concordia propulsandum, legationibus et +foederibus omnium civitatum vires exciverant. Jamque super triginta +millia armatorum aspiciebantur, et adhuc affluebat omnis juventus et +quibus cruda ac viridis senectus, clari bello et sua quisque decora +gestantes: cum inter plures duces virtute et genere praestans, nomine +Calgacus, apud contractam multitudinem proelium poscentem, in hunc modum +locutus fertur: + +XXX. "Quotiens causas belli et necessitatem nostram intueor, magnus mihi +animus est hodiernum diem consensumque vestrum initium libertatis totius +Britanniae fore. Nam et universi servitutis expertes, et nullae ultra +terrae, ac ne mare quidem securum, imminente nobis classe Romana: ita +proelium atque arma, quae fortibus honesta, eadem etiam ignavis tutissima +sunt. Priores pugnae, quibus adversus Romanos varia fortuna certatum est, +spem ac subsidium in nostris manibus habebant: quia nobilissimi totius +Britanniae eoque in ipsis penetralibus siti, nec servientium littora +aspicientes, oculos quoque a contactu dominationis inviolatos habebamus. +Nos terrarum ac libertatis extremos, recessus ipse ac sinus famae in +hunc diem defendit: nunc terminus Britanniae patet; atque omne ignotum +pro magnifico est. Sed nulla jam ultra gens, nihil nisi fluctus et saxa, +et infestiores Romani: quorum superbiam frustra per obsequium et +modestiam effugeris. Raptores orbis, postquam cuncta vastantibus defuere +terrae, et mare scrutantur: si locuples hostis est, avari; si pauper, +ambitiosi: quos non Oriens, non Occidens, satiaverit. Soli omnium opes +atque inopiam pari affectu concupiscunt. Auferre, trucidare, rapere, +falsis nominibus imperium; atque, ubi solitudinem faciunt, pacem +appellant." + +XXXI. "Liberos cuique ac propinquos suos natura carissimos esse voluit; +hi per delectus, alibi servituri, auferuntur conjuges sororesque, etsi +hostilem libidinem effugiant, nomine amicorum atque hospitum polluuntur. +Bona fortunasque in tributum egerunt, annos in frumentum: corpora ipsa ac +manus silvis ac paludibus emuniendis inter verbera ac contumelias +conterunt. Nata servituti mancipia semel veneunt, atque ultro a dominis +aluntur: Britannia servitutem suam quotidie emit, quotidie pascit. Ac, +sicut in familia recentissimus quisque servorum et conservis ludibrio +est, sic in hoc orbis terrarum vetere famulatu novi nos et viles in +excidium petimur. Neque enim arva nobis aut metalla aut portus sunt, +quibus exercendis reservemur. Virtus porro ac ferocia subjectorum ingrata +imperantibus: et longinquitas ac secretum ipsum quo tutius, eo +suspectius. Ita, sublata spe veniae, tandem sumite animum, tam quibus +salus, quam quibus gloria carissima est. Trinobantes, femina duce, +exurere coloniam, expugnare castra, ac, nisi felicitas in socordiam +vertisset, exuere jugum potuere: nos integri et indomiti et libertatem +non in poenitentiam laturi, primo statim congressu nonne ostendamus, quos +sibi Caledonia viros seposuerit? An eandem Romanis in bello virtutem, +quam in pace lasciviam adesse creditis?" + +XXXII. "Nostris illi dissensionibus ac discordiis clari, vitia hostium in +gloriam exercitus sui vertunt: quem contractum ex diversissimis gentibus, +ut secundae res tenent, ita adversae dissolvent: nisi si Gallos et +Germanos et (pudet dictu) Britannorum plerosque, licet dominationi +alienae sanguinem commodent, diutius tamen hostes quam servos, fide et +affectu teneri putatis: metus et terror est, infirma vincula caritatis +quae ubi removeris, qui timere desierint, odisse incipient. Omnia +victoriae incitamenta pro nobis sunt: nullae Romanos conjuges accendunt; +nulli parentes fugam exprobraturi sunt; aut nulla plerisque patria, aut +alia est. Paucos numero, trepidos ignorantia, coelum ipsum ac mare et +silvas, ignota omnia circumspectantes, clausos quodammodo ac vinctos dii +nobis tradiderunt. Ne terreat vanus aspectus et auri fulgor atque +argenti, quod neque tegit neque vulnerat. In ipsa hostium acie inveniemus +nostras manus: agnoscent Britanni suam causam: recordabuntur Galli +priorem libertatem: deserent illos ceteri Germani, tanquam nuper Usipii +reliquerunt. Nec quidquam ultra formidinis: vacua castella, senum +coloniae, inter male parentes et injuste imperantes aegra municipia et +discordantia: hic dux, hic exercitus: ibi tributa et metalla et ceterae +servientium poenae: quas in aeternum perferre aut statim ulcisci in hoc +campo est. Proinde ituri in aciem et majores vestros et posteros +cogitate." + +XXXIII. Excepere orationem alacres, ut barbaris moris, cantu et fremitu +clamoribusque dissonis. Jam que agmina, et armorum fulgores audentissimi +cujusque procursu: simul instruebantur acies: cum Agricola, quanquam +laetum et vix munimentis coercitum militem adhortatus, ita disseruit: +"Octavus annus est, commilitones, ex quo virtute et auspiciis imperii +Romani fide atque opera vestra Britanniam vicistis: tot expeditionibus, +tot proeliis, seu fortitudine adversus hostes seu patientia ac labore +paene adversus ipsam rerum naturam opus fuit, neque me militum neque vos +ducis poenituit. Ergo egressi, ego veterum legatorum, vos priorum +exercituum terminos, finem Britanniae non fama nec rumore, sed castris et +armis tenemus. Inventa Britannia et subacta. Equidem saepe in agmine, cum +vos paludes montesve et flumina fatigarent, fortissimi cujusque voces +audiebam, Quando dabitur hostis, quando acies? Veniunt, e latebris suis +extrusi: et vota virtusque in aperto, omniaque prona victoribus, atque +eadem victis adversa. Nam, ut superasse tantum itineris, silvas evasisse, +transisse aestuaria pulchrum ac decorum in frontem; ita fugientibus +periculosissima, quae hodie prosperrima sunt. Neque enim nobis aut +locorum eadem notitia aut commeatuum eadem abundantia: sed manus et arma +et in his omnia. Quod ad me attinet, jam pridem mihi decretum est, neque +exercitus neque ducis terga tuta esse. Proinde et honesta mors turpi vita +potior; et incolumitas ac decus eodem loco sita sunt: nec inglorium +fuerit, in ipso terrarum ac naturae fine cecidisse." + +XXXIV. "Si novae gentes atque ignota acies constitisset, aliorum +exercituum exemplis vos hortarer: nunc vestra decora recensete, vestros +oculos interrogate. Ii sunt, quos proximo anno, unam legionem furto +noctis aggressos, clamore debellastis: ii ceterorum Britannorum +fugacissimi, ideoque tam diu superstites. Quomodo silvas saltusque +penetrantibus fortissimum quodque animal contra ruere, pavida et inertia +ipso agminis sono pelluntur, sic acerrimi Britannorum jam pridem +ceciderunt: reliquus est numerus ignavorum et metuentium, quos quod +tandem invenistis, non restiterunt, sed deprehensi sunt: novissimae res +et extremo metu corpora defixere aciem in his vestigiis, in quibus +pulchram et spectabilem victoriam ederetis. Transigite cum +expeditionibus: imponite quinquaginta annis magnum diem: approbate +reipublicae nunquam exercitui imputari potuisse aut moras belli aut +causas rebellandi." + +XXXV. Et alloquente adhuc Agricola, militum ardor eminebat, et finem +orationis ingens alacritas consecuta est, statimque ad arma discursum. +Instinctos ruentesque ita disposuit, ut peditum auxilia, quae octo +millia erant, mediam aciem firmarent, equitum tria millia cornibus +affunderentur: legiones pro vallo stetere, ingens victoriae decus citra +Romanum sanguinem bellanti, et auxilium, si pellerentur. Britannorum +acies, in speciem simul ac terrorem, editioribus locis constiterat +ita, ut primum agmen aequo, ceteri per acclive jugum connexi velut +insurgerent: media campi covinarius et eques strepitu ac discursu +complebat. Tum Agricola superante hostium multitudine veritus, ne simul +in frontem, simul et latera suorum pugnaretur, diductis ordinibus, +quanquam porrectior acies futura erat et arcessendas plerique legiones +admonebant, promptior in spem et firmus adversis, dimisso equo pedes +ante vexilla constitit. + +XXXVI. Ac primo congressu eminus certabatur simul constantia, simul arte +Britanni ingentibus gladiis et brevibus cetris missilia nostrorum vitare +vel excutere, atque ipsi magnam vim telorum superfundere: donec Agricola +Batavorum cohortes ac Tungrorum duas cohortatus est, ut rem ad mucrones +ac manus adducerent: quod et ipsis vetustate militiae exercitatum, et +hostibus inhabile parva scuta et enormes gladios gerentibus: nam +Britannorum gladii sine mucrone complexum armorum et in aperto pugnam non +tolerabant. Igitur, ut Batavi miscere ictus, ferire umbonibus, ora +foedare, et stratis qui in aequo obstiterant, erigere in colles aciem +coepere, ceterae cohortes, aemulatione et impetu commistae, proximos +quosque caedere; ac plerique semineces aut integri festinatione victoriae +relinquebantur. Interim equitum turmae fugere, covinarii peditum se +proelio miscuere: et, quanquam recentem terrorem intulerant, densis tamen +hostium agminibus et inaequalibus locis haerebant: minimeque equestris ea +pugnae facies erat, cum aegre diu stantes simul equorum corporibus +impellerentur, ac saepe vagi currus, exterriti sine rectoribus equi, ut +quemque formido tulerat, transversos aut obvios incursabant. + +XXXVII. Et Britanni, qui adhuc pugnae expertes summa collium insederant +et paucitatem nostrorum vacui spernebant, degredi paulatim et circumire +terga vincentium coeperant: ni id ipsum veritus Agricola, quatuor equitum +alas, ad subita belli retentas, venientibus opposuisset, quantoque +ferocius accurrerant, tanto acrius pulsos in fugam disjecisset. Ita +consilium Britannorum in ipsos versum: transvectaeque praecepto ducis a +fronte pugnantium alae, aversam hostium aciem invasere. Tum vero +patentibus locis grande et atrox spectaculum: sequi, vulnerare, capere +atque eosdem, oblatis aliis, trucidare. Jam hostium, prout cuique +ingenium erat, catervae armatorum paucioribus terga praestare, quidam +inermes ultro ruere ac se morti offerre; passim arma et corpora et laceri +artus et cruenta humus: et aliquando etiam victis ira virtusque; postquam +silvis appropinquarunt, collecti primos sequentium incautos et locorum +ignaros circumveniebant. Quod ni frequens ubique Agricola validas et +expeditas cohortes indaginis modo, et, sicubi arctiora erant, partem +equitum dimissis equis, simul rariores silvas equitem persultare +jussisset, acceptum aliquod vulnus per nimiam fiduciam foret. Ceterum, +ubi compositos firmis ordinibus sequi rursus videre, in fugam versi, non +agminibus, ut prius, nec alius alium respectantes, rari et vitabundi +invicem, longinqua atque avia petiere. Finis sequendi nox et satietas +fuit: caesa hostium ad decem millia: nostrorum trecenti sexaginta +cecidere: in quis Aulus Atticus praefectus cohortis, juvenili ardore et +ferocia equi hostibus illatus. + +XXXVIII. Et nox quidem gaudio praedaque laeta victoribus: Britanni +palantes, mixtoque virorum mulierumque ploratu, trahere vulneratos, +vocare integros, deserere domos ac per iram ultro incendere: eligere +latebras et statim relinquere: miscere invicem consilia aliqua, dein +separare: aliquando frangi aspectu pignorum suorum, saepius concitari: +satisque constabat, saevisse quosdam in conjuges ac liberos, tanquam +misererentur. Proximus dies faciem victoriae latius aperuit: vastum +ubique silentium, secreti colles, fumantia procul tecta, nemo +exploratoribus obvius: quibus in omnem partem dimissis, ubi incerta fugae +vestigia neque usquam conglobari hostes compertum et exacta jam aestate +spargi bellum nequibat, in fines Horestorum exercitum deducit. Ibi +acceptis obsidibus, praefecto classis circumvehi Britanniam praecepit. +Datae ad id vires, et praecesserat terror. Ipse peditem atque equites +lento itinere, quo novarum gentium animi ipsa transitus mora terrerentur, +in hibernis locavit. Et simul classis secunda tempestate ac fama +Trutulensem portum tenuit, unde proximo latere Britanniae lecto omni +redierat. + +XXXIX. Hunc rerum cursum, quanquam nulla verborum jactantia epistolis +Agricolae actum, ut Domitiano moris erat, fronte laetus, pectore anxius +excepit. Inerat conscientia derisui fuisse nuper falsum e Germania +triumphum, emptis per commercia, quorum habitus et crines in captivorum +speciem formarentur: at nunc veram magnamque victoriam, tot millibus +hostium caesis, ingenti fama celebrari. Id sibi maxime formidolosum, +privati hominis nomen supra principis attolli: frustra studia fori et +civilium artium decus in silentium acta, si militarem gloriam alius +occuparet: et cetera utcumque facilius dissimulari: ducis boni +imperatoriam virtutem esse. Talibus curis exercitus, quodque saevae +cogitationis indicium erat, secreto suo satiatus, optimum in praesentia +statuit reponere odium, donec impetus famae et favor exercitus +languesceret: nam etiam tum Agricola Britanniam obtinebat. + +XL. Igitur triumphalia ornamenta et illustris statuae honorem et quidquid +pro triumpho datur, multo verborum honore cumulata, decerni in senatu +jubet; addique insuper opinionem, Syriam provinciam Agricolae destinari, +vacuam tum morte Atilii Rufi consularis et majoribus reservatam. +Credidere plerique libertum ex secretioribus ministeriis missum ad +Agricolam codicillos, quibus ei Syria dabatur, tulisse cum praecepto, ut, +si in Britannia foret, traderentur: eumque libertum in ipso freto Oceani +obvium Agricolae, ne appellato quidem eo, ad Domitianum remeasse: sive +verum istud, sive ex ingenio principis fictum ac compositum est. +Tradiderat interim Agricola successori suo provinciam quietam tutamque. +Ac, ne notabilis celebritate et frequentia occurrentium introitus esset, +vitato amicorum officio, noctu in urbem, noctu in palatium, ita ut +praeceptum erat, venit: exceptusque brevi osculo et nullo sermone turbae +servientium immixtus est. Ceterum, ut militare nomen, grave inter +otiosos, aliis virtutibus temperaret, tranquillitatem atque otium penitus +auxit, cultu modicus, sermone facilis, uno aut altero amicorum comitatus; +adeo ut plerique quibus magnos viros per ambitionem aestimare mos est, +viso aspectoque Agricola, quaererent famam, pauci interpretarentur. + +XLI. Crebro per eos dies apud Domitianum absens accusatus, absens +absolutus est. Causa periculi non crimen ullum aut querela laesi +cujusquam, sed infensus virtutibus princeps et gloria viri ac pessimum +inimicorum genus, laudantes. Et ea insecuta sunt reipublicae tempora, +quae sileri Agricolam non sinerent: tot exercitus in Moesia Daciaque et +Germania Pannoniaque, temeritate aut per ignaviam ducum amissi: tot +militares viri cum tot cohortibus expugnati et capti: nec jam de limite +imperii et ripa, sed de hibernis legionum et possessione dubitatum. Ita, +cum damna damnis continuarentur atque omnis annus funeribus et cladibus +insigniretur, poscebatur ore vulgi dux Agricola: comparantibus cunctis +vigorem, constantiam et expertum bellis animum cum inertia et formidine +ceterorum. Quibus sermonibus satis constat Domitiani quoque aures +verberatas, dum optimus quisque libertorum amore et fide, pessimi +malignitate et livore, pronum deterioribus principem exstimulabant. Sic +Agricola simul suis virtutibus, simul vitiis aliorum, in ipsam gloriam +praeceps agebatur. + +XLII. Aderat jam annus, quo proconsulatum Asiae et Africae sortiretur, et +occiso Civica nuper nec Agricolae consilium deerat, nec Domitiano +exemplum. Accessere quidam cogitationum principis periti, qui, iturusne +esset in provinciam, ultro Agricolam interrogarent: ac primo occultius +quietem et otium laudare, mox operam suam in approbanda excusatione +offerre: postremo non jam obscuri, suadentes simul terrentesque, +pertraxere ad Domitianum; qui paratus simulatione, in arrogantiam +compositus, et audiit preces excusantis, et, cum annuisset, agi sibi +gratias passus est: nec erubuit beneficii invidia. Salarium tamen, +proconsulari solitum offerri et quibusdam a se ipso concessum, Agricolae +non dedit: sive offensus non petitum, sive ex conscientia, ne, quod +vetuerat, videretur emisse. Proprium humani ingenii est, odisse quem +laeseris: Domitiani vero natura praeceps in iram, et quo obscurior, eo +irrevocabilior, moderatione tamen prudentiaque Agricolae leniebatur: quia +non contumacia neque inani jactatione libertatis famam fatumque +provocabat. Sciant. quibus moris illicita mirari, posse etiam sub malis +principibus magnos viros esse: obsequiumque ac modestiam, si industria ac +vigor adsint, eo laudis excedere, quo plerique per abrupta, sed in nullum +reipublicae usum, ambitiosa morte inclaruerunt. + +XLIII. Finis vitae ejus nobis luctuosus, amicis tristis, extraneis etiam +ignotisque non sine cura fuit. Vulgus quoque et hic aliud agens populus +et ventitavere ad domum, et per fora et circulos locuti sunt: nec +quisquam audita morte Agricolae aut laetatus est aut statim oblitus. +Augebat miserationem constans rumor, veneno interceptum. Nobis nihil +comperti affirmare ausim: ceterum per omnem valetudinem ejus, crebrius +quam ex more principatus per nuntios visentis, et libertorum primi et +medicorum intimi venere: sive cura illud sive inquisitio erat. Supremo +quidem die, momenta deficientis per dispositos cursores nuntiata +constabat, nullo credente sic accelerari, quae tristis audiret. Speciem +tamen doloris animo vultuque prae se tulit, securus jam odii, et qui +facilius dissimularet gaudium, quam metum. Satis constabat, lecto +testamento Agricolae, quo cohaeredem optimae uxori et piissimae filiae +Domitianum scripsit, laetatum eum velut honore judicioque: tam caeca et +corrupta mens assiduis adulationibus erat, ut nesciret a bono patre non +scribi haeredem, nisi malum principem. + +XLIV. Natus erat Agricola, Caio Caesare tertium consule, Idibus Juniis: +excessit sexto et quinquagesimo anno, decimo Kalendas Septembris, Collega +Priscoque consulibus. Quod si habitum quoque ejus posteri noscere velint, +decentior quam sublimior fuit; nihil metus in vultu, gratia oris +supererat bonum virum facile crederes, magnum libenter. Et ipse quidem, +quanquam medio in spatio integrae aetatis ereptus, quantum ad gloriam, +longissimum aevum peregit. Quippe et vera bona, quae in virtutibus sita +sunt, impleverat, et consulari ac triumphalibus ornamentis praedito, quid +aliud adstruere fortuna poterat? Opibus nimiis non gaudebat; speciosae +contigerant. Filia atque uxore superstitibus, potest videri etiam beatus; +incolumi dignitate, florente fama, salvis affinitatibus et amicitiis, +futura effugisse. Nam sicuti durare in hac beatissimi saeculi luce ac +principem Trajanum videre, quod augurio votisque apud nostras aures +ominabatur, ita festinatae mortis grande solatium tulit, evasisse +postremum illud tempus, quo Domitianus non jam per intervalla ac +spiramenta temporum, sed continuo et velut uno ictu rempublicam exhausit. + +XLV. Non vidit Agricola obsessam curiam, et clausum armis senatum, et +eadem strage tot consularium caedes, tot nobilissimarum feminarum exsilia +et fugas. Una adhuc victoria Carus Metius censebatur, et intra Albanam +arcem sententia Messalini strepebat, et Massa Bebius jam tum reus erat. +Mox nostrae duxere Helvidium in carcerem manus: nos Maurici Rusticique +visus, nos innocenti sanguine Senecio perfudit. Nero tamen subtraxit +oculos jussitque scelera, non spectavit: praecipua sub Domitiano +miseriarum pars erat videre et aspici: cum suspiria nostra +subscriberentur; cum denotandis tot hominum palloribus sufficeret saevus +ille vultus et rubor, quo se contra pudorem muniebat. Tu vero felix, +Agricola, non vitae tantum claritate, sed etiam opportunitate mortis. Ut +perhibent qui interfuerunt novissimis sermonibus tuis, constans et libens +fatum excepisti; tanquam pro virili portione innocentiam principi +donares. Sed mihi filiaeque ejus, praeter acerbitatem parentis erepti, +auget moestitiam, quod assidere valetudini, fovere deficientem, satiari +vultu, complexu, non contigit: excepissemus certe mandata vocesque, quas +penitus animo figeremus. Noster hic dolor, nostrum vulnus: nobis tam +longae absentiae conditione ante quadriennium amissus est. Omnia sine +dubio, optime parentum, assidente amantissima uxore, superfuere honori +tuo: paucioribus tamen lacrimis compositus es, et novissima in luce +desideravere aliquid oculi tui. + +XLVI. Si quis piorum manibus locus, si, ut sapientibus placet, non cum +corpore exstinguuntur magnae animae, placide quiescas, nosque, domum +tuam, ab infirmo desiderio et muliebribus lamentis ad contemplationem +virtutum tuarum voces, quas neque lugeri neque plangi fas est: +admiratione te potius, te immortalibus laudibus, et, si natura +suppeditet, similitudine decoremus. Is verus honos, ea conjunctissimi +cujusque pietas. Id filiae quoque uxorique praeceperim, sic patris, sic +mariti memoriam venerari, ut omnia facta dictaque ejus secum revolvant, +formamque ac figuram animi magis quam corporis complectantur: non quia +intercedendum putem imaginibus, quae marmore aut aere finguntur; sed ut +vultus hominum, ita simulacra vultus imbecilla ac mortalia sunt; forma +mentis aeterna, quam tenere et exprimere non per alienam materiam et +artem, sed tuis ipse moribus possis. Quidquid ex Agricola amavimus, +quidquid mirati sumus, manet mansurumque est in animis hominum, in +aeternitate temporum, fama rerum. Nam multos veterum, velut inglorios, et +ignobiles, oblivio obruet: Agricola posteritati narratus et traditus +superstes erit. + + + + +NOTES + + + +TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS. + + +Several words, which occur most frequently in the Notes, are abbreviated. +Of these the following classes may require explanation. The other +abbreviations are either familiar or sufficiently obvious of themselves. + + +1. WORKS OF TACITUS. + +A. Agricola. +Ann. Annals. +G. Germania. +H. Histories. +T. Tacitus. + + +2. ANNOTATORS CITED AS AUTHORITIES. + +Br. Brotier. +D. or Död. Döderlein. +Dr. Dronke. +E. Ernesti. +Gr. Gruber. +Gün. Günther. +K. Kiessling. +Ky. Kingsley. +Mur. Murphy. +Or. Orelli. +Pass. Passow. +R. Roth. +Rhen. Rhenanus. +Rit. Ritter. +Rup. Ruperti. +W. Walch. +Wr. Walther. + + +3. OTHER AUTHORITIES. + +H. Harkness' Latin Grammar. +Beck. Gall. Becker's Gallus. +Böt. Lex. Tac. Bötticher's Lexicon Taciteun. +For. and Fac. Forcellini and Facciolati's Latin Lexicon. +Tur. His. Ang. Sax. Turner's History of the Anglo-Saxons. +Z. Zumpt's Latin Grammar. + + + +GERMANIA. + + +The Treatise DE SITU, MORIBUS ET POPULIS GERMANIAE, was written (as +appears from the treatise itself see § 37) in the second consulship of +the Emperor Trajan, A.U.C. 851, A.D. 98. The design of the author in its +publication has been variously interpreted. From the censure which it +frequently passes upon the corruption and degeneracy of the times, it has +been considered as a mere satire upon Roman manners, in the age of +Tacitus. But to say nothing of the ill adaptation of the whole plan to a +satirical work, there are large parts of the treatise, which must have +been prepared with great labor, and yet can have no possible bearing on +such a design. Satires are not wont to abound in historical notices and +geographical details, especially touching a foreign and distant land. + +The same objection lies against the _political_ ends, which have been +imputed to the author, such as the persuading of Trajan to engage, or +_not_ to engage, in a war with the Germans, as the most potent and +dangerous enemy of Rome. For both these aims have been alleged, and we +might content ourselves with placing the one as an offset against the +other. But aside from the neutralizing force of such contradictions, +wherefore such an imposing array of geographical research, of historical +lore, of political and moral philosophy, for the accomplishment of so +simple a purpose? And why is the purpose so scrupulously concealed, that +confessedly it can be gathered only from obscure intimations, and those +of ambiguous import? Besides, there are passages whose tendency must have +been directly counter to either of these alleged aims (cf. note § 33). +The author does indeed, in the passage just cited, seem to appreciate +with almost prophetic accuracy, those dangers to the Roman Empire, which +were so fearfully illustrated in its subsequent fall beneath the power of +the German Tribes; and he utters, as what true Roman would not in such +forebodings, the warnings and the prayers of a patriot sage. But he does +this only in episodes, which are so manifestly incidental, and yet arise +so naturally out of the narrative or description, that it is truly +surprising it should ever have occurred to any reader, to seek in them +the key to the whole treatise. + +The entire warp and woof of the work is obviously _historical_ and +_geographical_. The satire, the political maxims, the moral sentiments, +and all the rest, are merely incidental, interwoven for the sake of +instruction and embellishment, inwrought because a mind so thoughtful and +so acute as that of Tacitus, could not leave them out. Tacitus had long +been collecting the materials for his Roman Histories. In so doing, his +attention was necessarily drawn often and with special interest to a +people, who, for two centuries and more, had been the most formidable +enemy of the Roman State. In introducing them into his history, he would +naturally wish to give some preliminary account of their origin, manners, +and institutions, as he does in introducing the Jews in the Fifth Book of +his Histories, which happens to be, in part, preserved. Nor would it be +strange, if he should, with this view, collect a mass of materials, which +he could not incorporate entire into a work of such compass, and which +any slight occasion might induce him to publish in a separate form, +perhaps as a sort of forerunner to his Histories. [It has even been +argued by highly respectable scholars, that the Germania of Tacitus is +itself only such a collection of materials, not published by the Author, +and never intended for publication in that form. But it is quite too +methodical, too studied, and too finished a work to admit of that +supposition (cf. Prolegom. of K.).] Such an occasion now was furnished +in the campaigns and victories of Trajan, who, at the time of his +elevation to the imperial power, was at the head of the Roman armies in +Germany, where he also remained for a year or more after his accession to +the throne, till he had received the submission of the hostile tribes and +wiped away the disgrace which the Germans, beyond any other nation of +that age, had brought upon the Roman arms. Such a people, at such a time, +could not fail to be an object of deep interest at Rome. This was the +time when Tacitus published his work on Germany; and such are believed +to have been the motives and the circumstances, which led to the +undertaking. His grand object was not to point a satire or to compass a +political end, but as he himself informs us (§ 27), to treat of the +origin and manners, the geography and history, of the German Tribes. + +The same candor and sincerity, the same correctness and truthfulness, +which characterize the Histories, mark also the work on Germany. The +author certainly aimed to speak the truth, and nothing but the truth, on +the subject of which he treats. Moreover, he had abundant means of +knowing the truth, on all the main points, in the character and history +of the Germans. It has even been argued from such expression as _vidimus_ +(§ 8), that Tacitus had himself been in Germany, and could, therefore, +write from personal observation. Bnt the argument proceeds on a +misinterpretation of his language (cf. note in _loc. cit_.). And the use +of _accepimus_ (as in § 27), shows that he derived his information from +others. But the Romans had been in constant intercourse and connection, +civil or military, with the Germans, for two hundred years. Germany +furnished a wide theatre for their greatest commanders, and a fruitful +theme for their best authors, some of whom, as Julius Caesar (to whom +Tacitus particularly refers, 28), were themselves the chief actors in +what they relate. These authors, some of whose contributions to the +history of Germany are now lost (e.g. the elder Pliny, who wrote twenty +books on the German wars), must have all been in the hands of Tacitus, +and were, doubtless, consulted by him; not, however, as a servile +copyist, or mere compiler (for he sometimes differs from his authorities, +from Caesar even, whom he declares to be the best of them), but as a +discriminating and judicious inquirer. The account of German customs and +institutions may, therefore, be relied on, from the intrinsic credibility +of the author. It receives confirmation, also, from its general +accordance with other early accounts of the Germans, and with their +better known subsequent history, as well as from its strong analogy to +the well-known habits of our American aborigines, and other tribes in a +like stage of civilization (cf. note, § 15). The geographical details are +composed with all the accuracy which the ever-shifting positions and +relations of warring and wandering tribes rendered possible in the nature +of the case (cf. note, § 28). In sentiment, the treatise is surpassingly +rich and instructive, like all the works of this prince of philosophical +historians. In style, it is concise and nervous, yet quite rhetorical, +and in parts, even poetical to a fault (see notes passim, cf. also, +Monboddo's critique on the style of Tacitus). "The work," says La +Bletterie, "is brief without being superficial. Within the compass of a +few pages, it comprises more of ethics and politics, more fine +delineations of character, more substance and pith (_suc_), than can be +collected from many a ponderous volume. It is not one of those barely +agreeable descriptions, which gradually diffuse their influence over +the soul, and leave it in undisturbed tranquillity. It is a picture in +strong light, like the subject itself, full of fire, of sentiment, of +lightning-flashes, that go at once to the heart. We imagine ourselves +in Germany; we become familiar with these so-called barbarians; we pardon +their faults, and almost their vices, out of regard to their virtues; and +in our moments of enthusiasm, we even wish we were Germans." + +The following remarks of Murphy will illustrate the value of the +treatise, to modern Europeans and their descendants. "It is a draught of +savage manners, delineated by a masterly hand; the more interesting, as +the part of the world which it describes was the seminary of the modern +European nations, the VAGINA GENTIUM, as historians have emphatically +called it. The work is short but, as Montesquieu observes, it is the work +of a man who abridged every thing, because he knew every thing. A +thorough knowledge of the transactions of barbarous ages, will throw more +light than is generally imagined on the laws of modern times. Wherever +the barbarians, who issued from their northern hive, settled in new +habitations, they carried with them their native genius, their original +manners, and the first rudiments of the political system which has +prevailed in different parts of Europe. They established monarchy and +liberty, subordination and freedom, the prerogative of the prince and the +rights of the subject, all united in so bold a combination, that the +fabric, in some places, stands to this hour the wonder of mankind. The +British constitution, says Montesquieu, came out of the woods of Germany. +What the state of this country (Britain) was before the arrival of our +Saxon ancestors, Tacitus has shown in the life of Agricola. If we add to +his account of the Germans and Britons, what has been transmitted to us, +concerning them, by Julius Caesar, we shall see the origin of the +Anglo-Saxon government, the great outline of that Gothic constitution +under which the people enjoy their rights and liberties at this hour. +Montesquieu, speaking of his own country, declares it impossible to form +an adequate notion of the French monarchy, and the changes of their +government, without a previous inquiry into the manners, genius, and +spirit of the German nations. Much of what was incorporated with the +institutions of those fierce invaders, has flowed down in the stream of +time, and still mingles with our modern jurisprudence. The subject, it is +conceived, is interesting to every Briton. In the manners of the Germans, +the reader will see our present frame of government, as it were, in its +cradle, _gentis cunabula nostrae_! in the Germans themselves, a fierce +and warlike people, to whom this country owes that spirit of liberty, +which, through so many centuries, has preserved our excellent form of +government, and raised the glory of the British nation: + + ------Genus unde Latinum, + Albanique patres, atque altae + moenia Romae." + + +CHAP. I. _Germania_ stands first as the emphatic word, and is followed by +_omnis_ for explanation. _Germania omnis_ here does not include Germania +Prima and Secunda, which were Roman provinces on the left bank of the +Rhine (so called because settled by Germans). It denotes _Germany +proper_, as a _whole_, in distinction from the provinces just mentioned +and from the several tribes, of which Tacitus treats in the latter part +of the work. So Caesar (B.G. 1,1) uses _Gallia omnis_, as exclusive of +the Roman provinces called Gaul and inclusive of the three _parts_, which +he proceeds to specify. + +_Gallis--Pannoniis_. People used for the countries. Cf. His. 5,6: +_Phoenices. Gaul_, now France; _Rhaetia_, the country of the Grisons and +the Tyrol, with part of Bavaria; _Pannonia_, lower Hungary and part of +Austria. Germany was separated from Gaul by the Rhine; from Rhaetia and +Pannonia, by the Danube.--_Rheno et Danubio_. Rhine and Rhone are +probably different forms of the same root (Rh-n). Danube, in like manner, +has the same root as Dnieper (Dn-p); perhaps also the same as Don and +Dwina (D-n). Probably each of these roots was originally a generic name +for river, water, stream. So there are several _Avons_ in England and +Scotland. Cf. Latham's Germania sub voc. + +_Sarmatis Dacisque_. The Slavonic Tribes were called Sarmatians by the +ancients. _Sarmatia_ included the country north of the Carpathian +Mountains, between the Vistula and the Don in Europe, together with the +adjacent part of Asia, without any definite limits towards the north, +which was terra incognita to the ancients--in short, Sarmatia was +_Russia_, as far as known at that time. _Dacia_ lay between the +Carpathian mountains on the north, and the Danube on the south, including +Upper Hungary, Transylvania, Wallachia, and Moldavia. + +_Mutuo metu_. Rather a poetical boundary! Observe also the alliteration. +At the same time, the words are not a bad description of those wide and +solitary wastes, which, as Caesar informs us (B.G. 6, 23), the Germans +delighted to interpose between themselves and other nations, so that it +might appear that _no one dared to dwell near them.--Montibus_. The +Carpathian.--_Cetera_. Ceteram Germaniae partem. + +_Sinus_. This word denotes any thing with a curved outline (cf. 29, also +A. 23); hence bays, peninsulas, and prominent bends or borders, whether +of land or water. Here _peninsulas_ (particularly that of Jutland, now +Denmark), for it is to the author's purpose here to speak of land rather +than water, and the ocean is more properly said to _embrace peninsulas_, +than _gulfs_ and _bays_. Its association with _islands_ here favors the +same interpretation. So Passow, Or., Rit. Others, with less propriety, +refer it to the _gulfs_ and _bays_, which so mark the Baltic and the +German Oceans.--_Oceanus_ here, includes both the Baltic Sea, and the +German Ocean (Oceanus Septentrionalis). + +_Insularum--spatia. Islands of vast extent_, viz. Funen, Zealand, &c. +Scandinavia also (now Sweden and Norway) was regarded by the ancients as +an island, cf. Plin. Nat. His. iv. 27: quarum (insularum) clarissima +Scandinavia est, incompertae magnitudinis. + +_Nuper--regibus_. Understand with this clause _ut compertum est_. The +above mentioned features of the Northern Ocean had been _discovered_ +in the prosecution of the late wars, of the Romans, among the tribes +and kings previously unknown. _Nuper_ is to be taken in a general +sense==recentioribus temporibus, cf. _nuper additum_, § 2, where it goes +back one hundred and fifty years to the age of Julius Caesar.--_Bellum_. +War in general, no particular war.--_Versus_. This word has been +considered by some as an adverb, and by others as a preposition. It is +better however to regard it as a participle, like _ortus_, with which it +is connected, though without a conjunction expressed. Ritter omits _in_. + +_Molli et clementer edito. Of gentle slope and moderate elevation_ in +studied antithesis to _inaccesso ac praecipiti, lofty and steep_. In like +manner, _jugo, ridge, summit_, is contrasted with _vertice, peak, +height_, cf. Virg. Ecl. 9, 7: _molli clivo_; Ann. 17, 38: _colles +clementer assurgentes_. The _Rhaetian_ Alps, now the mountains of the +Grisons. _Alp_ is a Celtic word==hill. _Albion_ has the same root==_hilly +country. Mons Abnoba_ (al. Arnoba) is the northern part of the +Schwartzwald, or Black Forest.--_Erumpat_, al. erumpit. But the best MSS. +and all the recent editions have _erumpat_: and Tacitus never uses the +pres. ind. after _donec, until_, cf. Rup. & Rit. in loc. Whenever he uses +the present after _donec, until_, he seems to have conceived the relation +of the two clauses, which it connects, as that of a means to an end, or a +condition to a result, and hence to have used the subj. cf. chap. 20: +_separet_; 31: _absolvat_; 35: _sinuetur_; Ann. 2, 6: _misceatur_. The +two examples last cited, like this, describe the course of a river and +boundary line. For the general rule of the modes after _donec_, see H. +522; Z. 575. See also notes H. 1, 13. 35.--_Septimum_. According to the +common understanding, the Danube had _seven_ mouths. So Strabo, Mela, +Ammian, and Ovid; Pliny makes six. T. reconciles the two accounts. The +_enim_ inserted after _septimum_ in most editions is not found in the +best mss. and is unnecessary. Or. & Rit. omit it. + + + II. _Ipsos_ marks the transition from the country to the people--_the +Germans themselves_. So A. 13: _Ipsi Britanni_. + +_Crediderim_. Subj. attice. A modest way of expressing his opinion, like +our: I should say, I am inclined to think. H. 486, I. 3; Z. 527. + +_Adventibus et hospitiis. Immigrants and visitors. Adventibus_ certae +sedes, _hospitiis_ preregrinationes significantur. Gün. Both abstract for +concrete. Död. compares [Greek: epoikoi] and [Greek: metoikoi]. + +_Terra--advehebantur_. Zeugma for _terra adveniebant_, classibus +advehebantur. H. 704, I. 2; Z. 775. + +_Nec--et_. These correlatives connect the members more closely than +et--et; as in Greek oute-te. The sentiment here advanced touching +colonization (as by sea, rather than by land), though true of Carthage, +Sicily, and most _Grecian_, colonies, is directly the reverse of the +general fact; and Germany itself is now known to have received its +population by land emigration, from western Asia. The Germans, as we +learn from affinities of languages and occasional references of +historians and geographers, belonged to the same great stock of the human +family with the Goths and Scythians, and may be traced back to that hive +of nations, that primitive residence of mankind, the country east and +south of the Caspian Sea and in the vicinity of Mount Ararat: cf. Tur. +His. Ang. Sax. B. II. C. 1; also Donaldson's New Cratylus, B. I. Chap. 4. +Latham's dogmatic skepticism will hardly shake the now established faith +on this subject. The science of ethnography was unknown to the ancients. +Tacitus had not the remotest idea, that all mankind were sprung from a +common ancestry, and diffused themselves over the world from a common +centre, a fact asserted in the Scriptures, and daily receiving fresh +confirmation from literature and science. Hence he speaks of the Germans +as _indigenas_, which he explains below by _editum terra_, sprung from +the earth, like the mutum et turpe pecus of Hor. Sat. 1. 3, 100. cf. +A. 11. + +_Mutare quaerebant. Quaerere_ with inf. is poet. constr., found, however, +in later prose writers, and once in Cic. (de Fin. 313: quaeris scire, +enclosed in brackets in Tauchnitz's edition), to avoid repetition of +_cupio_. _Cupio_ or _volo mutare_ would be regular classic prose. + +_Adversus_. That the author here uses _adversus_ in some unusual and +recondite sense, is intimated by the clause: _ut sic dixerim_. It is +understood by some, of a sea _unfriendly to navigation_. But its +connexion by _que_ with _immensus ultra_, shows that it refers to +_position_, and means _lying opposite_, i.e., belonging, as it were, to +another hemisphere or world from ours; for so the Romans regarded the +Northern Ocean and Britain itself, cf. A 12: ultra _nostri orbis_ +mensuram; G. 17: _exterior_ oceanus. So Cic. (Som. Scip. 6.) says: +Homines partim obliquos, partim aversos, partim etiam _adversos_, stare +vobis. This interpretation is confirmed by _ab orbe nostra_ in the +antithesis. On the use of _ut sic dixerim_ for _ut sic dicam_, which is +peculiar to the silver age, see Z. 528. + +_Asia_, sc. Minor. _Africa_, sc. the Roman Province of that name, +comprising the territory of Carthage.--_Peteret_. The question implies a +negative answer, cf. Z. 530. The subj. implies a protasis understood: if +he could, or the like. H. 502. + +_Sit_. Praesens, ut de re vera. Gün. _Nisi si_ is nearly equivalent to +_nisi forte: unless perchance_; unless if we may suppose the case. Cf. +Wr. note on Ann. 2, 63, and Hand's Tursellinus, 3, 240. + +_Memoriae et annalium_. Properly opposed to each other as _tradition_ and +_written history_, though we are not to infer that written books existed +in Germany in the age of Tacitus. + +_Carminibus_. _Songs, ballads_ (from cano). Songs and rude poetry have +been, in all savage countries, the memorials of public transactions, +e.g. the runes of the Goths, the bards of the Britons and Celts, the +scalds of Scandinavia, &c. + +_Tuisconem_. The god from whom Tuesday takes its name, as Wednesday from +Woden, Thursday from Thor, &c., cf. Sharon Turner's His. of Ang. Sax. +app. to book 2. chap. 3. Some find in the name of this god the root of +the words Teutonic, Dutch (Germ. Deutsche or Teutsche &c.,) Al. Tuistonem, +Tristonem, &c. More likely it has the same root as the Latin divus, +dius, deus, and the Greek theios, dios, theos, cf. Grimm's _Deutsche +Mythologie_, sub v. + +_Terra editum==indigena_ above; and gaegenaes and autochthon in Greek. + +_Originem_==auctores. It is predicate after _Mannum_. + +_Ut in licentia vetustatis. As in the license of antiquity_, i.e. since +such license is allowed in regard to ancient times. + +_Ingaevones_. "According to some German antiquaries, the _Ingaevones_ are +die _Einwohner_, those dwelling inwards towards the sea; the _Istaevones_ +are die _Westwohner_, the inhabitants of the western parts; and the +_Hermiones_ are the _Herumwohner_, midland inhabitants," Ky. cf. +Kiessling in loc. Others, e.g. Zeuss and Grimm, with more probability, +find in these names the roots of German words significant of _honor_ +and _bravery_, assumed by different tribes or confederacies as epithets +or titles of distinction. Grimm identifies these three divisions with +the Franks, Saxons, and Thuringians of a later age. See further, note +chap. 27. + +_Vocentur_. The subj. expresses the opinion of others, not the direct +affirmation of the author. H. 529; Z. 549. + +_Deo_==hoc deo, sc. Mannus--Germ. Mann, Eng. Man. + +_Marsos, Gambrivios_. Under the names of Franci and Salii these tribes +afterwards became formidable to the Romans. Cf. Prichard's Researches +into the Physical History of Mankind, Vol. III. chap. 6, sec. 2.-- +_Suevos_, cf. note, 38.--_Vandalios_. The Vandals, now so familiar in +history. + +_Additum_, sc. esse, depending on _affirmant_. + +_Nunc Tungri_, sc. vocentur, cf. His. 4, 15, 16. In confirmation of the +historical accuracy of this passage, Gr. remarks, that Caes. (B.G. 2, 4) +does not mention the Tungri, but names four tribes on the left bank of +the Rhine, who, he says, are called by the common name of _Germans_; +while Pliny (Nat. His. 4, 31), a century later, gives not the names of +these four tribes, but calls them by the new name _Tungri_. + +_Ita--vocarentur_. Locus vexatissimus! exclaim all the critics. And so +they set themselves to amend the text by conjecture. Some have written +_in nomen gentis_ instead of _non gentis_. Others have proposed _a +victorum metu_, or _a victo ob metum_, or _a victis ob metum_. But these +emendations are wholly conjectural and unnecessary. Günther and Walch +render _a victore, from_ the victorious tribe, i.e. _after the name of_ +that tribe. But _a se ipsis_ means _by_ themselves; and the antithesis +doubtless requires _a_ to be understood in the same sense in both +clauses. Grüber translates and explains thus: "In this way the name of a +single tribe, and not of the whole people, has come into use, so that +all, at first by the victor (the Tungri), in order to inspire fear, then +by themselves (by the mouth of the whole people), when once the name +became known, were called by the name of Germans. That is, the Tungri +called all the kindred tribes that dwelt beyond the Rhine, Germans, in +order to inspire fear by the wide extension of the name, since they gave +themselves out to be a part of so vast a people; but at length all the +tribes began to call themselves by this name, probably because they were +pleased to see the fear which it excited." This is, on the whole, the +most satisfactory explanation of the passage, and meets the essential +concurrence of Wr., Or. and Död.--_Germani_. If of German etymology, +this word==gehr or wehr (Fr. guerre) and mann, _men of war_; hence the +_metus_, which the name carried with it. If it is a Latin word +corresponding only in _sense_ with the original German, then==_brethren_. +It will be seen, that either etymology would accord with Grüber's +explanation of the whole passage--in either case, the name would +inspire fear. The latter, however, is the more probable, cf. Ritter in +loc. A people often bear quite different names abroad from that by which +they call themselves at home. Thus the people, whom we call _Germans_, +call themselves _Deutsche_ (Dutch), and are called by the French +_Allemands_, cf. Latham. _Vocarentur_ is subj. because it stands in a +subordinate clause of the oratio obliqua, cf. H. 531; Z. 603. + +_Metum_. Here taken in an _active_ sense; oftener passive, but used in +both senses. Quintilian speaks of _metum duplicem_, quem patimur et quem +facimus (6, 2, 21). cf. A. 44: nihil metus in vultu, i.e., nothing to +inspire fear in his countenance. In like manner admiratio (§ 7) is used +for the admiration which one excites, though it usually denotes the +admiration which one feels. For _ob_, cf. Ann. 1, 79: _ob moderandas +Tiberis exundationes_. + +_Nationis--gentis. Gens_ is often used by T. as a synonym with _natio_. +But in antithesis, _gens_ is the whole, of which _nationes_ or _populi_ +are the parts, e.g. G. 4: populos--gentem; § 14: nationes--genti. In +like manner, in the civil constitution of Rome, a _gens_ included several +related _families_. + + +III. _Herculem_. That is, Romana interpretatione, cf. § 34. The Romans +found _their_ gods everywhere, and ascribed to Hercules, quidquid ubique +magnificum est, cf. note 34: _quicquid--consensimus_. That this is a +Roman account of the matter is evident, from the use of _eos_, for if +the Germans were the subject of _memorant_, _se_ must have been used. On +the use of _et_ here, cf. note 11. + +_Primum_--ut principem, fortissimum. Gün. + +_Haec quoque_. _Haec_ is rendered _such_ by Ritter. But it seems rather, +as Or. and Död. explain it, to imply nearness and familiarity to the mind +of the author and his readers: _these_ well known songs. So 20: _in haec +corpora, quae miramur_. _Quoque_, like _quidem_, follows the emphatic +word in a clause, H. 602, III. 1; Z. 355. + +_Relatu_, called _cantus trux_, H. 2, 22. A Tacitean word. Freund. Cf. H. +1, 30. + +_Baritum_. Al. barditum and barritum. But the latter has no ms. +authority, and the former seems to have been suggested by the bards of +the Gauls, of whose existence among the Germans however there is no +evidence. Död. says the root of the word is common to the Greek, Latin, +and German languages, viz. _baren_, i.e. _fremere_, a verb still used by +the Batavians, and the noun _bar_, i.e. carmen, of frequent occurrence +in Saxon poetry to this day. + +_Terrent trepidantve. They inspire terror or tremble with fear, according +as the line_ (the troops drawn up in battle array) _has sounded_, sc. the +_baritus_ or battle cry. Thus the Batavians perceived, that the _sonitus +aciei_ on the part of the Romans was more feeble than their own, and +pressed on, as to certain triumph. H. 4, 18. So the Highlanders augured +victory, if their shouts were louder than those of the enemy. See Murphy +in loco. + +_Repercussu_. A post-Augustan word. The earlier Latin authors would have +said _repercussa_, or _repercutiendo_. The later Latin, like the English, +uses more abstract terms.--_Nec tam--videntur. Nor do those carmina seem +to be so much voices_ (well modulated and harmonized), _as acclamations_ +(unanimous, but inarticulate and indistinct) _of courage_. So Pliny uses +_concentus_ of the acclamations of the people. Panegyr. 2. It is often +applied by the poets to the concerts of birds, as in Virg. Geor. 1, 422. +It is here plural, cf. Or. in loc. The reading _vocis_ is without MS. +authority. + +_Ulixem_. "The love of fabulous history, which was the passion of ancient +times, produced a new Hercules in every country, and made Ulysses wander +on every shore. Tacitus mentions it as a romantic tale; but Strabo seems +willing to countenance the fiction, and gravely tells us that Ulysses +founded a city, called Odyssey, in Spain. Lipsius observes, that Lisbon, +in the name of Strabo, had the appellation of Ulysippo, or Olisipo. At +this rate, he pleasantly adds, what should hinder us inhabitants of the +Low Countries from asserting that Ulysses built the city of Ulyssinga, +and Circe founded that of Circzea or Ziriczee?" Murphy. + +_Fabuloso errore. Storied, celebrated in song_, cf. fabulosus Hydaspes. +Hor. Od. 1, 227. Ulysses having _wandered westward_ gave plausibility to +alleged traces of him in Gaul, Spain and Germany--_Asciburgium_. Now +Asburg. + +_Quin etiam_, cf. notes, 13: _quin etiam_, and 14: _quin immo.--Ulixi_, +i.e. ab Ulixe, cf. Ann. 15,41: Aedes statoris Jovis Romulo vota, i.e. by +Romulus. This usage is especially frequent in the poets and the later +prose writers, cf. H. 388, II. 3; Z. 419; and in T. above all others, cf. +Böt. Lex. Tac. sub _Dativus_. Wr. and Rit. understand however an altar +(or monument) consecrated to Ulysses, i.e. erected in honor of him by the +citizens. + +_Adjecto_. Inscribed with the name of his father, as well as his own, +i.e. [Greek: Laertiadae]. + +_Graecis litteris. Grecian characters_, cf. Caes. B.G. 1, 29: In castris +_Helvetiorum_, tabulae repertae sunt _litteris Graecis_ confectae; and +(6, 14): _Galli_ in publicis privatisque rationibus _Graecis utuntur +litteris_. T. speaks (Ann. 11, 14) of alphabetic characters, as passing +from Phenicia into Greece, and Strabo (4, 1) traces them from the Grecian +colony at Marseilles, into Gaul, whence they doubtless passed into +Germany, and even into Britain. + + +IV. _Aliis aliarum_. The Greek and Latin are both fond of a repetition +of different cases of the same word, even where one of them is redundant, +e.g. [Greek: oioden oios] (Hom. II. 7, 39), and particularly in the +words [Greek: allos] and _alius_. _Aliis_ is not however wholly +redundant; but brings out more fully the idea: _no intermarriages, one +with one nation, and another with another_. Walch and Ritter omit +_aliis_, though it is found in all the MSS. + +_Infectos_. Things are said _infici_ and _imbui_, which are so penetrated +and permeated by something else, that that something becomes a part of +its nature or substance, as inficere colore, sanguine, veneno, animum +virtutibus. It does not necessarily imply corruption or degeneracy. + +_Propriam--similem_. Three epithets not essentially different used for +the sake of emphasis==_peculiar, pure, and sui-generis. Similis_ takes +the gen., when it expresses, as here, an internal resemblance in +character; otherwise the dat., cf. Z. 411, H. 391, 2. 4. + +_Habitus_. Form and features, external appearance. The physical features +of the Germans as described by Tacitus, though still sufficient to +distinguish them from the more southern European nations, have proved +less permanent than their mental and social characteristics. + +_Idem omnibus_. Cf. Juv. 13, 164: + + _Caerula_ quis stupuit _Germani lumina? flavam + Caesariem_, et madido torquentem cornua cirro? + Nempe quod haec illis natura est _omnibus una_. + +_Magna corpora_. "Sidonius Apollinaris says, that, being in Germany and +finding the men so very tall, he could not address verses of six feet to +patrons who were seven feet high: + + Spernit senipedem stilum Thalia, + Ex quo septipedes vidit patronos." Mur. + +Skeletons, in the ancient graves of Germany, are found to vary from 5 ft. +10 in. to 6 ft. 10 in. and even 7 ft. Cf. Ukert, Geog. III. 1. p. 197. +These skeletons indicate a _strong_ and _well formed_ body. + +_Impetum. Temporary exertion_, as opposed to _persevering toil and +effort, laboris atque operum_. + +_Eadem_. Not so much _patientia_, as _ad impetum valida_. See a like +elliptical use of _idem_ § 23: eadem temperantia; § 10: iisdem nemoribus. +Also of totidem § 26. + +_Minime--assueverunt_. "Least of all, are they capable of sustaining +thirst and heat; cold and hunger, they are accustomed, by their soil and +climate, to endure." Ky. The force of _minime_ is confined to the first +clause, and the proper antithetic particle is omitted at the beginning of +the second. _Tolerare_ depends on _assueverunt_, and belongs to both +clauses. _Ve_ is distributive, referring _coelo_ to _frigora_ and _solo_ +to _inediam_. So _vel_ in H. 1, 62: strenuis _vel_ ignavis spem metumque +addere==strenuis spem, ignavis metum addere. + + +V. _Humidior--ventosior. Humidior_ refers to _paludibus, ventosior_ to +_silvis_; the mountains (which were exposed to sweeping _winds_) being +for the most part covered with forests, and the low grounds with marshes. +_Ventosus_==Homeric [Greek: aenemoeis], windy, i.e. lofty. H. 3, 305: +[Greek: Ilion aenemoessan]. + +_Satis ferax. Satis==segetibus_ poetice. _Ferax_ is constructed with +abl., vid. Virg. Geor. 2, 222: ferax oleo. + +_Impatiens_. Not to be taken in the absolute sense, cf. § 20, 23, 26, +where fruit trees and fruits are spoken of. + +_Improcera_ agrees with _pecora_ understood. + +_Armentis. Pecora_--flocks in general. _Armenta_ (from _aro_, to plough), +larger cattle in particular. It _may_ include horses. + +_Suus honor_. Their proper, i.e. usual size and beauty. + +_Gloria frontis_. Poetice for _cornua_. Their horns were small. + +_Numero_. Emphatic: _number_, rather than _quality_. Or, with Ritter, +_gaudent_ may be taken in the sense of enjoy, possess: _they have a good +number of them_. In the same sense he interprets _gaudent_ in A. 44: +_opibus nimiis non gaudebat_. + +_Irati_, sc. quia _opes_ sunt _irritamenta malorum_. Ov. Met. 1, 140.-- +_Negaverint_. Subj. H. 525; Z. 552--_Affirmaverim_. cf. note, 2: +_crediderim_. + +_Nullam venam_. "Mines of gold and silver have since been discovered in +Germany; the former, indeed, inconsiderable, but the latter valuable." +Ky. T. himself in his later work (the Annals), speaks of the discovery of +a silver mine in Germany. Ann. 11, 20. + +_Perinde. Not so much as might be expected_, or as the _Romans_, and +other civilized nations. So Gronovius, Död. and most commentators. See +Rup. in loc. Others, as Or. and Rit. allow no ellipsis, and render: _not +much_. See Hand's Tursellinus, vol. IV. p. 454. We sometimes use _not so +much, not so very, not so bad_, &c., for _not very, not much_, and _not +bad_. Still the form of expression strictly implies a comparison. And the +same is true of _haud perinde_, cf. Böt. Lex. Tac. + +_Est videre. Est_ for _licet_. Graece et poetice. Not so used in the +earlier Latin prose. See Z. 227. + +_Non in alia vilitate_, i.e. eadem vilitate, aeque vilia, _held in the +same low estimation.--Humo_. Abl. of material. + +_Proximi_, sc. ad ripam. Nearest to the Roman border, opposed to +_interiores_. + +_Serratos_. Not elsewhere mentioned; probably coins with serrated edges, +still found. The word is post-Augustan. + +_Bigatos_. Roman coins stamped with a biga or two-horse chariot. Others +were stamped with a quadriga and called quadrigati. The bigati seem to +have circulated freely in foreign lands, cf. Ukert's Geog. of Greeks and +Romans, III. 1: Trade of Germany, and places cited there. "The serrati +and bigati were old coins, of purer silver than those of tho Emperors." +Ky. Cf. Pliny, H. N. 33, 13. + +_Sequuntur_. Sequi==expetere. So used by Cic., Sal., and the best +writers. Compare our word _seek_. + +_Nulla affectione animi. Not from any partiality for the silver in +itself_ (but for convenience). + +_Numerus_. Greater number and consequently less relative value of the +silver coins. On _quia_, cf. note, H. 1, 31. + + +VI. _Ne--quidem_. _Not even_, i.e. iron is scarce as well as gold and +silver. The weapons found in ancient German graves are of _stone_, and +bear a striking resemblance to those of the American Indians. Cf. Ukert, +p. 216. Ad verba, cf. note, His. 1, 16: _ne--fueris_. The emphatic word +always stands between _ne_ and _quidem_. H. 602, III. 2; Z. 801.-- +_Superest_. Is over and above, i.e. _abounds_. So superest ager, § 26. + +_Vel_. Pro _sive_, Ciceroni inauditum. Gün. Cf. note, 17. + +_Frameas_. The word is still found in Spain, as well as Germany. +_Lancea_. is also a Spanish word, cf. Freund. + +_Nudi_. Cf. § 17, 20, and 24. Also Caes., B.G. 6, 21: magna corporis +parte nuda. + +_Sagulo_. Dim. of sago. A small short cloak.--_Leves_==Leviter induti. +The clause _nudi--leves_ is added _here_ to show, that their dress is +favorable to the use of missiles. + +_Missilia spargunt_. Dictio est Virgiliana. K. + +_Coloribus_. Cf. nigra scuta, § 43. "Hence coats of arms and the origin +of heraldry." Mur. + +_Cultus_. Military equipments. Cultus complectitur omnia, quae studio et +arte eis, quae natura instituit, adduntur. K. + +_Cassis aut galea_. _Cassis_, properly of metal; _galea_ of leather (Gr.: +galen); though the distinction is not always observed. + +_Equi--conspicui_. Cf. Caes. B.G. 4, 2, 7, 65. + +_Sed nec variare_. _But_ (i.e. on the other hand) _they are not even_ +(for _nec_ in this sense see Ritter in loc.) _taught to vary their +curves_ (i.e. as the antithesis shows, to bend now towards the right and +now towards the left in their gyrations), _but they drive them straight +forward or by a constant bend towards the right in so connected a circle_ +(i.e. a complete ring), _that no one is behind_ (for the obvious reason, +that there is neither beginning nor end to such a ring). Such is on the +whole the most satisfactory explanation of this difficult passage, which +we can give after a careful examination. A different version was given in +the first edition. It refers not to battle, but to equestrian exercises, +cf. Gerlach, as cited by Or. in loc. + +_Aestimanti_. Greek idiom. Elliptical dative, nearly equivalent to the +abl. abs. (nobis aestimantibus), and called by some the dat. abs. In A. +II. the ellipsis is supplied by _credibile est_. Cf. Bötticher's Lex. +Tac. sub _Dativus_. + +_Eoque mixti. Eo_, causal particle==for that reason. Caesar adopted this +arrangement in the battle of Pharsalia. B.C. 3, 84. The Greeks also had +[Greek: pezoi amippoi]. Xen. Hellen. 7, 5. + +_Centeni_. A hundred is a favorite number with the Germans and their +descendants. Witness the hundred _pagi_ of the Suevi (Caes. B.G. 4, 1), +and of the Semnones (G. 39), the _cantons_ of Switzerland, and the +_hundreds_ of our Saxon ancestors in England. The _centeni_ here are a +military division. In like manner, Caesar (B.G. 4, 1) speaks of a +_thousand_ men drafted annually from each _pagus_ of the Suevi, for +military service abroad. + +_Idque ipsum_. Predicate nominative after a verb of calling, H. 362, +2. 2; Z. 394. The division was called a _hundred_, and each man in it a +_hundreder_; and such was the estimation in which this service was held, +that to be a hundreder, became an honorable distinction, _nomen et +honor_==honorificum nomen. + +_Cuneos_. A body of men arranged in the form of a wedge, i.e. narrow in +front and widening towards the rear; hence peculiarly adapted to break +the lines of the enemy. + +_Consilii quam formidinis_. Supply _magis_. The conciseness of T. +leads him often to omit one of two correlative particles, cf. note on +_minime_, 4. + +_Referunt. Carry into the rear_, and so secure them for burial. + +_Etiam in dubiis proeliis_. Even while the battle remains undecided. Gün. + +_Finierunt_. In a present or aorist sense, as often in T. So +_prohibuerunt_, § 10; _placuit_ and _displicuit_, 11. cf. Lex. Tac. Böt. + + +VII. _Reges_, civil rulers; _duces_, military commanders. _Ex_== +secundum. So _ex ingenio_, § 3. The government was elective, yet not +without some regard to hereditary distinctions. They _chose (sumunt)_ +their sovereign, but chose him from the royal family, or at least one of +noble extraction. They chose also their commander--the king, if he was +the bravest and ablest warrior; if not, they were at liberty to choose +some one else. And among the Germans, as among their descendants, the +Franks, the authority of the commander was quite distinct from, and +sometimes (in war) paramount to, that of the king. Here Montesquieu and +others find the original of the kings of the first race in the French +monarchy, and the _mayors of the palace_, who once had so much power in +France. Cf. Sp. of Laws, B. 31, chap. 4. + +_Nec_ is correlative to _et. The kings on the one hand do not possess +unlimited or unrestrained authority, and the commanders on the other, &c. +Infinita_==sine modo; _libera_==sine vinculo. Wr. _Potestas_==rightful +power, authority; _potentia_==power without regard to right, ability, +force, cf. note, 42. Ad rem, cf. Caes. B.G. 5, 27. Ambiorix tells Caesar, +that though he governed, yet the people made laws for him, and the +supreme power was shared equally between him and them. + +_Exemplo--imperio_. "_Dative_ after _sunt==are to set an example, rather +than to give command_." So Grüber and Död. But Wr. and Rit. with more +reason consider them as ablatives of means limiting a verb implied in +_duces: commanders_ (command) _more by example, than by authority_ +(official power). See the principle well stated and illustrated in +Döderlein's Essay on the style of Tacitus, p. 15, in my edition of the +Histories. + +_Admiratione praesunt. Gain influence, or ascendency, by means of the +admiration which they inspire_, cf. note on metus, § 2. + +_Agant_. Subj., ut ad judicium admirantium, non mentem scriptoris +trahatur. Gün. + +_Animadvertere_==interficere. Cf. H. 1, 46. 68. _None but the priests are +allowed to put to death, to place in irons, nor even_ (ne quidem) _to +scourge_. Thus punishment was clothed with divine authority. + +_Effigies et signa. Images and standards_, i.e. images, which serve for +standards. Images of wild beasts are meant, cf. H. 4, 22: depromptae +silvis lucisve ferarum imagines.--_Turmam_, cavalry. _Cuneum_, infantry, +but sometimes both. _Conglobatio_ is found only in writers after the +Augustan age and rarely in them. It occurs in Sen. Qu. Nat. 1, 15, cf. +Freund. + +_Familiae_ is less comprehensive than _propinquitates. Audiri_, sc. +solent. Cf. A. 34 _ruere_. Wr. calls it histor. inf., and Rit. pronounces +it a gloss. + +_Pignora_. Whatever is most dear, particularly mothers, wives, and +children.--_Unde_, adv. of place, referring to _in proximo_. + +_Vulnera ferunt_, i.e. on their return from battle. + +_Exigere. Examine_, and compare, to see who has the most and the most +honorable, or perhaps to soothe and dress them.--_Cibos et hortamina_. +Observe the singular juxtaposition of things so unlike. So 1: _metu aut +montibus_; A. 25: _copiis et laetitia_; 37: _nox et satietas_; 38: +_gaudio praedaque_. + + +VIII. _Constantia precum==importunate entreaties_. + +_Objectu pectorum. By opposing their breasts_, not to the enemy but to +their retreating husbands, praying for death in preference to captivity. + +_Monstrata--captivitate_. _Cominus_ limits _captivitate_, pointing to +captivity as just before them.--_Impatientius_. _Impatienter_ and +_impatientia_ (the adv. and the subst.) are post-Augustan words. The adj. +(impatiens) is found earlier. Cf. Freund. + +_Feminarum--nomine_, i.e. propter feminas suas. Gün. So Cic.: tuo nomine +et reipublicae==on your account and for the sake of the republic. But it +means perhaps more than that here, viz. in the person of. They dreaded +captivity more for their women than for themselves. _Adeo==insomuch +that_. + +_Inesse_, sc. feminis. _They think, there is in their women something +sacred and prophetic_. Cf. Caes. B.G. 1, 50, where Caesar is informed by +the prisoners, that Ariovistus had declined an engagement because the +_women_ had declared against coming to action before the new moon.-- +_Consilia, advice_ in general; _responsa, inspired answers_, when +consulted. + +_Vidimus_, i.e. she lived in our day--under the reign of Vespasian.-- +_Veledam_. Cf. H. 4, 61. 65. + +_Auriniam_. Aurinia seems to have been a common name in Germany for +prophetess or wise woman. Perhaps==Al-runas, women knowing all things. So +_Veleda_==wise woman. Cf. Wr. in loc. + +_Non adulatione_, etc. "Not through adulation, nor as if they were +raising mortals to the rank of goddesses." Ky. This is one of those +oblique censures on Roman customs in which the treatise abounds. The +Romans in the excess of their adulation to the imperial family _made_ +ordinary women goddesses, as Drusilla, sister of Caligula, the infant +daughter of Poppaea (Ann. 15, 23), and Poppaea herself (Dio 63, 29). The +Germans, on the other hand, really thought some of their wise women to be +divine. Cf. His. 4, 62, and my note ibid. Reverence and affection for +woman was characteristic of the German Tribes, and from them has diffused +itself throughout European society. + + +IX. _Deorum_. T. here, as elsewhere, applies Roman names, and puts a +Roman construction (Romana interpretatione, § 43), upon the gods of other +nations, cf. § 3. + +_Mercurium_. So Caes. B.G. 6, 17: Deum maxime Mercurium colunt. Probably +the German _Woden_, whose name is preserved in our Wednesday, as that of +Mercury is in the French name of the same day, and who with a name +slightly modified (Woden, Wuotan, Odin), was a prominent object of +worship among all the nations of Northern Europe. _Mars_ is perhaps the +German god of war (Tiw, Tiu, Tuisco) whence Tuesday, French Mardi, cf. +Tur. His. Ang. Sax. App. to B. 2. chap. 3. _Herculem_ is omitted by +Ritter on evidence (partly external and partly internal) which is +entitled to not a little consideration. Hercules is the god of strength, +perhaps Thor. + +_Certis diebus_. Statis diebus. Gün. + +_Humanis--hostiis_. Even _facere_ in the sense of _sacrifice_ is +construed with abl. Virg. Ec. 3, 77. _Quoque_==even. For its position in +the sentence, cf. note, 3. + +_Concessis animalibus_. Such as the Romans and other civilized nations +offer, in contradistinction to _human_ sacrifices, which the author +regards as _in_-concessa. The attempt has been made to remove from the +Germans the stain of human sacrifices. But it rests on incontrovertible +evidence (cf. Tur. His. Ang. Sax., App. to B. 2. cap. 3), and indeed +attaches to them only in common with nearly all uncivilized nations. The +Gauls and Britons, and the Celtic nations generally, carried the practice +to great lengths, cf. Caes. B.G. 6, 15. The neighbors of the Hebrews +offered human victims in great numbers to their gods, as we learn from +the Scriptures. Nay, the reproach rests also upon the Greeks and Romans +in their early history. Pliny informs us, that men were sacrificed as +late as the year of Rome 657. + +_Isidi_. The Egyptian Isis in Germany! This shows, how far the Romans +went in comparing the gods of different nations. Gr. Ritter identifies +this goddess with the Nertha of chap. 40, the Egyptian Isis and Nertha +being both equivalent to Mother Earth, the Terra or Tellus of the Romans. + +_Liburnae_. A light galley, so called from the Liburnians, a people of +Illyricum, who built and navigated them. The _signum_, here likened to a +galley, was more probably a rude crescent, connected with the worship of +the moon, cf. Caes. B.G. 6, 21: Germani deorum numero ducunt Solem et +_Lunam_. + +_Cohibere parietibus_==aedificiis includere, K. T. elsewhere speaks of +temples of German divinities (e.g. 40: templum Nerthi; Ann. 1, 51: +templum Tanfanae); but a consecrated grove or any other sacred place was +called _templum_ by the Romans (templum from [Greek: temno], cut off, set +apart). + +_Ex magnitudine_. _Ex_==secundum, cf. _ex nobilitate_, _ex virtute_ § 7. +_Ex magnitudine_ is predicate after _arbitrantur: they deem it unbecoming +the greatness_, etc. + +_Humani--speciem_. Images of the gods existed at a later day in Germany +(S. Tur. His. of Ang. Sax., App. to B. 2. cap. 3). But this does not +prove their existence in the days of T. Even as late as A.D. 240 Gregory +Thaumaturgus expressly declares, there were no images among the Goths. No +traces of temple-walls or images have been discovered in connection with +the numerous sites of ancient altars or places of offering which have +been exhumed in _Germany_, though both these are found on the _borders_, +both south and west, cf. Ukert, p. 236. + +_Lucos et nemora_. "Lucus (a [Greek: lukae], crepusculum) sylva densior, +obumbrans; nemus ([Greek: nemos]) sylva rarior, in quo jumenta et pecora +pascuntur." Bredow. + +_Deorumque--vident. They invoke under the name of gods that mysterious +existence, which they see_ (not under any human or other visible form, +but) _with the eye of spiritual reverence alone_. So Gr. and K. Others +get another idea thus loosely expressed: They give to that sacred recess +the name of the divinity that fills the place, which is never profaned by +the steps of man. + +_Sola reverentia_, cf. _sola mente_ applied by T. to the spiritual +religion of the Jews, H. 5, 5. The religion of the Germans and other +northern tribes was more spiritual than that of southern nations, when +both were Pagan. And after the introduction of Christianity, the Germans +were disinclined to the image-worship of the Papists. + + +X. _Auspicia sortesque_. _Auspicia_ (avis-spicia) properly divination by +observing the flight and cry of birds; _sortes_, by drawing lots: but +both often used in the general sense of omens, oracles. + +_Ut qui maxime_, sc. _observant_. Ellipsis supplied by repeating +_observant_==to the greatest extent, none more. + +_Simplex_. Sine Romana arte, cf. Cic. de Div. 2, 41, K. The Scythians had +a similar method of divining, Herod. 4, 67. Indeed, the practice of +_divining_ by _rods_ has hardly ceased to this day, among the descendants +of the German Tribes. + +_Temere_, without plan on the part of the diviner.--_Fortuito_, under the +direction of chance. Gr. + +_Si publice consuletur_. If the question to be decided is of a public +nature. _Consuletur_, fut., because at the time of drawing lots the +deliberation and decision are future. Or it may refer to the consultation +of the gods (cf. Ann. 14, 30: _consulere deos_): _if it is by the state +that the gods are to be consulted_. So Ritter in his last edition. + +_Ter singulos tollit_. A three-fold drawing for the sake of certainty. +Thus Ariovistus drew lots three times touching the death of Valerius +(Caes. B.G. 1, 53). So also the Romans drew lots three times, Tibul. 1, +3, 10: sortes ter sustulit. Such is the interpretation of these disputed +words by Grüber, Ritter and many others, and such is certainly their +natural and obvious meaning: _he takes up three times one after another_ +all the slips he has _scattered_ (_spargere_ is hardly applicable to +_three_ only): if the signs are twice or thrice favorable, the thing is +permitted; if twice or thrice unfavorable it is prohibited. The language +of Caesar (in loc. cit.) is still more explicit: _ter sortibus +consultum_. But Or., Wr. and Död. understand simply the taking up of +three lots one each time. + +_Si prohibuerunt_ sc. sortes==dii. The reading _prohibuerunt_ (aL +prohibuerint) is favored by the analogy of _si displicuit_, 11, and other +passages. _Sin (==si--ne)_ is particularly frequent in antithesis with +_si_, and takes the same construction after it. + +_Auspiciorum--exigitur. Auspiciorum_, here some other omens, than lots; +such as the author proceeds to specify. _Adhuc_==ad hoc, praeterea, i.e. +in addition to the lots. The sense is: _besides drawing lots, the +persuasion produced by auspices is required_. + +_Etiam hic_. In Germany also (as well as at Rome and other well known +countries). _Hic_ is referred to Rome by some. But it was hardly needful +for T. to inform the Romans of that custom at Rome. + +_Proprium gentis. It is a peculiarity of the German race_. It is not, +however, exclusively German. Something similar prevailed among the +Persians, Herod. 1, 189. 7, 55. Darius Hystaspes was indebted to the +neighing of his horse for his elevation to the throne. + +_Iisdem memoribus_, § 9.--_Mortali opere_==hominum opere.--_Contacti_. +Notio contaminandi inest, K.--_Pressi curru_. Harnessed to the sacred +chariot. More common, pressi jugo. Poetice. + +_Conscios_ sc. deorum. _The priests consider themselves the servants of +the gods, the horses the confidants of the same_. So Tibullus speaks of +the _conscia_ fibra _deorum_. Tibul. 1, 8, 3. + +_Committunt_. Con and mitto, send together==_engage in fight_. A +technical expression used of gladiators and champions. + +_Praejudicio. Sure prognostic_. Montesquieu finds in this custom the +origin of the duel and of knight-errantry. + + +XI. _Apud--pertractentur. Are handled_, i.e. discussed, among, i.e. _by +the chiefs_, sc. before being referred to the people. + +_Nisi_ refers not to _coeunt_, but to _certis diebus_. + +_Fortuitum_, casual, unforeseen; _subitum_, requiring immediate action. + +_Inchoatur--impletur_. Ariovistus would not _fight_ before the new moon, +Caes. B.G. 1, 50. + +_Numerum--noctium_. Of which custom, we have a relic and a proof in our +seven-_night_ and fort-_night_. So also the Gauls. Caes. B.G. 6, 18. + +_Constituunt_==decree, determine; _condicunt_==proclaim, appoint. The +_con_ in both implies _concerted_ or public action. They are forensic +terms. + +_Nox--videtur_. So with the Athenians, Macrob. Saturn. 1, 3.; and the +Hebrews, Gen. 1, 5. + +_Ex libertate_, sc. _ortum, arising from_. Gün. + +_Nec ut jussi. Not precisely at the appointed time_, but a day or two +later, if they choose. + +_Ut turbae placuit. Ut_==simul ac, as soon as, _when_. It is the _time of +commencing their session_, that depends on the will of the multitude; not +their sitting _armed_, for that they always did, cf. _frameas concutiunt_ +at the close of the section; also § 13: nihil neque publicae neque +privatae rei nisi armati agunt. To express this latter idea, the order of +the words would have been reversed thus: _armati considunt_. + +_Tum et coercendi_. When the session is commenced, _then (tum)_ the +priests have the right not merely to command silence, but _also (et) to +enforce it_. This use of _et_ for _etiam_ is very rare in Cic., but +frequent in Livy, T. and later writers. See note, His. 1, 23. + +_Imperatur. Imperare_ plus est, quam _jubere_. See the climax in Ter. +Eun. 2, 3, 98; jubeo, cogo atque impero. _Impero_ is properly military +command. K. + +_Prout_ refers, not to the order of speaking, but to the degree of +influence they have over the people. Gr.--_Aetas_. Our word _alderman_ +(elderman) is a proof, that office and honor were conferred on _age_ by +our German ancestors. So _senator_ (senex) among the Romans. + +_Armis laudare_, i.e. armis concussis. "Montesquieu is of opinion that +in this Treatise on the manners of the Germans, an attentive reader may +trace the origin of the British constitution. That beautiful system, he +says, was formed in the forests of Germany, Sp. of Laws 11, 6. The +_Saxon_ Witena-gemot (Parliament) was, beyond all doubt, an improved +political institution, grafted on the rights exercised by the people in +their own country." Murphy, cf. S. Tur. His. of Ang. Sax. B. 8. cap. 4 + + +XII. _Accusare--intendere. To accuse and impeach for capital crimes_. +Minor offences were tried before the courts described at the end of the +section.--_Quoque_. In addition to the legislative power spoken of in the +previous section, the council exercised _also_ certain judicial +functions. _Discrimen capitis intendere_, lit. _to endeavor to bring one +in danger of losing his life_. + +_Ignavos--infames. The sluggish, the cowardly, and the impure_; for so +_corpore infames_ usually means, and there is no sufficient reason for +adopting another sense here. _Infames_ foeda Veneris aversae nota. K. Gr. +understands those, whose persons were disfigured by dishonorable wounds, +or who had mutilated themselves to avoid military duty. Gün. includes +both ideas: _quocunque_, non tantum _venereo_, corporis abusu contempti. + +_Insuper_==superne. So 16: multo _insuper_ fimo onerant. + +_Diversitas_ is a post-Augustan word, cf. Freund, sub v. + +_Illuc respicit. Has respect to this principle. Scelera==crimes; +flagitia==vices, low and base actions. Scelus_ poena, _flagitium_ +contemptu dignum. Gün. + +_Levioribus delictis_. Abl. abs.==_when lighter offences are committed_; +or abl. of circum.==_in case of lighter offences_. + +_Pro modo poenarum_. Such is the reading of all the MSS. _Pro modo, +poena_ is an ingenious _conjecture_ of Acidalius. But it is unnecessary. +Render thus: _in case of lighter offences, the convicted persons are +mulcted in a number of horses or cattle, in proportion to the severity of +the sentence adjudged to be due_. + +_Qui vindicatur. The injured party_, or _plaintiff_. This principle +of pecuniary satisfaction was carried to great lengths among the +Anglo-Saxons. See Turner, as cited, 21. + +_Qui reddunt_. Whose _business_ or _custom_ it is to administer justice, +etc. E. proposes _reddant_. But it is without authority and would give a +less appropriate sense. + +_Centeni_. Cf. note, § 6: centeni ex singulis pagis. "Sunt in quibusdam +locis Germaniae, velut Palatinatu, Franconia, etc. Zentgericht +(hundred-courts)," cf. Bernegger. + +_Consilia et auctoritas_. Abstract for concrete==_his advisers and the +supporters of his dignity_. + + +XIII. _Nihil nisi armati_. The _Romans_ wore arms only in time of war or +on a journey. + +_Moris_, sc. est. A favorite expression of T. So 21: concedere moris +(est). And in A. 39. + +_Suffecturum probaverit. On examination has pronounced him competent_ +(sc. to bear arms). Subj. after _antequam_. H. 523, II.; Z. 576. + +_Ornant. Ornat_ would have been more common Latin, and would have made +better English. But this construction is not unfrequent in T., cf. 11: +rex vel princeps audiuntur. Nor is it without precedent in other authors. +Cf. Z. 374. Ritter reads _propinqui_. The attentive reader will discover +here traces of many subsequent usages of _chivalry_. + +_Haec toga_. This is the badge of manhood among the Germans, as the toga +virilis was among the Romans. The Romans assumed the toga at the age of +seventeen. The Athenians were reckoned as [Greek: Ephaeboi] at the same +age, Xen. Cyr, 1, 2, 8. The Germans (in their colder climate) not till +the 20th year. Caes. B.G. 6, 21. + +_Dignationem. Rank, title_. It differs from _dignitas_ in being more +external. Cf. H. 1, 19: _dignatio Caesaris_; 8, 80: _dignatio viri_. +Ritter reads _dignitatem_. + +_Assignant. High birth or great merits of their fathers assign_ (i.e. +mark out, not consign, or fully confer) _the title of chief even to young +men_. + +_Gradus--habet_. Observe the emphatic position of _gradus_, and the force +of _quin etiam ipse: Gradations of rank, moreover the retinue itself +has_, i.e. the retainers are not only distinguished as a body in +following such a leader, _but_ there are _also distinctions_ among +_themselves. Quin etiam_ seldom occupies the second place. T. is fond of +anastrophe. Cf. Böt. Lex. Tac. + +_Si--emineat. If he_ (cuique) _stands pre-eminent for the number and +valor of his followers. Comitatus_ is gen. _Emineat_, subj. pres. H. 504 +et 509; Z. 524. + +_Ceteris--aspici_. These noble youth, thus designated to the rank of +chieftains, _attach themselves_ (for a time, with some followers perhaps) +_to the other_ chiefs, who are _older and already distinguished, nor are +they ashamed to be seen among their attendants_. + +_Quibus--cui_, sc. sit==_who shall have_, etc. + +_Ipsa fama. Mere reputation_ or _rumor_ without coming to arms. + +_Profligant_==ad finem perducunt. So Kiessling, Bötticher and Freund. +Ritter makes it==_propellunt_, frighten away. _Profligare bella, +proelia_, &c., is Tacitean. _Profligare hostes_, etc., is the common +expression. + + +XIV. _Jam vero_==porro. Cf. Böt. Lex. Tac. It marks a transition to a +topic of special importance. Cf. H. 1, 2. See Död, in loc. + +_Recessisse_. All the best Latin writers are accustomed to use the +preterite after pudet, taedet, and other words of the like signification. +Gün. The cause of shame is prior to the shame. + +_Infame_. "When Chonodomarus, king of the Alemanni, was taken prisoner by +the Romans, his military companions, to the number of two hundred, and +three of the king's most intimate friends, thinking it a most flagitious +crime to live in safety after such an event, surrendered themselves to be +loaded with fetters. Ammian. Marcell, 16, 12, 60. There are instances of +the same kind in Tacitus." Mur. Cf. also Caes. B.G. 3, 22. 7, 40. + +_Defendere, to defend him_, when attacked; _tueri, to protect him_ at all +times. + +_Praecipuum sacramentum. Their most sacred duty_, Gün. and K.; _or the +chief part of their oath_, Gr.--_Clarescunt--tuentur_. So Ritter after +the best MSS. Al. _clarescant--tueantur_, or _tueare_. + +_Non nisi_. In Cic. usually separated by a word or a clause. In T. +generally brought together. + +_Exigunt. They expect.--Illum--illam_. Angl. _this--that_, cf. +_hinc--hinc_, A. 25.--_Bellatorem equum_. Cf. Virg. G. 2, 145. + +_Incompti--apparatus. Entertainments, though inelegant yet liberal. +Apparatus_ is used in the same way, Suet. Vitel. 10 and 13.--_Cedunt_== +iis dantur. Gün. + +_Nec arare_, etc. The whole language of this sentence is poetical, e.g. +the use of the inf. after _persuaseris_, of _annum_ for annuam mensem, +the sense of _vocare_ and _mereri_, &c. _Vocare_, i.e. provocare, cf. H. +4, 80, and Virg. Geor. 4, 76. _Mereri, earn, deserve_, i.e. by bravery. + +_Pigrum et iners_. Piger est natura ad laborem tardus; iners, in quo +nihil artis et virtutis. K. Render: _a mark of stupidity and incapacity_. + +_Quin immo. Nay but, nay more_. These words connect the clause, though +not placed at the beginning, as they are by other writers. They seem to +be placed after _pigrum_ in order to throw it into an emphatic position. +So _gradus quin etiam_, 13, where see note.--_Possis_. You, i.e., any one +can. Z. 524. Cf. note II. 1, 10: _laudares_. So _persuaseris_ in the +preceding sentence. The subj. gives a contingent or potential turn==_can +procure_, sc. if you will _would persuade_, sc. if you should try. An +indefinite person is always addressed in the subj. in Latin, even when +the ind. would be used if a definite person were addressed. Z. 524. + +In the chieftains and their retainers, as described in the last two +sections, the reader cannot fail to discover the germ of the feudal +system. Cf. Montesq. Sp. of Laws, 30, 3, 4; also Robertson's Chas. V. + + +XV. _Non multum_. The common reading (multum without the negative) is a +mere conjecture, and that suggested by a misapprehension of the meaning +of T. _Non multum_ is to be taken comparatively. Though in time of peace +they hunt often, yet they spend _so much more time in eating, drinking, +and sleeping_, that the former is comparatively small. Thus understood, +this passage of T. is not inconsistent with the declarations of Caesar, +B.G. 6, 21: Vita Germanorum omnis in venationibus atque in studiis rei +militaris consistit. Caesar leaves out of account their periods of +inaction, and speaks only of their active employments, which were war and +the chase. It was the special object of Tacitus, on the contrary, to give +prominence to that striking feature of the German character which Caesar +overlooks; and therein, as Wr. well observes, the later historian shows +his more exact acquaintance with the Germans. _Non multum_, as opposed to +_plus_, is nearly equivalent to _minus_. + +_Venatibus, per otium_. Enallage for _venatibus, otio_, H. 704, III. This +figure is very frequent in T., e.g. § 40: per obsequium, proeliis; A. 9: +virtute aut per artem; A. 41: temeritate aut per ignaviam, &c. Seneca, +and indeed most Latin authors, prefer a _similar_ construction in +antithetic clauses; T. seems rather to avoid it. In all such cases +however, as the examples just cited show, _per_ with the acc. is not +precisely equivalent to the abl. The abl. is more active and implies +means, agency; the acc. with _per_ is more passive and denotes manner or +occasion. + +_Delegata, transferred_. + +_Familiae. Household_, properly of servants (from famel, Oscan for +servant), as in chapp. 25 and 32: but sometimes the whole family, as here +and in chap. 7: _familiae et propinquitates_. + +_Ipsi_. The men of middle life, the heads of the _familiae_. + +_Diversitate. Contrariety.--Ament_. Subj. H. 518, I.; Z. 577.-- +_Oderint_. Perf. in the sense of the pres. H. 297, I. 2; Z. 221. + +_Inertiam. Inertiam==idleness_, freedom from business and care (from _in_ +and _ars_); _quietem==tranquillity_, a life of undisturbed repose without +action or excitement. Cf. 14: _ingrata genti quies_. In this account of +the habits of the Germans, one might easily fancy, he was reading a +description of the manner of life among our American Indians. It may be +remarked here, once for all, that this resemblance may be traced in very +many particulars, e.g. in their personal independence, in the military +chieftains and their followers, in their extreme fondness for the +hardships and dangers of war, in their strange inactivity, gluttony and +drunkenness in peace, in their deliberative assemblies and the power of +eloquence to sway their counsels, in their half elective, half hereditary +form of government, in the spirituality of their conceptions of God, and +some other features of their religion (Robertson has drawn out this +comparison in his history of Charles V). All tribes in a rude and savage +state must have many similar usages and traits of character. And this +resemblance between the well-known habits of our wandering savages and +those which T. ascribes to the rude tribes of Germany, may impress us +with confidence in the truthfulness of his narrative. + +_Vel armentorum vel frugum_. Partitive gen. Supply aliquid.-- +_Vel--vel==whether--or_, merely distinctive; _aut--aut==either--or_, +adversative and exclusive. _Vel--vel_ (from _volo_) implies, that one +may _choose_ between the alternatives or particulars named; _aut--aut_ +(from [Greek: au, autis]), that if one is affirmed, the other is denied, +since both cannot be true at the same time. Cf. note, A. 17: _aut--aut. +--Pecuniam_. An oblique censure of the Romans for purchasing peace and +alliance with the Germans, cf. H. 4, 76. Herodian 6, 7: [Greek: touto +gar (sc. chrusio) malista Germanoi peithontai, philargyroi te +ontes kai taen eiraenaen aei pros tous Romaious chrusiou kapaeleuontes]. +On _et_, cf. note 11. + +XVI. _Populis_. Dative of the agent instead of the abl. with _a_ or _ab_. +Cf. note 3: _Ulixi_. + +_Ne--quidem_. These words are always separated, the word on which the +emphasis rests being placed between them. H. 602, III. 2; Z. 801. Here +however the emphasis seems to belong to the whole clause--_Inter se_, sc. +_sedes junctas inter se_. + +_Colunt_==in-colunt. Both often used intransitively, or rather with an +ellipsis of the object,==_dwell_. + +_Discreti ac diversi. Separate and scattered_ in different directions, +i.e. without regular streets or highways. See Or. in loc. + +_Ut fons--placuit_. Hence to this day, the names of German towns often +end in bach (brook), feld (field), holz (grove), wald (wood), born +(spring). On the permanence of names of places, see note H. 1, 53. + +_Connexis_, with some intervening link, such as fences, hedges, and +outhouses; _cohaerentibus_, in immediate contact. + +_Remedium--inscitia. It may be as a remedy_, etc.--_or it may be through +ignorance_, etc. _Sive--sive_ expresses an alternative conditionally, +or contingently==it may be thus, or it may be thus. Compare it with +_vel--vel_, chap. 15, and with _aut--aut_, A 17. See also Ramshorn's +Synonyms, 138. _Remedium_ is acc. in app. with the foregoing clause. +_Inscitia_ is abl. of cause==per inscitiam. + +_Caementorum_. Properly _hewn_ stone (from caedo), but in usage any +building stone.--_Tegularum_. Tiles, any materials for the _roof_ (tego), +whether of brick, stone, or wood. + +_Citra_. Properly this side of, hence short of, or _without_, as used by +the _later_ Latin authors. This word is kindred to _cis_, i.e. _is_ with +the demonstrative prefix _ce_. Cf. Freund sub v. + +_Speciem_ refers more to the _eye, delectationem_ to the _mind_. Taken +with _citra_, they are equivalent to adjectives, connected to _informi_ +and limiting _materia_ (citra speciem==non speciosa, Gün.). Render: +_rude materials, neither beautiful to the eye nor attractive to the +taste_. _Materia_ is distinctively wood for building. Fire-wood is +_lignum_. + +_Quaedam loca_. Some parts of their houses, e.g. the walls. + +_Terra ita pura_. Probably red earth, such as chalk or gypsum. + +_Imitetur. Resembles painting and colored outlines_ or figures. + +_Aperire_. Poetice==_excavate_. Cellars under ground were unknown to the +Romans. See Beck. Gal., and Smith's Dict. Ant. + +_Ignorantur--fallunt. They are not known to exist, or else_ (though known +to exist) _they escape discovery from the very fact that they must be +sought_ (in order to be found). Gün. calls attention to the multiform +enallage in this sentence: 1. in number (_populatur, ignorantur, +fallunt_); 2. of the active, passive, and deponent verbs; 3. in the +change of cases (_aperta_, acc.; _abdita_ and _defossa_, nom.). + + +XVII. _Sagum_. A short, thick cloak, worn by Roman soldiers and +countrymen. + +_Fibula_==figibula, any artificial fastening; _spina_==natural. + +_Si desit_. Observe the difference between this clause, and _si quando +advenit_ in the preceding chapter. This is a mere supposition without +regard to fact; that implies an expectation, that the case will sometimes +happen. + +_Cetera intecti. Uncovered as to the rest of the body_, cf. 6: nudi aut +sagulo leves. + +_Totos dies_. Acc. of duration of time.--_Agunt_==vivunt. K. + +_Fluitante_. The flowing robe of the southern and eastern nations; +_stricta_, the close dress and short clothes of the northern nations. + +_Artus exprimente_. Quae tam arte artus includit, ut emineant, earumque +lineamenta et forma appareant, K. K. and Gr. understand this of coat and +vest, as well as breeches; Gün. of breeches only. + +_Proximi ripae_. Near the banks of the Rhine and the Danube, so as to +have commercial intercourse with the Romans. These having introduced the +cloth and dress of the Romans, attached little importance to the manner +of wearing their _skins_. But those in the interior, having no other +apparel, valued themselves on the nice adjustment of them. + +_Cultus_, artificial refinement. Cf. note, 6. + +_Maculis pellibusque_, for maculatis pellibus or maculis pellium, perhaps +to avoid the concurrence of genitives. + +_Belluarum--gignit. Oceanus_==terrae, quas Oceanus alluit; and +_belluae_==lutrae, mustelae, erminiae, etc., so K. But Gr. says _belluae_ +cannot mean such small creatures, and agrees with Lipsius, in +understanding by it marine animals, seadogs, seals, &c. Freund connects +it in derivation with [Greek: thaer], fera (bel==ber==ther==fer), but +defines it as properly an animal remarkable for size or wildness. +_Exterior Oceanus_==Oceanus extra orbem Romanum, further explained by +_ignotum mare_. Cf. note, 2: adversus Oceanus. + +_Habitus_, here==vestitus; in § 4.==forma corporis. + +_Saepius, oftener_ than the _men_, who also wore linen more or less. Gün. + +_Purpura_. Facta e succo plantis et floribus expresso. Gün. + +_Nudae--lacertos_. Graece et poetice. Brachia a manu ad cubitum; lacerti +a cubito ad humeros. + + +XVIII. _Quanquam_==sed tamen, i.e. notwithstanding the great freedom in +the dress of German women, yet the marriage relation is sacred. This use +of _quanquam_ is not unfrequent in T., and sometimes occurs in Cic., +often in Pliny. See Z. 341, N. + +_Qui ambiuntur_. This passage is construed in two ways: _who are +surrounded_ (ambiuntur==circumdantur, cf. II. 5, 12.) _by many wives not +to gratify lust, but to increase their rank and influence_ (_ob_ in the +sense _for the sake of_, cf. ob metum, 2). Or thus: _who_ (take many +wives) _not to gratify lust, but on account of their rank they are +solicited to form many matrimonial alliances_. For _ambio_ in this sense +and with the same somewhat peculiar construction after it, see H. 4, 51: +_tantis sociorum auxiliis ambiri_; also Virg. Aen. 7, 333: connubiis +ambire Latinum. The latter is preferable, and is adopted by Wr., K., Gr., +&c. The former by Gün. and others. Ariovistus had two wives. Caes. B.G. +1, 53. + +_Probant_, cf. probaverit, 13, note.--_Comatur_. Subj. denoting the +intention of the presents _with which she is to be adorned_. H 500, 1; Z. +567. + +_Frenatum_, bridled, _caparisoned==paratus_ below. + +_In haec munera_==[Greek: epi toutois tois dorois]. _In_==upon the basis +of, _on condition of_. So Liv.: in has leges, in easdem leges. + +_Hoc--vinculum_, So, § 13: haec apud illos toga. In both passages the +allusion is to Roman customs (for which see Becker's Gallus, Exc. 1. +Scene 1). In Germany, _these presents_ take the place of the +_confarreatio_ (see Fiske's Manual, p. 286. 4. ed.), and the various +other methods of ratifying the marriage contract at Rome; _these_, of +the religious rites in which the parties mutually engaged on the wedding +day (see Man., p. 287).--_Conjugales deos_. Certain gods at Rome +presided over marriage, e.g. Jupiter, Juno, Venus, Jugatinus, Hymenaeus, +Diana, &c. + +_Extra_. Cic. would have said _expertem_ or _positum extra_. But T. is +fond of the adv. used elliptically. + +_Auspiciis==initiatory rites_. + +_Denuntiant, proclaim, denote.--Accipere_ depends on _denuntiant_ or +_admonetur_. + +_Rursus, quae--referantur_. Rhenanus conjectured; rursusque--referant, +which has since become the common reading. But _referantur_ is the +reading of all the MSS., and needs no emendation; and _quae_, with as +good authority as _que_, makes the construction more natural and the +sense more apposite. The passage, as Gr. well suggests, consists of two +parts (_accipere--reddat_, and _quae--accipiant--referantur_), _each_ of +which includes the _two_ ideas of _receiving_ and _handing down_ to the +next generation. Render thus: _she is reminded that she receives gifts, +which she is to hand over pure and unsullied to her children; which her +daughters-in-law are to receive again_ (sc. from her sons, as she did +from her husband), _which are to be transmitted by them to her +grand-children_. + +_Referantur_. In another writer, we might expect _referant_ to correspond +in construction and subject with _accipiant_. But Tacitus is fond of +varying the construction. Cf. Bötticher's Lex Tac., and note, 16: +_ignorantur_. + + +XIX. _Septa_. So the MSS. for the most part. Al. _septae_. Meaning: _with +chastity guarded_, sc. by the sacredness of marriage and the excellent +institutions of the Germans. + +_Nullis--corruptae_. Here, as every where else in this treatise, T. +appears as the censor of Roman manners. He has in mind those fruitful +sources of corruption at Rome, public shows, (cf. Sen. Epist. 7: _nihil +vero est tam damnosum bonis moribus, quam in aliquo spectaculo +desidere_), convivial entertainments (cf. Hor. Od. 3, 6, 27), and +epistolary correspondence between the two sexes. + +_Litterarum secreta_==litteras secretas, _secret correspondence_ between +the sexes, for this limitation is obvious from the connexion.-- +_Praesens. Immediate_. + +_Maritis permissa_, sc. as a _domestic_ crime, cf. Caes. B.G. 6, 19: Viri +in uxores, sicut in liberos, vitae necisque habent potestatem. Cf. Beck. +Gall., Exc. 1. Sc. 1. + +_Accisis crinibus_, as a special mark of _disgrace_, cf. 1 Cor. 11, 6. So +in the laws of the Lombards, the punishment of adulteresses was +_decalvari et fustigari.--Omnem vicum, the whole village_, cf. Germania +omnis, § 1.--_Aetate==juventa_. + +_Non--invenerit. She would not find, could not expect to find_. This use +of the perf. subj., for a softened fut., occurs in negative sentences +oftener than in positive ones. Cf. Arnold's Prose Comp. 417, Note. + +_Saeculum_==indoles et mores saeculi, _the spirit of the age, the +fashion_. + +_Adhuc_ (==ad-hoc) is generally used by Cicero, and often by Tacitus, in +the sense either of _still_ (to this day), or _moreover_ (in addition to +this). From these, it passed naturally, in Quintilian and the writers +after him, into the sense of _even more, still more, even_, especially in +connection with the comparative degree; where the authors of the Augustan +age would have used _etiam_. See Z. 486; Bötticher's Lex. Tac. sub. voce; +and Hand's Tursellinus, vol. 1. I. 165. _Melius quidem adhuc==still +better even_. For a verb, supply _sunt_ or _agunt_. Cf. note A. 19: +_nihil_. + +_Eae civitates_. Such as the Heruli, among whom the wife was expected to +hang herself at once at the grave of her husband, if she would not live +in perpetual infamy. At Rome, on the contrary, divorces and marriages +might be multiplied to any extent, cf. Mart. 6, 7: _nubit decimo viro_; +also Beck, as above cited. + +_Semel_, like [Greek: apax], _once for all_. + +_Transigitur_. Properly a business phrase. The business is _done up, +brought to an end_. So A. 34: transigite cum expeditionibus. + +_Ultra_, sc. primum maritum. So the ellipsis might be supplied. _Ultra_ +here is equivalent to _longior_ in the next clause, as T. often puts the +adverb in place of the adjective, whether qualifying or predicate. + +_Ne tanquam--ament_, sc. maritum: _that they may not love_ a husband +_merely as a husband but as_ they love _the married state_. See this and +similar examples of _brachylogy_ well illustrated in Döderlein's Essay on +the style of Tacitus, H. p. 14. Since but one marriage was allowed, all +their love for the married state must be concentrated in one husband. + +_Numerum--finire_. In any way contrary to nature and by design. Gün. _Quod +fiebat etiam abortus procuratione_. K. + +_Ex agnatis. Agnati_ hoc loco dicuntur, qui _post familiam constitutam_, +ubi haeres jam est, _deinde nascuntur_. Hess. To put such to death was a +barbarous custom among the Romans. Cf. Ann. 3, 25; see Beck. Gall. Exc. +2. scene 1. + +_Alibi_, e.g. at Rome.--_Boni mores_ vs. _bonae leges_. These words +involve a sentiment of great importance, and of universal application. +Good habits wherever they exist, and especially in a republic, are of far +greater value and efficacy than good laws. + + +XX. _Nudi_. Cf. 6: nudi aut sagulo leves. Not literally naked, but +slightly clad, cf. Sen. de benef. 5, 13: qui _male vestitum_ et pannosum +vidit, _nudum_ se vidisse dicit. + +_Sordidi_. Gün. understands this of personal filth. But this is +inconsistent with the daily practice of bathing mentioned, § 22. It +doubtless refers to the _dress_, as Gr. and K. understand it: _nudi ac +sordidi==poorly and meanly clad_. So also Or. + +_Quae miramur_. Cf. 4: _magna corpora_. See also Caes. B.G. 1, 39, 4, 1. +On _haec_, see note, 3: _haec quoque_. + +_Ancillis ac nutricibus_. So in the Dial. de Clar. Orat., T. animadverts +upon the custom here obliquely censured: nunc natus infans delegatur +Graeculae alicui ancillae. In the early ages of Roman History it was not +so, see Becker's Gall. Exc. 2. scene 1.--_Delegantur. Delegamus_, quum, +quod _ipsi_ facere debebamus, id per _alterum_ fieri curamus. E. + +_Separet_. For the use of the subj. pres. after _donec_, see note, 1. +_erumpat.--Agnoscat_==faciat ut agnoscatur. So Död., Gün. and K. But it +is better with Gr., to regard the expression as poetical, and _virtus_, +as personified: _and valor acknowledge_ them, sc. as brave men and +therefore by implication free born. + +_Venus_==concubitus.--_Pubertas_==facultas generandi. Gr. Cf. Caes, B.G. +6, 21: qui diutissime impuberes permanserunt maximam inter suos ferunt +laudem. + +_Virgines festinantur_==nuptiae virginum festinantur, poetice. The words +properare, festinare, accelerare are used in both a trans. and intrans. +sense, cf. Hist. 2, 82: festinabantur; 3, 37: festinarentur. Among the +Romans, boys of fourteen contracted marriage with girls of twelve. Cf. +Smith's Dic. Ant. + +_Eadem, similis, pares_. The comparison is between the youth of the two +sexes at the time of marriage; they marry at the same age, equal in +stature and equal in strength. Marriages unequal in these respects, were +frequent at Rome.--_Pares--miscentur_. Plene: pares paribus, validae +validis miscentur. On this kind of brachylogy, see further in Död. Essay +on style of T., H. p. 15. _Miscentur_ has a middle sense, as the passive +often has, particularly in Tacitus. Cf. note 21: _obligantur_. + +_Referunt_. Cf. Virg. Aen. 4, 329: parvulus Aeneas, qui te tamen ore +_referret_. See note, 39: auguriis. + +_Ad patrem_. _Ad_ is often equivalent to _apud_ in the best Latin +authors; e.g. Cic. ad Att. 10, 16: ad me fuit==apud me fuit. Rhenanus by +conjecture wrote _apud_ patrem to correspond with apud avunculum. But +Passow restored _ad_ with the best reason. For T. prefers _different_ +words and constructions in antithetic clauses. Perhaps also a different +sense is here intended from that which would have been expressed by +_apud_. Wr. takes _ad_ in the sense, _in respect to: as in respect to a +father_, i.e. as they would have, if he were their father. + +_Exigunt_, sc. hunc nexum==sororum filios. + +_Tanquam_. Like Greek os to denote the views of others, not of the +writer. Hence followed by the subj. H. 531; Z. 571. + +_Et in animum_. _In_==quod attinet ad, _in respect to_. The commonly +received text has _ii et animum_, which is a mere conjecture of Rhen. +According to K., _teneant_ has for its subject not _sororum filii_, but +the same subject as _exigunt_. Render: _Since, as they suppose, both in +respect to the mind_ (the affections), _they hold it more strongly, and +in respect to the family, more extensively_. + +_Heredes_ properly refers to property, _successores_ to rank, though the +distinction is not always observed.--_Liberi_ includes both sons and +daughters. + +_Patrui_, paternal uncles; _avunculi_, maternal. + +_Propinqui_, blood relations; _affines_, by marriage. + +_Orbitatis pretia_. _Pretia==proemia_. _Orbitatis==childlessness_. Those +who had no children, were courted at _Rome_ for the sake of their +property. Vid. Sen. Consol. ad Marc. 19: in civitate nostra, plus gratiae +orbitas confert, quam eripit. So Plutarch de Amore Prolis says: the +childless are entertained by the rich, courted by the powerful, defended +gratuitously by the eloquent: many, who had friends and honors in +abundance, have been stripped of both by the birth of a single child. + + +XXI. _Necesse est_. It is their duty and the law of custom. Gün.-- +_Nec_==non tamen.--_Homicidium_. A post-Augustan word. + +_Armentorum ac pecorum_. For the distinction between these words, see +note, § 5. The high value which they attached to their herds and flocks, +as their _solae et gratissimae opes_, may help to explain the law or +usage here specified. Moreover, where the individual was so much more +prominent than the state, homicide even might be looked upon as a private +wrong, and hence to be atoned for by a pecuniary satisfaction, cf. Tur. +Hist. Ang. Sax., App. No. 3, chap. 1. + +_Juxta libertatem_, i.e. _simul cum libertate_, or inter liberos homines. +The form of expression is characteristic of the later Latin. Cf. Hand's +Tursellinus, vol. III. p. 538. Tacitus is particularly partial to this +preposition. + +_Convictibus_, refers to the entertainment of countrymen and friends, +_hospitiis_ to that of strangers. + +_Pro fortuna. According to his means_. So Ann. 4, 23: fortunae inops. + +_Defecere_, sc. epulae. Quam exhausta sint, quae apparata erant, cf. 24: +omnia defecerunt. + +_Hospes_. Properly _stranger_; and hence either _guest_ or _host_. Here +the latter.--_Comes. Guest_. So Gün. and the common editions. But most +recent editors place a colon after _comes_, thus making it _predicate_, +and referring it to the _host_ becoming the guide and _companion_ of his +guest to another place of entertainment. + +_Non invitati_, i.e. etiam si non invitati essent. Gün. + +_Nec interest_, i.e. whether invited or not. + +_Jus hospitis. The right of the guest_ to a hospitable reception, So Cic. +Tus. Quaes., 1, 26: jus hominum. + +_Quantum ad_ belongs to the silver age. In the golden age they said: +_quod attinet ad_, or simply _ad_. Gr. Cicero however has _quantum in_, +N. D. 3, 7; and Ovid, _quantum ad_, A. A. 1, 744. Cf. Freund sub voce. + +_Imputant. Make charge or account of_. Nearly confined to the later +Latin. Frequent in T. in the reckoning both of debt and credit, of praise +and blame. Cic. said: _assignare_ alicui aliquid. + +_Obligantur_, i.e. obligatos esse putant. Forma passiva ad modum medii +verbi Graeci. Gün. Cf. note, 20: _miscentur_. + +_Victus--comis. The mode of life between host and guest is courteous_. For +_victus_==manner of life, cf. Cic. Inv. 1, 25, 35. + + +XXII. _E_ is not exactly equivalent here to _a_, nor does it mean simply +_after_, but immediately on awaking _out of_ sleep.--_Lavantur_, wash +themselves, i.e. bathe; like Gr. louomai. So aggregantur, 13; +_obligantur_, 21, et passim. + +_Calida_, sc. aqua, cf. in Greek, thermo louesthai, Aristoph. Nub. 1040. +In like manner Pliny uses _frigida_, Ep. 6, 16: semel iterumque +_frigidam_ poposcit transitque. Other writers speak of the Germans as +bathing in their rivers, doubtless in the summer; but in the winter they +use the warm bath, as more agreeable in that cold climate. So in Russia +and other cold countries, cf. Mur. in loco. + +_Separatae--mensa_. Contra Romanorum luxuriam, ex more fere _Homerici_ +aevi. Gün. + +_Sedes_, opposed to the triclinia, on which the Romans used to _recline_, +a practice as unknown to the rude Germans, as to the _early_ Greeks and +Hebrews. See Coler. Stud. of Gr. Poets, p. 71 (Boston, 1842). + +_Negotia_. Plural==_their_ various _pursuits_. So Cic. de Or. 2, 6: +_forensia negotia. Negotium==nec-otium_, C. and G. being originally +identical, as they still are almost _in form.--Armati_. Cf. note, 11: _ut +turbae placuit_. + +_Continuare_, etc. est diem noctemque jungere potando, sive die nocteque +perpotationem continuare. K. + +_Ut_, sc. solet fieri, cf. ut in licentia, § 2. The clause limits +_crebrae_; it is the _frequent occurrence_ of brawls, that is customary +among those given to wine. + +_Transiguntur_. See note on transigitur, § 19. + +_Asciscendis_. i.e. assumendis. + +_Simplices_ manifestly refers to the _expression_ of thought; explained +afterwards by _fingere_ nesciunt==_frank, ingenuous_. Cf. His. 1, 15: +_simplicissime loquimur_; Ann. 1, 69: _simplices curas_. + +_Astuta--callida. Astutus_ est natura, _callidus_ multarum rerum peritia. +Rit. _Astutus_, cunning; _callidus_, worldly wise. Död. + +_Adhuc. To this day_, despite the degeneracy and dishonesty of the age. +So Död. and Or. Rit. says: quae adhuc pectore clausa erant. Others still +make it==_etiam, even_. Cf. note, 19. + +_Retractatur_. Reviewed, _reconsidered_. + +_Salva--ratio est. The proper relation of both times is preserved_, or the +advantage of both is secured, as more fully explained in the next member, +viz. by _discussing when they are incapable of disguise, and deciding, +when they are not liable to mistake_. Cf. Or. in loc., and Bötticher, +sub v. + +Passow well remarks, that almost every German usage, mentioned in this +chapter, is in marked contrast with Roman manners and customs. + + +XXIII. _Potui_==pro potu, or in potum, dat. of the end. So 46: Victui +herba, vestitui pelles. T. and Sallust are particularly fond of this +construction. Cf. Böt. Lex. Tac., sub _Dativus_. + +_Hordeo aut frumento. Hordeo==barley; frumento_, properly fruit +(frugimentum, fruit [Greek: kat exochaen], i.e. grain), grain of any +kind, here _wheat_, cf. Veget. R.M. 1, 13: et milites pro frumento +hordeum cogerentur accipere. + +_Similitudinem vini. Beer_, for which the Greeks and Romans had no name. +Hence Herod. (2, 77) speaks of [Greek: oinos ek kritheon pepoiaemenos], +among the Egyptians. + +_Corruptus_. Cum Tacitea indignatione dictum, cf. 4: _infectos_, so Gün. +But the word is often used to denote mere change, without the idea of +being made worse, cf. Virg. Geor. 2, 466: Nec casia liquidi _corrumpitur_ +usus olivi. Here render _fermented_. + +_Ripae_, sc. of the Rhine and Danube, i.e. the Roman border, as in 22: +proximi ripae. + +_Poma_. Fruits of any sort, cf. Pliny, N.H. 17, 26: arborem vidimus omni +genere _pomorum_ onustum, alio ramo _nucibus_, alio _baccis_, aliunde +_vite, ficis, piris_, etc. + +_Recens fera. Venison_, or other game _fresh_, i.e. _recently taken_, in +distinction from the tainted, which better suited the luxurious taste of +the Romans. + +_Lac concretum_. Called _caseus_ by Caes. B.G. 6, 22. But the Germans, +though they lived so much on milk, did not understand the art of making +cheese, see Pliny, N.H. 11, 96. "De caseo non cogitandum, potius quod +nostrates dicunt dickemilch" (i.e. _curdled milk_). Gün. + +_Apparatu. Luxurious preparation.--Blandimentis. Dainties_. + +_Haud minus facile_. Litotes for multo facilius. + +_Ebrietati_. Like the American Aborigines, see note, § 15. + + +XXIV. _Nudi_. See note, § 20. + +_Quibus id ludicrum. For whom it is a sport_; not whose business it is to +furnish the amusement: that would be _quorum est_ K. and Gr. + +_Infestas_==porrectas contra saltantes. K.--_Decorem_. Poetic. + +_Quaestum_==quod quaeritur, _gain_.--_Mercedem_, stipulated pay, _wages_. + +_Quamvis_ limits _audacis_==_daring as it is_ (as you please). + +_Sobrii inter seria_. At Rome gaming was forbidden, except at the +Saturnalia, cf. Hor. Od. 3, 24, 68: vetita legibus alea. The remarkable +circumstance (_quod mirere_) in Germany was, that they practised it not +merely as an amusement at their feasts, but when sober among (_inter_) +their ordinary every-day pursuits. + +_Novissimo. The last_ in a series. Very frequently in this sense in T., +so also in Caes. Properly newest, then latest, _last_. Cf. note, His. 1, +47. _Extremo_, involving the greatest hazard, like our _extreme: last and +final_ (decisive) _throw_. This excessive love of play, extending even to +the sacrifice of personal liberty, is seen also among the American +Indians, see Robertson, Hist. of America, vol. 2, pp. 202-3. It is +characteristic of barbarous and savage life, cf. Mur. in loco. + +_De libertate ac de corpore_. Hendiadys==_personal liberty_. + +_Voluntariam_. An earlier Latin author would have used _ipse, ultro_, or +the like, limiting the subject of the verb, instead of the object. The +Latin of the golden age prefers _concrete_ words. The later Latin +approached nearer to the English, in using more _abstract_ terms. Cf. +note on _repercussu_, 3. + +_Juvenior. More youthful_, and therefore more vigorous; not merely +younger (_junior_). See Död. and Rit. in loc. Forcellini and Freund cite +only two other examples of this full form of the comparative (Plin. Ep. +4, 8, and Apul. Met. 8, 21), in which it does not differ in meaning from +the common contracted form. + +_Ea_==talis or tanta. _Such_ or _so great_. Gr. + +_Pervicacia. Pervicaces_ sunt, qui in aliquo certamine _ad vincendum_ +perseverant, Schol. Hor. Epod. 17, 14. + +_Pudore_. Shame, _disgrace_. So also His. 3, 61; contrary to usage of +earlier writers, who use it for sense of shame, _modesty_. + + +XXV. _Ceteris_. All but those who have gambled away their own liberty, as +in § 24.--_In nostrum morem_, &c., with specific duties distributed +through the household (the slave-household, cf. note, 15), as explained +by the following clause. On the extreme subdivision of office among +slaves at _Rome_, see Beck. Gall. Exc. 2. Sc. 2; and Smith's Dic. Antiq. +under Servus. + +_Descripta_==dimensa, distributa. Gün. + +_Familiam_. Here the entire _body of servants_, cf. note, § 15. + +_Quisque_. Each _servant_ has his own house and home. + +_Ut colono_. Like the _tenant_ or _farmer_ among the Romans; also the +vassal in the middle ages, and the serf in Modern Europe. + +_Hactenus. Thus far_, and _no farther_, i.e. if he pays his rent or tax, +no more is required of him. + +_Cetera_. The _rest of the duties_ (usually performed by a _Roman +servant_), viz. those of the _house, the wife and children_ (sc. of the +master) _perform_. Gr. strangely refers _uxor et liberi_ to the wife and +children of the servant. Passow also refers _domus_ to the house of the +servant, thus making it identical with the _penates_ above, with which it +seems rather to be contrasted. With the use of _cetera_ here, compare +His. 4, 56: _ceterum vulgus_==the rest, viz. the common soldiers, and see +the principle well illustrated in Döderlein's Essay, His. p. 17. + +_Opere. Hard labor_, which would serve as a punishment. The Romans +punished their indolent and refractory domestics, by sending them to +labor in the _country_, as well as by heavy chains (_vinculis_) and cruel +flagellations (_verberare_). They had also the power of life and death +(_occidere_). Beck. Gall. Exc. 2. Sc. 2; Smith's Dic. Ant. as above. + +_Non disciplina--ira_. Hendiadys==non disciplinae severitate, sed irae +impetu. Cf. His. 1, 51: _severitate disciplinae_. + +_Nisi--impune_, i.e. without the pecuniary penalty or satisfaction, which +was demanded when one put to death an enemy (_inimicum_). Cf. 21. + +_Liberti--libertini_. These words denote the same persons, but with this +difference in the idea: _libertus_==the freedman of some particular +master, _libertinus_==one in the _condition_ of a freedman without +reference to any master. At the time of the Decemvirate, and for some +time after, liberti==emancipated slaves, libertini==the descendants of +such, cf. Suet. Claud. 24. + +_Quae regnantur. Governed by kings_. Ex poetarum more dictum, cf. Virg. +Aen. 6, 794: regnata per arva. So 43: Gothones regnantur, and 44: +Suiones. Gün. + +_Ingenuos_==free born; _nobiles_==high born. + +_Ascendunt_, i.e. ascendere possunt. + +_Ceteros_. By synesis (see Gr.) for ceteras, sc. gentes. + +_Impares_, sc. ingenuis et nobilibus. + +_Libertatis argumentum_, inasmuch as they value liberty and citizenship +too much to confer it on freedmen and slaves. This whole topic of +freedmen is an oblique censure of Roman custom in the age of the +Emperors, whose freedmen were not unfrequently their favorites and prime +ministers. + + +XXVI. _Fenus agitare. To loan money at interest_. + +_Et in usuras extendere. And to put out that interest again on interest_. +The other explanation, viz. that it means simply to put money at +interest, makes the last clause wholly superfluous. + +_Servatur. Is secured_, sc. abstinence from usury, or the non-existence +of usury, which is the essential idea of the preceding clause. + +_Ideo--vetitum esset_, sc. ignoti nulla cupido! Cf. 19: boni mores, vs. +bonae leges. Gün. The reader cannot fail to recognize here, as usual, the +reference to Rome, where usury was practised to an exorbitant extent. See +Fiske's Manual, § 270, 4. and Arnold's His. of Rome, vol. 1, passim. + +_Universis. Whole clans_, in distinction from individual owners. + +_In vices. By turns_. Al vices, vice, vicis. Död. prefers in vicis; Rit. +in vicos==for i.e. by villages. But whether we translate by turns or by +villages, it comes to the same thing. Cf. Caes. B.G. 6, 22. + +_Camporum, arva, ager, soli, terrae_, &c. These words differ from each +other appropriately as follows: _Terra_ is opposed to mare et coelum, +viz. _earth_. _Solum_ is the substratum of any thing, viz. _solid ground +or soil_. _Campus_ is an extensive plain or level surface, whether of +land or water, here _fields_. _Ager_ is distinctively the territory that +surrounds a city, viz. _the public lands_. _Arvum_ is ager _aratus_, viz. +_plough lands_. Bredow. + +_Superest_. There is enough, and more, cf. § 6, note. + +_Labore contendunt_. They do not strive emulously to equal the fertility +of the soil by their own industry. Passow. + +_Imperatur_. Just as frumentum, commeatus, obsides, etc., _imperantur, +are demanded or expected_. Gün. + +_Totidem_, sc. quot Romani, cf. idem, 4, note. Tacitus often omits one +member of a comparison, as he does also one of two comparative particles. + +_Species. Parts_. Sometimes the logical divisions of a genus; so used by +Cic. and Quin. (§ 6, 58): cum genus dividitur in species. + +_Intellectum_. A word of the silver age, cf. note on voluntariam, 24. +Intellectum--habent==_are understood and named_. "Quam distortum +dicendi genus!" Gün. + +_Autumni--ignorantur_. Accordingly in English, spring, summer and winter +are Saxon words, while autumn is of Latin origin (Auctumnus). See Dübner +in loc. Still such words as Härfest, Herpist, Harfst, Herbst, in other +Teutonic dialects, apply to the autumnal season, and not, like our word +harvest, merely to the fruits of it. + + +XXVII. _Funera_, proprie de toto apparatu sepulturae. E. Funeral rites +were performed with great pomp and extravagance at Rome; cf. Fiske's +Man., § 340; see also Mur. in loco, and Beck. Gall. Exc. Sc. 12. + +_Ambitio_. Primarily the solicitation of office by the candidate; then +the parade and display that attended it; then _parade_ in general, +especially in a bad sense. + +_Certis_, i.e. rite statutis. Gün. + +_Cumulant_. Structura est poetica, cf. Virg. Aen. 11, 50: _cumulatque_ +altaria donis. K. + +_Equus adjicitur_. Herodotus relates the same of the Scythians (4, 71); +Caesar, of the Gauls (B.G. 6, 19). Indeed all rude nations bury with the +dead those objects which are most dear to them when living, under the +notion that they will use and enjoy them in a future state. See +Robertson's Amer. B. 4, &c., &c. + +_Sepulcrum--erigit_. Still poetical; literally: _a turf rears the comb_. +Cf. His. 5, 6: Libanum _erigit_. + +_Ponunt_==deponunt. So Cic. Tusc. Qu.: ad ponendum dolorem Cf. A. 20: +posuere iram. + +_Feminis--meminisse_. Cf. Sen. Ep.: Vir prudens meminisse perseveret, +lugere desinat. + +_Accepimus_. Ut ab aliis tradita audivimus, non ipsi cognovimus. K. See +Preliminary Remarks, p. 79. + +_In commune_. Cic. would have said, universe, or de universa origine. Gr. +Cic. uses _in commune_, but in a different sense, viz. for the common +weal. See Freund, sub voc. + +_Instituta_, political; _ritus_, religious. + +_Quae nationes. And what tribes_, etc.; _quae_ for _quaeque_ by +asyndeton, or perhaps, as Rit. suggests, by mistake of the copyist.-- +_Commigraverint_. Subj. of the indirect question. Gr. 265, Z. 552. + +German critics have expended much labor and research, in defining the +locality of the several German tribes with which the remainder of the +Treatise is occupied. In so doing, they rely not only on historical data, +but also on the traces of ancient names still attached to cities, +forests, mountains, and other localities (cf. note, § 16). These we shall +sometimes advert to in the notes. But on the whole, these speculations of +German antiquarians are not only less interesting to scholars in other +countries, but are so unsatisfactory and contradictory among themselves, +that, for the most part, we shall pass them over with very little +attention. There is manifestly an intrinsic difficulty in defining the +ever changing limits of uncivilized and unsettled tribes. Hence the +irreconcilable contradictions between _ancient authorities_, as well as +modern critiques, on this subject. Tacitus, and the Roman writers +generally, betray their want of definite knowledge of Germany by the +frequency with which they specify the names of mountains and rivers. The +following geographical outline is from Ukert, and must suffice for the +_geography_ of the remainder of the Treatise: "In the corner between the +Rhine and the Danube, are the Decumates Agri, perhaps as far as the +Mayne, 29. Northward on the Rhine dwell the Mattiaci, whose neighbors on +the east are the Chatti, 30. On the same river farther north are the +Usipii and the Tencteri; then the Frisii, 32-34. Eastward of the Tencteri +dwell the Chamavi and the Angrivarii (earlier the Bructeri), and east or +southeast of them the Dulgibini and Chasuarii, 34. and other small +tribes. Eastward of the Frisii Germany juts out far towards the north, +35. On the coast of the bay thus formed, dwell the Chauci, east of the +Frisii and the above mentioned tribes; on the south, they reach to the +Chatti. East of the Chauci and the Chatti are the Cherusci, 36. whose +neighbors are the Fosi. The Cherusci perhaps, according to Tacitus, do +not reach to the ocean; and in the angle of the above bay, he places the +Cimbri, 37. Thus Tacitus represents the western half of Germany. The +eastern is of greater dimensions. There are the Suevi, 38. He calls the +country Suevia, 41. and enumerates many tribes, which belong there. +Eastward of the Cherusci he places the Semnones and Langobardi; north of +them are the Reudigni, Aviones, Anglii, Varini, Eudoses, Suardones and +Nuithones; and all these he may have regarded as lying in the interior, +and as the most unknown tribes, 41. He then mentions the tribes that +dwell on the Danube, eastward from the Decumates Agri: the Hermunduri, in +whose country the Elbe has its source; the Narisci, Marcomanni and Quadi, +41-42. The Marcomanni hold the country which the Boii formerly possessed; +and northward of them and the Quadi, chiefly on the mountains which run +through Suevia, are the Marsigni, Gothini, Osi and Burii, 43. Farther +north are the Lygii, consisting of many tribes, among which the most +distinguished are the Arii, Helvecones, Manimi, Elysii and Naharvali, 43. +Still farther north dwell the Gothones, and, at the Ocean, the Rugii and +Lemovii. Upon islands in the ocean live the Suiones, 44. Upon the +mainland, on the coast, are the tribes of the Aestyi, and near them, +perhaps on islands, the Sitones, 45. Perhaps he assigned to them the +immense islands to which he refers in his first chapter. Here ends +Suevia. Whether the Peucini, Venedi and Fenni are to be reckoned as +Germans or Sarmatians, is uncertain, 46. The Hellusii and Oxonae are +fabulous." + +The following paragraph from Prichard's Researches embodies some of the +more general conclusions of _ethnographers_, especially of Zeuss, on whom +Prichard, in common with Orelli and many other scholars, places great +reliance. "Along the coast of the German Ocean and across the isthmus of +the Cimbric peninsula to the shore of the Baltic, were spread the tribes +of the Chauci and Frisii, the Anglii, Saxones and the Teutones or Jutes, +who spoke the _Low-German_ languages, and formed one of the four +divisions of the German race, corresponding as it seems with the +_Ingaevones_ of Tacitus and Pliny. In the higher and more central parts, +the second great division of the race, that of the _Hermiones_, was +spread, the tribes of which spoke _Upper_ or _High-German_ dialects. +Beginning in the West with the country of the Sigambri on the Rhine, +and from that of the Cherusci and Angrivarii near the Weser and the +Hartz, this division comprehended, besides those tribes, the Chatti, the +Langobardi, the Hermunduri, the Marcomanni and Quadi, the Lugii, and +beyond the Vistula the Bastarnae, in the neighborhood of the Carpathian +hills. To the eastward and northward of the last mentioned, near the +lower course of the Vistula and thence at least as far as the Pregel, +were the primitive abodes of the Goths and their cognate tribes, who are +perhaps the _Istaevones_." The fourth division of Prichard embraced the +Scandinavians, who spoke a language kindred to the Germans and were +usually classed with them. Those who would examine this subject more +thoroughly, will consult Adelung, Zeuss, Grimm, Ritter, Ukert, Prichard, +Latham, &c., who have written expressly on the geography or the +ethnography of Germany. + + +XXVIII. _Summus auctorum_, i.e. omnium scriptorum is, qui plurimum +_auctoritatis fideique_ habet. K. Cf. Sueton. Caes. 56. Though T. +commends so highly the _authority_ of Caesar as a writer, yet he differs +from him in not a few matters of fact, as well as opinion; owing chiefly, +doubtless, to the increased means of information which he possessed in +the age of Trajan. + +_Divus Julius. Divus_==deified, _divine_; an epithet applied to the Roman +Emperors after their decease.--_Tradit_. Cf. Caes. B.G. 6, 24: fuit +antea tempus, cum _Germanos Galli_ virtute _superarent_, ultro bella +inferrent, propter hominum multitudinem agrique inopiam trans Rhenum +colonias mitterent. Livy probably refers to the same events, when he says +(Lib. 5, 34), that in the reign of Priscus Tarquinius, two immense bodies +of Gauls migrated and took possession, the one of the Hercynian Forest, +the other of Upper Italy. + +_Amnis. The Rhine.--Promiscuas. Unsettled, ill defined_. + +_Quo minus_ after a verb of hindering is followed by the subj. H. 499; +Z. 543. + +_Nulla--divisas_, i.e. _not distributed among different and powerful +kings_. + +_Hercyniam silvam_. A series of forests and mountains, stretching from +Helvetia to Hungary in a line parallel to the Danube, and described by +Caesar (B.G. 6, 25), as nine day's journey in breadth and more than +sixty in length. The name seems to be preserved in the modern _Hartz_ +Forest, which is however far less extensive. + +_Igitur--Helvetii_==igitur _regionem_, inter, etc. See note on _colunt_, +16. _Igitur_ seldom stands as the first word in a sentence in Cicero. Cf. +Z. 357; and Kühner's Cic. Tusc. Qu. 1, 6, 11. Here it introduces a more +particular explanation of the general subject mentioned at the close of +the previous chapter. So in A. 13. When so used, it sometimes stands +first in Cic., always in T. Cf. Freund sub v. Touching the Helvetii, see +Caes. B.G. 1, 1; T. His. 1, 67. + +_Boihemi nomen_. Compounded of Boii and heim (home of the Boii), now +Bohemia. _Heim==ham_ in the termination of so many names of towns, e.g. +Framing_ham_, Notting_ham_. The Boii were driven from their country by +the Marcomanni, 42. The fugitives are supposed to have carried their name +into Boioaria, now Bavaria. Cf. Prichard's Physical Researches, Vol. III. +Chap. 1, Sec. 6; and Latham's Germany of Tacitus in loco. + +_Germanorum natione_, i.e. German in situation, not in origin, for this +he expressly denies or disproves in 43, from the fact that they spoke +the Pannonian language, and paid tribute. The doubt expressed here has +reference only to their original _location_, not to their original stock, +and is therefore in no way inconsistent with the affirmation in chapter +43. + +_Cum==since_. Hence followed by subj. H. 518, I.; Z. 577. + +_Utriusque ripae_. Here of the _Danube_, the right or Pannonian bank of +which was occupied by the Aravisci, and the left or German bank by the +Osi. So elsewhere of the _Rhine_, 37, and of both, 17, and 23. + +_Treveri_. Hence modern _Treves_. + +_Circa_. _In respect to_. A use foreign to the golden age of Latin +composition, but not unfrequent in the silver age. See Ann. 11, 2. 15. +His. 1, 43. Cf. Z. 298, and note, H. 1, 13. + +_Affectationem_. _Eager desire_ to pass for native Germans. Ad verbum, +cf. note, II. 1, 80. + +_Ultro_. Radically the same with _ultra_==beyond. Properly beyond +expectation, beyond necessity, beyond measure, beyond any thing mentioned +in the foregoing context. Hence unexpectedly, freely, cheerfully, very +much, even more. Here _very_, _quite_. Gr. + +_Inertia Gallorum_. T., says Gün., is an everlasting persecutor of the +Gauls, cf. A. 11. + +_Haud dubie_==haud dubii. It limits Germanorum populi. _Undoubtedly +German tribes_. + +_Meruerint_. Not merely deserved, but _earned_, _attained_. For the subj. +after _quanquam_, cf. note, 35. + +_Agrippinenses_. From Agrippina, daughter of Germanicus and wife of +Claudius. Ann. 12, 27. Now Cologne. + +_Conditoris_. _Conditor_ with the earlier Latins is an epicene, conditrix +being of later date. Here used of Agrippina. Of course _sui_ cannot agree +with _conditoris_. It is a reflexive pronoun, the objective gen. after +_conditoris_==the founder of _themselves_, i.e. of their state, cf. +_odium sui_, 33. + +_Experimento_. Abl. _on_ trial, not _for_; i.e. in consequence of being +found faithful. In reference to the Ubii, cf. His. 4, 28. + + +XXIX. _Virtute_ sc. bellica. + +_Non multum ex ripa_. _A small tract on the bank, but chiefly an island +in the river_. Cf. His. 4, 12: extrema Gallicae orae, simulque insulam, +occupavere. + +_Chattorum quondam_. The very name Batavi is thought by some to be a +corrupted or modified form of Chatti. See Rit. in loc. + +_Transgressus. When_ is not known, but Julius Caesar found them already +in possession of their new territory. B.G. 4, 10. + +_Fierent_. Subj. after _eas--quibus==such that_. H. 500, 2; Z. 556. + +_Nec--contemnuntur. Are neither dishonored_. So in His. 4, 17. the +Batavians are called _tributorum expertes_. + +_Oneribus. The burdens of regular taxation.--Collationibus. Extraordinary +contributions_. + +_Tela_, offensive; _arma_, defensive armor. + +_In sua ripa_. On the right or eastern bank of the Rhine. _Agunt_ is to +be taken with _in sua ripa_, as well as with _nobiscum_, which are +antithetic to each other. Meaning: in situation Germans, in feeling +Romans. + +_Mente animoque. In mind and spirit. Mens_ is properly the understanding, +_animus_ the feeling part, and both together comprehend the whole soul. + +_Acrius animantur. Made more courageous by the influence of their very +soil and climate even_ (_adhuc_, cf. note, 19). + +_Numeraverim_. Subj. cf. note, 2: _crediderim_. + +_Decumates--exercent. Exercent_==colunt, So Virg. tellurem, terram, humum, +solum, &c., _exercere_. + +_Decumates_==decumanos. Occurs only here. Tithe-paying lands. For their +location, see note, 27. + +_Dubiae possessionis_, i.e. _insecure_, till confirmed by _limite acto +promotisque praesidiis_, i.e. _extending the boundary and advancing the +garrisons or outposts_. + +_Sinus. Extreme bend_ or _border_. Cf. note, 1. So Virg. (Geor. 2 123) +calls India extremi _sinus_ orbis. + +_Provinciae_. A province, not any particular one. + + +XXX. _Initium inchoant_. Pleonastic. So initio orto, His. 1, 76; initium +coeptum, His. 2, 79; perferre toleraverit, Ann. 3, 3. _Ultra_ is farther +back from the Rhine. Chattorum sedes ubi nunc magnus ducatus et +principatus _Hassorum_, quorum nomen a Chattis deductum. Ritter. +Cha_tt_i==He_ss_ians, as Germ. wa_ss_er==Eng. wa_t_er, and [Greek: +prasso==pratto]. + +_Effusis. Loca effusa_ sunt, quae _latis campis_ patent. K. This use +belongs to the later Latin, though Horace applies the word with _late_ to +the sea: effusi late maria. Gr. + +_Durant siquidem_, etc. On the whole, I am constrained to yield to the +authority and the arguments of Wr., Or., Död., and Rit., and place the +pause before _durant_, instead of after it as in the first edition. +_Durant_ precedes _siquidem_ for the sake of emphasis, just as _quin +immo_ (chap. 14) and _quin etiam_ (13) yield their usual place to the +emphatic word. These are all departures from established usage. See notes +in loc. cit. _Que_ must be understood, after _paulatim_: it is inserted +in the text by Ritter. + +_Rarescunt_. _Become fewer_ and farther apart. So Virg. Aen. 3, 411: +_Angusti rarescent claustra Pelori_. + +_Chattos suos_. As if the Chatti were the children of the Forest, and the +Forest emphatically their country. Passow. + +_Prosequitur, deponit_. Begins, continues, and ends with the Chatti. +Poetical==is coextensive with. + +_Duriora_, sc. solito, or his, cf. Gr. 256, 9.--_Stricti, sinewy, +strong_, which has the same root as _stringo_. + +_Ut inter Germanos_, i.e. pro ingenio Germanorum, Gün. So we say +elliptically: _for Germans_. + +_Praeponere_, etc. A series of infinitives without connectives, denoting +a hasty enumeration of particulars; elsewhere, sometimes, a rapid +succession of events. Cf. notes, A. 36, and H. 1, 36. The particulars +here enumerated, all refer to _military_ proceedings. + +_Disponere--noctem_. _They distribute the day_, sc. as the period of +various labors; _they fortify the night_, sc. as the scene of danger. +Still highly poetical. + +_Ratione_. _Way, manner_. Al. _Romanae_. + +_Ferramentis_. _Iron tools_, axes, mattocks, &c.--_Copiis_. _Provisions_. + +_Rari_. Predicate of _pugna_, as well as _excursus_.--_Velocitas_ applies +to cavalry, _cunctatio_ to infantry; _juxta_==connected with, allied to, +cf. juxta libertatem, 21. + + +XXXI. _Aliis--populis_. Dat. after _usurpatum_, which with its adjuncts +is the subject of _vertit_. See same construction, His. 1, 18: observatum +id antiquitus comitiis dirimendis non terruit Galbam, etc., cf. also A. +1.--_Audentia_ occurs only thrice in T. (G. 31. 34. Ann. 15, 53), and +once in Pliny (Ep. 8, 4). It differs from _audacia_ in being a _virtue_. + +_Vertit_. Intrans. Not so found in Cic., but in Liv., Caes., and Sall., +not unfrequent. Gr. Cic. however uses _anno vertente_. + +_In consensum vertit_. _Has become the common custom_. + +_Ut primum_. _Just as soon as_. A causal relation is also implied; hence +followed by the subj. + +_Crinem--submittere_. We find this custom (_of letting the hair and beard +grow long_) later among the Lombards and the Saxons, cf. Turn. His. Ang. +Sax., App. to B. 2. + +_Super--spolia_, i.e. _over the bloody spoils_ of a slain enemy. + +_Revelant_, i.e. they remove the hair and beard, which have so long +_veiled_ the face. + +_Retulisse==repaid, discharged their obligations to those who gave them +birth_. + +_Squalor_. This word primarily denotes roughness; secondarily and usually +filth: here the deformity of unshorn hair and beard. + +_Insuper_, i.e. besides the long hair and beard. The proper position of +_insuper_ is, as here, between the adj. and subs., cf. 34: immensos +_insuper_ lacus; see also _insuper_, 12. + +_Absolvat_. Subj. after _donec_. So _faciat_ below. See note, 1. + +_Hic--habitus_, sc. _ferreum annulum_, cf. 17. _Plurimis_==permultis, +Rit. + +_Placet_. Antithetic to _ignominiosum genti_. Very many of the Chatti are +_pleased_ with that which is esteemed a disgrace by most Germans, and so +pleased with it as to retain it to old age, and wear it as a badge of +distinction (_canent insignes_). + +_Nova_. Al. _torva. Strange, unusual_. Placed in the _van_ (_prima +acies_), because as the author says, § 43: primi in omnibus proeliis +_oculi_ vincuntur. + +_Mansuescunt_. Primarily said of wild beasts, _accustomed to the hand of +man_ or _tamed_. So _immanis_, _not_ handled, wild, savage. The clause +introduced by _nam_ illustrates or enforces _visu nova_, and may be +rendered thus: _for not even in time of peace do they grow gentle_ and +put on _a milder aspect_. + +_Exsanguis_. Usually lifeless or pale. Here _languid, feeble_. + + +XXXII. _Alveo_==quoad alveum. Abl. of respect, H. 429; Z. 429. + +_Certum. Fixed, well defined_, i.e. not divided and diffused, (so as to +form of itself no sufficient border or boundary to the Roman Empire) as +it was nearer its source among the Chatti. So this disputed word seems to +be explained by the author himself in the following clause; _quique +terminus esse sufficiat==and such that it suffices to be a boundary_. +_Qui==talis ut_; hence followed by the subj. H. 500, I.; Z. 558. So Mela +(3, 2) contrasts _solidus et certo alveo lapsus_ with _huc et illuc +dispergitur_. + +_Tencteris_==apud Tencteros, by _enallage_, cf. note on _ad patrem_, 20, +and other references there. The Tencteri and Usipii seem to have been at +length absorbed into the mass of people, who appear under the later name +of Alemanni. Cf. Prichard. + +_Familiam. Servants_, cf. note on same word, 15. See also Beck Gall., +Exc. 1. Sc. 1.--Penates==our _homestead_. + +_Jura succesionum==heir looms_, all that goes down by hereditary +descent. + +_Excipit_. Here in the unusual sense of _inherits.--Cetera_, sc. _jura +successionum_. + +_Bello_. Abl. and limits both _ferox_ and _melior_. Meaning: _The horses +are inherited, not, like the rest of the estate, by the eldest son, but +by the bravest_. + + +XXXIII. _Occurrebant. Met the view, presented themselves_. Almost the +sense of the corresponding English word. The structure of _narratur_ +(as impers.) is very rare in the earlier authors, who would say: +_Chamavi narrantur_. Cf. His. 1, 50. 90. The _Chamavi_, &c., were +joined afterwards to the Franks. Cf. Prichard. The present town of +_Ham_ in Westphalia probably preserves the name and gives the +_original_ locality of the _Chamavi_, the present _Engern_ that of the +_Angrivarii_. The termination varii or uarii probably==inhabitants of. +Thus angrivarii==inhabitants of Engern. Chasuarii==Inhabitants of the +river Hase. The same element is perhaps contained in the termination of +Bruct_eri_ and Tenct_eri_. See Latham in loco. + +_Nos, se_. Romanos. _Erga_==inclined to (cf. vergo), _towards_. + +_Spectaculo_. Ablative. Invidere is constructed by the Latins in the +following ways: invidere alicui aliquid, alicui alicujus rei, alicui +aliqua re, alicui in aliqua re. Hess. The construction here (with the +abl. of the thing, which was the object of envy) belongs to the silver +age. Cf. Quint. (Inst. 9, 3, 1) who contrasts it with the usage of +Cicero, and considers it as illustrating the fondness of the age for +_figurative_ language. + +_Oblectationi oculisque_. Hendiadys for ad oblectationem oculorum. The +author here exults in the promiscuous slaughter of the German Tribes by +each other's arms, as a brilliant spectacle to Roman eyes--a feeling +little congenial to the spirit of Christianity, but necessarily nurtured +by the gladiatorial shows and bloody amusements of the Romans, to say +nothing of the habitual hostility which they waged against all other +nations, that did not submit to their dominion. + +_Quaeso_, sc. _deos_. Though _fortune_ is spoken of below, as controlling +the destiny of nations. This passage shows clearly that Tacitus, with all +his partiality for German manners and morals, still retains the heart of +a Roman patriot. He loves his country with all her faults, and bears no +good-will to her enemies, however many and great their virtues. The +passage is important, as illustrating the spirit and design of the whole +Treatise. The work was not written as a blind panegyric on the Germans, +or a spleeny satire on the Romans. Neither was it composed for the +purpose of stirring up Trajan to war against Germany; to such a purpose, +such a clause, as _urgentibus imperii fatis_, were quite adverse. Least +of all was it written for the mere pastime and amusement of Roman +readers. It breathes the spirit at once of the earnest patriot, and the +high-toned moralist. + +_Odium sui_. Cf. note, 28: _conditor. Hatred of themselves_; i.e. of one +another. So in Greek, the reflexive pronoun is often used for the +reciprocal. + +_Quando==since_; a subjective reason. Cf. note, His. I, 31; and Z. 346. +--_Urgentibus--fatis_, sc. to discord and dissolution, for such were the +forebodings of patriotic and sagacious minds ever after the overthrow of +the Republic, even under the prosperous reign of Trajan. + + +XXXIV. _A tergo_, i.e. further back from the Rhine, or towards the East-- +_A fronte_, nearer the Rhine or towards the West. Both are to be referred +to the Angrivarii and Chamavi, who had the Dulgibini and the Chasuarii in +their rear (on the east), and the Frisii on their front (towards the west +or northwest).--_Frisii_, the Frieslanders. + +_Majoribus--virium. They have the name of Greater or Less Frisii, +according to the measure of their strength_. For this sense of _ex_ +see note 7. For the case of _majoribus minoribusque_ see Z. 421, and +H. 387, 1. + +_Praetexuntur. Are bordered by the Rhine_ (hemmed, as the toga +_praetexta_ by the purple); or, as Freund explains, are covered by it, +i.e. lie behind it--_Immensos lacus_. The bays, or arms of the sea, at +the mouth of the Rhine (Zuyder Zee, etc.), taken for lakes by T. and +Pliny (Ann. 1, 60. 2, 8. N.H. 4, 29). They have been greatly changed by +inundations. See Mur. in loco. + +_Oceanum_, sc. Septentrionalem.--_Sua_, sc. parte.--_Tentavimus, +explored_. + +_Herculis columnas_. "Wherever the land terminated, and it appeared +impossible to proceed further, ancient maritime nations feigned pillars +of Hercules. Those mentioned in this passage some authors have placed at +the extremity of Friesland, and others at the entrance of the Baltic." +Ky. cf. note, 3. + +_Adiit_, i.e. vere adiit, _actually_ visited that part of the world. + +_Quicquid--consensimus_. This passage is a standard illustration of the +_Romana interpretatione_ (§ 43), the Roman construction, which the Romans +put upon the mythology and theology of other nations. It shows that they +were accustomed to apply the names of their gods to the gods of other +nations on the ground of some resemblance in character, history, worship, +&c. Sometimes perhaps a resemblance in the _names_ constituted the ground +of identification. + +_Druso Germanico_. Some read Druso _et_ Germanico; others Druso, +Germanico, as a case of asyndeton (Gr. 323, 1 (1.)); for both Drusus and +Germanicus sailed into the Northern Ocean, and it is not known that +Germanicus (the son of Drusus and stepson of Tiberius, who is by some +supposed to be meant here) is ever called _Drusus Germanicus_. But +Drusus, the father of Germanicus, is called Drusus Germanicus in the +Histories (5, 19), where he is spoken of as having thrown a mole or dam +across the Rhine; and it is not improbable that he is the person here +intended. So K., Or. and Wr. + +_Se_, i.e. the Ocean. See H. 449, II.; Z. 604. + +_Inquiri_. Impersonal==_investigation to be made. E_. suggests +_inquirenti_, agreeing with _Germanico_. But T., unlike the earlier Latin +authors, not unfrequently places an infin. after a verb of hindering. + +_Credere quam scire_. T. perhaps alluded to the precept of the +Philosopher, who said: Deum cole, atque crede, sed noli quaerere. +Murphy. + + +XXXV. _In Septentrionem_, etc. _On the North, it falls back_, sc. into +the Ocean, _with_ an immense _bend_ or peninsula. The _flexus_ here +spoken of is called _sinus_ in chap. 37, and describes the Cimbric +Chersonesus, or Danish Peninsula. See Död., Or. and Rit. in loc.--_Ac +primo statim. And first immediately_, sc. as we begin to trace the +northern coast.--_Lateribus_, sc. the eastern. + +_Quanquam_ followed by the subj., seldom in Cic., but usually in T., +Z. 574, Note. Cf. note, His. 5, 21.--_Sinuetur_, sc. southwards. +_Donec--sinuetur_. Cf. note, 1: _erumpat_. + +_Inter Germanos_. Considered among the Germans, _in the estimation of the +Germans_. + +_Quique--tueri_. A clause connected to an _adj_. (nobilissimus), cf. +certum, quique, 32. _Qui_ in both passages==talis, ut. Hence followed by +subj. H. 501, I.; Z. 558. + +_Impotentia, ungoverned passion, [Greek: akrateia]. Impotentia_ seldom +denotes want of power, but usually that unrestrained passion, which +results from the want of ability to control one's self. + +_Ut--agant_ depends on _assequuntur_. Subj. H. 490; Z. 531, _a_. + +_Si res poscat_. Some copies read: si res poscat _exercitus_. But posco +and postulo seldom have the object expressed in such clauses, cf. 44: ut +res poscit; 6: prout ratio poscit. So also Cic. and Sall., pass. +_Exercitus_ is subject nom., _promptus_ being understood, as pred.; and +_plurimum virorum equorumque_ explains or rather enforces _exercitus: +and, if the case demand, an army, the greatest abundance of men and +horses_. + +_Quiescentibus_, i.e. bellum non gerentibus; _eadem_, i.e. the same, as +if engaged in war. + + +XXXVI. _Cherusci_. It was their chief, Arminius (Germ. Hermann), who, +making head against the Romans, was honored as the Deliverer of Germany, +and celebrated in ballad songs, which are preserved to this day. See his +achievements in Ann. B. 1, and 2. This tribe became afterwards the head +of the Saxon confederacy. + +_Marcentem. Enervating_. So _marcentia pocula_, Stat. Silv. 4, 6, 56. It +is usually intransitive, and is taken here by some in the sense of +languid, enervate (literally withered).--_Illacessiti_ is a post-Augustan +word. Cf. Freund. + +_Impotentes_. Cf. impotentia, 35. + +_Falso quiescas_. Falleris, dum quiescis. Dilthey. Cf. note, 14: +_possis_. + +_Ubi manu agitur_. Where matters are decided by might rather than right. +Cf. _manu agens_, A. 9. + +_Nomina superioris. Virtues_ (only) _of the stronger party_, the +conqueror. They are deemed vices in the weaker. + +_Chattis--cessit: while to the Chatti_, who were _victorious, success +was imputed for wisdom_. The antithetic particle at the beginning of the +clause is omitted. Cf. note, 4: _minime_. + +_Fuissent_. Subj. after _cum_ signifying _although_. H. 516, II. + + +XXXVII. _Sinum. Peninsula_, sc. the Cimbric. Cf. note, 35: _flexu_; 81: +_sinus_. + +_Cimbri_. The same with the Cimmerii, a once powerful race, who, +migrating from western Asia, that hive of nations, overran a large part +of Europe, but their power being broken by the Romans, and themselves +being overrun and conquered by the Gothic or German Tribes, they were +pushed to the extreme western points of the continent and the British +Isles, where, and where alone, distinct traces of their language and +literature remain to this day. They have left their name indelibly +impressed on different localities in their route, e.g. the Cimmerian +Bosphorus, the Cimbric Chersonesus (now Jutland, occupied by the Cimbri +in the days of T.), Cumberland (Cumbria, from Cimbri) &c. The ancient +name of the Welsh was also Cymri, cf. Tur. His. Ang. Sax. 1. 2. + +_Gloria_ is abl. limiting _ingens_. + +_Castra ac spatia_. In apposition with _lata vestigia_==spatiosa castra +or castrorum spatia, H. 704, II. 2; Z. 741. + +_Utraque ripa_, sc. of the Rhine, _the_ river and river bank by eminence. + +_Molem manusque. The mass of their population, and the number of their +armies_. Observe the alliteration, as if he had said: measure the mass +and might. + +_Exitus_, i.e. _migrationis_. Often used in this sense, cf. Caes. B.C. +3, 69: Salutem et _exitum_ sibi pariebant.--_Fidem, proof_. + +_Sexcentesimum--annum_. T. follows the Catonian Era. According to +the Varronian Era, received by the moderns, the date would be A.U.C. +641 = A.C. 113. + +_Alterum--consulatum_. The second consulship of Trajan (when he was also +Emperor) was, after the reckoning of Tacitus, A.U.C. 850, according to +modern computation, 851 = A.D. 98. This year doubtless marks the time when +this treatise was written, else why selected? + +_Vincitur_. So long is Germany in being conquered. (The work was never +completed.) Cf. Liv. 9, 3: quem per annos jam prope _triginta vincimus_. + +_Medio--spatio. In the intervening period_, sc. of 210 years. + +_Samnis--Galliaeve_. The Romans had fought bloody, and some times +disastrous battles with the Samnites (at the Caudine Forks, Liv. 9, 2.), +with the Carthaginians (in the several Punic Wars), with the Spaniards +under Viriathus and Sertorius (Florus, Lib. 2.), with the Gauls (Caes. +B.G. pass.). But none of these were so sanguinary as their wars with the +Germans. + +_Admonuere_, sc. vulneribus, cladibus==castigavere. + +_Regno--libertas_. Liberty and monarchy in studied antithesis. T. means to +imply that the former is the stronger principle of the two. + +_Arsacis_. The family name of the Parthian kings, as Pharaoh and Ptolemy +of the Egyptian, Antiochus of the Syrian, &c. + +_Amisso et ipse_, sc. _oriens_; the East _itself also lost_ its prince +(Pacorus), in the engagement, as well as the Romans their leader +(Crassus).--_Objecerit, reproach us with_. Subj. Cf. n. G. 2: _peteret_. + +_Ventidium_. Commander under Anthony, and conqueror of the Parthians in +three battles, A.U.C. 715. He was raised from the lowest rank and the +meanest employment, hence perhaps the expression, _dejectus infra, +humbled beneath Ventidius_. + +_Carbone--Manlio_, Cneius Papirius Carbo defeated at Noreja, A.U. 641 +(Liv. Epit. 63.), L. Cassius Longinus defeated and slain, 647 (Caes. B.G. +1, 7. 12.), M. Aurelius Scaurus defeated and taken captive, 648 (Liv. +Epit. 67.), Servilius Caepio and M. Manlius defeated with great slaughter +at Tolosa, 649 (Liv. Epit. 67.), Quintilius Varus defeated and slain, 762 +(Suet. Oct. 23.)--all these victories over the Romans in their highest +strength and glory--either in the time of the _Republic (Populo Romano)_, +or of the _Empire_ under Augustus (_Caesari_)--all these attested the +courage and military prowess of the Germans; and they were still, for the +most part, as free and as powerful as ever. + +_Caius Marius_ almost annihilated the Cimbri at Aquae Sextiae, A.U.C. +652. + +_Drusus_. Claudius Drusus invaded Germany four times, 742-3, and finally +lost his life by falling from his horse on his return, cf. Dio. Libb. 54. +55. + +_Nero_, commonly known as Tiberius (brother of Drusus and stepson of +Augustus), had the command in Germany at three different times, 746-7, +756-9, 764-5, cf. Suet. Tib. 9. seq. + +_Germanicus_, son of Drusus, made four campaigns in Germany, A.D. 14-16, +cf. Ann. B. 1. and 2. + +_C. Caesaris_. Caligula, cf. Suet. Calig.; T. His. 4, 15. + +_Discordiae--armorum_. The civil wars after the death of Nero under +Galba, Otho, and Vitellius. + +_Expugnatis--hibernis_. By the Batavians under Civilis. His. 4, 12 seq.; +A. 41. + +_Affectavere. Aspired to the government of_, cf. note on affectationem, +28. After _donec_, T. always expresses a single definite past action by +the perf. ind., cf. A. 36: _donec--cohortatus est_; a repeated, or +continued past action by the imp. subj. cf. note, A. 19: _donec--fieret_; +and a present action, which is in the nature of the case also a continued +action, by the pres. subj. cf. note, 1: _separet_. + +_Triumphati_. Poetice, cf. Virg. Aen. 6, 837: Triumphata Corintho; Hor. +Od. 3, 3, 43: Triumphati Medi. The reference here is to the ridiculous +triumph of Domitian, A. 39, in which slaves, purchased and dressed out +for the purpose, were borne as captives through the streets. + + +XXXVIII. _Suevis_. In the time of T. a powerful confederacy, embracing +all the tribes enumerated in 39-45, and covering all the eastern and +larger half of Germany. But the confederacy was soon dissolved and seldom +appears in subsequent history. We still have a trace of their name in the +Modern _Suabia_. The name is supposed by some philologists (e.g. Zeuss) +to denote _unsettled wanderers_ (Germ. Schweben, to wave, to hover, cf. +Caes. B.G. 4, 1: Suevis non longius anno remanere uno in loco, etc.); as +that of the Saxons does settlers, or _fixed residents_ (Germ. Sassen), +and that of the Franks, _freemen_. See Rup. in loc. An ingenious Article +in the North American Review (July, 1847), makes the distinction of Suevi +and non-Suevi radical and permanent in the religion and the language of +the Germans; the Suevi becoming Orthodox Catholics, and the non-Suevi +Arians in Ecclesiastical History, and the one High-Dutch and the other +Low-Dutch in the development of their language. + +_Adhuc_. Cf. note on it, 19. As to position, cf. _insuper_ 31, and 34. +The Suevi are _still (adhuc)_ divided into distinct tribes bearing +distinct names, though united in a confederacy. Cf. Hand's Tursellinus, +1, 163. Död. renders _besides_, sc. the general designation of Suevi. + +_In commune. In common_. Not used in this sense by Cic., Caes. and Liv., +though frequent in T. Gr. Cf. note on the same, 27. + +_Obliquare. To turn the hair back, or comb it up_ contrary to its natural +direction--and then fasten it in a knot on the top of the head +(_substringere nodo_); so it seems to be explained by the author himself +below: _horrentem capillum retro sequuntur ac in ipso solo vertice +religant_. Others translate _obliquare_ by _twist_. Many ancient writers +speak of this manner of tying the hair among the Germans, cf. Sen. de +Ira. 3, 26.; Juv. 13, 164. + +_A servis separantur. Separantur_==distinguuntur. Servants among the +Suevi seem to have had their hair shorn. So also it was among the Franks +at a later date. Vid. Greg. Tur. 3, 8. + +_Rarum et intra_, etc. Enallage, cf. note _certum quique_, 32. + +_Retro sequuntur_, i.e. _follow it back_, as it were, in its growth, and +_tie it up on the very crown of the head only_, instead of letting it +hang down, as it grows (submittere crinem). So K., Or. and many others. +Passow and Död. take sequuntur in the sense of _desire, delight in_ (our +word _seek_). The word bears that sense, e.g. 5: argentum magis quam +aurum _sequuntur_. But then what is _retro_ sequuntur? for _retro_ must +be an adjunct of _sequuntur_ both from position, and because there is no +other word which it can limit. _Saepe_ implies, that sometimes they made +a knot elsewhere, but _often they fasten_ it there, and there _only_. See +Or. in loc. This whole passage illustrates our author's disposition to +avoid technical language. Cf. note, II. 2, 21. + +_Innoxiae. Harmless_, unlike the beauty cultivated among the _Romans_ to +dazzle and seduce. + +_In altitudinem_, etc. _For the sake of_ (increased) _height and terror_, +i.e. to appear tall and inspire terror. Cf. note, A, 5: _in +jactationem_; A. 7: _in suam famam_. The antithetic particle is omitted +before this clause as it often is by our author. + +_Ut hostium oculis_, to strike with terror the eyes of the enemy, for +primi in omnibus proeliis _oculi_ vincuntur, 43. + + +XXXIX. _Vetustissimos. Oldest_. _Vetus_ is _old_, of long _duration_ +([Greek; etos], aetas). _antiquus, ancient_, belonging to a _preceding_ +age (ante). _Recens_ (fresh, young) is opposed to the former: _novus_ +(new, modern), to the latter. See Ramshorn and Freund. + +_Fides antiquitatis. Antiquitatis_ is objective gen.==_the belief, or +persuasion of their antiquity_. + +_Auguriis--sacram_. The commentators all note the hexameter structure of +these words, and many regard them as a quotation from some Latin poet. +The words themselves are also poetical, e.g. _patrum_ for _majorum_, and +_formidine_ for _religione_. The coloring is Virgilian. Cf. Aen. 7, 172; +8, 598. See Or. in loc. and Preliminary Remarks to the Histories, p. 234. + +_Legationibus coeunt_. Just as we say: _convene by their delegates_, or +_representatives_. + +_Publice_==publica auctoritate, cf. same word, 10. + +_Primordia_. Initiatory rites. + +_Minor_, sc. numine. _Inferior to the god_. + +_Prae se ferens. Expressing in his external appearance, or bearing in his +own person an acknowledgment of the power of the divinity_. + +_Evolvuntur_==se evolvunt, cf. Ann. 1, 13: cum Tiberii genua +advolveretur; also _lavantur_, 22. + +_Eo--tanquam. Has reference to this point, as if_, i.e. to this opinion, +viz. that thence, etc. Cf. _illuc respicit tanquam_, 12.--_Inde_ From the +grove, or the god of the grove. Cf. 3: _Tuisconem ... originem gentis_. + +_Adjicit auctoritatem_, sc. isti superstitioni. + +_Magno corpore_==reipublicae magnitudine. _Corpore_, the body politic. So +His. 4, 64: redisse vos in corpus nomenque Germanorum.--_Habitantur_. Al. +habitant and habitantium, by conjecture. The subject is the Semnonian +_country_ implied in _Semnonum: the Semnonians inhabit a hundred +villages_, is the idea. + + +XL. _Langobardos_. The Lombards of Mediaeval history; so called probably +from their long beards (Germ, lang and bart). First mentioned by +Velleius, 2, 106: gens etiam Germana feritate ferocior. See also Ann. 2, +45, 46, 62-64.--_Paucitas_ here stands opposed to the _magno corpore_ of +the Semnones in 39. + +_Per--periclitando_. Three different constructions, cf. notes 16, 18. + +_Reudigni_. Perhaps the Jutes, so intimately associated with the Angles +in subsequent history. See Or. in loc. In like manner, Zeuss identifies +the _Suardones_ with the Heruli, and the _Nuithones_ with the Teutones. +_Suardones_ perhaps==_sword_-men. + +_Anglii_. The English reader will here recognize the tribe of Germans +that subsequently invaded, peopled, and gave name to England +(==_Angl-land_), commonly designated as the Anglo-Saxons. T. does not +mention the _Saxons_. They are mentioned by Ptolemy and others, as +originally occupying a territory in this same part of Germany. They +became at length so powerful, as to give their name to the entire +confederacy (including the Angles), which ruled northern Germany, as the +Franks (the founders of the French monarchy) did southern. The Angles +seem to have dwelt on the right bank of the Elbe, near its mouth, in the +time of T. + +_Nerthum_. This is the reading of the MSS. and the old editions. It +cannot be doubted that T. speaks of Hertha (see Turn. His. Ang. Sax., +App. to B. 2. chap. 3). "But we must take care not to correct our author +himself." Passow. Grimm identifies this deity with Niördhr of the Edda, +and derives the name from Nord (North).--_Terram matrem_. The Earth is +worshipped by almost all heathen nations, as the mother of men and the +inferior gods. See Mur. in loco. Cf. 2: Tuisconem Deum, _terra editum_; +also note, 9. Isidi. + +_Insula_. Scholars differ as to the Island. Probabilities perhaps are in +favor of Rugen, where the _secretus lacus_ mentioned below is still +shown, still associated with superstitious legends. + +_Castum. Polluted by nothing profane_. So Hor: _castis lucis_. + +_Penetrali_, viz. _the sacred vehicle_. + +_Dignatur_. _Deems worthy_ of her visits. + +_Templo_, sc. the sacred grove. Templum, like [Greek: temenos], denotes +any place _set apart_ (from [Greek: temno]) for sacred purposes, cf. 9. + +_Numen ipsum. The goddess herself_, not an image of her; for the Germans +have no images of their gods, 9. _Abluitur_, as if contaminated by +intercourse with mortals. + +_Perituri_, etc. _Which can be seen only on penalty of death_. + + +XLI. _Propior_, sc. to the Romans.--_Hermundurorum_. Ritter identifies +the name (_Hermun_ being omitted, and _dur_ being==_thur_) and the people +with the _Thur_ingians. Cf. note 2: _Ingaevones_. + +_Non in ripa. Not only_ (or _not so much_) _on the border_ (the +riverbank), but also within the bounds of the Roman Empire. + +_Splendidissima--colonia_. This flourishing colony had no distinctive +name in the age of T.; called afterwards Augusta Vindelicorum, now +Augsburg. + +_Passim_. Wherever they chose--_Sine custode_. Not so others. Cf. His. 4, +64: ut inermes ac prope nudi, _sub custode_ et pretio coiremus. + +_Cum--ostendamus. Cum==while, although_. Hence the subj. + +_Non concupiscentibus. Since they were not covetous_, Gün. Gr renders: +_though they were not equally desirous of it_. + +_Notum--auditur_. The Elbe had been _seen_ and _crossed_ by Drusus +Domitius, and Tiberius. But now it was known only by _hearsay_. See a +like patriotic complaint at the close of 37. + + +XLII. _Marcomanni_==men of the marches. See Latham in loc--_Sedes_, sc. +Bohemia.--_Pulsis olim Boiis_, cf. 28. + +_Degenerant_, sc. _a reliquorum virtute_, i.e. the Narisci and Quadi +_are not unworthy, do not fall short_ of the bravery of their neighbors. +the Marcomanni. + +_Peragitur_. Al. _protegitur, porrigitur_, &c. Different words are +supplied as the subject of _peragitur_, e.g. Passow _iter_.; Rit. +_cursus_; K. _frons_. The last is preferable. The meaning is: _This +country_ (sc. of these tribes) _is the front_, so to speak (i.e. the +part _facing the Romans_) _of Germany, so far as it is formed by the +Danube_, i.e. so far as the Danube forms the boundary between Germany +and the Roman Empire. + +_Marobodui_. Cf. Ann. 2, 62; Suet. Tib. 37. + +_Externos_, sc. reges, viz. the kings of the Hermunduri. Ann. 2, 62.-- +_Potentia. Power_ irrespective of right. _Potestas_ is lawful +_authority_. See note, 7 + +_Nec minus valent_, sc. being aided by our money, than they would be if +they were reinforced by our arms. This clause in some copies stands at +the beginning of 43. + + +XLIII. _Retro. Back_ from the Danube and the Roman border.--_Referunt. +Resemble_. Poetical, cf. 20. + +_Et quod patiuntur_, sc. proves that they are not of German origin. They +paid tribute as _foreigners_. The Gothini were probably a remnant of the +expelled Boii. Cf. note, 28, and Prichard, as there cited. Hence their +Gallic language. + +_Quo magis pudeat_. They have iron beyond even most of the Germans (cf. +6), but (shame to tell) do not know how to use it in asserting their +independence. Subj. H. 497; Z. 536. + +_Pauca campestrium_. Poetical, but not uncommon in the later Latin. So +41: secretiora Germaniae; His. 4, 28: extrema Galliarum. H. 396, III. +2. 3; Z. 435. + +_Jugum. A mountain chain.--Vertices. Distinct summits_. + +_Insederunt_. This word usually takes a dat., or an abl., with _in_. But +the poets and later prose writers use it as a transitive verb with the +acc.==_have settled, inhabited_. Cf. H. 371, 4; Z. 386; and Freund sub +voce. Observe the comparatively unusual form of the perf. 3d plur. in +_-erunt_ instead of _-ere_. Cf. note, His. 2, 20. + +_Nomen_==gens. So nomen Latinum==Latins. Liv. pass. + +_Interpretatione Romana_. So we are every where to understand Roman +accounts of the gods of other nations. They transferred to them the names +of their own divinities according to some slight, perhaps fancied +resemblance. Cf. note, 34: _quicquid consensimus_. + +_Ea vis numini_, i.e. these gods render the same service to the Germans, +as Castor and Pollux to the Romans. + +_Alcis_, dat. pl. Perhaps from the Slavonic word holcy==kouros, Greek +for Castor and Pollux. Referable to no German root. + +_Peregrinae_, sc. Greek or Roman.--_Tamen_. Though these gods bear no +visible trace of Greek or Roman origin, _yet_ they are worshipped as +brothers, as youth, like the _Greek_ and _Roman Twins_.-- +_Superstitionis_==religionis. Cf. notes, His. 3, 58; 5, 13. + +_Lenocinantur. Cherish_, increase. Used rhetorically; properly, _to +pander_.--_Arte_, sc. nigra scuta, &c.--_Tempore_, sc. atras noctes, &c. +--_Tincta==tattooed_. + +_Ipsaque formidine_, etc. _And by the very frightfulness and shadow of +the deathlike army. Umbra_ may be taken of the literal _shadows_ of the +men in the night, with Rit., or with Död. and Or., of the general _image_ +or _aspect_ of the army. _Feralis_, as an adj., is found only in poetry +and post-Augustan prose. See Freund. + +_Gothones_. Probably the Getae of earlier, and the Goths of later +history. See Or. in loc. and Grimm and other authorities as there cited. +The _Rugii_ have perpetuated their name in an island of the Baltic +(Rugen). + +_Adductius_. Lit. with tighter rein, _with more absolute power_ cf. His. +3, 7: adductius, quam civili bello, imperitabat. The adv. is used only in +the comp.; and the part. adductus is post-Augustan. _Jam_ and _nondum_ +both have reference to the writer's progress in going over the tribes of +Germany, those tribes growing less and less free as he advances eastward: +_already_ under more subjection than the foregoing tribes, but _not yet_ +in such abject slavery, as some we shall soon reach, sc. in the next +chapter, where see note on _jam_. + +_Supra_. So as to _trample down_ liberty and destroy it. + +_Protinus deinde ab_, etc. _Next in order, from the ocean_, i.e. with +territory beginning from or at the ocean. + + +XLIV. _Suionum. Swedes_. Not mentioned under this name, however, by any +other ancient author. + +_Ipso_. The Rugii, &c., mentioned at the close of the previous section, +dwelt _by_ the ocean (_ab_ Oceano); but the _Suiones in_ the ocean (_in_ +Oceano). _Ipso_ marks this antithesis. + +_In Oceano_. An island in the Baltic. Sweden was so regarded by the +ancients, cf. 1, note. + +_Utrimque prora. Naves biprorae_. Such also had the Veneti, Caes. B.G. +3, 13. Such Germanicus constructed, His. 3, 47. So also the canoes of the +N. Am. Indians. + +_Ministrantur_, sc. naves==_the ships are not furnished with sails_, cf. +His. 4, 12: _viros armaque ministrant_. Or it may be taken in the more +literal sense: are served, i.e. worked, mannged. Cf. Virg. Aen. 6, 302: +velisque ministrat.--_In ordinem. For a row_, i.e. so as to form a row, +cf. Z. 314: also Rit. and Död. in loc. The northmen (Danes and Swedes) +became afterwards still more famous for navigation and piratical +excursions, till at length they settled down in great numbers in France +and England. + +_In quibusdam fluminum_. Rivers with steep banks require the oars to be +removed in order to approach the bank. + +_Est--honos_. Contrary to the usual fact in Germany, cf. 5. + +_Exceptionibus_. _Limitations_.--_Jam_. Now, i.e. _here_, opposed to the +_foregoing_ accounts of _free states_ and _limited monarchies_. + +_Precario_. Properly: _obtained by entreaty_. Hence: _dependent on the +will of another_, cf. A. 16.--_Parendi_. A gerund with passive sense, +lit. _with no precarious right of being obeyed_. So Pass., K., Wr. and +Gün. + +_In promiscuo_. The privilege of wearing arms is not conceded to the mass +of the people.--_Et quidem_==et eo, _and that too_. + +_Otiosa--manus_. Al. _otiosae_ by conjecture. But _manus_, a collective +noun sing. takes a pl. verb, cf. H. 461, 1; Z. 366. + +_Regia utilitas est_==regibus utile est. + + +XLV. _Pigrum_. Cf. A. 10: pigrum et grave. The Northern or Frozen Ocean, +of which T. seems to have heard, though some refer it to the northern +part of the Baltic. See Ky. in loc. + +_Hinc_. _For this reason_, viz. _quod extremus_, etc. + +_In ortus_. _Till the risings_ (pl.) _of the sun_, i.e. from day to day +successively. It was known in the age of T. that the longest day grew +longer towards the north, till at length it became six months (cf. Plin. +N.H. 2, 77), though T. supposed it to be thus long at a lower latitude +than it really was, cf. A. 12. + +_Sonum--aspici_. The aurora borealis, some suppose. + +_Persuasio adjicit_. _The common belief adds_, i.e. _it is further +believed_, cf. His. 5, 5. 13: persuasio inerat. + +_Illuc--natura_. _Tantum_ is to be connected with _illuc usque_. _Thus far +only nature extends_. So thought the ancients. Cf. A. 33: _in ipso +terrarum ac naturae fine_. _Et vera fama_ is parenthetic. The _author_ +endorses this part of the story. + +_Ergo_ marks a return from the above digression. + +_Suevici maris_. _The Baltic_. + +_Aestyorum_==eastern men, modern Esthonians. Their language was probably +neither German nor Briton, but Slavonic. + +_Matrem Deum_. Cybele, as the Romans interpreted it, cf. 43. + +_Insigne--gestant_. Worn, as _amulets_. + +_Frumenta laborant_, i.e. labor _for_, or _to produce_, corn. Cf. Hor. +Epod. 5, 60. _Laborare_ is transitive only in poetry and post-Augustan +prose. _Elaborare_ would imply too much art for the author's purpose. See +Rit. in loc. + +_Succinum_. _Amber_, an important article of commerce in early ages, +combining some vegetable juice (hence the Latin name, from _succus_) with +some mineral ingredients.--_Glesum_. This name was transferred to +_glass_, when it came into use. The root is German. Compare [Greek: +chalaza.] Död. + +_Nec_==non tamen. _Yet it is not_, etc. + +_Ut barbaris_. Cf. ut inter barbaros, A. 11. _Barbaris_ is dative in +apposition with _iis_, which is understood after _compertum_. + +_Quae--ratio_. _What power or process of nature_. + +_Donec--dedit_. Cf. note, 87: _affectavere_. + +_Plerumque_. _Often_; a limited sense of the word peculiar to +post-Augustan Latin. Cf. G. 13: _ipsa plerumque fama bella profligant_; +and Freund ad v. + +_Quae--expressa_==quorum _succus_ expressus, etc. + +_In tantum_. _To such a degree_. Frequent only in late Latin. + +_A servitute_. They fall short of liberty in not being free, like most of +the Germans; and they fall below slavery itself, in that they are slaves +to a woman. + + +XLVI. _Venedorum et Fennorum_. Modern _Vends and Finns_, or Fen-men. Cf. +Latham in loc.--_Ac torpor procerum_. _The chief men are lazy and +stupid_, besides being filthy, like all the rest. + +_Foedantur_. Cf. infectos, 4.--_Habitum_, here personal appearance, cf. +note, 17.--_Ex moribus_, sc. Sarmatarum. + +_Erigitur_. Middle sense. _Raise themselves_, or _rise_, cf. evolvuntur, +39. + +_Figunt_. Have _fixed habitations_, in contrast with the Sarmatians, who +lived in carts. Cf. Ann. 13, 54: _fixerant domos Frisii_. Al. _fingunt_. + +_Sarmatis_. The stock of the modern Russians, cf. 1. note. + +_Cubile_. We should expect _cubili_ to correspond with _victui_ and +_vestituti_. But cf. note 18: referantur; 20: ad patrem, &c. + +_Comitantur_, i.e. feminae comitantur viris. + +_Ingemere--illaborare_. _Toil and groan upon houses and lands_, i.e. _in +building and tilling them_; though some understand _domibus_ and _agris_ +as the places in which they toil. + +_Versare_. _To be constantly employed_ in increasing the fortune of +themselves and others, agitated meanwhile by hope and fear. + +_Securi_. Because they have nothing to lose. + +_Illis_. Emphatic. _They_, unlike others, have no need, &c. Cf. _apud +illos_, 44. + +_In medium relinquam_. Leave for the public, i.e. undecided. + +_Relinquere in medio_ is the more common expression. Bötticher in his +Lex. Tac. explains it, as equivalent by Zeugma to _in medium vocatum +relinquam in medio_. So in Greek, _en_ and _eis_ often interchange. + + + +AGRICOLA. + + +The Biography of Agricola was written early in the reign of Trajan (which +commenced A.U.C. 851. A.D. 98), consequently about the same time with the +Germania, though perhaps somewhat later (cf. notes on Germania). This +date is established by inference from the author's own language in the 3d +and the 44th sections (see notes). In the former, he speaks of the dawn +of a better day, which opened indeed with the reign of Nerva, but which +is now brightening constantly under the auspices of Trajan. The use of +the past tense (_miscuerit_) here in respect to Nerva, and of the present +(_augeat_) in respect to Trajan, is quite conclusive evidence, that at +the time of writing, the reign of Nerva was past, and that of Trajan had +already begun. + +The other passage is, if possible, still more clearly demonstrative of +the same date. Here in drawing the same contrast between past tyranny and +present freedom, the author, without mentioning Nerva, records the desire +and hope, which his father-in-law expressed in his hearing, that he might +live to see Trajan elevated to the imperial throne--language very proper +and courtly, if Trajan were already Emperor, but a very awkward +compliment to Nerva, if, as many critics suppose, he were still the +reigning prince. + +It is objected to this date, that if Nerva were not still living, Tacitus +could not have failed to attach to his name (in § 3.) the epithet +_Divus_, with which deceased Emperors were usually honored. And from the +omission of this epithet in connection with the name of _Nerva_, together +with the terms of honor in which _Trajan_ is mentioned, it is inferred +that the piece was written in that brief period of three months, which +intervened between the adoption of Trajan by Nerva, and Nerva's death +(see Brotier and many others). But the application of the epithet in +question, was not a matter of necessity or of universal practice. Its +omission in this case might have been accidental, or might have proceeded +from unknown reasons. And the bare absence of a single word surely cannot +be entitled to much weight, in comparison with the obvious and almost +necessary import of the passages just cited. + +The primary object of the work is sufficiently obvious. It was to honor +the memory of the writer's excellent father-in-law, Agricola (cf. § 3: +honori Agricolae, mei soceri, destinatus). So far from apologizing for +writing the life of so near a friend, he feels assured that his motives +will be appreciated and his design approved, however imperfect may be its +execution; and he deems an apology necessary for having so long delayed +the performance of that filial duty. After an introduction of singular +beauty and appropriateness (cf. notes), he sketches a brief outline of +the parentage, education, and early life of Agricola, but draws out more +at length the history of his consulship and command in Britain, of which +the following summary, from Hume's History of England, may not be +unprofitable to the student in anticipation: "Agricola was the general, +who finally established the dominion of the Romans in this island. He +governed it in the reigns of Vespasian, Titus, and Domitian. He carried +his victorious arms northward; defeated the Britons in every encounter, +pierced into the forests and the mountains of Caledonia, reduced every +state to subjection in the southern parts of the island, and chased +before him all the men of fiercer and more intractable spirits, who +deemed war and death itself less intolerable than servitude under the +victors. He defeated them in a decisive action which they fought under +Galgacus; and having fixed a chain of garrisons between the friths of +Clyde and Forth, he cut off the ruder and more barren parts of the island +and secured the Roman province from the incursions of the more barbarous +inhabitants. During these military enterprises, he neglected not the arts +of peace. He introduced laws and civility among the Britons; taught them +to desire and raise all the conveniences of life; reconciled them to the +Roman language and manners; instructed them in letters and science; and +employed every expedient to render those chains which he had forged both +easy and agreeable to them." (His. of Eng. vol. 1.) + +The history of Agricola during this period is of course the history of +Britain. Accordingly the author prefaces it with an outline of the +geographical features, the situation, soil, climate, productions and, so +far as known to the Romans, the past history of the island. Tacitus +possessed peculiar advantages for being the historian of the early +Britons. His father-in-law was the first to subject the whole island to +the sway of Rome. He traversed the country from south to north at the +head of his armies, explored it with his own eyes, and reported what he +saw to our author with his own lips. He saw the Britons too, in their +native nobleness, in their primitive love of liberty and virtue; before +they had become the slaves of Roman arms, the dupes of Roman arts, or the +victims of Roman vices. A few paragraphs in the concise and nervous style +of Tacitus, have made us quite acquainted with the Britons, as Agricola +found them; and on the whole, we have no reason to be ashamed of the +primaeval inhabitants of the land of our ancestry. They knew their +rights, they prized them, they fought for them bravely and died for them +nobly. More harmony among themselves might have delayed, but could not +have prevented the final catastrophe. Rome in the age of Trajan was +irresistible; and Britain became a Roman province. This portion of the +Agricola of Tacitus, and the Germania of the same author, entitle him to +the peculiar affection and lasting gratitude of those, whose veins flow +with Briton and Anglo-Saxon blood, as the historian, and the contemporary +historian too, of their early fathers. It is a notable providence for us, +nay it is a kind providence for mankind, that has thus preserved from the +pen of the most sagacious and reflecting of all historians an account, +too brief though it be, of the origin and antiquities of the people that +of all others now exert the widest dominion whether in the political or +the moral world, and that have made those countries which were in his day +shrouded in darkness, the radiant points for the moral and spiritual +illumination of our race. "The child is father to the man," and if we +would at this day investigate the elements of English law, we have it on +the authority of Sir William Blackstone, that we must trace them back to +their founders in the customs of the Britons and Germans, as recorded by +Caesar and Tacitus. + +With the retirement of Agricola from the command in Britain, the author +falls back more into the province of biography. The few occasional +strokes, however, in which the pencil of Tacitus has sketched the +character of Domitian in the background of the picture of Agricola are +the more to be prized, because his history of that reign is lost. + +In narrating the closing scenes of Agricola's life, Tacitus breathes the +very spirit of an affectionate son, without sacrificing the impartiality +and gravity of the historian, and combines all a mourner's simplicity and +sincerity with all the orator's dignity and eloquence. + +How tenderly he dwells on the wisdom and goodness of his departed father; +how artlessly he intersperses his own sympathies and regrets, even as if +he were breathing out his sorrows amid a circle of sympathizing friends! +At the same time, how instructive are his reflections, how noble his +sentiments, and how weighty his words, as if he were pronouncing an +eulogium in the hearing of the world and of posterity! The sad experience +of the writer in the very troubles through which he follows Agricola, +conspires with the affectionate remembrance of his own loss in the death +of such a father, to give a tinge of melancholy to the whole biography; +and we should not know where to look for the composition, in which so +perfect a work of art is animated by so warm a heart. In both these +respects, it is decidedly superior to the Germania. It is marked by the +same depth of thought and conciseness in diction, but it is a higher +effort of the writer, while, at the same time, it gives us more insight +into the character of the man. It has less of satire and more of +sentiment. Or if it is not richer in refined sentiments and beautiful +reflections, they are interwoven with the narrative in a manner more easy +and natural. The sentiments seem to be only the language of Agricola's +virtuous heart, and the reflections, we feel, could not fail to occur to +such a mind in the contemplation of such a character. There is also more +ease and flow in the language; for concise as it still is and studied as +it may appear, it seems to be the very style which is best suited to the +subject and most natural to the author. In another writer we might call +it labored and ambitious. But we cannot feel that it cost Tacitus very +much effort. Still less can we charge him with an attempt at display. In +short, an air of confidence in the dignity of the subject, and in the +powers of the author, pervades the entire structure of this fine specimen +of biography. And the reader will not deem that confidence ill-grounded. +He cannot fail to regard this, as among the noblest, if not the very +noblest monument ever reared to the memory of any individual. + +"We find in it the flower of all the beauties, which T. has scattered +through his other works. It is a chef-d'oeuvre, which satisfies at once +the judgment and the fancy, the imagination and the heart. It is justly +proposed as a model of historical eulogy. The praises bestowed have in +them nothing vague or far-fetched, they rise from the simple facts of the +narrative. Every thing produces attachment, every thing conveys +instruction. The reader loves Agricola, admires him, conceives a passion +for him, accompanies him in his campaigns, shares in his disgrace and +profits by his example. The interest goes on growing to the last. And +when it seems incapable of further increase, passages pathetic and +sublime transport the soul out of itself, and leave it the power of +feeling only to detest the tyrant, and to melt into tenderness without +weakness over the destiny of the hero." (La Bletterie.) + + * * * * * + +I. _Usitatum_. A participle in the acc. agreeing with the preceding +clause, and forming with that clause the object of the verb omisit.-- +_Nequidem_. Cf. G. 6, note. + +_Incuriosa suorum_. So Ann. 2, 88: dum vetera extollimus, recentium +incuriosi. _Incuriosus_ is post-Augustan. + +_Virtus vicit--vitium_. Alliteration, which is not unfrequent in T. as +also homoeoteleuta, words ending with like sounds. Dr. + +_Ignorantiam--invidiam_. The gen. _recti_ limits both subs., which +properly denote different faults, but since they are usually associated, +they are here spoken of as one (_vitium_). + +_In aperto_. Literally, _in the open_ field or way; hence, _free from +obstructions_. Sal. (Jug. 5) uses it for _in open_ day, or clear light. +But that sense would be inappropriate here. _Easy_. Not essentially +different from _pronum_, which properly means _inclined_, and hence +_easy_. These two words are brought together in like manner in other +passages of our author, cf. 33: vota virtusque _in aperto_, omniaque +_prona_ victoribus. An inelegant imitation may be thus expressed in +English: down-hill and open-ground work. + +_Sine gratia aut ambitione. Without courting favor or seeking preferment. +Gratia_ properly refers more to the present, _ambitio_ to the future. Cf. +Ann. 6, 46: Tiberio non perinde gratia praesentium, quam in posteros +ambitio. _Ambitio_ is here used in a bad sense (as it is sometimes in +Cic.) For still another bad sense of the word, cf. G. 27. + +_Celeberrimus quisque_. Such men as Pliny the elder, Claudius Pollio, +and Julius Secundus, wrote biographies. Also Rusticus and Senecio. See +chap. 2. + +_Plerique_. Not most persons, but _many_, or _very many_. Cf. His. 1, 86, +and 4, 84, where it denotes a less number than _plures_ and _plurimi_, to +which it is allied in its root (ple, ple-us, plus, plerus. See Freund ad +v.) + +_Suam ipsi vitam. Autobiography_. Cic. in his Epist. to Lucceius says: If +I cannot obtain this favor from you, I shall perhaps be compelled to +write my own biography, _multorum exemplo et clarorum virorum_. When +_ipse_ is joined to a possessive pronoun in a reflexive clause, it takes +the case of the subject of the clause. Cf. Z. 696, Note; H. 452, 1. + +_Fiduciam morum_. _A mark of conscious integrity_; literally confidence +of, i.e. in their morals. _Morum_ is objective gen. For the two +accusatives (one of which however is the clause _suam--narrare_) after +_arbitrati sunt_, see Z. 394; H. 373. A gen. may take the place of the +latter acc., _esse_ being understood, Z. 448. + +_Rutilio_. Rutilius Rufus, consul A.U.C. 649, whom Cic. (Brut. 30, 114.) +names as a profound scholar in Greek literature and philosophy, and +Velleius (2, 13, 2.) calls the best man, not merely of his own, but of +any age. He wrote a Roman history in Greek. Plut. Mar. 28. His +autobiography is mentioned only by Tacitus. + +_Scauro_. M. Aemilius Scaurus, consul A.U.C. 639, who wrote an +autobiography, which Cic. (Brut. 29, 112.) compares favorably with the +Cyropaedia of Xenophon. + +_Citra fidem_. Cf. note G. 16.--_Aut obtrectationi_. Enallage, cf. note, +G. 15. Render: _This in the case of Rutilius and Scaurus did not impair_ +(public) _confidence or incur_ (public) _censure_. + +_Adeo_. _To such a degree_, or _so true it is_. _Adeo_ conclusiva, et in +initio sententiae collocata, ad _mediam_ latinitatem pertinet. Dr. Livy +uses _adeo_ in this way often; Cic. uses _tantum_. + +_At nunc_, etc. _But now_ (in our age so different from those better +days) _in undertaking to write_ (i.e. if I had undertaken to write) _the +life of a man at the time of his death, I should have needed permission; +which I would not have asked_, since in that case _I should have fallen +on times so cruel and hostile to virtue_. The reference is particularly +to the time of Domitian, whose jealousy perhaps occasioned the death of +Agricola, and would have been offended by the very asking of permission +to write his biography. Accordingly the historian proceeds in the next +chapter to illustrate the treatment, which the biographers of eminent men +met with from that cruel tyrant. _Opus fuit_ stands instead of _opus +fuisset_. Cf. His. 1, 16: _dignus eram_; 3, 22: _ratio fuit_; and Z. 518, +519. The concise mode of using the future participles _narraturo_ and +_incursaturus_ (in place of the verb in the proper mood and with the +proper conjunctions, if, when, since) belongs to the silver age, and is +foreign to the language of Cicero. Such is the interpretation, which +after a thorough reinvestigation, I am now inclined to apply to this much +disputed passage. It is that of Ritter. It will be seen that the text +also differs slightly from that of the first edition (_in-cursaturus_ +instead of _ni cursaturus_). Besides the authority of Rit., Död., Freund +and others, I have been influenced by a regard to the usage of Tacitus, +which lends no sanction to a transitive sense of _cursare_. Cf. Ann. 15, +50; His. 5, 20. In many editions, _mihi_ stands before _nunc narraturo_. +But _nunc_ is the emphatic word, and should stand first, as it does in +the best MSS. + + +II. _Legimus_. Quis? Tacitus ejusdemque aetatis homines alii. Ubi? In +actis diurnis. Wr. These _journals_ (Fiske's Man. p. 626., 4. ed.) +published such events (cf. Dio. 67, 11), and were read through the empire +(Ann. 16, 22). T. was absent from Rome when the events here referred to +took place (cf. 45: longae absentiae). Hence the propriety of his saying +_legimus_, rather than _vidimus_ or _meminimus_, which have been proposed +as corrections. + +_Aruleno Rustico_. Put to death by Domitian for writing a memoir or +penegyric on Paetus Thrasea, cf. Suet. Dom. 10. + +_Paetus Thrasea_. Cf. Ann. 16, 21: Trucidatis tot insignibus viris, ad +postremum Nero _virtutem ipsam_ exscindere concupivit, interfecto Thrasea +Paeto. + +_Herennio Senecioni_. Cf. Plin. (Epist. 7, 19), where Senecio is said to +have written the life of Helvidius at the request of Fannia, wife of +Helvidius, who was also banished, as accessory to the crime, but who bore +into exile the very books which had been the cause of her exile. For the +dat. cf. note, G. 3: _Ulixi_. + +_Priscus Helvidius_, son-in-law of Thrasea and friend of the younger +Pliny, was put to death by Vespasian. Suet. Vesp. 15; His. 4, 5; Juv. +Sat. 5, 36. + +_Laudati essent_. The imp. and plup. subj. are used in narration after +_cum_, even when it denotes time merely. Here however a causal connection +is also intended. H. 518, II.; Z. 577, 578. + +_Triumviris_. The Triumviri at Rome, like the Undecimviri (_oi endeka_) +at Athens, had charge of the prisons and executions, for which purpose +they had eight lictors at their command. + +_Comitio ac foro_. The comitium was a _part_ of the forum. Yet the words +are often used together (cf. Suet. Caes. 10). The _comitium_ was the +proper place for the punishment of criminals, and the word _forum_ +suggests the further idea of the publicity of the book-burning in the +presence of the assembled people. + +_Conscientiam_, etc. _The consciousness_, i.e. _common knowledge of +mankind_; for _conscientia_ denotes what one knows in common with others, +as well as what he is conscious of in himself. Cf. His. 1, 25: +_conscientiam facinoris_; Cic. Cat. 1. 1: _omnium horum conscientia_. In +his Annals (4, 35), T. ridicules the stupidity of those who expect by any +_present_ power, to extinguish the memory also of the _next_ generation. +The sentiment of both passages is just and fine. + +_Sapientiae professoribus. Philosophers_, who were banished by Domitian, +A.D. 94, on the occasion of Rusticus's panegyric on Thrasea. T. not +unfrequently introduces an _additional circumstance_ by the abl. abs., as +here. + +_Ne occurreret. Ne_ with the subj. expresses a negative intention; _ut +non_ a negative result. H. 490; Z. 532. + +_Inquisitiones. A system of espionage_, sc. by the Emperor's tools and +informers.--_Et_==etiam, _even_. Cf. note, 11. Al. _etiam_. + +_Memoriam--perdidissemus_, i.e. we should not have _dared_ to remember, if +we could have helped it. + +III. _Et quanquam. Et_ pro _sed_. So Dr. But _nunc demum animus redit_ +implies, that confidence is hardly restored yet; and the reason for so +slow a recovery is given in the following clause. Hence _et_ is used in +its proper copulative or explicative sense. So Wr. _Demum_ is a +lengthened form of the demonstrative _dem_. Cf. i-_dem_, tan-_dem_, +_dae_. _Nunc demum_==_nun dae_. Freund. + +_Primo statim. Statim_ gives emphasis: _at the very commencement_, etc.; +cf. note, 20.--_Dissociabiles, incompatible_. + +_Augeatque--Trajanus_. This marks the date of the composition early in +the reign of Trajan, cf. G. 37; also p. 139 supra. + +_Securitas publica. "And public security has assumed not only hopes and +wishes, but has seen those wishes arise to confidence and, stability. +Securitas publica_ was a current expression and wish, and was frequently +inscribed on medals." Ky. + +_Assumpserit_. This word properly belongs only to _fiduciam ac robur. +Spem ac votum_ would require rather _conceperit_. Zeugma. + +_Subit_. _Steals in_, lit. creeps under. Cf. note, H. 1, 13. + +_Invisa primo--amatur_. The original perhaps of Pope's lines Vice is a +monster, &c. + +_Quindecim annos_. The reign of Domitian from A.D. 81, to A.D. 96. + +_Fortuitis casibus_. Natural and ordinary death, as opposed to death by +violence, _saevitia principis_.--_Promptissimus quisque. The ablest, or +all the ablest_. _Quisque_ with a superlative, whether singular or +plural, is in general equivalent to _omnes_ with the positive, with the +additional idea however of a reciprocal comparison among the persons +denoted by _quisque_, Z. 710, 6. + +_Ut ita dixerim_. An apology for the strong expression _nostri +superstites: survivors not of others only, but so to speak, of ourselves +also_; for we can hardly be said to have _lived_ under the tyranny of +Dom., and our present happy life is, as it were, a renewed existence, +after being buried for fifteen years. A beautiful conception! The use of +_dixerim_ in preference to _dicam_ in this formula is characteristic of +the later Latin. Cf. Z. 528. The _et_ before this clause is omitted by +some editors. But it is susceptible of an explanation, which adds spirit +to the passage: A few of us survive, _and that_ not merely ourselves, but +so to speak, others also. In the Augustan age _superstes_ was, for the +most part, followed by the dative. + +_Tamen_. Notwithstanding the unfavorable circumstances in which I write, +after so long a period of deathlike silence, in winch we have almost lost +the gift of speech, _yet_ I shall not regret to have composed _even in +rude and inelegant language_, etc. For the construction of _pigebit_, cf. +Z. 441, and H. 410, 6. + +_Memoriam--composuisse_. Supposed to refer to his forthcoming history, +written, or planned and announced, but not yet published. Some understand +it of the present treatise. But then _interim_ would have no meaning; nor +indeed is the language applicable to his _Agricola_. + +_Interim_, sc. _editus_ or vulgatus, _published meanwhile_, i.e. while +preparing the history. + +The reader cannot but be struck with the beauty of this introduction. It +is modest, and at the same time replete with the dignity of conscious +worth. It is drawn out to considerable length, yet it is all so pertinent +and tasteful, that we would not spare a sentence or a word. With all the +thoughtful and sententious brevity of the exordiums of Sallust, it has +far more of natural ease and the beauty of appropriateness. + + +IV. _Cnaeus Julius Agricola_. Every Roman had at least three names: the +nomen or name of the gens, which always ended in _ius_ (Julius); the +praenomen or individual name ending in _us_ (Cnaeus); and the cognomen or +family name (Agricola). See a brief account of A. in Dion Cassius 66, 20. +Mentioned only by Dion and T. Al. Gnaeus, C. and G. being originally +identical. + +_Forojuliensium colonia_. Now _Frejus_. A walled town of Gallia +Narbonensis, built by Julius Caesar, and used as a _naval station_ by +Augustus (cf. His. 3, 43: _claustra maris_). Augustus sent thither the +beaked ships captured in the battle of Actium, Ann. 4, 5. Hence perhaps +called _illustris_. + +_Procuratorem Caesarum_. Collector of imperial revenues in the Roman +Provinces. + +_Quae equestris--est_, i.e. the procurator was, as we say, ex officio, a +Roman knight. The office was not conferred on senators. + +_Julius Graecinus_. Cf. Sen. de Benef. 2, 21: Si exemplo magni animi opus +est, utemur _Graecini Julii_, viri egregii, quem C. Caesar occidit ob hoc +unum, quod melior vir esset, quam esse quemquam tyranno expediret. + +_Senatorii ordinis_. Pred. after _fuit_ understood, with ellipsis of +_vir_. H. 402, III.; Z. 426. + +_Sapientiae. Philosophy_, cf. 1.--_Caii Caesaris_. Known in English +histories by the name of Caligula. + +_Marcum Silanum_. Father-in-law of Caligula, cf. Suet. Calig. 23: Silanum +item _socerum_ ad necem, secandasque novacula fauces compulit. + +_Jussus_. Supply _est_. T. often omits _est_ in the first of two passive +verbs, cf. 9: detentus ac statim ... revocatus est. In Hand's Tursellinus +(2, 474) however, jussus is explained as a participle, and _quia +abnuerat_ as equivalent to another participle==_having been commanded +and having refused_. + +_Abnuerat_, lit. _had_ refused, because the refusal was prior to the +slaying. We, with less accuracy, say _refused_. Z. 505. + +_Rarae castitatis_. Ellipsis of _mulier_. H. 402, III.; Z. 426. + +_In--indulgentiaque. Brought up in her bosom and tender love. Indulgentia_ +is more frequently used to denote excessive tenderness. + +_Arcebat_ has for its subject the clause, _quod statim_, etc. He was +guarded against the allurements of vice by the wholesome influences +thrown around him in the place of his early education. + +_Massiliam_. Now Marseilles. It was settled by a colony of Phocaeans. +Hence _Graeca comitate_. Cf also Cicero's account of the high culture and +refinement of Massilia (Cic. pro Flacco, 26).--_Provinciali parsimonia. +Parsimonia_ in a good sense; _economy_, as opposed to the luxury and +extravagance of Italy and the City. + +_Locum--mixtum_. Enallage for _locus_, in quo mixta erant, etc. H. 704, +III., cf. 25: mixti copiis et laetitia.--_Bene compositum_ denotes _a +happy combination_ of the elements, of which _mixtum_ expresses only the +_co-existence_. + +_Acrius_, sc. aequo==too eagerly. H. 444, 1, and Z. 104, 1. note. + +_Concessum--senatori_. Military and civil studies were deemed more +appropriate to noble Roman youth, than literature and philosophy. +_Senatori_ must of course refer, not to the office of A., but to his rank +by birth, cf. _senatorii ordinis_ above. + +_Hausisse, ni--coercuisset_. An analysis of this sentence shows, that +there is an ellipsis of _hausurum_ fuisse: _he imbibed_, and would have +continued to imbibe, _had not_, &c. In such sentences, which abound in T. +but are rarely found in Cic., _ni_ is more readily translated by _but_. +Cf. Z. 519. _b_; and note, His. 3, 28. For the application of _haurire_ +to the eager study of philosophy, cf. Hor. Sat. 2, 4, 95: _haurire vitae +praecepta beatae_, and note, His. 1, 51: _hauserunt animo_. + +_Prudentia matris_. So Nero's mother deterred him from the study of +philosophy. Suet. Ner. 52. + +_Pulchritudinem ac speciem. The beautiful image_, or beau ideal, by +hendiadys. Cf. Cic. Or. 2: _species pulchritudinis_. See Rit. in loc. + +_Vehementius quam caute_. For _vehementius quam cautius_, which is the +regular Latin construction. T. uses both. Cf. Z. 690, and note, His. 1, +83. + +_Mox_. In T. subsequently, not presently. R. + +_Retinuitque--modum. And, what is most difficult, he retained from +philosophy moderation_--moderation in all things, but especially in +devotion to philosophy itself, where moderation is difficult in +proportion to the excellence of the pursuit, as was shown by the +extravagance of the Stoics and some other Grecian sects. As to the sense +of _modum_, cf. Hor. Sat. 1, 1, 106: _est modus in rebus_; and for the +sentiment, Hor. Ep. 1, 6, 15: _Insani sapiens nomen ferat, aequus iniqui, +ultra quam satis est virtutem si petat ipsam_. + + +V. _Castrorum_. This word is used to express whatever pertains to +military life, education, &c., as the context may require. Every Roman +youth who aspired to civil office, must have a military education. + +_Diligenti ac moderato. Careful and prudent_, cf. our author's character +of the same commander, His. 2, 25: _cunctator natura_, etc. + +_Approbavit_==fecit, ut ei probarentur. Dr. It is a constructio +praegnans. He obtained the first rudiments of a military education under +Paullinus, and he gained his approbation. + +_Electus--aestimaret. Having been chosen as one whom he would estimate_ +(i.e. test his merit) _by tenting together_, i.e. by making him his +companion and aid. Young men of rank and promise were thus associated +with Roman commanders. Cf. Suet., Caes. 2. T., as usual, avoids the +technical way of expressing the relation. Ad verbum, _contubernium_, cf. +note, His. 1, 43. Others make _aestimaret==dignum aestimaret_, and +_contubernio_ abl. of price. Cf. Död. and Dr. + +_Licenter--segniter_, sc. agens. _Licenter_ refers to _voluptates, +segniter_ to _commeatus.--Commeatus==furloughs, absence from duty.-- +Inscitiam_, sc. tribunatus==_ignorance of his official duty or +inexperience in war.--Retulit. Referre ad_ is used very much like the +corresponding English, viz. to _refer to_ an object, or devote to an end. +Sense: _He did not take advantage of his official standing and his +military inexperience, to give up his time to ease and pleasure_. Wr. +takes _retulit_ in the more ordinary sense of brought back, thus: A. did +not bring back (to Rome) the empty name of Tribune and no military +experience, there to give himself up to leisure and pleasure. The former +version accords better with the language of the whole passage. Wr. +questions the authority for such a use of _referre_. But it may be found, +e.g. Plin. Epist. 1, 22: nihil _ad_ ostentationem, omnia _ad_ +conscientiam _refert_. + +_Noscere--nosci_, etc. T. is fond of such a series of inf. depending on +some _one_ finite verb understood, and hence closely connected with each +other, cf. G. 30: _praeponere_, etc. _note_. Here supply from _retulit_ +in the preceding number the idea: _he made it his business or aim to +know_, etc. The author's fondness for antithesis is very observable in +the several successive pairs here: _noscere--nosci; discere--sequi; +appetere--recusare; anxius--intentus_. + +_In jactationem_. Al. jactatione. _In_ denoting the object or purpose, Z. +314: _he coveted no appointment for the sake of display; he declined none +through fear_. + +_Anxius_ and _intentus_ qualify _agere_ like adverbs cf. R. Exc. 23, 1. +_He conducted himself both with prudence and with energy_. + +_Exercitatior_==agitatior. So Cic. Som. Scip. 4: agitatus et exercitatus +animus; and Hor. Epod. 9, 31: Syrtes Noto exercitatas. + +_Incensae coloniae_. Camalodunum, Londinium and Verulamium. Cf. Ann. 14, +33, where however the historian does not expressly say, the last two were +_burned_. + +_In ambiguo_==ambigua, in a critical state. R. + +_Alterius_, sc. ducis.--_Artem et usum_. Military _science and +experience_. + +_Summa ... cessit. The general management_ (cf. notes, H. 1, 87. 2, 16. +33) _and the glory of recovering the province went to the general_ (to +his credit). The primary meaning of _cedere_ is _to go_. See Freund sub +v.--_Juveni_, sc. A. + +_Tum_, sc. while veterani trucidarentur, etc.--_Mox_, sc. when Paullinus +and A. came to the rescue. + +_Nec minus_, etc. A remark worthy of notice and too often true. + + +VI. _Magistratus_. The regular _course_ of offices and honors at Rome. + +_Per--anteponendo_. Enallage, cf. G. 15, note. _Per_ here denotes manner, +rather than means (cf. _per lamenta_, 28); and _anteponendo_ +likewise==anteponentes. R. Render: _mutually loving and preferring one +another.--Nisi quod==but_. Cf. _ni_, 4. There is an ellipsis before _nisi +quod_, which R. would supply thus: greatly to the credit of both parties +--_but more praise belongs to the good wife_, etc. _Major_ sc. quam in +bono viro. So, after _plus_ supply quam in malo viro: _But more praise +belongs to a good wife_, than to a good husband, _by as much as more +blame attaches to a bad wife_, than to a bad husband. + +_Sors quaesturae_. The Quaestors drew _lots_ for their respective +provinces. Their number increased with the increase of the empire, till +from two they became twenty or more. As at first a Quaestor accompanied +each Consul at the head of an army, so afterwards each Proconsul, or +Governor of a province, had his Quaestor to collect and disburse the +revenues of the province. The Quaestorship was the first in the course of +Roman honors. It might be entered upon at the age of twenty-four. + +_Salvium Titianum_. Brother of the Emperor Otho. See His. B. 1 and 2. +pass. For the office of Proconsul, &c., see note, His. 1, 49. + +_Parata peccantibus. Ready for wicked_ rulers, i.e. affording great +facilities for extortion in its corrupt and servile population. _Paratus_ +With a dat. of the thing, for which there is a preparation, is peculiar +to poetry and post-Augustan prose. Cf. Freund ad v. Ad rem. cf. Cic. +Epist. ad Quint. 1, 1, 6: tam corruptrice provincia, sc. Asia; and pro +Mur. 9. + +_Quantalibet facilitate_. Any indulgence (license) however great. + +_Redempturus esset_. Subj. in the apodosis answering to a protasis +understood, sc. if A. would have entered into the plot. Cf. H. 502. +Observe the use of _esset_ rather than _fuisset_ to denote what the +proconsul would have been ready to do _at any time_ during their +_continuance_ in office. Cf. Wr. in loc. + +_Dissimulationem_. Concealment (of what is true); simulatio, on the +other hand, is an allegation of what is false. + +_Auctus est filia_. So Cic. ad Att. 1, 2: filiolo me auctum scito. + +_Ante sublatum. Previously born_. For this use of _sublatum_, see +Lexicon.--Brevi amisit, he lost shortly after_; though R. takes _amisit_ +as perf. for plup. and renders lost a short time before. + +_Mox inter_, etc., sc. _annum_ inter, supplied from _etiam ipsum ... +annum_ below. + +_Tenor et silentium_. Hendiadys for continuum silentium, or tenorem +silentem. R. + +_Jurisdictio. For the administration of justice in private cases had not +fallen to his lot_. Only two of the twelve or fifteen Praetors, viz. the +Praetor Urbanus (see note H. 1, 47) and the Praetor Peregrinus (who +judged between foreigners and citizens) were said to exercise +_jurisdictio_. The adjudication of criminal causes was called _quaestio_, +which was now for the most part in the hands of the senate (Ann. 4, 6), +from whom it might be transferred by appeal to the Praefect of the City +or the Emperor himself. The Praetors received the _jurisdictio_ or the +_quaestio_ by lot; and in case the former did not fall to them, the +office was almost a sinecure; except that they continued to preside over +the public games. See further, on the name and office of Praetor, His. 1, +47, note. For the plup. in _obvenerat_, see note, 4: _abnuerat_. + +_Et_==et omnino. _The games and in general the pageantry of office +(inania honoris)_ expected of the Praetor. Observe the use of the neuter +plural of the adj. for the subst., of which, especially before a gen., T. +is peculiarly fond. + +_Medio rationis_. The text is doubtful. The MSS. vacillate between _medio +ratinois_ and _modo rationis_; and the recent editions, for the most +part, follow a third but wholly conjectural reading, viz. _moderationis_. +The sense is the same with either reading: _He conducted the games and +the empty pageantry of office in a happy mean_ (partaking at once) _of +prudence and plenty_. See Freund ad _duco_. + +_Uti--propior. As far from luxury, so_ (in the same proportion) _nearer to +glory_, i.e. the farther from luxury, the nearer to glory. Cf. Freund ad +_uti_. + +_Longe--propior_. Enallage of the adv. and adj. ef. G. 18: _extra_. + +_Ne sensisset. Would not have felt_, etc., i.e. he recovered all the +plundered offerings of the temple, but those which had been +sacrilegiously taken away by _Nero_ for the supply of his vicious +pleasures. This explanation supposes a protasis understood, or rather +implied in _quam Neronis_. (Cf H. 503, 2. 2). The plup. subj. admits +perhaps of another explanation, the subj. denoting the end with a view to +which _Agricola labored_ (H. 531; Z. 549), and the plup. covering all the +past down to the time of his labors: he labored that the republic might +not have experienced, and _he_ virtually _effected that it had not +experienced_, since he restored everything to its former state, the +plunder of Nero alone excepted. See Wr. and Or. in loc. Perhaps this +would not be an unexampled _praegnantia_ for Tacitus. For _sentire_ in +the sense of _experiencing_ especially _evil_, see Hor. Od. 2, 7, 10, and +other examples in Freund sub v. + + +VII. _Classis Othoniana_. Ad rem. cf. His. 2, 12, seqq.--_Licenter vaga. +Roaming in quest of plunder.--Intemelios_, Cf. note, 2, 13.--_In +praediis suis. On her own estates. Praedia_ includes both lands and +buildings. + +_Ad solemnia pietatis. To perform the last offices of filial affection_. + +_Nuntio deprehensus_. Supply _est_, cf. 4: jussus. _Was overtaken +unexpectedly by the news of Vespasian's claim (nomination) to the +throne.--Affectati_. Cf. note, G. 28.--_In partes_, to his (Vesp.) +_party_. + +_Principatus_, sc. Vespasiani.--_Mucianus regebat_. Vesp. was detained in +Egypt for some time after his troops had entered Rome under Mucianus; +meanwhile Mucianus exercised all the imperial power, cf. His. 4, 11. 39: +vis penes Mucianum erat. + +_Juvene--usurpante_. Dom. was now eighteen years old, cf. His. 4, 2: +nondum ad curas intentus, sed _stupris et adulteriis filium principis +agebat_. + +_Is_, sc. Mucianus.--_Vicesimae legioni_. One of three legions, at that +time stationed in _Britain_, which submitted to the government of Vesp. +_tarde_ and _non sine motu_ (His. 3, 44). + +_Decessor. Predecessor_. It was Roscius Coelius. His. 1, 60. + +_Legatis--consularibus. Governors_ or Proconsuls. The provinces were +governed by men who had been consuls (_consulares_), and as _legatus_ +meant any commissioned officer, these were distinguished as _legati +consulares_. With reference to this consular authority, the same were +called _proconsules_. Cf. note, H. 1, 49. Trebellius Maximus and Vettius +Bolanus are here intended. Cf. 16. and His. 1, 60. 2, 65. _Nimia_==justo +potentior. Dr. + +_Legatus praetorius==legatus legionis, commander of the legion_. Cf. +note, His. 1, 7. Here the same person as _decessor_. + +_Invenisse quam fecisse_, etc., involves a maxim of policy worth noting. + + +VIII. _Placidius. With less energy_. See more of Bolanus at close of 16. + +_Dignum est_. A general remark, applicable to any such province. Hence +the present, for which some would substitute _erat_ or _esset_. + +_Ne incresceret_, sc. ipse: _lest he should become too great_, i.e. rise +above his superior and so excite his jealousy. Referred by W. to +_ardorem_ for its subject. But then _ne incresceret_ would be +superfluous. + +_Consularem_, sc. Legatum==Governor, cf. 7, note. + +_Petilius Cerialis_. Cf. 17. Ann. 14, 32. His. 4, 68. + +_Habuerunt--exemplorum. Had room for exertion_ and so for _setting a good +example_, cf. Ann. 13, 8: videbaturque locus virtutibus patefactus. The +position of _habuerunt_ is emphatic, as if he had said: _then had +virtues_, etc. See Rit. in loc. + +_Communicabat_, sc. cum A.--_Ex eventu_, from _the event_, i.e. _in +consequence of his success_. + +_In suam famam_. Cf. in jactationem, 5, note. + +_Extra gloriam_ is sometimes put for _sine gloria_, especially by the +late writers. His. 1, 49: _extra vitia_. Hand's Turs. 2, 679. + + +IX. _Revertentem_, etc. Returning from his command in Britain.--_Divus_. +Cf. notes, G. 28; His. 2, 33. + +_Vesp.--ascivit_. By virtue of his office as Censor, the Emperor claimed +the right of elevating and degrading the rank of the citizens. Inasmuch +as the families of the aristocracy always incline to run out and become +extinct, there was a necessity for an occasional re-supply of the +patrician from the plebeian ranks, e.g. by Julius Caesar, Augustus and +Claudius (Ann. 11, 25), as well as by Vespasian (Aur. Vic. Caes. 9. Suet. +9.)--_Provinciae--praeposuit_. Aquitania was one of seven provinces, into +which Augustus distributed Gaul, and which with the exception of Narbonne +Gaul, were all subject to the immediate disposal and control of the +Emperor himself. It was the south-western part of Gaul, being enclosed by +the Rhone, the Loire, the Pyrenees and the Atlantic. + +_Splendidae--destinarat. A province of the first importance both in its +government_ (in itself considered), _and the prospect of the consulship, +to which he_ (Vesp.) _had destined him_ (A.), sc. as soon as his office +should have expired. + +_Subtilitatem_==calliditatem, nice discernment, _discrimination_.-- +_Exerceat_, Observe the subj. to express the views of others, not of the +author. H. 531; Z. 511. + +_Secura--agens. _Requiring less anxious thought and mental acumen_, and +_proceeding more by physical force. Secura_==minus anxia. Dr. Cf. note, +His. 1, 1. _Obtusior_==minus acuta. + +_Togatos. Civilians_ in distinction from military men, like A. The _toga_ +was the dress of civil life to some extent in the _provinces_ (cf. 21, +His. 2, 20), though originally worn only in _Rome_. (Beck. Gall., Exc. +Sc. 8.) + +_Remissionumque_. The Greeks and Romans both used the pl. of many +abstracts, of which we use only the sing. For examples see R. Exc. 4. For +the principle cf. Z. 92. + +_Curarum--divisi_. This clause means not merely, that his time was +divided between business and relaxation; but that there was a broad +line of demarcation between them, as he proceeds to explain. +_Divisa_==diversa inter se. Dr. So Virg. Georg. 2, 116: divisae +arboribus patriae==countries are _distinguished from_ each other by +their trees. _Jam vero_. Cf. note, G. 14. + +_Conventus_, sc. juridici==_courts_. The word designates also the +districts in which the courts were held, and into which each province was +divided. Cf. Smith's Dict. of Ant.: Conventus. So Pliny (N.H. 3; 3.) +speaks of juridici conventus. Tacitus, as usual, avoids the technical +designation. + +_Ultra_. Adv. for adj., cf. _longe_, 6.--_Persona_. 1. A mask (_per_ and +_sono_). 2. Outward show, as here. + +_Tristitiam--exuerat_. Some connect this clause by zeugma with the +foregoing. But with a misapprehension of the meaning of exuerat, +which==_was entirely free from_; lit. had divested himself of. Thus +understood, the clause is a _general_ remark touching the character of +A., in implied contrast with other men or magistrates with whom those +vices were so common. So in Ann. 6, 25, Agrippina is said to have +divested herself of vices (_vitia exuerat_) which were common among +women, but which never attached to her. _Facilitas_. Opposed to +_severitas_==kindness, indulgence. + +_Abstinentiam_. This word, though sometimes denoting temperance in food +and drink, more properly refers to the desire and use of money. +_Abstinentia_ is opposed to _avarice; continentia_ to _sensual pleasure_. +Cf. Plin. Epis. 6, 8: alieni abstinentissimus. Here render honesty, +integrity. + +_Cui--indulgent_. See the same sentiment, His. 4, 6: quando etiam +sapientibus cupido gloriae novissima exuitur. + +_Ostentanda--artem_, cf. 6: _per--anteponendo_; also G. 15, note. + +_Collegas_. The governors of other provinces. The word means _chosen +together_; hence either those chosen at the same election or those chosen +to the same office. Cf. H. 1, 10. + +_Procuratores_. There was but one at a time in each province. There may +have been several however in succession, while A. was Proconsul. Or we +may understand both this clause and the preceding, not of his government +in Aquitania in particular, but as a general fact in the life of A. So E. +For the office, see note, 4; and for an instance of a quarrel between the +Proconsul and the Procurator, Ann. 14, 38. + +_Atteri_==vinci as the antithesis shows, though with more of the +implication of dignity _impaired_ (worn off) by conflict with inferiors. + +_Minus triennium. Quam_ omitted. See H. 417, 3; Z. 485. + +_Comitante opinione. A general expectation attending him_, as it were, on +his return. + +_Nullis sermonibus_. Ablative of _cause_. + +_Elegit_. Perf. to denote what _has in fact_ taken place. + + +X. _In comparationem_. Cf. in suam famam, 8, note. + +_Perdomita est. Completely subdued_. + +_Rerum fide==faithfully and truly_; lit. with fidelity to facts. + +_Britannia_. It has generally been supposed (though Gesenius denies it in +his Phenician Paloeography) that Britain was known to the Phenicians, +those bold navigators and enterprising merchants of antiquity, under the +name of the _Cassiterides_, or Tin Islands. Greek authors make early +mention of Albion (plural of Alp?) and Ierne (Erin) as British Islands. +Bochart derives the name (Britain) from the Phenician or Hebrew +Baratanae, "the Land of Tin;" others from the Gallic _Britti_, Painted, +in allusion to the custom among the inhabitants of painting their bodies. +But according to the Welsh Triads, Britain derived its name from Prydain, +a king, who early reigned in the island. Cf. Turner's His. Ang. Sax. 1, +2, seqq. The geographical description, which follows, cannot be +exonerated from the charge of verbiage and grandiloquence. T. wanted the +art of saying a plain thing plainly. + +_Spatio ac coelo_. Brit. not only stretches out or lies over against +these several countries in _situation_, but it approaches them also in +_climate_: a circumstance which illustrates the great size of the island +(cf. _maxima_, above) and prepares the way for the description of both +below. + +_Germaniae_ and _Hispaniae_ are dat. after _obtenditur_. The mistaken +notion of the relative position of Spain and Britain is shared with T. by +Caesar (B.G. 13), Dion (39, 50), and indeed by the ancients in general. +It is so represented in maps as late as Richard of Cirencester. Cf. +Prichard, III. 3, 9. + +_Etiam inspicitur_. It is even _seen_ by the Gauls, implying nearer +approach to Gaul, than to Germany or Spain. + +_Nullis terris_. Abl. abs., _contra_ taking the place of the part., or +rather limiting a part. understood. + +_Livius_. In his 105th Book; now lost, except in the Epitome. + +_Fabius Rusticus_. A friend of Seneca, and writer of history in the age +of Claudius and Nero. + +_Oblongae scutulae_. Geometrically a trapezium. + +_Et est ea facies. And such is the form, exclusive of Caledonia, whence +the account has been extended also to the whole Island_. + +_Sed--tenuatur. But a vast and irregular extent of lands jutting out +here (jam_, cf. note, G. 44) _on this remotest shore_ (i.e. widening +out again where they seemed already to have come to an end), _is +narrowed down as it were into a wedge_. The author likens Caledonia to +a wedge with its apex at the Friths of Clyde and Forth, and its base +widening out on either side into the ocean beyond. _Enormis_ is a +post-Augustan word. _Novissimi_==extreme, remotest. G. 24, note. + +_Affirmavit. Established_ the fact, hitherto supposed, but not fully +ascertained. This was done in Agricola's last campaign in Britain, +cf. 38. + +_Orcadas_. The Orkneys. Their name occurs earlier than this, but they +were little known. + +_Dispecta est. Was seen_ through the mist, as it were; discovered in the +distance and obscurity. Cf. note, H. 4, 55: dispecturas Gallias, etc. + +_Thule_. Al. Thyle. What island T. meant, is uncertain. It has been +referred by different critics, to the Shetland, the Hebrides, and even to +Iceland. The account of the island, like that of the surrounding ocean, +is obviously drawn from the imagination. + +_Nam hactenus_, etc. _For their orders were_ to proceed _thus far_ only, +_and_ (besides) _winter was approaching_. Cf. _hactenus_, G. 25, and +_appetere_, Ann. 4, 51: _appetente jam luce_. The editions generally have +_nix_ instead of _jussum_. But Rit. and Or. with reason follow the oldest +and best MSS. in the reading _jussum_, which with the slight and obvious +amendment of _nam_ for _quam_ by Rit. renders this obscure and vexed +passage at length easy and clear. + +_Pigrum et grave_. See a similar description of the Northern Ocean, G. +25: pigrum ac prope immotum. The modern reader need not be informed, that +this is an entire mistake, as to the matter of fact; those seas about +Britain are never frozen; though the navigators in this voyage might +easily have magnified the perils and hardships of their enterprise, by +transferring to these waters what they had heard of those further north. + +_Perinde_. Al. _proinde_. These two forms are written indiscriminately in +the old MSS. The meaning of _ne perinde_ here is _not so much_, sc. as +other seas. Cf. note, G. 5. + +_Ne ventis--attolli_. Directly the reverse of the truth. Those seas, are +in fact, remarkably tempestuous. + +_Quod--impellitur_. False philosophy to explain a fictitious phenomenon, +as is too often the case with the philosophy of the ancients, who little +understood natural science, cf. the _astronomy_ of T. in 12. + +_Neque--ac_. Correlatives. The author assigns two reasons why he does not +discuss the subject of the _tides_: 1. It does not suit the design of his +work; 2. The subject has been treated by many others, e.g. Strab. 3, 5, +11; Plin. N.H. 2, 99, &c. + +_Multum fluminum. Multum_ is the object of _ferre_, of which _mare_ is +the subject, as it is also of all the infinitives in the sentence. +_Fluminum_ is not rivers but currents among the islands along the shore. + +_Nec littore tenus_, etc. "_The ebbings and flowings of the tide are not +confined to the shore, but the sea penetrates into the heart of the +country, and works its way among the hills and mountains, as in its +native bed_." Ky. A description very appropriate to a coast so cut up by +aestuaries, and highly poetical, but wanting in simplicity. + +_Jugis etiam ac montibus. Jugis_, cf. G. 43. _Ac. Atque_ in the common +editions. But _ac_, besides being more frequent before a consonant, is +found in the best MSS. + + +XI. _Indigenae an advecti_. Cf. _note_, G. 2: _indigenas_. + +_Ut inter barbaros_, sc. fieri solet. Cf. ut in licentia, G. 2; and ut +inter Germanos, G. 30. + +_Rutilae--asseverant_. Cf. the description of the Germans, G. 4. The +inhabitants of Caledonia are of the same stock as the other Britons. The +conclusion, to which our author inclines below, viz. that the Britons +proceeded from Gaul, is sustained by the authority of modern +ethnologists. The original inhabitants of Britain are found, both by +philological and historical evidence, to have belonged to the Celtic or +Cimmerian stock, which once overspread nearly the whole of central +Europe, but were overrun and pushed off the stage by the Gothic or German +Tribes, and now have their distinct representatives only in the Welsh, +the Irish, the Highland Scotch, and a few similar remnants of a once +powerful race in the extreme west of the continent and the islands of the +sea. Cf. note on the Cimbri, G. 37. + +_Silurum_. The people of Wales. + +_Colorati vultus. Dark complexion_. So with the poets, colorati Indi, +Seres, Etrusci, &c. + +_Hispania_. Nom. subject of _faciunt_, with _crines_, &c. + +_Iberos_. Properly a people on the Iberus (Ebro), who gave their name to +the whole Spanish Peninsula. They belonged to a different race from the +Celtic, or the Teutonic, which seems once to have inhabited Italy and +Sicily, as well as parts of Gaul and Spain. A dialect is still spoken in +the mountainous regions about the Bay of Biscay, and called the Basque or +Biscayan, which differs from any other dialect in Europe. Cf. Prichard's +Physical Researches, vol. III. chap. 2. + +_Proximi Gallis_. Cf. Caes. B.G. 5, 14: Ex his omnibus longe sunt +humanissimi, qui Cantium (Kent) incolunt, quae regio est maritima omnis, +_neque multum a Gallica differunt consuetudine. Et--also: those nearest +the Gauls are also like them_. + +_Durante vi. Either because the influence of a common origin still +continues_, etc. + +_Procurrentibus--terris. Or because their territories running out towards +one another_, literally, _in opposite directions_, Britain towards the +south and Gaul towards the north, so as to approach each other. See Rit., +Död. in loc., and Freund ad _diversus_. + +_Positio--dedit_. The idea of similarity being already expressed in +_similes_, is understood here: their situation in the same climate +(_coelo_) has given them the _same_ personal appearance. + +_Aestimanti_. Indef. dat. after _credibile est_, cf. note, G. 6. + +_Eorum_ refers to the Gauls. You (indef. subject, cf. quiescas, G. 36) +may discover the religion of the Gauls (among the Britons) in their full +belief of the same superstitions. So Caes. B.G. 6, 13: disciplina in +Britannia reperta atque inde in Galliam translata esse existimatur; and +he adds, that those who wished to gain a more perfect knowledge of the +Druidical system still went from Gaul to Britain to learn. Sharon Turner +thinks, the system must have been introduced into Britain from the East +(perhaps India) by the Phenicians, and thence propagated in Gaul. His. +Ang. Sax., B. 1, chap. 5. + +_Persuasione_. See the same use of the word, His. 5, 5: eademque de +infernis persuasio. + +_In--periculis_. The same sentiment is expressed by Caesar (B.G. 3, 19). + +_Ferociae_. In a good sense, courage, cf. 31: virtus ac ferocia. + +_Praeferunt_==prae se ferunt, i.e. _exhibit_. + +_Ut quos. Ut qui_, like _qui_ alone, is followed by the subj. to express +a reason for what precedes. It may be rendered by _because_ or _since_ +with the demonstrative. So _quippe cui placuisset_, 18. Cf. Z. 565 and H. +519, 3. + +_Gallos floruisse_. Cf. G. 28. + +_Otio_. Opposed to _bellis, peace.--Amissa virtute_. Abl. abs. denoting +an additional circumstance. Cf. 2: _expulsis--professoribus_, note.-- +_Olim_ limits _victis_. + + +XII. _Honestior. The more honorable_ (i.e. the man of rank) _is the +charioteer, his dependents fight_ (on the chariot). The reverse was true +in the Trojan War. + +_Factionibus trahuntur_==distrahuntur in factiones. Dr., and Or. T. is +fond of using simple for compound verbs. See note 22; also numerous +examples in the Index to Notes on the Histories. + +_Civitatibus_. Dat. for Gen.--_Pro nobis_. Abl. with prep. for dat. +Enallage. R.--_Conventus. Convention_, meeting. + +_Coelum--foedum_. The fog and rain of the British Isles are still +proverbial.--_Dierum spatia_, etc. Cf. Caes. 513. + +_Quod si==and if_. From the tendency to connect sentences by relatives +arose the use of _quod_ before certain conjunctions, particularly _si_, +merely as a copulative. Cf. Z. 807. also Freund sub v. The fact alleged +in this sentence is as false as the philosophy by which it is explained +in the next, cf. G. 45: in ortus, note. + +_Scilicet--cadit_. This explanation proceeds on the assumption that night +is caused by the shadow of mountains, behind which the sun sets; and +since these do not exist in that level extremity of the earth, the sun +has nothing to set behind, and so there is no night. The astronomy of T. +is about of a piece with his natural philosophy, cf. 10.--_Extrema-- +terrarum_. Cf. note, 6: _inania honoris_. + +_Non erigunt_, lit. do not elevate the darkness, i.e. do not cast their +shadow so high (_infraque--cadit_), as the sky and the stars; hence they +are bright (_clara_) through the night!! Pliny also supposed the heavens +(above the moon) to be of themselves perpetually luminous, but darkened +at night by the shadow of the earth. N.H. 2, 7. + +_Praeter. Beyond_. Hence either _besides_ or _except_. Here the latter.-- +_Fecundum_. More than _patiens, fruitful even.--Proveniunt_. Ang. _come +forward_. + +_Fert--aurum_, etc. This is also affirmed by Strabo, 4, 5, 2, but denied +by Cic. ad Att., 4, 16, 7, and ad Div., 7, 7. The moderns decide in favor +of T. and Strabo, though it is only in inconsiderable quantities that +gold and silver have ever been found in Britain. + +_Margarita_. The neuter form of this word is seldom used, never by +Cicero. See Freund sub v. + +_Rubro mari_. The _Red Sea_ of the Greeks and Romans embraced both the +Arabian and the Persian Gulfs; and it was in the latter especially, that +pearls were found, as they are to this day. Cf. Plin. N.H. 9, 54: +praecipue laudantur (margaritae) in _Persico sinu maris rubri_. For an +explanation of the name (Red Sea), see Anthon's Classical Dictionary. + +_Expulsa sint. Cast out_, i.e. _ashore, by the waves_. Subj. in a +subordinate clause of the oratio obliqua. H. 531; Z. 603. + +_Naturam--avaritiam_. A very characteristic sentence, both for its +antithesis and its satire. + + +XIII. _Ipsi Britanni. Ipsi_ marks the transition from the country to the +people, cf. ipsos Germanos, G. 2. + +_Obeunt_ properly applies only to _munera_, not to _tributa_ and +_delectum_, which would require _tolerant_ or some kindred verb. Zeugma. +H. 704, I. 2; Z. 775. + +_Igitur==now_. In the first sentence of the section the author has +indicated his purpose to speak of the _people_ of Britain. And _now in +pursuance of that design_, he goes back to the commencement of their +history, as related to and known by the Romans. Cf. note, G. 28. + +_Divus_. Cf. note, G. 28: D. Julius. For Julius Caesar's campaigns in +Britain, see Caes. B.G. 4, 21. seq.; 5, 5. seq.; Strabo, Lib. 4, &c. + +_Consilium_. His _advice_ (to his successor). See Ann. 1, 11.-- +_Praeceptum_. A _command_ (of Augustus, which Tib. affected to hold +sacred). Ann. 1, 77; 4, 37. + +_C. Caesarem_. Caligula, cf. 4, note.--_Agitasse_, etc. cf. 39. His. 4, +15; Suet. Calig. 44. + +_Ni--fuissent_. Cf. _Ni_, 4, note. The ellipsis may be supplied thus: he +meditated an invasion of Brit. and _would have invaded it_, had he not +been _velox ingenio_, etc. But in idiomatic Eng. _ni_==but. Of course +_fuisset_ is to be supplied with _velox ingenio_ and _mobilis +poenitentiae_. Al. poenitentia. But contrary to the MSS. _Mobilis_ agrees +with _poenitentiae_ (cf. Liv. 31, 32: celerem poenitentiam), which is a +qualifying gen. Gr. 211. R. 6. Lit. _of repentance easy to be moved_. +Render: _fickle of purpose_. + +_Auctor operis_. Auctor fuit rei adversus Britannos gerendae et feliciter +gestae. Dr. See on the same subject Suet. Claud. 17.--_Assumpto +Vespasiano_, cf. Suet Vesp. 4. II. 3, 44. + +_Quod--fuit_. Vespasian's participation in the war against Brit. was the +commencement of his subsequent brilliant fortunes. + +_Monstratus fatis_, i.e. a fatis, _by the fates_. The expression is +borrowed perhaps from Virg. Aen. 6, 870: _Ostendent_ terris hunc tantum +_fata_. + + +XIV. _Consularium_. Cf. note on it, 8.--_Aulus Plautius_. Ann. 13, 32; +Dio. 60, 19.--_Ostorius Scapula_. Ann. 12, 31-39.--_Proxima_, sc. Romae. + +_Veteranorum colonia_. Camolodunum. Ann. 12, 32. Now Colchester. Dr.--_Et +reges. Kings also_, i.e. besides other means.--_Ut vetere_, etc. So in +the MSS. and earliest editions. Rhenanus transferred _ut_ to the place +before _haberet_ which it occupies in the common editions. But no change +is necessary. Render: _that in accordance with their established custom, +the Roman people might have kings also as the instruments of reducing_ +(the Britons) _to slavery_. + +_Didius Gallus_. Cf. Ann. 12, 40: arcere hostem satis habebat.--_Parta a +prioribus. The acquisitions (conquests) of his predecessors_. + +_Aucti officii. Of enlarging the boundaries of his government. Officium_ +is used in a like sense, Caes. B.C. 3, 5: Toti officio maritimo +praepositus, etc. So Wr.; Or. and Död. understand by it _going beyond_ +the mere performance of his _duty_. It was his duty to protect his +province: he enlarged it.--_Quaereretur_. Subj. in a relative clause +denoting a purpose. H. 500; Z. 567. + +_Veranius_. Ann. 14, 29.--_Paullinus_. Ann. 14, 29-30. + +_Monam insulam_. Now Anglesey. But the _Mona_ of _Caesar_ is the Isle of +Man, called by Pliny _Monapia_. The Mona of T. was the chief seat of the +Druids, hence _ministrantem vires rebellibus_, for the Druids animated +and led on the Briton troops to battle. T. has given (Ann. 14, 30) a very +graphic sketch of the mixed multitude of armed men, women like furies, +and priests with hands uplifted in prayer, that met Paullinus on his +landing, and, for a time, well nigh paralyzed his soldiers with dismay. +In the same connexion, he speaks also of the human sacrifices and other +barbarous rites, which were practised by our Briton Fathers in honor of +their gods. + + +XV. _Interpretando. By putting their own_, i.e. _the worst construction +upon them_. + +_Ex facili_==facile. A frequent form of expression in T., ad Graecorum +consuetudinem. Dr. See R. Exc. 24. + +_Singulos--binos_. Distributives==_one for each tribe--two for each +tribe_. + +_Aeque--aeque_. Like Greek correlatives; alike fatal to their subjects +in _either case_. So [Greek: homoios men] and [Greek: homoios de], Xen. +Mem. 1, 6, 13; Plat. Symp. 181. C. + +_Alterius manus centuriones, alterius servos_. This is the reading of the +latest editions (Dr. Wr. Or. and R.), and the best MSS., though the MSS. +differ somewhat: _Centurions, the hands_ (instruments) _of the one, and +servants_, the hands _of the other, added insult to injury_. For the use +of _manus_ in the above sense, reference is made to Cic. in Ver. 2, 10, +27: Comites illi tui delecti _manus_ erant tuae. So the _centurions_ of +the _legate_ and the _servants_ of the _procurator_ are said by our +author to have robbed the Briton King Prasutagus of his kingdom and his +palace, Ann. 14, 31, which is the best commentary on the passage before +us. + +_Ab ignavis. By_ the feeble and cowardly. Antithetic to _fortiorem. In +battle, it is the braver that plunders us; but now_ (it is a special +aggravation of our sufferings, that) _by the feeble and cowardly_, &c. So +in contempt, they call the veterans, cf. 14: _veteranorum colonia_; 32: +_senum colonia_. + +_Tantum_ limits _pro patria_; as if it was for their _country_ only they +knew not how to die. + +_Si sese_, etc., i.e. in _comparison_ with their own numbers. + +_Patriam--parentes_, sc. _causas belli esse_. + +_Recessisset_. Observe the subj. in the subordinate clauses of the oratio +obliqua throughout this chapter. H. 531; Z. 603. + +_Neve--pavescerant_. This verb would have been an imperative in the +oratio recta, Z. 603, c. _Neve_ is appropriate either to the imp. or the +subj. + + +XVI. _Instincti_, i.e. furore quodam afflati. Dr. For a fuller account +of this revolt, see Ann. 14, 31-38; Dio. 62, 1-13. + +_Boudicea_. Wife of Prasutagus, king of the Iceni. When conquered, she +ended her life by poison, Ann. 14, 37. + +_Expugnatis praesidiis. Having stormed the fortresses_. The force of _ex_ +in this word is seen in that it denotes the _actual carrying_ of a place +by assault, whereas _oppugnatus_ only denotes the assault itself. So +[Greek: ek-poliorkaetheis]==_taken_ in a siege, [Greek: +poliorkaetheis]==besieged. + +_Ipsam coloniam_. Cf. note 14: veteranorum colonia. + +_In barbaris_==qualis inter barbaros esse solet. R. Exc. 25. + +_Ira et victoria_. Hendiadys. Render: _Nor did they in the excitement of +victory omit_, etc. So Dr. R. and Wr. _Ira_ may, however, refer to their +_long cherished resentment. Ira_ causam, _victoria_ facultatem explendae +saevitiae denotat. Rit.--_Quod nisi. And had not_, etc. Cf. note, 12: +_quod si_. + +_Patientiae_. Most Latin authors would have said: ad patientiam. R. +_Patientia_ here==_submission_. + +_Tenentibus--plerisque. Though many still retained_, i.e. did not lay +down _their arms_. + +_Propius_. Al. _proprius_. But that is purely conjectural. Adv. for adj., +cf. ultra, 8; longe, 6==propior, like the _propior cura_ of Ovid. +Metamor. 13, 578. Render: _a more urgent fear_. Some would connect +_propius_ with _agitabat_ notwithstanding its remote position. + +_Suae quoque_. _His own also_, sc. as well as that of the Empire. + +_Durius_, sc. aequo. H. 444, 1. cf. 4: _acrius_, note. + +_Delictis--novus_. _A stranger to their faults_. Cf. Sil. Ital. 6, 254: +novusque dolori. Wr. Cf. Böt. Lex. Tac. _Dativus_. + +_Poenitentiae mitior_, i.e. mitior erga poenitentiam, or facilior erga +poenitentes. _Poenitentiae_ dat. of object. + +_Compositis prioribus_. _Having restored things to their former quiet +state_. + +_Nullis--experimentis_. _Undertaking no military expeditions_. Or.-- +_Castrorum_. Cf. 5, note. + +_Comitate--tenuit_. "_Retained the province by a popular manner of +administering the government_." Ky.--_Curandi_. Note, H. 1, 52. + +_Ignoscere_. Properly _not to notice_, hence _to view with indulgence, to +indulge in_. + +_Vitiis blandientibus_. The reference is to the _luxurious and vicious +pleasures_ of the Romans, which enervated the Britons, cf. 21, at close, +where the idea is brought out more fully. + +_Cum--lasciviret_. _Cum==since_. Hence the subj. + +_Precario_. Cf. note, G. 44.--_Mox_, cf. note 4. + +_Velut pacti_ implies a _tacit_ compact. It was understood between them, +that the army were to enjoy their liberty; the general, his life. Supply +_sunt_ with _pacti_. Död. and Wr. supply _essent_; but they read _haec_ +for _et_ before _seditio_ contrary to the best MSS. + +_Et seditio_. _Et==and so_. Al. haec seditio. + +_Stetit_. Not stopped, but stood, as in our phrase: stood them in so +much. So Ovid: Multo _sanguine_--victoria _stetit_. And T. His. 3, 53: +Majore _damno_--veteres civium discordias reipublicae _stetisse_. Render: +_cost no blood_. Dr. + +_Petulantia_. _Insubordination_.--_Nisi quod_, but, cf. 6. + +_Bolanus_. If the reader wishes to know more of the officers named in +this chapter, for Turpilianus, see Ann. 14, 39. His. 1, 6; Trebellius, +His. 1, 60; Bolanus, Ann. 15, 3. His. 2, 65. 79. + +_Caritatem--auctoritatis_. "_Had conciliated affection as a substitute +for authority_." Ky. + + +XVII. _Recuperavit_. Al. _reciperavit_. The two forms are written +indiscriminately in the MSS. The word may express either the recovery of +what was lost, or the restoration to health of what was diseased. Either +would make a good sense here. Cf. chap. 5; also Cic. Phil. 14, 13: +_republica recuperata_. Or. renders _acquired again_, sc. what had +previously belonged, as it were, to him, rather than to the bad emperors +who had preceded him. + +_Petilius Cerialis_. Cf. note, 8.--_Brigantum_. Cf. H. 3, 45; Ann. 12, +32. Their territory embraced Cumberland, Westmoreland, Lancashire, Durham +and Yorkshire. + +_Aut victoria aut bello_, i.e. _either received their submission after +the victory, or involved them in the calamities of war_. _Aut--aut_ +generally adversative==either--or on the contrary. _Vel--vel_ only +disjunctive==whether--or. Cf. note on vel--vel, G. 15. + +_Alterius_. Another, than Julius Frontinus, i.e. by implication, one +_different_ from him, _less brave and great_. Cf. His. 2, 90: tanquam +apud alterius civitatis senatum; 3, 13, note. _Alius_ is the word usually +appropriated to express this idea. _Alter_ generally implies a +_resemblance_ between contrasted objects. See Freund, ad v. + +_Obruisset--sustinuit_. These words primarily refer to physical energies, +and are exactly counterpart==_crushed--sustained_. + +_Quantum licebat_ limits _vir magnus: as great a man, as it was +permitted_ him to be, restricted as he was in his resources, perhaps by +the parsimony of the Emperor. On Julius Frontinus, cf. H. 4, 39. He was +the friend of Pliny the Younger (Plin. Ep. 9, 19) and therefore probably +of Tacitus. His books on Stratagems, and on the Aqueducts of Rome are +still extant.--_Super_, over and above, i.e. _besides_. + + +XVIII. _Agentem_, sc. excubias or stationem==stationed in, cf. His. 1, +47: copias, quae Lugduni agebant. _Ala_. Cf. note, H. 1, 54. + +_Ordovicum civitas_. Situated over against the Island Mona, north of the +Silures, i.e. in the northern part of what is now Wales. + +_Ad--verterentur_. _Were turning themselves_ (middle sense) _towards_, +i.e. _looking to or for. Occasionem. An opportunity_, sc. to attack the +Romans in their security. Al. _uterentur_. + +_Quibus--erat. They who wished for war_. Greek idiom for qui bellum +volebant. See Kühner's Greek Gram. 284, 10, c., cf. His. 3, 43: +volentibus fuit, etc., and note, ibid. In Latin, the idiom occurs chiefly +in Sallust and T. See Z. 420, and H. 387, 3. + +_Ac--opperiri_. Al. _aut_ by conjecture. But _ac==ac tamen, and yet_. Cf. +Ann. 1, 36: _exauctorari--ac retineri sub vexillo_. + +_Transvecta_. Al. transacta. Cf. His. 2, 76: abiit et _transvectum est +tempus_. Only T. uses the word in reference to time. + +_Numeri_==cohortes or manipuli, cf. His. 1, 6: multi numeri. This use of +the word is post-Augustan. Cf. note, His. 1, 6. + +_Tarda et contraria_. In appos. with the foregoing clauses== +_circumstances calculated to retard and oppose him in commencing war_. + +_Plerisque_, sc. of the inferior officers. They thought it best that +those parts of the country, whose fidelity was questionable (_suspecta_) +should be secured by garrisons (_custodiri_). _Potius_ is an adj. and +goes with _videbatur_==_it seemed preferable_. + +_Legionum vexillis_. Some understand this of veteran soldiers who had +served out their time (twenty years), but were still _sub vexillis_ (not +dismissed). So R. and W. Others of parts of the legions detached for a +season sub vexillis (under separate standards). So Gronovius. The word +seems to be used in both senses. See note, H. 1, 31. + +_In aequum_. Into the plain. Aequus, prim. level, hence aequor, sea. + +_Erexit aciem. Led his troops up the steep_. So His. 3, 71: erigunt aciem +per adversum collem. + +_Ac--ceteris. And that according as the first_ enterprises _went_ (cf. +note, 5: _cessit_), would be the terror in the rest_ of his engagements. +Cf. H. 2, 20: _gnarus, ut initia belli provenissent, famam in cetera +fore_. Al. _fore universa_. + +_Possessione. Taking_ possession, cf. 14. A _possidere_, i.e. occupare, +non a _possidere_, quod est occupatum tenere. Rit. For the abl. without +_a_, cf. H. 2, 79: _Syria remeans_. + +_Ut in dubiis consiliis_, sc. fieri solet. Generals are not apt to be +prepared beforehand for enterprises, not contemplated at all in their +original plans. + +_Qui--expectabant. Who were looking out for (ex_ and _specto) a fleet, +for ships_, in a word _for the sea_, i.e. naval preparations in general, +instead of an attack by land. The language is highly rhetorical.-- +_Crediderint_. Livy, Nepos and Tacitus use the _perf_. subj. after _ut_, +denoting a consequence, when a single, specific past act is expressed; +when a repeated or continued action, the _imp_. subj. Most writers use +the imp. in both cases. See H. 482, 2, and 480; Z. 516; also Z. 504, +Note, and note H. 1, 24: _dederit_. + +_Officiorum ambitum. "Compliments of office."_ Ky. + +_Placuisset_. Subj. cf. note, 11: _ut quos_. + +_Expeditionem--continuisse. He did not call it a campaign or a victory to +have kept the conquered in subjection_. + +_Laureatis_ sc. litteris. It was customary to communicate the news of +victory to the Emperor and Senate, by letters bound with bay leaves, cf. +Liv. 5, 28: _litterae_ a Postumio _laureatae_ sequuntur. Without +_litterae_, it occurs only here. Or. So in H. 3, 77. T. avoids the +technical expression and employs the word _laurea_, seldom used in this +sense. + +_Dissimulatione_. Cf. note, 6.--_Aestimantibus_, cf. aestimanti, 11. The +aspiring, and especially the vain, may learn from this passage a lesson +of great practical value. Compare also § 8, at the close. + + +XIX. _Aliena experimenta. The experience of others_. + +_Nihil_. Ellipsis of _agere_ (which is inserted without MS. authority in +the common editions). So Cic. Phil. 1, 2: Nihil per senatum, etc. Cf. G. +19: _adhuc_, note. + +_Ascire_, al. accire. _To receive into regular service_. The reference is +to the transfer of soldiers from the raw recruits to the legions. So W. +followed by Dr. R. and W. The next clause implies, that he took care to +receive into the service none but the best men (_optimum quemque_), whom +he deemed _trustworthy_ (_fidissimum_) just in _proportion_ as they were +_good_. This use of two superlatives mutually related to each other, the +former with _quisque_, is frequent in Latin and resembles the English use +of two comparatives: the better, the more trustworthy. Cf. Z. 710, b.; +also note, 3: _promptissmus quisque_. + +_Exsequi_==punire. A sense peculiar to the later Latin. Cic. and Caes. +use _persequi_. For a similar use of the word in the expression of a +similar sentiment, see Suet. Jul. 67: Delicta neque observabat omnia +neque pro modo exsequebatur. Compare our word _execute_. And mark the +sentiment, as a maxim in the science of government. + +_Severitatem commodare_. W. with Dr. and R. make this an example of +zeugma. And in its ordinary acceptation (i.e. in the sense _to give_) +the word _commodare_ certainly applies only to _veniam_, and not to +_severitatem_. But _commodare_ in its primary signification means to +_adapt_; and in this sense, it suits both of its adjuncts: _He adapted_ +(awarded) _pardon to small offences, severe punishment to great ones_. So +Wr. For the series of infinitives, cf. notes, 5: _nosci_, etc.; G. 30: +_praeponere_, etc. + +_Nec poena--contentus esse. Nor was he always content with punishment, +but oftener with repentance_. Mere punishment without reformation did not +satisfy him; reformation without punishment satisfied him better. See +Död. in loc. Here too some have called in the aid of zeugma. + +_Auctionem_. Al. exactionem. The former is the reading of the greater +part of the MSS. and the later German editions. _Auctionem tributorum_ +refers to the increased tribute exacted by Vesp. cf. Sueton. Vesp. 16: +_auxisse_ tributa provinciis, nonnullis et _duplicasse_. + +_Munerum_. _Duties, burdens.--Circumcisis_. Cf. note, 2: expulsis. etc., +and 11: amissa virtute. + +_Namque--cogebantur_. The best version we can give of this obscure +passage is as follows: _For they were compelled in mockery to sit by the +closed granaries and to buy corn needlessly_ (beyond what was necessary, +cf. note on _ultro_, G. 28, when they had enough of their own) _and to +sell it at a fixed price_ (prescribed by the purchasers). It has been +made a question, whether the granaries of the Britons, or those of the +Romans are here meant. Död., Dr. and R. advocate the former opinion; +Walch, Wr., Or., and Rit. the latter. According to the former view, the +Britons were often obliged to buy corn of the Romans, because they were +forbidden to use their own, to supply themselves and their families; +according to the latter, because they were required (as explained below) +to carry their contributions to a quarter so distant from their own +granaries, that they were fain to buy the corn rather at some nearer +warehouse of the Romans. The selling at a fixed price is equally +intelligible on either supposition. Or. following the best MSS. reads +_ludere pretio_, which Rit. has amended into _colludere pretio_. _Ultro_ +may well enough be rendered _moreover_ or _even_, thus giving emphasis to +_emere_. + +_Devortia itinerum_. _Bye roads_, explained by _avia_, as _longinquitas_ +is by _remota_. The object of requiring the people to convey their +contributions to such distant and inconvenient points, was to compel them +to buy of the Romans, or to pay almost any sum of money to avoid +compliance. The reader of Cic. will remember in illustration of this +whole passage, the various arts to which Verres is said to have had +recourse to enrich himself, at the expense of the people of his province +(Cic. in Ver. 3, 72, and 82), such as refusing to accept the +contributions they brought, obliging them to buy of him at his own price, +requiring them to carry supplies to points most distant and difficult of +access, _ut vecturae difficultate ad quam vellent aestimationem +pervenirent_. + +_Omnibus_, sc. et incolis et militibus; _paucis_, sc. praefectis aut +publicanis. Dr. + +_Donec--fieret_. The subj. here denotes a purpose or object in view, and +theretore follows _donec_ according to the rule. H. 522, II.; Z. 575. +Tacitus however always expresses a repeated past action after _donec_ by +the imp. subj. Cf. note, 37: affectavere; H. 1, 13. 35. + + +XX. _Statim_. Emphatic, like [Greek: euthus]. Cf. Thucyd. 2, 47: [Greek: +tou therous euthus archomenou]: at the _very_ beginning of summer. So in +§ 3. + +_Intolerantia_, al. tolerantia, but without MS. authority. _Incuria_ is +_negligence_. Intolerantia_ is _insufferable arrogance, severity_, in a +word _intolerance_. So Cic.: superbia atque intolerantia. + +_Quae--timebatur_. And no wonder, since _ubi solitudinem_ faciunt, _pacem_ +appellant, 30. + +_Multus_, al. militum. _Multus_ in the recent editions. +_Multus_==frequens, cf. Sal. Jug. 84: multus ac ferox instare.-- +_Modestiam--disiectos_. These words are antithetic, though one is +abstract and the other concrete. The whole clause may be literally +rendered thus: _ever present in the line of march, he commended +good order (discipline), the disorderly he restrained_. + +_Popularetur_, sc. A. _Quominus_, that not==_but: but he ravaged their +country by unexpected invasions_. + +_Irritamenta_. _Inducements.--Pacis_. Ang. _to_ or _for peace_. + +_Ex aequo egerant_, lit. had acted (lived) on an equality, i.e. _had +maintained their independence_, cf. His. 4, 64: aut ex aequo agetis aut +aliis imperitabitis. + +_Iram posuere_. Cf. Hor. Ars Poet.: et _iram_ colligit ac _ponit_ temere. +See also G. 27: ponunt dolorem, etc. + +_Ut--transierit_. The clause is obscure. The best that can be made of it +is this: _they were encompassed by forts and garrisons with so much skill +and care that no part of Britain hitherto now went over_ (to the enemy) +_with impunity_ (literally unattacked). For the meaning of _nova_, cf. +22. For _transierit_, cf. _transitio_, H. 2, 99; 3, 61; and Freund, sub +v. This is Walther's interpretation. If, with Ernesti, Dr. and some +others, we might suppose a _sic_, _ita_ or _tam_ to be understood with +_illacessita_, we might obtain perhaps a better sense, viz. _came over_ +(to the Romans) _with so little annoyance_ (from the enemy). In the last +edition a meaning was attached to _transierit_ (_remained_, sc. +unattacked), for which I now find no sufficient authority. Among the many +amendments, which have been suggested, the easiest and best is that of +Susius, followed by Wexius, Dübner, Or. and Rit, viz. placing +_Illacessita transiit_ at the beginning of the next chapter. But this +does violence not only to MS. authority, but to Latin usage in making the +adverb _ut, so as, as_, follow _tanta_. In such a connection, _ut_ must +be a conjunction==_so that, that_. See Freund sub v. For the _perf_. +subj. cf. note, 18: _crediderint_. + +_Praesidiis castellisque_. Gordon, in his Itinerarium Septentrionale, +found more remains of Roman works in that part of Britain here referred +to, than in any other portion of the Island. + + +XXI. _Ut--assuescerent_. _In order that they might become habituated_, +etc.--_In bella faciles. Easily inclined to wars_. Cf. Ann. 14, 4: +_facili ad gaudia_. Al. _in bello, bello_, and _in bellum_.--_Otio_. See +note, 11: otio.--_Privatim. As a private individual; publice, by public +authority, and of course from the public treasury_, cf. note G. 39: +publice.--_Jam vero_. _Moreover_, cf. G. 14, note. + +_Anteferre_. Wr. takes this word in its primary sense==bear before, i.e. +carry beyond: _he carried (advanced) the native talents of the Britons +beyond the learning of the Gauls_. But there is no authority for such a +use of the word, when followed by the acc. and dat. It is doubtless used +in its more ordinary sense; and the _preference_ which A. expressed for +the genius of the Britons over the learning of the Gauls, _stimulated_ +them to greater exertions. It is somewhat curious to observe thus early +that mutual emulation and jealousy, which has marked the whole history of +Britain and France. The national vanity of La Bletterie is sorely wounded +by this remark of T. See his note in loco, also Murphy's.--_Toga_. Cf. +note on _togatos_, 9. + +_Ut--concupiscerent_. _Ut==so that_, denoting a consequence. The verb +here denotes a continued or habitual state of mind. Hence the _imp_. +subj. Cf. note, 18: _crediderit_. + +_Discessum_, sc. a patrum moribus ad vitia varia. Dr. + +_Delenimenta_==illa, quibus animi _leniuntur_. Dr. _Charms, +blandishments_. Cf. H. 1, 77. The word is not found in Cic. or Caes. + +_Humanitas. Civilisation, refinement_. Compare the professorships of +_humanity_ in European Universities. + +_Pars servitutis_. For the sentiment, cf. His. 4, 64: voluptatibus, +quibus Romani plus adversus subjectos, quam armis valent. _Cum==while, +although_. Hence the subj. + + +XXII. _Tertius--annus_. _Third campaign_. + +_Taum_. The Frith of Tay.--_Nationibus_. Here synonymous with _gentes_; +sometimes less comprehensive, cf. note, G. 2. + +_Pactione ac fuga_. Al. _aut_ fuga, but without authority. There are +but two distinct clauses marked by _aut--aut: either taken by assault or +abandoned by capitulation and flight_. + +_Nam--firmabantur_. This clause assigns a reason, why the Romans were +_able_ to make frequent sorties (_crebrae eruptiones_), viz. supplies of +provision so abundant, as to be proof against blockade. + +_Moras obsidionis. A protracted siege_, or _blockade_. + +_Annuis copiis. Supplies for a year_. This is the _primary_ signification +of _annuus_; that of our word _annual_ is _secondary_. + +_Intrepida--praesidio_==hiberna quieta ac tuta ab hostibus. Fac. and For. +--_Irritis, baffled_. Seldom applied to _persons_ by prose writers. Cf. H. +4, 32. + +_Pensare_. R. remarks a peculiar fondness in T. for the use of the simple +verb instead of the compound, e.g. missa for omissa, sistens for +resistens, flammare for inflammare, etc. So here _pensare==compensare_. +Cf. 12: _trahuntur_, note. + +_Avidus_, sc. laudis==per aviditatem laudis et gloriae. E.: A. never in +his eagerness for glory arrogated to himself the honor of the +achievements of others.--_Seu--seu. Every one, whether centurion or +praefect_ (commander of a legion, cf. note, H. 1, 82.), _was sure to have +in him an impartial witness to his deeds_. + +_Acerbior_, cf. note on _durius_, 16.--_Apud quosdam_==a quibusdam. + +_Secretum et silentium. Reserve and silence_. So W. and Ky. But R. and +Dr.: _private interviews_ (to be summoned to which by some commanders was +alarming), _and neglect of the usual salutations in public_ (which was +also often a token of displeasure on the part of a superior officer). The +former is the more simple and obvious, though it must be confessed that +the latter is favored by the usus loquendi of T., in regard especially to +_secretum_, cf. 39; Ann. 3, 8, where _secreto_ is opposed to _palam_; and +His. 4, 49: incertum, quoniam _secreto eorum_ nemo _adfuit_. + + +XXIII. _Obtirendis. Securing possession of.--Pateretur_, sc. terminum +inveniri.--_In ipsa Brit_. In the very _nature_ or structure of the +island, as described in the sequel. See Or. in loc. + +_Clota et Bodotria_. Frith of Clyde and Frith of Forth. + +_Revectae_, i.e. the natural current being driven back by the tide from +the sea on either side. _Angusto--spatio_. It is now cut across by a ship +canal. + +_Propior sinus_==peninsula on the south side of the Friths, cf, note on +sinus G. 1, and 29. Sinus refers particularly to the _curved border_ on +_this side_ the aestuaries. This border (wherever the friths were so +narrow as to require it), as well as the narrow isthmus, was occupied and +secured (_tenebatur_) by garrisons. + + +XXIV. _Nave prima_. The first Roman ship that ever visited those shores. +So Br., Dr., etc. _The foremost ship_, sc., A. himself, followed by +others in a line. So Ritter. Wr., and some others understand it of a +voyage from _Rome_, where they suppose him to have passed the winter, and +whence he crossed over to Britain by the _earliest_ vessel in the spring. +W. and R. make _prima_ equivalent to an adv. and render: crossing over +_for the first time_ by ship. Or. also makes _prima==tum primum_. + +_Copiis_. Here troops with their equipments==_forces_, cf. 8: majoribus +copiis.--_Medio sita_ lying between, not midway between. E.--_In spem-- +formidinem_. More with the hope of invading Ireland, than through fear of +invasion by the Irish.--_Valentissimam partem_, viz. Gaul, Spain and +Britain. + +_Miscuerit_. The subj. here denotes the aim or purpose of the projector: +it would have done so _in his view_. + +_Invicem_==an adj. _mutual.--Nostri maris_. The Mediterranean. + +_Differunt: in melius_. The authorities differ greatly as to the reading, +the pointing and the interpretation of this passage. Some copies omit +_in_. Others insert _nec_ before it. Some place the pause before _in +melius_, others after. Some read _differt_, others _differunt. Nec in +melius_ would perhaps give the better sense. But the reading is purely +conjectural. I have given that, which, on the whole, seems to rest on the +best authority, and to make the best sense. The sense is: _the soil, +climate, &c., do not differ much from those of Britain. But that the +harbors and entrances to the country are better_ (lit. _differ for the +better, differre in melius), is ascertained through the medium of the +merchants, who resort thither for trade_ (for Ireland had not yet, like +Britain, been explored by a Roman _army_). So Wr. and Död. On _in +melius_, see note H. 1, 18. Or. and Rit. make the comparison thus: the +harbors and entrances are better known, than the soil, climate, &c. The +common interpretation is: the harbors, &c., of Ireland are better known, +than those of Britain. But neither of these interpretations accounts for +the position of _melius_; and the last is in itself utterly incredible. + +_Ex eo_, sc. A. Pass. and Dr. understand it of the Irish chief, and infer +that T. had been in Brit. But A. is the subject of the next sentence +without the repetition of his name, as it would have been repeated, if +this sentence referred to another. + + +XXV. _Amplexus_. Some supply _bello_, as in 17: bello amplexus. But +better: embracing _in his plan of operations_, i.e. _extending his +operations to those tribes_. + +_Hostilis exercitus_. Al. hostili exercitu. But _hostilis exercitus_ in +the MSS. and earliest editions.--_Infesta_ is here active: _hostile +inroads of the enemy's forces_. + +_In partem virium_. _For_, i.e. _as a part of his force_. + +_Impelleretur_, was borne on with rapid and resistless power. + +_Profunda--adversa_. Cf. note, 6: _inania honoris_. + +_Mixti copiis et laetitia. Uniting their stores and their pleasures_, +i.e. their respective means of entertainment. For _mixti_, cf. 4: +locum--mixtum. For _copiis_ in this sense, 22: annuis copiis. For the +other sense, viz. forces, 24: copiis, note. + +_Hinc--hinc==on this side--on that_. Cf. note G. 14: _illum--illam_.-- +_Victus_. Al. _auctus_. + +_Ad manus et arma_. Ang. _to arms_. + +_Oppugnasse_ depends on _fama_. Their preparations were great. Rumor as +usual (_uti mos_, etc.) represented them still greater; for the rumor +went abroad, that the Caledonians had _commenced offensive operations +(oppugnasse ultra).--Castella adorti_ is the means by which they _metum +addiderant_, i.e. _had inspired additional fear_. + +_Pluribus agminibus. In several divisions_. Accordingly it is added: +_diviso et ipse_, A. _himself also_, i.e. as well as the Britons, +_having divided_, etc. + +_Agmen_ (from ago), properly a body of men on the march.--_Exercitus_, +under military drill (exerceo.) + + +XXVI. _Quod ubi_, etc. _When this was known_, etc. Latin writers, as well +as Greek, generally link their sentences, chapters, &c., more closely +together, than English. Hence we are often obliged to render their +relative by our demonstrative. See Z. 803. _Ubi_, here adv. of _time_, as +in 20, 38, et passim. + +_Certabant_. Not _fought_ with the enemy, but _vied_ with each other. So +below: utroque--certante. Hence followed by _de_ gloria, not _pro_ gloria, +which some would substitute for it; _secure for_ (in regard to) _safety, +they vied with each other in respect to_ (or _in_) _glory_. With _pro +salute_, cf. His. 4, 58: pro me securior. + +_Erupere. Sallied forth_, sc. from the camp. + +_Utroque exercitu_. Each of the two _Roman_ armies. + +_Quod_. Cf. 12, note.--_Debellatum_, lit. the war would have been fought +_out_, i.e. _ended_. + + +XXVII. _Cujus_ refers to _victoria_ in the previous section (cf. _quod_ +26, note): _inspirited by the consciousness and the glory of this +victory_. + +_Modo cauti_. Compare the sentiment with 25: specie prudentium, etc. + +_Arte--rati_, al. arte _usos_ rati by conjecture. But T. is fond of such +ellipses: _The Britons, thinking it was not by superior bravery, but by +favoring circumstances_ (on the part of the Romans) _and the skill of +their commander_ (sc. that they had been defeated). Rit. reads +_superati_. + +_Utrimque_. Both the Romans and the Britons; the Romans excited by their +victory, the Britons by their coetibus ac sacrificiis. + +_Discessum. They separated_, viz. after the battle and at the close of +the campaign. + + +XXVIII. _Cohors Usipiorum_. See same story, Dio Cass. 66, 20. + +_Adactis. Forced on board.--Remiganto_==gubernante, to avoid sameness, +with _gubernatoribus_, Br. R. supposes that having but one pilot left, +only the vessel on which he sailed was _rowed_, while the others were +towed by it; and this rowing _under his direction_ is ascribed to _him_. +Some MSS. and many editions read _remigrante_, which some translate: +_making his escape_, and others connect with _interfectis_, and suppose +that he also was slain in trying to _bring back_ his boat to shore. +Whether we read _remigante_ or _remigrante_, the signification of either +is unusual. + +_Praevehebantur_. Sailed along the coast (in sight of land). + +_Inopiae_ is governed by _eo_, which is the old dat.==_to such a degree. +--Ad extremum==at last_. + +_Vescerentur_ followed by the acc. H. 419, 4. 1; Z. 466. For the imp. +subj. cf. note 21: _ut--concupiscerent_. + +_Amissis--navibus_. This is regarded by some as proof that _all_ the +steersmen were slain or escaped. Dr. answers, that it may refer only to +the _two_ ships that were without steersmen. + +_Suevis_. A people of Northern Germany (G. 38, seq.) whither, after +having circumnavigated Britain, the Usipii came.--_Mox, subsequently_, +some having escaped the Suevi. + +_Per commercia. In trade_, cf. same in 39. + +_Nostram ripam_. The Gallic bank of the Rhine, which was the border of +the Roman Empire, cf. G. passim. + +_Quos--indicium--illustravit_. Whom the account of so wonderful an +adventure rendered illustrious. The rule would require the subj. H. 501, +I. 2; Z. 561. + + +XXIX. _Initio aestatis_, i.e. in the beginning of the _next_ summer (the +7th campaign, cf. 25: _aestate, qua sextum_, etc.), as the whole history +shows. See especially _proximo anno_, 34. Hence the propriety of +commencing a new section here. The common editions begin it below: +_Igitur_, etc. + +_Plerique_. Cf. note on it, 1.--_Fortium virorum_. _Military men_. + +_Ambitiose, with affected fortitude, stoically_.--_Rursus_==contra, _on +the contrary_, showing the antith. between _ambitiose_ and _per lamenta_. +--_Per lamenta_, cf. 6: per caritatem.--_Igitur_, cf. 13, note. + +_Quae--faceret_==ut ea faceret. H. 500; Z. 567. _Incertum_ is explained +by _pluribus locis_. Render: _general alarm_.--_Expedito_==sine +impedimentis, armis solis instructo. Fac. and For.--_Montem Grampium_. +Now _Grampian hills_. + +_Cruda--senectus_. Cf. Virg. Aen. 6, 304: sed cruda deo viridisque +senectus. _Crudus_ is rarely found in this sense except in the poets. +_Crudus_ properly==bloody (_cruor, cruidus_); hence the successive +significations, raw, unripe, fresh, vigorous.--_Sua decora_==praemia +ob virtutem bellicam accepta. E. Any and all _badges of distinction_, +especially in _arms_. Wr., Or. and Dġd. + + +XXX. _Causas belli_. Explained by _universi servitutis expertes_ below, +to be the defence of their liberties. In like manner, _nostram +necessitatem_ is explained by _nullae ultra terrae_: there is no retreat +for us, etc.--_Animus, Confidence_. + +_Proelium--arma_. T. has a passion for _pairs_ of words, especially +nouns, of _kindred signification_. See examples in Index to Histories; +and in this chapter, _spem ac subsidium_; _recessus ac sinus_; _obsequiam +ac modestiam_. + +_Priores pugnae_, sc. in which the Caledonians took no part.--_Pugnae_ +is here, by a figure put for the _combatants_ themselves, who are +represented as looking to the Caledonians, as a kind of corps de reserve, +or last resource. + +_Eo. For that reason_. The best things are always kept guarded and +concealed in the _penetralia_. There may also be a reference to a _fact_ +stated by Caesar (B.G. 5, 12), that the inhabitants of the interior were +aborigines, while those on the coast were immigrants. + +_Terrarum--extremos_. _The remotest of men and last of freemen_. +--_Recessus--famae_. _Our very remoteness and obscurity_. This is the +most common and perhaps the most simple translation, making _sinus +famae_==seclusion in respect to fame. Perhaps, however, it accords as +well with the usual signification of the words, and better with the +connexion and spirit of the speech, to take _sinus famae_ in the sense, +_retreat of glory_, or _glorious retreat_. So Wr. His interpretation of +the passage and its connexion is as follows: _our very remoteness and our +glorious retreat have guarded us till this day. But now the furthest +extremity of Brit. is laid open_ (i.e. our retreat is no longer a +safeguard); _and every thing unknown is esteemed great (i.e. this +safeguard also is removed--the Romans in our midst no longer magnify our +strength). Rit. encloses the clause in brackets, as a gloss. He renders +_sinus famae, bosom of fame_, fame being personified as a goddess. R., +Dr., Or. make _famae_ dative after _defendit_==has _kept back from fame_. + +_Sed nulla jam_, etc. But now all the above grounds of confidence--our +remoteness, our glory, our greatness magnified by the imagination of our +enemies, from the very fact that we were unknown to them--all these are +removed; we have none behind us to fall back upon, as our countrymen in +former battles have leaned upon us--and we are reduced to the necessity +of self-defence and self-reliance. The _sed_ seems to be antithetic to +the whole as far back as _priores pugnae_; whereas _nunc_ is opposed only +to the clause which immediately precedes it, and constitutes an +antithesis within an antithesis. + +_Infestiores_, sc. quam fluctus et saxa. + +_Effugeris_. Cf. note G. 19: _non invenerit_; also _satiaverit_ just +below. + +_Et mare_. _Et==also_. Cf. note, G. 11. + +_Opes atque inopiam_. Abs. for conc.==rich and poor nations. + +_Falsis nominibus_ is by some connected with _rapere_. But better with +_appellant_. _They call things by false names_, viz. _plunder, empire; +and desolation, peace_. + + +XXXI. _Annos_==annonam, _yearly produce_, cf. G. 14: expectare annum. So +often in the Poets.--_In frumentum. For supplies_. The reading of this +clause is much disputed. The text follows that of W. and R. and is +approved by Freund. For the meaning of _egerunt_, cf. _praedam +egesserunt_, H. 3, 33. + +_Silvis--emuniendis_==viis per silvas et paludes muniendis. E. + +_Semel_. _Once for all_, G. 19.--_Emit_, sc. tributis pendendis; +_pascit_, sc. frumento praebendo. E. + +_Portus, quibus exercendis_. W. and Dr. explain this of collecting +revenue at the ports (i.e. farming them), a thing unknown to the early +Britons; Wr. of rowing, servile labor. Why not refer it to the +_construction_ or _improvement_ of harbors? By rendering _exercendis, +working, improving_, we make it applicable alike to harbors, mines and +fields.--_Reservemur_. Subj. in a relative clause denoting a purpose. H. +500; Z. 567. + +_Potuere_. Observe the ind., where we use the potential. It is especially +frequent with _possum, debeo_, &c. Z. 518 and 519. + +_Nonne_ implies an affirmative answer. Z. 352, and H. 346, II. 1. 2. + +_In poenitentiam_, al. in praesentiam. The general idea is essentially +the same with either reading. _Non in praesentiam==not to obtain our +freedom, for the present merely. Non in poenitentiam==not about to +obtain our freedom merely to regret it_, i.e. in such a manner as the +Brigantes, who forthwith lost it by their _socordia_. + + +XXXII. _Nisi si_==nisi forte, cf. note, G. 2: nisi si patria. + +_Pudet dictu_. The supine after _pudet_ is found only here. Quintilian +however has _pudendum dictu_. Cf. Or. in loc.; and Z. 441. 443. + +_Commendent_, etc. _Although they give up their blood to_ (i.e. _shed it +in support of_) _a foreign tyrant_.--_Tamen_ is antithetic to _licet_: +_although_ they give, _yet longer enemies, than slaves_ (of Rome). + +_Metus--est_. _It is fear and terror_ (sc. that keep them in subjection), +_weak bonds of affection_. + +_Removeris--desierint_. Fut. perf. Cf. note, G. 23: _indulseris_. + +_Nulla--aut alia_. Some of the Roman soldiers had lost all attachment to +country and could not be said to have any country; others had one, but it +was not Britain, it was far away. + +_Ne terreat_. The third person of the imperative is for the most part +avoided in ordinary language; and the pres. subj. is used in its stead. +Z. 529, Note. + +_Nostras manus_, i.e. those ready to join us and aid our arms, viz. (as +he goes on to say), the Gauls and Germans, as well as the Britons now in +the Roman ranks.--_Tamquam_==_just as_ (_tam-quam_). Död. renders, _just +as certainly as_. + +_Vacua.--Destitute of soldiers.--Senum_, sc. veterani et emeriti. Cf. +note, 15. _Aegra==disaffected_. Cf. H. 2, 86. + +_Hic dux_, etc. _Here a general, here an army_ (sc. the Roman, awaits +you); _there tributes, mines_, &c. (and you must conquer the former or +endure the latter--these are your only alternatives). + +_In hoc campo est_. _Depends on this battle field_.--T. has laid out all +his strength on this speech. It can hardly be matched for martial force +and sententious brevity. It breathes, as it should in the mouth of a +Briton, an indomitable spirit of liberty, and reminds us, in many +features, of the concentrated and fiery eloquence, which has so often +roused our American Indians to defend their altars and revenge their +wrongs. + + +XXXIII. _Ut barbaris moris_. Al. et barbari moris. But compare 39: ut +Domitiano moris erat; His. 1, 15: ut moris est. Supply _est_ here: _as is +the custom of_ (lit. _to_) _barbarians_. Z. 448, & H. 402, I. + +_Agmina_, sc. conspiciebantur.--_Procursu_ is the means by which the +gleam of armor was brought into view. + +_Acies_, sc. Britannorum. The _Roman_ army was still within the camp, cf. +_munimentis coercitum_, below. + +_Coercitum_==qui coerceri potest. The part, used in the sense of a verbal. +So _monstratus_, G. 31, which, Freund says, is Tacitean. The perf. part. +pass. with negative prefix _in_ often takes this sense. Z. 328. Cf. note, +His. 5, 7: _inexhaustum_. + +_Octavus annus_. This was Agricola's _seventh summer_ in Britain. See +note 29: _initio aestatis_. But it being now later in the season, than +when he entered Britain, he was now entering on his _eighth year_. Cf. +Rit. in loc. + +_Virtute--Romani_. _By the valor and favoring auspices of the Roman +Empire_. War was formerly carried on auspiciis _Populi_ Rom. But after +Augustus, auspiciis _Imperatoris_ or _Imperii_ Rom. + +_Expeditionibus--proeliis_. These words denote the _time_ of _poenituit_ +(_in_ or _during_ so many, etc.)--_Patientia_ and _labore_ are abl. after +_opus_. + +_Terminos_. Acc. after _egressi_ (H. 371, 4): _having transcended the +limits_. Cf. Z. 387. + +_Fama, rumore_. Synonyms. Also _castris, armis_. Cf. note, 30. + +_Vota--aperto_. _Your vows and your valor now have free scope_ (are in the +open field), cf. note 1: _in aperto_. + +_In frontem_. Antith. to _fugientibus_. Hence==progredientibus. + +_Hodie_. _To-day_, i.e. _in our present circumstances of prosperity_. +Wr. + +_Nec--fuerit_. _Nor will it have been inglorious_, sc. when the thing +shall have been _done_ and men shall look _back_ upon our achievements. +The fut. perf. is appropriate to such a conception. + +_Naturae fine_. Cf. note, G. 45: _illuc usque natura_. + + +XXXIV. _Hortarer_. Literally, _I would be exhorting you_. The use of the +imperf. subj. in hypothetical sentences, where we should use a plup. (I +would have exhorted you), is frequent both in Greek and Latin, even when +it denotes a _complete_ past action, cf. Z. 525. When the action is not +complete, as here, the Latin form is at once more lively and more exact +than the English.--_Proximo anno_. This same expression may signify +either the next year, or the last year. Here of course: _the last year_, +referring to the battle described in 26, cf. also note 29: _Initio +aestatis_. + +_Furto noctis_. Cf. Virg. Aen. 9, 397: fraude noctis. + +_Contra ruere_. _Rush forth to meet, penetrantibus_, etc. R. and Wr. take +_ruere_ for perf. 3d pl. instead of _ruerunt_, since T. uses the form in +_ere_ much more than that in _erunt_. Rit. makes it inf. after _solet_ +understood, or rather implied in _pelluntur_, which==_pelli solent_. + +_Quos--quod_. _Whom, as to the fact that you have at length found (it is +not because) they have taken a stand, but they have been overtaken_. Cf. +Wr. and Or. in loc. On _deprehensi_, cf. note, 7. On _quod==as to this, +that_, see examples in Freund, or in any Lexicon. + +_Novissimae--vestigiis_. _The extremity of their circumstances, and their +bodies_ (motionless) _with terror have brought them to a stand for battle +on this spot_, etc. One MS. reads _novissime_ and omits _aciem_, which +reading is followed in the common editions. + +_Extremo metu_ is to be closely connected with _corpora_. For the sense +of _defixere_, cf. Ann. 13, 5: pavore defixis. + +_Ederetis_. Subj. cf. H. 500, 2; Z. 556, a. + +_Transigite cum expeditionibus_==finite expeditiones. Dr. Cf. G. 19: +cum spe--transigitur, note. + +_Quinquaginta annis_. So many years, it might be said to be in round +numbers, though actually somewhat _less_ than fifty years, since the +dominion of Rome was first established in Britain under the Emperor +Claudius. Cf. 13, supra.--The speech of A. is not equal to that of +Galgacus. He had not so good a cause. He could not appeal to the sacred +principles of justice and liberty, to the love of home and household +gods. But he makes the best of a bad cause. The speech is worthy of a +Roman commander, and touches with masterly skill all those chords in a +Roman soldier's breast, that were never touched in vain. + + +XXXV. _Et==both_. Both while he was speaking and after he had ceased, the +soldiers manifested their ardor, etc. + +_Instinctos_. Cf. note 16: instincti. + +_Aciem firmarent_==aciem firmam facerent, of which use there are examples +not only in T., but in Liv. Dr. The auxiliary foot _formea_ or _made up_ +(not merely strengthened) _the centre_.--_Affunderentur. Were attached +to_.--_Pro vallo. On the rampart_; properly on the fore part of it. Cf. +note, H. 1, 29. + +_Ingens--decus_. In app. with _legiones--stetere_. + +_Bellanti_, sc. Agricolae. Al. bellandi. + +_In speciem_. Cf. in suam famam, 8, and in jactationem, 5. + +_Aequo_. Supply consisteret to correspond with _insurgeret_. Zeugma. Cf. +note, 18: in aequum. + +_Media campi_. _The intervening parts of the plain_, sc. between the two +armies.--_Covinarius_ is found only in T. _Covinarii_==the essedarii of +Caesar. Covinus erat currus Belgarum, a quibus cum Britanni acceperant. +Dr. + +_Pedes_. Nom. sing, in app. with subject of _constitit_. + + +XXXVI. _Indentibus gladiis_, etc. So below: _parva scuta_, etc. The small +shield and broad sword of the Highlanders. + +_Donec--cohortatus est_. Cf. note, G. 37: _affectavere_.--_Batavorum +cohortes_. Al. _tres--cohortes_. But the number is not specified in the +best MSS. In the Histories, eight cohorts of Batavians are often +mentioned as constituting the auxiliaries of the 14th legion, which was +now in Britain. See Rit. in loc. + +_Ad mucrones_. The Britons were accustomed to fight with the edge of the +sword, and cut and hew the enemy. The Romans, on the contrary, made use +of the _point_. Of course in a close engagement, they would have greatly +the advantage. Br.--_Ad manus_. The opposite of _eminus_, i.e. _a close +engagement_. The same thing is expressed below by _complexum armorum_. + +_In aperto pugnam_. Literally a fight in the open field, i.e. a +_regular_ pitched _battle_, which with its compact masses would be less +favorable to the large swords of the Britons, than a battle on ground +uncleared of thickets and forests. Al. _in arto_. + +_Miscere, ferire_, etc. A series of inf. denoting a rapid succession of +events, cf. note, 5: noscere--nosci; G. 30: praeponere. + +_Equitum turmae_, sc. Britannorum. The word _turmae_ is applicable to +such a cavalry as theirs, cf. Ann. 14, 34: _Britannorum_ copiae passim +per catervas et _turmas_ exsultabant. Br. Ky. and others here understand +it of the Roman cavalry. But R. Dr. and Wr. apply it to the Britons, and +with reason, as we shall see below, and as we might infer indeed from its +close connexion with _covinarii_, for the _covinarii_ were certainly +Britons. + +_Peditum proelio, hostium agminibus_. These also both refer to the +_Britons_. The covinarii were interspersed among their own infantry, and, +as the Romans advanced, became entangled with them. This is disputed. But +the small number of Romans slain in the whole battle is alone enough to +show, that _their_ cavalry was not routed, nor _their_ infantry broken in +upon by the chariots of the enemy. Moreover, how could T. properly use +the word _hostium_ of his own countrymen? + +_Minimeque_, etc. This is one passage, among a few in T., which is so +manifestly corrupt that no sense can be made of it, as it stands in the +MSS. The reading given in the text is the simplest of all the conjectural +readings that have been proposed. It is that of Br. and E., and is +followed by the common editions. Cavalry took a large part in the battle. +But the battle wore little the aspect of an equestrian fight; for the +Britons, after maintaining their position with difficulty for some time, +were at length swept away by the bodies (the _mere uncontrolled bodies_) +of the horses--in short, the riders had no control over horses or +chariots, which rushed on without drivers obliquely athwart, or directly +through the lines, as their fears severally impelled them; all which was +in marked contrast to a Roman's idea of a regular battle of cavalry. + + +XXXVII. _Vacui. Free from apprehension_. + +_Ni_. Cf. note 4: ni.--_Subita belli. Unexpected emergencies_ arising in +the course of the battle. Cf. 6: _inania honoris_. + +_Grande et atrox spectaculum_, etc. See a similar description in Sal. +Jug. 101. The series of infinitives and the omission of the connectives +(_asyndeton_) make the succession of events very rapid and animated. +Compare the famous _veni, vidi, vici_, of Caesar. + +_Prout--erat_. According to their different natural disposition, i.e. +_the timid, though armed, turned their backs before inferior numbers; +while the brave, though unarmed, met death in the face_. + +_Praestare terga_ is an expression found only in T. + +_Et aliquando_, etc. _Et==ac tamen. And_ yet (notwithstanding the flight +of crowds and the passive death of some as above) _sometimes to the +conquered also_ there was _anger and bravery_. The language is Virgilian, +cf. Aen. 2, 367. + +_Quod_. Cf. note 12.--_Ni frequens--fiduciam foret_. "Had not A., who was +everywhere present, caused some strong and lightly equipped cohorts to +encompass the ground, while part of the cavalry having dismounted, made +their way through the thickets, and part on horseback scoured the open +woods, some disaster would have prcoeeded from this excess of +confidence." Ky. + + +XXXVIII. _Gaudio praedaque laeta_. Cf. note, G. 7: _cibos et hortamina_. +Observe also the juxtaposition of _tempestate_ and _fama_ in this same +chapter. + +_Separare_, sc. consilia, i.e. _they sometimes act in concert, sometimes +provide only for their individual safety_. + +_Pignorum_. Cf. note G. 7: pignora--_Saevisse. Laid violent hands_. "This +picture of rage and despair, of tenderness, fury, and the tumult of +contending passions, has all the fine touches of a master who has studied +human nature." Mur.--_Secreti_==deserti. + +_Ubi. When_, cf. 26. Its direct influence extends to _nequibat_, and with +its clause, it expresses the _reason_ why A. drew off his forces into the +country of the Horesti.--_Spargi bellum_==diversis locis, vel diviso +exercitu, vel vagando bellum geri. E. + +_Secunda--fama. Favored by the weather and the glory of their past +achievements_ (lit. the weather and fame _following_ them, _secunda +==sequunda_.) + +_Trutulensem portum_. Some port, now unknown, probably near the mouth of +the Tay or the Forth. _Unde_ qualifies _lecto_. E. With _redierat_ a +corresponding adv. denoting _whither_, is to be supplied: whence it had +set sail, and whither, after having surveyed all the nearest coast of +Britain, it had now returned. _Had_ returned, i.e. prior to _entering_ +the port; the action of _redierat_, was prior to that of _tenuit_. Hence +plup. _Proximo, nearest_, sc. to the scene of Agricola's operations, +i.e. the whole northern coast from the Forth to the Clyde and back again. +This was all that was necessary to prove Britain to be an island (cf. +chap. 10), the southern coast having been previously explored. + + +XXXIX. _Actum_. Al. auctum, a conjecture of Lipsius. _Actum==treated of, +reported.--Moris erat_. H. 402, I.; Z. 448, N. 1. N. 1. + +_Falsum--triumphum_. He had returned without so much as seeing the enemy +(Dio Cass. 67, 4); and yet he bought slaves, dressed them in German +style, had their hair stained red (G. 4: _rutilae comae_) and left long, +so as to resemble Germans, and then marched in triumph into Rome with his +train of pretended captives! Caligula had done the same before him. Suet. +Calig. 47. + +_Formarentur_. Subj. in a relative clause denoting a purpose (_quorum==ut +eorum_). H. 500; Z. 567. + +_Studia--acta_. Lawyers and politicians, all public men, had been gagged +and silenced by Domitian. + +_Alius_. Another than the Emperor.--_Occuparet==pre-occupy_, so as to rob +him of it. + +_Utcumque_. Somehow, possibly, perhaps. _Other things perhaps were more +easily concealed; but the merit of a good commander was an imperial +prerogative_. + +_Quodque--satiatus_. _And what was a proof of some cruel purpose, wholly +absorbed in his retirement_ (where he never plotted any thing but +mischief, and where in early life he is said to have amused himself with +killing flies, Suet. Dom. 3). Cf. Plin. Panegyr. 48: nec unquam ex +solitudine sua prodeuntem, nisi ut solitudinem faceret. The whole passage +in Pliny is a graphic picture of the same tyrant, the workings of whose +heart are here so laid bare by the pen of Pliny's friend Tacitus. +_Secreto--satiatus_ may also be translated: _satisfied with his own +secret_, i.e. keeping to himself his cherished hatred and jealousy.-- +_Languesceret_. Subj. after _donec_. Cf. note, G. 37: _affectavere_. + +_Reponere odium_. See lexicon under _repono_ for this phrase. + +_Impetus--exercitus_. _Until the freshness of his glory, and his +popularity with the army should gradually decline_. + +_Etiam tum obtinebat_, i.e. he was still in _possession of the +government_, and of course in command of the army, in Britain. + + +XL. _Triumphalia ornamenta_. Not a real triumph, which from the reign of +Augustus was conceded only to the Emperor or the princes of the Imperial +Family; but triumphal insignia, such as the _corona, laurea, toga +praetexta, tunica palmata, sella curulis_, &c. Dr. + +_Illustris statuae_. Called _laureata_, Ann. 4, 23; _triumphalis_, His. +1, 79. + +_Quidquid datur_. Besides the _ornamenta_ above mentioned, sacrifices and +thanksgivings were offered in the name of the victorious commander. Dr. + +_Addique_. Al. additque. _Addique_ is the reading of the MSS. and old +editions. And it suits better the genius of Dom.; he did not express the +_opinionem_ himself, for it was not his real intention, but he _ordered_ +some one to put it in circulation as if from him, that he might have the +credit of it and yet not be bound by it.--_Destinari_, sc. by Domitian. + +_Majoribus reservatam_. _Majoribus_==illustrioribus. Syria was the +richest province in the Empire, and the praefectship of it the most +honorable office. + +_Ex secretioribus ministeriis_. _One of his private secretaries, or +confidential agents_. + +_Codicillos_. Under the Emperors this word is used to denote an imperial +letter or diploma. Properly a billet, diminutive of _codex_, tablet +(==_caudex_, trunk of a tree). + +_Syria dabatur_. Syria was one of the Provinces, that were at the +disposal of the Emperor. + +_Ex ingenio principis_. _In accordance with_ (cf. _ex_, G. 7) _the_ +(dissimulating) _genius or policy of Domitian_. The design, if not real, +at least imputed to him, was to withdraw Agricola from his province and +his troops at all events, by the offer of the best province in the Empire +if need be; but that object having been secured by Agricola's voluntary +retirement, the offer, and even the ordinary civilities of life, +especially official life, were deemed unnecessary. Compare this with the +concluding sentence of the preceding chapter. + +_Celebritate et frequentia_. Hendiadys: _By the number of distinguished +men who might go out to meet him_ (and escort him into the city). + +_0fficio_==salutatione. Dr.--_Brevi osculo_, lit. a _hasty kiss_==_cold +and formal salutation_. The kiss was a common mode of salutation among +the Romans, in the age of the Emperors. See Becker's Gallus, p. 54. + +_Turbae servientium_. The usual and characteristic associates, as well as +attendants of Domitian. A severe cut, though quite incidental and very +concise. + +_Otiosos_. Antith. to _militare_. _Men in civil life_, cf. note on +_otio_, II. + +_Otium auxit_. Augere otium==sequi altissimum otium. Dr. + +_Penitus_==inwardly, i.e. sincerely, _zealously_. So R. But Dr.== +prorsus, omnino, valde.--_Cultu modicus. Simple in dress_, cf. note on +_cultus_, G. 6.--_Comitatus_, passive, so used by Cic. also.--_Uno aut +altero. One or two_. + +_Per ambitionem_==ex vitae splendore et numeroso comitatu. Br. cf. note +on _ambitio_, G. 27. + +_Quaererent--interpretarentur_. _Many inquired_ (with wonder) _into the +reputation_ (of a man so unassuming), _and few explained_ or _understood_ +(the true reason of his humble manner of life). _Interpretarentur_, not +_famam_ but the facts above mentioned, and the necessity A. was under of +living as he did.--_Viso aspectoque. On seeing him and directing their +attention particularly to him_. + + +XLI. _Crimen==public accusation_.--_Querela==private complaint_.-- +_Princeps, gloria, genus_. Supply, as a predicate, _causa periculi_; +these were the causes that put A's life in jeopardy. + +_Militares viri_==duces. So Corbulo is called, Ann. 15, 26. + +_Expugnati et capti_. _Defeated and taken captive_, For. and Fac. +Properly _expugnare_ is said of a fortress or city. But _ektoliorkein_ in +Greek is used in the same way, of persons. Compare _expugnatis +praesidiis_, 16, note. The wars particularly referred to are those +against Decebalus, leader of the Dacians, which lasted four years and in +which Moesia also was invaded by the Dacians, and several Roman armies +with their commanders were lost (Suet. Dom. 6.); and that of the +Pannonian legions against the German tribes of the Marcomanni and the +Quadi (Dion, 67, 7). + +_Hibernis--dubitatum_, i.e. the enemy not only met them on the river +banks, which formed the borders of the empire, but attacked the winter +quarters of their troops, and threatened to take away the territory they +had already acquired. + +_Funeribus_, sc. militarium virorum.--_Cladibus_, sc. cohortium. Dr. + +_Amore et fide_. _Out of affection and fidelity_ (sc. to their imperial +master).--_Malignitate et livore_. _Out of envy and hatred_ (sc. towards +A.). + +_Pronum deterioribus_. _Inclined to the worse measures_, or it may be, +to the _worse advisers_. + +_In ipsam--agebatur_==invito gloria aucta, simulque pernicies +accelerata. W. + + +XLII. _Asiae et Africae_. He drew lots, _which_ he should have, _both_ +being put into the lot.--_Proconsulatum_. See H. 1, 49. note, on +proconsul. A. had already been consul, 9. + +_Sortiretur_. _In which he would, or such that he must, obtain by lot_, +etc. Cf. H. 501, I.; Z. 558. + +_Occiso Civica_. Cf. Suet. Dom. 10: complures senatores, et in his +aliquot consulares, interemit, ex quibus _Civicam Cerealem in ipso Asiae +proconsulate_. + +_Nec Agricolae--exemplum_. _A warning was not wanting to A_. (to avoid +the dangerous post); _nor a precedent to Dom_. (for disposing of A. in +the same way if he accepted the office). + +_Iturusne esset_. Subj. cf. H. 525; Z. 552.--_Interrogarent_. H. 500; +Z. 567. + +_In--excusatione_. _In urging his request_ (before Dom.) _to be excused_. + +_Paratus simulatione_. Al. simulationi. _Furnished with deceit, armed_, +as it were, _with hypocrisy_. + +_In arrogantiam compositus_. _Assuming a proud demeanor_. + +_Beneficii invidia_, lit. _the odium of such a kindness==so odious a +favor_. The idea is, he did not blush to let A. return thanks for a +signal injury, as if it were a real kindness. "A refinement of cruelty +not unfrequently practised by the worst Roman Emperors." Ky. The only +peculiarity in the case of Dom. was, the unblushing impudence with which +he perpetrated the wrong, cf. 45. See a fine commentary on this passage +in Sen. de Benef. 4, 17: Quis est, qui non beneficus _videri_ velit? qui +non inter scelera et injurias opinionem bonitatis affectet? velit quoque +_iis videri beneficium dedisse, quos laesit? gratias itaque agi sibi ab +his, quos afflixere, patiuntur_. + +_Salarium_. Properly salt-money, i.e. a small allowance to the soldiers +for the purchase of salt. Cf. _clavarium_, H. 3, 50, note. But after +Augustus, official pay, _salary_. + +_Ne--emisse_. _That he might not appear to have purchased a compliance +with his virtual prohibition_ (viz. of A.'s accepting the proconsulship). + +_Proprium humani_, etc. Mark the sentiment. + +_Irrevocabilior_. _More implacable_. Found in this sense only in T. Cf. +Böt. Lex. Tac. + +_Illicita_. Unlawful, i.e. forbidden by the powers that be. Explained by +_contumacia_ and _inani jactatione libertatis_ above. T. is animadverting +upon the conduct of certain stoics and republicans, who obtruded their +opinions upon those in power, and coveted the glory of martyrdom. + +_Eo--excedere_. Reach the same height of distinction. _Eo_ Old dat. cf. +_eo inopiae_ 28, note. _Excedere_, lit. come out to, _arrive at_. Cf. +Val. Max. 5, 6, 4: _ad summum imperii fastigium excessit_. + +_Per abrupta_. "Through abrupt and dangerous paths." Ky. + +_Ambitiosa morte_, i.e. morte ultro adita captandae gloriae causa apud +posteros. For. and Fac. + + +XLIII. _Luctuosus, afflictive_, is stronger than _tristis, sad_. + +_Vulgus_. The lower classes, _the ignorant and indolent rabble_.-- +_Populus_. _The common people, tradesmen, mechanics_, and the like. +Hence, _aliud agens_, which implies that they were too busy with +something else of a private nature, to give much attention to public +affairs or the concerns of their neighbors.--_Populus_ and _vulgus_ are +brought together in a similar way, Dial. de Clar. Orat. 7: Vulgus quoque +imperitum et tunicatus hic populus, etc. + +_Nobis--ausim_. _I should not dare to affirm that we_ (the friends of A.) +_found any conclusive proof_, that he was poisoned.--_Ceterum_. _But_. +This implies that the circumstantial evidence, which he goes on to +specify, convinced the writer and his friends, as well as the public, +that poison administered by direction of Dom., was really the means of +hastening A. out of the world. Dion Cassius expressly affirms, that he +was poisoned, 66, 20. + +_Principatus_. The imperial government in general, i.e. former Emperors. + +_Momenta ipsa deficientis_. _Each successive stage of his decline_. +_Ipsa_ is omitted in the common editions. But it rests on good authority +and it adds to the significance of the clause: _the very moments_, as it +were, were reported to Dom. + +_Per dispositos cursores_. Dom. appears not to have been at Rome at this +time, but in the Alban Villa (cf. 45), or somewhere else. + +_Constabat_. That was an _admitted point_, about which there was entire +_agreement_ (_con_ and _sto_). + +_Animo vultuque_. Hendiadys: _he wore in his countenance an expression of +heartfelt grief_. + +_Securus odii_. Now, that A. was dead, Dom. had nothing to fear in regard +to the _object of his hatred_, or the _gratification of his hate_. +_Odii_. Gen. of the respect.--_Qui--dissimularet_. _Qui==talis, ut_, +hence the subj. H. 501, I.; Z. 558. + +_Lecto testamento_. When A.'s _will was read_. + +_Honore judicioque_. As if a mark of honor and esteem. E. says==judicio +honorifico.--_Piissimae_, devoted, affectionate. + +_Malum principem_. It was customary for rich men at Rome, who were +anxious to secure any of their property to their heirs, to bequeath a +part of their estates to _bad emperors_ in order to secure the remainder +from their rapacity. + +This and several preceding sections present a most graphic _outline_ of +the _life and times_ of Dom., the more to be prized, because the full +_picture_, which T. doubtless drew of him in the Histories, is lost. The +Histories and the Annals are a vast portrait gallery full of such +pictures drawn to the life. + + +XLIV. _Natus--excessit_. The dates assigned for A.'s birth and death, do +not agree with the age ascribed to him. They may be harmonized in either +of two ways, each of which has its advocates: by reading _primum_ instead +of _tertium_, or, which is perhaps a more probable amendment, since it +only alters the relative position of the two characters, by reading LIV +instead of LVI. + +_Quod si_. And if, _now if_.--_Habitum_. _Personal appearance_, cf. G. 5. + +_Decentior quam sublimior_. _Well proportioned, rather than tall_. R. + +_Nihil metus_. _Nothing to inspire fear in his countenance_. Antith. to +_gratia--supererat_: _kindness of expression rather prevailed_. So Gr. and +R. For this sense of _metus_, see note G. 2: ob metum. Död. distinguishes +between _vultus_ and _oris_, making the former refer more to the _eyes_ +(as if from _volvo_, the rolling of the eye), to which it belongs to +express anger and fierceness; the latter to the mouth, which is more +expressive of kindness. + +_Medio--aetatis_. We should hardly say so of a man dying at 56. But in +Dial. de Clar. Orat. T. speaks of 120 years, as _unius hominis aetas_. + +_Et vera bona_. T. has here in mind the distinction made by philosophers, +particularly the Stoics, between the virtues, which they called the only +real good, and the gifts of fortune, which they declared to be +indifferent.--_Et--et, both--and_, marks the distinction more strongly. + +_Impleverat_. _Had enjoyed to the full_. + +_Consulari_. _Having attained to the rank of consul_ (the summit of a +Roman's ambition) _and having been honored with triumphal insignia_. Al. +consularibus. But _consulari_ has the better authority and makes the +better sense. + +_Opibus--contigerant_. _Great riches he did not desire; a respectable +property it was his good fortune to possess_, cf. 5: medio rationis atque +abundantiae. Al. non contigerant. But considerable property is implied in +the circumstances attending his will, 43, also in his not asking the +visual salary, 42. Dion Cass. says, however, (66, 20.), that A. spent his +last days in want, as well as in disgrace. For another explanation of +_gaudebat_, cf. n. G. 6. + +_Quod--ominabatur_. _Quod_ is omitted in the common editions. But it is +found in the MSS. And it may be explained on the principle of Zeugma, by +supplying with _durare_ and _videre_ a verb implied in _grande solatium +tulit_ thus: _though (sicuti) it would have been a great gratification to +A. to behold the dawn of this auspicious age and see Trajan Emperor, of +which he expressed in my hearing a sort of prophetic anticipation and +desire, yet (ita)_, etc. Cassius affirms (69, 12), that by auguries the +elevation of Trajan to the throne was foretold, as early as A.U.C. 844, +i.e. _two years before the death of A_. The reference to Trajan here, as +in 3, marks clearly the date of the composition, cf. note, 3: augeatque +Trajanus. + +_Spiramenta_. _Breathing-spells_, i.e. intervals to recover and take +breath in. The word is found only in poetry and post-Augustan prose, and, +in the expressive sense in which it is here used, only in Ammian. Marc. +29, 1. See Or. and Freund. + +_Velut uno ictu_. The commentators illustrate the force of this +expression by reference to Caligula's wish (Vid. Sen. de Va. 3, 19), that +the Roman people had but one neck, ut scelera sua in _unum ictum_ et unum +diem cogeret. + + +XLV. _Non vidit_. Did not see, as he would have done, had he lived a few +years longer. This passage resembles Cic. de Orat. 3, 2, 8, too closely +to be mere coincidence. Imitator tamen, id quod uni Tacito contigit, +auctore suo praestantior. Rit. + +_Consularium_. Rhen. collects from Suet. the names of several victims of +Dom.'s displeasure, _who had been consuls_. + +_Feminarum_. Pliny has preserved the names of several of this list-- +Gratilla, wife of Rusticus, Arria, wife of Thrasea, Fannia, daughter of +Thrasea and betrothed to Helvidius. Their husbands will be remembered as +having been mentioned in 1 and 2. + +_Carus Metius_. An infamous informer, cf. Plin. Epist. 7, 19; Juv. 1, 35; +Mart. 12, 25, 5. + +_Censebatur_. _Was honored_, ironice. _Censeri_ est aestimari, sive +existimationem consequi. Dr. + +_Una--victoria_. He had occasioned the death of but one innocent victim.-- +_Adhuc_. Up to the death of A., cf. G. 38: adhuc, note. + +_Albanam arcem_. A favorite retreat of Dom. (situated at the foot of the +Alban Mount, about seventeen miles from Rome), where he sometimes +convened the Senate, and held his court with its troop of informers, cf. +note, 43: cursores. Rit. in loc. suggests, that by the use of _arcem_ +instead of _palatium_, T. means to represent Domitian as shutting himself +up, like many tyrants, in a fortified castle, and thence sending forth +the emissaries of his jealousy and cruelty. + +_Sententia. His voice_, his sentiment expressed in council before Dom.-- +_Intra Albanam arcem_, i.e. _privately_, not _publicly_, as afterwards +at Rome. + +_Messalini_. Fuit inter principea adulatores et delatores. Dr. cf. Plin. +Epist. 4, 22; Juv. 4, 113, seq. + +_Massa Bebius_. Primus inter pares of Domitian's tools. He began his +career under Vesp. cf. His. 4, 50. He was afterwards impeached and +condemned at the instance of the Province of Baetica, Pliny and Senecio +advocates for the impeachment, Plin. Epist 7, 33; 3, 4; 6, 29.--_Jam +tum. At that very time_ on trial, not merely _already at that time_. +Cf. Hand's Tursel. 3, 113. + +_Nostra_, sc. of the Senate, of which T. was a member, though abroad +at the time. Helvidius was arrested _in the senate house_, cf. Plin. +Ep. 9, 13. This was Helvidius the _son_, who was put to death by Dom. +(Suet. 10), as his father was by Vesp. (Suet. 15). + +_Visus_. Al. divisus. _Visus_==species, adspectus, Wr.--_Perfudit_. +Zeugma. Understand in the first clause _horrore perfudit_ (Dr.) or probro +affecit (R.): _the spectacle of Mauricus and Rusticus_ (hurried away, the +one to exile, the other to death), _filled us with horror; we were +stained by the innocent blood of Senecio_. Of Rusticus and Senecio, see +2, note. Of Mauricus, see Plin. Ep. 4, 22: quo viro nihil firmius, nihil +verius. Also Plin. Ep. 3, 11. + +_Videre_, sc. Domitianum.--_Aspici_, sc. a Domitiano. For difference in +the signification in these words, cf. 40: viso aspectoque, note. + +_Suspiria--subscriberentur. When our sighs_ (of sympathy with the +condemned) _were registered against us_ (by spies and informers, as a +ground of accusation before the Emperor). + +_Rubor_. Redness, referring to the complexion of Dom., which was such as +to conceal a blush, cf. Suet. Dom. 18: vultu ruboris pleno. + +_Opportunitate mortis_. An expression of Cic., in the similar passage +above cited (de Orat. 3, 2, 8), touching the death of Crassus. + +_Pro virili portione_, lit. for one man's share, referring primarily to +pecuniary assessments. Here: _for thy part--so far as thou wast +concerned_. A. died with a calmness which would scarcely admit of the +supposition, that he felt himself to be a victim of poison and imperial +jealousy. + +_Filiaque ejus_. The apostrophe is here dropped to be resumed at _optime +parentum_. So the MSS. For they read _ejus_ here, and _amissus est_ +below. Rhenanus omitted _ejus_, and wrote _es_ for _est_; and he has been +followed in the common editions since. + +_Conditione_. By the circumstance, or by virtue of our long absence. T. +and his wife had parted with A. four years before his death, and had been +absent from Rome ever since, where or why does not appear. + +_Superfuere_. Cf. _superest_, G. 6, note. + + +XLVI. _Sapientibus_. Cf. _sapientiae professoribus_, 2, note.--_Te +immortalibus laudibus_. I feel constrained to recur to the reading of +Lipsius and Ritter, it is so much more spirited than _quam temporalibus_. +_Potius_ manifestly should refer back to _lugeri_ and _plangi_. The +comparison contained in the more common reading is uncalled for in the +connection, and of little significance in itself. The MSS. read +_temporalibus laudibus_ without _quam_ and this may be more easily +resolved into _te immortalibus_, than _quam_ can be supplied.-- +_Similitudine_. Al. aemulatione. For such a use of similitudo, cf. Cic. +Tusc. Quaest. 1, 46, 110: quorum (sc. Curii, Fabricii, Scipionum, etc.), +_similitudinem_ aliquam qui arripuerit, etc. + +_Decoremus_. Ennius (cited by Cic. Tusc. Q. 1, 49, 117, and de Senect. +20, 73), uses the same word in expressing the same sentiment: nemo me +lacrumis _decoret_ nec funera fletu faxit. Cf. also G. 28. + +_Formam_. This makes the sense so much better (than _famam_), that E. Dr. +Wr. R. and most others have adopted it against the authority of the MSS. +cf. _forma mentis_, below, and Cic. passim. + +_Intercedendum. To be prohibited_. Properly said of a _veto interposed_ +by the Tribunes; then of any prohibition.--_Non quia==not that_, is +characteristic of late writers. It is followed by the subj. Z. 537, and +note H. 1, 15. + +_Manet, mansurumque est_. Cf. Vell. Paterc. 2, 66, 5: vivit, vivetque per +omnem saeculorum memoriam. The periphrastic form (_mansurum est_) differs +however from the future (_manebit_), as our _is to remain_ from _will +remain_. See Z. 498. + +_Oblivio obruet_, sc. for want of a historian, carent quia _vate sacro_, +cf. Hor. Od. 4, 9, 25, seq. By _multos veterum_, T. means many ancients +of _real worth_. So _velut_ implies. A. is to be immortalized through his +biographer. This is implied in _narratus et traditus_. Ancient authors +thought it not improper to express a calm consciousness of merit and a +proud confidence of immortality. T. is very modest and delicate in the +manner of intimating his expectations. But the sentiment of these last +words is substantially the same with the line of Horace: Exegi monumentum +aere perennius. The whole peroration of this Biography is one of singular +beauty and moral elevation. Pathetic, yet calm, rich in noble sentiments +and animated by the purest and loftiest spirit, it is a fit topstone to +that monument, in respect to which T. felt so well founded an assurance, +which still _manet mansurumque est in animis hominum, in aeternitate +temporum, fama rerum_. There is scarcely an educated youth in Christendom +who is not as familiar with the name of Agricola, as with that of Aeneas +and Ulysses. And the only reason why we know anything of these heroes, is +the genius of their respective biographers. There had been other +Agricolas before the age of Trajan, as there had been other heroes like +Aeneas, and other wandering sages like Ulysses, before the war of Troy. +But they found no Tacitus, Virgil, and Homer to record their adventurous +and virtuous deeds. It is the prerogative of eminent writers to confer +immortality; and though Alexander would prefer to be Achilles rather than +Homer, we should have known little of his achievements, had he not +encouraged scholars as well as warriors, and rewarded genius no less than +valor. + + +THE END + + + + + + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's Germania and Agricola, by Caius Cornelius Tacitus + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK GERMANIA AND AGRICOLA *** + +***** This file should be named 9090-8.txt or 9090-8.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/9/0/9/9090/ + +Produced by David Starner, Tapio Riikonen and Distributed Proofreaders +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will +be renamed. + +Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright +law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, +so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United +States without permission and without paying copyright +royalties. 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You can also find out about how to make a +donation to Project Gutenberg, and how to get involved. + + +**Welcome To The World of Free Plain Vanilla Electronic Texts** + +**eBooks Readable By Both Humans and By Computers, Since 1971** + +*****These eBooks Were Prepared By Thousands of Volunteers!***** + + +Title: Germania and Agricola + +Author: Caius Cornelius Tacitus + +Release Date: October, 2005 [EBook #9090] +[Yes, we are more than one year ahead of schedule] +[This file was first posted on September 4, 2003] + +Edition: 10 + +Language: Latin and English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK GERMANIA AND AGRICOLA *** + + + + +Produced by David Starner, Tapio Riikonen and Distributed Proofreaders + + + + +The GERMANIA and AGRICOLA + +Of + +Caius Cornelius Tacitus + + +With Notes for Colleges + +By W. S. Tyler + +Professor of the Greek and Latin Languages in Amherst College + + + + +PREFACE. + + +This edition of the Germania and Agricola of Tacitus is designed to meet +the following wants, which, it is believed, have been generally felt by +teachers and pupils in American Colleges. + +1. A Latin text, approved and established by the essential concurrence of +all the more recent editors. The editions of Tacitus now in use in this +country abound in readings purely conjectural, adopted without due regard +to the peculiarities of the author, and in direct contravention of the +critical canon, that, other things being equal, the more difficult +reading is the more likely to be genuine. The recent German editions +labor to exhibit and explain, so far as possible, the reading of the best +MSS. + +2. A more copious illustration of the grammatical constructions, also of +the rhetorical and poetical usages peculiar to Tacitus, without +translating, however, to such an extent as to supersede the proper +exertions of the student. Few books require so much illustration of this +kind, as the Germania and Agricola of Tacitus; few have received more in +Germany, yet few so little here. In a writer so concise and abrupt as +Tacitus, it has been deemed necessary to pay particular regard to the +connexion of thought, and to the particles, as the hinges of that +connexion. + +3. A comparison of the writer and his cotemporaries with authors of the +Augustan age, so as to mark concisely the changes which had been already +wrought in the language and taste of the Roman people. It is chiefly with +a view to aid such a comparison, that it has been thought advisable to +prefix a Life of Tacitus, which is barren indeed of personal incidents, +but which it is hoped may serve to exhibit the author in his relation to +the history, and especially to the literature, of his age. + +4. The department in which less remained to be done than any other, for +the elucidation of Tacitus, was that of Geography, History, and +Archaeology. The copious notes of Gordon and Murphy left little to be +desired in this line; and these notes are not only accessible to American +scholars in their original forms, but have been incorporated, more or +less, into all the college editions. If any peculiar merit attaches to +this edition, in this department, it will be found in the frequent +references to such classic authors as furnish collateral information, and +in the illustration of the private life of the Romans, by the help of +such recent works as Becker's Gallus. The editor has also been able to +avail himself of Sharon Turner's History of the Anglo Saxons, which sheds +not a little light on the manners of the Germans. + +5. Many of the ablest commentaries on the Germania and Agricola have +appeared within a comparatively recent period, some of them remarkable +examples of critical acumen and exegetical tact, and others, models of +school and college editions. It has been the endeavor of the editor to +bring down the literature pertaining to Tacitus to the present time, and +to embody in small compass the most valuable results of the labors of +such recent German editors as Grimm, Guenther, Gruber, Kiessling, Dronke, +Roth, Ruperti, and Walther. + +The text is, in the main, that of Walther, though the other editors just +named have been consulted; and in such minor differences as exist between +them, I have not hesitated to adopt the reading which seemed best to +accord with the usage and genius of Tacitus, especially when sanctioned +by a decided preponderance of critical suffrage. Other readings have been +referred to in the Notes, so far as they are of any considerable +importance, or supported by respectable authority. Partly for +convenience, but chiefly as a matter of taste, I have ventured to follow +the German editions in dispensing entirely with diacritical marks, and in +some peculiarities of less importance, which if not viewed with favor, it +is hoped, will not be judged with severity. The punctuation is the result +of a diligent comparison of the best editions, together with a careful +study of the connexion of language and of thought. + +The German editions above mentioned, together with several French, +English, and American works, have not only been constantly before me, but +have been used with great freedom, and credit awarded to them +accordingly. Some may think their names should have appeared less +frequently; others that they should have received credit to a still +greater extent. Suffice it to say, I have never intended to quote the +language, or borrow the thoughts of an author, without giving his name; +and in matters of fact or opinion, I have cited authorities not only when +I have been indebted to them for the suggestion, but whenever, in a case +of coincidence of views, I thought the authorities would be of any +interest to the student. + +I have not considered it needful, with German scrupulosity, to +distinguish between my own references and those of others. It may safely +be taken for granted, that the major, perhaps the better, part of them +have been derived from foreign sources. But no references have been +admitted on trust. They have been carefully verified, and it is hoped +that numerous as they are, they will be found pertinent and useful, +whether illustrative of things, or of mere verbal usage. Some, who use +the book, will doubtless find occasion to follow them out either in whole +or in part; and those who do not, will gain a general impression as to +the sources from which collateral information may be obtained, that will +be of no small value. + +The frequent references to the Notes of Professor Kingsley, will show the +estimation in which I hold them. Perhaps I have used them too freely. My +only apology is, that so far as they go, they are just what is wanted; +and if I had avoided using them to a considerable extent, I must have +substituted something less perfect of my own. Had they been more copious, +and extended more to verbal and grammatical illustrations, these Notes +never would have appeared. + +The editor is convinced, from his experience as a teacher, that the +student of Tacitus will not master the difficulties, or appreciate the +merits, of so peculiar an author, unless his peculiarities are distinctly +pointed out and explained. Indeed, the student, in reading any classic +author, needs, not to be carried along on the broad shoulders of an +indiscriminate translator, but to be guided at every step in learning his +lessons, by a judicious annotator, who will remove his difficulties, and +aid his progress; who will point out to him what is worthy of attention, +and guard him against the errors to which he is constantly exposed; for +first impressions are lively and permanent, and the errors of the study, +even though corrected in the recitation, not unfrequently leave an +impression on the mind which is never effaced. + +Besides the aid derived from books, to which the merit of this edition, +if it have any merit, will be chiefly owing, the editor takes this +opportunity to acknowledge his many obligations to those professors and +other literary gentlemen, who have extended to him assistance and +encouragement. To Prof. H. B. Hackett, of Newton Theological Seminary, +especially, he is indebted for favors, which, numerous and invaluable in +themselves, as the results of a singularly zealous and successful +devotion to classical learning, are doubly grateful as the tokens of a +personal friendship, which began when we were members of the same class +in college. The work was commenced at his suggestion, and has been +carried forward with his constant advice and co-operation. His ample +private library, and, through his influence, the library of the Seminary, +have been placed at my disposal; and the notes passed under his eye and +were improved in not a few particulars, at his suggestion, though he is +in no way responsible for their remaining imperfections. I have also +received counsel and encouragement in all my labors from my esteemed +colleague, Prof. N. W. Fiske, whose instructions in the same department +which has since been committed to my charge, first taught me to love the +Greek and Latin classics. I have only to regret that his ill health and +absence from the country have prevented me from deriving still greater +advantages from his learning and taste. An unforeseen event has, in like +manner, deprived me of the expected cooperation of Prof. Lyman Coleman, +now of Nassau Hall College in N. J., in concert with whom this work was +planned, and was to have been executed, and on whose ripe scholarship, +and familiarity with the German language and literature, I chiefly relied +for its successful accomplishment. + +I should not do justice to my feelings, were I to omit the expression of +my obligations to the printer and publishers for the unwearied patience +with which they have labored to perfect the work, under all the +disadvantages attending the superintendance of the press, at such a +distance. If there should still be found in it inaccuracies and +blemishes, it will not be because they have spared any pains to make it a +correct and beautiful book. + +It is with unfeigned diffidence that I submit to the public this first +attempt at literary labor. I am fully sensible of its many imperfections, +at the same time I am conscious of an ability to make it better at some +future day, should it meet the favorable regard of the classical teachers +of our land, to whom it is dedicated as an humble contribution to that +cause in which they are now laboring, with such unprecedented zeal. +Should it contribute in any measure to a better understanding, or a +higher appreciation by our youthful countrymen of a classic author, from +whom, beyond almost any other, I have drawn instruction and delight, I +shall not have labored in vain. + +_Amherst College, June 1, 1847_. + + + + +PREFACE TO THE REVISED EDITION + + +The text of this edition has been carefully revised and compared with +those of Doederlein, Halle, 1847, Orelli, Zurich, 1848, and Ritter, Bonn +and Cambridge, 1848. The notes also have been re-examined and, to a +considerable extent, re-written; partly to correspond with the progress +of my own mind, partly in accordance with suggestions derived from the +above named editions, and from friendly criticisms either by letter or in +the public journals. Among the journals, I am particularly indebted to +the Bibliotheca Sacra and the New-Englander; and for communications by +letter, I am under especial obligations to Professors Crosby and Sanborn +of Dartmouth College, Robbins of Middlebury, and Lincoln of Brown +University. + +In revising the geography of the Germania, I have consulted, without +however entering much into detail, Ukert's invaluable treatise on the +Geography of the Greeks and Romans, whose volume on Germany contains a +translation and running commentary on almost the entire work of Tacitus. +Particular attention has been paid to the ethnology of the tribes and +nations, in reference to whose origin and early history Tacitus is among +the best authorities. In this department the works of Prichard and Latham +have been my chief reliance. Grimm and Zeuss, though often referred to, I +regret to say I have been able to consult only at second hand. + +In sending out this revised edition of these most delightful treatises of +an author, in the study of whose works I never tire, I cannot but express +the hope, that it has been not a little improved by these alterations and +additions, while it will be found to have lost none of the essential +features by which the first edition was commended to so good a measure of +public favor. + +W. S. Tyler. + +_Amherst, May_, 1852 + + + + +LIFE OF TACITUS. + + +It is the office of genius and learning, as of light, to illustrate +other things, and not itself. The writers, who, of all others perhaps, +have told us most of the world, just as it has been and is, have told us +least of themselves. Their character we may infer, with more or less +exactness, from their works, but their history is unwritten and must for +ever remain so. Homer, though, perhaps, the only one who has been argued +out of existence, is by no means the only one whose age and birthplace +have been disputed. The native place of Tacitus is mere matter of +conjecture. His parentage is not certainly known. The time of his birth +and the year of his death are ascertained only by approximation, and very +few incidents are recorded in the history of his life; still we know the +period in which he lived, the influences under which his character was +developed and matured, and the circumstances under which he wrote his +immortal works. In short, we know his times, though we can scarcely +gather up enough to denominate his life; and the times in which an author +lived, are often an important, not to say, essential means of elucidating +his writings. + +CAIUS CORNELIUS TACITUS was born in the early part of the reign of Nero, +and near the middle of the first century in the Christian Era. The +probability is, that he was the son of Cornelius Tacitus, a man of +equestrian rank, and procurator of Belgic Gaul under Nero; that he was +born at Interamna in Umbria, and that he received a part of his education +at Massilia (the modern Marseilles), which was then the Athens of the +West, a Grecian colony, and a seat of truly Grecian culture and +refinement. It is not improbable that he enjoyed also the instructions of +Quintilian, who for twenty years taught at Rome that pure and manly +eloquence, of which his Institutes furnish at once such perfect rules, +and so fine an example. If we admit the Dialogue de Claris Oratoribus to +be the work of Tacitus, his beau-ideal of the education proper for an +orator was no less comprehensive, no less elevated, no less liberal, than +that of Cicero himself; and if his theory of education was, like +Cicero's, only a transcript of his own education, he must have been +disciplined early in all the arts and sciences--in all the departments +of knowledge which were then cultivated at Rome; a conclusion in which we +are confirmed also by the accurate and minute acquaintance which he +shows, in his other works, with all the affairs, whether civil or +military, public or private, literary or religious, both of Greece and +Rome. + +The boyhood and youth of Tacitus did, indeed, fall on evil times. +Monsters in vice and crime had filled the throne, till their morals and +manners had infected those of all the people. The state was distracted, +and apparently on the eve of dissolution. The public taste, like the +general conscience, was perverted. The fountains of education were +poisoned. Degenerate Grecian masters were inspiring their Roman pupils +with a relish for a false science, a frivolous literature, a vitiated +eloquence, an Epicurean creed, and a voluptuous life. + +But with sufficient discernment to see the follies and vices of his age, +and with sufficient virtue to detest them, Tacitus must have found his +love of wisdom and goodness, of liberty and law, strengthened by the +very disorders and faults of the times. If the patriot ever loves a +well-regulated freedom, it will be in and after the reign of a tyrant, +preceded or followed by what is still worse, anarchy. If the pure and the +good ever reverence purity and goodness, it will be amid the general +prevalence of vice and crime. If the sage ever pants after wisdom, it is +when the fountains of knowledge have become corrupted. The reigns of Nero +and his immediate successors were probably the very school, of all +others, to which we are most indebted for the comprehensive wisdom, the +elevated sentiments, and the glowing eloquence of the biographer of +Agricola, and the historian of the Roman Empire. His youth saw, and felt, +and deplored the disastrous effects of Nero's inhuman despotism, and of +the anarchy attending the civil wars of Galba, Otho, and Vitellius. His +manhood saw, and felt, and exulted in the contrast furnished by the +reigns of Vespasian and Titus, though the sun of the latter too soon went +down, in that long night of gloom, and blood, and terror, the tyranny of +Domitian. And when, in the reigns of Nerva and Trajan, he enjoyed the +rare felicity of thinking what he pleased, and speaking what he thought, +he was just fitted in the maturity of his faculties, and the extent of +his observation and reflections, "to enroll slowly, year after year, that +dreadful reality of crimes and sufferings, which even dramatic horror, in +all its license of wild imagination, can scarcely reach, the long +unvarying catalogue of tyrants and executioners, and victims that return +thanks to the gods and die, and accusers rich with their blood, and more +mighty as more widely hated, amid the multitudes of prostrate slaves, +still looking whether there may not yet have escaped some lingering +virtue which it may be a merit to destroy, and having scarcely leisure to +feel even the agonies of remorse in the continued sense of the +precariousness of their own gloomy existence." [Brown's Philosophy of the +Mind.] + +Tacitus was educated for the bar, and continued to plead causes, +occasionally at least, and with not a little success, even after he had +entered upon the great business of his life, as a writer of history. We +find references to his first, and perhaps his last appearance, as an +advocate, in the Letters of Pliny, which are highly complimentary. The +first was, when Pliny was nineteen, and Tacitus a little older (how much +we are not informed), when Tacitus distinguished himself, so as to awaken +the emulation and the envy, though not in a bad sense, of Pliny. The last +was some twenty years later, when Tacitus and Pliny, the tried friends of +a whole life, the brightest ornaments of literature and of the forum, +were associated by the choice of the Senate, and pleaded together at +the bar of the Senate, and in the presence of the Emperor Trajan, for +the execution of justice upon Marius Priscus, who was accused of +maladministration in the proconsulship of Africa. Pliny says, that +Tacitus spoke with singular gravity and eloquence, and the Senate passed +a unanimous vote of approbation and thanks to both the orators, for the +ability and success with which they had managed the prosecution (Plin. +Epis. ii. 11) + +We have also the comments of Pliny on a panegyrical oration, which +Tacitus pronounced, when consul, upon his predecessor in the consular +office, Verginius Rufus, perhaps the most remarkable man of his age, +distinguished alike as a hero, a statesman, and a scholar, and yet so +modest or so wise that he repeatedly refused the offer of the imperial +purple. "Fortune," says Pliny, "always faithful to Verginius, reserved +for her last favor, such an orator to pronounce a eulogium on such +virtues. It was enough to crown the glory of a well spent life" (Plin. +Epis. ii. 1). + +The speeches in the historical works of Tacitus, though rather concise +and abstract for popular orations, are full of force and fire. Some of +them are truly Demosthenic in their impassioned and fiery logic. The +speech of Galgacus before the Briton army, when driven into the extremity +of Caledonia by the Romans under Agricola, can hardly be surpassed for +patriotic sentiments, vigorous reasoning, and burning invective. The +address of Germanicus to his mutinous soldiers (in the Annals) is not +less remarkable for tender pathos. The sage and yet soldierlike address +of the aged Galba to his adopted son Piso, the calm and manly speech of +Piso to the body guard, the artful harangue of the demagogue Otho to his +troops, the no less crafty address of Mucianus to Vespasian, the headlong +rapidity of Antonius' argument for immediate action, the plausible plea +of Marcellus Eprius against the honest attack of Helvidius Priscus, and +the burning rebukes of the intrepid Vocula to his cowardly and +treacherous followers--all these, in the Histories, show no ordinary +degree of rhetorical skill and versatility. Indeed, the entire body of +his works is animated with the spirit of the orator, as it is tinged also +with the coloring of the poet. For this reason, they are doubtless +deficient in the noble simplicity of the earlier classical histories; but +for the same reason they may be a richer treasure for the professional +men at least of modern times. + +Of his marriage with the daughter of Agricola, and its influence on his +character and prospects, as also of his passing in regular gradation +through the series of public honors at Rome, beginning with the +quaestorship under Vespasian, and ending with the consulship under Nerva, +Tacitus informs us himself (A. 9, His. i. 1), barely alluding to them, +however, in the general, and leaving all the details to mere conjecture. +We learn to our surprise, that he not only escaped the jealousy of the +tyrant Domitian, but was even promoted by him to the office of +Quindecimvir and Praetor (Ann. ii. 11). Beyond these vague notices, we +know little or nothing of his course of life, except that Pliny says +(Epist. iv. 13), he was much esteemed by the learned and the great at +Rome, who went in crowds to his levees. Of the time of his death, we can +only conjecture, that he died before the Emperor Trajan, but after his +friend Pliny--the former, because, had he outlived the Emperor, he would +probably have executed his purpose of writing the history of his reign +(His. i. 1); the latter, because, if he had not survived his friend, +Pliny, who lamented the death of so many others, would not have failed to +pay the last tribute to the memory of Tacitus. + +It is generally admitted, though without direct testimony, that Tacitus +died not without issue. That excellent prince, M. Claudius Tacitus, +deduced his pedigree from the historian, and ordered his image to be set +up, and a complete collection of his works to be placed in the public +archives, with a special direction that twelve copies should be made +every year at the public expense. It is greatly to be regretted that such +praiseworthy precautions should have failed to preserve for us that +treasure entire! + +The age of Tacitus is usually styled the silver age of Roman Literature; +and it merits no higher title, when compared with the golden age of +Augustus. It was the good fortune of Augustus to gain the supremacy at +Rome, when society had reached its maximum of refinement, and was just +ready to enter upon its stage of corruption and decline. Hence his name +is identified with that proud era in literature, in producing which he +bore at best only an accidental and secondary part. In the literature of +the Augustan age, we admire the substance of learning and philosophy +without the show, the cultivation of taste without the parade of +criticism, the fascination of poetry without its corruption, and the use +of eloquence without its abuse. Grecian refinement was no longer +despised; Grecian effeminacy had not yet prevailed. The camp was not now +the home of the Romans; neither were the theatres and the schools. They +had ceased to be a nation of soldiers, and had not yet become a nation of +slaves. At no other period could Rome have had her Cicero, her Livy, and +her Virgil. + +The silver age produced no men who "attained unto these first three." But +there are not wanting other bright names to associate with Tacitus, +though most of them lived a little earlier than he. There was Seneca, the +Philosopher, whose style, with its perpetual antitheses, is the very +worst of the age, but his sentiments, perhaps more or less under the +influence of Christianity, approach nearer to the Christian code of +morals than those of any other Latin author. There were Martial and +Juvenal, whose satires made vice tremble in its high places, and helped +to confer on the Romans the honor of originating one species of literary +composition, unknown to the Greeks. There were Suetonius and Plutarch; +the one natural, simple, and pure in his style, far beyond his age, but +without much depth or vigor of thought; the other involved and affected +in his manner, but in his matter of surpassing richness and incalculable +worth. There was the elder Pliny, a prodigy of learning and industry, +whose researches in Natural History cost him his life, in that fatal +eruption of Vesuvius which buried Herculaneum and Pompeii. There was also +the judicious Quintilian, at once neat and nervous in his language, +delicate and correct in his criticisms, a man of genius and a scholar, a +teacher and an exemplar of eloquence. Finally, there were the younger +Pliny and Tacitus, rival candidates for literary and professional +distinction, yet cherishing for each other the most devoted and +inviolable attachment, each viewing the other as the ornament of their +country, each urging the other to write the history of their age, and +each relying chiefly on the genius of the other for his own immortality +(Plin. Epis. vii. 33). Their names were together identified by their +contemporaries with the literature of the age of Trajan: "I never was +touched with a more sensible pleasure," says Pliny, in one of his +beautiful Letters [Eleven of these are addressed to Tacitus, and two +or three are written expressly for the purpose of furnishing materials +for his history.] (which rival Cicero's in epistolary ease and +elegance), "than by an account which I lately received from Cornelius +Tacitus. He informed me, that at the last Circensian Games, he sat next +a stranger, who, after much discourse on various topics of learning, +asked him whether he was an Italian or a Provincial. Tacitus replied, +'Your acquaintance with literature must have informed you who I am.' +'Aye,' said the man, 'is it then Tacitus or Pliny I am talking with?' I +cannot express how highly I am pleased to find, that our names are not +so much the proper appellations of individuals, as a designation of +learning itself" (Plin. Epis. ix. 23). Critics are not agreed to which +of these two literary friends belongs the delicate encomium of +Quintilian, when, after enumerating the principal writers of the day, +he adds, "There is another ornament of the age, who will deserve the +admiration of posterity. I do not mention him at present; his name will +be known hereafter." Pliny, Tacitus, and Quintilian, are also rival +candidates for the honor of having written the Dialogue de Claris +Oratoribus, one of the most valuable productions in ancient criticism. + +As a writer, Tacitus was not free from the faults of his age. The native +simplicity of Greek and Latin composition had passed away. An affected +point and an artificial brilliancy were substituted in their place. The +rhetoric and philosophy of the schools had infected all the departments +of literature. Simple narrative no longer suited the pampered taste of +the readers or the writers of history. It must be highly seasoned with +sentimentalism and moralizing, with romance and poetry. Tacitus, +certainly, did not escape the infection. In the language of Macaulay, "He +carries his love of effect far beyond the limits of moderation. He tells +a fine story finely, but he cannot tell a plain story plainly. He +stimulates, till stimulants lose their power." [See a fine article on +history, Ed. Her., 1828. Also in Macaulay's Miscellanies.] We have taken +occasion in the notes to point out not a few examples of rhetorical +pomp, and poetical coloring, and even needless multiplication of words, +where plainness and precision would have been much better, and which +may well surprise us in a writer of so much conciseness. Lord Monboddo, +in a very able, though somewhat extravagant critique on Tacitus, has +selected numerous instances of what he calls the ornamented dry style, +many of which are so concise, so rough, and so broken, that he says, +they do not deserve the name of composition, but seem rather like the +raw materials of history, than like history itself (Orig. and Prog. +of Lang., vol iii. chap. 12). + +Still, few readers can fail to pronounce Tacitus, as Macaulay affirms, +and even Lord Monboddo admits him to be, the greatest of Latin +historians, superior to Thucydides himself in the moral painting of his +best narrative scenes, and in the delineation of character without a +rival among historians, with scarcely a superior among dramatists and +novelists. The common style of his narrative is, indeed, wanting in +simplicity, and sometimes in perspicuity. He does not deal enough in the +specific and the picturesque, the where, the when and the how. But when +his subject comes up to the grandeur of his conceptions, and the strength +of his language, his descriptions are graphic and powerful. No battle +scenes are more grand and terrific than those of Tacitus. Military men +and scholars have also remarked their singular correctness and +definiteness. The military evolutions, the fierce encounter, the doubtful +struggle, the alternations of victory and defeat, the disastrous rout and +hot pursuit, the carnage and blood, are set forth with the warrior's +accuracy and the poet's fire; while, at the same time, the conflicting +passions and emotions of the combatants are discerned, as it were, by the +eye of a seer--their hidden springs of action, and the lowest depths of +their hearts laid bare, as if by the wand of a magician. In the painting +of large groups, in the moral portraiture of vast bodies of men under +high excitement and in strenuous exertion, we think that Tacitus far +surpasses all other historians. Whether it be a field of battle or a +captured city, a frightened senate or a flattering court, a mutiny or a +mob, that he describes, we not only see in a clear and strong light the +outward actions, but we look into the hearts of all the mixed multitude, +and gaze with wonder on the changing emotions and conflicting passions by +which they are agitated. + +His delineations of individual character are also marked by the same +profound insight into the human soul. Like the old Latin Poet, he might +have said, + + "Homo sum; nihil _humani_ a me alienum puto." + +There is scarcely a landscape picture in his whole gallery. It is full of +portraits of _men_, in groups and as individuals, every grade of +condition, every variety of character, performing all kinds of actions, +exhibiting every human passion, the colors laid on with a bold hand, the +principal features presented in a strong light, the minuter strokes +omitted, the soft and delicate finish despised. We feel, that we have +gained not a little insight into the character of those men, who are +barely introduced in the extant books of Tacitus, but whose history is +given in the books that are lost. Men of inferior rank even, who appear +on the stage only for a short time, develope strongly marked characters, +which are drawn with dramatic distinctness and power, while yet the +thread of history is never broken, the dignity of history never +sacrificed. And those Emperors, whose history is preserved entire,--with +them we feel acquainted, we know the controlling principles, as well as +the leading events of their lives, and we feel sure that we could predict +how they would act, under almost any imaginable circumstances. + +In a faithful portraiture of the private and public life of the +degenerate Romans, there was much to call for the hand of a master in +_satire_. And we find in the glowing sketches of our author, all the +vigor and point of a Juvenal, without his vulgarity and obscenity; all +the burning indignation which the Latin is so peculiarly capable of +expressing, with all the vigor and stateliness by which the same language +is equally characterized. Tacitus has been sometimes represented as a +very Diogenes, for carping and sarcasm--a very Aristophanes, to blacken +character with ridicule and reproach. But he is as far removed from the +cynic or the buffoon, as from the panegyrist or the flatterer. He is not +the indiscriminate admirer that Plutarch was. Nor is he such a universal +hater as Sallust. It is the fault of the times that he is obliged to deal +so much in censure. If there ever were perfect monsters on earth, such +were several of the Roman Emperors. Yet Tacitus describes few, if any, of +them without some of the traits of humanity. He gives us in his history +neither demons nor gods, but veritable men and women. In this respect, as +also in his descriptions of battles, Tacitus is decidedly superior to +Livy. The characters of Livy are distinguishable only as classes--the +good all very good, the bad very bad, the indifferent very indifferent. +You discover no important difference between a Fabius and a Marcellus, +further than it lies on the face of their actions. In Tacitus, the +characters are all individuals. Each stands out distinctly from the +surrounding multitude, and not only performs his own proper actions, but +is governed by his own peculiar motives. Livy places before us the +statues of heroes and gods; Tacitus conducts us through the crowd of +living men. + +In an attempt to sketch the most striking features of Tacitus, as a +writer, no critic can omit to mention his sage and pithy maxims. +Apothegms abound on every page--sagacious, truthful, and profound in +sentiment, in style concise, antithetic and sententious. Doubtless he is +excessively fond of pointed antithesis. Perhaps he is too much given to +moralizing and reflection. It was, as we have said, the fault of his age. +But no one, who is familiar with Seneca, will severely censure Tacitus. +He will only wonder that he should have risen so far above the faults of +his contemporaries. Indeed, Tacitus interweaves his reflections with so +much propriety, and clothes his apothegms with so much dignity--he is so +manifestly competent to instruct the world by maxims, whether in civil, +social, or individual life, that we are far from wishing he had indulged +in it less. His reflections do not interrupt the thread of his narrative. +They grow naturally out of his incidents. They break forth spontaneously +from the lips of his men. His history is indeed philosophy teaching by +examples; and his pithy sayings are truly lessons of wisdom, embodied in +the form most likely to strike the attention, and impress the memory. We +should love to see a collection of apothegms from the pen of Tacitus. It +would make an admirable book of laconics. No book would give you more +ideas in fewer words. Nowhere could you gain so much knowledge, and lose +so little time. The reader of Tacitus, who will study him with pen in +hand, to mark, or refer to the most striking passages, will soon find +himself master of a text book in moral and political science, we might +say a text book in human nature, singularly concise and sententious, and +what is not always true even of concise and sententious writers, as +singularly wise and profound. In such a book, many of the _speeches_ +would find a place entire; for many of them are little else than a series +of condensed, well-timed, and most instructive apothegms. [E.g. the +speech of Galba to Piso. His. i. 15, 16.] + +But the scholar, who is on the lookout, will find lurking in every +section, and almost every sentence, some important truth in morals, in +politics, in the individual or social nature of man. Neither the editor +nor the teacher can be expected to develope these sentiments, nor even, +in many instances, to point them out. That labor must be performed by the +scholar; and his will be the reward. + +No hasty perusal, no single reading of Tacitus, will give a just +conception of the surpassing richness of his works. They must be studied +profoundly to be duly appreciated. They are a mine of wisdom, of vast +extent and unknown depth, whose treasures lie chiefly beneath the +surface, imbedded in the solid rock which must be entered with mining +implements, explored with strong lights, and its wealth brought up by +severe toil and sweat. + + + + + + +C. CORN. TACITUS + +DE SITU, MORIBUS ET POPULIS GERMANIAE + + + + +BREVIARIUM LIBELLI. + + +Cap. 1. Germaniae situs: 2. incolae indigenae: auctores gentis: nominis +origo: Hercules. 3. Baritus: ara Ulixis. 4. Germani, gens sincera: +habitus corporum. 5. Terrae natura: non aurum, non argentum, nec +aestimatum. 6. Germanorum arma, equitatus, peditatus, ordo militiae: 7. +reges, duces, sacerdotes: 8. feminarum virtus et veneratio: Veleda: +Aurinia. 9. dii, sacra, simulacra nulla. 10. Auspicia, sortes: ex equis, +e captivo praesagia. 11. Consultationes publicae et conventus. 12. +Accusationes, poenae, jus redditum. 13. Scuto frameaque ornati juvenes, +principum comites: eorum virtus et fama. 14. Gentis bellica studia. 15. +In pace, venatio, otium: Collata principibus munera. 16. Urbes nullae: +vici, domus, specus suffugium hiemi et receptaculum frugibus. 17. +Vestitus hominum, feminarum. 18. Matrimonia severa: dos a marito oblata. +19. Pudicitia. Adulterii poena: Monogamia: Liberorum numerus non finitus. +20. Liberorum educatio: Successionis leges. 21. Patris, propinqui, +amicitiae, inimicitiaeque susceptae: homicidii pretium: Hospitalitas. 22. +Lotio, victus, ebriorum rixae: consultatio in conviviis. 23. Potus, +cibus. 24. Spectacula: aleae furor. 25. Servi, libertini. 26. Fenus +ignotum: Agricultura: Anni tempora. 27. Funera, sepulcra, luctus. + +28. Singularum gentium instituta: Galli, olim valida gens, in Germaniam +transgressi, Helvetii, Boii: Aravisci, Osi, incertum genus: Germanicae +originis populi Treveri, Nervii, Vangiones, Triboci, Nemetes, Ubii. 29. +Batavi, Cattorum proles: Mattiaci: Decumates agri. 30, 31. Cattorum +regio, habitus, disciplina militaris; vota, virtutis incentiva. 32. +Usipii, Tencteri, equitatu praestantes. 33. Bructerorum sedes, a Chamavis +et Angrivariis occupatae. 34. Dulgibini: Chasvari: Frisii. 35. Chauci, +pacis studio, justitia, et virtute nobiles. 36. Cherusci et Fosi, a +Cattis victi. 37. Cimbrorum parva civitas, gloria ingens: Romanorum +clades; Germani triumphati magis quam victi. 38. Suevorum numerus, mores. +39. Semnonum religio, victimae humanae 40. Longobardi: Reudigni: Aviones: +Angli: Varini: Eudoses: Suardones: Nuithones: Herthae cultus communis. +41. Hermunduri. 42. Narisci: Marcomanni: Quadi. 43. Marsigni: Gothini: +Osi: Burii: Lygiorum civitates, Arii, Helvecones, Manimi, Elysii, +Naharvali; horum numen Alcis: Gotones: Rugii: Lemovii. 44. Suiones, +classibus valentes. 45. Mare pigrum: Aestyi, Matris Deum cultores, +succinum legunt: Sitonibus femina imperat. 46. Peucini, Venedi, Fenni, +Germani, an Sarmatae? Eorum feritas, paupertas: Hominum monstra, +Hellusii, Oxiones. + + + + +I. Germania omnis a Gallis Rhaetisque et Pannoniis Rheno et Danubio +fluminibus, a Sarmatis Dacisque mutuo metu aut montibus separatur: cetera +Oceanus ambit, latos sinus et insularum immensa spatia complectens, nuper +cognitis quibusdam gentibus ac regibus, quos bellum aperuit. Rhenus, +Rhaeticarum Alpium inaccesso ac praecipiti vertice ortus, modico flexu in +occidentem versus, septentrionali Oceano miscetur. Danubius, molli et +clementer edito montis Abnobae jugo effusus, plures populos adit, donec +in Ponticum mare sex meatibus erumpat: septimum os paludibus hauritur. + +II. Ipsos Germanos indigenas crediderim, minimeque aliarum gentium +adventibus et hospitiis mixtos; quia nec terra olim, sed classibus +advehebantur, qui mutare sedes quaerebant, et immensus ultra, utque sic +dixerim, adversus Oceanus raris ab orbe nostro navibus aditur. Quis +porro, praeter periculum horridi et ignoti maris, Asia aut Africa aut +Italia relicta, Germaniam peteret, informem terris, asperam coelo, +tristem cultu aspectuque, nisi si patria sit? Celebrant carminibus +antiquis (quod unum apud illos memoriae et annalium genus est) Tuisconem +deum terra editum, et filium Mannum, originem gentis conditoresque. Manno +tres filios assignant, e quorum nominibus proximi Oceano Ingaevones, +medii Hermiones, ceteri Istaevones vocentur. Quidam autem, ut in licentia +vetustatis, plures deo ortos pluresque gentis appellationes, Marsos, +Gambrivios, Suevos, Vandalios, affirmant; eaque vera et antiqua nomina. +Ceterum Germaniae vocabulum recens et nuper additum; quoniam, qui primi +Rhenum transgressi Gallos expulerint, ac nunc Tungri, tunc Germani vocati +sint: ita nationis nomen, non gentis evaluisse paulatim, ut omnes primum +a victore ob metum, mox a seipsis invento nomine Germani vocarentur. + +III. Fuisse apud eos et Herculem memorant, primumque omnium virorum +fortium ituri in proelia canunt. Sunt illis haec quoque carmina, quorum +relatu, quem baritum vocant, accendunt animos, futuraeque pugnae fortunam +ipso cantu augurantur: terrent enim trepidantve, prout sonuit acies. Nec +tam voces illae, quam virtutis concentus videntur. Affectatur praecipue +asperitas soni et fractum murmur, objectis ad os scutis, quo plenior et +gravior vox repercussu intumescat. Ceterum et Ulixem quidam opinantur +longo illo et fabuloso errore in hunc Occanum delatum, adisse Germaniae +terras, Asciburgiumque, quod in ripa Rheni situm hodieque incolitur, ab +illo constitutum nominatumque. Aram quin etiam Ulixi consecratam, +adjecto Laertae patris nomine, eodem loco olim repertam, monumentaque et +tumulos quosdam Graecis litteris inscriptos in confinio Germaniae +Rhaetiaeque adhuc exstare: quae neque confirmare argumentis, neque +refellere in animo est: ex ingenio suo quisque demat, vel addat fidem. + +IV. Ipse eorum opinionibus accedo, qui Germaniae populos nullis aliis +aliarum nationum connubiis infectos propriam et sinceram et tantum sui +similem gentem exstitisse arbitrantur: unde habitus quoque corporum, +quanquam in tanto hominum numero, idem omnibus; truces et cacrulei +oculi, rutilae comae, magna corpora et tantum ad impetum valida; laboris +atque operum non eadem patientia: minimeque sitim aestumque tolerare, +frigora atque inediam coelo solove assueverunt. + +V. Terra, etsi aliquanto specie differt, in universum tamen aut silvis +horrida aut paludibus foeda: humidior, qua Gallias; ventosior, qua +Noricum ac Pannoniam aspicit: satis ferax; frugiferarum arborum +impatiens: pecorum fecunda, sed plerumque improcera; ne armentis quidem +suus honor, aut gloria frontis: numero gaudent; eaeque solae et +gratissimae opes sunt. Argentum et aurum propitii an irati dii +aegaverint, dubito. Nec tamen affirmaverim, nullam Germaniae venam +argentum aurumve gignere: quis enim scrutatus est? possessione et usu +haud perinde afficiuntur. Est videre apud illos argentea vasa, legatis et +principibus eorum muneri data, non in alia vilitate, quam quae humo +finguntur quanquam proximi, ob usum commerciorum, aurum et argentum in +pretio habent, formasque quasdam nostrae pecuniae agnoscunt atque +eligunt: interiores simplicius et antiquius permutatione mercium utuntur. +Pecuniam probant veterem et diu notam, serratos bigatosque. Argentum +quoque, magis quam aurum sequuntur, nulla affectione animi, sed quia +numerus argenteorum facilior usui est promiscua ac vilia mercantibus. + +VI. Ne ferrum quidem superest, sicut ex genere telorum colligitur. Rari +gladiis aut majoribus lanceis utuntur: hastas, vel ipsorum vocabulo +frameas gerunt, angusto et brevi ferro sed ita acri et ad usum habili, ut +eodem telo, prout ratio poscit, vel cominus vel eminus pugnent: et eques +quidem scuto frameaque contentus est: pedites et missilia spargunt, plura +singuli, atque in immensum vibrant, nudi aut sagulo leves. Nulla cultus +jactatio; scuta tantum lectissimis coloribus distinguunt: paucis loricae: +vix uni alterive cassis aut galea. Equi non forma, non velocitate +conspicui: sed nec variare gyros in morem nostrum docentur. In rectum, +aut uno flexu dextros agunt ita conjuncto orbe, ut nemo posterior sit. In +universum aestimanti, plus penes peditem roboris: eoque mixti +proeliantur, apta et congruente ad equestrem pugnam velocitate peditum, +quos ex omni juventute delectos ante aciem locant. Definitur et numerus: +centeni ex singulis pagis sunt: idque ipsum inter suos vocantur; et quod +primo numerus fuit, jam nomen et honor est. Acies per cuneos componitur. +Cedere loco, dummodo rursus instes, consilii quam formidinis arbitrantur. +Corpora suorum etiam in dubiis proeliis referunt. Scutum reliquisse, +praecipuum flagitium; nec aut sacris adesse, aut concilium inire, +ignominioso fas; multique superstites bellorum infamiam laqueo finierunt. + +VII. Reges ex nobilitate, duces ex virtute sumunt. Nec regibus infinita +aut libera potestas: et duces exemplo potius, quam imperio, si prompti, +si conspicui, si ante aciem agant, admiratione praesunt. Ceterum neque +animadvertere neque vincire, ne verberare quidem, nisi sacerdotibus +permissum; non quasi in poenam, nec ducis jussu, sed velut deo imperante, +quem adesse bellantibus credunt: effigiesque et signa quaedam, detracta +lucis, in proelium ferunt. Quodque praecipuum fortitudinis incitamentum +est, non casus nec fortuita conglobatio turmam aut cuneum facit, sed +familiae et propinquitates, et in proximo pignora, unde feminarum +ululatus audiri, unde vagitus infantium: hi cuique sanctissimi testes, hi +maximi laudatores. Ad matres, ad conjuges vulnera ferunt; nec illae +numerare, aut exigere plagas pavent; cibosque et hortamina pugnantibus +gestant. + +VIII. Memoriae proditur, quasdam acies, inclinatas jam et labantes, a +feminis restitutas, constantia precum et objectu pectorum et monstrata +cominus captivitate, quam longe impatientius feminarum suarum nomine +timent: adeo ut efficacius obligentur animi civitatum, quibus inter +obsides puellae quoque nobiles imperantur. Inesse quin etiam sanctum +aliquid et providum putant: nec aut consilia earum aspernantur, aut +responsa negligunt. Vidimus sub divo Vespasiano Veledam diu apud +plerosque numinis loco habitam. Sed et olim Auriniam et complures alias +venerati sunt non adulatione, nec tanquam facerent deas. + +IX. Deorum maxime Mercurium colunt, cui certis diebus humanis quoque +hostiis litare fas habent. Herculem ac Martem concessis animalibus +placant: pars Suevorum et Isidi sacrificat. Unde causa et origo peregrino +sacro parum comperi, nisi quod signum ipsum, in modum liburnae figuratum, +docet advectam religionem. Ceterum nec cohibere parietibus deos, neque in +ullam humani oris speciem assimulare, ex magnitudine coelestium +arbitrantur: lucos ac nemora consecrant, deorumque nominibus appellant +secretum illud, quod sola reverentia vident. + +X. Auspicia sortesque, ut qui maxime, observant. Sortium consuetudo +simplex: virgam, frugiferae arbori decisam, in surculos amputant, eosque, +notis quibusdam discretos, super candidam vestem temere ac fortuito +spargunt: mox, si publice consuletur, sacerdos civitatis, sin privatim, +ipse paterfamiliae, precatus deos coelumque suspiciens, ter singulos +tollit, sublatos secundum impressam ante notam interpretatur. Si +prohibuerunt, nulla de eadem re in eundem diem consultatio; sin +permissum, auspiciorum adhuc fides exigitur. Et illud quidem etiam hic +notum, avium voces volatusque interrogare: proprium gentis, equorum +quoque praesagia ac monitus experiri; publice aluntur iisdem nemoribus ac +lucis candidi et nullo mortali opere contacti: quos pressos sacro curru +sacerdos ac rex vel princeps civitatis comitantur, hinnitusque ac +fremitus observant. Nec ulli auspicio major fides non solum apud plebem, +sed apud proceres, apud sacerdotes; se enim ministros deorum, illos +conscios putant. Est et alia observatio auspiciorum, qua gravium bellorum +eventus explorant; ejus gentis, cum qua bellum est, captivum, quoquo modo +interceptum, cum electo popularium suorum, patriis quemque armis, +committunt: victoria hujus vel illius pro praejudicio accipitur. + +XI. De minoribus rebus principes consultant; de majoribus omnes: ita +tamen, ut ea quoque, quorum penes plebem arbitrium est, apud principes +pertractentur. Coeunt, nisi quid fortuitum et subitum inciderit, certis +diebus, cum aut inchoatur luna aut impletur: nam agendis rebus hoc +auspicatissimum initium credunt. Nec dierum numerum, ut nos, sed noctium +computant. Sic constituunt, sic condicunt: nox ducere diem videtur. Illud +ex libertate vitium, quod non simul, nec ut jussi conveniunt, sed et +alter et tertius dies cunctatione coeuntium absumitur. Ut turbae placuit, +considunt armati. Silentium per sacerdotes, quibus tum et coercendi jus +est, imperatur. Mox rex vel princeps, prout aetas cuique, prout nobilitas, +prout decus bellorum, prout facundia est, audiuntur, auctoritate suadendi +magis, quam jubendi potestate. Si displicuit sententia, fremitu +aspernantur; sin placuit, frameas concutiunt. Honoratissimum assensus +genus est, armis laudare. + +XII. Licet apud concilium accusare quoque et discrimen capitis intendere. +Distinctio poenarum ex delicto: proditores et transfugas arboribus +suspendunt; ignavos et imbelles et corpore infames coeno ac palude, +injecta insuper crate, mergunt. Diversitas supplicii illuc respicit, +tanquam scelera ostendi oporteat, dum puniuntur, flagitia abscondi. Sed +et levioribus delictis, pro modo poenarum, equorum pecorumque numero +convicti mulctantur: pars mulctae regi vel civitati, pars ipsi, qui +vindicatur, vel propinquis ejus exsolvitur. Eliguntur in iisdem conciliis +et principes, qui jura per pagos vicosque reddunt. Centeni singulis ex +plebe comites, consilium simul et auctoritas, adsunt. + +XIII. Nihil autem neque publicae neque privatae rei, nisi armati agunt. +Sed arma sumere non ante cuiquam moris, quam civitas suffecturum +probaverit. Tum in ipso concilio, vel principum aliquis vel pater vel +propinquus scuto frameaque juvenem ornant: haec apud illos toga, hic +primus juventae honos: ante hoc domus pars videntur, mox reipublicae. +Insignis nobilitas, aut magna patrum merita, principis dignationem etiam +adolescentulis assignant: ceteris robustioribus ac jampridem probatis +aggregantur; nec rubor, inter comites aspici. Gradus quin etiam et ipse +comitatus habet judicio ejus, quem sectantur: magnaque et comitum +aemulatio, quibus primus apud principem suum locus, et principum, cui +plurimi et acerrimi comites. Haec dignitas, hae vires, magno semper +electorum juvenum globo circumdari, in pace decus, in bello praesidium. +Nec solum in sua gente cuique, sed apud finitimas quoque civitates id +nomen, ea gloria est, si numero ac virtute comitatus emineat: expetuntur +enim legationibus et muneribus ornantur et ipsa plerumque fama bella +profligant. + +XIV. Cum ventum in aciem, turpe principi virtute vinci, turpe comitatui, +virtutem principis non adaequare. Jam vero infame in omnem vitam ac +probrosum, superstitem principi suo ex acie recessisse. Illum defendere, +tueri, sua quoque fortia facta gloriae ejus assignare, praecipuum +sacramentum est. Principes pro victoria pugnant; comites pro principe. Si +civitas, in qua orti sunt, longa pace et otio torpeat plerique nobilium +adolescentium petunt ultro eas nationes, quae tum bellum aliquod gerunt; +quia et ingrata genti quies, et facilius inter ancipitia clarescunt, +magnumque comitatum non nisi vi belloque tuentur: exigunt enim principis +sui liberalitate illum bellatorem equum, illam cruentam victricemque +frameam. Nam epulae et, quanquam incompti, largi tamen apparatus pro +stipendio cedunt: materia munificentiae per bella et raptus. Nec arare +terram, aut expectare annum, tam facile persuaseris, quam vocare hostes +et vulnera mereri. Pigrum quinimmo et iners videtur, sudore acquirere, +quod possis sanguine parare. + +XV. Quotiens bella non ineunt, non multum venatibus, plus per otium +transigunt, dediti somno ciboque, fortissimus quisque ac bellicosissimus +nihil agens, delegata domus et penatium et agrorum cura feminis +senibusque et infirmissimo cuique ex familia: ipsi hebent; mira +diversitate naturae, cum iidem homines sic ament inertiam et oderint +quietem. Mos est civitatibus ultro ac viritim conferre principibus vel +armentorum vel frugum, quod pro honore acceptum, etiam necessitatibus +subvenit. Gaudent praecipue finitimarum gentium donis, quae non modo a +singulis, sed publice mittuntur: electi equi, magna arma, phalerae, +torquesque. Jam et pecuniam accipere docuimus. + +XVI. Nullas Germanorum populis urbes habitari, satis notum est: ne pati +quidem inter se junctas sedes. Colunt discreti ac diversi, ut fons, ut +campus, ut nemus placuit. Vicos locant, non in nostrum morem, connexis et +cohaerentibus aedificiis: suam quisque domum spatio circumdat, sive +adversus casus ignis remedium, sive inscitia aedificandi. Ne caementorum +quidem apud illos aut tegularum usus: materia ad omnia utuntur informi et +citra speciem aut delectationem. Quaedam loca diligentius illinunt terra +ita pura ac splendente, ut picturam ac lineamenta colorum imitetur. +Solent et subterraneos specus aperire, eosque multo insuper fimo onerant, +suffugium hiemi et receptaculum frugibus: quia rigorem frigorum ejusmodi +locis molliunt: et, si quando hostis advenit, aperta populatur, abdita +autem et defossa aut ignorantur, aut eo ipso fallunt, quod quaerenda +sunt. + +XVII. Tegumen omnibus sagum, fibula, aut, si desit, spina consertum: +cetera intecti totos dies juxta focum atque ignem agunt. Locupletissimi +veste distinguuntur, non fluitante, sicut Sarmatae ac Parthi, sed stricta +et singulos artus exprimente. Gerunt et ferarum pelles, proximi ripae +negligenter, ulteriores exquisitius, ut quibus nullus per commercia +cultus. Eligunt feras, et detracta velamina spargunt maculis pellibusque +belluarum, quas exterior Oceanus atque ignotum mare gignit. Nec alius +feminis quam viris habitus, nisi quod feminae saepius lineis amictibus +velantur, eosque purpura variant, partemque vestitus superioris in +manicas non extendunt, nudae brachia ac lacertos: sed et proxima pars +pectoris patet. + +XVIII. Quanquam severa illic matrimonia; nec ullam morum partem magis +laudaveris: nam prope soli barbarorum singulis uxoribus contenti sunt, +exceptis admodum paucis, qui non libidine, sed ob nobilitatem, plurimis +nuptiis ambiuntur, Dotem non uxor marito, sed uxori maritus offert. +Intersunt parentes et propinqui, ac munera probant: munera non ad +delicias muliebres quaesita, nec quibus nova nupta comatur: sed boves et +frenatum equum et scutum cum framea gladioque. In haec munera uxor +accipitur: atque invicem ipsa armorum aliquid viro affert: hoc maximum +vinculum, haec arcana sacra, hos conjugales deos arbitrantur. Ne se +mulier extra virtutum cogitationes extraque bellorum casus putet, ipsis +incipientis matrimonii auspiciis admonetur, venire se laborum +periculorumque sociam, idem in pace, idem in proelio passuram ausuramque: +hoc juncti boves, hoc paratus equus, hoc data arma denuntiant; sic +vivendum, sic pereundum: accipere se, quae liberis inviolata ac digna +reddat, quae nurus accipiant rursus, quae ad nepotes referantur. + +XIX. Ergo septa pudicitia agunt, nullis spectaculorum illecebris, nullis +conviviorum irritationibus corruptae. Litterarum secreta viri pariter ac +feminae ignorant. Paucissima in tam numerosa gente adulteria; quorum +poena praesens et maritis permissa. Accisis crinibus, nudatam, coram +propinquis, expellit domo maritus, ac per omnem vicum verbere agit: +publicatae enim pudicitiae nulla venia: non forma, non aetate, non opibus +maritum invenerit. Neme enim illic vitia ridet: nec corrumpere et +corrumpi saeculum vocatur. Melius quidem adhuc eae civitates, in quibus +tantum virgines nubunt, et cum spe votoque uxoris semel transigitur. Sic +unum accipiunt maritum, quo modo unum corpus unamque vitam, ne ulla +cogitatio ultra, ne longior cupiditas, ne tanquam maritum, sed tanquam +matrimonium ament. Numerum liberorum finire, aut quenquam ex agnatis +necare, flagitium habetur: plusque ibi boni mores valent, quam alibi +bonae leges. + +XX. In omni domo nudi ac sordidi, in hos artus, in haec corpora, quae +miramur, excrescunt. Sua quemque mater uberibus alit, nec ancillis ac +nutricibus delegantur. Dominum ac servum nullis educationis deliciis +dignoscas: inter eadem pecora, in eadem humo degunt; donec aetas separet +ingenuos, virtus agnoscat. Sera juvenum Venus; eoque inexhausta pubertas: +nec virgines festinantur; eadem juventa, similis proceritas: pares +validaeque miscentur; ac robora parentum liberi referunt. Sororum filiis +idem apud avunculum, qui ad patrem honor. Quidam sanctiorem arctioremque +hunc nexum sanguinis arbitrantur, et in accipiendis obsidibus magis +exigunt; tanquam et in animum firmius, et domum latius teneant. Heredes +tamen successoresque sui cuique liberi: et nullum testamentum. Si liberi +non sunt, proximus gradus in possessione fratres, patrui, avunculi. +Quanto plus propinquorum, quo major affinium numerus, tanto gratiosior +senectus, nec ulla orbitatis pretia. + +XXI. Suscipere tam inimicitias, seu patris, seu propinqui, quam +amicitias, necesse est: nec implacabiles durant. Luitur enim etiam +homicidium certo armentorum ac pecorum numero, recipitque satisfactionem +universa domus: utiliter in publicum; quia periculosiores sunt +inimicitiae juxta libertatem. Convictibus et hospitiis non alia gens +effusius indulget. Quemcunque mortalium arcere tecto, nefas habetur: pro +fortuna quisque apparatis epulis excipit. Cum defecere, qui modo hospes +fuerat, monstrator hospitii et comes: proximam domum non invitati adeunt: +nec interest; pari humanitate accipiuntur. Notum ignotumque, quantum ad +jus hospitis, nemo discernit. Abeunti, si quid poposcerit, concedere +moris: et poscendi invicem eadem facilitas. Gaudent muneribus: sed nec +data imputant, nec acceptis obligantur. Victus inter hospites comis. + +XXII. Statim e somno, quem plerumque in diem extrahunt, lavantur, saepius +calida, ut apud quos plurimum hiems occupat. Lauti cibum capiunt: +separatae singulis sedes et sua cuique mensa: tum ad negotia, nec minus +saepe ad convivia, procedunt armati. Diem noctemque continuare potando, +nulli probrum. Crebrae, ut inter vinolentos, rixae, raro conviciis, +saepius caede et vulneribus transiguntur. Sed et de reconciliandis +invicem inimicis et jungendis affinitatibus et asciscendis principibus, +de pace denique ac bello plerumque in conviviis consultant: tanquam nullo +magis tempore aut ad simplices cogitationes pateat animus, aut ad magnas +incalescat. Gens non astuta nec callida aperit adhuc secreta pectoris +licentia joci. Ergo detecta et nuda omnium mens postera die retractatur, +et salva utriusque temporis ratio est: deliberant, dum fingere nesciunt; +constituunt, dum errare non possunt. + +XXIII. Potui humor ex hordeo aut frumento, in quandam similitudinem vini +corruptus. Proximi ripae et vinum mercantur. Cibi simplices; agrestia +poma, recens fera, aut lac concretum. Sine apparatu, sine blandimentis, +expellunt famem. Adversus sitim non eadem temperantia. Si indulseris +ebrietati suggerendo quantum concupiscunt, haud minus facile vitiis, quam +armis vincentur. + +XXIV. Genus spectaculorum unum atque in omni coetu idem. Nudi juvenes, +quibus id ludicrum est, inter gladios se atque infestas frameas saltu +jaciunt. Exercitatio artem paravit, ars decorem: non in quaestum tamen +aut mercedem; quamvis audacis lasciviae pretium est voluptas spectantium. +Aleam, quod mirere, sobrii inter seria exercent tanta lucrandi perdendive +temeritate, ut, cum omnia defecerunt, extremo ac novissimo jactu de +libertate ac de corpore contendant. Victus voluntariam servitutem adit: +quamvis juvenior, quamvis robustior, alligari se ac venire patitur: ea +est in re prava pervicacia: ipsi fidem vocant. Servos conditionis hujus +per commercia tradunt, ut se quoque pudore victoriae exsolvant. + +XXV. Ceteris servis, non in nostrum morem descriptis per familiam +ministeriis, utuntur. Suam quisque sedem, suos penates regit. Frumenti +modum dominus, aut pecoris aut vestis, ut colono, injungit: et servus +hactenus paret; cetera domus officia uxor ac liberi exsequuntur. +Verberare servum ac vinculis et opere coercere, rarum. Occidere solent, +non disciplina et severitate, sed impetu et ira, ut inimicum, nisi quod +impune. Liberti non multum supra servos sunt, raro aliquod momentum in +domo, nunquam in civitate; exceptis duntaxat iis gentibus, quae +regnantur: ibi enim et super ingenuos et super nobiles ascendunt: apud +ceteros impares libertini libertatis argumentum sunt. + +XXVI. Fenus agitare et in usuras extendere, igno tum: ideoque magis +servatur, quam si vetitum esset. Agri pro numero cultorum ab universis in +vices occupantur, quos mox inter se secundum dignationem partiuntur: +facilitatem partiendi camporum spatia praestant. Arva per annos mutant: +et superest ager; nec enim cum ubertate et amplitudine soli labore +contendunt, ut pomaria conserant et prata separent et hortos rigent: sola +terrae seges imperatur. Unde annum quoque ipsum non in totidem digerunt +species hiems et ver et aestas intellectum ac vocabula habent autumni +perinde nomen ac bona ignorantur. + +XXVII. Funerum nulla ambitio; id solum observatur, ut corpora clarorum +virorum certis lignis crementur. Struem rogi nec vestibus nec odoribus +cumulant: sua cuique arma, quorundam igni et equus adjicitur. Sepulcrum +caespes erigit; monumentorum arduum et operosum honorem, ut gravem +defunctis, aspernantur. Lamenta ac lacrimas cito, dolorem et tristitiam +tarde ponunt. Feminis lugere honestum est; viris meminisse. Haec in +commune de omnium Germanorum origine ac moribus accepimus: nunc +singularum gentium instituta ritusque, quatenus differant, quae nationes +e Germania in Gallias commigraverint, expediam. + +XXVIII. Validiores olim Gallorum res fuisse, summus auctorum divus Julius +tradit: eoque credibile est etiam Gallos in Germaniam transgressos. +Quantulum enim amnis obstabat, quo minus, ut quaeque gens evaluerat, +occuparet permutaretque sedes, promiscuas adhuc et nulla regnorum +potentia divisas? Igitur inter Hercyniam sylvam Rhenumque et Moenum amnes +Helvetii, ulteriora Boii, Gallica utraque gens, tenuere. Manet adhuc +_Boihemi_ nomen, signatque loci veterem memoriam, quamvis mutatis +cultoribus. Sed utrum Aravisci in Pannoniam ab Osis, Germanorum natione, +an Osi ab Araviscis in Germaniam commigraverint, cum eodem adhuc sermone, +institutis, moribus utantur, incertum est: quia, pari olim inopia ac +libertate, eadem utriusque ripae bona malaque erant. Treveri et Nervii +circa affectationem Germanicae originis ultro ambitiosi sunt, tanquam per +hanc gloriam sanguinis a similitudine et inertia Gallorum separentur. +Ipsam Rheni ripam haud dubie Germanorum populi colunt, Vangiones, +Triboci, Nemetes. Ne Ubii quidem, quanquam Romana colonia esse meruerint +ac libentius Agrippinenses conditoris sui nomine vocentur, origine +erubescunt, transgressi olim et experimento fidei super ipsam Rheni ripam +collocati, ut arcerent, non ut custodirentur. + +XXIX. Omnium harum gentium virtute praecipui Batavi, non multum ex ripa, +sed insulam Rheni amnis colunt, Chattorum quondam populus et seditione +domestica in eas sedes transgressus, in quibus pars Romani imperii +fierent. Manet honos et antiquae societatis insigne: nam nec tributis +contemnuntur, nec publicanis atterit: exempti oneribus et collationibus +et tantum in usum proeliorum sepositi, velut tela atque arma, bellis +reservantur. Est in eodem obsequio et Mattiacorum gens; protulit enim +magnitudo populi Romani ultra Rhenum, ultraque veteres terminos, imperii +reverentiam. Ita sede finibusque in sua ripa, mente animoque nobiscum +agunt, cetera similes Batavis, nisi quod ipso adhuc terrae suae solo et +coelo acrius animantur. Non numeraverim inter Germaniae populos, quanquam +trans Rhenum Danubiumque consederint, eos, qui Decumates agros exercent. +Levissimus quisque Gallorum et inopia audax, dubiae possessionis solum +occupavere. Mox limite acto promotisque praesidiis, sinus imperii et pars +provinciae habentur. + +XXX. Ultra hos Chatti initium sedis ab Hercynio saltu inchoant, non ita +effusis ac palustribus locis ut ceterae civitates, in quas Germania +patescit; durant siquidem colles, paulatim rarescunt, et Chattos suos +saltus Hercynius prosequitur simul atque deponit. Duriora genti corpora, +stricti artus, minax vultus et major animi vigor. Multum, ut inter +Germanos, rationis ac solertiae: praeponere electos, audire praepositos, +nosse ordines, intelligere occasiones, differre impetus, disponere diem, +vallare noctem, fortunam inter dubia, virtutem inter certa numerare: +quodque rarissimum nec nisi ratione disciplinae concessum, plus reponere +in duce, quam exercitu. Omne robur in pedite, quem, super arma, +ferramentis quoque et copiis onerant. Alios ad proelium ire videas, +Chattos ad bellum. Rari excursus et fortuita pugna; equestrium sane +virium id proprium, cito parare victoriam, cito cedere: velocitas juxta +formidinem, cunctatio propior constantiae est. + +XXXI. Et aliis Germanorum populis usurpatum rara et privata cujusque +audentia apud Chattos in consensum vertit, ut primum adoleverint, crinem +barbamque submittere, nec, nisi hoste caeso, exuere votivum obligatumque +virtuti oris habitum. Super sanguinem et spolia revelant frontem, seque +tum demum pretia nascendi retulisse, dignosque patria ac parentibus +ferunt. Ignavis et imbellibus manet squalor. Fortissimus quisque ferreum +insuper annulum (ignominiosum id genti) velut vinculum gestat, donec se +caede hostis absolvat. Plurimis Chattorum hic placet habitus. Jamque +canent insignes, et hostibus simul suisque monstrati. Omnium penes hos +initia pugnarum: haec prima semper acies, visu nova; nam ne in pace +quidem vultu mitiore mansuescunt. Nulli domus aut ager aut aliqua cura: +prout ad quemque venere, aluntur: prodigi alieni, contemptores sui donec +exsanguis senectus tam durae virtuti impares faciat. + +XXXII. Proximi Chattis certum jam alveo Rhenum, quique terminus esse +sufficiat, Usipii ac Tencteri colunt. Tencteri, super solitum bellorum +decus, equestris disciplinae arte praecellunt: nec major apud Chattos +peditum laus, quam Tencteris equitum. Sic instituere majores, posteri +imitantur; hi lusus infantium, haec juvenum aemulatio, perseverant senes +inter familiam et penates et jura successionum equi traduntur; excipit +filius, non, ut cetera, maximus natu, sed prout ferox bello et melior. + +XXXIII. Juxta Tencteros Bructeri olim occurrebant: nunc Chamavos et +Angrivarios immigrasse narratur, pulsis Bructeris ac penitus excisis +vicinarum consensu nationum, seu superbiae odio, seu praedae dulcedine, +seu favore quodam erga nos deorum: nam ne spectaculo quidem proelii +invidere: super sexaginta millia, non armis telisque Romanis, sed, quod +magnificentius est, oblectationi oculisque ceciderunt. Maneat, quaeso, +duretque gentibus, si non amor nostri, at certe odium sui: quando, +urgentibus imperii fatis, nihil jam praestare fortuna majus potest, quam +hostium discordiam. + +XXXIV. Angrivarios et Chamavos a tergo Dulgibini et Chasuarii cludunt +aliaeque gentes, haud perinde memoratae. A fronte Frisii excipiunt. +Majoribus minoribusque Frisiis vocabulum est ex modo virium: utraeque +nationes usque ad Oceanum Rheno praetexuntur, ambiuntque immensos insuper +lacus et Romanis classibus navigatos. Ipsum quin etiam Oceanum illa +tentavimus: et superesse adhuc Herculis columnas fama vulgavit; sive +adiit Hercules, seu, quicquid ubique magnificum est, in claritatem ejus +referre consensimus. Nec defuit audentia Druso Germanico: sed obstitit +Oceanus in se simul atque in Herculem inquiri. Mox nemo tentavit; +sanctiusque ac reverentius visum, de actis deorum credere, quam scire. + +XXXV. Hactenus in Occidentem Germaniam novimus. In Septentrionem ingenti +flexu redit. Ac primo statim Chaucorum gens, quanquam incipiat a Frisiis +ac partem littoris occupet, omnium, quas exposui, gentium lateribus +obtenditur, donec in Chattos usque sinuetur. Tam immensum terrarum +spatium non tenent tantum Chauci, sed et implent: populus inter Germanos +nobilissimus, quique magnitudinem suam malit justitia tueri: sine +cupiditate, sine impotentia, quieti secretique, nulla provocant bella, +nullis raptibus aut latrociniis populantur. Id praecipuum virtutis ac +virium argumentum est, quod, ut superiores agant, non per injurias +assequuntur. Prompta tamen omnibus arma, ac, si res poscat, exercitus, +plurimum virorum equorumque: et quiescentibus eadem fama. + +XXXVI. In latere Chaucorum Chattorumque Cherusci nimiam ac marcentem diu +pacem illacessiti nutrierunt; idque jucundius, quam tutius, fuit: quia +inter impotentes et validos falso quiescas; ubi manu agitur, modestia ac +probitas nomina superioris sunt. Ita, qui olim boni aequique Cherusci, +nunc inertes ac stulti vocantur: Chattis victoribus fortuna in sapientiam +cessit. Tracti ruina Cheruscorum et Fosi, contermina gens, adversarum +rerum ex aequo socii, cum in secundis minores fuissent. + +XXXVII. Eundem Germaniae sinum proximi Oceano Cimbri tenent, parva nunc +civitas, sed gloria ingens; veterisque famae lata vestigia manent, +utraque ripa castra ac spatia, quorum ambitu nunc quoque metiaris molem +manusque gentis et tam magni exitus fidem. Sexcentesimum et quadragesimum +annum urbs nostra agebat, cum primum Cimbrorum audita sunt arma, Caecilio +Metello et Papirio Carbone consulibus. Ex quo si ad alterum Imperatoris +Trajani consulatum computemus, ducenti ferme et decem anni colliguntur; +tamdiu Germania vincitur. Medio tam longi aevi spatio, multa invicem +damna: non Samnis, non Poeni, non Hispaniae Galliaeve, ne Parthi quidem +saepius admonuere: quippe regno Arsacis acrior est Germanorum libertas. +Quid enim aliud nobis, quam caedem Crassi, amisso et ipse Pacoro, infra +Ventidium dejectus Oriens objecerit? At Germani, Carbone et Cassio et +Scauro Aurelio et Servilio Caepione, M. quoque Manlio fusis vel captis, +quinque simul consulares exercitus Populo Romano, Varum, tresque cum eo +legiones, etiam Caesari abstulerunt: nec impune C. Marius in Italia, +divus Julius in Gallia, Drusus ac Nero et Germanicus in suis eos sedibus +perculerunt. Mox ingentes C. Caesaris minae in ludibrium versae. Inde +otium, donec occasione discordiae nostrae et civilium armorum, expugnatis +legionum hibernis, etiam Gallias affectavere: ac rursus pulsi, inde +proximis temporibus triumphati magis quam victi sunt. + +XXXVIII. Nunc de Suevis dicendum est, quorum non una, ut Chattorum +Tencterorumve, gens: majorem enim Germaniae partem obtinent, propriis +adhuc nationibus nominibusque discreti, quanquam in commune Suevi +vocentur. Insigne gentis obliquare crinem nodoque substringere: sic Suevi +a ceteris Germanis, sic Suevorum ingenui a servis separantur in aliis +gentibus, seu cognatione aliqua Suevorum, seu quod saepe accidit, +imitatione, rarum et intra juventae spatium; apud Suevos, usque ad +canitiem, horrentem capillum retro sequuntur, ac saepe in ipso solo +vertice religant. Principes et ornatiorem habent: ea cura formae, sed +innoxiae: neque enim ut ament amenturve; in altitudinem quandam et +terrorem, adituri bella, compti, ut hostium oculis, ornantur. + +XXXIX. Vetustissimos se nobilissimosque Suevorum Semnones memorant. +Fides antiquitatis religione firmatur. Stato tempore in silvam auguriis +patrum et prisca formidine sacram, omnes ejusdem sanguinis populi +legationibus coeunt, caesoque publice homine celebrant barbari ritus +horrenda primordia. Est et alia luco reverentia. Nemo nisi vinculo +ligatus ingreditur, ut minor et potestatem numinis prae se ferens, Si +forte prolapsus est, attolli et insurgere haud licitum: per humum +evolvuntur: eoque omnis superstitio respicit, tanquam inde initia gentis, +ibi regnator omnium deus, cetera subjecta atque parentia. Adjicit +auctoritatem fortuna Semnonum: centum pagis habitantur; magnoque corpore +efficitur, ut se Suevorum caput credant. + +XL. Contra Langobardos paucitas nobilitat: plurimis ac valentissimis +nationibus cincti, non per obsequium, sed proeliis et periclitando tuti +sunt. Reudigni deinde et Aviones et Anglii et Varini et Eudoses et +Suardones et Nuithones fluminibus aut silvis muniuntur: nec quidquam +notabile in singulis, nisi quod in commune Nerthum, id est Terram matrem +colunt, eamque intervenire rebus hominum, invehi populis arbitrantur. Est +in insula Oceani castum nemus, dicatumque in eo vehiculum, veste +contectum attingere uni sacerdoti concessum. Is adesse penetrali deam +intelligit, vectamque bubus feminis multa cum veneratione prosequitur. +Laeti tunc dies, festa loca, quaecumque adventu hospitioque dignatur. Non +bella ineunt, non arma sumunt; clausum omne ferrum: pax et quies tunc +tantum nota, tunc tantum amata, donec idem sacerdos satiatam +conversatione mortalium deam templo reddat. Mox vehiculum et vestes, et, +si credere velis, numen ipsum secreto lacu abluitur. Servi ministrant, +quos statim idem lacus haurit; arcanus hinc terror sanctaque ignorantia, +quid sit illud, quod tantum perituri vident. + +XLI. Et haec quidem pars Suevorum in secretiora Germaniae porrigitur. +Propior, ut quo modo paulo ante Rhenum, sic nunc Danubium sequar, +Hermundurorum civitas, fida Romanis, eoque solis Germanorum non in ripa +commercium, sed penitus, atque in splendidissima Rhaetiae provinciae +colonia. Passim et sine custode transeunt: et, cum ceteris gentibus arma +modo castraque nostra ostendamus, his domos villasque patefecimus non +concupiscentibus. In Hermunduris Albis oritur, flumen inclitum et notum +olim; nunc tantum auditur. + +XLII. Juxta Hermunduros Narisci, ac deinde Marcomanni et Quadi agunt. +Praecipua Marcomannorum gloria viresque, atque ipsa etiam sedes, pulsis +olim Boiis, virtute parta. Nec Narisci Quadive degenerant. Eaque +Germaniae velut frons est, quatenus Danubio peragitur. Marcomannis +Quadisque usque ad nostram memoriam reges manserunt ex gente ipsorum, +nobile Marobodui et Tudri genus: jam et externos patiuntur. Sed vis et +potentia regibus ex auctoritate Romana: raro armis nostris, saepius +pecunia juvantur, nec minus valent. + +XLIII. Retro Marsigni, Gothini, Osi, Burii, terga Marcomannorum +Quadorumque claudunt: e quibus Marsigni et Burii sermone cultuque Suevos +referunt Gothinos Gallica, Osos Pannonica lingua coarguit non esse +Germanos, et quod tributa patiuntur. Partem tributorum Sarmatae, partem +Quadi, ut alienigenis, imponunt. Gothini, quo magis pudeat, et ferrum +effodiunt. Omnesque hi populi pauca campestrium, ceterum saltus et +vertices montium jugumque insederunt. Dirimit enim scinditque Sueviam +continuum montium jugum, ultra quod plurimae gentes agunt: ex quibus +latissime patet Lygiorum nomen in plures civitates diffusum. +Valentissimas nominasse sufficiet, Arios, Helveconas, Manimos, Elysios, +Naharvalos. Apud Naharvalos antiquae religionis lucus ostenditur. +Praesidet sacerdos muliebri ornatu: sed deos, interpretatione Romana, +Castorem Pollucemque memorant: ea vis numini; nomen Alcis. Nulla +simulacra, nullum peregrinae superstitionis vestigium: ut fratres tamen, +ut juvenes, venerantur. Ceterum Arii super vires, quibus enumeratos paulo +ante populos antecedunt, truces, insitae feritati arte ac tempore +lenocinantur. Nigra scuta, tincta corpora: atras ad proelia noctes +legunt: ipsaque formidine atque umbra feralis exercitus terrorem +inferant, nullo hostium sustinente novum ac velut infernum aspectum: nam +primi in omnibus proeliis oculi vincuntur. Trans Lygios Gothones +regnantur, paulo jam adductius, quam ceterae Germanorum gentes, nondum +tamen supra libertatem. Protinus deinde ab Oceano Rugii et Lemovii +omniumque harum gentium insigne, rotunda scuta, breves gladii, et erga +reges obsequium. + +XLIV. Suionum hinc civitates, ipso in Oceano, praeter viros armaque +classibus valent: forma navium eo differt, quod utrimque prora paratam +semper appulsui frontem agit: nec velis ministrantur, nec remos in +ordinem lateribus adjungunt. Solutum, ut in quibusdam fluminum, et +mutabile, ut res poscit, hinc vel illinc remigium. Est apud illos et +opibus honos; eoque unus imperitat, nullis jam exceptionibus, non +precario jure parendi. Nec arma, ut apud ceteros Germanos, in promiscuo, +sed clausa sub custode et quidem servo: quia subitos hostium incursus +prohibet Oceanus, otiosa porro armatorum manus facile lasciviunt: +enimvero neque nobilem neque ingenuum ne libertinum quidem, armis +praeponere regia utilitas est. + +XLV. Trans Suionas aliud mare, pigrum ac prope immotum, quo cingi +cludique terrarum orbem hinc fides, quod extremus cadentis jam solis +fulgor in ortus edurat adeo clarus, ut sidera hebetet; sonum insuper +audiri, formasque deorum et radios capitis aspici persuasio adjicit. +Illuc usque, et fama vera, tantum natura. Ergo jam dextro Suevici maris +littore Aestyorum gentes alluuntur: quibus ritus habitusque Suevorum; +lingua Britannicae propior. Matrem deum venerantur: insigne +superstitionis, formas aprorum gestant; id pro armis omnique tutela: +securum deae cultorem etiam inter hostes praestat. Rarus ferri, frequens +fustium usus. Frumenta ceterosque fructus patientius, quam pro solita +Germanorum inertia, laborant. Sed et mare scrutantur, ac soli omnium +succinum, quod ipsi glesum vocant inter vada atque in ipso littore +legunt. Nec, quae natura quaeve ratio gignat, ut barbaris, quaesitum +compertumve. Diu quin etiam inter cetera ejectamenta maris jacebat, donec +luxuria nostra dedit nomen: ipsis in nullo usu: rude legitur, informe +perfertur, pretiumque mirantes accipiunt. Succum tamen arborum esse +intelligas, quia terrena quaedam atque etiam volucria animalia plerumque +interlucent, quae implicata humore, mox, durescente materia, cluduntur. +Fecundiora igitur nemora lucosque, sicut Orientis secretis, ubi thura +balsamaque sudantur, ita Occidentis insulis terrisque inesse, crediderim; +quae vicini solis radiis expressa atque liquentia in proximum mare +labuntur, ac vi tempestatum in adversa littora exundant. Si naturam +succini admoto igne tentes, in modum taedae accenditur, alitque flammam +pinguem et olentem: mox ut in picem resinamve lentescit. Suionibus +Sitonum gentes continuantur. Cetera similes, uno differunt, quod femina +dominatur: in tantum non modo a libertate, sed etiam a servitute +degenerant. + +XLVI. Hic Sueviae finis. Peucinorum Vene dorumque et Fennorum nationes +Germanis an Sarmatis ascribam, dubito: quanquam Peucini, quos quidam +Bastarnas vocant, sermone, cultu, sede ac domiciliis, ut Germani, agunt. +Sordes omnium ac torpor procerum: connubiis mixtis, nonnihil in +Sarmatarum habitum foedantur. Venedi multum ex moribus traxerunt. Nam +quidquid inter Peucinos Fennosque silvarum ac montium erigitur, +latrociniis pererrant. Hi tamen inter Germanos potius referuntur, quia et +domos figunt et scuta gestant et pedum usu ac pernicitate gaudent; quae +omnia diversa Sarmatis sunt, in plaustro equoque viventibus. Fennis mira +feritas, foeda paupertas: non arma, non equi, non penates: victui herba, +vestitui pelles, cubile humus: sola in sagittis spes, quas, inopia ferri, +ossibus asperant. Idemque venatus viros pariter ac feminas alit. Passim +enim comitantur, partemque praedae petunt. Nec aliud infantibus ferarum +imbriumque suffugium, quam ut in aliquo ramorum nexu contegantur: huc +redeunt juvenes, hoc senum receptaculum. Sed beatius arbitrantur, quam +ingemere agris, illaborare domibus, suas alienasque fortunas spe metuque +versare. Securi adversus homines, securi adversus deos, rem difficillimam +assecuti sunt, ut illis ne vote quidem opus esset. Cetera jam fabulosa: +Hellusios et Oxionas ora hominum vultusque, corpora atque artus ferarum, +gerere: quod ego, ut incompertum, in medium relinquam. + + + + + + +CN. JULII AGRICOLAE VITA. + + + + +BREVIARIUM. + + +Cap. 1. Scribendi clarorum virorum vitam mos antiquus, 2. sub malis +principibus periculosus, 3. sub Trajano in honorem Agricolae repetitus a +Tacito, qui non eloquentiam, at pietatem pollicetur. 4. Agricolae stirps, +educatio, studia. 5. Positis in Britannia primis castrorum rudimentis, 6. +uxorem ducit: fit quaestor, tribunus, praetor: recognoscendis templorum +donis praefectus. 7. Othoniano bello matrem partemque patrimonii amittit. +8. In Vespasiani partes transgressus, legioni vicesimae in Britannia +praepositus, alienae famae cura promovet suam. 9. Redux inter patricios +ascitus Aquitaniam regit. Consul factus Tacito filiam despondet. +Britanniae praeficitur. + +10. Britanniae descriptio. Thule cognita: mare pigrum. 11. Britannorum +origo, habitus, sacra, sermo, mores, 12. militia, regimen, rarus +conventus: coelum, solum, metalla, margarita. 13. Victae gentis ingenium. +Caesarum in Britanniam expeditiones. 14. Consularium legatorum res +gestae. 15. Britanniae rebellio, 16. Boadicea duce coepta, a Suet. +Paullino compressa. Huic succedunt ignavi. 17. Rem restituunt Petilius +Cerialis et Julius Frontinus; hic Silures, ille Brigantes vincit; 18. +Agricola Ordovices et Monam. Totam provinciam pacat, et 19, 20. +moderatione, prudentia, abstinentia, aequitate in obsequio retinet, 21. +animosque artibus et voluptatibus mollit. + +22, 23. Nova expeditio novas gentes aperit, quae praesidio firmantur. +Agricolae candor in communicanda gloria. 24. Consilium de occupanda +Hibernia. 25-27. Civitates trans Bodotriam sitae explorantur. Caledonii, +Romanos aggressi, consilio ductuque Agricolae pulsi, sacrificiis +conspirationem civitatum sanciunt. 28. Usipiorum cohors miro casu +Britanniam circumvecta. Agricolae filius obit. 29. Bellum Britanni +reparant Calgaco duce, cujus 30-32. oratio ad suos. 33, 34. Romanos +quoque hortatur Agricola. 35-37. Atrox et cruentum proelium. 38. Penes +Romanos victoria. Agricola Britanniam circumvehi praecipit. + +39. Domitianus, fronte laetus, pectore anxius, nuntium victoriae excipit. +40. Honores tamen Agricolae decerni jubet, condito odio, donec provincia +decedat Agricola. Is redux modeste agit. 41. Periculum ab accusatoribus +et laudatoribus. 42. Excusat se, ne provinciam sortiatur proconsul. 43. +Obit non sine veneni suspicione, a Domitiano dati. 44. Ejus aetas, +habitus, honores, opes. 45. Mortis opportunitas ante Domitiani +atrocitates. 46. Questus auctoris et ex virtute solatia. Fama Agricolae +ad posteros transmissa. + + + + +I. Clarorum virorum facta moresque posteris tradere, antiquitus usitatum, +ne nostris quidem temporibus quanquam incuriosa suorum aetas omisit, +quotiens magna aliqua ac nobilis virtus vicit ac supergressa est vitium +parvis magnisque civitatibus commune, ignorantiam recti et invidiam. Sed +apud priores, ut agere digna memoratu pronum magisque in aperto erat, ita +celeberrimus quisque ingenio ad prodendam virtutis memoriam, sine gratia +aut ambitione, bonae tantum conscientiae pretio ducebatur. Ac plerique +suam ipsi vitam narrare fiduciam potius morum, quam arrogantiam arbitrati +sunt: nec id Rutilio et Scauro citra fidem aut obtrectationi fuit: adeo +virtutes iisdem temporibus optime aestimantur, quibus facillime +gignuntur. At nunc narraturo mihi vitam defuncti hominis, venia opus +fuit: quam non petissem incursaturus tam saeva et infesta virtutibus +tempora. + +II. Legimus, cum Aruleno Rustico Paetus Thrasea, Herennio Senecioni +Priscus Helvidius laudati essent, capitale fuisse: neque in ipsos modo +auctores, sed in libros quoque eorum saevitum, delegato triumviris +ministerio, ut monumenta clarissimorum ingeniorum in comitio ac foro +urerentur. Scilicet illo igne vocem populi Romani et libertatem senatus +et conscientiam generis humani aboleri arbitrabantur, expulsis insuper +sapientiae professoribus atque omni bona arte in exilium acta, ne quid +usquam honestum occurreret. Dedimus profecto grande patientiae +documentum: et sicut vetus aetas vidit, quid ultimum in libertate esset, +ita nos, quid in servitute, adempto per inquisitiones et loquendi +audiendique commercio. Memoriam quoque ipsam cum voce perdidissemus, si +tam in nostra potestate esset oblivisci, quam tacere. + +III. Nunc demum redit animus: et quanquam primo statim beatissimi saeculi +ortu Nerva Caesar res olim dissociabiles miscuerit, principatum ac +libertatem, augeatque quotidie felicitatem imperii Nerva Trajanus, nec +spem modo ac votum securitas publica, sed ipsius voti fiduciam ac robur +assumpserit; natura tamen infirmitatis humanae tardiora sunt remedia, +quam mala; et, ut corpora nostra lente augescunt, cito exstinguuntur, sic +ingenia studiaque oppresseris facilius, quam revocaveris. Subit quippe +etiam ipsius inertiae dulcedo: et invisa primo desidia postremo amatur. +Quid, si per quindecim annos, grande mortalis aevi spatium, multi +fortuitis casibus, promptissimus quisque saevitia principis +interciderunt? Pauci, et, ut ita dixerim, non modo aliorum, sed etiam +nostri superstites sumus, exemptis e media vita tot annis, quibus juvenes +ad senectutem, senes prope ad ipsos exactae aetatis terminos per +silentium venimus. Non tamen pigebit vel incondita ac rudi voce memoriam +prioris servitutis ac testimonium praesentium bonorum composuisse. Hic +interim liber honori Agricolae soceri mei destinatus, professione +pietatis aut laudatus erit aut excusatus. + +IV. Cnaeus Julius Agricola, veteri et illustri Forojuliensium colonia +ortus, utrumque avum procuratorem Caesarum habuit: quae equestris +nobilitas est. Pater Julius Graecinus, senatorii ordinis, studio +eloquentiae sapientiaeque notus, iisque ipsis virtutibus iram Caii +Caesaris meritus: namque M. Silanum accusare jussus et, quia abnuerat, +interfectus est. Mater Julia Procilla fuit, rarae castitatis: in hujus +sinu indulgentiaque educatus, per omnem honestarum artium cultum +pueritiam adolescentiamque transegit. Arcebat eum ab illecebris +peccantium, praeter ipsius bonam integramque naturam, quod statim +parvulus sedem ac magistram studiorum Massiliam habuit, locum Graeca +comitate et provinciali parsimonia mistum ac bene compositum. Memoria +teneo solitum ipsum narrare, se in prima juventa studium philosophiae +acrius, ultra quam concessum Romano ac senatori, hausisse, ni prudentia +matris incensum ac flagrantem animum coercuisset. Scilicet sublime et +erectum ingenium pulchritudinem ac speciem excelsae magnaeque gloriae +vehementius, quam caute, appetebat: mox mitigavit ratio et aetas: +retinuitque, quod est difficillimum, ex sapientia modum. + +V. Prima castrorum rudimenta in Britannia Suetonio Paullino, diligenti ac +moderato duci, approbavit, electus, quem contubernio aestimaret. Nec +Agricola licenter more juvenum, qui militiam in lasciviam vertunt, neque +segniter ad voluptates et commeatus titulum tribunatus et inscitiam +retulit: sed noscere provinciam, nosci exercitui, discere a peritis, +sequi optimos, nihil appetere jactatione, nihil ob formidinem recusare, +simulque et anxius et intentus agere. Non sane alias exercitatior +magisque in ambiguo Britannia fuit: trucidati veterani, incensae +coloniae, intercepti exercitus; tum de salute, mox de victoria, +certavere. Quae cuncta, etsi consiliis ductuque alterius agebantur ac +summa rerum et recuperatae provinciae gloria in ducem cessit, artem et +usum et stimulos addidere juveni; intravitque animum militaris gloriae +cupido ingrata temporibus, quibus sinistra erga eminentes interpretatio, +nec minus periculum ex magna fama, quam ex mala. + +VI. Hinc ad capessendos magistratus in urbem digressus, Domitiam +Decidianam, splendidis natalibus ortam, sibi junxit; idque matrimonium ad +majora nitenti decus ac robur fuit; vixeruntque mira concordia, per +mutuam caritatem et invicem se anteponendo: nisi quod in bona uxore tanto +major laus, quanto in mala plus culpae est. Sors quaesturae provinciam +Asiam, proconsulem Salvium Titianum dedit: quorum neutro corruptus est; +quanquam et provincia dives ac parata peccantibus, et proconsul in omnem +aviditatem pronus, quantalibet facilitate redempturus esset mutuam +dissimulationem mali. Auctus est ibi filia, in subsidium simul et +solatium: nam filium ante sublatum brevi amisit. Mox inter quaesturam ac +tribunatum plebis atque etiam ipsum tribunatus annum quiete et otio +transiit, gnarus sub Nerone temporum, quibus inertia pro sapientia fuit. +Idem praeturae tenor et silentium; nec enim jurisdictio obvenerat: ludos +et inania honoris medio rationis atque abundantiae duxit, uti longe a +luxuria, ita famae propior. Tum electus a Galba ad dona templorum +recognoscenda, diligentissima conquisitione fecit, ne cujus alterius +sacrilegium respublica, quam Neronis sensisset. + +VII. Sequens annus gravi vulnere animum domumque ejus afflixit: nam +classis Othoniana, licenter vaga, dum Intemelios (Liguriae pars est) +hostiliter populatur, matrem Agricolae in praediis suis interfecit: +praediaque ipsa et magnam patrimonii partem diripuit, quae causa caedis +fuerat. Igitur ad solemnia pietatis profectus Agricola, nuntio affectati +a Vespasiano imperii deprehensus ac statim in partes transgressus est. +Initia principatus ac statim urbis Mucianus regebat, juvene admodum +Domitiano et ex paterna fortuna tantum licentiam usurpante. Is missum ad +delectus agendos Agricolam integreque ac strenue versatum, vicesimae +legioni, tarde ad sacramentum transgressae; praeposuit, ubi decessor +seditiose agere narrabatur: quippe legatis quoque consularibus nimia ac +formidolosa erat. Nec legatus praetorius ad cohibendum potens, incertum, +suo an militum ingenio: ita successor simul et ultor electus, rarissima +moderatione maluit videri invenisse bonos, quam fecisse. + +VIII. Praeerat tunc Britanniae Vettius Bolanus placidius, quam feroci +provincia dignum est: temperavit Agricola vim suam ardoremque compescuit, +ne incresceret; peritus obsequi eruditusque utilia honestis miscere. +Brevi deinde Britannia consularem Petilium Cerialem accepit. Habuerunt +virtutes spatium exemplorum. Sed primo Cerialis labores modo et +discrimina, mox et gloriam communicabat: saepe parti exercitus in +experimentum, aliquando majoribus copiis ex eventu praefecit: nec +Agricola unquam in suam famam gestis exsultavit; ad auctorem et ducem, ut +minister, fortunam referebat: ita virtute in obsequendo, verecundia in +praedicando, extra invidiam, nec extra gloriam erat. + +IX. Revertentem ab legatione legionis divus Vespasianus inter patricios +ascivit, ac deinde provinciae Aquitaniae praeposuit, splendidae in primis +dignitatis, administratione ac spe consulatus, cui destinarat. Credunt +plerique militaribus ingeniis subtilitatem deesse, quia castrensis +jurisdictio secura et obtusior ac plura manu agens calliditatem fori non +exerceat. Agricola naturali prudentia, quamvis inter togatos, facile +justeque agebat. Jam vero tempora curarum remissionumque divisa: ubi +conventus ac judicia poscerent, gravis, intentus, severus, et saepius +misericors; ubi officio satisfactum, nulla ultra potestatis persona: +tristitiam et arrogantiam et avaritiam exuerat: nec illi, quod est +rarissimum, aut facilitas auctoritatem aut severitas amorem deminuit. +Integritatem atque abstinentiam in tanto viro referre, injuria virtutum +fuerit. Ne famam quidem, cui etiam saepe boni indulgent, ostentanda +virtute, aut per artem quaesivit: procul ab aemulatione adversus +collegas, procul a contentione adversus procuratores, et vincere +inglorium, et atteri sordidum arbitrabatur. Minus triennium in ea +legatione detentus ac statim ad spem consulatus revocatus est, comitante +opinione Britanniam ei provinciam dari nullis in hoc suis sermonibus sed +quia par videbatur. Haud semper errat fama, aliquando et elegit. Consul +egregiae tum spei filiam juveni mihi despondit ac post Consulatum +collocavit, et statim Britanniae praepositus est, adjecto pontificatus +sacerdotio. + +X. Britanniae situm populosque, multis scriptoribus memoratos non in +comparationem curae ingeniive referam; sed quia tum primum perdomita est. +Ita quae priores nondum comperta eloquentia percoluere, rerum fide +tradentur. Britannia, insularum quas Romana notitia complectitur, maxima, +spatio ac coelo in orientem Germaniae, in occidentem Hispaniae +obtenditur: Gallis in meridiem etiam inspicitur: septemtrionalia ejus, +nullis contra terris, vasto atque aperto mari pulsantur. Formam totius +Britanniae Livius veterum, Fabius Rusticus recentium eloquentissimi +auctores, oblongae scutulae vel bipenni assimulavere: et est ea facies +citra Caledoniam, unde et in universum fama est transgressa: sed +immensunt et enorme spatium procurrentium extremo jam littore terrarum, +velut in cuneum tenuatur. Hanc oram novissimi maris tunc primum Romana +classis circumvecta insulam esse Britanniam affirmavit, ac simul +incognitas ad id tempus insulas, quas Orcadas vocant, invenit domuitque. +Dispecta est et Thule, nam hactenus jussum, et hiems appetebat; sed mare +pigrum et grave remigantibus; perhibent ne ventis quidem perinde attolli: +credo, quod rariores terrae montesque, causa ac materia tempestatum, et +profunda moles continui maris tardius impellitur. Naturam Oceani atque +aestus neque quaerere hujus operis est, ac multi retulere; unum +addiderim: nusquam latius dominari mare, multum fluminum huc atque illuc +ferre, nec littore tenus accrescere aut resorberi, sed influere penitus +atque ambire, et jugis etiam atque montibus inseri velut in suo. + +XI. Ceterum Britanniam qui mortales initio coluerint, indigenae an +advecti, ut inter barbaros, parum compertum. Habitus corporum varii: +atque ex eo argumenta; namque rutilae Caledoniam habitantium comae, magni +artus, Germanicam originem asseverant. Silurum colorati vultus et torti +plerumque crines et posita contra Hispania Iberos veteres trajecisse +easque sedes occupasse fidem faciunt. Proximi Gallis et similes sunt; seu +durante originis vi, seu, procurrentibus in diversa terris, positio coeli +corporibus habitum dedit: in universum tamen aestimanti, Gallos vicinam +insulam occupasse credibile est. Eorum sacra deprehendas superstitionum +persuasione: sermo haud multum diversus; in deposcendis periculis eadem +audacia et, ubi advenere, in detrectandis eadem formido. Plus tamen +ferociae Britanni praeferunt, ut quos nondum longa pax emollierit: nam +Gallos quoque in bellis floruisse accepimus: mox segnitia cum otio +intravit, amissa virtute pariter ac libertate; quod Britannorum olim +victis evenit: ceteri manent, quales Galli fuerunt. + +XII. In pedite robur: quaedam nationes et curru proeliantur: honestior +auriga, clientes propugnant. Olim regibus parebant, nunc per principes +factionibus et studiis trahuntur: nec aliud adversus validissimas gentes +pro nobis utilius, quam quod in commune non consulunt. Rarus duabus +tribusve civitatibus ad propulsandum commune periculum conventus: ita, +dum singuli pugnant, universi vincuntur. Coelum crebris imbribus ac +nebulis foedum: asperitas frigorum abest. Dierum spatia ultra nostri +orbis mensuram, et nox clara et extrema Britanniae parte brevis, ut finem +atque initium lucis exiguo discrimine internoscas. Quod si nubes non +officiant, aspici per noctem solis fulgorem, nec occidere et exsurgere, +sed transire affirmant. Scilicet extrema et plana terrarum, humili umbra, +non erigunt tenebras, infraque coelum et sidera nox cadit. Solum, praeter +oleam vitemque et cetera calidioribus terris oriri sueta, patiens frugum, +fecundum. Tarde mitescunt, cito proveniunt: eadem utriusque rei causa, +multus humor terrarum coelique. Fert Britannia aurum et argentum et alia +metalla, pretium victoriae: gignit et Oceanus margarita, sed subfusca ac +liventia. Quidam artem abesse legentibus arbitrantur: nam in Rubro mari +viva ac spirantia saxis avelli, in Britannia, prout expulsa sint, +colligi: ego facilius crediderim naturam margaritis deesse, quam nobis +avaritiam. + +XIII. Ipsi Britanni delectum ac tributa et injuncta imperii munera +impigre obeunt, si injuriae absint: has aegre tolerant, jam domiti ut +pareant, nondum ut serviant. Igitur primus omnium Romanorum divus Julius +cum exercitu Britanniam ingressus, quanquam prospera pugna terruerit +incolas ac littore potitus sit, potest videri ostendisse posteris, non +tradidisse. Mox bella civilia et in rempublicam versa principum arma, ac +longa oblivio Britanniae etiam in pace. Consilium id divus Augustus +vocabat, Tiberius praeceptum. Agitasse C. Caesarem de intranda Britannia +satis, constat, ni velox ingenio, mobilis poenitentiae, et ingentes +adversus Germaniam conatus frustra fuissent. Divus Claudius auctor +operis, transvectis legionibus auxiliisque et assumpto in partem rerum +Vespasiano: quod initium venturae mox fortunae fuit: domitae gentes, +capti reges, et monstratus fatis Vespasianus. + +XIV. Consularium primus Aulus Plautius praepositus, ac subinde Ostorius +Scapula, uterque bello egregius: redactaque paulatim in formam provinciae +proxima pars Britanniae: addita insuper veteranorum colonia: quaedam +civitates Cogiduno regi donatae (is id nostram usque memoriam fidissimus +mansit) ut vetere ac jam pridem recepta populi Romani consuetudine, +haberet instrumenta servitutis et reges. Mox Didius Gallus parta a +prioribus continuit, paucis admodum castellis in ulteriora promotis, per +quae fama aucti officii quaereretur. Didium Veranius excepit, isque intra +annum exstinctus est. Suetonius hinc Paullinus biennio prosperas res +habuit, subactis nationibus firmatisque praesidiis: quorum fiducia Monara +insulam, ut vires rebellibus ministrantem, aggressus, terga occasioni +patefecit. + +XV. Namque absentia legati remoto metu, Britanni agitare inter se mala +servitutis, conferre injurias et interpretando accendere: nihil profici +patientia, nisi ut graviora, tanquam ex facili toleratibus, imperentur: +singulos sibi olim reges fuisse, nunc binos imponi: e quibus legatus in +sanguinem, procurator in bona saeviret. Aeque discordiam praepositorum, +aeque concordiam, subjectis exitiosam: alterius manus centuriones, +alterius servos vim et contumelias miscere. Nihil jam cupiditati, nihil +libidini exceptum: in proelio fortiorem esse, qui spoliet; nunc ab +ignavis plerumque et imbellibus eripi domos, abstrahi liberos, injungi +delectus, tanquam mori tantum pro patria nescientibus: quantulum enim +transisse militum, si sese Britanni numerent? sic Germanias excussisse +jugum: et flumine, non Oceano, defendi: sibi patriam, conjuges, parentes, +illis avaritiam et luxuriam causas belli esse. Recessuros, ut divus +Julius recessisset, modo virtutes majorum suorum aemularentur. Neve +proelii unius aut alterius eventu pavescerent: plus impetus, majorem +constantiam, penes miseros esse. Jam Britannorum etiam deos misereri, qui +Romanum ducem absentem, qui relegatum in alia insula exercitum +detinerent: jam ipsos, quod difficillimum fuerit, deliberare: porro in +ejusmodi consiliis periculosius esse deprehendi, quam audere. + +XVI. His atque talibus invicem instincti, Boudicea, generis regii femina, +duce (neque enim sexum in imperiis discernunt) sumpsere universi bellum: +ac sparsos per castella milites consectati, expugnatis praesidiis, ipsam +coloniam invasere, ut sedem servitutis: nec ullum in barbaris saevitiae +genus omisit ira et victoria. Quod nisi Paullinus, cognito provinciae +motu, propere subvenisset, amissa Britannia foret: quam unius proelii +fortuna veteri patientiae restituit, tenentibus arma plerisque, quos +conscientia defectionis et propius ex legato timor agitabat, ne, quanquam +egregius cetera, arroganter in deditos et, ut suae quoque injuriae +ultor, durius consuleret. Missus igitur Petronius Turpilianus, tanquam +exorabilior: et delictis hostium novus, eoque poenitentiae mitior, +compositis prioribus, nihil ultra ausus, Trebellio Maximo provinciam +tradidit. Trebellius segnior, et nullis castrorum experimentis, comitate +quadam curandi provinciam tenuit. Didicere jam barbari quoque ignoscere +vitiis blandientibus: et interventus civilium armorum praebuit justam +segnitiae excusationem: sed discordia laboratum, cum assuetus +expeditionibus miles otio lasciviret. Trebellius fuga ac latebris vitata +exercitus ira, indecorus atque humilis, precario mox praefuit: ac velut +pacti, exercitus licentiam, dux salutem; et seditio sine sanguina stetit. +Nec Vettius Bolanus, manentibus adhuc civilibus bellis, agitavit +Britanniam disciplina: eadem inertia erga hostes, similis petulantia +castrorum: nisi quod innocens Bolanus et nullis delictis invisus, +caritatem paraverat loco auctoritatis. + +XVII. Sed, ubi cum cetero orbe Vespasianus et Britanniam recuperavit, +magni duces, egregii exercitus, minuta hostium spes. Et terrorem statira +intulit Petilius Cerialis, Brigantum civitatem, quae numerosissima +provinciae totius perhibetur, aggressus. Multa proelia, et aliquando non +incruenta magnamque Brigantum partem aut victoria amplexus est aut bello. +Et, cum Cerialis quidem alterius successoris curam famamque obruisset, +sustinuit quoque molem Julius Frontinus, vir magnus quantum licebat, +validamque et pugnacem Silurum gentem armis subegit, super virtutem +hostium, locorum quoque difficultates eluctatus. + +XVIII. Hunc Britanniae statum, has bellorum vices media jam aestate +transgressus Agricola invenit, cum et milites, velut omissa expeditione, +ad securitatem, et hostes ad occasionem verterentur. Ordovicum civitas, +haud multo ante adventum ejus, alam, in finibus suis agentem, prope +universam obtriverat eoque initio erecta provincia: et, quibus bellum +volentibus erat, probare exemplum, ac recentis legati animum opperiri, +cum Agricola, quanquam transvecta aestas, sparsi per provinciam numeri, +praesumpta apud militem illius anni quies, tarda et contraria bellum +inchoaturo, et plerisque custodiri suspecta potius videbatur, ire obviam +discrimini statuit: contractisque legionum vexillis et modica auxiliorum +manu, quia in aequum degredi Ordovices non audebant, ipse ante agmen, quo +ceteris par animus simili periculo esset, erexit aciem: caesaque prope +universa gente, non ignarus instandum famae, ac, prout prima cessissent, +terrorem ceteris fore, Monam insulam, cujus possessione revocatum +Paullinum rebellione totius Britanniae supra memoravi, redigere in +potestatem animo intendit. Sed, ut in dubiis consiliis, naves deerant: +ratio et constantia ducis transvexit. Depositis omnibus sarcinis, +lectissimos auxiliarium, quibus nota vada et patrius nandi usus, quo +simul seque et arma et equos regunt, ita repente immisit, ut obstupefacti +hostes, qui classem, qui naves, qui mare expectabant, nihil arduum aut +invictum crediderint sic ad bellum venientibus. Ita petita pace ac dedita +insula, clarus ac magnus haberi Agricola: quippe cui ingredienti +provinciam, quod tempus alii per ostentationem aut officiorum ambitum +transigunt, labor et periculum placuisset. Nec Agricola, prosperitate +rerum in vanitatem usus, expeditionem aut victoriam vocabat victos +continuisse: ne laureatis quidem gesta prosecutus est: sed ipsa +dissimulatione famae famam auxit, aestimantibus, quanta futuri spe tam +magna tacuisset. + +XIX. Ceterum animorum provinciae prudens, simulque doctus per aliena +experimenta parum profici armis, si injuriae sequerentur, causas bellorum +statuit excidere. A se suisque orsus, primum domum suam coercuit; quod +plerisque haud minus arduum est, quam provinciam regere. Nihil per +libertos servosque publicae rei: non studiis privatis nec ex +commendatione aut precibus centurionum milites ascire, sed optimum +quemque fidissimum putare: omnia scire, non omnia exsequi: parvis +peccatis veniam, magnis severitatem commodare: nec poena semper, sed +saepius poenitentia contentus esse: officiis et administrationibus potius +non peccaturos praeponere, quam damnare, cum peccassent. Frumenti et +tributorum auctionem aequalitate munerum mollire, circumcisis, quae, in +quaestum reperta, ipso tributo gravius tolerabantur: namque per ludibrium +assidere clausis horreis et emere ultro frumenta, ac vendere pretio +cogebantur: devortia itinerum et longinquitas regionum indicebatur, ut +civitates a proximis hibernis in remota et avia referrent, donec, quod +omnibus in promptu erat, paucis lucrosum fieret. + +XX. Haec primo statim anno comprimendo, egregiam famam paci circumdedit; +quae vel incuria vel intolerantia priorum haud minus quam bellum +timebatur. Sed, ubi aestas advenit, contracto exercitu, multus in agmine +laudare modestiam, disjectos coercere: loca castris ipse capere, +aestuaria ac silvas ipse praetentare; et nihil interim apud hostes +quietum pati, quo minus subitis excursibus popularetur: atque, ubi satis +terruerat, parcendo rursus irritamenta pacis ostentare. Quibus rebus +multae civitates, quae in illum diem ex aequo egerant, datis obsidibus, +iram posuere, et praesidiis castellisque circumdatae tanta ratione +curaque, ut nulla ante Britanniae nova pars illacessita transierit. + +XXI. Sequens hiems saluberrimis consiliis absumpta: namque, ut homines +dispersi ac rudes, eoque in bella faciles, quieti et otio per voluptates +assuescerent, hortari privatim, adjuvare publice, ut templa, fora, domus +exstruerent, laudando promptos et castigando segnes: ita honoris +aemulatio pro necessitate erat. Jam vero principum filios liberalibus +artibus erudire, et ingenia Britannorum studiis Gallorum anteferre, ut, +qui modo linguam Romanam abnuebant, eloquentiam concupiscerent. Inde +etiam habitus nostri honor et frequens toga: paulatimque discessum ad +delenimenta vitiorum, porticus et balnea et conviviorum elegantiam: idque +apud imperitos humanitas vocabatur, cum pars servitutis esset. + +XXII. Tertius expeditionum annus novas gentes aperuit, vastatis usque ad +Taum (aestuario nomen est) nationibus: qua formidine territi hostes +quanquam conflictatum saevis tempestatibus exercitum lacessere non ausi; +ponendisque insuper castellis spatium fuit. Annotabant periti non alium +ducem opportunitates locorum sapientius legisse: nullum ab Agricola +positum castellum aut vi hostium expugnatum aut pactione ac fuga +desertum. Crebrae eruptiones: nam adversus moras obsidionis annuis copiis +firmabantur: ita intrepida ibi hiems, et sibi quisque praesidio, irritis +hostibus eoque desperantibus, quia soliti plerumque damna aestatis +hibernis eventibus pensare, tum aestate atque hieme juxta pellebantur. +Nec Agricola unquam per alios gesta avidus intercepit: seu centurio seu +praefectus, incorruptum facti testem habebat. Apud quosdam acerbior in +conviciis narrabatur; ut erat comis bonis, adversus malos injucundus: +ceterum ex iracundia nihil supererat; secretum et silentium ejus non +timeres: honestius putabat offendere, quam odisse. + +XXIII. Quarta aestas obtinendis, quae percurrerat, insumpta: ac, si +virtus exercituum et Romani nominis gloria pateretur, inventus in ipsa +Britannia terminus. Nam Clota et Bodotria, diversi maris aestibus per +immensum revectae, angusto terrarum spatio dirimuntur: quod tum +praesidiis firmabatur: atque omnis propior sinus tenebatur, summotis +velut in aliam insulam hostibus. + +XXIV. Quinto expeditionum anno, nave prima transgressus, ignotas ad id +tempus gentes crebris simul ac prosperis proeliis domuit: eamque partem +Britanniae, quae Hiberniam aspicit, copiis instruxit in spem magis quam +ob formidinem; si quidem Hibernia, medio inter Britanniam atque Hispaniam +sita et Gallico quoque mari opportuna, valentissimam imperii partem +magnis invicem usibus miscuerit. Spatium ejus, si Britanniae comparetur, +angustius, nostri maris insulas superat. Solum coelumque et ingenia +cultusque hominum haud multum a Britannia differunt: in melius aditus +portusque per commercia et negotiatores cogniti. Agricola expulsum +seditione domestica unum ex regulis gentis exceperat ac specie amicitiae +in occasionem retinebat. Saepe ex eo audivi, legione una et modicis +auxiliis debellari obtinerique Hiberniam posse. Idque etiam adversus +Britanniam profuturum, si Romana ubique arma, et velut e conspectu +libertas tolleretur. + +XXV. Ceterum aestate, qua sextum officii annum inchoabat, amplexus +civitates trans Bodotriam sitas, quia motus universarum ultra gentium et +infesta hostilis exercitus itinera timebantur, portus classe exploravit: +quae, ab Agricola primum assumpta in partem virium, sequebatur egregia +specie, cum simul terra, simul mari bellum impelleretur, ac saepe iisdem +castris pedes equesque et nauticus miles, mixti copiis et laetitia, sua +quisque facta, suos casus attollerent: ac modo silvarum ac montium +profunda, modo tempestatum ac fluctuum adversa, hinc terra et hostis, +hinc victus Oceanus militari jactantia compararentur. Britannos quoque, +ut ex captivis audiebatur, visa classis obstupefaciebat, tanquam, aperto +maris sui secreto, ultimum victis perfugium clauderetur. Ad manus et arma +conversi Caledoniam incolentes populi, paratu magno, majore fama, uti mos +est de ignotis, oppugnasse ultro, castella adorti, metum, ut provocantes, +addiderant: regrediendumque citra Bodotriam, et excedendum potius, quam +pellerentur, specie prudentium ignavi admonebant: cum interim cognoscit +hostes pluribus agminibus irrupturos. Ac, ne superante numero et peritia +locorum circumiretur, diviso et ipse in tres partes exercitu incessit. + +XXVI. Quod ubi cognitum hosti, mutato repente consilio, universi nonam +legionem, ut maxime invalidam, nocte aggressi, inter somnum ac +trepidationem caesis vigilibus, irrupere. Jamque in ipsis castris +pugnabant, cum Agricola, iter hostium ab exploratoribus edoctus et +vestigiis insecutus, velocissimos equitum peditumque assultare tergis +pugnantium jubet, mox ab universis adjici clamorem; et propinqua luce +fulsere signa: ita ancipiti malo territi Britanni: et Romanis redit +animus, ac, securi pro salute, de gloria certabant. Ultro quin etiam +erupere: et fuit atrox in ipsia portarum angustiis proelium, donec pulsi +hostes; utroque exercitu certante, his, ut tulisse opem, illis, ne +eguisse auxilio viderentur. Quod nisi paludes et silvae fugientes +texissent, debellatum illa victoria foret. + +XXVII. Cujus conscientia ac fama ferox exercitus nihil virtuti suae +invium: penetrandam Caledoniam, inveniendumque tandem Britanniae terminum +continuo proeliorum cursu, fremebant: atque illi modo cauti ac sapientes, +prompti post eventum ac magniloqui erant. Iniquissima haec bellorum +conditio est: prospera omnes sibi vindicant, adversa uni imputantur. At +Britanni non virtute, sed occasione et arte ducis rati, nihil ex +arrogantia remittere, quo minus juventutem armarent, conjuges ac liberos +in loca tuta transferrent, coetibus ac sacrificiis conspirationem +civitatum sancirent: atque ita irritatis utrimque animis discessum. + +XXVIII. Eadem aestate cohors Usipiorum, per Germanias conscripta, in +Britanniam transmissa, magnum ac memorabile facinus ausa est. Occiso +centurione ac militibus, qui ad tradendam disciplinam immixti manipulis +exemplum et rectores habebantur, tres liburnicas, adactis per vim +gubernatoribus, ascendere: et uno remigante, suspectis duobus eoque +interfectis, nondum vulgato rumore ut miraculum praevehebantur: mox hac +atque illa rapti, et cum plerisque Britannorum, sua defensantium, proelio +congressi, ac saepe victores, aliquando pulsi, eo ad extremum inopiae +venere, ut infirmissimos suorum, mox sorte ductos, vescerentur. Atque +circumvecti Britanniam, amissis per inscitiam regendi navibus, pro +praedonibus habiti, primum a Suevis, mox a Frisiis intercepti sunt: ac +fuere, quos per commercia venumdatos et in nostram usque ripam mutatione +ementium adductos, indicium tanti casus illustravit. + +XXIX. Initio aestatis Agricola, domestico vulnere ictus, anno ante natum +filum amisit. Quem casum neque, ut plerique fortium virorum, ambitiose, +neque per lamenta rursus ac moerorem muliebriter tulit: et in luctu +bellum inter remedia erat. Igitur praemissa classe, quae pluribus locis +praedata, magnum et incertum terrorem faceret, expedito exercitu, cui ex +Britannis fortissimos et longa pace exploratos addiderat, ad montem +Grampium pervenit, quem jam hostis insederat. Nam Britanni, nihil fracti +pugnae prioris eventu, et ultionem aut servitium exspectantes, tandemque +docti commune periculum concordia propulsandum, legationibus et +foederibus omnium civitatum vires exciverant. Jamque super triginta +millia armatorum aspiciebantur, et adhuc affluebat omnis juventus et +quibus cruda ac viridis senectus, clari bello et sua quisque decora +gestantes: cum inter plures duces virtute et genere praestans, nomine +Calgacus, apud contractam multitudinem proelium poscentem, in hunc modum +locutus fertur: + +XXX. "Quotiens causas belli et necessitatem nostram intueor, magnus mihi +animus est hodiernum diem consensumque vestrum initium libertatis totius +Britanniae fore. Nam et universi servitutis expertes, et nullae ultra +terrae, ac ne mare quidem securum, imminente nobis classe Romana: ita +proelium atque arma, quae fortibus honesta, eadem etiam ignavis tutissima +sunt. Priores pugnae, quibus adversus Romanos varia fortuna certatum est, +spem ac subsidium in nostris manibus habebant: quia nobilissimi totius +Britanniae eoque in ipsis penetralibus siti, nec servientium littora +aspicientes, oculos quoque a contactu dominationis inviolatos habebamus. +Nos terrarum ac libertatis extremos, recessus ipse ac sinus famae in +hunc diem defendit: nunc terminus Britanniae patet; atque omne ignotum +pro magnifico est. Sed nulla jam ultra gens, nihil nisi fluctus et saxa, +et infestiores Romani: quorum superbiam frustra per obsequium et +modestiam effugeris. Raptores orbis, postquam cuncta vastantibus defuere +terrae, et mare scrutantur: si locuples hostis est, avari; si pauper, +ambitiosi: quos non Oriens, non Occidens, satiaverit. Soli omnium opes +atque inopiam pari affectu concupiscunt. Auferre, trucidare, rapere, +falsis nominibus imperium; atque, ubi solitudinem faciunt, pacem +appellant." + +XXXI. "Liberos cuique ac propinquos suos natura carissimos esse voluit; +hi per delectus, alibi servituri, auferuntur conjuges sororesque, etsi +hostilem libidinem effugiant, nomine amicorum atque hospitum polluuntur. +Bona fortunasque in tributum egerunt, annos in frumentum: corpora ipsa ac +manus silvis ac paludibus emuniendis inter verbera ac contumelias +conterunt. Nata servituti mancipia semel veneunt, atque ultro a dominis +aluntur: Britannia servitutem suam quotidie emit, quotidie pascit. Ac, +sicut in familia recentissimus quisque servorum et conservis ludibrio +est, sic in hoc orbis terrarum vetere famulatu novi nos et viles in +excidium petimur. Neque enim arva nobis aut metalla aut portus sunt, +quibus exercendis reservemur. Virtus porro ac ferocia subjectorum ingrata +imperantibus: et longinquitas ac secretum ipsum quo tutius, eo +suspectius. Ita, sublata spe veniae, tandem sumite animum, tam quibus +salus, quam quibus gloria carissima est. Trinobantes, femina duce, +exurere coloniam, expugnare castra, ac, nisi felicitas in socordiam +vertisset, exuere jugum potuere: nos integri et indomiti et libertatem +non in poenitentiam laturi, primo statim congressu nonne ostendamus, quos +sibi Caledonia viros seposuerit? An eandem Romanis in bello virtutem, +quam in pace lasciviam adesse creditis?" + +XXXII. "Nostris illi dissensionibus ac discordiis clari, vitia hostium in +gloriam exercitus sui vertunt: quem contractum ex diversissimis gentibus, +ut secundae res tenent, ita adversae dissolvent: nisi si Gallos et +Germanos et (pudet dictu) Britannorum plerosque, licet dominationi +alienae sanguinem commodent, diutius tamen hostes quam servos, fide et +affectu teneri putatis: metus et terror est, infirma vincula caritatis +quae ubi removeris, qui timere desierint, odisse incipient. Omnia +victoriae incitamenta pro nobis sunt: nullae Romanos conjuges accendunt; +nulli parentes fugam exprobraturi sunt; aut nulla plerisque patria, aut +alia est. Paucos numero, trepidos ignorantia, coelum ipsum ac mare et +silvas, ignota omnia circumspectantes, clausos quodammodo ac vinctos dii +nobis tradiderunt. Ne terreat vanus aspectus et auri fulgor atque +argenti, quod neque tegit neque vulnerat. In ipsa hostium acie inveniemus +nostras manus: agnoscent Britanni suam causam: recordabuntur Galli +priorem libertatem: deserent illos ceteri Germani, tanquam nuper Usipii +reliquerunt. Nec quidquam ultra formidinis: vacua castella, senum +coloniae, inter male parentes et injuste imperantes aegra municipia et +discordantia: hic dux, hic exercitus: ibi tributa et metalla et ceterae +servientium poenae: quas in aeternum perferre aut statim ulcisci in hoc +campo est. Proinde ituri in aciem et majores vestros et posteros +cogitate." + +XXXIII. Excepere orationem alacres, ut barbaris moris, cantu et fremitu +clamoribusque dissonis. Jam que agmina, et armorum fulgores audentissimi +cujusque procursu: simul instruebantur acies: cum Agricola, quanquam +laetum et vix munimentis coercitum militem adhortatus, ita disseruit: +"Octavus annus est, commilitones, ex quo virtute et auspiciis imperii +Romani fide atque opera vestra Britanniam vicistis: tot expeditionibus, +tot proeliis, seu fortitudine adversus hostes seu patientia ac labore +paene adversus ipsam rerum naturam opus fuit, neque me militum neque vos +ducis poenituit. Ergo egressi, ego veterum legatorum, vos priorum +exercituum terminos, finem Britanniae non fama nec rumore, sed castris et +armis tenemus. Inventa Britannia et subacta. Equidem saepe in agmine, cum +vos paludes montesve et flumina fatigarent, fortissimi cujusque voces +audiebam, Quando dabitur hostis, quando acies? Veniunt, e latebris suis +extrusi: et vota virtusque in aperto, omniaque prona victoribus, atque +eadem victis adversa. Nam, ut superasse tantum itineris, silvas evasisse, +transisse aestuaria pulchrum ac decorum in frontem; ita fugientibus +periculosissima, quae hodie prosperrima sunt. Neque enim nobis aut +locorum eadem notitia aut commeatuum eadem abundantia: sed manus et arma +et in his omnia. Quod ad me attinet, jam pridem mihi decretum est, neque +exercitus neque ducis terga tuta esse. Proinde et honesta mors turpi vita +potior; et incolumitas ac decus eodem loco sita sunt: nec inglorium +fuerit, in ipso terrarum ac naturae fine cecidisse." + +XXXIV. "Si novae gentes atque ignota acies constitisset, aliorum +exercituum exemplis vos hortarer: nunc vestra decora recensete, vestros +oculos interrogate. Ii sunt, quos proximo anno, unam legionem furto +noctis aggressos, clamore debellastis: ii ceterorum Britannorum +fugacissimi, ideoque tam diu superstites. Quomodo silvas saltusque +penetrantibus fortissimum quodque animal contra ruere, pavida et inertia +ipso agminis sono pelluntur, sic acerrimi Britannorum jam pridem +ceciderunt: reliquus est numerus ignavorum et metuentium, quos quod +tandem invenistis, non restiterunt, sed deprehensi sunt: novissimae res +et extremo metu corpora defixere aciem in his vestigiis, in quibus +pulchram et spectabilem victoriam ederetis. Transigite cum +expeditionibus: imponite quinquaginta annis magnum diem: approbate +reipublicae nunquam exercitui imputari potuisse aut moras belli aut +causas rebellandi." + +XXXV. Et alloquente adhuc Agricola, militum ardor eminebat, et finem +orationis ingens alacritas consecuta est, statimque ad arma discursum. +Instinctos ruentesque ita disposuit, ut peditum auxilia, quae octo +millia erant, mediam aciem firmarent, equitum tria millia cornibus +affunderentur: legiones pro vallo stetere, ingens victoriae decus citra +Romanum sanguinem bellanti, et auxilium, si pellerentur. Britannorum +acies, in speciem simul ac terrorem, editioribus locis constiterat +ita, ut primum agmen aequo, ceteri per acclive jugum connexi velut +insurgerent: media campi covinarius et eques strepitu ac discursu +complebat. Tum Agricola superante hostium multitudine veritus, ne simul +in frontem, simul et latera suorum pugnaretur, diductis ordinibus, +quanquam porrectior acies futura erat et arcessendas plerique legiones +admonebant, promptior in spem et firmus adversis, dimisso equo pedes +ante vexilla constitit. + +XXXVI. Ac primo congressu eminus certabatur simul constantia, simul arte +Britanni ingentibus gladiis et brevibus cetris missilia nostrorum vitare +vel excutere, atque ipsi magnam vim telorum superfundere: donec Agricola +Batavorum cohortes ac Tungrorum duas cohortatus est, ut rem ad mucrones +ac manus adducerent: quod et ipsis vetustate militiae exercitatum, et +hostibus inhabile parva scuta et enormes gladios gerentibus: nam +Britannorum gladii sine mucrone complexum armorum et in aperto pugnam non +tolerabant. Igitur, ut Batavi miscere ictus, ferire umbonibus, ora +foedare, et stratis qui in aequo obstiterant, erigere in colles aciem +coepere, ceterae cohortes, aemulatione et impetu commistae, proximos +quosque caedere; ac plerique semineces aut integri festinatione victoriae +relinquebantur. Interim equitum turmae fugere, covinarii peditum se +proelio miscuere: et, quanquam recentem terrorem intulerant, densis tamen +hostium agminibus et inaequalibus locis haerebant: minimeque equestris ea +pugnae facies erat, cum aegre diu stantes simul equorum corporibus +impellerentur, ac saepe vagi currus, exterriti sine rectoribus equi, ut +quemque formido tulerat, transversos aut obvios incursabant. + +XXXVII. Et Britanni, qui adhuc pugnae expertes summa collium insederant +et paucitatem nostrorum vacui spernebant, degredi paulatim et circumire +terga vincentium coeperant: ni id ipsum veritus Agricola, quatuor equitum +alas, ad subita belli retentas, venientibus opposuisset, quantoque +ferocius accurrerant, tanto acrius pulsos in fugam disjecisset. Ita +consilium Britannorum in ipsos versum: transvectaeque praecepto ducis a +fronte pugnantium alae, aversam hostium aciem invasere. Tum vero +patentibus locis grande et atrox spectaculum: sequi, vulnerare, capere +atque eosdem, oblatis aliis, trucidare. Jam hostium, prout cuique +ingenium erat, catervae armatorum paucioribus terga praestare, quidam +inermes ultro ruere ac se morti offerre; passim arma et corpora et laceri +artus et cruenta humus: et aliquando etiam victis ira virtusque; postquam +silvis appropinquarunt, collecti primos sequentium incautos et locorum +ignaros circumveniebant. Quod ni frequens ubique Agricola validas et +expeditas cohortes indaginis modo, et, sicubi arctiora erant, partem +equitum dimissis equis, simul rariores silvas equitem persultare +jussisset, acceptum aliquod vulnus per nimiam fiduciam foret. Ceterum, +ubi compositos firmis ordinibus sequi rursus videre, in fugam versi, non +agminibus, ut prius, nec alius alium respectantes, rari et vitabundi +invicem, longinqua atque avia petiere. Finis sequendi nox et satietas +fuit: caesa hostium ad decem millia: nostrorum trecenti sexaginta +cecidere: in quis Aulus Atticus praefectus cohortis, juvenili ardore et +ferocia equi hostibus illatus. + +XXXVIII. Et nox quidem gaudio praedaque laeta victoribus: Britanni +palantes, mixtoque virorum mulierumque ploratu, trahere vulneratos, +vocare integros, deserere domos ac per iram ultro incendere: eligere +latebras et statim relinquere: miscere invicem consilia aliqua, dein +separare: aliquando frangi aspectu pignorum suorum, saepius concitari: +satisque constabat, saevisse quosdam in conjuges ac liberos, tanquam +misererentur. Proximus dies faciem victoriae latius aperuit: vastum +ubique silentium, secreti colles, fumantia procul tecta, nemo +exploratoribus obvius: quibus in omnem partem dimissis, ubi incerta fugae +vestigia neque usquam conglobari hostes compertum et exacta jam aestate +spargi bellum nequibat, in fines Horestorum exercitum deducit. Ibi +acceptis obsidibus, praefecto classis circumvehi Britanniam praecepit. +Datae ad id vires, et praecesserat terror. Ipse peditem atque equites +lento itinere, quo novarum gentium animi ipsa transitus mora terrerentur, +in hibernis locavit. Et simul classis secunda tempestate ac fama +Trutulensem portum tenuit, unde proximo latere Britanniae lecto omni +redierat. + +XXXIX. Hunc rerum cursum, quanquam nulla verborum jactantia epistolis +Agricolae actum, ut Domitiano moris erat, fronte laetus, pectore anxius +excepit. Inerat conscientia derisui fuisse nuper falsum e Germania +triumphum, emptis per commercia, quorum habitus et crines in captivorum +speciem formarentur: at nunc veram magnamque victoriam, tot millibus +hostium caesis, ingenti fama celebrari. Id sibi maxime formidolosum, +privati hominis nomen supra principis attolli: frustra studia fori et +civilium artium decus in silentium acta, si militarem gloriam alius +occuparet: et cetera utcumque facilius dissimulari: ducis boni +imperatoriam virtutem esse. Talibus curis exercitus, quodque saevae +cogitationis indicium erat, secreto suo satiatus, optimum in praesentia +statuit reponere odium, donec impetus famae et favor exercitus +languesceret: nam etiam tum Agricola Britanniam obtinebat. + +XL. Igitur triumphalia ornamenta et illustris statuae honorem et quidquid +pro triumpho datur, multo verborum honore cumulata, decerni in senatu +jubet; addique insuper opinionem, Syriam provinciam Agricolae destinari, +vacuam tum morte Atilii Rufi consularis et majoribus reservatam. +Credidere plerique libertum ex secretioribus ministeriis missum ad +Agricolam codicillos, quibus ei Syria dabatur, tulisse cum praecepto, ut, +si in Britannia foret, traderentur: eumque libertum in ipso freto Oceani +obvium Agricolae, ne appellato quidem eo, ad Domitianum remeasse: sive +verum istud, sive ex ingenio principis fictum ac compositum est. +Tradiderat interim Agricola successori suo provinciam quietam tutamque. +Ac, ne notabilis celebritate et frequentia occurrentium introitus esset, +vitato amicorum officio, noctu in urbem, noctu in palatium, ita ut +praeceptum erat, venit: exceptusque brevi osculo et nullo sermone turbae +servientium immixtus est. Ceterum, ut militare nomen, grave inter +otiosos, aliis virtutibus temperaret, tranquillitatem atque otium penitus +auxit, cultu modicus, sermone facilis, uno aut altero amicorum comitatus; +adeo ut plerique quibus magnos viros per ambitionem aestimare mos est, +viso aspectoque Agricola, quaererent famam, pauci interpretarentur. + +XLI. Crebro per eos dies apud Domitianum absens accusatus, absens +absolutus est. Causa periculi non crimen ullum aut querela laesi +cujusquam, sed infensus virtutibus princeps et gloria viri ac pessimum +inimicorum genus, laudantes. Et ea insecuta sunt reipublicae tempora, +quae sileri Agricolam non sinerent: tot exercitus in Moesia Daciaque et +Germania Pannoniaque, temeritate aut per ignaviam ducum amissi: tot +militares viri cum tot cohortibus expugnati et capti: nec jam de limite +imperii et ripa, sed de hibernis legionum et possessione dubitatum. Ita, +cum damna damnis continuarentur atque omnis annus funeribus et cladibus +insigniretur, poscebatur ore vulgi dux Agricola: comparantibus cunctis +vigorem, constantiam et expertum bellis animum cum inertia et formidine +ceterorum. Quibus sermonibus satis constat Domitiani quoque aures +verberatas, dum optimus quisque libertorum amore et fide, pessimi +malignitate et livore, pronum deterioribus principem exstimulabant. Sic +Agricola simul suis virtutibus, simul vitiis aliorum, in ipsam gloriam +praeceps agebatur. + +XLII. Aderat jam annus, quo proconsulatum Asiae et Africae sortiretur, et +occiso Civica nuper nec Agricolae consilium deerat, nec Domitiano +exemplum. Accessere quidam cogitationum principis periti, qui, iturusne +esset in provinciam, ultro Agricolam interrogarent: ac primo occultius +quietem et otium laudare, mox operam suam in approbanda excusatione +offerre: postremo non jam obscuri, suadentes simul terrentesque, +pertraxere ad Domitianum; qui paratus simulatione, in arrogantiam +compositus, et audiit preces excusantis, et, cum annuisset, agi sibi +gratias passus est: nec erubuit beneficii invidia. Salarium tamen, +proconsulari solitum offerri et quibusdam a se ipso concessum, Agricolae +non dedit: sive offensus non petitum, sive ex conscientia, ne, quod +vetuerat, videretur emisse. Proprium humani ingenii est, odisse quem +laeseris: Domitiani vero natura praeceps in iram, et quo obscurior, eo +irrevocabilior, moderatione tamen prudentiaque Agricolae leniebatur: quia +non contumacia neque inani jactatione libertatis famam fatumque +provocabat. Sciant. quibus moris illicita mirari, posse etiam sub malis +principibus magnos viros esse: obsequiumque ac modestiam, si industria ac +vigor adsint, eo laudis excedere, quo plerique per abrupta, sed in nullum +reipublicae usum, ambitiosa morte inclaruerunt. + +XLIII. Finis vitae ejus nobis luctuosus, amicis tristis, extraneis etiam +ignotisque non sine cura fuit. Vulgus quoque et hic aliud agens populus +et ventitavere ad domum, et per fora et circulos locuti sunt: nec +quisquam audita morte Agricolae aut laetatus est aut statim oblitus. +Augebat miserationem constans rumor, veneno interceptum. Nobis nihil +comperti affirmare ausim: ceterum per omnem valetudinem ejus, crebrius +quam ex more principatus per nuntios visentis, et libertorum primi et +medicorum intimi venere: sive cura illud sive inquisitio erat. Supremo +quidem die, momenta deficientis per dispositos cursores nuntiata +constabat, nullo credente sic accelerari, quae tristis audiret. Speciem +tamen doloris animo vultuque prae se tulit, securus jam odii, et qui +facilius dissimularet gaudium, quam metum. Satis constabat, lecto +testamento Agricolae, quo cohaeredem optimae uxori et piissimae filiae +Domitianum scripsit, laetatum eum velut honore judicioque: tam caeca et +corrupta mens assiduis adulationibus erat, ut nesciret a bono patre non +scribi haeredem, nisi malum principem. + +XLIV. Natus erat Agricola, Caio Caesare tertium consule, Idibus Juniis: +excessit sexto et quinquagesimo anno, decimo Kalendas Septembris, Collega +Priscoque consulibus. Quod si habitum quoque ejus posteri noscere velint, +decentior quam sublimior fuit; nihil metus in vultu, gratia oris +supererat bonum virum facile crederes, magnum libenter. Et ipse quidem, +quanquam medio in spatio integrae aetatis ereptus, quantum ad gloriam, +longissimum aevum peregit. Quippe et vera bona, quae in virtutibus sita +sunt, impleverat, et consulari ac triumphalibus ornamentis praedito, quid +aliud adstruere fortuna poterat? Opibus nimiis non gaudebat; speciosae +contigerant. Filia atque uxore superstitibus, potest videri etiam beatus; +incolumi dignitate, florente fama, salvis affinitatibus et amicitiis, +futura effugisse. Nam sicuti durare in hac beatissimi saeculi luce ac +principem Trajanum videre, quod augurio votisque apud nostras aures +ominabatur, ita festinatae mortis grande solatium tulit, evasisse +postremum illud tempus, quo Domitianus non jam per intervalla ac +spiramenta temporum, sed continuo et velut uno ictu rempublicam exhausit. + +XLV. Non vidit Agricola obsessam curiam, et clausum armis senatum, et +eadem strage tot consularium caedes, tot nobilissimarum feminarum exsilia +et fugas. Una adhuc victoria Carus Metius censebatur, et intra Albanam +arcem sententia Messalini strepebat, et Massa Bebius jam tum reus erat. +Mox nostrae duxere Helvidium in carcerem manus: nos Maurici Rusticique +visus, nos innocenti sanguine Senecio perfudit. Nero tamen subtraxit +oculos jussitque scelera, non spectavit: praecipua sub Domitiano +miseriarum pars erat videre et aspici: cum suspiria nostra +subscriberentur; cum denotandis tot hominum palloribus sufficeret saevus +ille vultus et rubor, quo se contra pudorem muniebat. Tu vero felix, +Agricola, non vitae tantum claritate, sed etiam opportunitate mortis. Ut +perhibent qui interfuerunt novissimis sermonibus tuis, constans et libens +fatum excepisti; tanquam pro virili portione innocentiam principi +donares. Sed mihi filiaeque ejus, praeter acerbitatem parentis erepti, +auget moestitiam, quod assidere valetudini, fovere deficientem, satiari +vultu, complexu, non contigit: excepissemus certe mandata vocesque, quas +penitus animo figeremus. Noster hic dolor, nostrum vulnus: nobis tam +longae absentiae conditione ante quadriennium amissus est. Omnia sine +dubio, optime parentum, assidente amantissima uxore, superfuere honori +tuo: paucioribus tamen lacrimis compositus es, et novissima in luce +desideravere aliquid oculi tui. + +XLVI. Si quis piorum manibus locus, si, ut sapientibus placet, non cum +corpore exstinguuntur magnae animae, placide quiescas, nosque, domum +tuam, ab infirmo desiderio et muliebribus lamentis ad contemplationem +virtutum tuarum voces, quas neque lugeri neque plangi fas est: +admiratione te potius, te immortalibus laudibus, et, si natura +suppeditet, similitudine decoremus. Is verus honos, ea conjunctissimi +cujusque pietas. Id filiae quoque uxorique praeceperim, sic patris, sic +mariti memoriam venerari, ut omnia facta dictaque ejus secum revolvant, +formamque ac figuram animi magis quam corporis complectantur: non quia +intercedendum putem imaginibus, quae marmore aut aere finguntur; sed ut +vultus hominum, ita simulacra vultus imbecilla ac mortalia sunt; forma +mentis aeterna, quam tenere et exprimere non per alienam materiam et +artem, sed tuis ipse moribus possis. Quidquid ex Agricola amavimus, +quidquid mirati sumus, manet mansurumque est in animis hominum, in +aeternitate temporum, fama rerum. Nam multos veterum, velut inglorios, et +ignobiles, oblivio obruet: Agricola posteritati narratus et traditus +superstes erit. + + + + +NOTES + + + +TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS. + + +Several words, which occur most frequently in the Notes, are abbreviated. +Of these the following classes may require explanation. The other +abbreviations are either familiar or sufficiently obvious of themselves. + + +1. WORKS OF TACITUS. + +A. Agricola. +Ann. Annals. +G. Germania. +H. Histories. +T. Tacitus. + + +2. ANNOTATORS CITED AS AUTHORITIES. + +Br. Brotier. +D. or Doed. Doederlein. +Dr. Dronke. +E. Ernesti. +Gr. Gruber. +Guen. Guenther. +K. Kiessling. +Ky. Kingsley. +Mur. Murphy. +Or. Orelli. +Pass. Passow. +R. Roth. +Rhen. Rhenanus. +Rit. Ritter. +Rup. Ruperti. +W. Walch. +Wr. Walther. + + +3. OTHER AUTHORITIES. + +H. Harkness' Latin Grammar. +Beck. Gall. Becker's Gallus. +Boet. Lex. Tac. Boetticher's Lexicon Taciteun. +For. and Fac. Forcellini and Facciolati's Latin Lexicon. +Tur. His. Ang. Sax. Turner's History of the Anglo-Saxons. +Z. Zumpt's Latin Grammar. + + + +GERMANIA. + + +The Treatise DE SITU, MORIBUS ET POPULIS GERMANIAE, was written (as +appears from the treatise itself see Sec. 37) in the second consulship of +the Emperor Trajan, A.U.C. 851, A.D. 98. The design of the author in its +publication has been variously interpreted. From the censure which it +frequently passes upon the corruption and degeneracy of the times, it has +been considered as a mere satire upon Roman manners, in the age of +Tacitus. But to say nothing of the ill adaptation of the whole plan to a +satirical work, there are large parts of the treatise, which must have +been prepared with great labor, and yet can have no possible bearing on +such a design. Satires are not wont to abound in historical notices and +geographical details, especially touching a foreign and distant land. + +The same objection lies against the _political_ ends, which have been +imputed to the author, such as the persuading of Trajan to engage, or +_not_ to engage, in a war with the Germans, as the most potent and +dangerous enemy of Rome. For both these aims have been alleged, and we +might content ourselves with placing the one as an offset against the +other. But aside from the neutralizing force of such contradictions, +wherefore such an imposing array of geographical research, of historical +lore, of political and moral philosophy, for the accomplishment of so +simple a purpose? And why is the purpose so scrupulously concealed, that +confessedly it can be gathered only from obscure intimations, and those +of ambiguous import? Besides, there are passages whose tendency must have +been directly counter to either of these alleged aims (cf. note Sec. 33). +The author does indeed, in the passage just cited, seem to appreciate +with almost prophetic accuracy, those dangers to the Roman Empire, which +were so fearfully illustrated in its subsequent fall beneath the power of +the German Tribes; and he utters, as what true Roman would not in such +forebodings, the warnings and the prayers of a patriot sage. But he does +this only in episodes, which are so manifestly incidental, and yet arise +so naturally out of the narrative or description, that it is truly +surprising it should ever have occurred to any reader, to seek in them +the key to the whole treatise. + +The entire warp and woof of the work is obviously _historical_ and +_geographical_. The satire, the political maxims, the moral sentiments, +and all the rest, are merely incidental, interwoven for the sake of +instruction and embellishment, inwrought because a mind so thoughtful and +so acute as that of Tacitus, could not leave them out. Tacitus had long +been collecting the materials for his Roman Histories. In so doing, his +attention was necessarily drawn often and with special interest to a +people, who, for two centuries and more, had been the most formidable +enemy of the Roman State. In introducing them into his history, he would +naturally wish to give some preliminary account of their origin, manners, +and institutions, as he does in introducing the Jews in the Fifth Book of +his Histories, which happens to be, in part, preserved. Nor would it be +strange, if he should, with this view, collect a mass of materials, which +he could not incorporate entire into a work of such compass, and which +any slight occasion might induce him to publish in a separate form, +perhaps as a sort of forerunner to his Histories. [It has even been +argued by highly respectable scholars, that the Germania of Tacitus is +itself only such a collection of materials, not published by the Author, +and never intended for publication in that form. But it is quite too +methodical, too studied, and too finished a work to admit of that +supposition (cf. Prolegom. of K.).] Such an occasion now was furnished +in the campaigns and victories of Trajan, who, at the time of his +elevation to the imperial power, was at the head of the Roman armies in +Germany, where he also remained for a year or more after his accession to +the throne, till he had received the submission of the hostile tribes and +wiped away the disgrace which the Germans, beyond any other nation of +that age, had brought upon the Roman arms. Such a people, at such a time, +could not fail to be an object of deep interest at Rome. This was the +time when Tacitus published his work on Germany; and such are believed +to have been the motives and the circumstances, which led to the +undertaking. His grand object was not to point a satire or to compass a +political end, but as he himself informs us (Sec. 27), to treat of the +origin and manners, the geography and history, of the German Tribes. + +The same candor and sincerity, the same correctness and truthfulness, +which characterize the Histories, mark also the work on Germany. The +author certainly aimed to speak the truth, and nothing but the truth, on +the subject of which he treats. Moreover, he had abundant means of +knowing the truth, on all the main points, in the character and history +of the Germans. It has even been argued from such expression as _vidimus_ +(Sec. 8), that Tacitus had himself been in Germany, and could, therefore, +write from personal observation. Bnt the argument proceeds on a +misinterpretation of his language (cf. note in _loc. cit_.). And the use +of _accepimus_ (as in Sec. 27), shows that he derived his information from +others. But the Romans had been in constant intercourse and connection, +civil or military, with the Germans, for two hundred years. Germany +furnished a wide theatre for their greatest commanders, and a fruitful +theme for their best authors, some of whom, as Julius Caesar (to whom +Tacitus particularly refers, 28), were themselves the chief actors in +what they relate. These authors, some of whose contributions to the +history of Germany are now lost (e.g. the elder Pliny, who wrote twenty +books on the German wars), must have all been in the hands of Tacitus, +and were, doubtless, consulted by him; not, however, as a servile +copyist, or mere compiler (for he sometimes differs from his authorities, +from Caesar even, whom he declares to be the best of them), but as a +discriminating and judicious inquirer. The account of German customs and +institutions may, therefore, be relied on, from the intrinsic credibility +of the author. It receives confirmation, also, from its general +accordance with other early accounts of the Germans, and with their +better known subsequent history, as well as from its strong analogy to +the well-known habits of our American aborigines, and other tribes in a +like stage of civilization (cf. note, Sec. 15). The geographical details are +composed with all the accuracy which the ever-shifting positions and +relations of warring and wandering tribes rendered possible in the nature +of the case (cf. note, Sec. 28). In sentiment, the treatise is surpassingly +rich and instructive, like all the works of this prince of philosophical +historians. In style, it is concise and nervous, yet quite rhetorical, +and in parts, even poetical to a fault (see notes passim, cf. also, +Monboddo's critique on the style of Tacitus). "The work," says La +Bletterie, "is brief without being superficial. Within the compass of a +few pages, it comprises more of ethics and politics, more fine +delineations of character, more substance and pith (_suc_), than can be +collected from many a ponderous volume. It is not one of those barely +agreeable descriptions, which gradually diffuse their influence over +the soul, and leave it in undisturbed tranquillity. It is a picture in +strong light, like the subject itself, full of fire, of sentiment, of +lightning-flashes, that go at once to the heart. We imagine ourselves +in Germany; we become familiar with these so-called barbarians; we pardon +their faults, and almost their vices, out of regard to their virtues; and +in our moments of enthusiasm, we even wish we were Germans." + +The following remarks of Murphy will illustrate the value of the +treatise, to modern Europeans and their descendants. "It is a draught of +savage manners, delineated by a masterly hand; the more interesting, as +the part of the world which it describes was the seminary of the modern +European nations, the VAGINA GENTIUM, as historians have emphatically +called it. The work is short but, as Montesquieu observes, it is the work +of a man who abridged every thing, because he knew every thing. A +thorough knowledge of the transactions of barbarous ages, will throw more +light than is generally imagined on the laws of modern times. Wherever +the barbarians, who issued from their northern hive, settled in new +habitations, they carried with them their native genius, their original +manners, and the first rudiments of the political system which has +prevailed in different parts of Europe. They established monarchy and +liberty, subordination and freedom, the prerogative of the prince and the +rights of the subject, all united in so bold a combination, that the +fabric, in some places, stands to this hour the wonder of mankind. The +British constitution, says Montesquieu, came out of the woods of Germany. +What the state of this country (Britain) was before the arrival of our +Saxon ancestors, Tacitus has shown in the life of Agricola. If we add to +his account of the Germans and Britons, what has been transmitted to us, +concerning them, by Julius Caesar, we shall see the origin of the +Anglo-Saxon government, the great outline of that Gothic constitution +under which the people enjoy their rights and liberties at this hour. +Montesquieu, speaking of his own country, declares it impossible to form +an adequate notion of the French monarchy, and the changes of their +government, without a previous inquiry into the manners, genius, and +spirit of the German nations. Much of what was incorporated with the +institutions of those fierce invaders, has flowed down in the stream of +time, and still mingles with our modern jurisprudence. The subject, it is +conceived, is interesting to every Briton. In the manners of the Germans, +the reader will see our present frame of government, as it were, in its +cradle, _gentis cunabula nostrae_! in the Germans themselves, a fierce +and warlike people, to whom this country owes that spirit of liberty, +which, through so many centuries, has preserved our excellent form of +government, and raised the glory of the British nation: + + ------Genus unde Latinum, + Albanique patres, atque altae + moenia Romae." + + +CHAP. I. _Germania_ stands first as the emphatic word, and is followed by +_omnis_ for explanation. _Germania omnis_ here does not include Germania +Prima and Secunda, which were Roman provinces on the left bank of the +Rhine (so called because settled by Germans). It denotes _Germany +proper_, as a _whole_, in distinction from the provinces just mentioned +and from the several tribes, of which Tacitus treats in the latter part +of the work. So Caesar (B.G. 1,1) uses _Gallia omnis_, as exclusive of +the Roman provinces called Gaul and inclusive of the three _parts_, which +he proceeds to specify. + +_Gallis--Pannoniis_. People used for the countries. Cf. His. 5,6: +_Phoenices. Gaul_, now France; _Rhaetia_, the country of the Grisons and +the Tyrol, with part of Bavaria; _Pannonia_, lower Hungary and part of +Austria. Germany was separated from Gaul by the Rhine; from Rhaetia and +Pannonia, by the Danube.--_Rheno et Danubio_. Rhine and Rhone are +probably different forms of the same root (Rh-n). Danube, in like manner, +has the same root as Dnieper (Dn-p); perhaps also the same as Don and +Dwina (D-n). Probably each of these roots was originally a generic name +for river, water, stream. So there are several _Avons_ in England and +Scotland. Cf. Latham's Germania sub voc. + +_Sarmatis Dacisque_. The Slavonic Tribes were called Sarmatians by the +ancients. _Sarmatia_ included the country north of the Carpathian +Mountains, between the Vistula and the Don in Europe, together with the +adjacent part of Asia, without any definite limits towards the north, +which was terra incognita to the ancients--in short, Sarmatia was +_Russia_, as far as known at that time. _Dacia_ lay between the +Carpathian mountains on the north, and the Danube on the south, including +Upper Hungary, Transylvania, Wallachia, and Moldavia. + +_Mutuo metu_. Rather a poetical boundary! Observe also the alliteration. +At the same time, the words are not a bad description of those wide and +solitary wastes, which, as Caesar informs us (B.G. 6, 23), the Germans +delighted to interpose between themselves and other nations, so that it +might appear that _no one dared to dwell near them.--Montibus_. The +Carpathian.--_Cetera_. Ceteram Germaniae partem. + +_Sinus_. This word denotes any thing with a curved outline (cf. 29, also +A. 23); hence bays, peninsulas, and prominent bends or borders, whether +of land or water. Here _peninsulas_ (particularly that of Jutland, now +Denmark), for it is to the author's purpose here to speak of land rather +than water, and the ocean is more properly said to _embrace peninsulas_, +than _gulfs_ and _bays_. Its association with _islands_ here favors the +same interpretation. So Passow, Or., Rit. Others, with less propriety, +refer it to the _gulfs_ and _bays_, which so mark the Baltic and the +German Oceans.--_Oceanus_ here, includes both the Baltic Sea, and the +German Ocean (Oceanus Septentrionalis). + +_Insularum--spatia. Islands of vast extent_, viz. Funen, Zealand, &c. +Scandinavia also (now Sweden and Norway) was regarded by the ancients as +an island, cf. Plin. Nat. His. iv. 27: quarum (insularum) clarissima +Scandinavia est, incompertae magnitudinis. + +_Nuper--regibus_. Understand with this clause _ut compertum est_. The +above mentioned features of the Northern Ocean had been _discovered_ +in the prosecution of the late wars, of the Romans, among the tribes +and kings previously unknown. _Nuper_ is to be taken in a general +sense==recentioribus temporibus, cf. _nuper additum_, Sec. 2, where it goes +back one hundred and fifty years to the age of Julius Caesar.--_Bellum_. +War in general, no particular war.--_Versus_. This word has been +considered by some as an adverb, and by others as a preposition. It is +better however to regard it as a participle, like _ortus_, with which it +is connected, though without a conjunction expressed. Ritter omits _in_. + +_Molli et clementer edito. Of gentle slope and moderate elevation_ in +studied antithesis to _inaccesso ac praecipiti, lofty and steep_. In like +manner, _jugo, ridge, summit_, is contrasted with _vertice, peak, +height_, cf. Virg. Ecl. 9, 7: _molli clivo_; Ann. 17, 38: _colles +clementer assurgentes_. The _Rhaetian_ Alps, now the mountains of the +Grisons. _Alp_ is a Celtic word==hill. _Albion_ has the same root==_hilly +country. Mons Abnoba_ (al. Arnoba) is the northern part of the +Schwartzwald, or Black Forest.--_Erumpat_, al. erumpit. But the best MSS. +and all the recent editions have _erumpat_: and Tacitus never uses the +pres. ind. after _donec, until_, cf. Rup. & Rit. in loc. Whenever he uses +the present after _donec, until_, he seems to have conceived the relation +of the two clauses, which it connects, as that of a means to an end, or a +condition to a result, and hence to have used the subj. cf. chap. 20: +_separet_; 31: _absolvat_; 35: _sinuetur_; Ann. 2, 6: _misceatur_. The +two examples last cited, like this, describe the course of a river and +boundary line. For the general rule of the modes after _donec_, see H. +522; Z. 575. See also notes H. 1, 13. 35.--_Septimum_. According to the +common understanding, the Danube had _seven_ mouths. So Strabo, Mela, +Ammian, and Ovid; Pliny makes six. T. reconciles the two accounts. The +_enim_ inserted after _septimum_ in most editions is not found in the +best mss. and is unnecessary. Or. & Rit. omit it. + + + II. _Ipsos_ marks the transition from the country to the people--_the +Germans themselves_. So A. 13: _Ipsi Britanni_. + +_Crediderim_. Subj. attice. A modest way of expressing his opinion, like +our: I should say, I am inclined to think. H. 486, I. 3; Z. 527. + +_Adventibus et hospitiis. Immigrants and visitors. Adventibus_ certae +sedes, _hospitiis_ preregrinationes significantur. Guen. Both abstract for +concrete. Doed. compares [Greek: epoikoi] and [Greek: metoikoi]. + +_Terra--advehebantur_. Zeugma for _terra adveniebant_, classibus +advehebantur. H. 704, I. 2; Z. 775. + +_Nec--et_. These correlatives connect the members more closely than +et--et; as in Greek oute-te. The sentiment here advanced touching +colonization (as by sea, rather than by land), though true of Carthage, +Sicily, and most _Grecian_, colonies, is directly the reverse of the +general fact; and Germany itself is now known to have received its +population by land emigration, from western Asia. The Germans, as we +learn from affinities of languages and occasional references of +historians and geographers, belonged to the same great stock of the human +family with the Goths and Scythians, and may be traced back to that hive +of nations, that primitive residence of mankind, the country east and +south of the Caspian Sea and in the vicinity of Mount Ararat: cf. Tur. +His. Ang. Sax. B. II. C. 1; also Donaldson's New Cratylus, B. I. Chap. 4. +Latham's dogmatic skepticism will hardly shake the now established faith +on this subject. The science of ethnography was unknown to the ancients. +Tacitus had not the remotest idea, that all mankind were sprung from a +common ancestry, and diffused themselves over the world from a common +centre, a fact asserted in the Scriptures, and daily receiving fresh +confirmation from literature and science. Hence he speaks of the Germans +as _indigenas_, which he explains below by _editum terra_, sprung from +the earth, like the mutum et turpe pecus of Hor. Sat. 1. 3, 100. cf. +A. 11. + +_Mutare quaerebant. Quaerere_ with inf. is poet. constr., found, however, +in later prose writers, and once in Cic. (de Fin. 313: quaeris scire, +enclosed in brackets in Tauchnitz's edition), to avoid repetition of +_cupio_. _Cupio_ or _volo mutare_ would be regular classic prose. + +_Adversus_. That the author here uses _adversus_ in some unusual and +recondite sense, is intimated by the clause: _ut sic dixerim_. It is +understood by some, of a sea _unfriendly to navigation_. But its +connexion by _que_ with _immensus ultra_, shows that it refers to +_position_, and means _lying opposite_, i.e., belonging, as it were, to +another hemisphere or world from ours; for so the Romans regarded the +Northern Ocean and Britain itself, cf. A 12: ultra _nostri orbis_ +mensuram; G. 17: _exterior_ oceanus. So Cic. (Som. Scip. 6.) says: +Homines partim obliquos, partim aversos, partim etiam _adversos_, stare +vobis. This interpretation is confirmed by _ab orbe nostra_ in the +antithesis. On the use of _ut sic dixerim_ for _ut sic dicam_, which is +peculiar to the silver age, see Z. 528. + +_Asia_, sc. Minor. _Africa_, sc. the Roman Province of that name, +comprising the territory of Carthage.--_Peteret_. The question implies a +negative answer, cf. Z. 530. The subj. implies a protasis understood: if +he could, or the like. H. 502. + +_Sit_. Praesens, ut de re vera. Guen. _Nisi si_ is nearly equivalent to +_nisi forte: unless perchance_; unless if we may suppose the case. Cf. +Wr. note on Ann. 2, 63, and Hand's Tursellinus, 3, 240. + +_Memoriae et annalium_. Properly opposed to each other as _tradition_ and +_written history_, though we are not to infer that written books existed +in Germany in the age of Tacitus. + +_Carminibus_. _Songs, ballads_ (from cano). Songs and rude poetry have +been, in all savage countries, the memorials of public transactions, +e.g. the runes of the Goths, the bards of the Britons and Celts, the +scalds of Scandinavia, &c. + +_Tuisconem_. The god from whom Tuesday takes its name, as Wednesday from +Woden, Thursday from Thor, &c., cf. Sharon Turner's His. of Ang. Sax. +app. to book 2. chap. 3. Some find in the name of this god the root of +the words Teutonic, Dutch (Germ. Deutsche or Teutsche &c.,) Al. Tuistonem, +Tristonem, &c. More likely it has the same root as the Latin divus, +dius, deus, and the Greek theios, dios, theos, cf. Grimm's _Deutsche +Mythologie_, sub v. + +_Terra editum==indigena_ above; and gaegenaes and autochthon in Greek. + +_Originem_==auctores. It is predicate after _Mannum_. + +_Ut in licentia vetustatis. As in the license of antiquity_, i.e. since +such license is allowed in regard to ancient times. + +_Ingaevones_. "According to some German antiquaries, the _Ingaevones_ are +die _Einwohner_, those dwelling inwards towards the sea; the _Istaevones_ +are die _Westwohner_, the inhabitants of the western parts; and the +_Hermiones_ are the _Herumwohner_, midland inhabitants," Ky. cf. +Kiessling in loc. Others, e.g. Zeuss and Grimm, with more probability, +find in these names the roots of German words significant of _honor_ +and _bravery_, assumed by different tribes or confederacies as epithets +or titles of distinction. Grimm identifies these three divisions with +the Franks, Saxons, and Thuringians of a later age. See further, note +chap. 27. + +_Vocentur_. The subj. expresses the opinion of others, not the direct +affirmation of the author. H. 529; Z. 549. + +_Deo_==hoc deo, sc. Mannus--Germ. Mann, Eng. Man. + +_Marsos, Gambrivios_. Under the names of Franci and Salii these tribes +afterwards became formidable to the Romans. Cf. Prichard's Researches +into the Physical History of Mankind, Vol. III. chap. 6, sec. 2.-- +_Suevos_, cf. note, 38.--_Vandalios_. The Vandals, now so familiar in +history. + +_Additum_, sc. esse, depending on _affirmant_. + +_Nunc Tungri_, sc. vocentur, cf. His. 4, 15, 16. In confirmation of the +historical accuracy of this passage, Gr. remarks, that Caes. (B.G. 2, 4) +does not mention the Tungri, but names four tribes on the left bank of +the Rhine, who, he says, are called by the common name of _Germans_; +while Pliny (Nat. His. 4, 31), a century later, gives not the names of +these four tribes, but calls them by the new name _Tungri_. + +_Ita--vocarentur_. Locus vexatissimus! exclaim all the critics. And so +they set themselves to amend the text by conjecture. Some have written +_in nomen gentis_ instead of _non gentis_. Others have proposed _a +victorum metu_, or _a victo ob metum_, or _a victis ob metum_. But these +emendations are wholly conjectural and unnecessary. Guenther and Walch +render _a victore, from_ the victorious tribe, i.e. _after the name of_ +that tribe. But _a se ipsis_ means _by_ themselves; and the antithesis +doubtless requires _a_ to be understood in the same sense in both +clauses. Grueber translates and explains thus: "In this way the name of a +single tribe, and not of the whole people, has come into use, so that +all, at first by the victor (the Tungri), in order to inspire fear, then +by themselves (by the mouth of the whole people), when once the name +became known, were called by the name of Germans. That is, the Tungri +called all the kindred tribes that dwelt beyond the Rhine, Germans, in +order to inspire fear by the wide extension of the name, since they gave +themselves out to be a part of so vast a people; but at length all the +tribes began to call themselves by this name, probably because they were +pleased to see the fear which it excited." This is, on the whole, the +most satisfactory explanation of the passage, and meets the essential +concurrence of Wr., Or. and Doed.--_Germani_. If of German etymology, +this word==gehr or wehr (Fr. guerre) and mann, _men of war_; hence the +_metus_, which the name carried with it. If it is a Latin word +corresponding only in _sense_ with the original German, then==_brethren_. +It will be seen, that either etymology would accord with Grueber's +explanation of the whole passage--in either case, the name would +inspire fear. The latter, however, is the more probable, cf. Ritter in +loc. A people often bear quite different names abroad from that by which +they call themselves at home. Thus the people, whom we call _Germans_, +call themselves _Deutsche_ (Dutch), and are called by the French +_Allemands_, cf. Latham. _Vocarentur_ is subj. because it stands in a +subordinate clause of the oratio obliqua, cf. H. 531; Z. 603. + +_Metum_. Here taken in an _active_ sense; oftener passive, but used in +both senses. Quintilian speaks of _metum duplicem_, quem patimur et quem +facimus (6, 2, 21). cf. A. 44: nihil metus in vultu, i.e., nothing to +inspire fear in his countenance. In like manner admiratio (Sec. 7) is used +for the admiration which one excites, though it usually denotes the +admiration which one feels. For _ob_, cf. Ann. 1, 79: _ob moderandas +Tiberis exundationes_. + +_Nationis--gentis. Gens_ is often used by T. as a synonym with _natio_. +But in antithesis, _gens_ is the whole, of which _nationes_ or _populi_ +are the parts, e.g. G. 4: populos--gentem; Sec. 14: nationes--genti. In +like manner, in the civil constitution of Rome, a _gens_ included several +related _families_. + + +III. _Herculem_. That is, Romana interpretatione, cf. Sec. 34. The Romans +found _their_ gods everywhere, and ascribed to Hercules, quidquid ubique +magnificum est, cf. note 34: _quicquid--consensimus_. That this is a +Roman account of the matter is evident, from the use of _eos_, for if +the Germans were the subject of _memorant_, _se_ must have been used. On +the use of _et_ here, cf. note 11. + +_Primum_--ut principem, fortissimum. Guen. + +_Haec quoque_. _Haec_ is rendered _such_ by Ritter. But it seems rather, +as Or. and Doed. explain it, to imply nearness and familiarity to the mind +of the author and his readers: _these_ well known songs. So 20: _in haec +corpora, quae miramur_. _Quoque_, like _quidem_, follows the emphatic +word in a clause, H. 602, III. 1; Z. 355. + +_Relatu_, called _cantus trux_, H. 2, 22. A Tacitean word. Freund. Cf. H. +1, 30. + +_Baritum_. Al. barditum and barritum. But the latter has no ms. +authority, and the former seems to have been suggested by the bards of +the Gauls, of whose existence among the Germans however there is no +evidence. Doed. says the root of the word is common to the Greek, Latin, +and German languages, viz. _baren_, i.e. _fremere_, a verb still used by +the Batavians, and the noun _bar_, i.e. carmen, of frequent occurrence +in Saxon poetry to this day. + +_Terrent trepidantve. They inspire terror or tremble with fear, according +as the line_ (the troops drawn up in battle array) _has sounded_, sc. the +_baritus_ or battle cry. Thus the Batavians perceived, that the _sonitus +aciei_ on the part of the Romans was more feeble than their own, and +pressed on, as to certain triumph. H. 4, 18. So the Highlanders augured +victory, if their shouts were louder than those of the enemy. See Murphy +in loco. + +_Repercussu_. A post-Augustan word. The earlier Latin authors would have +said _repercussa_, or _repercutiendo_. The later Latin, like the English, +uses more abstract terms.--_Nec tam--videntur. Nor do those carmina seem +to be so much voices_ (well modulated and harmonized), _as acclamations_ +(unanimous, but inarticulate and indistinct) _of courage_. So Pliny uses +_concentus_ of the acclamations of the people. Panegyr. 2. It is often +applied by the poets to the concerts of birds, as in Virg. Geor. 1, 422. +It is here plural, cf. Or. in loc. The reading _vocis_ is without MS. +authority. + +_Ulixem_. "The love of fabulous history, which was the passion of ancient +times, produced a new Hercules in every country, and made Ulysses wander +on every shore. Tacitus mentions it as a romantic tale; but Strabo seems +willing to countenance the fiction, and gravely tells us that Ulysses +founded a city, called Odyssey, in Spain. Lipsius observes, that Lisbon, +in the name of Strabo, had the appellation of Ulysippo, or Olisipo. At +this rate, he pleasantly adds, what should hinder us inhabitants of the +Low Countries from asserting that Ulysses built the city of Ulyssinga, +and Circe founded that of Circzea or Ziriczee?" Murphy. + +_Fabuloso errore. Storied, celebrated in song_, cf. fabulosus Hydaspes. +Hor. Od. 1, 227. Ulysses having _wandered westward_ gave plausibility to +alleged traces of him in Gaul, Spain and Germany--_Asciburgium_. Now +Asburg. + +_Quin etiam_, cf. notes, 13: _quin etiam_, and 14: _quin immo.--Ulixi_, +i.e. ab Ulixe, cf. Ann. 15,41: Aedes statoris Jovis Romulo vota, i.e. by +Romulus. This usage is especially frequent in the poets and the later +prose writers, cf. H. 388, II. 3; Z. 419; and in T. above all others, cf. +Boet. Lex. Tac. sub _Dativus_. Wr. and Rit. understand however an altar +(or monument) consecrated to Ulysses, i.e. erected in honor of him by the +citizens. + +_Adjecto_. Inscribed with the name of his father, as well as his own, +i.e. [Greek: Laertiadae]. + +_Graecis litteris. Grecian characters_, cf. Caes. B.G. 1, 29: In castris +_Helvetiorum_, tabulae repertae sunt _litteris Graecis_ confectae; and +(6, 14): _Galli_ in publicis privatisque rationibus _Graecis utuntur +litteris_. T. speaks (Ann. 11, 14) of alphabetic characters, as passing +from Phenicia into Greece, and Strabo (4, 1) traces them from the Grecian +colony at Marseilles, into Gaul, whence they doubtless passed into +Germany, and even into Britain. + + +IV. _Aliis aliarum_. The Greek and Latin are both fond of a repetition +of different cases of the same word, even where one of them is redundant, +e.g. [Greek: oioden oios] (Hom. II. 7, 39), and particularly in the +words [Greek: allos] and _alius_. _Aliis_ is not however wholly +redundant; but brings out more fully the idea: _no intermarriages, one +with one nation, and another with another_. Walch and Ritter omit +_aliis_, though it is found in all the MSS. + +_Infectos_. Things are said _infici_ and _imbui_, which are so penetrated +and permeated by something else, that that something becomes a part of +its nature or substance, as inficere colore, sanguine, veneno, animum +virtutibus. It does not necessarily imply corruption or degeneracy. + +_Propriam--similem_. Three epithets not essentially different used for +the sake of emphasis==_peculiar, pure, and sui-generis. Similis_ takes +the gen., when it expresses, as here, an internal resemblance in +character; otherwise the dat., cf. Z. 411, H. 391, 2. 4. + +_Habitus_. Form and features, external appearance. The physical features +of the Germans as described by Tacitus, though still sufficient to +distinguish them from the more southern European nations, have proved +less permanent than their mental and social characteristics. + +_Idem omnibus_. Cf. Juv. 13, 164: + + _Caerula_ quis stupuit _Germani lumina? flavam + Caesariem_, et madido torquentem cornua cirro? + Nempe quod haec illis natura est _omnibus una_. + +_Magna corpora_. "Sidonius Apollinaris says, that, being in Germany and +finding the men so very tall, he could not address verses of six feet to +patrons who were seven feet high: + + Spernit senipedem stilum Thalia, + Ex quo septipedes vidit patronos." Mur. + +Skeletons, in the ancient graves of Germany, are found to vary from 5 ft. +10 in. to 6 ft. 10 in. and even 7 ft. Cf. Ukert, Geog. III. 1. p. 197. +These skeletons indicate a _strong_ and _well formed_ body. + +_Impetum. Temporary exertion_, as opposed to _persevering toil and +effort, laboris atque operum_. + +_Eadem_. Not so much _patientia_, as _ad impetum valida_. See a like +elliptical use of _idem_ Sec. 23: eadem temperantia; Sec. 10: iisdem nemoribus. +Also of totidem Sec. 26. + +_Minime--assueverunt_. "Least of all, are they capable of sustaining +thirst and heat; cold and hunger, they are accustomed, by their soil and +climate, to endure." Ky. The force of _minime_ is confined to the first +clause, and the proper antithetic particle is omitted at the beginning of +the second. _Tolerare_ depends on _assueverunt_, and belongs to both +clauses. _Ve_ is distributive, referring _coelo_ to _frigora_ and _solo_ +to _inediam_. So _vel_ in H. 1, 62: strenuis _vel_ ignavis spem metumque +addere==strenuis spem, ignavis metum addere. + + +V. _Humidior--ventosior. Humidior_ refers to _paludibus, ventosior_ to +_silvis_; the mountains (which were exposed to sweeping _winds_) being +for the most part covered with forests, and the low grounds with marshes. +_Ventosus_==Homeric [Greek: aenemoeis], windy, i.e. lofty. H. 3, 305: +[Greek: Ilion aenemoessan]. + +_Satis ferax. Satis==segetibus_ poetice. _Ferax_ is constructed with +abl., vid. Virg. Geor. 2, 222: ferax oleo. + +_Impatiens_. Not to be taken in the absolute sense, cf. Sec. 20, 23, 26, +where fruit trees and fruits are spoken of. + +_Improcera_ agrees with _pecora_ understood. + +_Armentis. Pecora_--flocks in general. _Armenta_ (from _aro_, to plough), +larger cattle in particular. It _may_ include horses. + +_Suus honor_. Their proper, i.e. usual size and beauty. + +_Gloria frontis_. Poetice for _cornua_. Their horns were small. + +_Numero_. Emphatic: _number_, rather than _quality_. Or, with Ritter, +_gaudent_ may be taken in the sense of enjoy, possess: _they have a good +number of them_. In the same sense he interprets _gaudent_ in A. 44: +_opibus nimiis non gaudebat_. + +_Irati_, sc. quia _opes_ sunt _irritamenta malorum_. Ov. Met. 1, 140.-- +_Negaverint_. Subj. H. 525; Z. 552--_Affirmaverim_. cf. note, 2: +_crediderim_. + +_Nullam venam_. "Mines of gold and silver have since been discovered in +Germany; the former, indeed, inconsiderable, but the latter valuable." +Ky. T. himself in his later work (the Annals), speaks of the discovery of +a silver mine in Germany. Ann. 11, 20. + +_Perinde. Not so much as might be expected_, or as the _Romans_, and +other civilized nations. So Gronovius, Doed. and most commentators. See +Rup. in loc. Others, as Or. and Rit. allow no ellipsis, and render: _not +much_. See Hand's Tursellinus, vol. IV. p. 454. We sometimes use _not so +much, not so very, not so bad_, &c., for _not very, not much_, and _not +bad_. Still the form of expression strictly implies a comparison. And the +same is true of _haud perinde_, cf. Boet. Lex. Tac. + +_Est videre. Est_ for _licet_. Graece et poetice. Not so used in the +earlier Latin prose. See Z. 227. + +_Non in alia vilitate_, i.e. eadem vilitate, aeque vilia, _held in the +same low estimation.--Humo_. Abl. of material. + +_Proximi_, sc. ad ripam. Nearest to the Roman border, opposed to +_interiores_. + +_Serratos_. Not elsewhere mentioned; probably coins with serrated edges, +still found. The word is post-Augustan. + +_Bigatos_. Roman coins stamped with a biga or two-horse chariot. Others +were stamped with a quadriga and called quadrigati. The bigati seem to +have circulated freely in foreign lands, cf. Ukert's Geog. of Greeks and +Romans, III. 1: Trade of Germany, and places cited there. "The serrati +and bigati were old coins, of purer silver than those of tho Emperors." +Ky. Cf. Pliny, H. N. 33, 13. + +_Sequuntur_. Sequi==expetere. So used by Cic., Sal., and the best +writers. Compare our word _seek_. + +_Nulla affectione animi. Not from any partiality for the silver in +itself_ (but for convenience). + +_Numerus_. Greater number and consequently less relative value of the +silver coins. On _quia_, cf. note, H. 1, 31. + + +VI. _Ne--quidem_. _Not even_, i.e. iron is scarce as well as gold and +silver. The weapons found in ancient German graves are of _stone_, and +bear a striking resemblance to those of the American Indians. Cf. Ukert, +p. 216. Ad verba, cf. note, His. 1, 16: _ne--fueris_. The emphatic word +always stands between _ne_ and _quidem_. H. 602, III. 2; Z. 801.-- +_Superest_. Is over and above, i.e. _abounds_. So superest ager, Sec. 26. + +_Vel_. Pro _sive_, Ciceroni inauditum. Guen. Cf. note, 17. + +_Frameas_. The word is still found in Spain, as well as Germany. +_Lancea_. is also a Spanish word, cf. Freund. + +_Nudi_. Cf. Sec. 17, 20, and 24. Also Caes., B.G. 6, 21: magna corporis +parte nuda. + +_Sagulo_. Dim. of sago. A small short cloak.--_Leves_==Leviter induti. +The clause _nudi--leves_ is added _here_ to show, that their dress is +favorable to the use of missiles. + +_Missilia spargunt_. Dictio est Virgiliana. K. + +_Coloribus_. Cf. nigra scuta, Sec. 43. "Hence coats of arms and the origin +of heraldry." Mur. + +_Cultus_. Military equipments. Cultus complectitur omnia, quae studio et +arte eis, quae natura instituit, adduntur. K. + +_Cassis aut galea_. _Cassis_, properly of metal; _galea_ of leather (Gr.: +galen); though the distinction is not always observed. + +_Equi--conspicui_. Cf. Caes. B.G. 4, 2, 7, 65. + +_Sed nec variare_. _But_ (i.e. on the other hand) _they are not even_ +(for _nec_ in this sense see Ritter in loc.) _taught to vary their +curves_ (i.e. as the antithesis shows, to bend now towards the right and +now towards the left in their gyrations), _but they drive them straight +forward or by a constant bend towards the right in so connected a circle_ +(i.e. a complete ring), _that no one is behind_ (for the obvious reason, +that there is neither beginning nor end to such a ring). Such is on the +whole the most satisfactory explanation of this difficult passage, which +we can give after a careful examination. A different version was given in +the first edition. It refers not to battle, but to equestrian exercises, +cf. Gerlach, as cited by Or. in loc. + +_Aestimanti_. Greek idiom. Elliptical dative, nearly equivalent to the +abl. abs. (nobis aestimantibus), and called by some the dat. abs. In A. +II. the ellipsis is supplied by _credibile est_. Cf. Boetticher's Lex. +Tac. sub _Dativus_. + +_Eoque mixti. Eo_, causal particle==for that reason. Caesar adopted this +arrangement in the battle of Pharsalia. B.C. 3, 84. The Greeks also had +[Greek: pezoi amippoi]. Xen. Hellen. 7, 5. + +_Centeni_. A hundred is a favorite number with the Germans and their +descendants. Witness the hundred _pagi_ of the Suevi (Caes. B.G. 4, 1), +and of the Semnones (G. 39), the _cantons_ of Switzerland, and the +_hundreds_ of our Saxon ancestors in England. The _centeni_ here are a +military division. In like manner, Caesar (B.G. 4, 1) speaks of a +_thousand_ men drafted annually from each _pagus_ of the Suevi, for +military service abroad. + +_Idque ipsum_. Predicate nominative after a verb of calling, H. 362, +2. 2; Z. 394. The division was called a _hundred_, and each man in it a +_hundreder_; and such was the estimation in which this service was held, +that to be a hundreder, became an honorable distinction, _nomen et +honor_==honorificum nomen. + +_Cuneos_. A body of men arranged in the form of a wedge, i.e. narrow in +front and widening towards the rear; hence peculiarly adapted to break +the lines of the enemy. + +_Consilii quam formidinis_. Supply _magis_. The conciseness of T. +leads him often to omit one of two correlative particles, cf. note on +_minime_, 4. + +_Referunt. Carry into the rear_, and so secure them for burial. + +_Etiam in dubiis proeliis_. Even while the battle remains undecided. Guen. + +_Finierunt_. In a present or aorist sense, as often in T. So +_prohibuerunt_, Sec. 10; _placuit_ and _displicuit_, 11. cf. Lex. Tac. Boet. + + +VII. _Reges_, civil rulers; _duces_, military commanders. _Ex_== +secundum. So _ex ingenio_, Sec. 3. The government was elective, yet not +without some regard to hereditary distinctions. They _chose (sumunt)_ +their sovereign, but chose him from the royal family, or at least one of +noble extraction. They chose also their commander--the king, if he was +the bravest and ablest warrior; if not, they were at liberty to choose +some one else. And among the Germans, as among their descendants, the +Franks, the authority of the commander was quite distinct from, and +sometimes (in war) paramount to, that of the king. Here Montesquieu and +others find the original of the kings of the first race in the French +monarchy, and the _mayors of the palace_, who once had so much power in +France. Cf. Sp. of Laws, B. 31, chap. 4. + +_Nec_ is correlative to _et. The kings on the one hand do not possess +unlimited or unrestrained authority, and the commanders on the other, &c. +Infinita_==sine modo; _libera_==sine vinculo. Wr. _Potestas_==rightful +power, authority; _potentia_==power without regard to right, ability, +force, cf. note, 42. Ad rem, cf. Caes. B.G. 5, 27. Ambiorix tells Caesar, +that though he governed, yet the people made laws for him, and the +supreme power was shared equally between him and them. + +_Exemplo--imperio_. "_Dative_ after _sunt==are to set an example, rather +than to give command_." So Grueber and Doed. But Wr. and Rit. with more +reason consider them as ablatives of means limiting a verb implied in +_duces: commanders_ (command) _more by example, than by authority_ +(official power). See the principle well stated and illustrated in +Doederlein's Essay on the style of Tacitus, p. 15, in my edition of the +Histories. + +_Admiratione praesunt. Gain influence, or ascendency, by means of the +admiration which they inspire_, cf. note on metus, Sec. 2. + +_Agant_. Subj., ut ad judicium admirantium, non mentem scriptoris +trahatur. Guen. + +_Animadvertere_==interficere. Cf. H. 1, 46. 68. _None but the priests are +allowed to put to death, to place in irons, nor even_ (ne quidem) _to +scourge_. Thus punishment was clothed with divine authority. + +_Effigies et signa. Images and standards_, i.e. images, which serve for +standards. Images of wild beasts are meant, cf. H. 4, 22: depromptae +silvis lucisve ferarum imagines.--_Turmam_, cavalry. _Cuneum_, infantry, +but sometimes both. _Conglobatio_ is found only in writers after the +Augustan age and rarely in them. It occurs in Sen. Qu. Nat. 1, 15, cf. +Freund. + +_Familiae_ is less comprehensive than _propinquitates. Audiri_, sc. +solent. Cf. A. 34 _ruere_. Wr. calls it histor. inf., and Rit. pronounces +it a gloss. + +_Pignora_. Whatever is most dear, particularly mothers, wives, and +children.--_Unde_, adv. of place, referring to _in proximo_. + +_Vulnera ferunt_, i.e. on their return from battle. + +_Exigere. Examine_, and compare, to see who has the most and the most +honorable, or perhaps to soothe and dress them.--_Cibos et hortamina_. +Observe the singular juxtaposition of things so unlike. So 1: _metu aut +montibus_; A. 25: _copiis et laetitia_; 37: _nox et satietas_; 38: +_gaudio praedaque_. + + +VIII. _Constantia precum==importunate entreaties_. + +_Objectu pectorum. By opposing their breasts_, not to the enemy but to +their retreating husbands, praying for death in preference to captivity. + +_Monstrata--captivitate_. _Cominus_ limits _captivitate_, pointing to +captivity as just before them.--_Impatientius_. _Impatienter_ and +_impatientia_ (the adv. and the subst.) are post-Augustan words. The adj. +(impatiens) is found earlier. Cf. Freund. + +_Feminarum--nomine_, i.e. propter feminas suas. Guen. So Cic.: tuo nomine +et reipublicae==on your account and for the sake of the republic. But it +means perhaps more than that here, viz. in the person of. They dreaded +captivity more for their women than for themselves. _Adeo==insomuch +that_. + +_Inesse_, sc. feminis. _They think, there is in their women something +sacred and prophetic_. Cf. Caes. B.G. 1, 50, where Caesar is informed by +the prisoners, that Ariovistus had declined an engagement because the +_women_ had declared against coming to action before the new moon.-- +_Consilia, advice_ in general; _responsa, inspired answers_, when +consulted. + +_Vidimus_, i.e. she lived in our day--under the reign of Vespasian.-- +_Veledam_. Cf. H. 4, 61. 65. + +_Auriniam_. Aurinia seems to have been a common name in Germany for +prophetess or wise woman. Perhaps==Al-runas, women knowing all things. So +_Veleda_==wise woman. Cf. Wr. in loc. + +_Non adulatione_, etc. "Not through adulation, nor as if they were +raising mortals to the rank of goddesses." Ky. This is one of those +oblique censures on Roman customs in which the treatise abounds. The +Romans in the excess of their adulation to the imperial family _made_ +ordinary women goddesses, as Drusilla, sister of Caligula, the infant +daughter of Poppaea (Ann. 15, 23), and Poppaea herself (Dio 63, 29). The +Germans, on the other hand, really thought some of their wise women to be +divine. Cf. His. 4, 62, and my note ibid. Reverence and affection for +woman was characteristic of the German Tribes, and from them has diffused +itself throughout European society. + + +IX. _Deorum_. T. here, as elsewhere, applies Roman names, and puts a +Roman construction (Romana interpretatione, Sec. 43), upon the gods of other +nations, cf. Sec. 3. + +_Mercurium_. So Caes. B.G. 6, 17: Deum maxime Mercurium colunt. Probably +the German _Woden_, whose name is preserved in our Wednesday, as that of +Mercury is in the French name of the same day, and who with a name +slightly modified (Woden, Wuotan, Odin), was a prominent object of +worship among all the nations of Northern Europe. _Mars_ is perhaps the +German god of war (Tiw, Tiu, Tuisco) whence Tuesday, French Mardi, cf. +Tur. His. Ang. Sax. App. to B. 2. chap. 3. _Herculem_ is omitted by +Ritter on evidence (partly external and partly internal) which is +entitled to not a little consideration. Hercules is the god of strength, +perhaps Thor. + +_Certis diebus_. Statis diebus. Guen. + +_Humanis--hostiis_. Even _facere_ in the sense of _sacrifice_ is +construed with abl. Virg. Ec. 3, 77. _Quoque_==even. For its position in +the sentence, cf. note, 3. + +_Concessis animalibus_. Such as the Romans and other civilized nations +offer, in contradistinction to _human_ sacrifices, which the author +regards as _in_-concessa. The attempt has been made to remove from the +Germans the stain of human sacrifices. But it rests on incontrovertible +evidence (cf. Tur. His. Ang. Sax., App. to B. 2. cap. 3), and indeed +attaches to them only in common with nearly all uncivilized nations. The +Gauls and Britons, and the Celtic nations generally, carried the practice +to great lengths, cf. Caes. B.G. 6, 15. The neighbors of the Hebrews +offered human victims in great numbers to their gods, as we learn from +the Scriptures. Nay, the reproach rests also upon the Greeks and Romans +in their early history. Pliny informs us, that men were sacrificed as +late as the year of Rome 657. + +_Isidi_. The Egyptian Isis in Germany! This shows, how far the Romans +went in comparing the gods of different nations. Gr. Ritter identifies +this goddess with the Nertha of chap. 40, the Egyptian Isis and Nertha +being both equivalent to Mother Earth, the Terra or Tellus of the Romans. + +_Liburnae_. A light galley, so called from the Liburnians, a people of +Illyricum, who built and navigated them. The _signum_, here likened to a +galley, was more probably a rude crescent, connected with the worship of +the moon, cf. Caes. B.G. 6, 21: Germani deorum numero ducunt Solem et +_Lunam_. + +_Cohibere parietibus_==aedificiis includere, K. T. elsewhere speaks of +temples of German divinities (e.g. 40: templum Nerthi; Ann. 1, 51: +templum Tanfanae); but a consecrated grove or any other sacred place was +called _templum_ by the Romans (templum from [Greek: temno], cut off, set +apart). + +_Ex magnitudine_. _Ex_==secundum, cf. _ex nobilitate_, _ex virtute_ Sec. 7. +_Ex magnitudine_ is predicate after _arbitrantur: they deem it unbecoming +the greatness_, etc. + +_Humani--speciem_. Images of the gods existed at a later day in Germany +(S. Tur. His. of Ang. Sax., App. to B. 2. cap. 3). But this does not +prove their existence in the days of T. Even as late as A.D. 240 Gregory +Thaumaturgus expressly declares, there were no images among the Goths. No +traces of temple-walls or images have been discovered in connection with +the numerous sites of ancient altars or places of offering which have +been exhumed in _Germany_, though both these are found on the _borders_, +both south and west, cf. Ukert, p. 236. + +_Lucos et nemora_. "Lucus (a [Greek: lukae], crepusculum) sylva densior, +obumbrans; nemus ([Greek: nemos]) sylva rarior, in quo jumenta et pecora +pascuntur." Bredow. + +_Deorumque--vident. They invoke under the name of gods that mysterious +existence, which they see_ (not under any human or other visible form, +but) _with the eye of spiritual reverence alone_. So Gr. and K. Others +get another idea thus loosely expressed: They give to that sacred recess +the name of the divinity that fills the place, which is never profaned by +the steps of man. + +_Sola reverentia_, cf. _sola mente_ applied by T. to the spiritual +religion of the Jews, H. 5, 5. The religion of the Germans and other +northern tribes was more spiritual than that of southern nations, when +both were Pagan. And after the introduction of Christianity, the Germans +were disinclined to the image-worship of the Papists. + + +X. _Auspicia sortesque_. _Auspicia_ (avis-spicia) properly divination by +observing the flight and cry of birds; _sortes_, by drawing lots: but +both often used in the general sense of omens, oracles. + +_Ut qui maxime_, sc. _observant_. Ellipsis supplied by repeating +_observant_==to the greatest extent, none more. + +_Simplex_. Sine Romana arte, cf. Cic. de Div. 2, 41, K. The Scythians had +a similar method of divining, Herod. 4, 67. Indeed, the practice of +_divining_ by _rods_ has hardly ceased to this day, among the descendants +of the German Tribes. + +_Temere_, without plan on the part of the diviner.--_Fortuito_, under the +direction of chance. Gr. + +_Si publice consuletur_. If the question to be decided is of a public +nature. _Consuletur_, fut., because at the time of drawing lots the +deliberation and decision are future. Or it may refer to the consultation +of the gods (cf. Ann. 14, 30: _consulere deos_): _if it is by the state +that the gods are to be consulted_. So Ritter in his last edition. + +_Ter singulos tollit_. A three-fold drawing for the sake of certainty. +Thus Ariovistus drew lots three times touching the death of Valerius +(Caes. B.G. 1, 53). So also the Romans drew lots three times, Tibul. 1, +3, 10: sortes ter sustulit. Such is the interpretation of these disputed +words by Grueber, Ritter and many others, and such is certainly their +natural and obvious meaning: _he takes up three times one after another_ +all the slips he has _scattered_ (_spargere_ is hardly applicable to +_three_ only): if the signs are twice or thrice favorable, the thing is +permitted; if twice or thrice unfavorable it is prohibited. The language +of Caesar (in loc. cit.) is still more explicit: _ter sortibus +consultum_. But Or., Wr. and Doed. understand simply the taking up of +three lots one each time. + +_Si prohibuerunt_ sc. sortes==dii. The reading _prohibuerunt_ (aL +prohibuerint) is favored by the analogy of _si displicuit_, 11, and other +passages. _Sin (==si--ne)_ is particularly frequent in antithesis with +_si_, and takes the same construction after it. + +_Auspiciorum--exigitur. Auspiciorum_, here some other omens, than lots; +such as the author proceeds to specify. _Adhuc_==ad hoc, praeterea, i.e. +in addition to the lots. The sense is: _besides drawing lots, the +persuasion produced by auspices is required_. + +_Etiam hic_. In Germany also (as well as at Rome and other well known +countries). _Hic_ is referred to Rome by some. But it was hardly needful +for T. to inform the Romans of that custom at Rome. + +_Proprium gentis. It is a peculiarity of the German race_. It is not, +however, exclusively German. Something similar prevailed among the +Persians, Herod. 1, 189. 7, 55. Darius Hystaspes was indebted to the +neighing of his horse for his elevation to the throne. + +_Iisdem memoribus_, Sec. 9.--_Mortali opere_==hominum opere.--_Contacti_. +Notio contaminandi inest, K.--_Pressi curru_. Harnessed to the sacred +chariot. More common, pressi jugo. Poetice. + +_Conscios_ sc. deorum. _The priests consider themselves the servants of +the gods, the horses the confidants of the same_. So Tibullus speaks of +the _conscia_ fibra _deorum_. Tibul. 1, 8, 3. + +_Committunt_. Con and mitto, send together==_engage in fight_. A +technical expression used of gladiators and champions. + +_Praejudicio. Sure prognostic_. Montesquieu finds in this custom the +origin of the duel and of knight-errantry. + + +XI. _Apud--pertractentur. Are handled_, i.e. discussed, among, i.e. _by +the chiefs_, sc. before being referred to the people. + +_Nisi_ refers not to _coeunt_, but to _certis diebus_. + +_Fortuitum_, casual, unforeseen; _subitum_, requiring immediate action. + +_Inchoatur--impletur_. Ariovistus would not _fight_ before the new moon, +Caes. B.G. 1, 50. + +_Numerum--noctium_. Of which custom, we have a relic and a proof in our +seven-_night_ and fort-_night_. So also the Gauls. Caes. B.G. 6, 18. + +_Constituunt_==decree, determine; _condicunt_==proclaim, appoint. The +_con_ in both implies _concerted_ or public action. They are forensic +terms. + +_Nox--videtur_. So with the Athenians, Macrob. Saturn. 1, 3.; and the +Hebrews, Gen. 1, 5. + +_Ex libertate_, sc. _ortum, arising from_. Guen. + +_Nec ut jussi. Not precisely at the appointed time_, but a day or two +later, if they choose. + +_Ut turbae placuit. Ut_==simul ac, as soon as, _when_. It is the _time of +commencing their session_, that depends on the will of the multitude; not +their sitting _armed_, for that they always did, cf. _frameas concutiunt_ +at the close of the section; also Sec. 13: nihil neque publicae neque +privatae rei nisi armati agunt. To express this latter idea, the order of +the words would have been reversed thus: _armati considunt_. + +_Tum et coercendi_. When the session is commenced, _then (tum)_ the +priests have the right not merely to command silence, but _also (et) to +enforce it_. This use of _et_ for _etiam_ is very rare in Cic., but +frequent in Livy, T. and later writers. See note, His. 1, 23. + +_Imperatur. Imperare_ plus est, quam _jubere_. See the climax in Ter. +Eun. 2, 3, 98; jubeo, cogo atque impero. _Impero_ is properly military +command. K. + +_Prout_ refers, not to the order of speaking, but to the degree of +influence they have over the people. Gr.--_Aetas_. Our word _alderman_ +(elderman) is a proof, that office and honor were conferred on _age_ by +our German ancestors. So _senator_ (senex) among the Romans. + +_Armis laudare_, i.e. armis concussis. "Montesquieu is of opinion that +in this Treatise on the manners of the Germans, an attentive reader may +trace the origin of the British constitution. That beautiful system, he +says, was formed in the forests of Germany, Sp. of Laws 11, 6. The +_Saxon_ Witena-gemot (Parliament) was, beyond all doubt, an improved +political institution, grafted on the rights exercised by the people in +their own country." Murphy, cf. S. Tur. His. of Ang. Sax. B. 8. cap. 4 + + +XII. _Accusare--intendere. To accuse and impeach for capital crimes_. +Minor offences were tried before the courts described at the end of the +section.--_Quoque_. In addition to the legislative power spoken of in the +previous section, the council exercised _also_ certain judicial +functions. _Discrimen capitis intendere_, lit. _to endeavor to bring one +in danger of losing his life_. + +_Ignavos--infames. The sluggish, the cowardly, and the impure_; for so +_corpore infames_ usually means, and there is no sufficient reason for +adopting another sense here. _Infames_ foeda Veneris aversae nota. K. Gr. +understands those, whose persons were disfigured by dishonorable wounds, +or who had mutilated themselves to avoid military duty. Guen. includes +both ideas: _quocunque_, non tantum _venereo_, corporis abusu contempti. + +_Insuper_==superne. So 16: multo _insuper_ fimo onerant. + +_Diversitas_ is a post-Augustan word, cf. Freund, sub v. + +_Illuc respicit. Has respect to this principle. Scelera==crimes; +flagitia==vices, low and base actions. Scelus_ poena, _flagitium_ +contemptu dignum. Guen. + +_Levioribus delictis_. Abl. abs.==_when lighter offences are committed_; +or abl. of circum.==_in case of lighter offences_. + +_Pro modo poenarum_. Such is the reading of all the MSS. _Pro modo, +poena_ is an ingenious _conjecture_ of Acidalius. But it is unnecessary. +Render thus: _in case of lighter offences, the convicted persons are +mulcted in a number of horses or cattle, in proportion to the severity of +the sentence adjudged to be due_. + +_Qui vindicatur. The injured party_, or _plaintiff_. This principle +of pecuniary satisfaction was carried to great lengths among the +Anglo-Saxons. See Turner, as cited, 21. + +_Qui reddunt_. Whose _business_ or _custom_ it is to administer justice, +etc. E. proposes _reddant_. But it is without authority and would give a +less appropriate sense. + +_Centeni_. Cf. note, Sec. 6: centeni ex singulis pagis. "Sunt in quibusdam +locis Germaniae, velut Palatinatu, Franconia, etc. Zentgericht +(hundred-courts)," cf. Bernegger. + +_Consilia et auctoritas_. Abstract for concrete==_his advisers and the +supporters of his dignity_. + + +XIII. _Nihil nisi armati_. The _Romans_ wore arms only in time of war or +on a journey. + +_Moris_, sc. est. A favorite expression of T. So 21: concedere moris +(est). And in A. 39. + +_Suffecturum probaverit. On examination has pronounced him competent_ +(sc. to bear arms). Subj. after _antequam_. H. 523, II.; Z. 576. + +_Ornant. Ornat_ would have been more common Latin, and would have made +better English. But this construction is not unfrequent in T., cf. 11: +rex vel princeps audiuntur. Nor is it without precedent in other authors. +Cf. Z. 374. Ritter reads _propinqui_. The attentive reader will discover +here traces of many subsequent usages of _chivalry_. + +_Haec toga_. This is the badge of manhood among the Germans, as the toga +virilis was among the Romans. The Romans assumed the toga at the age of +seventeen. The Athenians were reckoned as [Greek: Ephaeboi] at the same +age, Xen. Cyr, 1, 2, 8. The Germans (in their colder climate) not till +the 20th year. Caes. B.G. 6, 21. + +_Dignationem. Rank, title_. It differs from _dignitas_ in being more +external. Cf. H. 1, 19: _dignatio Caesaris_; 8, 80: _dignatio viri_. +Ritter reads _dignitatem_. + +_Assignant. High birth or great merits of their fathers assign_ (i.e. +mark out, not consign, or fully confer) _the title of chief even to young +men_. + +_Gradus--habet_. Observe the emphatic position of _gradus_, and the force +of _quin etiam ipse: Gradations of rank, moreover the retinue itself +has_, i.e. the retainers are not only distinguished as a body in +following such a leader, _but_ there are _also distinctions_ among +_themselves. Quin etiam_ seldom occupies the second place. T. is fond of +anastrophe. Cf. Boet. Lex. Tac. + +_Si--emineat. If he_ (cuique) _stands pre-eminent for the number and +valor of his followers. Comitatus_ is gen. _Emineat_, subj. pres. H. 504 +et 509; Z. 524. + +_Ceteris--aspici_. These noble youth, thus designated to the rank of +chieftains, _attach themselves_ (for a time, with some followers perhaps) +_to the other_ chiefs, who are _older and already distinguished, nor are +they ashamed to be seen among their attendants_. + +_Quibus--cui_, sc. sit==_who shall have_, etc. + +_Ipsa fama. Mere reputation_ or _rumor_ without coming to arms. + +_Profligant_==ad finem perducunt. So Kiessling, Boetticher and Freund. +Ritter makes it==_propellunt_, frighten away. _Profligare bella, +proelia_, &c., is Tacitean. _Profligare hostes_, etc., is the common +expression. + + +XIV. _Jam vero_==porro. Cf. Boet. Lex. Tac. It marks a transition to a +topic of special importance. Cf. H. 1, 2. See Doed, in loc. + +_Recessisse_. All the best Latin writers are accustomed to use the +preterite after pudet, taedet, and other words of the like signification. +Guen. The cause of shame is prior to the shame. + +_Infame_. "When Chonodomarus, king of the Alemanni, was taken prisoner by +the Romans, his military companions, to the number of two hundred, and +three of the king's most intimate friends, thinking it a most flagitious +crime to live in safety after such an event, surrendered themselves to be +loaded with fetters. Ammian. Marcell, 16, 12, 60. There are instances of +the same kind in Tacitus." Mur. Cf. also Caes. B.G. 3, 22. 7, 40. + +_Defendere, to defend him_, when attacked; _tueri, to protect him_ at all +times. + +_Praecipuum sacramentum. Their most sacred duty_, Guen. and K.; _or the +chief part of their oath_, Gr.--_Clarescunt--tuentur_. So Ritter after +the best MSS. Al. _clarescant--tueantur_, or _tueare_. + +_Non nisi_. In Cic. usually separated by a word or a clause. In T. +generally brought together. + +_Exigunt. They expect.--Illum--illam_. Angl. _this--that_, cf. +_hinc--hinc_, A. 25.--_Bellatorem equum_. Cf. Virg. G. 2, 145. + +_Incompti--apparatus. Entertainments, though inelegant yet liberal. +Apparatus_ is used in the same way, Suet. Vitel. 10 and 13.--_Cedunt_== +iis dantur. Guen. + +_Nec arare_, etc. The whole language of this sentence is poetical, e.g. +the use of the inf. after _persuaseris_, of _annum_ for annuam mensem, +the sense of _vocare_ and _mereri_, &c. _Vocare_, i.e. provocare, cf. H. +4, 80, and Virg. Geor. 4, 76. _Mereri, earn, deserve_, i.e. by bravery. + +_Pigrum et iners_. Piger est natura ad laborem tardus; iners, in quo +nihil artis et virtutis. K. Render: _a mark of stupidity and incapacity_. + +_Quin immo. Nay but, nay more_. These words connect the clause, though +not placed at the beginning, as they are by other writers. They seem to +be placed after _pigrum_ in order to throw it into an emphatic position. +So _gradus quin etiam_, 13, where see note.--_Possis_. You, i.e., any one +can. Z. 524. Cf. note II. 1, 10: _laudares_. So _persuaseris_ in the +preceding sentence. The subj. gives a contingent or potential turn==_can +procure_, sc. if you will _would persuade_, sc. if you should try. An +indefinite person is always addressed in the subj. in Latin, even when +the ind. would be used if a definite person were addressed. Z. 524. + +In the chieftains and their retainers, as described in the last two +sections, the reader cannot fail to discover the germ of the feudal +system. Cf. Montesq. Sp. of Laws, 30, 3, 4; also Robertson's Chas. V. + + +XV. _Non multum_. The common reading (multum without the negative) is a +mere conjecture, and that suggested by a misapprehension of the meaning +of T. _Non multum_ is to be taken comparatively. Though in time of peace +they hunt often, yet they spend _so much more time in eating, drinking, +and sleeping_, that the former is comparatively small. Thus understood, +this passage of T. is not inconsistent with the declarations of Caesar, +B.G. 6, 21: Vita Germanorum omnis in venationibus atque in studiis rei +militaris consistit. Caesar leaves out of account their periods of +inaction, and speaks only of their active employments, which were war and +the chase. It was the special object of Tacitus, on the contrary, to give +prominence to that striking feature of the German character which Caesar +overlooks; and therein, as Wr. well observes, the later historian shows +his more exact acquaintance with the Germans. _Non multum_, as opposed to +_plus_, is nearly equivalent to _minus_. + +_Venatibus, per otium_. Enallage for _venatibus, otio_, H. 704, III. This +figure is very frequent in T., e.g. Sec. 40: per obsequium, proeliis; A. 9: +virtute aut per artem; A. 41: temeritate aut per ignaviam, &c. Seneca, +and indeed most Latin authors, prefer a _similar_ construction in +antithetic clauses; T. seems rather to avoid it. In all such cases +however, as the examples just cited show, _per_ with the acc. is not +precisely equivalent to the abl. The abl. is more active and implies +means, agency; the acc. with _per_ is more passive and denotes manner or +occasion. + +_Delegata, transferred_. + +_Familiae. Household_, properly of servants (from famel, Oscan for +servant), as in chapp. 25 and 32: but sometimes the whole family, as here +and in chap. 7: _familiae et propinquitates_. + +_Ipsi_. The men of middle life, the heads of the _familiae_. + +_Diversitate. Contrariety.--Ament_. Subj. H. 518, I.; Z. 577.-- +_Oderint_. Perf. in the sense of the pres. H. 297, I. 2; Z. 221. + +_Inertiam. Inertiam==idleness_, freedom from business and care (from _in_ +and _ars_); _quietem==tranquillity_, a life of undisturbed repose without +action or excitement. Cf. 14: _ingrata genti quies_. In this account of +the habits of the Germans, one might easily fancy, he was reading a +description of the manner of life among our American Indians. It may be +remarked here, once for all, that this resemblance may be traced in very +many particulars, e.g. in their personal independence, in the military +chieftains and their followers, in their extreme fondness for the +hardships and dangers of war, in their strange inactivity, gluttony and +drunkenness in peace, in their deliberative assemblies and the power of +eloquence to sway their counsels, in their half elective, half hereditary +form of government, in the spirituality of their conceptions of God, and +some other features of their religion (Robertson has drawn out this +comparison in his history of Charles V). All tribes in a rude and savage +state must have many similar usages and traits of character. And this +resemblance between the well-known habits of our wandering savages and +those which T. ascribes to the rude tribes of Germany, may impress us +with confidence in the truthfulness of his narrative. + +_Vel armentorum vel frugum_. Partitive gen. Supply aliquid.-- +_Vel--vel==whether--or_, merely distinctive; _aut--aut==either--or_, +adversative and exclusive. _Vel--vel_ (from _volo_) implies, that one +may _choose_ between the alternatives or particulars named; _aut--aut_ +(from [Greek: au, autis]), that if one is affirmed, the other is denied, +since both cannot be true at the same time. Cf. note, A. 17: _aut--aut. +--Pecuniam_. An oblique censure of the Romans for purchasing peace and +alliance with the Germans, cf. H. 4, 76. Herodian 6, 7: [Greek: touto +gar (sc. chrusio) malista Germanoi peithontai, philargyroi te +ontes kai taen eiraenaen aei pros tous Romaious chrusiou kapaeleuontes]. +On _et_, cf. note 11. + +XVI. _Populis_. Dative of the agent instead of the abl. with _a_ or _ab_. +Cf. note 3: _Ulixi_. + +_Ne--quidem_. These words are always separated, the word on which the +emphasis rests being placed between them. H. 602, III. 2; Z. 801. Here +however the emphasis seems to belong to the whole clause--_Inter se_, sc. +_sedes junctas inter se_. + +_Colunt_==in-colunt. Both often used intransitively, or rather with an +ellipsis of the object,==_dwell_. + +_Discreti ac diversi. Separate and scattered_ in different directions, +i.e. without regular streets or highways. See Or. in loc. + +_Ut fons--placuit_. Hence to this day, the names of German towns often +end in bach (brook), feld (field), holz (grove), wald (wood), born +(spring). On the permanence of names of places, see note H. 1, 53. + +_Connexis_, with some intervening link, such as fences, hedges, and +outhouses; _cohaerentibus_, in immediate contact. + +_Remedium--inscitia. It may be as a remedy_, etc.--_or it may be through +ignorance_, etc. _Sive--sive_ expresses an alternative conditionally, +or contingently==it may be thus, or it may be thus. Compare it with +_vel--vel_, chap. 15, and with _aut--aut_, A 17. See also Ramshorn's +Synonyms, 138. _Remedium_ is acc. in app. with the foregoing clause. +_Inscitia_ is abl. of cause==per inscitiam. + +_Caementorum_. Properly _hewn_ stone (from caedo), but in usage any +building stone.--_Tegularum_. Tiles, any materials for the _roof_ (tego), +whether of brick, stone, or wood. + +_Citra_. Properly this side of, hence short of, or _without_, as used by +the _later_ Latin authors. This word is kindred to _cis_, i.e. _is_ with +the demonstrative prefix _ce_. Cf. Freund sub v. + +_Speciem_ refers more to the _eye, delectationem_ to the _mind_. Taken +with _citra_, they are equivalent to adjectives, connected to _informi_ +and limiting _materia_ (citra speciem==non speciosa, Guen.). Render: +_rude materials, neither beautiful to the eye nor attractive to the +taste_. _Materia_ is distinctively wood for building. Fire-wood is +_lignum_. + +_Quaedam loca_. Some parts of their houses, e.g. the walls. + +_Terra ita pura_. Probably red earth, such as chalk or gypsum. + +_Imitetur. Resembles painting and colored outlines_ or figures. + +_Aperire_. Poetice==_excavate_. Cellars under ground were unknown to the +Romans. See Beck. Gal., and Smith's Dict. Ant. + +_Ignorantur--fallunt. They are not known to exist, or else_ (though known +to exist) _they escape discovery from the very fact that they must be +sought_ (in order to be found). Guen. calls attention to the multiform +enallage in this sentence: 1. in number (_populatur, ignorantur, +fallunt_); 2. of the active, passive, and deponent verbs; 3. in the +change of cases (_aperta_, acc.; _abdita_ and _defossa_, nom.). + + +XVII. _Sagum_. A short, thick cloak, worn by Roman soldiers and +countrymen. + +_Fibula_==figibula, any artificial fastening; _spina_==natural. + +_Si desit_. Observe the difference between this clause, and _si quando +advenit_ in the preceding chapter. This is a mere supposition without +regard to fact; that implies an expectation, that the case will sometimes +happen. + +_Cetera intecti. Uncovered as to the rest of the body_, cf. 6: nudi aut +sagulo leves. + +_Totos dies_. Acc. of duration of time.--_Agunt_==vivunt. K. + +_Fluitante_. The flowing robe of the southern and eastern nations; +_stricta_, the close dress and short clothes of the northern nations. + +_Artus exprimente_. Quae tam arte artus includit, ut emineant, earumque +lineamenta et forma appareant, K. K. and Gr. understand this of coat and +vest, as well as breeches; Guen. of breeches only. + +_Proximi ripae_. Near the banks of the Rhine and the Danube, so as to +have commercial intercourse with the Romans. These having introduced the +cloth and dress of the Romans, attached little importance to the manner +of wearing their _skins_. But those in the interior, having no other +apparel, valued themselves on the nice adjustment of them. + +_Cultus_, artificial refinement. Cf. note, 6. + +_Maculis pellibusque_, for maculatis pellibus or maculis pellium, perhaps +to avoid the concurrence of genitives. + +_Belluarum--gignit. Oceanus_==terrae, quas Oceanus alluit; and +_belluae_==lutrae, mustelae, erminiae, etc., so K. But Gr. says _belluae_ +cannot mean such small creatures, and agrees with Lipsius, in +understanding by it marine animals, seadogs, seals, &c. Freund connects +it in derivation with [Greek: thaer], fera (bel==ber==ther==fer), but +defines it as properly an animal remarkable for size or wildness. +_Exterior Oceanus_==Oceanus extra orbem Romanum, further explained by +_ignotum mare_. Cf. note, 2: adversus Oceanus. + +_Habitus_, here==vestitus; in Sec. 4.==forma corporis. + +_Saepius, oftener_ than the _men_, who also wore linen more or less. Guen. + +_Purpura_. Facta e succo plantis et floribus expresso. Guen. + +_Nudae--lacertos_. Graece et poetice. Brachia a manu ad cubitum; lacerti +a cubito ad humeros. + + +XVIII. _Quanquam_==sed tamen, i.e. notwithstanding the great freedom in +the dress of German women, yet the marriage relation is sacred. This use +of _quanquam_ is not unfrequent in T., and sometimes occurs in Cic., +often in Pliny. See Z. 341, N. + +_Qui ambiuntur_. This passage is construed in two ways: _who are +surrounded_ (ambiuntur==circumdantur, cf. II. 5, 12.) _by many wives not +to gratify lust, but to increase their rank and influence_ (_ob_ in the +sense _for the sake of_, cf. ob metum, 2). Or thus: _who_ (take many +wives) _not to gratify lust, but on account of their rank they are +solicited to form many matrimonial alliances_. For _ambio_ in this sense +and with the same somewhat peculiar construction after it, see H. 4, 51: +_tantis sociorum auxiliis ambiri_; also Virg. Aen. 7, 333: connubiis +ambire Latinum. The latter is preferable, and is adopted by Wr., K., Gr., +&c. The former by Guen. and others. Ariovistus had two wives. Caes. B.G. +1, 53. + +_Probant_, cf. probaverit, 13, note.--_Comatur_. Subj. denoting the +intention of the presents _with which she is to be adorned_. H 500, 1; Z. +567. + +_Frenatum_, bridled, _caparisoned==paratus_ below. + +_In haec munera_==[Greek: epi toutois tois dorois]. _In_==upon the basis +of, _on condition of_. So Liv.: in has leges, in easdem leges. + +_Hoc--vinculum_, So, Sec. 13: haec apud illos toga. In both passages the +allusion is to Roman customs (for which see Becker's Gallus, Exc. 1. +Scene 1). In Germany, _these presents_ take the place of the +_confarreatio_ (see Fiske's Manual, p. 286. 4. ed.), and the various +other methods of ratifying the marriage contract at Rome; _these_, of +the religious rites in which the parties mutually engaged on the wedding +day (see Man., p. 287).--_Conjugales deos_. Certain gods at Rome +presided over marriage, e.g. Jupiter, Juno, Venus, Jugatinus, Hymenaeus, +Diana, &c. + +_Extra_. Cic. would have said _expertem_ or _positum extra_. But T. is +fond of the adv. used elliptically. + +_Auspiciis==initiatory rites_. + +_Denuntiant, proclaim, denote.--Accipere_ depends on _denuntiant_ or +_admonetur_. + +_Rursus, quae--referantur_. Rhenanus conjectured; rursusque--referant, +which has since become the common reading. But _referantur_ is the +reading of all the MSS., and needs no emendation; and _quae_, with as +good authority as _que_, makes the construction more natural and the +sense more apposite. The passage, as Gr. well suggests, consists of two +parts (_accipere--reddat_, and _quae--accipiant--referantur_), _each_ of +which includes the _two_ ideas of _receiving_ and _handing down_ to the +next generation. Render thus: _she is reminded that she receives gifts, +which she is to hand over pure and unsullied to her children; which her +daughters-in-law are to receive again_ (sc. from her sons, as she did +from her husband), _which are to be transmitted by them to her +grand-children_. + +_Referantur_. In another writer, we might expect _referant_ to correspond +in construction and subject with _accipiant_. But Tacitus is fond of +varying the construction. Cf. Boetticher's Lex Tac., and note, 16: +_ignorantur_. + + +XIX. _Septa_. So the MSS. for the most part. Al. _septae_. Meaning: _with +chastity guarded_, sc. by the sacredness of marriage and the excellent +institutions of the Germans. + +_Nullis--corruptae_. Here, as every where else in this treatise, T. +appears as the censor of Roman manners. He has in mind those fruitful +sources of corruption at Rome, public shows, (cf. Sen. Epist. 7: _nihil +vero est tam damnosum bonis moribus, quam in aliquo spectaculo +desidere_), convivial entertainments (cf. Hor. Od. 3, 6, 27), and +epistolary correspondence between the two sexes. + +_Litterarum secreta_==litteras secretas, _secret correspondence_ between +the sexes, for this limitation is obvious from the connexion.-- +_Praesens. Immediate_. + +_Maritis permissa_, sc. as a _domestic_ crime, cf. Caes. B.G. 6, 19: Viri +in uxores, sicut in liberos, vitae necisque habent potestatem. Cf. Beck. +Gall., Exc. 1. Sc. 1. + +_Accisis crinibus_, as a special mark of _disgrace_, cf. 1 Cor. 11, 6. So +in the laws of the Lombards, the punishment of adulteresses was +_decalvari et fustigari.--Omnem vicum, the whole village_, cf. Germania +omnis, Sec. 1.--_Aetate==juventa_. + +_Non--invenerit. She would not find, could not expect to find_. This use +of the perf. subj., for a softened fut., occurs in negative sentences +oftener than in positive ones. Cf. Arnold's Prose Comp. 417, Note. + +_Saeculum_==indoles et mores saeculi, _the spirit of the age, the +fashion_. + +_Adhuc_ (==ad-hoc) is generally used by Cicero, and often by Tacitus, in +the sense either of _still_ (to this day), or _moreover_ (in addition to +this). From these, it passed naturally, in Quintilian and the writers +after him, into the sense of _even more, still more, even_, especially in +connection with the comparative degree; where the authors of the Augustan +age would have used _etiam_. See Z. 486; Boetticher's Lex. Tac. sub. voce; +and Hand's Tursellinus, vol. 1. I. 165. _Melius quidem adhuc==still +better even_. For a verb, supply _sunt_ or _agunt_. Cf. note A. 19: +_nihil_. + +_Eae civitates_. Such as the Heruli, among whom the wife was expected to +hang herself at once at the grave of her husband, if she would not live +in perpetual infamy. At Rome, on the contrary, divorces and marriages +might be multiplied to any extent, cf. Mart. 6, 7: _nubit decimo viro_; +also Beck, as above cited. + +_Semel_, like [Greek: apax], _once for all_. + +_Transigitur_. Properly a business phrase. The business is _done up, +brought to an end_. So A. 34: transigite cum expeditionibus. + +_Ultra_, sc. primum maritum. So the ellipsis might be supplied. _Ultra_ +here is equivalent to _longior_ in the next clause, as T. often puts the +adverb in place of the adjective, whether qualifying or predicate. + +_Ne tanquam--ament_, sc. maritum: _that they may not love_ a husband +_merely as a husband but as_ they love _the married state_. See this and +similar examples of _brachylogy_ well illustrated in Doederlein's Essay on +the style of Tacitus, H. p. 14. Since but one marriage was allowed, all +their love for the married state must be concentrated in one husband. + +_Numerum--finire_. In any way contrary to nature and by design. Guen. _Quod +fiebat etiam abortus procuratione_. K. + +_Ex agnatis. Agnati_ hoc loco dicuntur, qui _post familiam constitutam_, +ubi haeres jam est, _deinde nascuntur_. Hess. To put such to death was a +barbarous custom among the Romans. Cf. Ann. 3, 25; see Beck. Gall. Exc. +2. scene 1. + +_Alibi_, e.g. at Rome.--_Boni mores_ vs. _bonae leges_. These words +involve a sentiment of great importance, and of universal application. +Good habits wherever they exist, and especially in a republic, are of far +greater value and efficacy than good laws. + + +XX. _Nudi_. Cf. 6: nudi aut sagulo leves. Not literally naked, but +slightly clad, cf. Sen. de benef. 5, 13: qui _male vestitum_ et pannosum +vidit, _nudum_ se vidisse dicit. + +_Sordidi_. Guen. understands this of personal filth. But this is +inconsistent with the daily practice of bathing mentioned, Sec. 22. It +doubtless refers to the _dress_, as Gr. and K. understand it: _nudi ac +sordidi==poorly and meanly clad_. So also Or. + +_Quae miramur_. Cf. 4: _magna corpora_. See also Caes. B.G. 1, 39, 4, 1. +On _haec_, see note, 3: _haec quoque_. + +_Ancillis ac nutricibus_. So in the Dial. de Clar. Orat., T. animadverts +upon the custom here obliquely censured: nunc natus infans delegatur +Graeculae alicui ancillae. In the early ages of Roman History it was not +so, see Becker's Gall. Exc. 2. scene 1.--_Delegantur. Delegamus_, quum, +quod _ipsi_ facere debebamus, id per _alterum_ fieri curamus. E. + +_Separet_. For the use of the subj. pres. after _donec_, see note, 1. +_erumpat.--Agnoscat_==faciat ut agnoscatur. So Doed., Guen. and K. But it +is better with Gr., to regard the expression as poetical, and _virtus_, +as personified: _and valor acknowledge_ them, sc. as brave men and +therefore by implication free born. + +_Venus_==concubitus.--_Pubertas_==facultas generandi. Gr. Cf. Caes, B.G. +6, 21: qui diutissime impuberes permanserunt maximam inter suos ferunt +laudem. + +_Virgines festinantur_==nuptiae virginum festinantur, poetice. The words +properare, festinare, accelerare are used in both a trans. and intrans. +sense, cf. Hist. 2, 82: festinabantur; 3, 37: festinarentur. Among the +Romans, boys of fourteen contracted marriage with girls of twelve. Cf. +Smith's Dic. Ant. + +_Eadem, similis, pares_. The comparison is between the youth of the two +sexes at the time of marriage; they marry at the same age, equal in +stature and equal in strength. Marriages unequal in these respects, were +frequent at Rome.--_Pares--miscentur_. Plene: pares paribus, validae +validis miscentur. On this kind of brachylogy, see further in Doed. Essay +on style of T., H. p. 15. _Miscentur_ has a middle sense, as the passive +often has, particularly in Tacitus. Cf. note 21: _obligantur_. + +_Referunt_. Cf. Virg. Aen. 4, 329: parvulus Aeneas, qui te tamen ore +_referret_. See note, 39: auguriis. + +_Ad patrem_. _Ad_ is often equivalent to _apud_ in the best Latin +authors; e.g. Cic. ad Att. 10, 16: ad me fuit==apud me fuit. Rhenanus by +conjecture wrote _apud_ patrem to correspond with apud avunculum. But +Passow restored _ad_ with the best reason. For T. prefers _different_ +words and constructions in antithetic clauses. Perhaps also a different +sense is here intended from that which would have been expressed by +_apud_. Wr. takes _ad_ in the sense, _in respect to: as in respect to a +father_, i.e. as they would have, if he were their father. + +_Exigunt_, sc. hunc nexum==sororum filios. + +_Tanquam_. Like Greek os to denote the views of others, not of the +writer. Hence followed by the subj. H. 531; Z. 571. + +_Et in animum_. _In_==quod attinet ad, _in respect to_. The commonly +received text has _ii et animum_, which is a mere conjecture of Rhen. +According to K., _teneant_ has for its subject not _sororum filii_, but +the same subject as _exigunt_. Render: _Since, as they suppose, both in +respect to the mind_ (the affections), _they hold it more strongly, and +in respect to the family, more extensively_. + +_Heredes_ properly refers to property, _successores_ to rank, though the +distinction is not always observed.--_Liberi_ includes both sons and +daughters. + +_Patrui_, paternal uncles; _avunculi_, maternal. + +_Propinqui_, blood relations; _affines_, by marriage. + +_Orbitatis pretia_. _Pretia==proemia_. _Orbitatis==childlessness_. Those +who had no children, were courted at _Rome_ for the sake of their +property. Vid. Sen. Consol. ad Marc. 19: in civitate nostra, plus gratiae +orbitas confert, quam eripit. So Plutarch de Amore Prolis says: the +childless are entertained by the rich, courted by the powerful, defended +gratuitously by the eloquent: many, who had friends and honors in +abundance, have been stripped of both by the birth of a single child. + + +XXI. _Necesse est_. It is their duty and the law of custom. Guen.-- +_Nec_==non tamen.--_Homicidium_. A post-Augustan word. + +_Armentorum ac pecorum_. For the distinction between these words, see +note, Sec. 5. The high value which they attached to their herds and flocks, +as their _solae et gratissimae opes_, may help to explain the law or +usage here specified. Moreover, where the individual was so much more +prominent than the state, homicide even might be looked upon as a private +wrong, and hence to be atoned for by a pecuniary satisfaction, cf. Tur. +Hist. Ang. Sax., App. No. 3, chap. 1. + +_Juxta libertatem_, i.e. _simul cum libertate_, or inter liberos homines. +The form of expression is characteristic of the later Latin. Cf. Hand's +Tursellinus, vol. III. p. 538. Tacitus is particularly partial to this +preposition. + +_Convictibus_, refers to the entertainment of countrymen and friends, +_hospitiis_ to that of strangers. + +_Pro fortuna. According to his means_. So Ann. 4, 23: fortunae inops. + +_Defecere_, sc. epulae. Quam exhausta sint, quae apparata erant, cf. 24: +omnia defecerunt. + +_Hospes_. Properly _stranger_; and hence either _guest_ or _host_. Here +the latter.--_Comes. Guest_. So Guen. and the common editions. But most +recent editors place a colon after _comes_, thus making it _predicate_, +and referring it to the _host_ becoming the guide and _companion_ of his +guest to another place of entertainment. + +_Non invitati_, i.e. etiam si non invitati essent. Guen. + +_Nec interest_, i.e. whether invited or not. + +_Jus hospitis. The right of the guest_ to a hospitable reception, So Cic. +Tus. Quaes., 1, 26: jus hominum. + +_Quantum ad_ belongs to the silver age. In the golden age they said: +_quod attinet ad_, or simply _ad_. Gr. Cicero however has _quantum in_, +N. D. 3, 7; and Ovid, _quantum ad_, A. A. 1, 744. Cf. Freund sub voce. + +_Imputant. Make charge or account of_. Nearly confined to the later +Latin. Frequent in T. in the reckoning both of debt and credit, of praise +and blame. Cic. said: _assignare_ alicui aliquid. + +_Obligantur_, i.e. obligatos esse putant. Forma passiva ad modum medii +verbi Graeci. Guen. Cf. note, 20: _miscentur_. + +_Victus--comis. The mode of life between host and guest is courteous_. For +_victus_==manner of life, cf. Cic. Inv. 1, 25, 35. + + +XXII. _E_ is not exactly equivalent here to _a_, nor does it mean simply +_after_, but immediately on awaking _out of_ sleep.--_Lavantur_, wash +themselves, i.e. bathe; like Gr. louomai. So aggregantur, 13; +_obligantur_, 21, et passim. + +_Calida_, sc. aqua, cf. in Greek, thermo louesthai, Aristoph. Nub. 1040. +In like manner Pliny uses _frigida_, Ep. 6, 16: semel iterumque +_frigidam_ poposcit transitque. Other writers speak of the Germans as +bathing in their rivers, doubtless in the summer; but in the winter they +use the warm bath, as more agreeable in that cold climate. So in Russia +and other cold countries, cf. Mur. in loco. + +_Separatae--mensa_. Contra Romanorum luxuriam, ex more fere _Homerici_ +aevi. Guen. + +_Sedes_, opposed to the triclinia, on which the Romans used to _recline_, +a practice as unknown to the rude Germans, as to the _early_ Greeks and +Hebrews. See Coler. Stud. of Gr. Poets, p. 71 (Boston, 1842). + +_Negotia_. Plural==_their_ various _pursuits_. So Cic. de Or. 2, 6: +_forensia negotia. Negotium==nec-otium_, C. and G. being originally +identical, as they still are almost _in form.--Armati_. Cf. note, 11: _ut +turbae placuit_. + +_Continuare_, etc. est diem noctemque jungere potando, sive die nocteque +perpotationem continuare. K. + +_Ut_, sc. solet fieri, cf. ut in licentia, Sec. 2. The clause limits +_crebrae_; it is the _frequent occurrence_ of brawls, that is customary +among those given to wine. + +_Transiguntur_. See note on transigitur, Sec. 19. + +_Asciscendis_. i.e. assumendis. + +_Simplices_ manifestly refers to the _expression_ of thought; explained +afterwards by _fingere_ nesciunt==_frank, ingenuous_. Cf. His. 1, 15: +_simplicissime loquimur_; Ann. 1, 69: _simplices curas_. + +_Astuta--callida. Astutus_ est natura, _callidus_ multarum rerum peritia. +Rit. _Astutus_, cunning; _callidus_, worldly wise. Doed. + +_Adhuc. To this day_, despite the degeneracy and dishonesty of the age. +So Doed. and Or. Rit. says: quae adhuc pectore clausa erant. Others still +make it==_etiam, even_. Cf. note, 19. + +_Retractatur_. Reviewed, _reconsidered_. + +_Salva--ratio est. The proper relation of both times is preserved_, or the +advantage of both is secured, as more fully explained in the next member, +viz. by _discussing when they are incapable of disguise, and deciding, +when they are not liable to mistake_. Cf. Or. in loc., and Boetticher, +sub v. + +Passow well remarks, that almost every German usage, mentioned in this +chapter, is in marked contrast with Roman manners and customs. + + +XXIII. _Potui_==pro potu, or in potum, dat. of the end. So 46: Victui +herba, vestitui pelles. T. and Sallust are particularly fond of this +construction. Cf. Boet. Lex. Tac., sub _Dativus_. + +_Hordeo aut frumento. Hordeo==barley; frumento_, properly fruit +(frugimentum, fruit [Greek: kat exochaen], i.e. grain), grain of any +kind, here _wheat_, cf. Veget. R.M. 1, 13: et milites pro frumento +hordeum cogerentur accipere. + +_Similitudinem vini. Beer_, for which the Greeks and Romans had no name. +Hence Herod. (2, 77) speaks of [Greek: oinos ek kritheon pepoiaemenos], +among the Egyptians. + +_Corruptus_. Cum Tacitea indignatione dictum, cf. 4: _infectos_, so Guen. +But the word is often used to denote mere change, without the idea of +being made worse, cf. Virg. Geor. 2, 466: Nec casia liquidi _corrumpitur_ +usus olivi. Here render _fermented_. + +_Ripae_, sc. of the Rhine and Danube, i.e. the Roman border, as in 22: +proximi ripae. + +_Poma_. Fruits of any sort, cf. Pliny, N.H. 17, 26: arborem vidimus omni +genere _pomorum_ onustum, alio ramo _nucibus_, alio _baccis_, aliunde +_vite, ficis, piris_, etc. + +_Recens fera. Venison_, or other game _fresh_, i.e. _recently taken_, in +distinction from the tainted, which better suited the luxurious taste of +the Romans. + +_Lac concretum_. Called _caseus_ by Caes. B.G. 6, 22. But the Germans, +though they lived so much on milk, did not understand the art of making +cheese, see Pliny, N.H. 11, 96. "De caseo non cogitandum, potius quod +nostrates dicunt dickemilch" (i.e. _curdled milk_). Guen. + +_Apparatu. Luxurious preparation.--Blandimentis. Dainties_. + +_Haud minus facile_. Litotes for multo facilius. + +_Ebrietati_. Like the American Aborigines, see note, Sec. 15. + + +XXIV. _Nudi_. See note, Sec. 20. + +_Quibus id ludicrum. For whom it is a sport_; not whose business it is to +furnish the amusement: that would be _quorum est_ K. and Gr. + +_Infestas_==porrectas contra saltantes. K.--_Decorem_. Poetic. + +_Quaestum_==quod quaeritur, _gain_.--_Mercedem_, stipulated pay, _wages_. + +_Quamvis_ limits _audacis_==_daring as it is_ (as you please). + +_Sobrii inter seria_. At Rome gaming was forbidden, except at the +Saturnalia, cf. Hor. Od. 3, 24, 68: vetita legibus alea. The remarkable +circumstance (_quod mirere_) in Germany was, that they practised it not +merely as an amusement at their feasts, but when sober among (_inter_) +their ordinary every-day pursuits. + +_Novissimo. The last_ in a series. Very frequently in this sense in T., +so also in Caes. Properly newest, then latest, _last_. Cf. note, His. 1, +47. _Extremo_, involving the greatest hazard, like our _extreme: last and +final_ (decisive) _throw_. This excessive love of play, extending even to +the sacrifice of personal liberty, is seen also among the American +Indians, see Robertson, Hist. of America, vol. 2, pp. 202-3. It is +characteristic of barbarous and savage life, cf. Mur. in loco. + +_De libertate ac de corpore_. Hendiadys==_personal liberty_. + +_Voluntariam_. An earlier Latin author would have used _ipse, ultro_, or +the like, limiting the subject of the verb, instead of the object. The +Latin of the golden age prefers _concrete_ words. The later Latin +approached nearer to the English, in using more _abstract_ terms. Cf. +note on _repercussu_, 3. + +_Juvenior. More youthful_, and therefore more vigorous; not merely +younger (_junior_). See Doed. and Rit. in loc. Forcellini and Freund cite +only two other examples of this full form of the comparative (Plin. Ep. +4, 8, and Apul. Met. 8, 21), in which it does not differ in meaning from +the common contracted form. + +_Ea_==talis or tanta. _Such_ or _so great_. Gr. + +_Pervicacia. Pervicaces_ sunt, qui in aliquo certamine _ad vincendum_ +perseverant, Schol. Hor. Epod. 17, 14. + +_Pudore_. Shame, _disgrace_. So also His. 3, 61; contrary to usage of +earlier writers, who use it for sense of shame, _modesty_. + + +XXV. _Ceteris_. All but those who have gambled away their own liberty, as +in Sec. 24.--_In nostrum morem_, &c., with specific duties distributed +through the household (the slave-household, cf. note, 15), as explained +by the following clause. On the extreme subdivision of office among +slaves at _Rome_, see Beck. Gall. Exc. 2. Sc. 2; and Smith's Dic. Antiq. +under Servus. + +_Descripta_==dimensa, distributa. Guen. + +_Familiam_. Here the entire _body of servants_, cf. note, Sec. 15. + +_Quisque_. Each _servant_ has his own house and home. + +_Ut colono_. Like the _tenant_ or _farmer_ among the Romans; also the +vassal in the middle ages, and the serf in Modern Europe. + +_Hactenus. Thus far_, and _no farther_, i.e. if he pays his rent or tax, +no more is required of him. + +_Cetera_. The _rest of the duties_ (usually performed by a _Roman +servant_), viz. those of the _house, the wife and children_ (sc. of the +master) _perform_. Gr. strangely refers _uxor et liberi_ to the wife and +children of the servant. Passow also refers _domus_ to the house of the +servant, thus making it identical with the _penates_ above, with which it +seems rather to be contrasted. With the use of _cetera_ here, compare +His. 4, 56: _ceterum vulgus_==the rest, viz. the common soldiers, and see +the principle well illustrated in Doederlein's Essay, His. p. 17. + +_Opere. Hard labor_, which would serve as a punishment. The Romans +punished their indolent and refractory domestics, by sending them to +labor in the _country_, as well as by heavy chains (_vinculis_) and cruel +flagellations (_verberare_). They had also the power of life and death +(_occidere_). Beck. Gall. Exc. 2. Sc. 2; Smith's Dic. Ant. as above. + +_Non disciplina--ira_. Hendiadys==non disciplinae severitate, sed irae +impetu. Cf. His. 1, 51: _severitate disciplinae_. + +_Nisi--impune_, i.e. without the pecuniary penalty or satisfaction, which +was demanded when one put to death an enemy (_inimicum_). Cf. 21. + +_Liberti--libertini_. These words denote the same persons, but with this +difference in the idea: _libertus_==the freedman of some particular +master, _libertinus_==one in the _condition_ of a freedman without +reference to any master. At the time of the Decemvirate, and for some +time after, liberti==emancipated slaves, libertini==the descendants of +such, cf. Suet. Claud. 24. + +_Quae regnantur. Governed by kings_. Ex poetarum more dictum, cf. Virg. +Aen. 6, 794: regnata per arva. So 43: Gothones regnantur, and 44: +Suiones. Guen. + +_Ingenuos_==free born; _nobiles_==high born. + +_Ascendunt_, i.e. ascendere possunt. + +_Ceteros_. By synesis (see Gr.) for ceteras, sc. gentes. + +_Impares_, sc. ingenuis et nobilibus. + +_Libertatis argumentum_, inasmuch as they value liberty and citizenship +too much to confer it on freedmen and slaves. This whole topic of +freedmen is an oblique censure of Roman custom in the age of the +Emperors, whose freedmen were not unfrequently their favorites and prime +ministers. + + +XXVI. _Fenus agitare. To loan money at interest_. + +_Et in usuras extendere. And to put out that interest again on interest_. +The other explanation, viz. that it means simply to put money at +interest, makes the last clause wholly superfluous. + +_Servatur. Is secured_, sc. abstinence from usury, or the non-existence +of usury, which is the essential idea of the preceding clause. + +_Ideo--vetitum esset_, sc. ignoti nulla cupido! Cf. 19: boni mores, vs. +bonae leges. Guen. The reader cannot fail to recognize here, as usual, the +reference to Rome, where usury was practised to an exorbitant extent. See +Fiske's Manual, Sec. 270, 4. and Arnold's His. of Rome, vol. 1, passim. + +_Universis. Whole clans_, in distinction from individual owners. + +_In vices. By turns_. Al vices, vice, vicis. Doed. prefers in vicis; Rit. +in vicos==for i.e. by villages. But whether we translate by turns or by +villages, it comes to the same thing. Cf. Caes. B.G. 6, 22. + +_Camporum, arva, ager, soli, terrae_, &c. These words differ from each +other appropriately as follows: _Terra_ is opposed to mare et coelum, +viz. _earth_. _Solum_ is the substratum of any thing, viz. _solid ground +or soil_. _Campus_ is an extensive plain or level surface, whether of +land or water, here _fields_. _Ager_ is distinctively the territory that +surrounds a city, viz. _the public lands_. _Arvum_ is ager _aratus_, viz. +_plough lands_. Bredow. + +_Superest_. There is enough, and more, cf. Sec. 6, note. + +_Labore contendunt_. They do not strive emulously to equal the fertility +of the soil by their own industry. Passow. + +_Imperatur_. Just as frumentum, commeatus, obsides, etc., _imperantur, +are demanded or expected_. Guen. + +_Totidem_, sc. quot Romani, cf. idem, 4, note. Tacitus often omits one +member of a comparison, as he does also one of two comparative particles. + +_Species. Parts_. Sometimes the logical divisions of a genus; so used by +Cic. and Quin. (Sec. 6, 58): cum genus dividitur in species. + +_Intellectum_. A word of the silver age, cf. note on voluntariam, 24. +Intellectum--habent==_are understood and named_. "Quam distortum +dicendi genus!" Guen. + +_Autumni--ignorantur_. Accordingly in English, spring, summer and winter +are Saxon words, while autumn is of Latin origin (Auctumnus). See Duebner +in loc. Still such words as Haerfest, Herpist, Harfst, Herbst, in other +Teutonic dialects, apply to the autumnal season, and not, like our word +harvest, merely to the fruits of it. + + +XXVII. _Funera_, proprie de toto apparatu sepulturae. E. Funeral rites +were performed with great pomp and extravagance at Rome; cf. Fiske's +Man., Sec. 340; see also Mur. in loco, and Beck. Gall. Exc. Sc. 12. + +_Ambitio_. Primarily the solicitation of office by the candidate; then +the parade and display that attended it; then _parade_ in general, +especially in a bad sense. + +_Certis_, i.e. rite statutis. Guen. + +_Cumulant_. Structura est poetica, cf. Virg. Aen. 11, 50: _cumulatque_ +altaria donis. K. + +_Equus adjicitur_. Herodotus relates the same of the Scythians (4, 71); +Caesar, of the Gauls (B.G. 6, 19). Indeed all rude nations bury with the +dead those objects which are most dear to them when living, under the +notion that they will use and enjoy them in a future state. See +Robertson's Amer. B. 4, &c., &c. + +_Sepulcrum--erigit_. Still poetical; literally: _a turf rears the comb_. +Cf. His. 5, 6: Libanum _erigit_. + +_Ponunt_==deponunt. So Cic. Tusc. Qu.: ad ponendum dolorem Cf. A. 20: +posuere iram. + +_Feminis--meminisse_. Cf. Sen. Ep.: Vir prudens meminisse perseveret, +lugere desinat. + +_Accepimus_. Ut ab aliis tradita audivimus, non ipsi cognovimus. K. See +Preliminary Remarks, p. 79. + +_In commune_. Cic. would have said, universe, or de universa origine. Gr. +Cic. uses _in commune_, but in a different sense, viz. for the common +weal. See Freund, sub voc. + +_Instituta_, political; _ritus_, religious. + +_Quae nationes. And what tribes_, etc.; _quae_ for _quaeque_ by +asyndeton, or perhaps, as Rit. suggests, by mistake of the copyist.-- +_Commigraverint_. Subj. of the indirect question. Gr. 265, Z. 552. + +German critics have expended much labor and research, in defining the +locality of the several German tribes with which the remainder of the +Treatise is occupied. In so doing, they rely not only on historical data, +but also on the traces of ancient names still attached to cities, +forests, mountains, and other localities (cf. note, Sec. 16). These we shall +sometimes advert to in the notes. But on the whole, these speculations of +German antiquarians are not only less interesting to scholars in other +countries, but are so unsatisfactory and contradictory among themselves, +that, for the most part, we shall pass them over with very little +attention. There is manifestly an intrinsic difficulty in defining the +ever changing limits of uncivilized and unsettled tribes. Hence the +irreconcilable contradictions between _ancient authorities_, as well as +modern critiques, on this subject. Tacitus, and the Roman writers +generally, betray their want of definite knowledge of Germany by the +frequency with which they specify the names of mountains and rivers. The +following geographical outline is from Ukert, and must suffice for the +_geography_ of the remainder of the Treatise: "In the corner between the +Rhine and the Danube, are the Decumates Agri, perhaps as far as the +Mayne, 29. Northward on the Rhine dwell the Mattiaci, whose neighbors on +the east are the Chatti, 30. On the same river farther north are the +Usipii and the Tencteri; then the Frisii, 32-34. Eastward of the Tencteri +dwell the Chamavi and the Angrivarii (earlier the Bructeri), and east or +southeast of them the Dulgibini and Chasuarii, 34. and other small +tribes. Eastward of the Frisii Germany juts out far towards the north, +35. On the coast of the bay thus formed, dwell the Chauci, east of the +Frisii and the above mentioned tribes; on the south, they reach to the +Chatti. East of the Chauci and the Chatti are the Cherusci, 36. whose +neighbors are the Fosi. The Cherusci perhaps, according to Tacitus, do +not reach to the ocean; and in the angle of the above bay, he places the +Cimbri, 37. Thus Tacitus represents the western half of Germany. The +eastern is of greater dimensions. There are the Suevi, 38. He calls the +country Suevia, 41. and enumerates many tribes, which belong there. +Eastward of the Cherusci he places the Semnones and Langobardi; north of +them are the Reudigni, Aviones, Anglii, Varini, Eudoses, Suardones and +Nuithones; and all these he may have regarded as lying in the interior, +and as the most unknown tribes, 41. He then mentions the tribes that +dwell on the Danube, eastward from the Decumates Agri: the Hermunduri, in +whose country the Elbe has its source; the Narisci, Marcomanni and Quadi, +41-42. The Marcomanni hold the country which the Boii formerly possessed; +and northward of them and the Quadi, chiefly on the mountains which run +through Suevia, are the Marsigni, Gothini, Osi and Burii, 43. Farther +north are the Lygii, consisting of many tribes, among which the most +distinguished are the Arii, Helvecones, Manimi, Elysii and Naharvali, 43. +Still farther north dwell the Gothones, and, at the Ocean, the Rugii and +Lemovii. Upon islands in the ocean live the Suiones, 44. Upon the +mainland, on the coast, are the tribes of the Aestyi, and near them, +perhaps on islands, the Sitones, 45. Perhaps he assigned to them the +immense islands to which he refers in his first chapter. Here ends +Suevia. Whether the Peucini, Venedi and Fenni are to be reckoned as +Germans or Sarmatians, is uncertain, 46. The Hellusii and Oxonae are +fabulous." + +The following paragraph from Prichard's Researches embodies some of the +more general conclusions of _ethnographers_, especially of Zeuss, on whom +Prichard, in common with Orelli and many other scholars, places great +reliance. "Along the coast of the German Ocean and across the isthmus of +the Cimbric peninsula to the shore of the Baltic, were spread the tribes +of the Chauci and Frisii, the Anglii, Saxones and the Teutones or Jutes, +who spoke the _Low-German_ languages, and formed one of the four +divisions of the German race, corresponding as it seems with the +_Ingaevones_ of Tacitus and Pliny. In the higher and more central parts, +the second great division of the race, that of the _Hermiones_, was +spread, the tribes of which spoke _Upper_ or _High-German_ dialects. +Beginning in the West with the country of the Sigambri on the Rhine, +and from that of the Cherusci and Angrivarii near the Weser and the +Hartz, this division comprehended, besides those tribes, the Chatti, the +Langobardi, the Hermunduri, the Marcomanni and Quadi, the Lugii, and +beyond the Vistula the Bastarnae, in the neighborhood of the Carpathian +hills. To the eastward and northward of the last mentioned, near the +lower course of the Vistula and thence at least as far as the Pregel, +were the primitive abodes of the Goths and their cognate tribes, who are +perhaps the _Istaevones_." The fourth division of Prichard embraced the +Scandinavians, who spoke a language kindred to the Germans and were +usually classed with them. Those who would examine this subject more +thoroughly, will consult Adelung, Zeuss, Grimm, Ritter, Ukert, Prichard, +Latham, &c., who have written expressly on the geography or the +ethnography of Germany. + + +XXVIII. _Summus auctorum_, i.e. omnium scriptorum is, qui plurimum +_auctoritatis fideique_ habet. K. Cf. Sueton. Caes. 56. Though T. +commends so highly the _authority_ of Caesar as a writer, yet he differs +from him in not a few matters of fact, as well as opinion; owing chiefly, +doubtless, to the increased means of information which he possessed in +the age of Trajan. + +_Divus Julius. Divus_==deified, _divine_; an epithet applied to the Roman +Emperors after their decease.--_Tradit_. Cf. Caes. B.G. 6, 24: fuit +antea tempus, cum _Germanos Galli_ virtute _superarent_, ultro bella +inferrent, propter hominum multitudinem agrique inopiam trans Rhenum +colonias mitterent. Livy probably refers to the same events, when he says +(Lib. 5, 34), that in the reign of Priscus Tarquinius, two immense bodies +of Gauls migrated and took possession, the one of the Hercynian Forest, +the other of Upper Italy. + +_Amnis. The Rhine.--Promiscuas. Unsettled, ill defined_. + +_Quo minus_ after a verb of hindering is followed by the subj. H. 499; +Z. 543. + +_Nulla--divisas_, i.e. _not distributed among different and powerful +kings_. + +_Hercyniam silvam_. A series of forests and mountains, stretching from +Helvetia to Hungary in a line parallel to the Danube, and described by +Caesar (B.G. 6, 25), as nine day's journey in breadth and more than +sixty in length. The name seems to be preserved in the modern _Hartz_ +Forest, which is however far less extensive. + +_Igitur--Helvetii_==igitur _regionem_, inter, etc. See note on _colunt_, +16. _Igitur_ seldom stands as the first word in a sentence in Cicero. Cf. +Z. 357; and Kuehner's Cic. Tusc. Qu. 1, 6, 11. Here it introduces a more +particular explanation of the general subject mentioned at the close of +the previous chapter. So in A. 13. When so used, it sometimes stands +first in Cic., always in T. Cf. Freund sub v. Touching the Helvetii, see +Caes. B.G. 1, 1; T. His. 1, 67. + +_Boihemi nomen_. Compounded of Boii and heim (home of the Boii), now +Bohemia. _Heim==ham_ in the termination of so many names of towns, e.g. +Framing_ham_, Notting_ham_. The Boii were driven from their country by +the Marcomanni, 42. The fugitives are supposed to have carried their name +into Boioaria, now Bavaria. Cf. Prichard's Physical Researches, Vol. III. +Chap. 1, Sec. 6; and Latham's Germany of Tacitus in loco. + +_Germanorum natione_, i.e. German in situation, not in origin, for this +he expressly denies or disproves in 43, from the fact that they spoke +the Pannonian language, and paid tribute. The doubt expressed here has +reference only to their original _location_, not to their original stock, +and is therefore in no way inconsistent with the affirmation in chapter +43. + +_Cum==since_. Hence followed by subj. H. 518, I.; Z. 577. + +_Utriusque ripae_. Here of the _Danube_, the right or Pannonian bank of +which was occupied by the Aravisci, and the left or German bank by the +Osi. So elsewhere of the _Rhine_, 37, and of both, 17, and 23. + +_Treveri_. Hence modern _Treves_. + +_Circa_. _In respect to_. A use foreign to the golden age of Latin +composition, but not unfrequent in the silver age. See Ann. 11, 2. 15. +His. 1, 43. Cf. Z. 298, and note, H. 1, 13. + +_Affectationem_. _Eager desire_ to pass for native Germans. Ad verbum, +cf. note, II. 1, 80. + +_Ultro_. Radically the same with _ultra_==beyond. Properly beyond +expectation, beyond necessity, beyond measure, beyond any thing mentioned +in the foregoing context. Hence unexpectedly, freely, cheerfully, very +much, even more. Here _very_, _quite_. Gr. + +_Inertia Gallorum_. T., says Guen., is an everlasting persecutor of the +Gauls, cf. A. 11. + +_Haud dubie_==haud dubii. It limits Germanorum populi. _Undoubtedly +German tribes_. + +_Meruerint_. Not merely deserved, but _earned_, _attained_. For the subj. +after _quanquam_, cf. note, 35. + +_Agrippinenses_. From Agrippina, daughter of Germanicus and wife of +Claudius. Ann. 12, 27. Now Cologne. + +_Conditoris_. _Conditor_ with the earlier Latins is an epicene, conditrix +being of later date. Here used of Agrippina. Of course _sui_ cannot agree +with _conditoris_. It is a reflexive pronoun, the objective gen. after +_conditoris_==the founder of _themselves_, i.e. of their state, cf. +_odium sui_, 33. + +_Experimento_. Abl. _on_ trial, not _for_; i.e. in consequence of being +found faithful. In reference to the Ubii, cf. His. 4, 28. + + +XXIX. _Virtute_ sc. bellica. + +_Non multum ex ripa_. _A small tract on the bank, but chiefly an island +in the river_. Cf. His. 4, 12: extrema Gallicae orae, simulque insulam, +occupavere. + +_Chattorum quondam_. The very name Batavi is thought by some to be a +corrupted or modified form of Chatti. See Rit. in loc. + +_Transgressus. When_ is not known, but Julius Caesar found them already +in possession of their new territory. B.G. 4, 10. + +_Fierent_. Subj. after _eas--quibus==such that_. H. 500, 2; Z. 556. + +_Nec--contemnuntur. Are neither dishonored_. So in His. 4, 17. the +Batavians are called _tributorum expertes_. + +_Oneribus. The burdens of regular taxation.--Collationibus. Extraordinary +contributions_. + +_Tela_, offensive; _arma_, defensive armor. + +_In sua ripa_. On the right or eastern bank of the Rhine. _Agunt_ is to +be taken with _in sua ripa_, as well as with _nobiscum_, which are +antithetic to each other. Meaning: in situation Germans, in feeling +Romans. + +_Mente animoque. In mind and spirit. Mens_ is properly the understanding, +_animus_ the feeling part, and both together comprehend the whole soul. + +_Acrius animantur. Made more courageous by the influence of their very +soil and climate even_ (_adhuc_, cf. note, 19). + +_Numeraverim_. Subj. cf. note, 2: _crediderim_. + +_Decumates--exercent. Exercent_==colunt, So Virg. tellurem, terram, humum, +solum, &c., _exercere_. + +_Decumates_==decumanos. Occurs only here. Tithe-paying lands. For their +location, see note, 27. + +_Dubiae possessionis_, i.e. _insecure_, till confirmed by _limite acto +promotisque praesidiis_, i.e. _extending the boundary and advancing the +garrisons or outposts_. + +_Sinus. Extreme bend_ or _border_. Cf. note, 1. So Virg. (Geor. 2 123) +calls India extremi _sinus_ orbis. + +_Provinciae_. A province, not any particular one. + + +XXX. _Initium inchoant_. Pleonastic. So initio orto, His. 1, 76; initium +coeptum, His. 2, 79; perferre toleraverit, Ann. 3, 3. _Ultra_ is farther +back from the Rhine. Chattorum sedes ubi nunc magnus ducatus et +principatus _Hassorum_, quorum nomen a Chattis deductum. Ritter. +Cha_tt_i==He_ss_ians, as Germ. wa_ss_er==Eng. wa_t_er, and [Greek: +prasso==pratto]. + +_Effusis. Loca effusa_ sunt, quae _latis campis_ patent. K. This use +belongs to the later Latin, though Horace applies the word with _late_ to +the sea: effusi late maria. Gr. + +_Durant siquidem_, etc. On the whole, I am constrained to yield to the +authority and the arguments of Wr., Or., Doed., and Rit., and place the +pause before _durant_, instead of after it as in the first edition. +_Durant_ precedes _siquidem_ for the sake of emphasis, just as _quin +immo_ (chap. 14) and _quin etiam_ (13) yield their usual place to the +emphatic word. These are all departures from established usage. See notes +in loc. cit. _Que_ must be understood, after _paulatim_: it is inserted +in the text by Ritter. + +_Rarescunt_. _Become fewer_ and farther apart. So Virg. Aen. 3, 411: +_Angusti rarescent claustra Pelori_. + +_Chattos suos_. As if the Chatti were the children of the Forest, and the +Forest emphatically their country. Passow. + +_Prosequitur, deponit_. Begins, continues, and ends with the Chatti. +Poetical==is coextensive with. + +_Duriora_, sc. solito, or his, cf. Gr. 256, 9.--_Stricti, sinewy, +strong_, which has the same root as _stringo_. + +_Ut inter Germanos_, i.e. pro ingenio Germanorum, Guen. So we say +elliptically: _for Germans_. + +_Praeponere_, etc. A series of infinitives without connectives, denoting +a hasty enumeration of particulars; elsewhere, sometimes, a rapid +succession of events. Cf. notes, A. 36, and H. 1, 36. The particulars +here enumerated, all refer to _military_ proceedings. + +_Disponere--noctem_. _They distribute the day_, sc. as the period of +various labors; _they fortify the night_, sc. as the scene of danger. +Still highly poetical. + +_Ratione_. _Way, manner_. Al. _Romanae_. + +_Ferramentis_. _Iron tools_, axes, mattocks, &c.--_Copiis_. _Provisions_. + +_Rari_. Predicate of _pugna_, as well as _excursus_.--_Velocitas_ applies +to cavalry, _cunctatio_ to infantry; _juxta_==connected with, allied to, +cf. juxta libertatem, 21. + + +XXXI. _Aliis--populis_. Dat. after _usurpatum_, which with its adjuncts +is the subject of _vertit_. See same construction, His. 1, 18: observatum +id antiquitus comitiis dirimendis non terruit Galbam, etc., cf. also A. +1.--_Audentia_ occurs only thrice in T. (G. 31. 34. Ann. 15, 53), and +once in Pliny (Ep. 8, 4). It differs from _audacia_ in being a _virtue_. + +_Vertit_. Intrans. Not so found in Cic., but in Liv., Caes., and Sall., +not unfrequent. Gr. Cic. however uses _anno vertente_. + +_In consensum vertit_. _Has become the common custom_. + +_Ut primum_. _Just as soon as_. A causal relation is also implied; hence +followed by the subj. + +_Crinem--submittere_. We find this custom (_of letting the hair and beard +grow long_) later among the Lombards and the Saxons, cf. Turn. His. Ang. +Sax., App. to B. 2. + +_Super--spolia_, i.e. _over the bloody spoils_ of a slain enemy. + +_Revelant_, i.e. they remove the hair and beard, which have so long +_veiled_ the face. + +_Retulisse==repaid, discharged their obligations to those who gave them +birth_. + +_Squalor_. This word primarily denotes roughness; secondarily and usually +filth: here the deformity of unshorn hair and beard. + +_Insuper_, i.e. besides the long hair and beard. The proper position of +_insuper_ is, as here, between the adj. and subs., cf. 34: immensos +_insuper_ lacus; see also _insuper_, 12. + +_Absolvat_. Subj. after _donec_. So _faciat_ below. See note, 1. + +_Hic--habitus_, sc. _ferreum annulum_, cf. 17. _Plurimis_==permultis, +Rit. + +_Placet_. Antithetic to _ignominiosum genti_. Very many of the Chatti are +_pleased_ with that which is esteemed a disgrace by most Germans, and so +pleased with it as to retain it to old age, and wear it as a badge of +distinction (_canent insignes_). + +_Nova_. Al. _torva. Strange, unusual_. Placed in the _van_ (_prima +acies_), because as the author says, Sec. 43: primi in omnibus proeliis +_oculi_ vincuntur. + +_Mansuescunt_. Primarily said of wild beasts, _accustomed to the hand of +man_ or _tamed_. So _immanis_, _not_ handled, wild, savage. The clause +introduced by _nam_ illustrates or enforces _visu nova_, and may be +rendered thus: _for not even in time of peace do they grow gentle_ and +put on _a milder aspect_. + +_Exsanguis_. Usually lifeless or pale. Here _languid, feeble_. + + +XXXII. _Alveo_==quoad alveum. Abl. of respect, H. 429; Z. 429. + +_Certum. Fixed, well defined_, i.e. not divided and diffused, (so as to +form of itself no sufficient border or boundary to the Roman Empire) as +it was nearer its source among the Chatti. So this disputed word seems to +be explained by the author himself in the following clause; _quique +terminus esse sufficiat==and such that it suffices to be a boundary_. +_Qui==talis ut_; hence followed by the subj. H. 500, I.; Z. 558. So Mela +(3, 2) contrasts _solidus et certo alveo lapsus_ with _huc et illuc +dispergitur_. + +_Tencteris_==apud Tencteros, by _enallage_, cf. note on _ad patrem_, 20, +and other references there. The Tencteri and Usipii seem to have been at +length absorbed into the mass of people, who appear under the later name +of Alemanni. Cf. Prichard. + +_Familiam. Servants_, cf. note on same word, 15. See also Beck Gall., +Exc. 1. Sc. 1.--Penates==our _homestead_. + +_Jura succesionum==heir looms_, all that goes down by hereditary +descent. + +_Excipit_. Here in the unusual sense of _inherits.--Cetera_, sc. _jura +successionum_. + +_Bello_. Abl. and limits both _ferox_ and _melior_. Meaning: _The horses +are inherited, not, like the rest of the estate, by the eldest son, but +by the bravest_. + + +XXXIII. _Occurrebant. Met the view, presented themselves_. Almost the +sense of the corresponding English word. The structure of _narratur_ +(as impers.) is very rare in the earlier authors, who would say: +_Chamavi narrantur_. Cf. His. 1, 50. 90. The _Chamavi_, &c., were +joined afterwards to the Franks. Cf. Prichard. The present town of +_Ham_ in Westphalia probably preserves the name and gives the +_original_ locality of the _Chamavi_, the present _Engern_ that of the +_Angrivarii_. The termination varii or uarii probably==inhabitants of. +Thus angrivarii==inhabitants of Engern. Chasuarii==Inhabitants of the +river Hase. The same element is perhaps contained in the termination of +Bruct_eri_ and Tenct_eri_. See Latham in loco. + +_Nos, se_. Romanos. _Erga_==inclined to (cf. vergo), _towards_. + +_Spectaculo_. Ablative. Invidere is constructed by the Latins in the +following ways: invidere alicui aliquid, alicui alicujus rei, alicui +aliqua re, alicui in aliqua re. Hess. The construction here (with the +abl. of the thing, which was the object of envy) belongs to the silver +age. Cf. Quint. (Inst. 9, 3, 1) who contrasts it with the usage of +Cicero, and considers it as illustrating the fondness of the age for +_figurative_ language. + +_Oblectationi oculisque_. Hendiadys for ad oblectationem oculorum. The +author here exults in the promiscuous slaughter of the German Tribes by +each other's arms, as a brilliant spectacle to Roman eyes--a feeling +little congenial to the spirit of Christianity, but necessarily nurtured +by the gladiatorial shows and bloody amusements of the Romans, to say +nothing of the habitual hostility which they waged against all other +nations, that did not submit to their dominion. + +_Quaeso_, sc. _deos_. Though _fortune_ is spoken of below, as controlling +the destiny of nations. This passage shows clearly that Tacitus, with all +his partiality for German manners and morals, still retains the heart of +a Roman patriot. He loves his country with all her faults, and bears no +good-will to her enemies, however many and great their virtues. The +passage is important, as illustrating the spirit and design of the whole +Treatise. The work was not written as a blind panegyric on the Germans, +or a spleeny satire on the Romans. Neither was it composed for the +purpose of stirring up Trajan to war against Germany; to such a purpose, +such a clause, as _urgentibus imperii fatis_, were quite adverse. Least +of all was it written for the mere pastime and amusement of Roman +readers. It breathes the spirit at once of the earnest patriot, and the +high-toned moralist. + +_Odium sui_. Cf. note, 28: _conditor. Hatred of themselves_; i.e. of one +another. So in Greek, the reflexive pronoun is often used for the +reciprocal. + +_Quando==since_; a subjective reason. Cf. note, His. I, 31; and Z. 346. +--_Urgentibus--fatis_, sc. to discord and dissolution, for such were the +forebodings of patriotic and sagacious minds ever after the overthrow of +the Republic, even under the prosperous reign of Trajan. + + +XXXIV. _A tergo_, i.e. further back from the Rhine, or towards the East-- +_A fronte_, nearer the Rhine or towards the West. Both are to be referred +to the Angrivarii and Chamavi, who had the Dulgibini and the Chasuarii in +their rear (on the east), and the Frisii on their front (towards the west +or northwest).--_Frisii_, the Frieslanders. + +_Majoribus--virium. They have the name of Greater or Less Frisii, +according to the measure of their strength_. For this sense of _ex_ +see note 7. For the case of _majoribus minoribusque_ see Z. 421, and +H. 387, 1. + +_Praetexuntur. Are bordered by the Rhine_ (hemmed, as the toga +_praetexta_ by the purple); or, as Freund explains, are covered by it, +i.e. lie behind it--_Immensos lacus_. The bays, or arms of the sea, at +the mouth of the Rhine (Zuyder Zee, etc.), taken for lakes by T. and +Pliny (Ann. 1, 60. 2, 8. N.H. 4, 29). They have been greatly changed by +inundations. See Mur. in loco. + +_Oceanum_, sc. Septentrionalem.--_Sua_, sc. parte.--_Tentavimus, +explored_. + +_Herculis columnas_. "Wherever the land terminated, and it appeared +impossible to proceed further, ancient maritime nations feigned pillars +of Hercules. Those mentioned in this passage some authors have placed at +the extremity of Friesland, and others at the entrance of the Baltic." +Ky. cf. note, 3. + +_Adiit_, i.e. vere adiit, _actually_ visited that part of the world. + +_Quicquid--consensimus_. This passage is a standard illustration of the +_Romana interpretatione_ (Sec. 43), the Roman construction, which the Romans +put upon the mythology and theology of other nations. It shows that they +were accustomed to apply the names of their gods to the gods of other +nations on the ground of some resemblance in character, history, worship, +&c. Sometimes perhaps a resemblance in the _names_ constituted the ground +of identification. + +_Druso Germanico_. Some read Druso _et_ Germanico; others Druso, +Germanico, as a case of asyndeton (Gr. 323, 1 (1.)); for both Drusus and +Germanicus sailed into the Northern Ocean, and it is not known that +Germanicus (the son of Drusus and stepson of Tiberius, who is by some +supposed to be meant here) is ever called _Drusus Germanicus_. But +Drusus, the father of Germanicus, is called Drusus Germanicus in the +Histories (5, 19), where he is spoken of as having thrown a mole or dam +across the Rhine; and it is not improbable that he is the person here +intended. So K., Or. and Wr. + +_Se_, i.e. the Ocean. See H. 449, II.; Z. 604. + +_Inquiri_. Impersonal==_investigation to be made. E_. suggests +_inquirenti_, agreeing with _Germanico_. But T., unlike the earlier Latin +authors, not unfrequently places an infin. after a verb of hindering. + +_Credere quam scire_. T. perhaps alluded to the precept of the +Philosopher, who said: Deum cole, atque crede, sed noli quaerere. +Murphy. + + +XXXV. _In Septentrionem_, etc. _On the North, it falls back_, sc. into +the Ocean, _with_ an immense _bend_ or peninsula. The _flexus_ here +spoken of is called _sinus_ in chap. 37, and describes the Cimbric +Chersonesus, or Danish Peninsula. See Doed., Or. and Rit. in loc.--_Ac +primo statim. And first immediately_, sc. as we begin to trace the +northern coast.--_Lateribus_, sc. the eastern. + +_Quanquam_ followed by the subj., seldom in Cic., but usually in T., +Z. 574, Note. Cf. note, His. 5, 21.--_Sinuetur_, sc. southwards. +_Donec--sinuetur_. Cf. note, 1: _erumpat_. + +_Inter Germanos_. Considered among the Germans, _in the estimation of the +Germans_. + +_Quique--tueri_. A clause connected to an _adj_. (nobilissimus), cf. +certum, quique, 32. _Qui_ in both passages==talis, ut. Hence followed by +subj. H. 501, I.; Z. 558. + +_Impotentia, ungoverned passion, [Greek: akrateia]. Impotentia_ seldom +denotes want of power, but usually that unrestrained passion, which +results from the want of ability to control one's self. + +_Ut--agant_ depends on _assequuntur_. Subj. H. 490; Z. 531, _a_. + +_Si res poscat_. Some copies read: si res poscat _exercitus_. But posco +and postulo seldom have the object expressed in such clauses, cf. 44: ut +res poscit; 6: prout ratio poscit. So also Cic. and Sall., pass. +_Exercitus_ is subject nom., _promptus_ being understood, as pred.; and +_plurimum virorum equorumque_ explains or rather enforces _exercitus: +and, if the case demand, an army, the greatest abundance of men and +horses_. + +_Quiescentibus_, i.e. bellum non gerentibus; _eadem_, i.e. the same, as +if engaged in war. + + +XXXVI. _Cherusci_. It was their chief, Arminius (Germ. Hermann), who, +making head against the Romans, was honored as the Deliverer of Germany, +and celebrated in ballad songs, which are preserved to this day. See his +achievements in Ann. B. 1, and 2. This tribe became afterwards the head +of the Saxon confederacy. + +_Marcentem. Enervating_. So _marcentia pocula_, Stat. Silv. 4, 6, 56. It +is usually intransitive, and is taken here by some in the sense of +languid, enervate (literally withered).--_Illacessiti_ is a post-Augustan +word. Cf. Freund. + +_Impotentes_. Cf. impotentia, 35. + +_Falso quiescas_. Falleris, dum quiescis. Dilthey. Cf. note, 14: +_possis_. + +_Ubi manu agitur_. Where matters are decided by might rather than right. +Cf. _manu agens_, A. 9. + +_Nomina superioris. Virtues_ (only) _of the stronger party_, the +conqueror. They are deemed vices in the weaker. + +_Chattis--cessit: while to the Chatti_, who were _victorious, success +was imputed for wisdom_. The antithetic particle at the beginning of the +clause is omitted. Cf. note, 4: _minime_. + +_Fuissent_. Subj. after _cum_ signifying _although_. H. 516, II. + + +XXXVII. _Sinum. Peninsula_, sc. the Cimbric. Cf. note, 35: _flexu_; 81: +_sinus_. + +_Cimbri_. The same with the Cimmerii, a once powerful race, who, +migrating from western Asia, that hive of nations, overran a large part +of Europe, but their power being broken by the Romans, and themselves +being overrun and conquered by the Gothic or German Tribes, they were +pushed to the extreme western points of the continent and the British +Isles, where, and where alone, distinct traces of their language and +literature remain to this day. They have left their name indelibly +impressed on different localities in their route, e.g. the Cimmerian +Bosphorus, the Cimbric Chersonesus (now Jutland, occupied by the Cimbri +in the days of T.), Cumberland (Cumbria, from Cimbri) &c. The ancient +name of the Welsh was also Cymri, cf. Tur. His. Ang. Sax. 1. 2. + +_Gloria_ is abl. limiting _ingens_. + +_Castra ac spatia_. In apposition with _lata vestigia_==spatiosa castra +or castrorum spatia, H. 704, II. 2; Z. 741. + +_Utraque ripa_, sc. of the Rhine, _the_ river and river bank by eminence. + +_Molem manusque. The mass of their population, and the number of their +armies_. Observe the alliteration, as if he had said: measure the mass +and might. + +_Exitus_, i.e. _migrationis_. Often used in this sense, cf. Caes. B.C. +3, 69: Salutem et _exitum_ sibi pariebant.--_Fidem, proof_. + +_Sexcentesimum--annum_. T. follows the Catonian Era. According to +the Varronian Era, received by the moderns, the date would be A.U.C. +641 = A.C. 113. + +_Alterum--consulatum_. The second consulship of Trajan (when he was also +Emperor) was, after the reckoning of Tacitus, A.U.C. 850, according to +modern computation, 851 = A.D. 98. This year doubtless marks the time when +this treatise was written, else why selected? + +_Vincitur_. So long is Germany in being conquered. (The work was never +completed.) Cf. Liv. 9, 3: quem per annos jam prope _triginta vincimus_. + +_Medio--spatio. In the intervening period_, sc. of 210 years. + +_Samnis--Galliaeve_. The Romans had fought bloody, and some times +disastrous battles with the Samnites (at the Caudine Forks, Liv. 9, 2.), +with the Carthaginians (in the several Punic Wars), with the Spaniards +under Viriathus and Sertorius (Florus, Lib. 2.), with the Gauls (Caes. +B.G. pass.). But none of these were so sanguinary as their wars with the +Germans. + +_Admonuere_, sc. vulneribus, cladibus==castigavere. + +_Regno--libertas_. Liberty and monarchy in studied antithesis. T. means to +imply that the former is the stronger principle of the two. + +_Arsacis_. The family name of the Parthian kings, as Pharaoh and Ptolemy +of the Egyptian, Antiochus of the Syrian, &c. + +_Amisso et ipse_, sc. _oriens_; the East _itself also lost_ its prince +(Pacorus), in the engagement, as well as the Romans their leader +(Crassus).--_Objecerit, reproach us with_. Subj. Cf. n. G. 2: _peteret_. + +_Ventidium_. Commander under Anthony, and conqueror of the Parthians in +three battles, A.U.C. 715. He was raised from the lowest rank and the +meanest employment, hence perhaps the expression, _dejectus infra, +humbled beneath Ventidius_. + +_Carbone--Manlio_, Cneius Papirius Carbo defeated at Noreja, A.U. 641 +(Liv. Epit. 63.), L. Cassius Longinus defeated and slain, 647 (Caes. B.G. +1, 7. 12.), M. Aurelius Scaurus defeated and taken captive, 648 (Liv. +Epit. 67.), Servilius Caepio and M. Manlius defeated with great slaughter +at Tolosa, 649 (Liv. Epit. 67.), Quintilius Varus defeated and slain, 762 +(Suet. Oct. 23.)--all these victories over the Romans in their highest +strength and glory--either in the time of the _Republic (Populo Romano)_, +or of the _Empire_ under Augustus (_Caesari_)--all these attested the +courage and military prowess of the Germans; and they were still, for the +most part, as free and as powerful as ever. + +_Caius Marius_ almost annihilated the Cimbri at Aquae Sextiae, A.U.C. +652. + +_Drusus_. Claudius Drusus invaded Germany four times, 742-3, and finally +lost his life by falling from his horse on his return, cf. Dio. Libb. 54. +55. + +_Nero_, commonly known as Tiberius (brother of Drusus and stepson of +Augustus), had the command in Germany at three different times, 746-7, +756-9, 764-5, cf. Suet. Tib. 9. seq. + +_Germanicus_, son of Drusus, made four campaigns in Germany, A.D. 14-16, +cf. Ann. B. 1. and 2. + +_C. Caesaris_. Caligula, cf. Suet. Calig.; T. His. 4, 15. + +_Discordiae--armorum_. The civil wars after the death of Nero under +Galba, Otho, and Vitellius. + +_Expugnatis--hibernis_. By the Batavians under Civilis. His. 4, 12 seq.; +A. 41. + +_Affectavere. Aspired to the government of_, cf. note on affectationem, +28. After _donec_, T. always expresses a single definite past action by +the perf. ind., cf. A. 36: _donec--cohortatus est_; a repeated, or +continued past action by the imp. subj. cf. note, A. 19: _donec--fieret_; +and a present action, which is in the nature of the case also a continued +action, by the pres. subj. cf. note, 1: _separet_. + +_Triumphati_. Poetice, cf. Virg. Aen. 6, 837: Triumphata Corintho; Hor. +Od. 3, 3, 43: Triumphati Medi. The reference here is to the ridiculous +triumph of Domitian, A. 39, in which slaves, purchased and dressed out +for the purpose, were borne as captives through the streets. + + +XXXVIII. _Suevis_. In the time of T. a powerful confederacy, embracing +all the tribes enumerated in 39-45, and covering all the eastern and +larger half of Germany. But the confederacy was soon dissolved and seldom +appears in subsequent history. We still have a trace of their name in the +Modern _Suabia_. The name is supposed by some philologists (e.g. Zeuss) +to denote _unsettled wanderers_ (Germ. Schweben, to wave, to hover, cf. +Caes. B.G. 4, 1: Suevis non longius anno remanere uno in loco, etc.); as +that of the Saxons does settlers, or _fixed residents_ (Germ. Sassen), +and that of the Franks, _freemen_. See Rup. in loc. An ingenious Article +in the North American Review (July, 1847), makes the distinction of Suevi +and non-Suevi radical and permanent in the religion and the language of +the Germans; the Suevi becoming Orthodox Catholics, and the non-Suevi +Arians in Ecclesiastical History, and the one High-Dutch and the other +Low-Dutch in the development of their language. + +_Adhuc_. Cf. note on it, 19. As to position, cf. _insuper_ 31, and 34. +The Suevi are _still (adhuc)_ divided into distinct tribes bearing +distinct names, though united in a confederacy. Cf. Hand's Tursellinus, +1, 163. Doed. renders _besides_, sc. the general designation of Suevi. + +_In commune. In common_. Not used in this sense by Cic., Caes. and Liv., +though frequent in T. Gr. Cf. note on the same, 27. + +_Obliquare. To turn the hair back, or comb it up_ contrary to its natural +direction--and then fasten it in a knot on the top of the head +(_substringere nodo_); so it seems to be explained by the author himself +below: _horrentem capillum retro sequuntur ac in ipso solo vertice +religant_. Others translate _obliquare_ by _twist_. Many ancient writers +speak of this manner of tying the hair among the Germans, cf. Sen. de +Ira. 3, 26.; Juv. 13, 164. + +_A servis separantur. Separantur_==distinguuntur. Servants among the +Suevi seem to have had their hair shorn. So also it was among the Franks +at a later date. Vid. Greg. Tur. 3, 8. + +_Rarum et intra_, etc. Enallage, cf. note _certum quique_, 32. + +_Retro sequuntur_, i.e. _follow it back_, as it were, in its growth, and +_tie it up on the very crown of the head only_, instead of letting it +hang down, as it grows (submittere crinem). So K., Or. and many others. +Passow and Doed. take sequuntur in the sense of _desire, delight in_ (our +word _seek_). The word bears that sense, e.g. 5: argentum magis quam +aurum _sequuntur_. But then what is _retro_ sequuntur? for _retro_ must +be an adjunct of _sequuntur_ both from position, and because there is no +other word which it can limit. _Saepe_ implies, that sometimes they made +a knot elsewhere, but _often they fasten_ it there, and there _only_. See +Or. in loc. This whole passage illustrates our author's disposition to +avoid technical language. Cf. note, II. 2, 21. + +_Innoxiae. Harmless_, unlike the beauty cultivated among the _Romans_ to +dazzle and seduce. + +_In altitudinem_, etc. _For the sake of_ (increased) _height and terror_, +i.e. to appear tall and inspire terror. Cf. note, A, 5: _in +jactationem_; A. 7: _in suam famam_. The antithetic particle is omitted +before this clause as it often is by our author. + +_Ut hostium oculis_, to strike with terror the eyes of the enemy, for +primi in omnibus proeliis _oculi_ vincuntur, 43. + + +XXXIX. _Vetustissimos. Oldest_. _Vetus_ is _old_, of long _duration_ +([Greek; etos], aetas). _antiquus, ancient_, belonging to a _preceding_ +age (ante). _Recens_ (fresh, young) is opposed to the former: _novus_ +(new, modern), to the latter. See Ramshorn and Freund. + +_Fides antiquitatis. Antiquitatis_ is objective gen.==_the belief, or +persuasion of their antiquity_. + +_Auguriis--sacram_. The commentators all note the hexameter structure of +these words, and many regard them as a quotation from some Latin poet. +The words themselves are also poetical, e.g. _patrum_ for _majorum_, and +_formidine_ for _religione_. The coloring is Virgilian. Cf. Aen. 7, 172; +8, 598. See Or. in loc. and Preliminary Remarks to the Histories, p. 234. + +_Legationibus coeunt_. Just as we say: _convene by their delegates_, or +_representatives_. + +_Publice_==publica auctoritate, cf. same word, 10. + +_Primordia_. Initiatory rites. + +_Minor_, sc. numine. _Inferior to the god_. + +_Prae se ferens. Expressing in his external appearance, or bearing in his +own person an acknowledgment of the power of the divinity_. + +_Evolvuntur_==se evolvunt, cf. Ann. 1, 13: cum Tiberii genua +advolveretur; also _lavantur_, 22. + +_Eo--tanquam. Has reference to this point, as if_, i.e. to this opinion, +viz. that thence, etc. Cf. _illuc respicit tanquam_, 12.--_Inde_ From the +grove, or the god of the grove. Cf. 3: _Tuisconem ... originem gentis_. + +_Adjicit auctoritatem_, sc. isti superstitioni. + +_Magno corpore_==reipublicae magnitudine. _Corpore_, the body politic. So +His. 4, 64: redisse vos in corpus nomenque Germanorum.--_Habitantur_. Al. +habitant and habitantium, by conjecture. The subject is the Semnonian +_country_ implied in _Semnonum: the Semnonians inhabit a hundred +villages_, is the idea. + + +XL. _Langobardos_. The Lombards of Mediaeval history; so called probably +from their long beards (Germ, lang and bart). First mentioned by +Velleius, 2, 106: gens etiam Germana feritate ferocior. See also Ann. 2, +45, 46, 62-64.--_Paucitas_ here stands opposed to the _magno corpore_ of +the Semnones in 39. + +_Per--periclitando_. Three different constructions, cf. notes 16, 18. + +_Reudigni_. Perhaps the Jutes, so intimately associated with the Angles +in subsequent history. See Or. in loc. In like manner, Zeuss identifies +the _Suardones_ with the Heruli, and the _Nuithones_ with the Teutones. +_Suardones_ perhaps==_sword_-men. + +_Anglii_. The English reader will here recognize the tribe of Germans +that subsequently invaded, peopled, and gave name to England +(==_Angl-land_), commonly designated as the Anglo-Saxons. T. does not +mention the _Saxons_. They are mentioned by Ptolemy and others, as +originally occupying a territory in this same part of Germany. They +became at length so powerful, as to give their name to the entire +confederacy (including the Angles), which ruled northern Germany, as the +Franks (the founders of the French monarchy) did southern. The Angles +seem to have dwelt on the right bank of the Elbe, near its mouth, in the +time of T. + +_Nerthum_. This is the reading of the MSS. and the old editions. It +cannot be doubted that T. speaks of Hertha (see Turn. His. Ang. Sax., +App. to B. 2. chap. 3). "But we must take care not to correct our author +himself." Passow. Grimm identifies this deity with Nioerdhr of the Edda, +and derives the name from Nord (North).--_Terram matrem_. The Earth is +worshipped by almost all heathen nations, as the mother of men and the +inferior gods. See Mur. in loco. Cf. 2: Tuisconem Deum, _terra editum_; +also note, 9. Isidi. + +_Insula_. Scholars differ as to the Island. Probabilities perhaps are in +favor of Rugen, where the _secretus lacus_ mentioned below is still +shown, still associated with superstitious legends. + +_Castum. Polluted by nothing profane_. So Hor: _castis lucis_. + +_Penetrali_, viz. _the sacred vehicle_. + +_Dignatur_. _Deems worthy_ of her visits. + +_Templo_, sc. the sacred grove. Templum, like [Greek: temenos], denotes +any place _set apart_ (from [Greek: temno]) for sacred purposes, cf. 9. + +_Numen ipsum. The goddess herself_, not an image of her; for the Germans +have no images of their gods, 9. _Abluitur_, as if contaminated by +intercourse with mortals. + +_Perituri_, etc. _Which can be seen only on penalty of death_. + + +XLI. _Propior_, sc. to the Romans.--_Hermundurorum_. Ritter identifies +the name (_Hermun_ being omitted, and _dur_ being==_thur_) and the people +with the _Thur_ingians. Cf. note 2: _Ingaevones_. + +_Non in ripa. Not only_ (or _not so much_) _on the border_ (the +riverbank), but also within the bounds of the Roman Empire. + +_Splendidissima--colonia_. This flourishing colony had no distinctive +name in the age of T.; called afterwards Augusta Vindelicorum, now +Augsburg. + +_Passim_. Wherever they chose--_Sine custode_. Not so others. Cf. His. 4, +64: ut inermes ac prope nudi, _sub custode_ et pretio coiremus. + +_Cum--ostendamus. Cum==while, although_. Hence the subj. + +_Non concupiscentibus. Since they were not covetous_, Guen. Gr renders: +_though they were not equally desirous of it_. + +_Notum--auditur_. The Elbe had been _seen_ and _crossed_ by Drusus +Domitius, and Tiberius. But now it was known only by _hearsay_. See a +like patriotic complaint at the close of 37. + + +XLII. _Marcomanni_==men of the marches. See Latham in loc--_Sedes_, sc. +Bohemia.--_Pulsis olim Boiis_, cf. 28. + +_Degenerant_, sc. _a reliquorum virtute_, i.e. the Narisci and Quadi +_are not unworthy, do not fall short_ of the bravery of their neighbors. +the Marcomanni. + +_Peragitur_. Al. _protegitur, porrigitur_, &c. Different words are +supplied as the subject of _peragitur_, e.g. Passow _iter_.; Rit. +_cursus_; K. _frons_. The last is preferable. The meaning is: _This +country_ (sc. of these tribes) _is the front_, so to speak (i.e. the +part _facing the Romans_) _of Germany, so far as it is formed by the +Danube_, i.e. so far as the Danube forms the boundary between Germany +and the Roman Empire. + +_Marobodui_. Cf. Ann. 2, 62; Suet. Tib. 37. + +_Externos_, sc. reges, viz. the kings of the Hermunduri. Ann. 2, 62.-- +_Potentia. Power_ irrespective of right. _Potestas_ is lawful +_authority_. See note, 7 + +_Nec minus valent_, sc. being aided by our money, than they would be if +they were reinforced by our arms. This clause in some copies stands at +the beginning of 43. + + +XLIII. _Retro. Back_ from the Danube and the Roman border.--_Referunt. +Resemble_. Poetical, cf. 20. + +_Et quod patiuntur_, sc. proves that they are not of German origin. They +paid tribute as _foreigners_. The Gothini were probably a remnant of the +expelled Boii. Cf. note, 28, and Prichard, as there cited. Hence their +Gallic language. + +_Quo magis pudeat_. They have iron beyond even most of the Germans (cf. +6), but (shame to tell) do not know how to use it in asserting their +independence. Subj. H. 497; Z. 536. + +_Pauca campestrium_. Poetical, but not uncommon in the later Latin. So +41: secretiora Germaniae; His. 4, 28: extrema Galliarum. H. 396, III. +2. 3; Z. 435. + +_Jugum. A mountain chain.--Vertices. Distinct summits_. + +_Insederunt_. This word usually takes a dat., or an abl., with _in_. But +the poets and later prose writers use it as a transitive verb with the +acc.==_have settled, inhabited_. Cf. H. 371, 4; Z. 386; and Freund sub +voce. Observe the comparatively unusual form of the perf. 3d plur. in +_-erunt_ instead of _-ere_. Cf. note, His. 2, 20. + +_Nomen_==gens. So nomen Latinum==Latins. Liv. pass. + +_Interpretatione Romana_. So we are every where to understand Roman +accounts of the gods of other nations. They transferred to them the names +of their own divinities according to some slight, perhaps fancied +resemblance. Cf. note, 34: _quicquid consensimus_. + +_Ea vis numini_, i.e. these gods render the same service to the Germans, +as Castor and Pollux to the Romans. + +_Alcis_, dat. pl. Perhaps from the Slavonic word holcy==kouros, Greek +for Castor and Pollux. Referable to no German root. + +_Peregrinae_, sc. Greek or Roman.--_Tamen_. Though these gods bear no +visible trace of Greek or Roman origin, _yet_ they are worshipped as +brothers, as youth, like the _Greek_ and _Roman Twins_.-- +_Superstitionis_==religionis. Cf. notes, His. 3, 58; 5, 13. + +_Lenocinantur. Cherish_, increase. Used rhetorically; properly, _to +pander_.--_Arte_, sc. nigra scuta, &c.--_Tempore_, sc. atras noctes, &c. +--_Tincta==tattooed_. + +_Ipsaque formidine_, etc. _And by the very frightfulness and shadow of +the deathlike army. Umbra_ may be taken of the literal _shadows_ of the +men in the night, with Rit., or with Doed. and Or., of the general _image_ +or _aspect_ of the army. _Feralis_, as an adj., is found only in poetry +and post-Augustan prose. See Freund. + +_Gothones_. Probably the Getae of earlier, and the Goths of later +history. See Or. in loc. and Grimm and other authorities as there cited. +The _Rugii_ have perpetuated their name in an island of the Baltic +(Rugen). + +_Adductius_. Lit. with tighter rein, _with more absolute power_ cf. His. +3, 7: adductius, quam civili bello, imperitabat. The adv. is used only in +the comp.; and the part. adductus is post-Augustan. _Jam_ and _nondum_ +both have reference to the writer's progress in going over the tribes of +Germany, those tribes growing less and less free as he advances eastward: +_already_ under more subjection than the foregoing tribes, but _not yet_ +in such abject slavery, as some we shall soon reach, sc. in the next +chapter, where see note on _jam_. + +_Supra_. So as to _trample down_ liberty and destroy it. + +_Protinus deinde ab_, etc. _Next in order, from the ocean_, i.e. with +territory beginning from or at the ocean. + + +XLIV. _Suionum. Swedes_. Not mentioned under this name, however, by any +other ancient author. + +_Ipso_. The Rugii, &c., mentioned at the close of the previous section, +dwelt _by_ the ocean (_ab_ Oceano); but the _Suiones in_ the ocean (_in_ +Oceano). _Ipso_ marks this antithesis. + +_In Oceano_. An island in the Baltic. Sweden was so regarded by the +ancients, cf. 1, note. + +_Utrimque prora. Naves biprorae_. Such also had the Veneti, Caes. B.G. +3, 13. Such Germanicus constructed, His. 3, 47. So also the canoes of the +N. Am. Indians. + +_Ministrantur_, sc. naves==_the ships are not furnished with sails_, cf. +His. 4, 12: _viros armaque ministrant_. Or it may be taken in the more +literal sense: are served, i.e. worked, mannged. Cf. Virg. Aen. 6, 302: +velisque ministrat.--_In ordinem. For a row_, i.e. so as to form a row, +cf. Z. 314: also Rit. and Doed. in loc. The northmen (Danes and Swedes) +became afterwards still more famous for navigation and piratical +excursions, till at length they settled down in great numbers in France +and England. + +_In quibusdam fluminum_. Rivers with steep banks require the oars to be +removed in order to approach the bank. + +_Est--honos_. Contrary to the usual fact in Germany, cf. 5. + +_Exceptionibus_. _Limitations_.--_Jam_. Now, i.e. _here_, opposed to the +_foregoing_ accounts of _free states_ and _limited monarchies_. + +_Precario_. Properly: _obtained by entreaty_. Hence: _dependent on the +will of another_, cf. A. 16.--_Parendi_. A gerund with passive sense, +lit. _with no precarious right of being obeyed_. So Pass., K., Wr. and +Guen. + +_In promiscuo_. The privilege of wearing arms is not conceded to the mass +of the people.--_Et quidem_==et eo, _and that too_. + +_Otiosa--manus_. Al. _otiosae_ by conjecture. But _manus_, a collective +noun sing. takes a pl. verb, cf. H. 461, 1; Z. 366. + +_Regia utilitas est_==regibus utile est. + + +XLV. _Pigrum_. Cf. A. 10: pigrum et grave. The Northern or Frozen Ocean, +of which T. seems to have heard, though some refer it to the northern +part of the Baltic. See Ky. in loc. + +_Hinc_. _For this reason_, viz. _quod extremus_, etc. + +_In ortus_. _Till the risings_ (pl.) _of the sun_, i.e. from day to day +successively. It was known in the age of T. that the longest day grew +longer towards the north, till at length it became six months (cf. Plin. +N.H. 2, 77), though T. supposed it to be thus long at a lower latitude +than it really was, cf. A. 12. + +_Sonum--aspici_. The aurora borealis, some suppose. + +_Persuasio adjicit_. _The common belief adds_, i.e. _it is further +believed_, cf. His. 5, 5. 13: persuasio inerat. + +_Illuc--natura_. _Tantum_ is to be connected with _illuc usque_. _Thus far +only nature extends_. So thought the ancients. Cf. A. 33: _in ipso +terrarum ac naturae fine_. _Et vera fama_ is parenthetic. The _author_ +endorses this part of the story. + +_Ergo_ marks a return from the above digression. + +_Suevici maris_. _The Baltic_. + +_Aestyorum_==eastern men, modern Esthonians. Their language was probably +neither German nor Briton, but Slavonic. + +_Matrem Deum_. Cybele, as the Romans interpreted it, cf. 43. + +_Insigne--gestant_. Worn, as _amulets_. + +_Frumenta laborant_, i.e. labor _for_, or _to produce_, corn. Cf. Hor. +Epod. 5, 60. _Laborare_ is transitive only in poetry and post-Augustan +prose. _Elaborare_ would imply too much art for the author's purpose. See +Rit. in loc. + +_Succinum_. _Amber_, an important article of commerce in early ages, +combining some vegetable juice (hence the Latin name, from _succus_) with +some mineral ingredients.--_Glesum_. This name was transferred to +_glass_, when it came into use. The root is German. Compare [Greek: +chalaza.] Doed. + +_Nec_==non tamen. _Yet it is not_, etc. + +_Ut barbaris_. Cf. ut inter barbaros, A. 11. _Barbaris_ is dative in +apposition with _iis_, which is understood after _compertum_. + +_Quae--ratio_. _What power or process of nature_. + +_Donec--dedit_. Cf. note, 87: _affectavere_. + +_Plerumque_. _Often_; a limited sense of the word peculiar to +post-Augustan Latin. Cf. G. 13: _ipsa plerumque fama bella profligant_; +and Freund ad v. + +_Quae--expressa_==quorum _succus_ expressus, etc. + +_In tantum_. _To such a degree_. Frequent only in late Latin. + +_A servitute_. They fall short of liberty in not being free, like most of +the Germans; and they fall below slavery itself, in that they are slaves +to a woman. + + +XLVI. _Venedorum et Fennorum_. Modern _Vends and Finns_, or Fen-men. Cf. +Latham in loc.--_Ac torpor procerum_. _The chief men are lazy and +stupid_, besides being filthy, like all the rest. + +_Foedantur_. Cf. infectos, 4.--_Habitum_, here personal appearance, cf. +note, 17.--_Ex moribus_, sc. Sarmatarum. + +_Erigitur_. Middle sense. _Raise themselves_, or _rise_, cf. evolvuntur, +39. + +_Figunt_. Have _fixed habitations_, in contrast with the Sarmatians, who +lived in carts. Cf. Ann. 13, 54: _fixerant domos Frisii_. Al. _fingunt_. + +_Sarmatis_. The stock of the modern Russians, cf. 1. note. + +_Cubile_. We should expect _cubili_ to correspond with _victui_ and +_vestituti_. But cf. note 18: referantur; 20: ad patrem, &c. + +_Comitantur_, i.e. feminae comitantur viris. + +_Ingemere--illaborare_. _Toil and groan upon houses and lands_, i.e. _in +building and tilling them_; though some understand _domibus_ and _agris_ +as the places in which they toil. + +_Versare_. _To be constantly employed_ in increasing the fortune of +themselves and others, agitated meanwhile by hope and fear. + +_Securi_. Because they have nothing to lose. + +_Illis_. Emphatic. _They_, unlike others, have no need, &c. Cf. _apud +illos_, 44. + +_In medium relinquam_. Leave for the public, i.e. undecided. + +_Relinquere in medio_ is the more common expression. Boetticher in his +Lex. Tac. explains it, as equivalent by Zeugma to _in medium vocatum +relinquam in medio_. So in Greek, _en_ and _eis_ often interchange. + + + +AGRICOLA. + + +The Biography of Agricola was written early in the reign of Trajan (which +commenced A.U.C. 851. A.D. 98), consequently about the same time with the +Germania, though perhaps somewhat later (cf. notes on Germania). This +date is established by inference from the author's own language in the 3d +and the 44th sections (see notes). In the former, he speaks of the dawn +of a better day, which opened indeed with the reign of Nerva, but which +is now brightening constantly under the auspices of Trajan. The use of +the past tense (_miscuerit_) here in respect to Nerva, and of the present +(_augeat_) in respect to Trajan, is quite conclusive evidence, that at +the time of writing, the reign of Nerva was past, and that of Trajan had +already begun. + +The other passage is, if possible, still more clearly demonstrative of +the same date. Here in drawing the same contrast between past tyranny and +present freedom, the author, without mentioning Nerva, records the desire +and hope, which his father-in-law expressed in his hearing, that he might +live to see Trajan elevated to the imperial throne--language very proper +and courtly, if Trajan were already Emperor, but a very awkward +compliment to Nerva, if, as many critics suppose, he were still the +reigning prince. + +It is objected to this date, that if Nerva were not still living, Tacitus +could not have failed to attach to his name (in Sec. 3.) the epithet +_Divus_, with which deceased Emperors were usually honored. And from the +omission of this epithet in connection with the name of _Nerva_, together +with the terms of honor in which _Trajan_ is mentioned, it is inferred +that the piece was written in that brief period of three months, which +intervened between the adoption of Trajan by Nerva, and Nerva's death +(see Brotier and many others). But the application of the epithet in +question, was not a matter of necessity or of universal practice. Its +omission in this case might have been accidental, or might have proceeded +from unknown reasons. And the bare absence of a single word surely cannot +be entitled to much weight, in comparison with the obvious and almost +necessary import of the passages just cited. + +The primary object of the work is sufficiently obvious. It was to honor +the memory of the writer's excellent father-in-law, Agricola (cf. Sec. 3: +honori Agricolae, mei soceri, destinatus). So far from apologizing for +writing the life of so near a friend, he feels assured that his motives +will be appreciated and his design approved, however imperfect may be its +execution; and he deems an apology necessary for having so long delayed +the performance of that filial duty. After an introduction of singular +beauty and appropriateness (cf. notes), he sketches a brief outline of +the parentage, education, and early life of Agricola, but draws out more +at length the history of his consulship and command in Britain, of which +the following summary, from Hume's History of England, may not be +unprofitable to the student in anticipation: "Agricola was the general, +who finally established the dominion of the Romans in this island. He +governed it in the reigns of Vespasian, Titus, and Domitian. He carried +his victorious arms northward; defeated the Britons in every encounter, +pierced into the forests and the mountains of Caledonia, reduced every +state to subjection in the southern parts of the island, and chased +before him all the men of fiercer and more intractable spirits, who +deemed war and death itself less intolerable than servitude under the +victors. He defeated them in a decisive action which they fought under +Galgacus; and having fixed a chain of garrisons between the friths of +Clyde and Forth, he cut off the ruder and more barren parts of the island +and secured the Roman province from the incursions of the more barbarous +inhabitants. During these military enterprises, he neglected not the arts +of peace. He introduced laws and civility among the Britons; taught them +to desire and raise all the conveniences of life; reconciled them to the +Roman language and manners; instructed them in letters and science; and +employed every expedient to render those chains which he had forged both +easy and agreeable to them." (His. of Eng. vol. 1.) + +The history of Agricola during this period is of course the history of +Britain. Accordingly the author prefaces it with an outline of the +geographical features, the situation, soil, climate, productions and, so +far as known to the Romans, the past history of the island. Tacitus +possessed peculiar advantages for being the historian of the early +Britons. His father-in-law was the first to subject the whole island to +the sway of Rome. He traversed the country from south to north at the +head of his armies, explored it with his own eyes, and reported what he +saw to our author with his own lips. He saw the Britons too, in their +native nobleness, in their primitive love of liberty and virtue; before +they had become the slaves of Roman arms, the dupes of Roman arts, or the +victims of Roman vices. A few paragraphs in the concise and nervous style +of Tacitus, have made us quite acquainted with the Britons, as Agricola +found them; and on the whole, we have no reason to be ashamed of the +primaeval inhabitants of the land of our ancestry. They knew their +rights, they prized them, they fought for them bravely and died for them +nobly. More harmony among themselves might have delayed, but could not +have prevented the final catastrophe. Rome in the age of Trajan was +irresistible; and Britain became a Roman province. This portion of the +Agricola of Tacitus, and the Germania of the same author, entitle him to +the peculiar affection and lasting gratitude of those, whose veins flow +with Briton and Anglo-Saxon blood, as the historian, and the contemporary +historian too, of their early fathers. It is a notable providence for us, +nay it is a kind providence for mankind, that has thus preserved from the +pen of the most sagacious and reflecting of all historians an account, +too brief though it be, of the origin and antiquities of the people that +of all others now exert the widest dominion whether in the political or +the moral world, and that have made those countries which were in his day +shrouded in darkness, the radiant points for the moral and spiritual +illumination of our race. "The child is father to the man," and if we +would at this day investigate the elements of English law, we have it on +the authority of Sir William Blackstone, that we must trace them back to +their founders in the customs of the Britons and Germans, as recorded by +Caesar and Tacitus. + +With the retirement of Agricola from the command in Britain, the author +falls back more into the province of biography. The few occasional +strokes, however, in which the pencil of Tacitus has sketched the +character of Domitian in the background of the picture of Agricola are +the more to be prized, because his history of that reign is lost. + +In narrating the closing scenes of Agricola's life, Tacitus breathes the +very spirit of an affectionate son, without sacrificing the impartiality +and gravity of the historian, and combines all a mourner's simplicity and +sincerity with all the orator's dignity and eloquence. + +How tenderly he dwells on the wisdom and goodness of his departed father; +how artlessly he intersperses his own sympathies and regrets, even as if +he were breathing out his sorrows amid a circle of sympathizing friends! +At the same time, how instructive are his reflections, how noble his +sentiments, and how weighty his words, as if he were pronouncing an +eulogium in the hearing of the world and of posterity! The sad experience +of the writer in the very troubles through which he follows Agricola, +conspires with the affectionate remembrance of his own loss in the death +of such a father, to give a tinge of melancholy to the whole biography; +and we should not know where to look for the composition, in which so +perfect a work of art is animated by so warm a heart. In both these +respects, it is decidedly superior to the Germania. It is marked by the +same depth of thought and conciseness in diction, but it is a higher +effort of the writer, while, at the same time, it gives us more insight +into the character of the man. It has less of satire and more of +sentiment. Or if it is not richer in refined sentiments and beautiful +reflections, they are interwoven with the narrative in a manner more easy +and natural. The sentiments seem to be only the language of Agricola's +virtuous heart, and the reflections, we feel, could not fail to occur to +such a mind in the contemplation of such a character. There is also more +ease and flow in the language; for concise as it still is and studied as +it may appear, it seems to be the very style which is best suited to the +subject and most natural to the author. In another writer we might call +it labored and ambitious. But we cannot feel that it cost Tacitus very +much effort. Still less can we charge him with an attempt at display. In +short, an air of confidence in the dignity of the subject, and in the +powers of the author, pervades the entire structure of this fine specimen +of biography. And the reader will not deem that confidence ill-grounded. +He cannot fail to regard this, as among the noblest, if not the very +noblest monument ever reared to the memory of any individual. + +"We find in it the flower of all the beauties, which T. has scattered +through his other works. It is a chef-d'oeuvre, which satisfies at once +the judgment and the fancy, the imagination and the heart. It is justly +proposed as a model of historical eulogy. The praises bestowed have in +them nothing vague or far-fetched, they rise from the simple facts of the +narrative. Every thing produces attachment, every thing conveys +instruction. The reader loves Agricola, admires him, conceives a passion +for him, accompanies him in his campaigns, shares in his disgrace and +profits by his example. The interest goes on growing to the last. And +when it seems incapable of further increase, passages pathetic and +sublime transport the soul out of itself, and leave it the power of +feeling only to detest the tyrant, and to melt into tenderness without +weakness over the destiny of the hero." (La Bletterie.) + + * * * * * + +I. _Usitatum_. A participle in the acc. agreeing with the preceding +clause, and forming with that clause the object of the verb omisit.-- +_Nequidem_. Cf. G. 6, note. + +_Incuriosa suorum_. So Ann. 2, 88: dum vetera extollimus, recentium +incuriosi. _Incuriosus_ is post-Augustan. + +_Virtus vicit--vitium_. Alliteration, which is not unfrequent in T. as +also homoeoteleuta, words ending with like sounds. Dr. + +_Ignorantiam--invidiam_. The gen. _recti_ limits both subs., which +properly denote different faults, but since they are usually associated, +they are here spoken of as one (_vitium_). + +_In aperto_. Literally, _in the open_ field or way; hence, _free from +obstructions_. Sal. (Jug. 5) uses it for _in open_ day, or clear light. +But that sense would be inappropriate here. _Easy_. Not essentially +different from _pronum_, which properly means _inclined_, and hence +_easy_. These two words are brought together in like manner in other +passages of our author, cf. 33: vota virtusque _in aperto_, omniaque +_prona_ victoribus. An inelegant imitation may be thus expressed in +English: down-hill and open-ground work. + +_Sine gratia aut ambitione. Without courting favor or seeking preferment. +Gratia_ properly refers more to the present, _ambitio_ to the future. Cf. +Ann. 6, 46: Tiberio non perinde gratia praesentium, quam in posteros +ambitio. _Ambitio_ is here used in a bad sense (as it is sometimes in +Cic.) For still another bad sense of the word, cf. G. 27. + +_Celeberrimus quisque_. Such men as Pliny the elder, Claudius Pollio, +and Julius Secundus, wrote biographies. Also Rusticus and Senecio. See +chap. 2. + +_Plerique_. Not most persons, but _many_, or _very many_. Cf. His. 1, 86, +and 4, 84, where it denotes a less number than _plures_ and _plurimi_, to +which it is allied in its root (ple, ple-us, plus, plerus. See Freund ad +v.) + +_Suam ipsi vitam. Autobiography_. Cic. in his Epist. to Lucceius says: If +I cannot obtain this favor from you, I shall perhaps be compelled to +write my own biography, _multorum exemplo et clarorum virorum_. When +_ipse_ is joined to a possessive pronoun in a reflexive clause, it takes +the case of the subject of the clause. Cf. Z. 696, Note; H. 452, 1. + +_Fiduciam morum_. _A mark of conscious integrity_; literally confidence +of, i.e. in their morals. _Morum_ is objective gen. For the two +accusatives (one of which however is the clause _suam--narrare_) after +_arbitrati sunt_, see Z. 394; H. 373. A gen. may take the place of the +latter acc., _esse_ being understood, Z. 448. + +_Rutilio_. Rutilius Rufus, consul A.U.C. 649, whom Cic. (Brut. 30, 114.) +names as a profound scholar in Greek literature and philosophy, and +Velleius (2, 13, 2.) calls the best man, not merely of his own, but of +any age. He wrote a Roman history in Greek. Plut. Mar. 28. His +autobiography is mentioned only by Tacitus. + +_Scauro_. M. Aemilius Scaurus, consul A.U.C. 639, who wrote an +autobiography, which Cic. (Brut. 29, 112.) compares favorably with the +Cyropaedia of Xenophon. + +_Citra fidem_. Cf. note G. 16.--_Aut obtrectationi_. Enallage, cf. note, +G. 15. Render: _This in the case of Rutilius and Scaurus did not impair_ +(public) _confidence or incur_ (public) _censure_. + +_Adeo_. _To such a degree_, or _so true it is_. _Adeo_ conclusiva, et in +initio sententiae collocata, ad _mediam_ latinitatem pertinet. Dr. Livy +uses _adeo_ in this way often; Cic. uses _tantum_. + +_At nunc_, etc. _But now_ (in our age so different from those better +days) _in undertaking to write_ (i.e. if I had undertaken to write) _the +life of a man at the time of his death, I should have needed permission; +which I would not have asked_, since in that case _I should have fallen +on times so cruel and hostile to virtue_. The reference is particularly +to the time of Domitian, whose jealousy perhaps occasioned the death of +Agricola, and would have been offended by the very asking of permission +to write his biography. Accordingly the historian proceeds in the next +chapter to illustrate the treatment, which the biographers of eminent men +met with from that cruel tyrant. _Opus fuit_ stands instead of _opus +fuisset_. Cf. His. 1, 16: _dignus eram_; 3, 22: _ratio fuit_; and Z. 518, +519. The concise mode of using the future participles _narraturo_ and +_incursaturus_ (in place of the verb in the proper mood and with the +proper conjunctions, if, when, since) belongs to the silver age, and is +foreign to the language of Cicero. Such is the interpretation, which +after a thorough reinvestigation, I am now inclined to apply to this much +disputed passage. It is that of Ritter. It will be seen that the text +also differs slightly from that of the first edition (_in-cursaturus_ +instead of _ni cursaturus_). Besides the authority of Rit., Doed., Freund +and others, I have been influenced by a regard to the usage of Tacitus, +which lends no sanction to a transitive sense of _cursare_. Cf. Ann. 15, +50; His. 5, 20. In many editions, _mihi_ stands before _nunc narraturo_. +But _nunc_ is the emphatic word, and should stand first, as it does in +the best MSS. + + +II. _Legimus_. Quis? Tacitus ejusdemque aetatis homines alii. Ubi? In +actis diurnis. Wr. These _journals_ (Fiske's Man. p. 626., 4. ed.) +published such events (cf. Dio. 67, 11), and were read through the empire +(Ann. 16, 22). T. was absent from Rome when the events here referred to +took place (cf. 45: longae absentiae). Hence the propriety of his saying +_legimus_, rather than _vidimus_ or _meminimus_, which have been proposed +as corrections. + +_Aruleno Rustico_. Put to death by Domitian for writing a memoir or +penegyric on Paetus Thrasea, cf. Suet. Dom. 10. + +_Paetus Thrasea_. Cf. Ann. 16, 21: Trucidatis tot insignibus viris, ad +postremum Nero _virtutem ipsam_ exscindere concupivit, interfecto Thrasea +Paeto. + +_Herennio Senecioni_. Cf. Plin. (Epist. 7, 19), where Senecio is said to +have written the life of Helvidius at the request of Fannia, wife of +Helvidius, who was also banished, as accessory to the crime, but who bore +into exile the very books which had been the cause of her exile. For the +dat. cf. note, G. 3: _Ulixi_. + +_Priscus Helvidius_, son-in-law of Thrasea and friend of the younger +Pliny, was put to death by Vespasian. Suet. Vesp. 15; His. 4, 5; Juv. +Sat. 5, 36. + +_Laudati essent_. The imp. and plup. subj. are used in narration after +_cum_, even when it denotes time merely. Here however a causal connection +is also intended. H. 518, II.; Z. 577, 578. + +_Triumviris_. The Triumviri at Rome, like the Undecimviri (_oi endeka_) +at Athens, had charge of the prisons and executions, for which purpose +they had eight lictors at their command. + +_Comitio ac foro_. The comitium was a _part_ of the forum. Yet the words +are often used together (cf. Suet. Caes. 10). The _comitium_ was the +proper place for the punishment of criminals, and the word _forum_ +suggests the further idea of the publicity of the book-burning in the +presence of the assembled people. + +_Conscientiam_, etc. _The consciousness_, i.e. _common knowledge of +mankind_; for _conscientia_ denotes what one knows in common with others, +as well as what he is conscious of in himself. Cf. His. 1, 25: +_conscientiam facinoris_; Cic. Cat. 1. 1: _omnium horum conscientia_. In +his Annals (4, 35), T. ridicules the stupidity of those who expect by any +_present_ power, to extinguish the memory also of the _next_ generation. +The sentiment of both passages is just and fine. + +_Sapientiae professoribus. Philosophers_, who were banished by Domitian, +A.D. 94, on the occasion of Rusticus's panegyric on Thrasea. T. not +unfrequently introduces an _additional circumstance_ by the abl. abs., as +here. + +_Ne occurreret. Ne_ with the subj. expresses a negative intention; _ut +non_ a negative result. H. 490; Z. 532. + +_Inquisitiones. A system of espionage_, sc. by the Emperor's tools and +informers.--_Et_==etiam, _even_. Cf. note, 11. Al. _etiam_. + +_Memoriam--perdidissemus_, i.e. we should not have _dared_ to remember, if +we could have helped it. + +III. _Et quanquam. Et_ pro _sed_. So Dr. But _nunc demum animus redit_ +implies, that confidence is hardly restored yet; and the reason for so +slow a recovery is given in the following clause. Hence _et_ is used in +its proper copulative or explicative sense. So Wr. _Demum_ is a +lengthened form of the demonstrative _dem_. Cf. i-_dem_, tan-_dem_, +_dae_. _Nunc demum_==_nun dae_. Freund. + +_Primo statim. Statim_ gives emphasis: _at the very commencement_, etc.; +cf. note, 20.--_Dissociabiles, incompatible_. + +_Augeatque--Trajanus_. This marks the date of the composition early in +the reign of Trajan, cf. G. 37; also p. 139 supra. + +_Securitas publica. "And public security has assumed not only hopes and +wishes, but has seen those wishes arise to confidence and, stability. +Securitas publica_ was a current expression and wish, and was frequently +inscribed on medals." Ky. + +_Assumpserit_. This word properly belongs only to _fiduciam ac robur. +Spem ac votum_ would require rather _conceperit_. Zeugma. + +_Subit_. _Steals in_, lit. creeps under. Cf. note, H. 1, 13. + +_Invisa primo--amatur_. The original perhaps of Pope's lines Vice is a +monster, &c. + +_Quindecim annos_. The reign of Domitian from A.D. 81, to A.D. 96. + +_Fortuitis casibus_. Natural and ordinary death, as opposed to death by +violence, _saevitia principis_.--_Promptissimus quisque. The ablest, or +all the ablest_. _Quisque_ with a superlative, whether singular or +plural, is in general equivalent to _omnes_ with the positive, with the +additional idea however of a reciprocal comparison among the persons +denoted by _quisque_, Z. 710, 6. + +_Ut ita dixerim_. An apology for the strong expression _nostri +superstites: survivors not of others only, but so to speak, of ourselves +also_; for we can hardly be said to have _lived_ under the tyranny of +Dom., and our present happy life is, as it were, a renewed existence, +after being buried for fifteen years. A beautiful conception! The use of +_dixerim_ in preference to _dicam_ in this formula is characteristic of +the later Latin. Cf. Z. 528. The _et_ before this clause is omitted by +some editors. But it is susceptible of an explanation, which adds spirit +to the passage: A few of us survive, _and that_ not merely ourselves, but +so to speak, others also. In the Augustan age _superstes_ was, for the +most part, followed by the dative. + +_Tamen_. Notwithstanding the unfavorable circumstances in which I write, +after so long a period of deathlike silence, in winch we have almost lost +the gift of speech, _yet_ I shall not regret to have composed _even in +rude and inelegant language_, etc. For the construction of _pigebit_, cf. +Z. 441, and H. 410, 6. + +_Memoriam--composuisse_. Supposed to refer to his forthcoming history, +written, or planned and announced, but not yet published. Some understand +it of the present treatise. But then _interim_ would have no meaning; nor +indeed is the language applicable to his _Agricola_. + +_Interim_, sc. _editus_ or vulgatus, _published meanwhile_, i.e. while +preparing the history. + +The reader cannot but be struck with the beauty of this introduction. It +is modest, and at the same time replete with the dignity of conscious +worth. It is drawn out to considerable length, yet it is all so pertinent +and tasteful, that we would not spare a sentence or a word. With all the +thoughtful and sententious brevity of the exordiums of Sallust, it has +far more of natural ease and the beauty of appropriateness. + + +IV. _Cnaeus Julius Agricola_. Every Roman had at least three names: the +nomen or name of the gens, which always ended in _ius_ (Julius); the +praenomen or individual name ending in _us_ (Cnaeus); and the cognomen or +family name (Agricola). See a brief account of A. in Dion Cassius 66, 20. +Mentioned only by Dion and T. Al. Gnaeus, C. and G. being originally +identical. + +_Forojuliensium colonia_. Now _Frejus_. A walled town of Gallia +Narbonensis, built by Julius Caesar, and used as a _naval station_ by +Augustus (cf. His. 3, 43: _claustra maris_). Augustus sent thither the +beaked ships captured in the battle of Actium, Ann. 4, 5. Hence perhaps +called _illustris_. + +_Procuratorem Caesarum_. Collector of imperial revenues in the Roman +Provinces. + +_Quae equestris--est_, i.e. the procurator was, as we say, ex officio, a +Roman knight. The office was not conferred on senators. + +_Julius Graecinus_. Cf. Sen. de Benef. 2, 21: Si exemplo magni animi opus +est, utemur _Graecini Julii_, viri egregii, quem C. Caesar occidit ob hoc +unum, quod melior vir esset, quam esse quemquam tyranno expediret. + +_Senatorii ordinis_. Pred. after _fuit_ understood, with ellipsis of +_vir_. H. 402, III.; Z. 426. + +_Sapientiae. Philosophy_, cf. 1.--_Caii Caesaris_. Known in English +histories by the name of Caligula. + +_Marcum Silanum_. Father-in-law of Caligula, cf. Suet. Calig. 23: Silanum +item _socerum_ ad necem, secandasque novacula fauces compulit. + +_Jussus_. Supply _est_. T. often omits _est_ in the first of two passive +verbs, cf. 9: detentus ac statim ... revocatus est. In Hand's Tursellinus +(2, 474) however, jussus is explained as a participle, and _quia +abnuerat_ as equivalent to another participle==_having been commanded +and having refused_. + +_Abnuerat_, lit. _had_ refused, because the refusal was prior to the +slaying. We, with less accuracy, say _refused_. Z. 505. + +_Rarae castitatis_. Ellipsis of _mulier_. H. 402, III.; Z. 426. + +_In--indulgentiaque. Brought up in her bosom and tender love. Indulgentia_ +is more frequently used to denote excessive tenderness. + +_Arcebat_ has for its subject the clause, _quod statim_, etc. He was +guarded against the allurements of vice by the wholesome influences +thrown around him in the place of his early education. + +_Massiliam_. Now Marseilles. It was settled by a colony of Phocaeans. +Hence _Graeca comitate_. Cf also Cicero's account of the high culture and +refinement of Massilia (Cic. pro Flacco, 26).--_Provinciali parsimonia. +Parsimonia_ in a good sense; _economy_, as opposed to the luxury and +extravagance of Italy and the City. + +_Locum--mixtum_. Enallage for _locus_, in quo mixta erant, etc. H. 704, +III., cf. 25: mixti copiis et laetitia.--_Bene compositum_ denotes _a +happy combination_ of the elements, of which _mixtum_ expresses only the +_co-existence_. + +_Acrius_, sc. aequo==too eagerly. H. 444, 1, and Z. 104, 1. note. + +_Concessum--senatori_. Military and civil studies were deemed more +appropriate to noble Roman youth, than literature and philosophy. +_Senatori_ must of course refer, not to the office of A., but to his rank +by birth, cf. _senatorii ordinis_ above. + +_Hausisse, ni--coercuisset_. An analysis of this sentence shows, that +there is an ellipsis of _hausurum_ fuisse: _he imbibed_, and would have +continued to imbibe, _had not_, &c. In such sentences, which abound in T. +but are rarely found in Cic., _ni_ is more readily translated by _but_. +Cf. Z. 519. _b_; and note, His. 3, 28. For the application of _haurire_ +to the eager study of philosophy, cf. Hor. Sat. 2, 4, 95: _haurire vitae +praecepta beatae_, and note, His. 1, 51: _hauserunt animo_. + +_Prudentia matris_. So Nero's mother deterred him from the study of +philosophy. Suet. Ner. 52. + +_Pulchritudinem ac speciem. The beautiful image_, or beau ideal, by +hendiadys. Cf. Cic. Or. 2: _species pulchritudinis_. See Rit. in loc. + +_Vehementius quam caute_. For _vehementius quam cautius_, which is the +regular Latin construction. T. uses both. Cf. Z. 690, and note, His. 1, +83. + +_Mox_. In T. subsequently, not presently. R. + +_Retinuitque--modum. And, what is most difficult, he retained from +philosophy moderation_--moderation in all things, but especially in +devotion to philosophy itself, where moderation is difficult in +proportion to the excellence of the pursuit, as was shown by the +extravagance of the Stoics and some other Grecian sects. As to the sense +of _modum_, cf. Hor. Sat. 1, 1, 106: _est modus in rebus_; and for the +sentiment, Hor. Ep. 1, 6, 15: _Insani sapiens nomen ferat, aequus iniqui, +ultra quam satis est virtutem si petat ipsam_. + + +V. _Castrorum_. This word is used to express whatever pertains to +military life, education, &c., as the context may require. Every Roman +youth who aspired to civil office, must have a military education. + +_Diligenti ac moderato. Careful and prudent_, cf. our author's character +of the same commander, His. 2, 25: _cunctator natura_, etc. + +_Approbavit_==fecit, ut ei probarentur. Dr. It is a constructio +praegnans. He obtained the first rudiments of a military education under +Paullinus, and he gained his approbation. + +_Electus--aestimaret. Having been chosen as one whom he would estimate_ +(i.e. test his merit) _by tenting together_, i.e. by making him his +companion and aid. Young men of rank and promise were thus associated +with Roman commanders. Cf. Suet., Caes. 2. T., as usual, avoids the +technical way of expressing the relation. Ad verbum, _contubernium_, cf. +note, His. 1, 43. Others make _aestimaret==dignum aestimaret_, and +_contubernio_ abl. of price. Cf. Doed. and Dr. + +_Licenter--segniter_, sc. agens. _Licenter_ refers to _voluptates, +segniter_ to _commeatus.--Commeatus==furloughs, absence from duty.-- +Inscitiam_, sc. tribunatus==_ignorance of his official duty or +inexperience in war.--Retulit. Referre ad_ is used very much like the +corresponding English, viz. to _refer to_ an object, or devote to an end. +Sense: _He did not take advantage of his official standing and his +military inexperience, to give up his time to ease and pleasure_. Wr. +takes _retulit_ in the more ordinary sense of brought back, thus: A. did +not bring back (to Rome) the empty name of Tribune and no military +experience, there to give himself up to leisure and pleasure. The former +version accords better with the language of the whole passage. Wr. +questions the authority for such a use of _referre_. But it may be found, +e.g. Plin. Epist. 1, 22: nihil _ad_ ostentationem, omnia _ad_ +conscientiam _refert_. + +_Noscere--nosci_, etc. T. is fond of such a series of inf. depending on +some _one_ finite verb understood, and hence closely connected with each +other, cf. G. 30: _praeponere_, etc. _note_. Here supply from _retulit_ +in the preceding number the idea: _he made it his business or aim to +know_, etc. The author's fondness for antithesis is very observable in +the several successive pairs here: _noscere--nosci; discere--sequi; +appetere--recusare; anxius--intentus_. + +_In jactationem_. Al. jactatione. _In_ denoting the object or purpose, Z. +314: _he coveted no appointment for the sake of display; he declined none +through fear_. + +_Anxius_ and _intentus_ qualify _agere_ like adverbs cf. R. Exc. 23, 1. +_He conducted himself both with prudence and with energy_. + +_Exercitatior_==agitatior. So Cic. Som. Scip. 4: agitatus et exercitatus +animus; and Hor. Epod. 9, 31: Syrtes Noto exercitatas. + +_Incensae coloniae_. Camalodunum, Londinium and Verulamium. Cf. Ann. 14, +33, where however the historian does not expressly say, the last two were +_burned_. + +_In ambiguo_==ambigua, in a critical state. R. + +_Alterius_, sc. ducis.--_Artem et usum_. Military _science and +experience_. + +_Summa ... cessit. The general management_ (cf. notes, H. 1, 87. 2, 16. +33) _and the glory of recovering the province went to the general_ (to +his credit). The primary meaning of _cedere_ is _to go_. See Freund sub +v.--_Juveni_, sc. A. + +_Tum_, sc. while veterani trucidarentur, etc.--_Mox_, sc. when Paullinus +and A. came to the rescue. + +_Nec minus_, etc. A remark worthy of notice and too often true. + + +VI. _Magistratus_. The regular _course_ of offices and honors at Rome. + +_Per--anteponendo_. Enallage, cf. G. 15, note. _Per_ here denotes manner, +rather than means (cf. _per lamenta_, 28); and _anteponendo_ +likewise==anteponentes. R. Render: _mutually loving and preferring one +another.--Nisi quod==but_. Cf. _ni_, 4. There is an ellipsis before _nisi +quod_, which R. would supply thus: greatly to the credit of both parties +--_but more praise belongs to the good wife_, etc. _Major_ sc. quam in +bono viro. So, after _plus_ supply quam in malo viro: _But more praise +belongs to a good wife_, than to a good husband, _by as much as more +blame attaches to a bad wife_, than to a bad husband. + +_Sors quaesturae_. The Quaestors drew _lots_ for their respective +provinces. Their number increased with the increase of the empire, till +from two they became twenty or more. As at first a Quaestor accompanied +each Consul at the head of an army, so afterwards each Proconsul, or +Governor of a province, had his Quaestor to collect and disburse the +revenues of the province. The Quaestorship was the first in the course of +Roman honors. It might be entered upon at the age of twenty-four. + +_Salvium Titianum_. Brother of the Emperor Otho. See His. B. 1 and 2. +pass. For the office of Proconsul, &c., see note, His. 1, 49. + +_Parata peccantibus. Ready for wicked_ rulers, i.e. affording great +facilities for extortion in its corrupt and servile population. _Paratus_ +With a dat. of the thing, for which there is a preparation, is peculiar +to poetry and post-Augustan prose. Cf. Freund ad v. Ad rem. cf. Cic. +Epist. ad Quint. 1, 1, 6: tam corruptrice provincia, sc. Asia; and pro +Mur. 9. + +_Quantalibet facilitate_. Any indulgence (license) however great. + +_Redempturus esset_. Subj. in the apodosis answering to a protasis +understood, sc. if A. would have entered into the plot. Cf. H. 502. +Observe the use of _esset_ rather than _fuisset_ to denote what the +proconsul would have been ready to do _at any time_ during their +_continuance_ in office. Cf. Wr. in loc. + +_Dissimulationem_. Concealment (of what is true); simulatio, on the +other hand, is an allegation of what is false. + +_Auctus est filia_. So Cic. ad Att. 1, 2: filiolo me auctum scito. + +_Ante sublatum. Previously born_. For this use of _sublatum_, see +Lexicon.--Brevi amisit, he lost shortly after_; though R. takes _amisit_ +as perf. for plup. and renders lost a short time before. + +_Mox inter_, etc., sc. _annum_ inter, supplied from _etiam ipsum ... +annum_ below. + +_Tenor et silentium_. Hendiadys for continuum silentium, or tenorem +silentem. R. + +_Jurisdictio. For the administration of justice in private cases had not +fallen to his lot_. Only two of the twelve or fifteen Praetors, viz. the +Praetor Urbanus (see note H. 1, 47) and the Praetor Peregrinus (who +judged between foreigners and citizens) were said to exercise +_jurisdictio_. The adjudication of criminal causes was called _quaestio_, +which was now for the most part in the hands of the senate (Ann. 4, 6), +from whom it might be transferred by appeal to the Praefect of the City +or the Emperor himself. The Praetors received the _jurisdictio_ or the +_quaestio_ by lot; and in case the former did not fall to them, the +office was almost a sinecure; except that they continued to preside over +the public games. See further, on the name and office of Praetor, His. 1, +47, note. For the plup. in _obvenerat_, see note, 4: _abnuerat_. + +_Et_==et omnino. _The games and in general the pageantry of office +(inania honoris)_ expected of the Praetor. Observe the use of the neuter +plural of the adj. for the subst., of which, especially before a gen., T. +is peculiarly fond. + +_Medio rationis_. The text is doubtful. The MSS. vacillate between _medio +ratinois_ and _modo rationis_; and the recent editions, for the most +part, follow a third but wholly conjectural reading, viz. _moderationis_. +The sense is the same with either reading: _He conducted the games and +the empty pageantry of office in a happy mean_ (partaking at once) _of +prudence and plenty_. See Freund ad _duco_. + +_Uti--propior. As far from luxury, so_ (in the same proportion) _nearer to +glory_, i.e. the farther from luxury, the nearer to glory. Cf. Freund ad +_uti_. + +_Longe--propior_. Enallage of the adv. and adj. ef. G. 18: _extra_. + +_Ne sensisset. Would not have felt_, etc., i.e. he recovered all the +plundered offerings of the temple, but those which had been +sacrilegiously taken away by _Nero_ for the supply of his vicious +pleasures. This explanation supposes a protasis understood, or rather +implied in _quam Neronis_. (Cf H. 503, 2. 2). The plup. subj. admits +perhaps of another explanation, the subj. denoting the end with a view to +which _Agricola labored_ (H. 531; Z. 549), and the plup. covering all the +past down to the time of his labors: he labored that the republic might +not have experienced, and _he_ virtually _effected that it had not +experienced_, since he restored everything to its former state, the +plunder of Nero alone excepted. See Wr. and Or. in loc. Perhaps this +would not be an unexampled _praegnantia_ for Tacitus. For _sentire_ in +the sense of _experiencing_ especially _evil_, see Hor. Od. 2, 7, 10, and +other examples in Freund sub v. + + +VII. _Classis Othoniana_. Ad rem. cf. His. 2, 12, seqq.--_Licenter vaga. +Roaming in quest of plunder.--Intemelios_, Cf. note, 2, 13.--_In +praediis suis. On her own estates. Praedia_ includes both lands and +buildings. + +_Ad solemnia pietatis. To perform the last offices of filial affection_. + +_Nuntio deprehensus_. Supply _est_, cf. 4: jussus. _Was overtaken +unexpectedly by the news of Vespasian's claim (nomination) to the +throne.--Affectati_. Cf. note, G. 28.--_In partes_, to his (Vesp.) +_party_. + +_Principatus_, sc. Vespasiani.--_Mucianus regebat_. Vesp. was detained in +Egypt for some time after his troops had entered Rome under Mucianus; +meanwhile Mucianus exercised all the imperial power, cf. His. 4, 11. 39: +vis penes Mucianum erat. + +_Juvene--usurpante_. Dom. was now eighteen years old, cf. His. 4, 2: +nondum ad curas intentus, sed _stupris et adulteriis filium principis +agebat_. + +_Is_, sc. Mucianus.--_Vicesimae legioni_. One of three legions, at that +time stationed in _Britain_, which submitted to the government of Vesp. +_tarde_ and _non sine motu_ (His. 3, 44). + +_Decessor. Predecessor_. It was Roscius Coelius. His. 1, 60. + +_Legatis--consularibus. Governors_ or Proconsuls. The provinces were +governed by men who had been consuls (_consulares_), and as _legatus_ +meant any commissioned officer, these were distinguished as _legati +consulares_. With reference to this consular authority, the same were +called _proconsules_. Cf. note, H. 1, 49. Trebellius Maximus and Vettius +Bolanus are here intended. Cf. 16. and His. 1, 60. 2, 65. _Nimia_==justo +potentior. Dr. + +_Legatus praetorius==legatus legionis, commander of the legion_. Cf. +note, His. 1, 7. Here the same person as _decessor_. + +_Invenisse quam fecisse_, etc., involves a maxim of policy worth noting. + + +VIII. _Placidius. With less energy_. See more of Bolanus at close of 16. + +_Dignum est_. A general remark, applicable to any such province. Hence +the present, for which some would substitute _erat_ or _esset_. + +_Ne incresceret_, sc. ipse: _lest he should become too great_, i.e. rise +above his superior and so excite his jealousy. Referred by W. to +_ardorem_ for its subject. But then _ne incresceret_ would be +superfluous. + +_Consularem_, sc. Legatum==Governor, cf. 7, note. + +_Petilius Cerialis_. Cf. 17. Ann. 14, 32. His. 4, 68. + +_Habuerunt--exemplorum. Had room for exertion_ and so for _setting a good +example_, cf. Ann. 13, 8: videbaturque locus virtutibus patefactus. The +position of _habuerunt_ is emphatic, as if he had said: _then had +virtues_, etc. See Rit. in loc. + +_Communicabat_, sc. cum A.--_Ex eventu_, from _the event_, i.e. _in +consequence of his success_. + +_In suam famam_. Cf. in jactationem, 5, note. + +_Extra gloriam_ is sometimes put for _sine gloria_, especially by the +late writers. His. 1, 49: _extra vitia_. Hand's Turs. 2, 679. + + +IX. _Revertentem_, etc. Returning from his command in Britain.--_Divus_. +Cf. notes, G. 28; His. 2, 33. + +_Vesp.--ascivit_. By virtue of his office as Censor, the Emperor claimed +the right of elevating and degrading the rank of the citizens. Inasmuch +as the families of the aristocracy always incline to run out and become +extinct, there was a necessity for an occasional re-supply of the +patrician from the plebeian ranks, e.g. by Julius Caesar, Augustus and +Claudius (Ann. 11, 25), as well as by Vespasian (Aur. Vic. Caes. 9. Suet. +9.)--_Provinciae--praeposuit_. Aquitania was one of seven provinces, into +which Augustus distributed Gaul, and which with the exception of Narbonne +Gaul, were all subject to the immediate disposal and control of the +Emperor himself. It was the south-western part of Gaul, being enclosed by +the Rhone, the Loire, the Pyrenees and the Atlantic. + +_Splendidae--destinarat. A province of the first importance both in its +government_ (in itself considered), _and the prospect of the consulship, +to which he_ (Vesp.) _had destined him_ (A.), sc. as soon as his office +should have expired. + +_Subtilitatem_==calliditatem, nice discernment, _discrimination_.-- +_Exerceat_, Observe the subj. to express the views of others, not of the +author. H. 531; Z. 511. + +_Secura--agens. _Requiring less anxious thought and mental acumen_, and +_proceeding more by physical force. Secura_==minus anxia. Dr. Cf. note, +His. 1, 1. _Obtusior_==minus acuta. + +_Togatos. Civilians_ in distinction from military men, like A. The _toga_ +was the dress of civil life to some extent in the _provinces_ (cf. 21, +His. 2, 20), though originally worn only in _Rome_. (Beck. Gall., Exc. +Sc. 8.) + +_Remissionumque_. The Greeks and Romans both used the pl. of many +abstracts, of which we use only the sing. For examples see R. Exc. 4. For +the principle cf. Z. 92. + +_Curarum--divisi_. This clause means not merely, that his time was +divided between business and relaxation; but that there was a broad +line of demarcation between them, as he proceeds to explain. +_Divisa_==diversa inter se. Dr. So Virg. Georg. 2, 116: divisae +arboribus patriae==countries are _distinguished from_ each other by +their trees. _Jam vero_. Cf. note, G. 14. + +_Conventus_, sc. juridici==_courts_. The word designates also the +districts in which the courts were held, and into which each province was +divided. Cf. Smith's Dict. of Ant.: Conventus. So Pliny (N.H. 3; 3.) +speaks of juridici conventus. Tacitus, as usual, avoids the technical +designation. + +_Ultra_. Adv. for adj., cf. _longe_, 6.--_Persona_. 1. A mask (_per_ and +_sono_). 2. Outward show, as here. + +_Tristitiam--exuerat_. Some connect this clause by zeugma with the +foregoing. But with a misapprehension of the meaning of exuerat, +which==_was entirely free from_; lit. had divested himself of. Thus +understood, the clause is a _general_ remark touching the character of +A., in implied contrast with other men or magistrates with whom those +vices were so common. So in Ann. 6, 25, Agrippina is said to have +divested herself of vices (_vitia exuerat_) which were common among +women, but which never attached to her. _Facilitas_. Opposed to +_severitas_==kindness, indulgence. + +_Abstinentiam_. This word, though sometimes denoting temperance in food +and drink, more properly refers to the desire and use of money. +_Abstinentia_ is opposed to _avarice; continentia_ to _sensual pleasure_. +Cf. Plin. Epis. 6, 8: alieni abstinentissimus. Here render honesty, +integrity. + +_Cui--indulgent_. See the same sentiment, His. 4, 6: quando etiam +sapientibus cupido gloriae novissima exuitur. + +_Ostentanda--artem_, cf. 6: _per--anteponendo_; also G. 15, note. + +_Collegas_. The governors of other provinces. The word means _chosen +together_; hence either those chosen at the same election or those chosen +to the same office. Cf. H. 1, 10. + +_Procuratores_. There was but one at a time in each province. There may +have been several however in succession, while A. was Proconsul. Or we +may understand both this clause and the preceding, not of his government +in Aquitania in particular, but as a general fact in the life of A. So E. +For the office, see note, 4; and for an instance of a quarrel between the +Proconsul and the Procurator, Ann. 14, 38. + +_Atteri_==vinci as the antithesis shows, though with more of the +implication of dignity _impaired_ (worn off) by conflict with inferiors. + +_Minus triennium. Quam_ omitted. See H. 417, 3; Z. 485. + +_Comitante opinione. A general expectation attending him_, as it were, on +his return. + +_Nullis sermonibus_. Ablative of _cause_. + +_Elegit_. Perf. to denote what _has in fact_ taken place. + + +X. _In comparationem_. Cf. in suam famam, 8, note. + +_Perdomita est. Completely subdued_. + +_Rerum fide==faithfully and truly_; lit. with fidelity to facts. + +_Britannia_. It has generally been supposed (though Gesenius denies it in +his Phenician Paloeography) that Britain was known to the Phenicians, +those bold navigators and enterprising merchants of antiquity, under the +name of the _Cassiterides_, or Tin Islands. Greek authors make early +mention of Albion (plural of Alp?) and Ierne (Erin) as British Islands. +Bochart derives the name (Britain) from the Phenician or Hebrew +Baratanae, "the Land of Tin;" others from the Gallic _Britti_, Painted, +in allusion to the custom among the inhabitants of painting their bodies. +But according to the Welsh Triads, Britain derived its name from Prydain, +a king, who early reigned in the island. Cf. Turner's His. Ang. Sax. 1, +2, seqq. The geographical description, which follows, cannot be +exonerated from the charge of verbiage and grandiloquence. T. wanted the +art of saying a plain thing plainly. + +_Spatio ac coelo_. Brit. not only stretches out or lies over against +these several countries in _situation_, but it approaches them also in +_climate_: a circumstance which illustrates the great size of the island +(cf. _maxima_, above) and prepares the way for the description of both +below. + +_Germaniae_ and _Hispaniae_ are dat. after _obtenditur_. The mistaken +notion of the relative position of Spain and Britain is shared with T. by +Caesar (B.G. 13), Dion (39, 50), and indeed by the ancients in general. +It is so represented in maps as late as Richard of Cirencester. Cf. +Prichard, III. 3, 9. + +_Etiam inspicitur_. It is even _seen_ by the Gauls, implying nearer +approach to Gaul, than to Germany or Spain. + +_Nullis terris_. Abl. abs., _contra_ taking the place of the part., or +rather limiting a part. understood. + +_Livius_. In his 105th Book; now lost, except in the Epitome. + +_Fabius Rusticus_. A friend of Seneca, and writer of history in the age +of Claudius and Nero. + +_Oblongae scutulae_. Geometrically a trapezium. + +_Et est ea facies. And such is the form, exclusive of Caledonia, whence +the account has been extended also to the whole Island_. + +_Sed--tenuatur. But a vast and irregular extent of lands jutting out +here (jam_, cf. note, G. 44) _on this remotest shore_ (i.e. widening +out again where they seemed already to have come to an end), _is +narrowed down as it were into a wedge_. The author likens Caledonia to +a wedge with its apex at the Friths of Clyde and Forth, and its base +widening out on either side into the ocean beyond. _Enormis_ is a +post-Augustan word. _Novissimi_==extreme, remotest. G. 24, note. + +_Affirmavit. Established_ the fact, hitherto supposed, but not fully +ascertained. This was done in Agricola's last campaign in Britain, +cf. 38. + +_Orcadas_. The Orkneys. Their name occurs earlier than this, but they +were little known. + +_Dispecta est. Was seen_ through the mist, as it were; discovered in the +distance and obscurity. Cf. note, H. 4, 55: dispecturas Gallias, etc. + +_Thule_. Al. Thyle. What island T. meant, is uncertain. It has been +referred by different critics, to the Shetland, the Hebrides, and even to +Iceland. The account of the island, like that of the surrounding ocean, +is obviously drawn from the imagination. + +_Nam hactenus_, etc. _For their orders were_ to proceed _thus far_ only, +_and_ (besides) _winter was approaching_. Cf. _hactenus_, G. 25, and +_appetere_, Ann. 4, 51: _appetente jam luce_. The editions generally have +_nix_ instead of _jussum_. But Rit. and Or. with reason follow the oldest +and best MSS. in the reading _jussum_, which with the slight and obvious +amendment of _nam_ for _quam_ by Rit. renders this obscure and vexed +passage at length easy and clear. + +_Pigrum et grave_. See a similar description of the Northern Ocean, G. +25: pigrum ac prope immotum. The modern reader need not be informed, that +this is an entire mistake, as to the matter of fact; those seas about +Britain are never frozen; though the navigators in this voyage might +easily have magnified the perils and hardships of their enterprise, by +transferring to these waters what they had heard of those further north. + +_Perinde_. Al. _proinde_. These two forms are written indiscriminately in +the old MSS. The meaning of _ne perinde_ here is _not so much_, sc. as +other seas. Cf. note, G. 5. + +_Ne ventis--attolli_. Directly the reverse of the truth. Those seas, are +in fact, remarkably tempestuous. + +_Quod--impellitur_. False philosophy to explain a fictitious phenomenon, +as is too often the case with the philosophy of the ancients, who little +understood natural science, cf. the _astronomy_ of T. in 12. + +_Neque--ac_. Correlatives. The author assigns two reasons why he does not +discuss the subject of the _tides_: 1. It does not suit the design of his +work; 2. The subject has been treated by many others, e.g. Strab. 3, 5, +11; Plin. N.H. 2, 99, &c. + +_Multum fluminum. Multum_ is the object of _ferre_, of which _mare_ is +the subject, as it is also of all the infinitives in the sentence. +_Fluminum_ is not rivers but currents among the islands along the shore. + +_Nec littore tenus_, etc. "_The ebbings and flowings of the tide are not +confined to the shore, but the sea penetrates into the heart of the +country, and works its way among the hills and mountains, as in its +native bed_." Ky. A description very appropriate to a coast so cut up by +aestuaries, and highly poetical, but wanting in simplicity. + +_Jugis etiam ac montibus. Jugis_, cf. G. 43. _Ac. Atque_ in the common +editions. But _ac_, besides being more frequent before a consonant, is +found in the best MSS. + + +XI. _Indigenae an advecti_. Cf. _note_, G. 2: _indigenas_. + +_Ut inter barbaros_, sc. fieri solet. Cf. ut in licentia, G. 2; and ut +inter Germanos, G. 30. + +_Rutilae--asseverant_. Cf. the description of the Germans, G. 4. The +inhabitants of Caledonia are of the same stock as the other Britons. The +conclusion, to which our author inclines below, viz. that the Britons +proceeded from Gaul, is sustained by the authority of modern +ethnologists. The original inhabitants of Britain are found, both by +philological and historical evidence, to have belonged to the Celtic or +Cimmerian stock, which once overspread nearly the whole of central +Europe, but were overrun and pushed off the stage by the Gothic or German +Tribes, and now have their distinct representatives only in the Welsh, +the Irish, the Highland Scotch, and a few similar remnants of a once +powerful race in the extreme west of the continent and the islands of the +sea. Cf. note on the Cimbri, G. 37. + +_Silurum_. The people of Wales. + +_Colorati vultus. Dark complexion_. So with the poets, colorati Indi, +Seres, Etrusci, &c. + +_Hispania_. Nom. subject of _faciunt_, with _crines_, &c. + +_Iberos_. Properly a people on the Iberus (Ebro), who gave their name to +the whole Spanish Peninsula. They belonged to a different race from the +Celtic, or the Teutonic, which seems once to have inhabited Italy and +Sicily, as well as parts of Gaul and Spain. A dialect is still spoken in +the mountainous regions about the Bay of Biscay, and called the Basque or +Biscayan, which differs from any other dialect in Europe. Cf. Prichard's +Physical Researches, vol. III. chap. 2. + +_Proximi Gallis_. Cf. Caes. B.G. 5, 14: Ex his omnibus longe sunt +humanissimi, qui Cantium (Kent) incolunt, quae regio est maritima omnis, +_neque multum a Gallica differunt consuetudine. Et--also: those nearest +the Gauls are also like them_. + +_Durante vi. Either because the influence of a common origin still +continues_, etc. + +_Procurrentibus--terris. Or because their territories running out towards +one another_, literally, _in opposite directions_, Britain towards the +south and Gaul towards the north, so as to approach each other. See Rit., +Doed. in loc., and Freund ad _diversus_. + +_Positio--dedit_. The idea of similarity being already expressed in +_similes_, is understood here: their situation in the same climate +(_coelo_) has given them the _same_ personal appearance. + +_Aestimanti_. Indef. dat. after _credibile est_, cf. note, G. 6. + +_Eorum_ refers to the Gauls. You (indef. subject, cf. quiescas, G. 36) +may discover the religion of the Gauls (among the Britons) in their full +belief of the same superstitions. So Caes. B.G. 6, 13: disciplina in +Britannia reperta atque inde in Galliam translata esse existimatur; and +he adds, that those who wished to gain a more perfect knowledge of the +Druidical system still went from Gaul to Britain to learn. Sharon Turner +thinks, the system must have been introduced into Britain from the East +(perhaps India) by the Phenicians, and thence propagated in Gaul. His. +Ang. Sax., B. 1, chap. 5. + +_Persuasione_. See the same use of the word, His. 5, 5: eademque de +infernis persuasio. + +_In--periculis_. The same sentiment is expressed by Caesar (B.G. 3, 19). + +_Ferociae_. In a good sense, courage, cf. 31: virtus ac ferocia. + +_Praeferunt_==prae se ferunt, i.e. _exhibit_. + +_Ut quos. Ut qui_, like _qui_ alone, is followed by the subj. to express +a reason for what precedes. It may be rendered by _because_ or _since_ +with the demonstrative. So _quippe cui placuisset_, 18. Cf. Z. 565 and H. +519, 3. + +_Gallos floruisse_. Cf. G. 28. + +_Otio_. Opposed to _bellis, peace.--Amissa virtute_. Abl. abs. denoting +an additional circumstance. Cf. 2: _expulsis--professoribus_, note.-- +_Olim_ limits _victis_. + + +XII. _Honestior. The more honorable_ (i.e. the man of rank) _is the +charioteer, his dependents fight_ (on the chariot). The reverse was true +in the Trojan War. + +_Factionibus trahuntur_==distrahuntur in factiones. Dr., and Or. T. is +fond of using simple for compound verbs. See note 22; also numerous +examples in the Index to Notes on the Histories. + +_Civitatibus_. Dat. for Gen.--_Pro nobis_. Abl. with prep. for dat. +Enallage. R.--_Conventus. Convention_, meeting. + +_Coelum--foedum_. The fog and rain of the British Isles are still +proverbial.--_Dierum spatia_, etc. Cf. Caes. 513. + +_Quod si==and if_. From the tendency to connect sentences by relatives +arose the use of _quod_ before certain conjunctions, particularly _si_, +merely as a copulative. Cf. Z. 807. also Freund sub v. The fact alleged +in this sentence is as false as the philosophy by which it is explained +in the next, cf. G. 45: in ortus, note. + +_Scilicet--cadit_. This explanation proceeds on the assumption that night +is caused by the shadow of mountains, behind which the sun sets; and +since these do not exist in that level extremity of the earth, the sun +has nothing to set behind, and so there is no night. The astronomy of T. +is about of a piece with his natural philosophy, cf. 10.--_Extrema-- +terrarum_. Cf. note, 6: _inania honoris_. + +_Non erigunt_, lit. do not elevate the darkness, i.e. do not cast their +shadow so high (_infraque--cadit_), as the sky and the stars; hence they +are bright (_clara_) through the night!! Pliny also supposed the heavens +(above the moon) to be of themselves perpetually luminous, but darkened +at night by the shadow of the earth. N.H. 2, 7. + +_Praeter. Beyond_. Hence either _besides_ or _except_. Here the latter.-- +_Fecundum_. More than _patiens, fruitful even.--Proveniunt_. Ang. _come +forward_. + +_Fert--aurum_, etc. This is also affirmed by Strabo, 4, 5, 2, but denied +by Cic. ad Att., 4, 16, 7, and ad Div., 7, 7. The moderns decide in favor +of T. and Strabo, though it is only in inconsiderable quantities that +gold and silver have ever been found in Britain. + +_Margarita_. The neuter form of this word is seldom used, never by +Cicero. See Freund sub v. + +_Rubro mari_. The _Red Sea_ of the Greeks and Romans embraced both the +Arabian and the Persian Gulfs; and it was in the latter especially, that +pearls were found, as they are to this day. Cf. Plin. N.H. 9, 54: +praecipue laudantur (margaritae) in _Persico sinu maris rubri_. For an +explanation of the name (Red Sea), see Anthon's Classical Dictionary. + +_Expulsa sint. Cast out_, i.e. _ashore, by the waves_. Subj. in a +subordinate clause of the oratio obliqua. H. 531; Z. 603. + +_Naturam--avaritiam_. A very characteristic sentence, both for its +antithesis and its satire. + + +XIII. _Ipsi Britanni. Ipsi_ marks the transition from the country to the +people, cf. ipsos Germanos, G. 2. + +_Obeunt_ properly applies only to _munera_, not to _tributa_ and +_delectum_, which would require _tolerant_ or some kindred verb. Zeugma. +H. 704, I. 2; Z. 775. + +_Igitur==now_. In the first sentence of the section the author has +indicated his purpose to speak of the _people_ of Britain. And _now in +pursuance of that design_, he goes back to the commencement of their +history, as related to and known by the Romans. Cf. note, G. 28. + +_Divus_. Cf. note, G. 28: D. Julius. For Julius Caesar's campaigns in +Britain, see Caes. B.G. 4, 21. seq.; 5, 5. seq.; Strabo, Lib. 4, &c. + +_Consilium_. His _advice_ (to his successor). See Ann. 1, 11.-- +_Praeceptum_. A _command_ (of Augustus, which Tib. affected to hold +sacred). Ann. 1, 77; 4, 37. + +_C. Caesarem_. Caligula, cf. 4, note.--_Agitasse_, etc. cf. 39. His. 4, +15; Suet. Calig. 44. + +_Ni--fuissent_. Cf. _Ni_, 4, note. The ellipsis may be supplied thus: he +meditated an invasion of Brit. and _would have invaded it_, had he not +been _velox ingenio_, etc. But in idiomatic Eng. _ni_==but. Of course +_fuisset_ is to be supplied with _velox ingenio_ and _mobilis +poenitentiae_. Al. poenitentia. But contrary to the MSS. _Mobilis_ agrees +with _poenitentiae_ (cf. Liv. 31, 32: celerem poenitentiam), which is a +qualifying gen. Gr. 211. R. 6. Lit. _of repentance easy to be moved_. +Render: _fickle of purpose_. + +_Auctor operis_. Auctor fuit rei adversus Britannos gerendae et feliciter +gestae. Dr. See on the same subject Suet. Claud. 17.--_Assumpto +Vespasiano_, cf. Suet Vesp. 4. II. 3, 44. + +_Quod--fuit_. Vespasian's participation in the war against Brit. was the +commencement of his subsequent brilliant fortunes. + +_Monstratus fatis_, i.e. a fatis, _by the fates_. The expression is +borrowed perhaps from Virg. Aen. 6, 870: _Ostendent_ terris hunc tantum +_fata_. + + +XIV. _Consularium_. Cf. note on it, 8.--_Aulus Plautius_. Ann. 13, 32; +Dio. 60, 19.--_Ostorius Scapula_. Ann. 12, 31-39.--_Proxima_, sc. Romae. + +_Veteranorum colonia_. Camolodunum. Ann. 12, 32. Now Colchester. Dr.--_Et +reges. Kings also_, i.e. besides other means.--_Ut vetere_, etc. So in +the MSS. and earliest editions. Rhenanus transferred _ut_ to the place +before _haberet_ which it occupies in the common editions. But no change +is necessary. Render: _that in accordance with their established custom, +the Roman people might have kings also as the instruments of reducing_ +(the Britons) _to slavery_. + +_Didius Gallus_. Cf. Ann. 12, 40: arcere hostem satis habebat.--_Parta a +prioribus. The acquisitions (conquests) of his predecessors_. + +_Aucti officii. Of enlarging the boundaries of his government. Officium_ +is used in a like sense, Caes. B.C. 3, 5: Toti officio maritimo +praepositus, etc. So Wr.; Or. and Doed. understand by it _going beyond_ +the mere performance of his _duty_. It was his duty to protect his +province: he enlarged it.--_Quaereretur_. Subj. in a relative clause +denoting a purpose. H. 500; Z. 567. + +_Veranius_. Ann. 14, 29.--_Paullinus_. Ann. 14, 29-30. + +_Monam insulam_. Now Anglesey. But the _Mona_ of _Caesar_ is the Isle of +Man, called by Pliny _Monapia_. The Mona of T. was the chief seat of the +Druids, hence _ministrantem vires rebellibus_, for the Druids animated +and led on the Briton troops to battle. T. has given (Ann. 14, 30) a very +graphic sketch of the mixed multitude of armed men, women like furies, +and priests with hands uplifted in prayer, that met Paullinus on his +landing, and, for a time, well nigh paralyzed his soldiers with dismay. +In the same connexion, he speaks also of the human sacrifices and other +barbarous rites, which were practised by our Briton Fathers in honor of +their gods. + + +XV. _Interpretando. By putting their own_, i.e. _the worst construction +upon them_. + +_Ex facili_==facile. A frequent form of expression in T., ad Graecorum +consuetudinem. Dr. See R. Exc. 24. + +_Singulos--binos_. Distributives==_one for each tribe--two for each +tribe_. + +_Aeque--aeque_. Like Greek correlatives; alike fatal to their subjects +in _either case_. So [Greek: homoios men] and [Greek: homoios de], Xen. +Mem. 1, 6, 13; Plat. Symp. 181. C. + +_Alterius manus centuriones, alterius servos_. This is the reading of the +latest editions (Dr. Wr. Or. and R.), and the best MSS., though the MSS. +differ somewhat: _Centurions, the hands_ (instruments) _of the one, and +servants_, the hands _of the other, added insult to injury_. For the use +of _manus_ in the above sense, reference is made to Cic. in Ver. 2, 10, +27: Comites illi tui delecti _manus_ erant tuae. So the _centurions_ of +the _legate_ and the _servants_ of the _procurator_ are said by our +author to have robbed the Briton King Prasutagus of his kingdom and his +palace, Ann. 14, 31, which is the best commentary on the passage before +us. + +_Ab ignavis. By_ the feeble and cowardly. Antithetic to _fortiorem. In +battle, it is the braver that plunders us; but now_ (it is a special +aggravation of our sufferings, that) _by the feeble and cowardly_, &c. So +in contempt, they call the veterans, cf. 14: _veteranorum colonia_; 32: +_senum colonia_. + +_Tantum_ limits _pro patria_; as if it was for their _country_ only they +knew not how to die. + +_Si sese_, etc., i.e. in _comparison_ with their own numbers. + +_Patriam--parentes_, sc. _causas belli esse_. + +_Recessisset_. Observe the subj. in the subordinate clauses of the oratio +obliqua throughout this chapter. H. 531; Z. 603. + +_Neve--pavescerant_. This verb would have been an imperative in the +oratio recta, Z. 603, c. _Neve_ is appropriate either to the imp. or the +subj. + + +XVI. _Instincti_, i.e. furore quodam afflati. Dr. For a fuller account +of this revolt, see Ann. 14, 31-38; Dio. 62, 1-13. + +_Boudicea_. Wife of Prasutagus, king of the Iceni. When conquered, she +ended her life by poison, Ann. 14, 37. + +_Expugnatis praesidiis. Having stormed the fortresses_. The force of _ex_ +in this word is seen in that it denotes the _actual carrying_ of a place +by assault, whereas _oppugnatus_ only denotes the assault itself. So +[Greek: ek-poliorkaetheis]==_taken_ in a siege, [Greek: +poliorkaetheis]==besieged. + +_Ipsam coloniam_. Cf. note 14: veteranorum colonia. + +_In barbaris_==qualis inter barbaros esse solet. R. Exc. 25. + +_Ira et victoria_. Hendiadys. Render: _Nor did they in the excitement of +victory omit_, etc. So Dr. R. and Wr. _Ira_ may, however, refer to their +_long cherished resentment. Ira_ causam, _victoria_ facultatem explendae +saevitiae denotat. Rit.--_Quod nisi. And had not_, etc. Cf. note, 12: +_quod si_. + +_Patientiae_. Most Latin authors would have said: ad patientiam. R. +_Patientia_ here==_submission_. + +_Tenentibus--plerisque. Though many still retained_, i.e. did not lay +down _their arms_. + +_Propius_. Al. _proprius_. But that is purely conjectural. Adv. for adj., +cf. ultra, 8; longe, 6==propior, like the _propior cura_ of Ovid. +Metamor. 13, 578. Render: _a more urgent fear_. Some would connect +_propius_ with _agitabat_ notwithstanding its remote position. + +_Suae quoque_. _His own also_, sc. as well as that of the Empire. + +_Durius_, sc. aequo. H. 444, 1. cf. 4: _acrius_, note. + +_Delictis--novus_. _A stranger to their faults_. Cf. Sil. Ital. 6, 254: +novusque dolori. Wr. Cf. Boet. Lex. Tac. _Dativus_. + +_Poenitentiae mitior_, i.e. mitior erga poenitentiam, or facilior erga +poenitentes. _Poenitentiae_ dat. of object. + +_Compositis prioribus_. _Having restored things to their former quiet +state_. + +_Nullis--experimentis_. _Undertaking no military expeditions_. Or.-- +_Castrorum_. Cf. 5, note. + +_Comitate--tenuit_. "_Retained the province by a popular manner of +administering the government_." Ky.--_Curandi_. Note, H. 1, 52. + +_Ignoscere_. Properly _not to notice_, hence _to view with indulgence, to +indulge in_. + +_Vitiis blandientibus_. The reference is to the _luxurious and vicious +pleasures_ of the Romans, which enervated the Britons, cf. 21, at close, +where the idea is brought out more fully. + +_Cum--lasciviret_. _Cum==since_. Hence the subj. + +_Precario_. Cf. note, G. 44.--_Mox_, cf. note 4. + +_Velut pacti_ implies a _tacit_ compact. It was understood between them, +that the army were to enjoy their liberty; the general, his life. Supply +_sunt_ with _pacti_. Doed. and Wr. supply _essent_; but they read _haec_ +for _et_ before _seditio_ contrary to the best MSS. + +_Et seditio_. _Et==and so_. Al. haec seditio. + +_Stetit_. Not stopped, but stood, as in our phrase: stood them in so +much. So Ovid: Multo _sanguine_--victoria _stetit_. And T. His. 3, 53: +Majore _damno_--veteres civium discordias reipublicae _stetisse_. Render: +_cost no blood_. Dr. + +_Petulantia_. _Insubordination_.--_Nisi quod_, but, cf. 6. + +_Bolanus_. If the reader wishes to know more of the officers named in +this chapter, for Turpilianus, see Ann. 14, 39. His. 1, 6; Trebellius, +His. 1, 60; Bolanus, Ann. 15, 3. His. 2, 65. 79. + +_Caritatem--auctoritatis_. "_Had conciliated affection as a substitute +for authority_." Ky. + + +XVII. _Recuperavit_. Al. _reciperavit_. The two forms are written +indiscriminately in the MSS. The word may express either the recovery of +what was lost, or the restoration to health of what was diseased. Either +would make a good sense here. Cf. chap. 5; also Cic. Phil. 14, 13: +_republica recuperata_. Or. renders _acquired again_, sc. what had +previously belonged, as it were, to him, rather than to the bad emperors +who had preceded him. + +_Petilius Cerialis_. Cf. note, 8.--_Brigantum_. Cf. H. 3, 45; Ann. 12, +32. Their territory embraced Cumberland, Westmoreland, Lancashire, Durham +and Yorkshire. + +_Aut victoria aut bello_, i.e. _either received their submission after +the victory, or involved them in the calamities of war_. _Aut--aut_ +generally adversative==either--or on the contrary. _Vel--vel_ only +disjunctive==whether--or. Cf. note on vel--vel, G. 15. + +_Alterius_. Another, than Julius Frontinus, i.e. by implication, one +_different_ from him, _less brave and great_. Cf. His. 2, 90: tanquam +apud alterius civitatis senatum; 3, 13, note. _Alius_ is the word usually +appropriated to express this idea. _Alter_ generally implies a +_resemblance_ between contrasted objects. See Freund, ad v. + +_Obruisset--sustinuit_. These words primarily refer to physical energies, +and are exactly counterpart==_crushed--sustained_. + +_Quantum licebat_ limits _vir magnus: as great a man, as it was +permitted_ him to be, restricted as he was in his resources, perhaps by +the parsimony of the Emperor. On Julius Frontinus, cf. H. 4, 39. He was +the friend of Pliny the Younger (Plin. Ep. 9, 19) and therefore probably +of Tacitus. His books on Stratagems, and on the Aqueducts of Rome are +still extant.--_Super_, over and above, i.e. _besides_. + + +XVIII. _Agentem_, sc. excubias or stationem==stationed in, cf. His. 1, +47: copias, quae Lugduni agebant. _Ala_. Cf. note, H. 1, 54. + +_Ordovicum civitas_. Situated over against the Island Mona, north of the +Silures, i.e. in the northern part of what is now Wales. + +_Ad--verterentur_. _Were turning themselves_ (middle sense) _towards_, +i.e. _looking to or for. Occasionem. An opportunity_, sc. to attack the +Romans in their security. Al. _uterentur_. + +_Quibus--erat. They who wished for war_. Greek idiom for qui bellum +volebant. See Kuehner's Greek Gram. 284, 10, c., cf. His. 3, 43: +volentibus fuit, etc., and note, ibid. In Latin, the idiom occurs chiefly +in Sallust and T. See Z. 420, and H. 387, 3. + +_Ac--opperiri_. Al. _aut_ by conjecture. But _ac==ac tamen, and yet_. Cf. +Ann. 1, 36: _exauctorari--ac retineri sub vexillo_. + +_Transvecta_. Al. transacta. Cf. His. 2, 76: abiit et _transvectum est +tempus_. Only T. uses the word in reference to time. + +_Numeri_==cohortes or manipuli, cf. His. 1, 6: multi numeri. This use of +the word is post-Augustan. Cf. note, His. 1, 6. + +_Tarda et contraria_. In appos. with the foregoing clauses== +_circumstances calculated to retard and oppose him in commencing war_. + +_Plerisque_, sc. of the inferior officers. They thought it best that +those parts of the country, whose fidelity was questionable (_suspecta_) +should be secured by garrisons (_custodiri_). _Potius_ is an adj. and +goes with _videbatur_==_it seemed preferable_. + +_Legionum vexillis_. Some understand this of veteran soldiers who had +served out their time (twenty years), but were still _sub vexillis_ (not +dismissed). So R. and W. Others of parts of the legions detached for a +season sub vexillis (under separate standards). So Gronovius. The word +seems to be used in both senses. See note, H. 1, 31. + +_In aequum_. Into the plain. Aequus, prim. level, hence aequor, sea. + +_Erexit aciem. Led his troops up the steep_. So His. 3, 71: erigunt aciem +per adversum collem. + +_Ac--ceteris. And that according as the first_ enterprises _went_ (cf. +note, 5: _cessit_), would be the terror in the rest_ of his engagements. +Cf. H. 2, 20: _gnarus, ut initia belli provenissent, famam in cetera +fore_. Al. _fore universa_. + +_Possessione. Taking_ possession, cf. 14. A _possidere_, i.e. occupare, +non a _possidere_, quod est occupatum tenere. Rit. For the abl. without +_a_, cf. H. 2, 79: _Syria remeans_. + +_Ut in dubiis consiliis_, sc. fieri solet. Generals are not apt to be +prepared beforehand for enterprises, not contemplated at all in their +original plans. + +_Qui--expectabant. Who were looking out for (ex_ and _specto) a fleet, +for ships_, in a word _for the sea_, i.e. naval preparations in general, +instead of an attack by land. The language is highly rhetorical.-- +_Crediderint_. Livy, Nepos and Tacitus use the _perf_. subj. after _ut_, +denoting a consequence, when a single, specific past act is expressed; +when a repeated or continued action, the _imp_. subj. Most writers use +the imp. in both cases. See H. 482, 2, and 480; Z. 516; also Z. 504, +Note, and note H. 1, 24: _dederit_. + +_Officiorum ambitum. "Compliments of office."_ Ky. + +_Placuisset_. Subj. cf. note, 11: _ut quos_. + +_Expeditionem--continuisse. He did not call it a campaign or a victory to +have kept the conquered in subjection_. + +_Laureatis_ sc. litteris. It was customary to communicate the news of +victory to the Emperor and Senate, by letters bound with bay leaves, cf. +Liv. 5, 28: _litterae_ a Postumio _laureatae_ sequuntur. Without +_litterae_, it occurs only here. Or. So in H. 3, 77. T. avoids the +technical expression and employs the word _laurea_, seldom used in this +sense. + +_Dissimulatione_. Cf. note, 6.--_Aestimantibus_, cf. aestimanti, 11. The +aspiring, and especially the vain, may learn from this passage a lesson +of great practical value. Compare also Sec. 8, at the close. + + +XIX. _Aliena experimenta. The experience of others_. + +_Nihil_. Ellipsis of _agere_ (which is inserted without MS. authority in +the common editions). So Cic. Phil. 1, 2: Nihil per senatum, etc. Cf. G. +19: _adhuc_, note. + +_Ascire_, al. accire. _To receive into regular service_. The reference is +to the transfer of soldiers from the raw recruits to the legions. So W. +followed by Dr. R. and W. The next clause implies, that he took care to +receive into the service none but the best men (_optimum quemque_), whom +he deemed _trustworthy_ (_fidissimum_) just in _proportion_ as they were +_good_. This use of two superlatives mutually related to each other, the +former with _quisque_, is frequent in Latin and resembles the English use +of two comparatives: the better, the more trustworthy. Cf. Z. 710, b.; +also note, 3: _promptissmus quisque_. + +_Exsequi_==punire. A sense peculiar to the later Latin. Cic. and Caes. +use _persequi_. For a similar use of the word in the expression of a +similar sentiment, see Suet. Jul. 67: Delicta neque observabat omnia +neque pro modo exsequebatur. Compare our word _execute_. And mark the +sentiment, as a maxim in the science of government. + +_Severitatem commodare_. W. with Dr. and R. make this an example of +zeugma. And in its ordinary acceptation (i.e. in the sense _to give_) +the word _commodare_ certainly applies only to _veniam_, and not to +_severitatem_. But _commodare_ in its primary signification means to +_adapt_; and in this sense, it suits both of its adjuncts: _He adapted_ +(awarded) _pardon to small offences, severe punishment to great ones_. So +Wr. For the series of infinitives, cf. notes, 5: _nosci_, etc.; G. 30: +_praeponere_, etc. + +_Nec poena--contentus esse. Nor was he always content with punishment, +but oftener with repentance_. Mere punishment without reformation did not +satisfy him; reformation without punishment satisfied him better. See +Doed. in loc. Here too some have called in the aid of zeugma. + +_Auctionem_. Al. exactionem. The former is the reading of the greater +part of the MSS. and the later German editions. _Auctionem tributorum_ +refers to the increased tribute exacted by Vesp. cf. Sueton. Vesp. 16: +_auxisse_ tributa provinciis, nonnullis et _duplicasse_. + +_Munerum_. _Duties, burdens.--Circumcisis_. Cf. note, 2: expulsis. etc., +and 11: amissa virtute. + +_Namque--cogebantur_. The best version we can give of this obscure +passage is as follows: _For they were compelled in mockery to sit by the +closed granaries and to buy corn needlessly_ (beyond what was necessary, +cf. note on _ultro_, G. 28, when they had enough of their own) _and to +sell it at a fixed price_ (prescribed by the purchasers). It has been +made a question, whether the granaries of the Britons, or those of the +Romans are here meant. Doed., Dr. and R. advocate the former opinion; +Walch, Wr., Or., and Rit. the latter. According to the former view, the +Britons were often obliged to buy corn of the Romans, because they were +forbidden to use their own, to supply themselves and their families; +according to the latter, because they were required (as explained below) +to carry their contributions to a quarter so distant from their own +granaries, that they were fain to buy the corn rather at some nearer +warehouse of the Romans. The selling at a fixed price is equally +intelligible on either supposition. Or. following the best MSS. reads +_ludere pretio_, which Rit. has amended into _colludere pretio_. _Ultro_ +may well enough be rendered _moreover_ or _even_, thus giving emphasis to +_emere_. + +_Devortia itinerum_. _Bye roads_, explained by _avia_, as _longinquitas_ +is by _remota_. The object of requiring the people to convey their +contributions to such distant and inconvenient points, was to compel them +to buy of the Romans, or to pay almost any sum of money to avoid +compliance. The reader of Cic. will remember in illustration of this +whole passage, the various arts to which Verres is said to have had +recourse to enrich himself, at the expense of the people of his province +(Cic. in Ver. 3, 72, and 82), such as refusing to accept the +contributions they brought, obliging them to buy of him at his own price, +requiring them to carry supplies to points most distant and difficult of +access, _ut vecturae difficultate ad quam vellent aestimationem +pervenirent_. + +_Omnibus_, sc. et incolis et militibus; _paucis_, sc. praefectis aut +publicanis. Dr. + +_Donec--fieret_. The subj. here denotes a purpose or object in view, and +theretore follows _donec_ according to the rule. H. 522, II.; Z. 575. +Tacitus however always expresses a repeated past action after _donec_ by +the imp. subj. Cf. note, 37: affectavere; H. 1, 13. 35. + + +XX. _Statim_. Emphatic, like [Greek: euthus]. Cf. Thucyd. 2, 47: [Greek: +tou therous euthus archomenou]: at the _very_ beginning of summer. So in +Sec. 3. + +_Intolerantia_, al. tolerantia, but without MS. authority. _Incuria_ is +_negligence_. Intolerantia_ is _insufferable arrogance, severity_, in a +word _intolerance_. So Cic.: superbia atque intolerantia. + +_Quae--timebatur_. And no wonder, since _ubi solitudinem_ faciunt, _pacem_ +appellant, 30. + +_Multus_, al. militum. _Multus_ in the recent editions. +_Multus_==frequens, cf. Sal. Jug. 84: multus ac ferox instare.-- +_Modestiam--disiectos_. These words are antithetic, though one is +abstract and the other concrete. The whole clause may be literally +rendered thus: _ever present in the line of march, he commended +good order (discipline), the disorderly he restrained_. + +_Popularetur_, sc. A. _Quominus_, that not==_but: but he ravaged their +country by unexpected invasions_. + +_Irritamenta_. _Inducements.--Pacis_. Ang. _to_ or _for peace_. + +_Ex aequo egerant_, lit. had acted (lived) on an equality, i.e. _had +maintained their independence_, cf. His. 4, 64: aut ex aequo agetis aut +aliis imperitabitis. + +_Iram posuere_. Cf. Hor. Ars Poet.: et _iram_ colligit ac _ponit_ temere. +See also G. 27: ponunt dolorem, etc. + +_Ut--transierit_. The clause is obscure. The best that can be made of it +is this: _they were encompassed by forts and garrisons with so much skill +and care that no part of Britain hitherto now went over_ (to the enemy) +_with impunity_ (literally unattacked). For the meaning of _nova_, cf. +22. For _transierit_, cf. _transitio_, H. 2, 99; 3, 61; and Freund, sub +v. This is Walther's interpretation. If, with Ernesti, Dr. and some +others, we might suppose a _sic_, _ita_ or _tam_ to be understood with +_illacessita_, we might obtain perhaps a better sense, viz. _came over_ +(to the Romans) _with so little annoyance_ (from the enemy). In the last +edition a meaning was attached to _transierit_ (_remained_, sc. +unattacked), for which I now find no sufficient authority. Among the many +amendments, which have been suggested, the easiest and best is that of +Susius, followed by Wexius, Duebner, Or. and Rit, viz. placing +_Illacessita transiit_ at the beginning of the next chapter. But this +does violence not only to MS. authority, but to Latin usage in making the +adverb _ut, so as, as_, follow _tanta_. In such a connection, _ut_ must +be a conjunction==_so that, that_. See Freund sub v. For the _perf_. +subj. cf. note, 18: _crediderint_. + +_Praesidiis castellisque_. Gordon, in his Itinerarium Septentrionale, +found more remains of Roman works in that part of Britain here referred +to, than in any other portion of the Island. + + +XXI. _Ut--assuescerent_. _In order that they might become habituated_, +etc.--_In bella faciles. Easily inclined to wars_. Cf. Ann. 14, 4: +_facili ad gaudia_. Al. _in bello, bello_, and _in bellum_.--_Otio_. See +note, 11: otio.--_Privatim. As a private individual; publice, by public +authority, and of course from the public treasury_, cf. note G. 39: +publice.--_Jam vero_. _Moreover_, cf. G. 14, note. + +_Anteferre_. Wr. takes this word in its primary sense==bear before, i.e. +carry beyond: _he carried (advanced) the native talents of the Britons +beyond the learning of the Gauls_. But there is no authority for such a +use of the word, when followed by the acc. and dat. It is doubtless used +in its more ordinary sense; and the _preference_ which A. expressed for +the genius of the Britons over the learning of the Gauls, _stimulated_ +them to greater exertions. It is somewhat curious to observe thus early +that mutual emulation and jealousy, which has marked the whole history of +Britain and France. The national vanity of La Bletterie is sorely wounded +by this remark of T. See his note in loco, also Murphy's.--_Toga_. Cf. +note on _togatos_, 9. + +_Ut--concupiscerent_. _Ut==so that_, denoting a consequence. The verb +here denotes a continued or habitual state of mind. Hence the _imp_. +subj. Cf. note, 18: _crediderit_. + +_Discessum_, sc. a patrum moribus ad vitia varia. Dr. + +_Delenimenta_==illa, quibus animi _leniuntur_. Dr. _Charms, +blandishments_. Cf. H. 1, 77. The word is not found in Cic. or Caes. + +_Humanitas. Civilisation, refinement_. Compare the professorships of +_humanity_ in European Universities. + +_Pars servitutis_. For the sentiment, cf. His. 4, 64: voluptatibus, +quibus Romani plus adversus subjectos, quam armis valent. _Cum==while, +although_. Hence the subj. + + +XXII. _Tertius--annus_. _Third campaign_. + +_Taum_. The Frith of Tay.--_Nationibus_. Here synonymous with _gentes_; +sometimes less comprehensive, cf. note, G. 2. + +_Pactione ac fuga_. Al. _aut_ fuga, but without authority. There are +but two distinct clauses marked by _aut--aut: either taken by assault or +abandoned by capitulation and flight_. + +_Nam--firmabantur_. This clause assigns a reason, why the Romans were +_able_ to make frequent sorties (_crebrae eruptiones_), viz. supplies of +provision so abundant, as to be proof against blockade. + +_Moras obsidionis. A protracted siege_, or _blockade_. + +_Annuis copiis. Supplies for a year_. This is the _primary_ signification +of _annuus_; that of our word _annual_ is _secondary_. + +_Intrepida--praesidio_==hiberna quieta ac tuta ab hostibus. Fac. and For. +--_Irritis, baffled_. Seldom applied to _persons_ by prose writers. Cf. H. +4, 32. + +_Pensare_. R. remarks a peculiar fondness in T. for the use of the simple +verb instead of the compound, e.g. missa for omissa, sistens for +resistens, flammare for inflammare, etc. So here _pensare==compensare_. +Cf. 12: _trahuntur_, note. + +_Avidus_, sc. laudis==per aviditatem laudis et gloriae. E.: A. never in +his eagerness for glory arrogated to himself the honor of the +achievements of others.--_Seu--seu. Every one, whether centurion or +praefect_ (commander of a legion, cf. note, H. 1, 82.), _was sure to have +in him an impartial witness to his deeds_. + +_Acerbior_, cf. note on _durius_, 16.--_Apud quosdam_==a quibusdam. + +_Secretum et silentium. Reserve and silence_. So W. and Ky. But R. and +Dr.: _private interviews_ (to be summoned to which by some commanders was +alarming), _and neglect of the usual salutations in public_ (which was +also often a token of displeasure on the part of a superior officer). The +former is the more simple and obvious, though it must be confessed that +the latter is favored by the usus loquendi of T., in regard especially to +_secretum_, cf. 39; Ann. 3, 8, where _secreto_ is opposed to _palam_; and +His. 4, 49: incertum, quoniam _secreto eorum_ nemo _adfuit_. + + +XXIII. _Obtirendis. Securing possession of.--Pateretur_, sc. terminum +inveniri.--_In ipsa Brit_. In the very _nature_ or structure of the +island, as described in the sequel. See Or. in loc. + +_Clota et Bodotria_. Frith of Clyde and Frith of Forth. + +_Revectae_, i.e. the natural current being driven back by the tide from +the sea on either side. _Angusto--spatio_. It is now cut across by a ship +canal. + +_Propior sinus_==peninsula on the south side of the Friths, cf, note on +sinus G. 1, and 29. Sinus refers particularly to the _curved border_ on +_this side_ the aestuaries. This border (wherever the friths were so +narrow as to require it), as well as the narrow isthmus, was occupied and +secured (_tenebatur_) by garrisons. + + +XXIV. _Nave prima_. The first Roman ship that ever visited those shores. +So Br., Dr., etc. _The foremost ship_, sc., A. himself, followed by +others in a line. So Ritter. Wr., and some others understand it of a +voyage from _Rome_, where they suppose him to have passed the winter, and +whence he crossed over to Britain by the _earliest_ vessel in the spring. +W. and R. make _prima_ equivalent to an adv. and render: crossing over +_for the first time_ by ship. Or. also makes _prima==tum primum_. + +_Copiis_. Here troops with their equipments==_forces_, cf. 8: majoribus +copiis.--_Medio sita_ lying between, not midway between. E.--_In spem-- +formidinem_. More with the hope of invading Ireland, than through fear of +invasion by the Irish.--_Valentissimam partem_, viz. Gaul, Spain and +Britain. + +_Miscuerit_. The subj. here denotes the aim or purpose of the projector: +it would have done so _in his view_. + +_Invicem_==an adj. _mutual.--Nostri maris_. The Mediterranean. + +_Differunt: in melius_. The authorities differ greatly as to the reading, +the pointing and the interpretation of this passage. Some copies omit +_in_. Others insert _nec_ before it. Some place the pause before _in +melius_, others after. Some read _differt_, others _differunt. Nec in +melius_ would perhaps give the better sense. But the reading is purely +conjectural. I have given that, which, on the whole, seems to rest on the +best authority, and to make the best sense. The sense is: _the soil, +climate, &c., do not differ much from those of Britain. But that the +harbors and entrances to the country are better_ (lit. _differ for the +better, differre in melius), is ascertained through the medium of the +merchants, who resort thither for trade_ (for Ireland had not yet, like +Britain, been explored by a Roman _army_). So Wr. and Doed. On _in +melius_, see note H. 1, 18. Or. and Rit. make the comparison thus: the +harbors and entrances are better known, than the soil, climate, &c. The +common interpretation is: the harbors, &c., of Ireland are better known, +than those of Britain. But neither of these interpretations accounts for +the position of _melius_; and the last is in itself utterly incredible. + +_Ex eo_, sc. A. Pass. and Dr. understand it of the Irish chief, and infer +that T. had been in Brit. But A. is the subject of the next sentence +without the repetition of his name, as it would have been repeated, if +this sentence referred to another. + + +XXV. _Amplexus_. Some supply _bello_, as in 17: bello amplexus. But +better: embracing _in his plan of operations_, i.e. _extending his +operations to those tribes_. + +_Hostilis exercitus_. Al. hostili exercitu. But _hostilis exercitus_ in +the MSS. and earliest editions.--_Infesta_ is here active: _hostile +inroads of the enemy's forces_. + +_In partem virium_. _For_, i.e. _as a part of his force_. + +_Impelleretur_, was borne on with rapid and resistless power. + +_Profunda--adversa_. Cf. note, 6: _inania honoris_. + +_Mixti copiis et laetitia. Uniting their stores and their pleasures_, +i.e. their respective means of entertainment. For _mixti_, cf. 4: +locum--mixtum. For _copiis_ in this sense, 22: annuis copiis. For the +other sense, viz. forces, 24: copiis, note. + +_Hinc--hinc==on this side--on that_. Cf. note G. 14: _illum--illam_.-- +_Victus_. Al. _auctus_. + +_Ad manus et arma_. Ang. _to arms_. + +_Oppugnasse_ depends on _fama_. Their preparations were great. Rumor as +usual (_uti mos_, etc.) represented them still greater; for the rumor +went abroad, that the Caledonians had _commenced offensive operations +(oppugnasse ultra).--Castella adorti_ is the means by which they _metum +addiderant_, i.e. _had inspired additional fear_. + +_Pluribus agminibus. In several divisions_. Accordingly it is added: +_diviso et ipse_, A. _himself also_, i.e. as well as the Britons, +_having divided_, etc. + +_Agmen_ (from ago), properly a body of men on the march.--_Exercitus_, +under military drill (exerceo.) + + +XXVI. _Quod ubi_, etc. _When this was known_, etc. Latin writers, as well +as Greek, generally link their sentences, chapters, &c., more closely +together, than English. Hence we are often obliged to render their +relative by our demonstrative. See Z. 803. _Ubi_, here adv. of _time_, as +in 20, 38, et passim. + +_Certabant_. Not _fought_ with the enemy, but _vied_ with each other. So +below: utroque--certante. Hence followed by _de_ gloria, not _pro_ gloria, +which some would substitute for it; _secure for_ (in regard to) _safety, +they vied with each other in respect to_ (or _in_) _glory_. With _pro +salute_, cf. His. 4, 58: pro me securior. + +_Erupere. Sallied forth_, sc. from the camp. + +_Utroque exercitu_. Each of the two _Roman_ armies. + +_Quod_. Cf. 12, note.--_Debellatum_, lit. the war would have been fought +_out_, i.e. _ended_. + + +XXVII. _Cujus_ refers to _victoria_ in the previous section (cf. _quod_ +26, note): _inspirited by the consciousness and the glory of this +victory_. + +_Modo cauti_. Compare the sentiment with 25: specie prudentium, etc. + +_Arte--rati_, al. arte _usos_ rati by conjecture. But T. is fond of such +ellipses: _The Britons, thinking it was not by superior bravery, but by +favoring circumstances_ (on the part of the Romans) _and the skill of +their commander_ (sc. that they had been defeated). Rit. reads +_superati_. + +_Utrimque_. Both the Romans and the Britons; the Romans excited by their +victory, the Britons by their coetibus ac sacrificiis. + +_Discessum. They separated_, viz. after the battle and at the close of +the campaign. + + +XXVIII. _Cohors Usipiorum_. See same story, Dio Cass. 66, 20. + +_Adactis. Forced on board.--Remiganto_==gubernante, to avoid sameness, +with _gubernatoribus_, Br. R. supposes that having but one pilot left, +only the vessel on which he sailed was _rowed_, while the others were +towed by it; and this rowing _under his direction_ is ascribed to _him_. +Some MSS. and many editions read _remigrante_, which some translate: +_making his escape_, and others connect with _interfectis_, and suppose +that he also was slain in trying to _bring back_ his boat to shore. +Whether we read _remigante_ or _remigrante_, the signification of either +is unusual. + +_Praevehebantur_. Sailed along the coast (in sight of land). + +_Inopiae_ is governed by _eo_, which is the old dat.==_to such a degree. +--Ad extremum==at last_. + +_Vescerentur_ followed by the acc. H. 419, 4. 1; Z. 466. For the imp. +subj. cf. note 21: _ut--concupiscerent_. + +_Amissis--navibus_. This is regarded by some as proof that _all_ the +steersmen were slain or escaped. Dr. answers, that it may refer only to +the _two_ ships that were without steersmen. + +_Suevis_. A people of Northern Germany (G. 38, seq.) whither, after +having circumnavigated Britain, the Usipii came.--_Mox, subsequently_, +some having escaped the Suevi. + +_Per commercia. In trade_, cf. same in 39. + +_Nostram ripam_. The Gallic bank of the Rhine, which was the border of +the Roman Empire, cf. G. passim. + +_Quos--indicium--illustravit_. Whom the account of so wonderful an +adventure rendered illustrious. The rule would require the subj. H. 501, +I. 2; Z. 561. + + +XXIX. _Initio aestatis_, i.e. in the beginning of the _next_ summer (the +7th campaign, cf. 25: _aestate, qua sextum_, etc.), as the whole history +shows. See especially _proximo anno_, 34. Hence the propriety of +commencing a new section here. The common editions begin it below: +_Igitur_, etc. + +_Plerique_. Cf. note on it, 1.--_Fortium virorum_. _Military men_. + +_Ambitiose, with affected fortitude, stoically_.--_Rursus_==contra, _on +the contrary_, showing the antith. between _ambitiose_ and _per lamenta_. +--_Per lamenta_, cf. 6: per caritatem.--_Igitur_, cf. 13, note. + +_Quae--faceret_==ut ea faceret. H. 500; Z. 567. _Incertum_ is explained +by _pluribus locis_. Render: _general alarm_.--_Expedito_==sine +impedimentis, armis solis instructo. Fac. and For.--_Montem Grampium_. +Now _Grampian hills_. + +_Cruda--senectus_. Cf. Virg. Aen. 6, 304: sed cruda deo viridisque +senectus. _Crudus_ is rarely found in this sense except in the poets. +_Crudus_ properly==bloody (_cruor, cruidus_); hence the successive +significations, raw, unripe, fresh, vigorous.--_Sua decora_==praemia +ob virtutem bellicam accepta. E. Any and all _badges of distinction_, +especially in _arms_. Wr., Or. and Dod. + + +XXX. _Causas belli_. Explained by _universi servitutis expertes_ below, +to be the defence of their liberties. In like manner, _nostram +necessitatem_ is explained by _nullae ultra terrae_: there is no retreat +for us, etc.--_Animus, Confidence_. + +_Proelium--arma_. T. has a passion for _pairs_ of words, especially +nouns, of _kindred signification_. See examples in Index to Histories; +and in this chapter, _spem ac subsidium_; _recessus ac sinus_; _obsequiam +ac modestiam_. + +_Priores pugnae_, sc. in which the Caledonians took no part.--_Pugnae_ +is here, by a figure put for the _combatants_ themselves, who are +represented as looking to the Caledonians, as a kind of corps de reserve, +or last resource. + +_Eo. For that reason_. The best things are always kept guarded and +concealed in the _penetralia_. There may also be a reference to a _fact_ +stated by Caesar (B.G. 5, 12), that the inhabitants of the interior were +aborigines, while those on the coast were immigrants. + +_Terrarum--extremos_. _The remotest of men and last of freemen_. +--_Recessus--famae_. _Our very remoteness and obscurity_. This is the +most common and perhaps the most simple translation, making _sinus +famae_==seclusion in respect to fame. Perhaps, however, it accords as +well with the usual signification of the words, and better with the +connexion and spirit of the speech, to take _sinus famae_ in the sense, +_retreat of glory_, or _glorious retreat_. So Wr. His interpretation of +the passage and its connexion is as follows: _our very remoteness and our +glorious retreat have guarded us till this day. But now the furthest +extremity of Brit. is laid open_ (i.e. our retreat is no longer a +safeguard); _and every thing unknown is esteemed great (i.e. this +safeguard also is removed--the Romans in our midst no longer magnify our +strength). Rit. encloses the clause in brackets, as a gloss. He renders +_sinus famae, bosom of fame_, fame being personified as a goddess. R., +Dr., Or. make _famae_ dative after _defendit_==has _kept back from fame_. + +_Sed nulla jam_, etc. But now all the above grounds of confidence--our +remoteness, our glory, our greatness magnified by the imagination of our +enemies, from the very fact that we were unknown to them--all these are +removed; we have none behind us to fall back upon, as our countrymen in +former battles have leaned upon us--and we are reduced to the necessity +of self-defence and self-reliance. The _sed_ seems to be antithetic to +the whole as far back as _priores pugnae_; whereas _nunc_ is opposed only +to the clause which immediately precedes it, and constitutes an +antithesis within an antithesis. + +_Infestiores_, sc. quam fluctus et saxa. + +_Effugeris_. Cf. note G. 19: _non invenerit_; also _satiaverit_ just +below. + +_Et mare_. _Et==also_. Cf. note, G. 11. + +_Opes atque inopiam_. Abs. for conc.==rich and poor nations. + +_Falsis nominibus_ is by some connected with _rapere_. But better with +_appellant_. _They call things by false names_, viz. _plunder, empire; +and desolation, peace_. + + +XXXI. _Annos_==annonam, _yearly produce_, cf. G. 14: expectare annum. So +often in the Poets.--_In frumentum. For supplies_. The reading of this +clause is much disputed. The text follows that of W. and R. and is +approved by Freund. For the meaning of _egerunt_, cf. _praedam +egesserunt_, H. 3, 33. + +_Silvis--emuniendis_==viis per silvas et paludes muniendis. E. + +_Semel_. _Once for all_, G. 19.--_Emit_, sc. tributis pendendis; +_pascit_, sc. frumento praebendo. E. + +_Portus, quibus exercendis_. W. and Dr. explain this of collecting +revenue at the ports (i.e. farming them), a thing unknown to the early +Britons; Wr. of rowing, servile labor. Why not refer it to the +_construction_ or _improvement_ of harbors? By rendering _exercendis, +working, improving_, we make it applicable alike to harbors, mines and +fields.--_Reservemur_. Subj. in a relative clause denoting a purpose. H. +500; Z. 567. + +_Potuere_. Observe the ind., where we use the potential. It is especially +frequent with _possum, debeo_, &c. Z. 518 and 519. + +_Nonne_ implies an affirmative answer. Z. 352, and H. 346, II. 1. 2. + +_In poenitentiam_, al. in praesentiam. The general idea is essentially +the same with either reading. _Non in praesentiam==not to obtain our +freedom, for the present merely. Non in poenitentiam==not about to +obtain our freedom merely to regret it_, i.e. in such a manner as the +Brigantes, who forthwith lost it by their _socordia_. + + +XXXII. _Nisi si_==nisi forte, cf. note, G. 2: nisi si patria. + +_Pudet dictu_. The supine after _pudet_ is found only here. Quintilian +however has _pudendum dictu_. Cf. Or. in loc.; and Z. 441. 443. + +_Commendent_, etc. _Although they give up their blood to_ (i.e. _shed it +in support of_) _a foreign tyrant_.--_Tamen_ is antithetic to _licet_: +_although_ they give, _yet longer enemies, than slaves_ (of Rome). + +_Metus--est_. _It is fear and terror_ (sc. that keep them in subjection), +_weak bonds of affection_. + +_Removeris--desierint_. Fut. perf. Cf. note, G. 23: _indulseris_. + +_Nulla--aut alia_. Some of the Roman soldiers had lost all attachment to +country and could not be said to have any country; others had one, but it +was not Britain, it was far away. + +_Ne terreat_. The third person of the imperative is for the most part +avoided in ordinary language; and the pres. subj. is used in its stead. +Z. 529, Note. + +_Nostras manus_, i.e. those ready to join us and aid our arms, viz. (as +he goes on to say), the Gauls and Germans, as well as the Britons now in +the Roman ranks.--_Tamquam_==_just as_ (_tam-quam_). Doed. renders, _just +as certainly as_. + +_Vacua.--Destitute of soldiers.--Senum_, sc. veterani et emeriti. Cf. +note, 15. _Aegra==disaffected_. Cf. H. 2, 86. + +_Hic dux_, etc. _Here a general, here an army_ (sc. the Roman, awaits +you); _there tributes, mines_, &c. (and you must conquer the former or +endure the latter--these are your only alternatives). + +_In hoc campo est_. _Depends on this battle field_.--T. has laid out all +his strength on this speech. It can hardly be matched for martial force +and sententious brevity. It breathes, as it should in the mouth of a +Briton, an indomitable spirit of liberty, and reminds us, in many +features, of the concentrated and fiery eloquence, which has so often +roused our American Indians to defend their altars and revenge their +wrongs. + + +XXXIII. _Ut barbaris moris_. Al. et barbari moris. But compare 39: ut +Domitiano moris erat; His. 1, 15: ut moris est. Supply _est_ here: _as is +the custom of_ (lit. _to_) _barbarians_. Z. 448, & H. 402, I. + +_Agmina_, sc. conspiciebantur.--_Procursu_ is the means by which the +gleam of armor was brought into view. + +_Acies_, sc. Britannorum. The _Roman_ army was still within the camp, cf. +_munimentis coercitum_, below. + +_Coercitum_==qui coerceri potest. The part, used in the sense of a verbal. +So _monstratus_, G. 31, which, Freund says, is Tacitean. The perf. part. +pass. with negative prefix _in_ often takes this sense. Z. 328. Cf. note, +His. 5, 7: _inexhaustum_. + +_Octavus annus_. This was Agricola's _seventh summer_ in Britain. See +note 29: _initio aestatis_. But it being now later in the season, than +when he entered Britain, he was now entering on his _eighth year_. Cf. +Rit. in loc. + +_Virtute--Romani_. _By the valor and favoring auspices of the Roman +Empire_. War was formerly carried on auspiciis _Populi_ Rom. But after +Augustus, auspiciis _Imperatoris_ or _Imperii_ Rom. + +_Expeditionibus--proeliis_. These words denote the _time_ of _poenituit_ +(_in_ or _during_ so many, etc.)--_Patientia_ and _labore_ are abl. after +_opus_. + +_Terminos_. Acc. after _egressi_ (H. 371, 4): _having transcended the +limits_. Cf. Z. 387. + +_Fama, rumore_. Synonyms. Also _castris, armis_. Cf. note, 30. + +_Vota--aperto_. _Your vows and your valor now have free scope_ (are in the +open field), cf. note 1: _in aperto_. + +_In frontem_. Antith. to _fugientibus_. Hence==progredientibus. + +_Hodie_. _To-day_, i.e. _in our present circumstances of prosperity_. +Wr. + +_Nec--fuerit_. _Nor will it have been inglorious_, sc. when the thing +shall have been _done_ and men shall look _back_ upon our achievements. +The fut. perf. is appropriate to such a conception. + +_Naturae fine_. Cf. note, G. 45: _illuc usque natura_. + + +XXXIV. _Hortarer_. Literally, _I would be exhorting you_. The use of the +imperf. subj. in hypothetical sentences, where we should use a plup. (I +would have exhorted you), is frequent both in Greek and Latin, even when +it denotes a _complete_ past action, cf. Z. 525. When the action is not +complete, as here, the Latin form is at once more lively and more exact +than the English.--_Proximo anno_. This same expression may signify +either the next year, or the last year. Here of course: _the last year_, +referring to the battle described in 26, cf. also note 29: _Initio +aestatis_. + +_Furto noctis_. Cf. Virg. Aen. 9, 397: fraude noctis. + +_Contra ruere_. _Rush forth to meet, penetrantibus_, etc. R. and Wr. take +_ruere_ for perf. 3d pl. instead of _ruerunt_, since T. uses the form in +_ere_ much more than that in _erunt_. Rit. makes it inf. after _solet_ +understood, or rather implied in _pelluntur_, which==_pelli solent_. + +_Quos--quod_. _Whom, as to the fact that you have at length found (it is +not because) they have taken a stand, but they have been overtaken_. Cf. +Wr. and Or. in loc. On _deprehensi_, cf. note, 7. On _quod==as to this, +that_, see examples in Freund, or in any Lexicon. + +_Novissimae--vestigiis_. _The extremity of their circumstances, and their +bodies_ (motionless) _with terror have brought them to a stand for battle +on this spot_, etc. One MS. reads _novissime_ and omits _aciem_, which +reading is followed in the common editions. + +_Extremo metu_ is to be closely connected with _corpora_. For the sense +of _defixere_, cf. Ann. 13, 5: pavore defixis. + +_Ederetis_. Subj. cf. H. 500, 2; Z. 556, a. + +_Transigite cum expeditionibus_==finite expeditiones. Dr. Cf. G. 19: +cum spe--transigitur, note. + +_Quinquaginta annis_. So many years, it might be said to be in round +numbers, though actually somewhat _less_ than fifty years, since the +dominion of Rome was first established in Britain under the Emperor +Claudius. Cf. 13, supra.--The speech of A. is not equal to that of +Galgacus. He had not so good a cause. He could not appeal to the sacred +principles of justice and liberty, to the love of home and household +gods. But he makes the best of a bad cause. The speech is worthy of a +Roman commander, and touches with masterly skill all those chords in a +Roman soldier's breast, that were never touched in vain. + + +XXXV. _Et==both_. Both while he was speaking and after he had ceased, the +soldiers manifested their ardor, etc. + +_Instinctos_. Cf. note 16: instincti. + +_Aciem firmarent_==aciem firmam facerent, of which use there are examples +not only in T., but in Liv. Dr. The auxiliary foot _formea_ or _made up_ +(not merely strengthened) _the centre_.--_Affunderentur. Were attached +to_.--_Pro vallo. On the rampart_; properly on the fore part of it. Cf. +note, H. 1, 29. + +_Ingens--decus_. In app. with _legiones--stetere_. + +_Bellanti_, sc. Agricolae. Al. bellandi. + +_In speciem_. Cf. in suam famam, 8, and in jactationem, 5. + +_Aequo_. Supply consisteret to correspond with _insurgeret_. Zeugma. Cf. +note, 18: in aequum. + +_Media campi_. _The intervening parts of the plain_, sc. between the two +armies.--_Covinarius_ is found only in T. _Covinarii_==the essedarii of +Caesar. Covinus erat currus Belgarum, a quibus cum Britanni acceperant. +Dr. + +_Pedes_. Nom. sing, in app. with subject of _constitit_. + + +XXXVI. _Indentibus gladiis_, etc. So below: _parva scuta_, etc. The small +shield and broad sword of the Highlanders. + +_Donec--cohortatus est_. Cf. note, G. 37: _affectavere_.--_Batavorum +cohortes_. Al. _tres--cohortes_. But the number is not specified in the +best MSS. In the Histories, eight cohorts of Batavians are often +mentioned as constituting the auxiliaries of the 14th legion, which was +now in Britain. See Rit. in loc. + +_Ad mucrones_. The Britons were accustomed to fight with the edge of the +sword, and cut and hew the enemy. The Romans, on the contrary, made use +of the _point_. Of course in a close engagement, they would have greatly +the advantage. Br.--_Ad manus_. The opposite of _eminus_, i.e. _a close +engagement_. The same thing is expressed below by _complexum armorum_. + +_In aperto pugnam_. Literally a fight in the open field, i.e. a +_regular_ pitched _battle_, which with its compact masses would be less +favorable to the large swords of the Britons, than a battle on ground +uncleared of thickets and forests. Al. _in arto_. + +_Miscere, ferire_, etc. A series of inf. denoting a rapid succession of +events, cf. note, 5: noscere--nosci; G. 30: praeponere. + +_Equitum turmae_, sc. Britannorum. The word _turmae_ is applicable to +such a cavalry as theirs, cf. Ann. 14, 34: _Britannorum_ copiae passim +per catervas et _turmas_ exsultabant. Br. Ky. and others here understand +it of the Roman cavalry. But R. Dr. and Wr. apply it to the Britons, and +with reason, as we shall see below, and as we might infer indeed from its +close connexion with _covinarii_, for the _covinarii_ were certainly +Britons. + +_Peditum proelio, hostium agminibus_. These also both refer to the +_Britons_. The covinarii were interspersed among their own infantry, and, +as the Romans advanced, became entangled with them. This is disputed. But +the small number of Romans slain in the whole battle is alone enough to +show, that _their_ cavalry was not routed, nor _their_ infantry broken in +upon by the chariots of the enemy. Moreover, how could T. properly use +the word _hostium_ of his own countrymen? + +_Minimeque_, etc. This is one passage, among a few in T., which is so +manifestly corrupt that no sense can be made of it, as it stands in the +MSS. The reading given in the text is the simplest of all the conjectural +readings that have been proposed. It is that of Br. and E., and is +followed by the common editions. Cavalry took a large part in the battle. +But the battle wore little the aspect of an equestrian fight; for the +Britons, after maintaining their position with difficulty for some time, +were at length swept away by the bodies (the _mere uncontrolled bodies_) +of the horses--in short, the riders had no control over horses or +chariots, which rushed on without drivers obliquely athwart, or directly +through the lines, as their fears severally impelled them; all which was +in marked contrast to a Roman's idea of a regular battle of cavalry. + + +XXXVII. _Vacui. Free from apprehension_. + +_Ni_. Cf. note 4: ni.--_Subita belli. Unexpected emergencies_ arising in +the course of the battle. Cf. 6: _inania honoris_. + +_Grande et atrox spectaculum_, etc. See a similar description in Sal. +Jug. 101. The series of infinitives and the omission of the connectives +(_asyndeton_) make the succession of events very rapid and animated. +Compare the famous _veni, vidi, vici_, of Caesar. + +_Prout--erat_. According to their different natural disposition, i.e. +_the timid, though armed, turned their backs before inferior numbers; +while the brave, though unarmed, met death in the face_. + +_Praestare terga_ is an expression found only in T. + +_Et aliquando_, etc. _Et==ac tamen. And_ yet (notwithstanding the flight +of crowds and the passive death of some as above) _sometimes to the +conquered also_ there was _anger and bravery_. The language is Virgilian, +cf. Aen. 2, 367. + +_Quod_. Cf. note 12.--_Ni frequens--fiduciam foret_. "Had not A., who was +everywhere present, caused some strong and lightly equipped cohorts to +encompass the ground, while part of the cavalry having dismounted, made +their way through the thickets, and part on horseback scoured the open +woods, some disaster would have prcoeeded from this excess of +confidence." Ky. + + +XXXVIII. _Gaudio praedaque laeta_. Cf. note, G. 7: _cibos et hortamina_. +Observe also the juxtaposition of _tempestate_ and _fama_ in this same +chapter. + +_Separare_, sc. consilia, i.e. _they sometimes act in concert, sometimes +provide only for their individual safety_. + +_Pignorum_. Cf. note G. 7: pignora--_Saevisse. Laid violent hands_. "This +picture of rage and despair, of tenderness, fury, and the tumult of +contending passions, has all the fine touches of a master who has studied +human nature." Mur.--_Secreti_==deserti. + +_Ubi. When_, cf. 26. Its direct influence extends to _nequibat_, and with +its clause, it expresses the _reason_ why A. drew off his forces into the +country of the Horesti.--_Spargi bellum_==diversis locis, vel diviso +exercitu, vel vagando bellum geri. E. + +_Secunda--fama. Favored by the weather and the glory of their past +achievements_ (lit. the weather and fame _following_ them, _secunda +==sequunda_.) + +_Trutulensem portum_. Some port, now unknown, probably near the mouth of +the Tay or the Forth. _Unde_ qualifies _lecto_. E. With _redierat_ a +corresponding adv. denoting _whither_, is to be supplied: whence it had +set sail, and whither, after having surveyed all the nearest coast of +Britain, it had now returned. _Had_ returned, i.e. prior to _entering_ +the port; the action of _redierat_, was prior to that of _tenuit_. Hence +plup. _Proximo, nearest_, sc. to the scene of Agricola's operations, +i.e. the whole northern coast from the Forth to the Clyde and back again. +This was all that was necessary to prove Britain to be an island (cf. +chap. 10), the southern coast having been previously explored. + + +XXXIX. _Actum_. Al. auctum, a conjecture of Lipsius. _Actum==treated of, +reported.--Moris erat_. H. 402, I.; Z. 448, N. 1. N. 1. + +_Falsum--triumphum_. He had returned without so much as seeing the enemy +(Dio Cass. 67, 4); and yet he bought slaves, dressed them in German +style, had their hair stained red (G. 4: _rutilae comae_) and left long, +so as to resemble Germans, and then marched in triumph into Rome with his +train of pretended captives! Caligula had done the same before him. Suet. +Calig. 47. + +_Formarentur_. Subj. in a relative clause denoting a purpose (_quorum==ut +eorum_). H. 500; Z. 567. + +_Studia--acta_. Lawyers and politicians, all public men, had been gagged +and silenced by Domitian. + +_Alius_. Another than the Emperor.--_Occuparet==pre-occupy_, so as to rob +him of it. + +_Utcumque_. Somehow, possibly, perhaps. _Other things perhaps were more +easily concealed; but the merit of a good commander was an imperial +prerogative_. + +_Quodque--satiatus_. _And what was a proof of some cruel purpose, wholly +absorbed in his retirement_ (where he never plotted any thing but +mischief, and where in early life he is said to have amused himself with +killing flies, Suet. Dom. 3). Cf. Plin. Panegyr. 48: nec unquam ex +solitudine sua prodeuntem, nisi ut solitudinem faceret. The whole passage +in Pliny is a graphic picture of the same tyrant, the workings of whose +heart are here so laid bare by the pen of Pliny's friend Tacitus. +_Secreto--satiatus_ may also be translated: _satisfied with his own +secret_, i.e. keeping to himself his cherished hatred and jealousy.-- +_Languesceret_. Subj. after _donec_. Cf. note, G. 37: _affectavere_. + +_Reponere odium_. See lexicon under _repono_ for this phrase. + +_Impetus--exercitus_. _Until the freshness of his glory, and his +popularity with the army should gradually decline_. + +_Etiam tum obtinebat_, i.e. he was still in _possession of the +government_, and of course in command of the army, in Britain. + + +XL. _Triumphalia ornamenta_. Not a real triumph, which from the reign of +Augustus was conceded only to the Emperor or the princes of the Imperial +Family; but triumphal insignia, such as the _corona, laurea, toga +praetexta, tunica palmata, sella curulis_, &c. Dr. + +_Illustris statuae_. Called _laureata_, Ann. 4, 23; _triumphalis_, His. +1, 79. + +_Quidquid datur_. Besides the _ornamenta_ above mentioned, sacrifices and +thanksgivings were offered in the name of the victorious commander. Dr. + +_Addique_. Al. additque. _Addique_ is the reading of the MSS. and old +editions. And it suits better the genius of Dom.; he did not express the +_opinionem_ himself, for it was not his real intention, but he _ordered_ +some one to put it in circulation as if from him, that he might have the +credit of it and yet not be bound by it.--_Destinari_, sc. by Domitian. + +_Majoribus reservatam_. _Majoribus_==illustrioribus. Syria was the +richest province in the Empire, and the praefectship of it the most +honorable office. + +_Ex secretioribus ministeriis_. _One of his private secretaries, or +confidential agents_. + +_Codicillos_. Under the Emperors this word is used to denote an imperial +letter or diploma. Properly a billet, diminutive of _codex_, tablet +(==_caudex_, trunk of a tree). + +_Syria dabatur_. Syria was one of the Provinces, that were at the +disposal of the Emperor. + +_Ex ingenio principis_. _In accordance with_ (cf. _ex_, G. 7) _the_ +(dissimulating) _genius or policy of Domitian_. The design, if not real, +at least imputed to him, was to withdraw Agricola from his province and +his troops at all events, by the offer of the best province in the Empire +if need be; but that object having been secured by Agricola's voluntary +retirement, the offer, and even the ordinary civilities of life, +especially official life, were deemed unnecessary. Compare this with the +concluding sentence of the preceding chapter. + +_Celebritate et frequentia_. Hendiadys: _By the number of distinguished +men who might go out to meet him_ (and escort him into the city). + +_0fficio_==salutatione. Dr.--_Brevi osculo_, lit. a _hasty kiss_==_cold +and formal salutation_. The kiss was a common mode of salutation among +the Romans, in the age of the Emperors. See Becker's Gallus, p. 54. + +_Turbae servientium_. The usual and characteristic associates, as well as +attendants of Domitian. A severe cut, though quite incidental and very +concise. + +_Otiosos_. Antith. to _militare_. _Men in civil life_, cf. note on +_otio_, II. + +_Otium auxit_. Augere otium==sequi altissimum otium. Dr. + +_Penitus_==inwardly, i.e. sincerely, _zealously_. So R. But Dr.== +prorsus, omnino, valde.--_Cultu modicus. Simple in dress_, cf. note on +_cultus_, G. 6.--_Comitatus_, passive, so used by Cic. also.--_Uno aut +altero. One or two_. + +_Per ambitionem_==ex vitae splendore et numeroso comitatu. Br. cf. note +on _ambitio_, G. 27. + +_Quaererent--interpretarentur_. _Many inquired_ (with wonder) _into the +reputation_ (of a man so unassuming), _and few explained_ or _understood_ +(the true reason of his humble manner of life). _Interpretarentur_, not +_famam_ but the facts above mentioned, and the necessity A. was under of +living as he did.--_Viso aspectoque. On seeing him and directing their +attention particularly to him_. + + +XLI. _Crimen==public accusation_.--_Querela==private complaint_.-- +_Princeps, gloria, genus_. Supply, as a predicate, _causa periculi_; +these were the causes that put A's life in jeopardy. + +_Militares viri_==duces. So Corbulo is called, Ann. 15, 26. + +_Expugnati et capti_. _Defeated and taken captive_, For. and Fac. +Properly _expugnare_ is said of a fortress or city. But _ektoliorkein_ in +Greek is used in the same way, of persons. Compare _expugnatis +praesidiis_, 16, note. The wars particularly referred to are those +against Decebalus, leader of the Dacians, which lasted four years and in +which Moesia also was invaded by the Dacians, and several Roman armies +with their commanders were lost (Suet. Dom. 6.); and that of the +Pannonian legions against the German tribes of the Marcomanni and the +Quadi (Dion, 67, 7). + +_Hibernis--dubitatum_, i.e. the enemy not only met them on the river +banks, which formed the borders of the empire, but attacked the winter +quarters of their troops, and threatened to take away the territory they +had already acquired. + +_Funeribus_, sc. militarium virorum.--_Cladibus_, sc. cohortium. Dr. + +_Amore et fide_. _Out of affection and fidelity_ (sc. to their imperial +master).--_Malignitate et livore_. _Out of envy and hatred_ (sc. towards +A.). + +_Pronum deterioribus_. _Inclined to the worse measures_, or it may be, +to the _worse advisers_. + +_In ipsam--agebatur_==invito gloria aucta, simulque pernicies +accelerata. W. + + +XLII. _Asiae et Africae_. He drew lots, _which_ he should have, _both_ +being put into the lot.--_Proconsulatum_. See H. 1, 49. note, on +proconsul. A. had already been consul, 9. + +_Sortiretur_. _In which he would, or such that he must, obtain by lot_, +etc. Cf. H. 501, I.; Z. 558. + +_Occiso Civica_. Cf. Suet. Dom. 10: complures senatores, et in his +aliquot consulares, interemit, ex quibus _Civicam Cerealem in ipso Asiae +proconsulate_. + +_Nec Agricolae--exemplum_. _A warning was not wanting to A_. (to avoid +the dangerous post); _nor a precedent to Dom_. (for disposing of A. in +the same way if he accepted the office). + +_Iturusne esset_. Subj. cf. H. 525; Z. 552.--_Interrogarent_. H. 500; +Z. 567. + +_In--excusatione_. _In urging his request_ (before Dom.) _to be excused_. + +_Paratus simulatione_. Al. simulationi. _Furnished with deceit, armed_, +as it were, _with hypocrisy_. + +_In arrogantiam compositus_. _Assuming a proud demeanor_. + +_Beneficii invidia_, lit. _the odium of such a kindness==so odious a +favor_. The idea is, he did not blush to let A. return thanks for a +signal injury, as if it were a real kindness. "A refinement of cruelty +not unfrequently practised by the worst Roman Emperors." Ky. The only +peculiarity in the case of Dom. was, the unblushing impudence with which +he perpetrated the wrong, cf. 45. See a fine commentary on this passage +in Sen. de Benef. 4, 17: Quis est, qui non beneficus _videri_ velit? qui +non inter scelera et injurias opinionem bonitatis affectet? velit quoque +_iis videri beneficium dedisse, quos laesit? gratias itaque agi sibi ab +his, quos afflixere, patiuntur_. + +_Salarium_. Properly salt-money, i.e. a small allowance to the soldiers +for the purchase of salt. Cf. _clavarium_, H. 3, 50, note. But after +Augustus, official pay, _salary_. + +_Ne--emisse_. _That he might not appear to have purchased a compliance +with his virtual prohibition_ (viz. of A.'s accepting the proconsulship). + +_Proprium humani_, etc. Mark the sentiment. + +_Irrevocabilior_. _More implacable_. Found in this sense only in T. Cf. +Boet. Lex. Tac. + +_Illicita_. Unlawful, i.e. forbidden by the powers that be. Explained by +_contumacia_ and _inani jactatione libertatis_ above. T. is animadverting +upon the conduct of certain stoics and republicans, who obtruded their +opinions upon those in power, and coveted the glory of martyrdom. + +_Eo--excedere_. Reach the same height of distinction. _Eo_ Old dat. cf. +_eo inopiae_ 28, note. _Excedere_, lit. come out to, _arrive at_. Cf. +Val. Max. 5, 6, 4: _ad summum imperii fastigium excessit_. + +_Per abrupta_. "Through abrupt and dangerous paths." Ky. + +_Ambitiosa morte_, i.e. morte ultro adita captandae gloriae causa apud +posteros. For. and Fac. + + +XLIII. _Luctuosus, afflictive_, is stronger than _tristis, sad_. + +_Vulgus_. The lower classes, _the ignorant and indolent rabble_.-- +_Populus_. _The common people, tradesmen, mechanics_, and the like. +Hence, _aliud agens_, which implies that they were too busy with +something else of a private nature, to give much attention to public +affairs or the concerns of their neighbors.--_Populus_ and _vulgus_ are +brought together in a similar way, Dial. de Clar. Orat. 7: Vulgus quoque +imperitum et tunicatus hic populus, etc. + +_Nobis--ausim_. _I should not dare to affirm that we_ (the friends of A.) +_found any conclusive proof_, that he was poisoned.--_Ceterum_. _But_. +This implies that the circumstantial evidence, which he goes on to +specify, convinced the writer and his friends, as well as the public, +that poison administered by direction of Dom., was really the means of +hastening A. out of the world. Dion Cassius expressly affirms, that he +was poisoned, 66, 20. + +_Principatus_. The imperial government in general, i.e. former Emperors. + +_Momenta ipsa deficientis_. _Each successive stage of his decline_. +_Ipsa_ is omitted in the common editions. But it rests on good authority +and it adds to the significance of the clause: _the very moments_, as it +were, were reported to Dom. + +_Per dispositos cursores_. Dom. appears not to have been at Rome at this +time, but in the Alban Villa (cf. 45), or somewhere else. + +_Constabat_. That was an _admitted point_, about which there was entire +_agreement_ (_con_ and _sto_). + +_Animo vultuque_. Hendiadys: _he wore in his countenance an expression of +heartfelt grief_. + +_Securus odii_. Now, that A. was dead, Dom. had nothing to fear in regard +to the _object of his hatred_, or the _gratification of his hate_. +_Odii_. Gen. of the respect.--_Qui--dissimularet_. _Qui==talis, ut_, +hence the subj. H. 501, I.; Z. 558. + +_Lecto testamento_. When A.'s _will was read_. + +_Honore judicioque_. As if a mark of honor and esteem. E. says==judicio +honorifico.--_Piissimae_, devoted, affectionate. + +_Malum principem_. It was customary for rich men at Rome, who were +anxious to secure any of their property to their heirs, to bequeath a +part of their estates to _bad emperors_ in order to secure the remainder +from their rapacity. + +This and several preceding sections present a most graphic _outline_ of +the _life and times_ of Dom., the more to be prized, because the full +_picture_, which T. doubtless drew of him in the Histories, is lost. The +Histories and the Annals are a vast portrait gallery full of such +pictures drawn to the life. + + +XLIV. _Natus--excessit_. The dates assigned for A.'s birth and death, do +not agree with the age ascribed to him. They may be harmonized in either +of two ways, each of which has its advocates: by reading _primum_ instead +of _tertium_, or, which is perhaps a more probable amendment, since it +only alters the relative position of the two characters, by reading LIV +instead of LVI. + +_Quod si_. And if, _now if_.--_Habitum_. _Personal appearance_, cf. G. 5. + +_Decentior quam sublimior_. _Well proportioned, rather than tall_. R. + +_Nihil metus_. _Nothing to inspire fear in his countenance_. Antith. to +_gratia--supererat_: _kindness of expression rather prevailed_. So Gr. and +R. For this sense of _metus_, see note G. 2: ob metum. Doed. distinguishes +between _vultus_ and _oris_, making the former refer more to the _eyes_ +(as if from _volvo_, the rolling of the eye), to which it belongs to +express anger and fierceness; the latter to the mouth, which is more +expressive of kindness. + +_Medio--aetatis_. We should hardly say so of a man dying at 56. But in +Dial. de Clar. Orat. T. speaks of 120 years, as _unius hominis aetas_. + +_Et vera bona_. T. has here in mind the distinction made by philosophers, +particularly the Stoics, between the virtues, which they called the only +real good, and the gifts of fortune, which they declared to be +indifferent.--_Et--et, both--and_, marks the distinction more strongly. + +_Impleverat_. _Had enjoyed to the full_. + +_Consulari_. _Having attained to the rank of consul_ (the summit of a +Roman's ambition) _and having been honored with triumphal insignia_. Al. +consularibus. But _consulari_ has the better authority and makes the +better sense. + +_Opibus--contigerant_. _Great riches he did not desire; a respectable +property it was his good fortune to possess_, cf. 5: medio rationis atque +abundantiae. Al. non contigerant. But considerable property is implied in +the circumstances attending his will, 43, also in his not asking the +visual salary, 42. Dion Cass. says, however, (66, 20.), that A. spent his +last days in want, as well as in disgrace. For another explanation of +_gaudebat_, cf. n. G. 6. + +_Quod--ominabatur_. _Quod_ is omitted in the common editions. But it is +found in the MSS. And it may be explained on the principle of Zeugma, by +supplying with _durare_ and _videre_ a verb implied in _grande solatium +tulit_ thus: _though (sicuti) it would have been a great gratification to +A. to behold the dawn of this auspicious age and see Trajan Emperor, of +which he expressed in my hearing a sort of prophetic anticipation and +desire, yet (ita)_, etc. Cassius affirms (69, 12), that by auguries the +elevation of Trajan to the throne was foretold, as early as A.U.C. 844, +i.e. _two years before the death of A_. The reference to Trajan here, as +in 3, marks clearly the date of the composition, cf. note, 3: augeatque +Trajanus. + +_Spiramenta_. _Breathing-spells_, i.e. intervals to recover and take +breath in. The word is found only in poetry and post-Augustan prose, and, +in the expressive sense in which it is here used, only in Ammian. Marc. +29, 1. See Or. and Freund. + +_Velut uno ictu_. The commentators illustrate the force of this +expression by reference to Caligula's wish (Vid. Sen. de Va. 3, 19), that +the Roman people had but one neck, ut scelera sua in _unum ictum_ et unum +diem cogeret. + + +XLV. _Non vidit_. Did not see, as he would have done, had he lived a few +years longer. This passage resembles Cic. de Orat. 3, 2, 8, too closely +to be mere coincidence. Imitator tamen, id quod uni Tacito contigit, +auctore suo praestantior. Rit. + +_Consularium_. Rhen. collects from Suet. the names of several victims of +Dom.'s displeasure, _who had been consuls_. + +_Feminarum_. Pliny has preserved the names of several of this list-- +Gratilla, wife of Rusticus, Arria, wife of Thrasea, Fannia, daughter of +Thrasea and betrothed to Helvidius. Their husbands will be remembered as +having been mentioned in 1 and 2. + +_Carus Metius_. An infamous informer, cf. Plin. Epist. 7, 19; Juv. 1, 35; +Mart. 12, 25, 5. + +_Censebatur_. _Was honored_, ironice. _Censeri_ est aestimari, sive +existimationem consequi. Dr. + +_Una--victoria_. He had occasioned the death of but one innocent victim.-- +_Adhuc_. Up to the death of A., cf. G. 38: adhuc, note. + +_Albanam arcem_. A favorite retreat of Dom. (situated at the foot of the +Alban Mount, about seventeen miles from Rome), where he sometimes +convened the Senate, and held his court with its troop of informers, cf. +note, 43: cursores. Rit. in loc. suggests, that by the use of _arcem_ +instead of _palatium_, T. means to represent Domitian as shutting himself +up, like many tyrants, in a fortified castle, and thence sending forth +the emissaries of his jealousy and cruelty. + +_Sententia. His voice_, his sentiment expressed in council before Dom.-- +_Intra Albanam arcem_, i.e. _privately_, not _publicly_, as afterwards +at Rome. + +_Messalini_. Fuit inter principea adulatores et delatores. Dr. cf. Plin. +Epist. 4, 22; Juv. 4, 113, seq. + +_Massa Bebius_. Primus inter pares of Domitian's tools. He began his +career under Vesp. cf. His. 4, 50. He was afterwards impeached and +condemned at the instance of the Province of Baetica, Pliny and Senecio +advocates for the impeachment, Plin. Epist 7, 33; 3, 4; 6, 29.--_Jam +tum. At that very time_ on trial, not merely _already at that time_. +Cf. Hand's Tursel. 3, 113. + +_Nostra_, sc. of the Senate, of which T. was a member, though abroad +at the time. Helvidius was arrested _in the senate house_, cf. Plin. +Ep. 9, 13. This was Helvidius the _son_, who was put to death by Dom. +(Suet. 10), as his father was by Vesp. (Suet. 15). + +_Visus_. Al. divisus. _Visus_==species, adspectus, Wr.--_Perfudit_. +Zeugma. Understand in the first clause _horrore perfudit_ (Dr.) or probro +affecit (R.): _the spectacle of Mauricus and Rusticus_ (hurried away, the +one to exile, the other to death), _filled us with horror; we were +stained by the innocent blood of Senecio_. Of Rusticus and Senecio, see +2, note. Of Mauricus, see Plin. Ep. 4, 22: quo viro nihil firmius, nihil +verius. Also Plin. Ep. 3, 11. + +_Videre_, sc. Domitianum.--_Aspici_, sc. a Domitiano. For difference in +the signification in these words, cf. 40: viso aspectoque, note. + +_Suspiria--subscriberentur. When our sighs_ (of sympathy with the +condemned) _were registered against us_ (by spies and informers, as a +ground of accusation before the Emperor). + +_Rubor_. Redness, referring to the complexion of Dom., which was such as +to conceal a blush, cf. Suet. Dom. 18: vultu ruboris pleno. + +_Opportunitate mortis_. An expression of Cic., in the similar passage +above cited (de Orat. 3, 2, 8), touching the death of Crassus. + +_Pro virili portione_, lit. for one man's share, referring primarily to +pecuniary assessments. Here: _for thy part--so far as thou wast +concerned_. A. died with a calmness which would scarcely admit of the +supposition, that he felt himself to be a victim of poison and imperial +jealousy. + +_Filiaque ejus_. The apostrophe is here dropped to be resumed at _optime +parentum_. So the MSS. For they read _ejus_ here, and _amissus est_ +below. Rhenanus omitted _ejus_, and wrote _es_ for _est_; and he has been +followed in the common editions since. + +_Conditione_. By the circumstance, or by virtue of our long absence. T. +and his wife had parted with A. four years before his death, and had been +absent from Rome ever since, where or why does not appear. + +_Superfuere_. Cf. _superest_, G. 6, note. + + +XLVI. _Sapientibus_. Cf. _sapientiae professoribus_, 2, note.--_Te +immortalibus laudibus_. I feel constrained to recur to the reading of +Lipsius and Ritter, it is so much more spirited than _quam temporalibus_. +_Potius_ manifestly should refer back to _lugeri_ and _plangi_. The +comparison contained in the more common reading is uncalled for in the +connection, and of little significance in itself. The MSS. read +_temporalibus laudibus_ without _quam_ and this may be more easily +resolved into _te immortalibus_, than _quam_ can be supplied.-- +_Similitudine_. Al. aemulatione. For such a use of similitudo, cf. Cic. +Tusc. Quaest. 1, 46, 110: quorum (sc. Curii, Fabricii, Scipionum, etc.), +_similitudinem_ aliquam qui arripuerit, etc. + +_Decoremus_. Ennius (cited by Cic. Tusc. Q. 1, 49, 117, and de Senect. +20, 73), uses the same word in expressing the same sentiment: nemo me +lacrumis _decoret_ nec funera fletu faxit. Cf. also G. 28. + +_Formam_. This makes the sense so much better (than _famam_), that E. Dr. +Wr. R. and most others have adopted it against the authority of the MSS. +cf. _forma mentis_, below, and Cic. passim. + +_Intercedendum. To be prohibited_. Properly said of a _veto interposed_ +by the Tribunes; then of any prohibition.--_Non quia==not that_, is +characteristic of late writers. It is followed by the subj. Z. 537, and +note H. 1, 15. + +_Manet, mansurumque est_. Cf. Vell. Paterc. 2, 66, 5: vivit, vivetque per +omnem saeculorum memoriam. The periphrastic form (_mansurum est_) differs +however from the future (_manebit_), as our _is to remain_ from _will +remain_. See Z. 498. + +_Oblivio obruet_, sc. for want of a historian, carent quia _vate sacro_, +cf. Hor. Od. 4, 9, 25, seq. By _multos veterum_, T. means many ancients +of _real worth_. So _velut_ implies. A. is to be immortalized through his +biographer. This is implied in _narratus et traditus_. Ancient authors +thought it not improper to express a calm consciousness of merit and a +proud confidence of immortality. T. is very modest and delicate in the +manner of intimating his expectations. But the sentiment of these last +words is substantially the same with the line of Horace: Exegi monumentum +aere perennius. The whole peroration of this Biography is one of singular +beauty and moral elevation. Pathetic, yet calm, rich in noble sentiments +and animated by the purest and loftiest spirit, it is a fit topstone to +that monument, in respect to which T. felt so well founded an assurance, +which still _manet mansurumque est in animis hominum, in aeternitate +temporum, fama rerum_. There is scarcely an educated youth in Christendom +who is not as familiar with the name of Agricola, as with that of Aeneas +and Ulysses. And the only reason why we know anything of these heroes, is +the genius of their respective biographers. There had been other +Agricolas before the age of Trajan, as there had been other heroes like +Aeneas, and other wandering sages like Ulysses, before the war of Troy. +But they found no Tacitus, Virgil, and Homer to record their adventurous +and virtuous deeds. It is the prerogative of eminent writers to confer +immortality; and though Alexander would prefer to be Achilles rather than +Homer, we should have known little of his achievements, had he not +encouraged scholars as well as warriors, and rewarded genius no less than +valor. + + +THE END + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's Germania and Agricola, by Caius Cornelius Tacitus + +*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK GERMANIA AND AGRICOLA *** + +This file should be named 7grag10.txt or 7grag10.zip +Corrected EDITIONS of our eBooks get a new NUMBER, 7grag11.txt +VERSIONS based on separate sources get new LETTER, 7grag10a.txt + +Produced by David Starner, Tapio Riikonen and Distributed Proofreaders + +Project Gutenberg eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the US +unless a copyright notice is included. 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You can also find out about how to make a +donation to Project Gutenberg, and how to get involved. + + +**Welcome To The World of Free Plain Vanilla Electronic Texts** + +**eBooks Readable By Both Humans and By Computers, Since 1971** + +*****These eBooks Were Prepared By Thousands of Volunteers!***** + + +Title: Germania and Agricola + +Author: Caius Cornelius Tacitus + +Release Date: October, 2005 [EBook #9090] +[Yes, we are more than one year ahead of schedule] +[This file was first posted on September 4, 2003] + +Edition: 10 + +Language: Latin and English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK GERMANIA AND AGRICOLA *** + + + + +Produced by David Starner, Tapio Riikonen and Distributed Proofreaders + + + + +The GERMANIA and AGRICOLA + +Of + +Caius Cornelius Tacitus + + +With Notes for Colleges + +By W. S. Tyler + +Professor of the Greek and Latin Languages in Amherst College + + + + +PREFACE. + + +This edition of the Germania and Agricola of Tacitus is designed to meet +the following wants, which, it is believed, have been generally felt by +teachers and pupils in American Colleges. + +1. A Latin text, approved and established by the essential concurrence of +all the more recent editors. The editions of Tacitus now in use in this +country abound in readings purely conjectural, adopted without due regard +to the peculiarities of the author, and in direct contravention of the +critical canon, that, other things being equal, the more difficult +reading is the more likely to be genuine. The recent German editions +labor to exhibit and explain, so far as possible, the reading of the best +MSS. + +2. A more copious illustration of the grammatical constructions, also of +the rhetorical and poetical usages peculiar to Tacitus, without +translating, however, to such an extent as to supersede the proper +exertions of the student. Few books require so much illustration of this +kind, as the Germania and Agricola of Tacitus; few have received more in +Germany, yet few so little here. In a writer so concise and abrupt as +Tacitus, it has been deemed necessary to pay particular regard to the +connexion of thought, and to the particles, as the hinges of that +connexion. + +3. A comparison of the writer and his cotemporaries with authors of the +Augustan age, so as to mark concisely the changes which had been already +wrought in the language and taste of the Roman people. It is chiefly with +a view to aid such a comparison, that it has been thought advisable to +prefix a Life of Tacitus, which is barren indeed of personal incidents, +but which it is hoped may serve to exhibit the author in his relation to +the history, and especially to the literature, of his age. + +4. The department in which less remained to be done than any other, for +the elucidation of Tacitus, was that of Geography, History, and +Archaeology. The copious notes of Gordon and Murphy left little to be +desired in this line; and these notes are not only accessible to American +scholars in their original forms, but have been incorporated, more or +less, into all the college editions. If any peculiar merit attaches to +this edition, in this department, it will be found in the frequent +references to such classic authors as furnish collateral information, and +in the illustration of the private life of the Romans, by the help of +such recent works as Becker's Gallus. The editor has also been able to +avail himself of Sharon Turner's History of the Anglo Saxons, which sheds +not a little light on the manners of the Germans. + +5. Many of the ablest commentaries on the Germania and Agricola have +appeared within a comparatively recent period, some of them remarkable +examples of critical acumen and exegetical tact, and others, models of +school and college editions. It has been the endeavor of the editor to +bring down the literature pertaining to Tacitus to the present time, and +to embody in small compass the most valuable results of the labors of +such recent German editors as Grimm, Günther, Gruber, Kiessling, Dronke, +Roth, Ruperti, and Walther. + +The text is, in the main, that of Walther, though the other editors just +named have been consulted; and in such minor differences as exist between +them, I have not hesitated to adopt the reading which seemed best to +accord with the usage and genius of Tacitus, especially when sanctioned +by a decided preponderance of critical suffrage. Other readings have been +referred to in the Notes, so far as they are of any considerable +importance, or supported by respectable authority. Partly for +convenience, but chiefly as a matter of taste, I have ventured to follow +the German editions in dispensing entirely with diacritical marks, and in +some peculiarities of less importance, which if not viewed with favor, it +is hoped, will not be judged with severity. The punctuation is the result +of a diligent comparison of the best editions, together with a careful +study of the connexion of language and of thought. + +The German editions above mentioned, together with several French, +English, and American works, have not only been constantly before me, but +have been used with great freedom, and credit awarded to them +accordingly. Some may think their names should have appeared less +frequently; others that they should have received credit to a still +greater extent. Suffice it to say, I have never intended to quote the +language, or borrow the thoughts of an author, without giving his name; +and in matters of fact or opinion, I have cited authorities not only when +I have been indebted to them for the suggestion, but whenever, in a case +of coincidence of views, I thought the authorities would be of any +interest to the student. + +I have not considered it needful, with German scrupulosity, to +distinguish between my own references and those of others. It may safely +be taken for granted, that the major, perhaps the better, part of them +have been derived from foreign sources. But no references have been +admitted on trust. They have been carefully verified, and it is hoped +that numerous as they are, they will be found pertinent and useful, +whether illustrative of things, or of mere verbal usage. Some, who use +the book, will doubtless find occasion to follow them out either in whole +or in part; and those who do not, will gain a general impression as to +the sources from which collateral information may be obtained, that will +be of no small value. + +The frequent references to the Notes of Professor Kingsley, will show the +estimation in which I hold them. Perhaps I have used them too freely. My +only apology is, that so far as they go, they are just what is wanted; +and if I had avoided using them to a considerable extent, I must have +substituted something less perfect of my own. Had they been more copious, +and extended more to verbal and grammatical illustrations, these Notes +never would have appeared. + +The editor is convinced, from his experience as a teacher, that the +student of Tacitus will not master the difficulties, or appreciate the +merits, of so peculiar an author, unless his peculiarities are distinctly +pointed out and explained. Indeed, the student, in reading any classic +author, needs, not to be carried along on the broad shoulders of an +indiscriminate translator, but to be guided at every step in learning his +lessons, by a judicious annotator, who will remove his difficulties, and +aid his progress; who will point out to him what is worthy of attention, +and guard him against the errors to which he is constantly exposed; for +first impressions are lively and permanent, and the errors of the study, +even though corrected in the recitation, not unfrequently leave an +impression on the mind which is never effaced. + +Besides the aid derived from books, to which the merit of this edition, +if it have any merit, will be chiefly owing, the editor takes this +opportunity to acknowledge his many obligations to those professors and +other literary gentlemen, who have extended to him assistance and +encouragement. To Prof. H. B. Hackett, of Newton Theological Seminary, +especially, he is indebted for favors, which, numerous and invaluable in +themselves, as the results of a singularly zealous and successful +devotion to classical learning, are doubly grateful as the tokens of a +personal friendship, which began when we were members of the same class +in college. The work was commenced at his suggestion, and has been +carried forward with his constant advice and co-operation. His ample +private library, and, through his influence, the library of the Seminary, +have been placed at my disposal; and the notes passed under his eye and +were improved in not a few particulars, at his suggestion, though he is +in no way responsible for their remaining imperfections. I have also +received counsel and encouragement in all my labors from my esteemed +colleague, Prof. N. W. Fiske, whose instructions in the same department +which has since been committed to my charge, first taught me to love the +Greek and Latin classics. I have only to regret that his ill health and +absence from the country have prevented me from deriving still greater +advantages from his learning and taste. An unforeseen event has, in like +manner, deprived me of the expected cooperation of Prof. Lyman Coleman, +now of Nassau Hall College in N. J., in concert with whom this work was +planned, and was to have been executed, and on whose ripe scholarship, +and familiarity with the German language and literature, I chiefly relied +for its successful accomplishment. + +I should not do justice to my feelings, were I to omit the expression of +my obligations to the printer and publishers for the unwearied patience +with which they have labored to perfect the work, under all the +disadvantages attending the superintendance of the press, at such a +distance. If there should still be found in it inaccuracies and +blemishes, it will not be because they have spared any pains to make it a +correct and beautiful book. + +It is with unfeigned diffidence that I submit to the public this first +attempt at literary labor. I am fully sensible of its many imperfections, +at the same time I am conscious of an ability to make it better at some +future day, should it meet the favorable regard of the classical teachers +of our land, to whom it is dedicated as an humble contribution to that +cause in which they are now laboring, with such unprecedented zeal. +Should it contribute in any measure to a better understanding, or a +higher appreciation by our youthful countrymen of a classic author, from +whom, beyond almost any other, I have drawn instruction and delight, I +shall not have labored in vain. + +_Amherst College, June 1, 1847_. + + + + +PREFACE TO THE REVISED EDITION + + +The text of this edition has been carefully revised and compared with +those of Döderlein, Halle, 1847, Orelli, Zurich, 1848, and Ritter, Bonn +and Cambridge, 1848. The notes also have been re-examined and, to a +considerable extent, re-written; partly to correspond with the progress +of my own mind, partly in accordance with suggestions derived from the +above named editions, and from friendly criticisms either by letter or in +the public journals. Among the journals, I am particularly indebted to +the Bibliotheca Sacra and the New-Englander; and for communications by +letter, I am under especial obligations to Professors Crosby and Sanborn +of Dartmouth College, Robbins of Middlebury, and Lincoln of Brown +University. + +In revising the geography of the Germania, I have consulted, without +however entering much into detail, Ukert's invaluable treatise on the +Geography of the Greeks and Romans, whose volume on Germany contains a +translation and running commentary on almost the entire work of Tacitus. +Particular attention has been paid to the ethnology of the tribes and +nations, in reference to whose origin and early history Tacitus is among +the best authorities. In this department the works of Prichard and Latham +have been my chief reliance. Grimm and Zeuss, though often referred to, I +regret to say I have been able to consult only at second hand. + +In sending out this revised edition of these most delightful treatises of +an author, in the study of whose works I never tire, I cannot but express +the hope, that it has been not a little improved by these alterations and +additions, while it will be found to have lost none of the essential +features by which the first edition was commended to so good a measure of +public favor. + +W. S. Tyler. + +_Amherst, May_, 1852 + + + + +LIFE OF TACITUS. + + +It is the office of genius and learning, as of light, to illustrate +other things, and not itself. The writers, who, of all others perhaps, +have told us most of the world, just as it has been and is, have told us +least of themselves. Their character we may infer, with more or less +exactness, from their works, but their history is unwritten and must for +ever remain so. Homer, though, perhaps, the only one who has been argued +out of existence, is by no means the only one whose age and birthplace +have been disputed. The native place of Tacitus is mere matter of +conjecture. His parentage is not certainly known. The time of his birth +and the year of his death are ascertained only by approximation, and very +few incidents are recorded in the history of his life; still we know the +period in which he lived, the influences under which his character was +developed and matured, and the circumstances under which he wrote his +immortal works. In short, we know his times, though we can scarcely +gather up enough to denominate his life; and the times in which an author +lived, are often an important, not to say, essential means of elucidating +his writings. + +CAIUS CORNELIUS TACITUS was born in the early part of the reign of Nero, +and near the middle of the first century in the Christian Era. The +probability is, that he was the son of Cornelius Tacitus, a man of +equestrian rank, and procurator of Belgic Gaul under Nero; that he was +born at Interamna in Umbria, and that he received a part of his education +at Massilia (the modern Marseilles), which was then the Athens of the +West, a Grecian colony, and a seat of truly Grecian culture and +refinement. It is not improbable that he enjoyed also the instructions of +Quintilian, who for twenty years taught at Rome that pure and manly +eloquence, of which his Institutes furnish at once such perfect rules, +and so fine an example. If we admit the Dialogue de Claris Oratoribus to +be the work of Tacitus, his beau-idéal of the education proper for an +orator was no less comprehensive, no less elevated, no less liberal, than +that of Cicero himself; and if his theory of education was, like +Cicero's, only a transcript of his own education, he must have been +disciplined early in all the arts and sciences--in all the departments +of knowledge which were then cultivated at Rome; a conclusion in which we +are confirmed also by the accurate and minute acquaintance which he +shows, in his other works, with all the affairs, whether civil or +military, public or private, literary or religious, both of Greece and +Rome. + +The boyhood and youth of Tacitus did, indeed, fall on evil times. +Monsters in vice and crime had filled the throne, till their morals and +manners had infected those of all the people. The state was distracted, +and apparently on the eve of dissolution. The public taste, like the +general conscience, was perverted. The fountains of education were +poisoned. Degenerate Grecian masters were inspiring their Roman pupils +with a relish for a false science, a frivolous literature, a vitiated +eloquence, an Epicurean creed, and a voluptuous life. + +But with sufficient discernment to see the follies and vices of his age, +and with sufficient virtue to detest them, Tacitus must have found his +love of wisdom and goodness, of liberty and law, strengthened by the +very disorders and faults of the times. If the patriot ever loves a +well-regulated freedom, it will be in and after the reign of a tyrant, +preceded or followed by what is still worse, anarchy. If the pure and the +good ever reverence purity and goodness, it will be amid the general +prevalence of vice and crime. If the sage ever pants after wisdom, it is +when the fountains of knowledge have become corrupted. The reigns of Nero +and his immediate successors were probably the very school, of all +others, to which we are most indebted for the comprehensive wisdom, the +elevated sentiments, and the glowing eloquence of the biographer of +Agricola, and the historian of the Roman Empire. His youth saw, and felt, +and deplored the disastrous effects of Nero's inhuman despotism, and of +the anarchy attending the civil wars of Galba, Otho, and Vitellius. His +manhood saw, and felt, and exulted in the contrast furnished by the +reigns of Vespasian and Titus, though the sun of the latter too soon went +down, in that long night of gloom, and blood, and terror, the tyranny of +Domitian. And when, in the reigns of Nerva and Trajan, he enjoyed the +rare felicity of thinking what he pleased, and speaking what he thought, +he was just fitted in the maturity of his faculties, and the extent of +his observation and reflections, "to enroll slowly, year after year, that +dreadful reality of crimes and sufferings, which even dramatic horror, in +all its license of wild imagination, can scarcely reach, the long +unvarying catalogue of tyrants and executioners, and victims that return +thanks to the gods and die, and accusers rich with their blood, and more +mighty as more widely hated, amid the multitudes of prostrate slaves, +still looking whether there may not yet have escaped some lingering +virtue which it may be a merit to destroy, and having scarcely leisure to +feel even the agonies of remorse in the continued sense of the +precariousness of their own gloomy existence." [Brown's Philosophy of the +Mind.] + +Tacitus was educated for the bar, and continued to plead causes, +occasionally at least, and with not a little success, even after he had +entered upon the great business of his life, as a writer of history. We +find references to his first, and perhaps his last appearance, as an +advocate, in the Letters of Pliny, which are highly complimentary. The +first was, when Pliny was nineteen, and Tacitus a little older (how much +we are not informed), when Tacitus distinguished himself, so as to awaken +the emulation and the envy, though not in a bad sense, of Pliny. The last +was some twenty years later, when Tacitus and Pliny, the tried friends of +a whole life, the brightest ornaments of literature and of the forum, +were associated by the choice of the Senate, and pleaded together at +the bar of the Senate, and in the presence of the Emperor Trajan, for +the execution of justice upon Marius Priscus, who was accused of +maladministration in the proconsulship of Africa. Pliny says, that +Tacitus spoke with singular gravity and eloquence, and the Senate passed +a unanimous vote of approbation and thanks to both the orators, for the +ability and success with which they had managed the prosecution (Plin. +Epis. ii. 11) + +We have also the comments of Pliny on a panegyrical oration, which +Tacitus pronounced, when consul, upon his predecessor in the consular +office, Verginius Rufus, perhaps the most remarkable man of his age, +distinguished alike as a hero, a statesman, and a scholar, and yet so +modest or so wise that he repeatedly refused the offer of the imperial +purple. "Fortune," says Pliny, "always faithful to Verginius, reserved +for her last favor, such an orator to pronounce a eulogium on such +virtues. It was enough to crown the glory of a well spent life" (Plin. +Epis. ii. 1). + +The speeches in the historical works of Tacitus, though rather concise +and abstract for popular orations, are full of force and fire. Some of +them are truly Demosthenic in their impassioned and fiery logic. The +speech of Galgacus before the Briton army, when driven into the extremity +of Caledonia by the Romans under Agricola, can hardly be surpassed for +patriotic sentiments, vigorous reasoning, and burning invective. The +address of Germanicus to his mutinous soldiers (in the Annals) is not +less remarkable for tender pathos. The sage and yet soldierlike address +of the aged Galba to his adopted son Piso, the calm and manly speech of +Piso to the body guard, the artful harangue of the demagogue Otho to his +troops, the no less crafty address of Mucianus to Vespasian, the headlong +rapidity of Antonius' argument for immediate action, the plausible plea +of Marcellus Eprius against the honest attack of Helvidius Priscus, and +the burning rebukes of the intrepid Vocula to his cowardly and +treacherous followers--all these, in the Histories, show no ordinary +degree of rhetorical skill and versatility. Indeed, the entire body of +his works is animated with the spirit of the orator, as it is tinged also +with the coloring of the poet. For this reason, they are doubtless +deficient in the noble simplicity of the earlier classical histories; but +for the same reason they may be a richer treasure for the professional +men at least of modern times. + +Of his marriage with the daughter of Agricola, and its influence on his +character and prospects, as also of his passing in regular gradation +through the series of public honors at Rome, beginning with the +quaestorship under Vespasian, and ending with the consulship under Nerva, +Tacitus informs us himself (A. 9, His. i. 1), barely alluding to them, +however, in the general, and leaving all the details to mere conjecture. +We learn to our surprise, that he not only escaped the jealousy of the +tyrant Domitian, but was even promoted by him to the office of +Quindecimvir and Praetor (Ann. ii. 11). Beyond these vague notices, we +know little or nothing of his course of life, except that Pliny says +(Epist. iv. 13), he was much esteemed by the learned and the great at +Rome, who went in crowds to his levees. Of the time of his death, we can +only conjecture, that he died before the Emperor Trajan, but after his +friend Pliny--the former, because, had he outlived the Emperor, he would +probably have executed his purpose of writing the history of his reign +(His. i. 1); the latter, because, if he had not survived his friend, +Pliny, who lamented the death of so many others, would not have failed to +pay the last tribute to the memory of Tacitus. + +It is generally admitted, though without direct testimony, that Tacitus +died not without issue. That excellent prince, M. Claudius Tacitus, +deduced his pedigree from the historian, and ordered his image to be set +up, and a complete collection of his works to be placed in the public +archives, with a special direction that twelve copies should be made +every year at the public expense. It is greatly to be regretted that such +praiseworthy precautions should have failed to preserve for us that +treasure entire! + +The age of Tacitus is usually styled the silver age of Roman Literature; +and it merits no higher title, when compared with the golden age of +Augustus. It was the good fortune of Augustus to gain the supremacy at +Rome, when society had reached its maximum of refinement, and was just +ready to enter upon its stage of corruption and decline. Hence his name +is identified with that proud era in literature, in producing which he +bore at best only an accidental and secondary part. In the literature of +the Augustan age, we admire the substance of learning and philosophy +without the show, the cultivation of taste without the parade of +criticism, the fascination of poetry without its corruption, and the use +of eloquence without its abuse. Grecian refinement was no longer +despised; Grecian effeminacy had not yet prevailed. The camp was not now +the home of the Romans; neither were the theatres and the schools. They +had ceased to be a nation of soldiers, and had not yet become a nation of +slaves. At no other period could Rome have had her Cicero, her Livy, and +her Virgil. + +The silver age produced no men who "attained unto these first three." But +there are not wanting other bright names to associate with Tacitus, +though most of them lived a little earlier than he. There was Seneca, the +Philosopher, whose style, with its perpetual antitheses, is the very +worst of the age, but his sentiments, perhaps more or less under the +influence of Christianity, approach nearer to the Christian code of +morals than those of any other Latin author. There were Martial and +Juvenal, whose satires made vice tremble in its high places, and helped +to confer on the Romans the honor of originating one species of literary +composition, unknown to the Greeks. There were Suetonius and Plutarch; +the one natural, simple, and pure in his style, far beyond his age, but +without much depth or vigor of thought; the other involved and affected +in his manner, but in his matter of surpassing richness and incalculable +worth. There was the elder Pliny, a prodigy of learning and industry, +whose researches in Natural History cost him his life, in that fatal +eruption of Vesuvius which buried Herculaneum and Pompeii. There was also +the judicious Quintilian, at once neat and nervous in his language, +delicate and correct in his criticisms, a man of genius and a scholar, a +teacher and an exemplar of eloquence. Finally, there were the younger +Pliny and Tacitus, rival candidates for literary and professional +distinction, yet cherishing for each other the most devoted and +inviolable attachment, each viewing the other as the ornament of their +country, each urging the other to write the history of their age, and +each relying chiefly on the genius of the other for his own immortality +(Plin. Epis. vii. 33). Their names were together identified by their +contemporaries with the literature of the age of Trajan: "I never was +touched with a more sensible pleasure," says Pliny, in one of his +beautiful Letters [Eleven of these are addressed to Tacitus, and two +or three are written expressly for the purpose of furnishing materials +for his history.] (which rival Cicero's in epistolary ease and +elegance), "than by an account which I lately received from Cornelius +Tacitus. He informed me, that at the last Circensian Games, he sat next +a stranger, who, after much discourse on various topics of learning, +asked him whether he was an Italian or a Provincial. Tacitus replied, +'Your acquaintance with literature must have informed you who I am.' +'Aye,' said the man, 'is it then Tacitus or Pliny I am talking with?' I +cannot express how highly I am pleased to find, that our names are not +so much the proper appellations of individuals, as a designation of +learning itself" (Plin. Epis. ix. 23). Critics are not agreed to which +of these two literary friends belongs the delicate encomium of +Quintilian, when, after enumerating the principal writers of the day, +he adds, "There is another ornament of the age, who will deserve the +admiration of posterity. I do not mention him at present; his name will +be known hereafter." Pliny, Tacitus, and Quintilian, are also rival +candidates for the honor of having written the Dialogue de Claris +Oratoribus, one of the most valuable productions in ancient criticism. + +As a writer, Tacitus was not free from the faults of his age. The native +simplicity of Greek and Latin composition had passed away. An affected +point and an artificial brilliancy were substituted in their place. The +rhetoric and philosophy of the schools had infected all the departments +of literature. Simple narrative no longer suited the pampered taste of +the readers or the writers of history. It must be highly seasoned with +sentimentalism and moralizing, with romance and poetry. Tacitus, +certainly, did not escape the infection. In the language of Macaulay, "He +carries his love of effect far beyond the limits of moderation. He tells +a fine story finely, but he cannot tell a plain story plainly. He +stimulates, till stimulants lose their power." [See a fine article on +history, Ed. Her., 1828. Also in Macaulay's Miscellanies.] We have taken +occasion in the notes to point out not a few examples of rhetorical +pomp, and poetical coloring, and even needless multiplication of words, +where plainness and precision would have been much better, and which +may well surprise us in a writer of so much conciseness. Lord Monboddo, +in a very able, though somewhat extravagant critique on Tacitus, has +selected numerous instances of what he calls the ornamented dry style, +many of which are so concise, so rough, and so broken, that he says, +they do not deserve the name of composition, but seem rather like the +raw materials of history, than like history itself (Orig. and Prog. +of Lang., vol iii. chap. 12). + +Still, few readers can fail to pronounce Tacitus, as Macaulay affirms, +and even Lord Monboddo admits him to be, the greatest of Latin +historians, superior to Thucydides himself in the moral painting of his +best narrative scenes, and in the delineation of character without a +rival among historians, with scarcely a superior among dramatists and +novelists. The common style of his narrative is, indeed, wanting in +simplicity, and sometimes in perspicuity. He does not deal enough in the +specific and the picturesque, the where, the when and the how. But when +his subject comes up to the grandeur of his conceptions, and the strength +of his language, his descriptions are graphic and powerful. No battle +scenes are more grand and terrific than those of Tacitus. Military men +and scholars have also remarked their singular correctness and +definiteness. The military evolutions, the fierce encounter, the doubtful +struggle, the alternations of victory and defeat, the disastrous rout and +hot pursuit, the carnage and blood, are set forth with the warrior's +accuracy and the poet's fire; while, at the same time, the conflicting +passions and emotions of the combatants are discerned, as it were, by the +eye of a seer--their hidden springs of action, and the lowest depths of +their hearts laid bare, as if by the wand of a magician. In the painting +of large groups, in the moral portraiture of vast bodies of men under +high excitement and in strenuous exertion, we think that Tacitus far +surpasses all other historians. Whether it be a field of battle or a +captured city, a frightened senate or a flattering court, a mutiny or a +mob, that he describes, we not only see in a clear and strong light the +outward actions, but we look into the hearts of all the mixed multitude, +and gaze with wonder on the changing emotions and conflicting passions by +which they are agitated. + +His delineations of individual character are also marked by the same +profound insight into the human soul. Like the old Latin Poet, he might +have said, + + "Homo sum; nihil _humani_ a me alienum puto." + +There is scarcely a landscape picture in his whole gallery. It is full of +portraits of _men_, in groups and as individuals, every grade of +condition, every variety of character, performing all kinds of actions, +exhibiting every human passion, the colors laid on with a bold hand, the +principal features presented in a strong light, the minuter strokes +omitted, the soft and delicate finish despised. We feel, that we have +gained not a little insight into the character of those men, who are +barely introduced in the extant books of Tacitus, but whose history is +given in the books that are lost. Men of inferior rank even, who appear +on the stage only for a short time, develope strongly marked characters, +which are drawn with dramatic distinctness and power, while yet the +thread of history is never broken, the dignity of history never +sacrificed. And those Emperors, whose history is preserved entire,--with +them we feel acquainted, we know the controlling principles, as well as +the leading events of their lives, and we feel sure that we could predict +how they would act, under almost any imaginable circumstances. + +In a faithful portraiture of the private and public life of the +degenerate Romans, there was much to call for the hand of a master in +_satire_. And we find in the glowing sketches of our author, all the +vigor and point of a Juvenal, without his vulgarity and obscenity; all +the burning indignation which the Latin is so peculiarly capable of +expressing, with all the vigor and stateliness by which the same language +is equally characterized. Tacitus has been sometimes represented as a +very Diogenes, for carping and sarcasm--a very Aristophanes, to blacken +character with ridicule and reproach. But he is as far removed from the +cynic or the buffoon, as from the panegyrist or the flatterer. He is not +the indiscriminate admirer that Plutarch was. Nor is he such a universal +hater as Sallust. It is the fault of the times that he is obliged to deal +so much in censure. If there ever were perfect monsters on earth, such +were several of the Roman Emperors. Yet Tacitus describes few, if any, of +them without some of the traits of humanity. He gives us in his history +neither demons nor gods, but veritable men and women. In this respect, as +also in his descriptions of battles, Tacitus is decidedly superior to +Livy. The characters of Livy are distinguishable only as classes--the +good all very good, the bad very bad, the indifferent very indifferent. +You discover no important difference between a Fabius and a Marcellus, +further than it lies on the face of their actions. In Tacitus, the +characters are all individuals. Each stands out distinctly from the +surrounding multitude, and not only performs his own proper actions, but +is governed by his own peculiar motives. Livy places before us the +statues of heroes and gods; Tacitus conducts us through the crowd of +living men. + +In an attempt to sketch the most striking features of Tacitus, as a +writer, no critic can omit to mention his sage and pithy maxims. +Apothegms abound on every page--sagacious, truthful, and profound in +sentiment, in style concise, antithetic and sententious. Doubtless he is +excessively fond of pointed antithesis. Perhaps he is too much given to +moralizing and reflection. It was, as we have said, the fault of his age. +But no one, who is familiar with Seneca, will severely censure Tacitus. +He will only wonder that he should have risen so far above the faults of +his contemporaries. Indeed, Tacitus interweaves his reflections with so +much propriety, and clothes his apothegms with so much dignity--he is so +manifestly competent to instruct the world by maxims, whether in civil, +social, or individual life, that we are far from wishing he had indulged +in it less. His reflections do not interrupt the thread of his narrative. +They grow naturally out of his incidents. They break forth spontaneously +from the lips of his men. His history is indeed philosophy teaching by +examples; and his pithy sayings are truly lessons of wisdom, embodied in +the form most likely to strike the attention, and impress the memory. We +should love to see a collection of apothegms from the pen of Tacitus. It +would make an admirable book of laconics. No book would give you more +ideas in fewer words. Nowhere could you gain so much knowledge, and lose +so little time. The reader of Tacitus, who will study him with pen in +hand, to mark, or refer to the most striking passages, will soon find +himself master of a text book in moral and political science, we might +say a text book in human nature, singularly concise and sententious, and +what is not always true even of concise and sententious writers, as +singularly wise and profound. In such a book, many of the _speeches_ +would find a place entire; for many of them are little else than a series +of condensed, well-timed, and most instructive apothegms. [E.g. the +speech of Galba to Piso. His. i. 15, 16.] + +But the scholar, who is on the lookout, will find lurking in every +section, and almost every sentence, some important truth in morals, in +politics, in the individual or social nature of man. Neither the editor +nor the teacher can be expected to develope these sentiments, nor even, +in many instances, to point them out. That labor must be performed by the +scholar; and his will be the reward. + +No hasty perusal, no single reading of Tacitus, will give a just +conception of the surpassing richness of his works. They must be studied +profoundly to be duly appreciated. They are a mine of wisdom, of vast +extent and unknown depth, whose treasures lie chiefly beneath the +surface, imbedded in the solid rock which must be entered with mining +implements, explored with strong lights, and its wealth brought up by +severe toil and sweat. + + + + + + +C. CORN. TACITUS + +DE SITU, MORIBUS ET POPULIS GERMANIAE + + + + +BREVIARIUM LIBELLI. + + +Cap. 1. Germaniae situs: 2. incolae indigenae: auctores gentis: nominis +origo: Hercules. 3. Baritus: ara Ulixis. 4. Germani, gens sincera: +habitus corporum. 5. Terrae natura: non aurum, non argentum, nec +aestimatum. 6. Germanorum arma, equitatus, peditatus, ordo militiae: 7. +reges, duces, sacerdotes: 8. feminarum virtus et veneratio: Veleda: +Aurinia. 9. dii, sacra, simulacra nulla. 10. Auspicia, sortes: ex equis, +e captivo praesagia. 11. Consultationes publicae et conventus. 12. +Accusationes, poenae, jus redditum. 13. Scuto frameaque ornati juvenes, +principum comites: eorum virtus et fama. 14. Gentis bellica studia. 15. +In pace, venatio, otium: Collata principibus munera. 16. Urbes nullae: +vici, domus, specus suffugium hiemi et receptaculum frugibus. 17. +Vestitus hominum, feminarum. 18. Matrimonia severa: dos a marito oblata. +19. Pudicitia. Adulterii poena: Monogamia: Liberorum numerus non finitus. +20. Liberorum educatio: Successionis leges. 21. Patris, propinqui, +amicitiae, inimicitiaeque susceptae: homicidii pretium: Hospitalitas. 22. +Lotio, victus, ebriorum rixae: consultatio in conviviis. 23. Potus, +cibus. 24. Spectacula: aleae furor. 25. Servi, libertini. 26. Fenus +ignotum: Agricultura: Anni tempora. 27. Funera, sepulcra, luctus. + +28. Singularum gentium instituta: Galli, olim valida gens, in Germaniam +transgressi, Helvetii, Boii: Aravisci, Osi, incertum genus: Germanicae +originis populi Treveri, Nervii, Vangiones, Triboci, Nemetes, Ubii. 29. +Batavi, Cattorum proles: Mattiaci: Decumates agri. 30, 31. Cattorum +regio, habitus, disciplina militaris; vota, virtutis incentiva. 32. +Usipii, Tencteri, equitatu praestantes. 33. Bructerorum sedes, a Chamavis +et Angrivariis occupatae. 34. Dulgibini: Chasvari: Frisii. 35. Chauci, +pacis studio, justitia, et virtute nobiles. 36. Cherusci et Fosi, a +Cattis victi. 37. Cimbrorum parva civitas, gloria ingens: Romanorum +clades; Germani triumphati magis quam victi. 38. Suevorum numerus, mores. +39. Semnonum religio, victimae humanae 40. Longobardi: Reudigni: Aviones: +Angli: Varini: Eudoses: Suardones: Nuithones: Herthae cultus communis. +41. Hermunduri. 42. Narisci: Marcomanni: Quadi. 43. Marsigni: Gothini: +Osi: Burii: Lygiorum civitates, Arii, Helvecones, Manimi, Elysii, +Naharvali; horum numen Alcis: Gotones: Rugii: Lemovii. 44. Suiones, +classibus valentes. 45. Mare pigrum: Aestyi, Matris Deum cultores, +succinum legunt: Sitonibus femina imperat. 46. Peucini, Venedi, Fenni, +Germani, an Sarmatae? Eorum feritas, paupertas: Hominum monstra, +Hellusii, Oxiones. + + + + +I. Germania omnis a Gallis Rhaetisque et Pannoniis Rheno et Danubio +fluminibus, a Sarmatis Dacisque mutuo metu aut montibus separatur: cetera +Oceanus ambit, latos sinus et insularum immensa spatia complectens, nuper +cognitis quibusdam gentibus ac regibus, quos bellum aperuit. Rhenus, +Rhaeticarum Alpium inaccesso ac praecipiti vertice ortus, modico flexu in +occidentem versus, septentrionali Oceano miscetur. Danubius, molli et +clementer edito montis Abnobae jugo effusus, plures populos adit, donec +in Ponticum mare sex meatibus erumpat: septimum os paludibus hauritur. + +II. Ipsos Germanos indigenas crediderim, minimeque aliarum gentium +adventibus et hospitiis mixtos; quia nec terra olim, sed classibus +advehebantur, qui mutare sedes quaerebant, et immensus ultra, utque sic +dixerim, adversus Oceanus raris ab orbe nostro navibus aditur. Quis +porro, praeter periculum horridi et ignoti maris, Asia aut Africa aut +Italia relicta, Germaniam peteret, informem terris, asperam coelo, +tristem cultu aspectuque, nisi si patria sit? Celebrant carminibus +antiquis (quod unum apud illos memoriae et annalium genus est) Tuisconem +deum terra editum, et filium Mannum, originem gentis conditoresque. Manno +tres filios assignant, e quorum nominibus proximi Oceano Ingaevones, +medii Hermiones, ceteri Istaevones vocentur. Quidam autem, ut in licentia +vetustatis, plures deo ortos pluresque gentis appellationes, Marsos, +Gambrivios, Suevos, Vandalios, affirmant; eaque vera et antiqua nomina. +Ceterum Germaniae vocabulum recens et nuper additum; quoniam, qui primi +Rhenum transgressi Gallos expulerint, ac nunc Tungri, tunc Germani vocati +sint: ita nationis nomen, non gentis evaluisse paulatim, ut omnes primum +a victore ob metum, mox a seipsis invento nomine Germani vocarentur. + +III. Fuisse apud eos et Herculem memorant, primumque omnium virorum +fortium ituri in proelia canunt. Sunt illis haec quoque carmina, quorum +relatu, quem baritum vocant, accendunt animos, futuraeque pugnae fortunam +ipso cantu augurantur: terrent enim trepidantve, prout sonuit acies. Nec +tam voces illae, quam virtutis concentus videntur. Affectatur praecipue +asperitas soni et fractum murmur, objectis ad os scutis, quo plenior et +gravior vox repercussu intumescat. Ceterum et Ulixem quidam opinantur +longo illo et fabuloso errore in hunc Occanum delatum, adisse Germaniae +terras, Asciburgiumque, quod in ripa Rheni situm hodieque incolitur, ab +illo constitutum nominatumque. Aram quin etiam Ulixi consecratam, +adjecto Laertae patris nomine, eodem loco olim repertam, monumentaque et +tumulos quosdam Graecis litteris inscriptos in confinio Germaniae +Rhaetiaeque adhuc exstare: quae neque confirmare argumentis, neque +refellere in animo est: ex ingenio suo quisque demat, vel addat fidem. + +IV. Ipse eorum opinionibus accedo, qui Germaniae populos nullis aliis +aliarum nationum connubiis infectos propriam et sinceram et tantum sui +similem gentem exstitisse arbitrantur: unde habitus quoque corporum, +quanquam in tanto hominum numero, idem omnibus; truces et cacrulei +oculi, rutilae comae, magna corpora et tantum ad impetum valida; laboris +atque operum non eadem patientia: minimeque sitim aestumque tolerare, +frigora atque inediam coelo solove assueverunt. + +V. Terra, etsi aliquanto specie differt, in universum tamen aut silvis +horrida aut paludibus foeda: humidior, qua Gallias; ventosior, qua +Noricum ac Pannoniam aspicit: satis ferax; frugiferarum arborum +impatiens: pecorum fecunda, sed plerumque improcera; ne armentis quidem +suus honor, aut gloria frontis: numero gaudent; eaeque solae et +gratissimae opes sunt. Argentum et aurum propitii an irati dii +aegaverint, dubito. Nec tamen affirmaverim, nullam Germaniae venam +argentum aurumve gignere: quis enim scrutatus est? possessione et usu +haud perinde afficiuntur. Est videre apud illos argentea vasa, legatis et +principibus eorum muneri data, non in alia vilitate, quam quae humo +finguntur quanquam proximi, ob usum commerciorum, aurum et argentum in +pretio habent, formasque quasdam nostrae pecuniae agnoscunt atque +eligunt: interiores simplicius et antiquius permutatione mercium utuntur. +Pecuniam probant veterem et diu notam, serratos bigatosque. Argentum +quoque, magis quam aurum sequuntur, nulla affectione animi, sed quia +numerus argenteorum facilior usui est promiscua ac vilia mercantibus. + +VI. Ne ferrum quidem superest, sicut ex genere telorum colligitur. Rari +gladiis aut majoribus lanceis utuntur: hastas, vel ipsorum vocabulo +frameas gerunt, angusto et brevi ferro sed ita acri et ad usum habili, ut +eodem telo, prout ratio poscit, vel cominus vel eminus pugnent: et eques +quidem scuto frameaque contentus est: pedites et missilia spargunt, plura +singuli, atque in immensum vibrant, nudi aut sagulo leves. Nulla cultus +jactatio; scuta tantum lectissimis coloribus distinguunt: paucis loricae: +vix uni alterive cassis aut galea. Equi non forma, non velocitate +conspicui: sed nec variare gyros in morem nostrum docentur. In rectum, +aut uno flexu dextros agunt ita conjuncto orbe, ut nemo posterior sit. In +universum aestimanti, plus penes peditem roboris: eoque mixti +proeliantur, apta et congruente ad equestrem pugnam velocitate peditum, +quos ex omni juventute delectos ante aciem locant. Definitur et numerus: +centeni ex singulis pagis sunt: idque ipsum inter suos vocantur; et quod +primo numerus fuit, jam nomen et honor est. Acies per cuneos componitur. +Cedere loco, dummodo rursus instes, consilii quam formidinis arbitrantur. +Corpora suorum etiam in dubiis proeliis referunt. Scutum reliquisse, +praecipuum flagitium; nec aut sacris adesse, aut concilium inire, +ignominioso fas; multique superstites bellorum infamiam laqueo finierunt. + +VII. Reges ex nobilitate, duces ex virtute sumunt. Nec regibus infinita +aut libera potestas: et duces exemplo potius, quam imperio, si prompti, +si conspicui, si ante aciem agant, admiratione praesunt. Ceterum neque +animadvertere neque vincire, ne verberare quidem, nisi sacerdotibus +permissum; non quasi in poenam, nec ducis jussu, sed velut deo imperante, +quem adesse bellantibus credunt: effigiesque et signa quaedam, detracta +lucis, in proelium ferunt. Quodque praecipuum fortitudinis incitamentum +est, non casus nec fortuita conglobatio turmam aut cuneum facit, sed +familiae et propinquitates, et in proximo pignora, unde feminarum +ululatus audiri, unde vagitus infantium: hi cuique sanctissimi testes, hi +maximi laudatores. Ad matres, ad conjuges vulnera ferunt; nec illae +numerare, aut exigere plagas pavent; cibosque et hortamina pugnantibus +gestant. + +VIII. Memoriae proditur, quasdam acies, inclinatas jam et labantes, a +feminis restitutas, constantia precum et objectu pectorum et monstrata +cominus captivitate, quam longe impatientius feminarum suarum nomine +timent: adeo ut efficacius obligentur animi civitatum, quibus inter +obsides puellae quoque nobiles imperantur. Inesse quin etiam sanctum +aliquid et providum putant: nec aut consilia earum aspernantur, aut +responsa negligunt. Vidimus sub divo Vespasiano Veledam diu apud +plerosque numinis loco habitam. Sed et olim Auriniam et complures alias +venerati sunt non adulatione, nec tanquam facerent deas. + +IX. Deorum maxime Mercurium colunt, cui certis diebus humanis quoque +hostiis litare fas habent. Herculem ac Martem concessis animalibus +placant: pars Suevorum et Isidi sacrificat. Unde causa et origo peregrino +sacro parum comperi, nisi quod signum ipsum, in modum liburnae figuratum, +docet advectam religionem. Ceterum nec cohibere parietibus deos, neque in +ullam humani oris speciem assimulare, ex magnitudine coelestium +arbitrantur: lucos ac nemora consecrant, deorumque nominibus appellant +secretum illud, quod sola reverentia vident. + +X. Auspicia sortesque, ut qui maxime, observant. Sortium consuetudo +simplex: virgam, frugiferae arbori decisam, in surculos amputant, eosque, +notis quibusdam discretos, super candidam vestem temere ac fortuito +spargunt: mox, si publice consuletur, sacerdos civitatis, sin privatim, +ipse paterfamiliae, precatus deos coelumque suspiciens, ter singulos +tollit, sublatos secundum impressam ante notam interpretatur. Si +prohibuerunt, nulla de eadem re in eundem diem consultatio; sin +permissum, auspiciorum adhuc fides exigitur. Et illud quidem etiam hic +notum, avium voces volatusque interrogare: proprium gentis, equorum +quoque praesagia ac monitus experiri; publice aluntur iisdem nemoribus ac +lucis candidi et nullo mortali opere contacti: quos pressos sacro curru +sacerdos ac rex vel princeps civitatis comitantur, hinnitusque ac +fremitus observant. Nec ulli auspicio major fides non solum apud plebem, +sed apud proceres, apud sacerdotes; se enim ministros deorum, illos +conscios putant. Est et alia observatio auspiciorum, qua gravium bellorum +eventus explorant; ejus gentis, cum qua bellum est, captivum, quoquo modo +interceptum, cum electo popularium suorum, patriis quemque armis, +committunt: victoria hujus vel illius pro praejudicio accipitur. + +XI. De minoribus rebus principes consultant; de majoribus omnes: ita +tamen, ut ea quoque, quorum penes plebem arbitrium est, apud principes +pertractentur. Coeunt, nisi quid fortuitum et subitum inciderit, certis +diebus, cum aut inchoatur luna aut impletur: nam agendis rebus hoc +auspicatissimum initium credunt. Nec dierum numerum, ut nos, sed noctium +computant. Sic constituunt, sic condicunt: nox ducere diem videtur. Illud +ex libertate vitium, quod non simul, nec ut jussi conveniunt, sed et +alter et tertius dies cunctatione coeuntium absumitur. Ut turbae placuit, +considunt armati. Silentium per sacerdotes, quibus tum et coercendi jus +est, imperatur. Mox rex vel princeps, prout aetas cuique, prout nobilitas, +prout decus bellorum, prout facundia est, audiuntur, auctoritate suadendi +magis, quam jubendi potestate. Si displicuit sententia, fremitu +aspernantur; sin placuit, frameas concutiunt. Honoratissimum assensus +genus est, armis laudare. + +XII. Licet apud concilium accusare quoque et discrimen capitis intendere. +Distinctio poenarum ex delicto: proditores et transfugas arboribus +suspendunt; ignavos et imbelles et corpore infames coeno ac palude, +injecta insuper crate, mergunt. Diversitas supplicii illuc respicit, +tanquam scelera ostendi oporteat, dum puniuntur, flagitia abscondi. Sed +et levioribus delictis, pro modo poenarum, equorum pecorumque numero +convicti mulctantur: pars mulctae regi vel civitati, pars ipsi, qui +vindicatur, vel propinquis ejus exsolvitur. Eliguntur in iisdem conciliis +et principes, qui jura per pagos vicosque reddunt. Centeni singulis ex +plebe comites, consilium simul et auctoritas, adsunt. + +XIII. Nihil autem neque publicae neque privatae rei, nisi armati agunt. +Sed arma sumere non ante cuiquam moris, quam civitas suffecturum +probaverit. Tum in ipso concilio, vel principum aliquis vel pater vel +propinquus scuto frameaque juvenem ornant: haec apud illos toga, hic +primus juventae honos: ante hoc domus pars videntur, mox reipublicae. +Insignis nobilitas, aut magna patrum merita, principis dignationem etiam +adolescentulis assignant: ceteris robustioribus ac jampridem probatis +aggregantur; nec rubor, inter comites aspici. Gradus quin etiam et ipse +comitatus habet judicio ejus, quem sectantur: magnaque et comitum +aemulatio, quibus primus apud principem suum locus, et principum, cui +plurimi et acerrimi comites. Haec dignitas, hae vires, magno semper +electorum juvenum globo circumdari, in pace decus, in bello praesidium. +Nec solum in sua gente cuique, sed apud finitimas quoque civitates id +nomen, ea gloria est, si numero ac virtute comitatus emineat: expetuntur +enim legationibus et muneribus ornantur et ipsa plerumque fama bella +profligant. + +XIV. Cum ventum in aciem, turpe principi virtute vinci, turpe comitatui, +virtutem principis non adaequare. Jam vero infame in omnem vitam ac +probrosum, superstitem principi suo ex acie recessisse. Illum defendere, +tueri, sua quoque fortia facta gloriae ejus assignare, praecipuum +sacramentum est. Principes pro victoria pugnant; comites pro principe. Si +civitas, in qua orti sunt, longa pace et otio torpeat plerique nobilium +adolescentium petunt ultro eas nationes, quae tum bellum aliquod gerunt; +quia et ingrata genti quies, et facilius inter ancipitia clarescunt, +magnumque comitatum non nisi vi belloque tuentur: exigunt enim principis +sui liberalitate illum bellatorem equum, illam cruentam victricemque +frameam. Nam epulae et, quanquam incompti, largi tamen apparatus pro +stipendio cedunt: materia munificentiae per bella et raptus. Nec arare +terram, aut expectare annum, tam facile persuaseris, quam vocare hostes +et vulnera mereri. Pigrum quinimmo et iners videtur, sudore acquirere, +quod possis sanguine parare. + +XV. Quotiens bella non ineunt, non multum venatibus, plus per otium +transigunt, dediti somno ciboque, fortissimus quisque ac bellicosissimus +nihil agens, delegata domus et penatium et agrorum cura feminis +senibusque et infirmissimo cuique ex familia: ipsi hebent; mira +diversitate naturae, cum iidem homines sic ament inertiam et oderint +quietem. Mos est civitatibus ultro ac viritim conferre principibus vel +armentorum vel frugum, quod pro honore acceptum, etiam necessitatibus +subvenit. Gaudent praecipue finitimarum gentium donis, quae non modo a +singulis, sed publice mittuntur: electi equi, magna arma, phalerae, +torquesque. Jam et pecuniam accipere docuimus. + +XVI. Nullas Germanorum populis urbes habitari, satis notum est: ne pati +quidem inter se junctas sedes. Colunt discreti ac diversi, ut fons, ut +campus, ut nemus placuit. Vicos locant, non in nostrum morem, connexis et +cohaerentibus aedificiis: suam quisque domum spatio circumdat, sive +adversus casus ignis remedium, sive inscitia aedificandi. Ne caementorum +quidem apud illos aut tegularum usus: materia ad omnia utuntur informi et +citra speciem aut delectationem. Quaedam loca diligentius illinunt terra +ita pura ac splendente, ut picturam ac lineamenta colorum imitetur. +Solent et subterraneos specus aperire, eosque multo insuper fimo onerant, +suffugium hiemi et receptaculum frugibus: quia rigorem frigorum ejusmodi +locis molliunt: et, si quando hostis advenit, aperta populatur, abdita +autem et defossa aut ignorantur, aut eo ipso fallunt, quod quaerenda +sunt. + +XVII. Tegumen omnibus sagum, fibula, aut, si desit, spina consertum: +cetera intecti totos dies juxta focum atque ignem agunt. Locupletissimi +veste distinguuntur, non fluitante, sicut Sarmatae ac Parthi, sed stricta +et singulos artus exprimente. Gerunt et ferarum pelles, proximi ripae +negligenter, ulteriores exquisitius, ut quibus nullus per commercia +cultus. Eligunt feras, et detracta velamina spargunt maculis pellibusque +belluarum, quas exterior Oceanus atque ignotum mare gignit. Nec alius +feminis quam viris habitus, nisi quod feminae saepius lineis amictibus +velantur, eosque purpura variant, partemque vestitus superioris in +manicas non extendunt, nudae brachia ac lacertos: sed et proxima pars +pectoris patet. + +XVIII. Quanquam severa illic matrimonia; nec ullam morum partem magis +laudaveris: nam prope soli barbarorum singulis uxoribus contenti sunt, +exceptis admodum paucis, qui non libidine, sed ob nobilitatem, plurimis +nuptiis ambiuntur, Dotem non uxor marito, sed uxori maritus offert. +Intersunt parentes et propinqui, ac munera probant: munera non ad +delicias muliebres quaesita, nec quibus nova nupta comatur: sed boves et +frenatum equum et scutum cum framea gladioque. In haec munera uxor +accipitur: atque invicem ipsa armorum aliquid viro affert: hoc maximum +vinculum, haec arcana sacra, hos conjugales deos arbitrantur. Ne se +mulier extra virtutum cogitationes extraque bellorum casus putet, ipsis +incipientis matrimonii auspiciis admonetur, venire se laborum +periculorumque sociam, idem in pace, idem in proelio passuram ausuramque: +hoc juncti boves, hoc paratus equus, hoc data arma denuntiant; sic +vivendum, sic pereundum: accipere se, quae liberis inviolata ac digna +reddat, quae nurus accipiant rursus, quae ad nepotes referantur. + +XIX. Ergo septa pudicitia agunt, nullis spectaculorum illecebris, nullis +conviviorum irritationibus corruptae. Litterarum secreta viri pariter ac +feminae ignorant. Paucissima in tam numerosa gente adulteria; quorum +poena praesens et maritis permissa. Accisis crinibus, nudatam, coram +propinquis, expellit domo maritus, ac per omnem vicum verbere agit: +publicatae enim pudicitiae nulla venia: non forma, non aetate, non opibus +maritum invenerit. Neme enim illic vitia ridet: nec corrumpere et +corrumpi saeculum vocatur. Melius quidem adhuc eae civitates, in quibus +tantum virgines nubunt, et cum spe votoque uxoris semel transigitur. Sic +unum accipiunt maritum, quo modo unum corpus unamque vitam, ne ulla +cogitatio ultra, ne longior cupiditas, ne tanquam maritum, sed tanquam +matrimonium ament. Numerum liberorum finire, aut quenquam ex agnatis +necare, flagitium habetur: plusque ibi boni mores valent, quam alibi +bonae leges. + +XX. In omni domo nudi ac sordidi, in hos artus, in haec corpora, quae +miramur, excrescunt. Sua quemque mater uberibus alit, nec ancillis ac +nutricibus delegantur. Dominum ac servum nullis educationis deliciis +dignoscas: inter eadem pecora, in eadem humo degunt; donec aetas separet +ingenuos, virtus agnoscat. Sera juvenum Venus; eoque inexhausta pubertas: +nec virgines festinantur; eadem juventa, similis proceritas: pares +validaeque miscentur; ac robora parentum liberi referunt. Sororum filiis +idem apud avunculum, qui ad patrem honor. Quidam sanctiorem arctioremque +hunc nexum sanguinis arbitrantur, et in accipiendis obsidibus magis +exigunt; tanquam et in animum firmius, et domum latius teneant. Heredes +tamen successoresque sui cuique liberi: et nullum testamentum. Si liberi +non sunt, proximus gradus in possessione fratres, patrui, avunculi. +Quanto plus propinquorum, quo major affinium numerus, tanto gratiosior +senectus, nec ulla orbitatis pretia. + +XXI. Suscipere tam inimicitias, seu patris, seu propinqui, quam +amicitias, necesse est: nec implacabiles durant. Luitur enim etiam +homicidium certo armentorum ac pecorum numero, recipitque satisfactionem +universa domus: utiliter in publicum; quia periculosiores sunt +inimicitiae juxta libertatem. Convictibus et hospitiis non alia gens +effusius indulget. Quemcunque mortalium arcere tecto, nefas habetur: pro +fortuna quisque apparatis epulis excipit. Cum defecere, qui modo hospes +fuerat, monstrator hospitii et comes: proximam domum non invitati adeunt: +nec interest; pari humanitate accipiuntur. Notum ignotumque, quantum ad +jus hospitis, nemo discernit. Abeunti, si quid poposcerit, concedere +moris: et poscendi invicem eadem facilitas. Gaudent muneribus: sed nec +data imputant, nec acceptis obligantur. Victus inter hospites comis. + +XXII. Statim e somno, quem plerumque in diem extrahunt, lavantur, saepius +calida, ut apud quos plurimum hiems occupat. Lauti cibum capiunt: +separatae singulis sedes et sua cuique mensa: tum ad negotia, nec minus +saepe ad convivia, procedunt armati. Diem noctemque continuare potando, +nulli probrum. Crebrae, ut inter vinolentos, rixae, raro conviciis, +saepius caede et vulneribus transiguntur. Sed et de reconciliandis +invicem inimicis et jungendis affinitatibus et asciscendis principibus, +de pace denique ac bello plerumque in conviviis consultant: tanquam nullo +magis tempore aut ad simplices cogitationes pateat animus, aut ad magnas +incalescat. Gens non astuta nec callida aperit adhuc secreta pectoris +licentia joci. Ergo detecta et nuda omnium mens postera die retractatur, +et salva utriusque temporis ratio est: deliberant, dum fingere nesciunt; +constituunt, dum errare non possunt. + +XXIII. Potui humor ex hordeo aut frumento, in quandam similitudinem vini +corruptus. Proximi ripae et vinum mercantur. Cibi simplices; agrestia +poma, recens fera, aut lac concretum. Sine apparatu, sine blandimentis, +expellunt famem. Adversus sitim non eadem temperantia. Si indulseris +ebrietati suggerendo quantum concupiscunt, haud minus facile vitiis, quam +armis vincentur. + +XXIV. Genus spectaculorum unum atque in omni coetu idem. Nudi juvenes, +quibus id ludicrum est, inter gladios se atque infestas frameas saltu +jaciunt. Exercitatio artem paravit, ars decorem: non in quaestum tamen +aut mercedem; quamvis audacis lasciviae pretium est voluptas spectantium. +Aleam, quod mirere, sobrii inter seria exercent tanta lucrandi perdendive +temeritate, ut, cum omnia defecerunt, extremo ac novissimo jactu de +libertate ac de corpore contendant. Victus voluntariam servitutem adit: +quamvis juvenior, quamvis robustior, alligari se ac venire patitur: ea +est in re prava pervicacia: ipsi fidem vocant. Servos conditionis hujus +per commercia tradunt, ut se quoque pudore victoriae exsolvant. + +XXV. Ceteris servis, non in nostrum morem descriptis per familiam +ministeriis, utuntur. Suam quisque sedem, suos penates regit. Frumenti +modum dominus, aut pecoris aut vestis, ut colono, injungit: et servus +hactenus paret; cetera domus officia uxor ac liberi exsequuntur. +Verberare servum ac vinculis et opere coercere, rarum. Occidere solent, +non disciplina et severitate, sed impetu et ira, ut inimicum, nisi quod +impune. Liberti non multum supra servos sunt, raro aliquod momentum in +domo, nunquam in civitate; exceptis duntaxat iis gentibus, quae +regnantur: ibi enim et super ingenuos et super nobiles ascendunt: apud +ceteros impares libertini libertatis argumentum sunt. + +XXVI. Fenus agitare et in usuras extendere, igno tum: ideoque magis +servatur, quam si vetitum esset. Agri pro numero cultorum ab universis in +vices occupantur, quos mox inter se secundum dignationem partiuntur: +facilitatem partiendi camporum spatia praestant. Arva per annos mutant: +et superest ager; nec enim cum ubertate et amplitudine soli labore +contendunt, ut pomaria conserant et prata separent et hortos rigent: sola +terrae seges imperatur. Unde annum quoque ipsum non in totidem digerunt +species hiems et ver et aestas intellectum ac vocabula habent autumni +perinde nomen ac bona ignorantur. + +XXVII. Funerum nulla ambitio; id solum observatur, ut corpora clarorum +virorum certis lignis crementur. Struem rogi nec vestibus nec odoribus +cumulant: sua cuique arma, quorundam igni et equus adjicitur. Sepulcrum +caespes erigit; monumentorum arduum et operosum honorem, ut gravem +defunctis, aspernantur. Lamenta ac lacrimas cito, dolorem et tristitiam +tarde ponunt. Feminis lugere honestum est; viris meminisse. Haec in +commune de omnium Germanorum origine ac moribus accepimus: nunc +singularum gentium instituta ritusque, quatenus differant, quae nationes +e Germania in Gallias commigraverint, expediam. + +XXVIII. Validiores olim Gallorum res fuisse, summus auctorum divus Julius +tradit: eoque credibile est etiam Gallos in Germaniam transgressos. +Quantulum enim amnis obstabat, quo minus, ut quaeque gens evaluerat, +occuparet permutaretque sedes, promiscuas adhuc et nulla regnorum +potentia divisas? Igitur inter Hercyniam sylvam Rhenumque et Moenum amnes +Helvetii, ulteriora Boii, Gallica utraque gens, tenuere. Manet adhuc +_Boihemi_ nomen, signatque loci veterem memoriam, quamvis mutatis +cultoribus. Sed utrum Aravisci in Pannoniam ab Osis, Germanorum natione, +an Osi ab Araviscis in Germaniam commigraverint, cum eodem adhuc sermone, +institutis, moribus utantur, incertum est: quia, pari olim inopia ac +libertate, eadem utriusque ripae bona malaque erant. Treveri et Nervii +circa affectationem Germanicae originis ultro ambitiosi sunt, tanquam per +hanc gloriam sanguinis a similitudine et inertia Gallorum separentur. +Ipsam Rheni ripam haud dubie Germanorum populi colunt, Vangiones, +Triboci, Nemetes. Ne Ubii quidem, quanquam Romana colonia esse meruerint +ac libentius Agrippinenses conditoris sui nomine vocentur, origine +erubescunt, transgressi olim et experimento fidei super ipsam Rheni ripam +collocati, ut arcerent, non ut custodirentur. + +XXIX. Omnium harum gentium virtute praecipui Batavi, non multum ex ripa, +sed insulam Rheni amnis colunt, Chattorum quondam populus et seditione +domestica in eas sedes transgressus, in quibus pars Romani imperii +fierent. Manet honos et antiquae societatis insigne: nam nec tributis +contemnuntur, nec publicanis atterit: exempti oneribus et collationibus +et tantum in usum proeliorum sepositi, velut tela atque arma, bellis +reservantur. Est in eodem obsequio et Mattiacorum gens; protulit enim +magnitudo populi Romani ultra Rhenum, ultraque veteres terminos, imperii +reverentiam. Ita sede finibusque in sua ripa, mente animoque nobiscum +agunt, cetera similes Batavis, nisi quod ipso adhuc terrae suae solo et +coelo acrius animantur. Non numeraverim inter Germaniae populos, quanquam +trans Rhenum Danubiumque consederint, eos, qui Decumates agros exercent. +Levissimus quisque Gallorum et inopia audax, dubiae possessionis solum +occupavere. Mox limite acto promotisque praesidiis, sinus imperii et pars +provinciae habentur. + +XXX. Ultra hos Chatti initium sedis ab Hercynio saltu inchoant, non ita +effusis ac palustribus locis ut ceterae civitates, in quas Germania +patescit; durant siquidem colles, paulatim rarescunt, et Chattos suos +saltus Hercynius prosequitur simul atque deponit. Duriora genti corpora, +stricti artus, minax vultus et major animi vigor. Multum, ut inter +Germanos, rationis ac solertiae: praeponere electos, audire praepositos, +nosse ordines, intelligere occasiones, differre impetus, disponere diem, +vallare noctem, fortunam inter dubia, virtutem inter certa numerare: +quodque rarissimum nec nisi ratione disciplinae concessum, plus reponere +in duce, quam exercitu. Omne robur in pedite, quem, super arma, +ferramentis quoque et copiis onerant. Alios ad proelium ire videas, +Chattos ad bellum. Rari excursus et fortuita pugna; equestrium sane +virium id proprium, cito parare victoriam, cito cedere: velocitas juxta +formidinem, cunctatio propior constantiae est. + +XXXI. Et aliis Germanorum populis usurpatum rara et privata cujusque +audentia apud Chattos in consensum vertit, ut primum adoleverint, crinem +barbamque submittere, nec, nisi hoste caeso, exuere votivum obligatumque +virtuti oris habitum. Super sanguinem et spolia revelant frontem, seque +tum demum pretia nascendi retulisse, dignosque patria ac parentibus +ferunt. Ignavis et imbellibus manet squalor. Fortissimus quisque ferreum +insuper annulum (ignominiosum id genti) velut vinculum gestat, donec se +caede hostis absolvat. Plurimis Chattorum hic placet habitus. Jamque +canent insignes, et hostibus simul suisque monstrati. Omnium penes hos +initia pugnarum: haec prima semper acies, visu nova; nam ne in pace +quidem vultu mitiore mansuescunt. Nulli domus aut ager aut aliqua cura: +prout ad quemque venere, aluntur: prodigi alieni, contemptores sui donec +exsanguis senectus tam durae virtuti impares faciat. + +XXXII. Proximi Chattis certum jam alveo Rhenum, quique terminus esse +sufficiat, Usipii ac Tencteri colunt. Tencteri, super solitum bellorum +decus, equestris disciplinae arte praecellunt: nec major apud Chattos +peditum laus, quam Tencteris equitum. Sic instituere majores, posteri +imitantur; hi lusus infantium, haec juvenum aemulatio, perseverant senes +inter familiam et penates et jura successionum equi traduntur; excipit +filius, non, ut cetera, maximus natu, sed prout ferox bello et melior. + +XXXIII. Juxta Tencteros Bructeri olim occurrebant: nunc Chamavos et +Angrivarios immigrasse narratur, pulsis Bructeris ac penitus excisis +vicinarum consensu nationum, seu superbiae odio, seu praedae dulcedine, +seu favore quodam erga nos deorum: nam ne spectaculo quidem proelii +invidere: super sexaginta millia, non armis telisque Romanis, sed, quod +magnificentius est, oblectationi oculisque ceciderunt. Maneat, quaeso, +duretque gentibus, si non amor nostri, at certe odium sui: quando, +urgentibus imperii fatis, nihil jam praestare fortuna majus potest, quam +hostium discordiam. + +XXXIV. Angrivarios et Chamavos a tergo Dulgibini et Chasuarii cludunt +aliaeque gentes, haud perinde memoratae. A fronte Frisii excipiunt. +Majoribus minoribusque Frisiis vocabulum est ex modo virium: utraeque +nationes usque ad Oceanum Rheno praetexuntur, ambiuntque immensos insuper +lacus et Romanis classibus navigatos. Ipsum quin etiam Oceanum illa +tentavimus: et superesse adhuc Herculis columnas fama vulgavit; sive +adiit Hercules, seu, quicquid ubique magnificum est, in claritatem ejus +referre consensimus. Nec defuit audentia Druso Germanico: sed obstitit +Oceanus in se simul atque in Herculem inquiri. Mox nemo tentavit; +sanctiusque ac reverentius visum, de actis deorum credere, quam scire. + +XXXV. Hactenus in Occidentem Germaniam novimus. In Septentrionem ingenti +flexu redit. Ac primo statim Chaucorum gens, quanquam incipiat a Frisiis +ac partem littoris occupet, omnium, quas exposui, gentium lateribus +obtenditur, donec in Chattos usque sinuetur. Tam immensum terrarum +spatium non tenent tantum Chauci, sed et implent: populus inter Germanos +nobilissimus, quique magnitudinem suam malit justitia tueri: sine +cupiditate, sine impotentia, quieti secretique, nulla provocant bella, +nullis raptibus aut latrociniis populantur. Id praecipuum virtutis ac +virium argumentum est, quod, ut superiores agant, non per injurias +assequuntur. Prompta tamen omnibus arma, ac, si res poscat, exercitus, +plurimum virorum equorumque: et quiescentibus eadem fama. + +XXXVI. In latere Chaucorum Chattorumque Cherusci nimiam ac marcentem diu +pacem illacessiti nutrierunt; idque jucundius, quam tutius, fuit: quia +inter impotentes et validos falso quiescas; ubi manu agitur, modestia ac +probitas nomina superioris sunt. Ita, qui olim boni aequique Cherusci, +nunc inertes ac stulti vocantur: Chattis victoribus fortuna in sapientiam +cessit. Tracti ruina Cheruscorum et Fosi, contermina gens, adversarum +rerum ex aequo socii, cum in secundis minores fuissent. + +XXXVII. Eundem Germaniae sinum proximi Oceano Cimbri tenent, parva nunc +civitas, sed gloria ingens; veterisque famae lata vestigia manent, +utraque ripa castra ac spatia, quorum ambitu nunc quoque metiaris molem +manusque gentis et tam magni exitus fidem. Sexcentesimum et quadragesimum +annum urbs nostra agebat, cum primum Cimbrorum audita sunt arma, Caecilio +Metello et Papirio Carbone consulibus. Ex quo si ad alterum Imperatoris +Trajani consulatum computemus, ducenti ferme et decem anni colliguntur; +tamdiu Germania vincitur. Medio tam longi aevi spatio, multa invicem +damna: non Samnis, non Poeni, non Hispaniae Galliaeve, ne Parthi quidem +saepius admonuere: quippe regno Arsacis acrior est Germanorum libertas. +Quid enim aliud nobis, quam caedem Crassi, amisso et ipse Pacoro, infra +Ventidium dejectus Oriens objecerit? At Germani, Carbone et Cassio et +Scauro Aurelio et Servilio Caepione, M. quoque Manlio fusis vel captis, +quinque simul consulares exercitus Populo Romano, Varum, tresque cum eo +legiones, etiam Caesari abstulerunt: nec impune C. Marius in Italia, +divus Julius in Gallia, Drusus ac Nero et Germanicus in suis eos sedibus +perculerunt. Mox ingentes C. Caesaris minae in ludibrium versae. Inde +otium, donec occasione discordiae nostrae et civilium armorum, expugnatis +legionum hibernis, etiam Gallias affectavere: ac rursus pulsi, inde +proximis temporibus triumphati magis quam victi sunt. + +XXXVIII. Nunc de Suevis dicendum est, quorum non una, ut Chattorum +Tencterorumve, gens: majorem enim Germaniae partem obtinent, propriis +adhuc nationibus nominibusque discreti, quanquam in commune Suevi +vocentur. Insigne gentis obliquare crinem nodoque substringere: sic Suevi +a ceteris Germanis, sic Suevorum ingenui a servis separantur in aliis +gentibus, seu cognatione aliqua Suevorum, seu quod saepe accidit, +imitatione, rarum et intra juventae spatium; apud Suevos, usque ad +canitiem, horrentem capillum retro sequuntur, ac saepe in ipso solo +vertice religant. Principes et ornatiorem habent: ea cura formae, sed +innoxiae: neque enim ut ament amenturve; in altitudinem quandam et +terrorem, adituri bella, compti, ut hostium oculis, ornantur. + +XXXIX. Vetustissimos se nobilissimosque Suevorum Semnones memorant. +Fides antiquitatis religione firmatur. Stato tempore in silvam auguriis +patrum et prisca formidine sacram, omnes ejusdem sanguinis populi +legationibus coeunt, caesoque publice homine celebrant barbari ritus +horrenda primordia. Est et alia luco reverentia. Nemo nisi vinculo +ligatus ingreditur, ut minor et potestatem numinis prae se ferens, Si +forte prolapsus est, attolli et insurgere haud licitum: per humum +evolvuntur: eoque omnis superstitio respicit, tanquam inde initia gentis, +ibi regnator omnium deus, cetera subjecta atque parentia. Adjicit +auctoritatem fortuna Semnonum: centum pagis habitantur; magnoque corpore +efficitur, ut se Suevorum caput credant. + +XL. Contra Langobardos paucitas nobilitat: plurimis ac valentissimis +nationibus cincti, non per obsequium, sed proeliis et periclitando tuti +sunt. Reudigni deinde et Aviones et Anglii et Varini et Eudoses et +Suardones et Nuithones fluminibus aut silvis muniuntur: nec quidquam +notabile in singulis, nisi quod in commune Nerthum, id est Terram matrem +colunt, eamque intervenire rebus hominum, invehi populis arbitrantur. Est +in insula Oceani castum nemus, dicatumque in eo vehiculum, veste +contectum attingere uni sacerdoti concessum. Is adesse penetrali deam +intelligit, vectamque bubus feminis multa cum veneratione prosequitur. +Laeti tunc dies, festa loca, quaecumque adventu hospitioque dignatur. Non +bella ineunt, non arma sumunt; clausum omne ferrum: pax et quies tunc +tantum nota, tunc tantum amata, donec idem sacerdos satiatam +conversatione mortalium deam templo reddat. Mox vehiculum et vestes, et, +si credere velis, numen ipsum secreto lacu abluitur. Servi ministrant, +quos statim idem lacus haurit; arcanus hinc terror sanctaque ignorantia, +quid sit illud, quod tantum perituri vident. + +XLI. Et haec quidem pars Suevorum in secretiora Germaniae porrigitur. +Propior, ut quo modo paulo ante Rhenum, sic nunc Danubium sequar, +Hermundurorum civitas, fida Romanis, eoque solis Germanorum non in ripa +commercium, sed penitus, atque in splendidissima Rhaetiae provinciae +colonia. Passim et sine custode transeunt: et, cum ceteris gentibus arma +modo castraque nostra ostendamus, his domos villasque patefecimus non +concupiscentibus. In Hermunduris Albis oritur, flumen inclitum et notum +olim; nunc tantum auditur. + +XLII. Juxta Hermunduros Narisci, ac deinde Marcomanni et Quadi agunt. +Praecipua Marcomannorum gloria viresque, atque ipsa etiam sedes, pulsis +olim Boiis, virtute parta. Nec Narisci Quadive degenerant. Eaque +Germaniae velut frons est, quatenus Danubio peragitur. Marcomannis +Quadisque usque ad nostram memoriam reges manserunt ex gente ipsorum, +nobile Marobodui et Tudri genus: jam et externos patiuntur. Sed vis et +potentia regibus ex auctoritate Romana: raro armis nostris, saepius +pecunia juvantur, nec minus valent. + +XLIII. Retro Marsigni, Gothini, Osi, Burii, terga Marcomannorum +Quadorumque claudunt: e quibus Marsigni et Burii sermone cultuque Suevos +referunt Gothinos Gallica, Osos Pannonica lingua coarguit non esse +Germanos, et quod tributa patiuntur. Partem tributorum Sarmatae, partem +Quadi, ut alienigenis, imponunt. Gothini, quo magis pudeat, et ferrum +effodiunt. Omnesque hi populi pauca campestrium, ceterum saltus et +vertices montium jugumque insederunt. Dirimit enim scinditque Sueviam +continuum montium jugum, ultra quod plurimae gentes agunt: ex quibus +latissime patet Lygiorum nomen in plures civitates diffusum. +Valentissimas nominasse sufficiet, Arios, Helveconas, Manimos, Elysios, +Naharvalos. Apud Naharvalos antiquae religionis lucus ostenditur. +Praesidet sacerdos muliebri ornatu: sed deos, interpretatione Romana, +Castorem Pollucemque memorant: ea vis numini; nomen Alcis. Nulla +simulacra, nullum peregrinae superstitionis vestigium: ut fratres tamen, +ut juvenes, venerantur. Ceterum Arii super vires, quibus enumeratos paulo +ante populos antecedunt, truces, insitae feritati arte ac tempore +lenocinantur. Nigra scuta, tincta corpora: atras ad proelia noctes +legunt: ipsaque formidine atque umbra feralis exercitus terrorem +inferant, nullo hostium sustinente novum ac velut infernum aspectum: nam +primi in omnibus proeliis oculi vincuntur. Trans Lygios Gothones +regnantur, paulo jam adductius, quam ceterae Germanorum gentes, nondum +tamen supra libertatem. Protinus deinde ab Oceano Rugii et Lemovii +omniumque harum gentium insigne, rotunda scuta, breves gladii, et erga +reges obsequium. + +XLIV. Suionum hinc civitates, ipso in Oceano, praeter viros armaque +classibus valent: forma navium eo differt, quod utrimque prora paratam +semper appulsui frontem agit: nec velis ministrantur, nec remos in +ordinem lateribus adjungunt. Solutum, ut in quibusdam fluminum, et +mutabile, ut res poscit, hinc vel illinc remigium. Est apud illos et +opibus honos; eoque unus imperitat, nullis jam exceptionibus, non +precario jure parendi. Nec arma, ut apud ceteros Germanos, in promiscuo, +sed clausa sub custode et quidem servo: quia subitos hostium incursus +prohibet Oceanus, otiosa porro armatorum manus facile lasciviunt: +enimvero neque nobilem neque ingenuum ne libertinum quidem, armis +praeponere regia utilitas est. + +XLV. Trans Suionas aliud mare, pigrum ac prope immotum, quo cingi +cludique terrarum orbem hinc fides, quod extremus cadentis jam solis +fulgor in ortus edurat adeo clarus, ut sidera hebetet; sonum insuper +audiri, formasque deorum et radios capitis aspici persuasio adjicit. +Illuc usque, et fama vera, tantum natura. Ergo jam dextro Suevici maris +littore Aestyorum gentes alluuntur: quibus ritus habitusque Suevorum; +lingua Britannicae propior. Matrem deum venerantur: insigne +superstitionis, formas aprorum gestant; id pro armis omnique tutela: +securum deae cultorem etiam inter hostes praestat. Rarus ferri, frequens +fustium usus. Frumenta ceterosque fructus patientius, quam pro solita +Germanorum inertia, laborant. Sed et mare scrutantur, ac soli omnium +succinum, quod ipsi glesum vocant inter vada atque in ipso littore +legunt. Nec, quae natura quaeve ratio gignat, ut barbaris, quaesitum +compertumve. Diu quin etiam inter cetera ejectamenta maris jacebat, donec +luxuria nostra dedit nomen: ipsis in nullo usu: rude legitur, informe +perfertur, pretiumque mirantes accipiunt. Succum tamen arborum esse +intelligas, quia terrena quaedam atque etiam volucria animalia plerumque +interlucent, quae implicata humore, mox, durescente materia, cluduntur. +Fecundiora igitur nemora lucosque, sicut Orientis secretis, ubi thura +balsamaque sudantur, ita Occidentis insulis terrisque inesse, crediderim; +quae vicini solis radiis expressa atque liquentia in proximum mare +labuntur, ac vi tempestatum in adversa littora exundant. Si naturam +succini admoto igne tentes, in modum taedae accenditur, alitque flammam +pinguem et olentem: mox ut in picem resinamve lentescit. Suionibus +Sitonum gentes continuantur. Cetera similes, uno differunt, quod femina +dominatur: in tantum non modo a libertate, sed etiam a servitute +degenerant. + +XLVI. Hic Sueviae finis. Peucinorum Vene dorumque et Fennorum nationes +Germanis an Sarmatis ascribam, dubito: quanquam Peucini, quos quidam +Bastarnas vocant, sermone, cultu, sede ac domiciliis, ut Germani, agunt. +Sordes omnium ac torpor procerum: connubiis mixtis, nonnihil in +Sarmatarum habitum foedantur. Venedi multum ex moribus traxerunt. Nam +quidquid inter Peucinos Fennosque silvarum ac montium erigitur, +latrociniis pererrant. Hi tamen inter Germanos potius referuntur, quia et +domos figunt et scuta gestant et pedum usu ac pernicitate gaudent; quae +omnia diversa Sarmatis sunt, in plaustro equoque viventibus. Fennis mira +feritas, foeda paupertas: non arma, non equi, non penates: victui herba, +vestitui pelles, cubile humus: sola in sagittis spes, quas, inopia ferri, +ossibus asperant. Idemque venatus viros pariter ac feminas alit. Passim +enim comitantur, partemque praedae petunt. Nec aliud infantibus ferarum +imbriumque suffugium, quam ut in aliquo ramorum nexu contegantur: huc +redeunt juvenes, hoc senum receptaculum. Sed beatius arbitrantur, quam +ingemere agris, illaborare domibus, suas alienasque fortunas spe metuque +versare. Securi adversus homines, securi adversus deos, rem difficillimam +assecuti sunt, ut illis ne vote quidem opus esset. Cetera jam fabulosa: +Hellusios et Oxionas ora hominum vultusque, corpora atque artus ferarum, +gerere: quod ego, ut incompertum, in medium relinquam. + + + + + + +CN. JULII AGRICOLAE VITA. + + + + +BREVIARIUM. + + +Cap. 1. Scribendi clarorum virorum vitam mos antiquus, 2. sub malis +principibus periculosus, 3. sub Trajano in honorem Agricolae repetitus a +Tacito, qui non eloquentiam, at pietatem pollicetur. 4. Agricolae stirps, +educatio, studia. 5. Positis in Britannia primis castrorum rudimentis, 6. +uxorem ducit: fit quaestor, tribunus, praetor: recognoscendis templorum +donis praefectus. 7. Othoniano bello matrem partemque patrimonii amittit. +8. In Vespasiani partes transgressus, legioni vicesimae in Britannia +praepositus, alienae famae cura promovet suam. 9. Redux inter patricios +ascitus Aquitaniam regit. Consul factus Tacito filiam despondet. +Britanniae praeficitur. + +10. Britanniae descriptio. Thule cognita: mare pigrum. 11. Britannorum +origo, habitus, sacra, sermo, mores, 12. militia, regimen, rarus +conventus: coelum, solum, metalla, margarita. 13. Victae gentis ingenium. +Caesarum in Britanniam expeditiones. 14. Consularium legatorum res +gestae. 15. Britanniae rebellio, 16. Boadicea duce coepta, a Suet. +Paullino compressa. Huic succedunt ignavi. 17. Rem restituunt Petilius +Cerialis et Julius Frontinus; hic Silures, ille Brigantes vincit; 18. +Agricola Ordovices et Monam. Totam provinciam pacat, et 19, 20. +moderatione, prudentia, abstinentia, aequitate in obsequio retinet, 21. +animosque artibus et voluptatibus mollit. + +22, 23. Nova expeditio novas gentes aperit, quae praesidio firmantur. +Agricolae candor in communicanda gloria. 24. Consilium de occupanda +Hibernia. 25-27. Civitates trans Bodotriam sitae explorantur. Caledonii, +Romanos aggressi, consilio ductuque Agricolae pulsi, sacrificiis +conspirationem civitatum sanciunt. 28. Usipiorum cohors miro casu +Britanniam circumvecta. Agricolae filius obit. 29. Bellum Britanni +reparant Calgaco duce, cujus 30-32. oratio ad suos. 33, 34. Romanos +quoque hortatur Agricola. 35-37. Atrox et cruentum proelium. 38. Penes +Romanos victoria. Agricola Britanniam circumvehi praecipit. + +39. Domitianus, fronte laetus, pectore anxius, nuntium victoriae excipit. +40. Honores tamen Agricolae decerni jubet, condito odio, donec provincia +decedat Agricola. Is redux modeste agit. 41. Periculum ab accusatoribus +et laudatoribus. 42. Excusat se, ne provinciam sortiatur proconsul. 43. +Obit non sine veneni suspicione, a Domitiano dati. 44. Ejus aetas, +habitus, honores, opes. 45. Mortis opportunitas ante Domitiani +atrocitates. 46. Questus auctoris et ex virtute solatia. Fama Agricolae +ad posteros transmissa. + + + + +I. Clarorum virorum facta moresque posteris tradere, antiquitus usitatum, +ne nostris quidem temporibus quanquam incuriosa suorum aetas omisit, +quotiens magna aliqua ac nobilis virtus vicit ac supergressa est vitium +parvis magnisque civitatibus commune, ignorantiam recti et invidiam. Sed +apud priores, ut agere digna memoratu pronum magisque in aperto erat, ita +celeberrimus quisque ingenio ad prodendam virtutis memoriam, sine gratia +aut ambitione, bonae tantum conscientiae pretio ducebatur. Ac plerique +suam ipsi vitam narrare fiduciam potius morum, quam arrogantiam arbitrati +sunt: nec id Rutilio et Scauro citra fidem aut obtrectationi fuit: adeo +virtutes iisdem temporibus optime aestimantur, quibus facillime +gignuntur. At nunc narraturo mihi vitam defuncti hominis, venia opus +fuit: quam non petissem incursaturus tam saeva et infesta virtutibus +tempora. + +II. Legimus, cum Aruleno Rustico Paetus Thrasea, Herennio Senecioni +Priscus Helvidius laudati essent, capitale fuisse: neque in ipsos modo +auctores, sed in libros quoque eorum saevitum, delegato triumviris +ministerio, ut monumenta clarissimorum ingeniorum in comitio ac foro +urerentur. Scilicet illo igne vocem populi Romani et libertatem senatus +et conscientiam generis humani aboleri arbitrabantur, expulsis insuper +sapientiae professoribus atque omni bona arte in exilium acta, ne quid +usquam honestum occurreret. Dedimus profecto grande patientiae +documentum: et sicut vetus aetas vidit, quid ultimum in libertate esset, +ita nos, quid in servitute, adempto per inquisitiones et loquendi +audiendique commercio. Memoriam quoque ipsam cum voce perdidissemus, si +tam in nostra potestate esset oblivisci, quam tacere. + +III. Nunc demum redit animus: et quanquam primo statim beatissimi saeculi +ortu Nerva Caesar res olim dissociabiles miscuerit, principatum ac +libertatem, augeatque quotidie felicitatem imperii Nerva Trajanus, nec +spem modo ac votum securitas publica, sed ipsius voti fiduciam ac robur +assumpserit; natura tamen infirmitatis humanae tardiora sunt remedia, +quam mala; et, ut corpora nostra lente augescunt, cito exstinguuntur, sic +ingenia studiaque oppresseris facilius, quam revocaveris. Subit quippe +etiam ipsius inertiae dulcedo: et invisa primo desidia postremo amatur. +Quid, si per quindecim annos, grande mortalis aevi spatium, multi +fortuitis casibus, promptissimus quisque saevitia principis +interciderunt? Pauci, et, ut ita dixerim, non modo aliorum, sed etiam +nostri superstites sumus, exemptis e media vita tot annis, quibus juvenes +ad senectutem, senes prope ad ipsos exactae aetatis terminos per +silentium venimus. Non tamen pigebit vel incondita ac rudi voce memoriam +prioris servitutis ac testimonium praesentium bonorum composuisse. Hic +interim liber honori Agricolae soceri mei destinatus, professione +pietatis aut laudatus erit aut excusatus. + +IV. Cnaeus Julius Agricola, veteri et illustri Forojuliensium colonia +ortus, utrumque avum procuratorem Caesarum habuit: quae equestris +nobilitas est. Pater Julius Graecinus, senatorii ordinis, studio +eloquentiae sapientiaeque notus, iisque ipsis virtutibus iram Caii +Caesaris meritus: namque M. Silanum accusare jussus et, quia abnuerat, +interfectus est. Mater Julia Procilla fuit, rarae castitatis: in hujus +sinu indulgentiaque educatus, per omnem honestarum artium cultum +pueritiam adolescentiamque transegit. Arcebat eum ab illecebris +peccantium, praeter ipsius bonam integramque naturam, quod statim +parvulus sedem ac magistram studiorum Massiliam habuit, locum Graeca +comitate et provinciali parsimonia mistum ac bene compositum. Memoria +teneo solitum ipsum narrare, se in prima juventa studium philosophiae +acrius, ultra quam concessum Romano ac senatori, hausisse, ni prudentia +matris incensum ac flagrantem animum coercuisset. Scilicet sublime et +erectum ingenium pulchritudinem ac speciem excelsae magnaeque gloriae +vehementius, quam caute, appetebat: mox mitigavit ratio et aetas: +retinuitque, quod est difficillimum, ex sapientia modum. + +V. Prima castrorum rudimenta in Britannia Suetonio Paullino, diligenti ac +moderato duci, approbavit, electus, quem contubernio aestimaret. Nec +Agricola licenter more juvenum, qui militiam in lasciviam vertunt, neque +segniter ad voluptates et commeatus titulum tribunatus et inscitiam +retulit: sed noscere provinciam, nosci exercitui, discere a peritis, +sequi optimos, nihil appetere jactatione, nihil ob formidinem recusare, +simulque et anxius et intentus agere. Non sane alias exercitatior +magisque in ambiguo Britannia fuit: trucidati veterani, incensae +coloniae, intercepti exercitus; tum de salute, mox de victoria, +certavere. Quae cuncta, etsi consiliis ductuque alterius agebantur ac +summa rerum et recuperatae provinciae gloria in ducem cessit, artem et +usum et stimulos addidere juveni; intravitque animum militaris gloriae +cupido ingrata temporibus, quibus sinistra erga eminentes interpretatio, +nec minus periculum ex magna fama, quam ex mala. + +VI. Hinc ad capessendos magistratus in urbem digressus, Domitiam +Decidianam, splendidis natalibus ortam, sibi junxit; idque matrimonium ad +majora nitenti decus ac robur fuit; vixeruntque mira concordia, per +mutuam caritatem et invicem se anteponendo: nisi quod in bona uxore tanto +major laus, quanto in mala plus culpae est. Sors quaesturae provinciam +Asiam, proconsulem Salvium Titianum dedit: quorum neutro corruptus est; +quanquam et provincia dives ac parata peccantibus, et proconsul in omnem +aviditatem pronus, quantalibet facilitate redempturus esset mutuam +dissimulationem mali. Auctus est ibi filia, in subsidium simul et +solatium: nam filium ante sublatum brevi amisit. Mox inter quaesturam ac +tribunatum plebis atque etiam ipsum tribunatus annum quiete et otio +transiit, gnarus sub Nerone temporum, quibus inertia pro sapientia fuit. +Idem praeturae tenor et silentium; nec enim jurisdictio obvenerat: ludos +et inania honoris medio rationis atque abundantiae duxit, uti longe a +luxuria, ita famae propior. Tum electus a Galba ad dona templorum +recognoscenda, diligentissima conquisitione fecit, ne cujus alterius +sacrilegium respublica, quam Neronis sensisset. + +VII. Sequens annus gravi vulnere animum domumque ejus afflixit: nam +classis Othoniana, licenter vaga, dum Intemelios (Liguriae pars est) +hostiliter populatur, matrem Agricolae in praediis suis interfecit: +praediaque ipsa et magnam patrimonii partem diripuit, quae causa caedis +fuerat. Igitur ad solemnia pietatis profectus Agricola, nuntio affectati +a Vespasiano imperii deprehensus ac statim in partes transgressus est. +Initia principatus ac statim urbis Mucianus regebat, juvene admodum +Domitiano et ex paterna fortuna tantum licentiam usurpante. Is missum ad +delectus agendos Agricolam integreque ac strenue versatum, vicesimae +legioni, tarde ad sacramentum transgressae; praeposuit, ubi decessor +seditiose agere narrabatur: quippe legatis quoque consularibus nimia ac +formidolosa erat. Nec legatus praetorius ad cohibendum potens, incertum, +suo an militum ingenio: ita successor simul et ultor electus, rarissima +moderatione maluit videri invenisse bonos, quam fecisse. + +VIII. Praeerat tunc Britanniae Vettius Bolanus placidius, quam feroci +provincia dignum est: temperavit Agricola vim suam ardoremque compescuit, +ne incresceret; peritus obsequi eruditusque utilia honestis miscere. +Brevi deinde Britannia consularem Petilium Cerialem accepit. Habuerunt +virtutes spatium exemplorum. Sed primo Cerialis labores modo et +discrimina, mox et gloriam communicabat: saepe parti exercitus in +experimentum, aliquando majoribus copiis ex eventu praefecit: nec +Agricola unquam in suam famam gestis exsultavit; ad auctorem et ducem, ut +minister, fortunam referebat: ita virtute in obsequendo, verecundia in +praedicando, extra invidiam, nec extra gloriam erat. + +IX. Revertentem ab legatione legionis divus Vespasianus inter patricios +ascivit, ac deinde provinciae Aquitaniae praeposuit, splendidae in primis +dignitatis, administratione ac spe consulatus, cui destinarat. Credunt +plerique militaribus ingeniis subtilitatem deesse, quia castrensis +jurisdictio secura et obtusior ac plura manu agens calliditatem fori non +exerceat. Agricola naturali prudentia, quamvis inter togatos, facile +justeque agebat. Jam vero tempora curarum remissionumque divisa: ubi +conventus ac judicia poscerent, gravis, intentus, severus, et saepius +misericors; ubi officio satisfactum, nulla ultra potestatis persona: +tristitiam et arrogantiam et avaritiam exuerat: nec illi, quod est +rarissimum, aut facilitas auctoritatem aut severitas amorem deminuit. +Integritatem atque abstinentiam in tanto viro referre, injuria virtutum +fuerit. Ne famam quidem, cui etiam saepe boni indulgent, ostentanda +virtute, aut per artem quaesivit: procul ab aemulatione adversus +collegas, procul a contentione adversus procuratores, et vincere +inglorium, et atteri sordidum arbitrabatur. Minus triennium in ea +legatione detentus ac statim ad spem consulatus revocatus est, comitante +opinione Britanniam ei provinciam dari nullis in hoc suis sermonibus sed +quia par videbatur. Haud semper errat fama, aliquando et elegit. Consul +egregiae tum spei filiam juveni mihi despondit ac post Consulatum +collocavit, et statim Britanniae praepositus est, adjecto pontificatus +sacerdotio. + +X. Britanniae situm populosque, multis scriptoribus memoratos non in +comparationem curae ingeniive referam; sed quia tum primum perdomita est. +Ita quae priores nondum comperta eloquentia percoluere, rerum fide +tradentur. Britannia, insularum quas Romana notitia complectitur, maxima, +spatio ac coelo in orientem Germaniae, in occidentem Hispaniae +obtenditur: Gallis in meridiem etiam inspicitur: septemtrionalia ejus, +nullis contra terris, vasto atque aperto mari pulsantur. Formam totius +Britanniae Livius veterum, Fabius Rusticus recentium eloquentissimi +auctores, oblongae scutulae vel bipenni assimulavere: et est ea facies +citra Caledoniam, unde et in universum fama est transgressa: sed +immensunt et enorme spatium procurrentium extremo jam littore terrarum, +velut in cuneum tenuatur. Hanc oram novissimi maris tunc primum Romana +classis circumvecta insulam esse Britanniam affirmavit, ac simul +incognitas ad id tempus insulas, quas Orcadas vocant, invenit domuitque. +Dispecta est et Thule, nam hactenus jussum, et hiems appetebat; sed mare +pigrum et grave remigantibus; perhibent ne ventis quidem perinde attolli: +credo, quod rariores terrae montesque, causa ac materia tempestatum, et +profunda moles continui maris tardius impellitur. Naturam Oceani atque +aestus neque quaerere hujus operis est, ac multi retulere; unum +addiderim: nusquam latius dominari mare, multum fluminum huc atque illuc +ferre, nec littore tenus accrescere aut resorberi, sed influere penitus +atque ambire, et jugis etiam atque montibus inseri velut in suo. + +XI. Ceterum Britanniam qui mortales initio coluerint, indigenae an +advecti, ut inter barbaros, parum compertum. Habitus corporum varii: +atque ex eo argumenta; namque rutilae Caledoniam habitantium comae, magni +artus, Germanicam originem asseverant. Silurum colorati vultus et torti +plerumque crines et posita contra Hispania Iberos veteres trajecisse +easque sedes occupasse fidem faciunt. Proximi Gallis et similes sunt; seu +durante originis vi, seu, procurrentibus in diversa terris, positio coeli +corporibus habitum dedit: in universum tamen aestimanti, Gallos vicinam +insulam occupasse credibile est. Eorum sacra deprehendas superstitionum +persuasione: sermo haud multum diversus; in deposcendis periculis eadem +audacia et, ubi advenere, in detrectandis eadem formido. Plus tamen +ferociae Britanni praeferunt, ut quos nondum longa pax emollierit: nam +Gallos quoque in bellis floruisse accepimus: mox segnitia cum otio +intravit, amissa virtute pariter ac libertate; quod Britannorum olim +victis evenit: ceteri manent, quales Galli fuerunt. + +XII. In pedite robur: quaedam nationes et curru proeliantur: honestior +auriga, clientes propugnant. Olim regibus parebant, nunc per principes +factionibus et studiis trahuntur: nec aliud adversus validissimas gentes +pro nobis utilius, quam quod in commune non consulunt. Rarus duabus +tribusve civitatibus ad propulsandum commune periculum conventus: ita, +dum singuli pugnant, universi vincuntur. Coelum crebris imbribus ac +nebulis foedum: asperitas frigorum abest. Dierum spatia ultra nostri +orbis mensuram, et nox clara et extrema Britanniae parte brevis, ut finem +atque initium lucis exiguo discrimine internoscas. Quod si nubes non +officiant, aspici per noctem solis fulgorem, nec occidere et exsurgere, +sed transire affirmant. Scilicet extrema et plana terrarum, humili umbra, +non erigunt tenebras, infraque coelum et sidera nox cadit. Solum, praeter +oleam vitemque et cetera calidioribus terris oriri sueta, patiens frugum, +fecundum. Tarde mitescunt, cito proveniunt: eadem utriusque rei causa, +multus humor terrarum coelique. Fert Britannia aurum et argentum et alia +metalla, pretium victoriae: gignit et Oceanus margarita, sed subfusca ac +liventia. Quidam artem abesse legentibus arbitrantur: nam in Rubro mari +viva ac spirantia saxis avelli, in Britannia, prout expulsa sint, +colligi: ego facilius crediderim naturam margaritis deesse, quam nobis +avaritiam. + +XIII. Ipsi Britanni delectum ac tributa et injuncta imperii munera +impigre obeunt, si injuriae absint: has aegre tolerant, jam domiti ut +pareant, nondum ut serviant. Igitur primus omnium Romanorum divus Julius +cum exercitu Britanniam ingressus, quanquam prospera pugna terruerit +incolas ac littore potitus sit, potest videri ostendisse posteris, non +tradidisse. Mox bella civilia et in rempublicam versa principum arma, ac +longa oblivio Britanniae etiam in pace. Consilium id divus Augustus +vocabat, Tiberius praeceptum. Agitasse C. Caesarem de intranda Britannia +satis, constat, ni velox ingenio, mobilis poenitentiae, et ingentes +adversus Germaniam conatus frustra fuissent. Divus Claudius auctor +operis, transvectis legionibus auxiliisque et assumpto in partem rerum +Vespasiano: quod initium venturae mox fortunae fuit: domitae gentes, +capti reges, et monstratus fatis Vespasianus. + +XIV. Consularium primus Aulus Plautius praepositus, ac subinde Ostorius +Scapula, uterque bello egregius: redactaque paulatim in formam provinciae +proxima pars Britanniae: addita insuper veteranorum colonia: quaedam +civitates Cogiduno regi donatae (is id nostram usque memoriam fidissimus +mansit) ut vetere ac jam pridem recepta populi Romani consuetudine, +haberet instrumenta servitutis et reges. Mox Didius Gallus parta a +prioribus continuit, paucis admodum castellis in ulteriora promotis, per +quae fama aucti officii quaereretur. Didium Veranius excepit, isque intra +annum exstinctus est. Suetonius hinc Paullinus biennio prosperas res +habuit, subactis nationibus firmatisque praesidiis: quorum fiducia Monara +insulam, ut vires rebellibus ministrantem, aggressus, terga occasioni +patefecit. + +XV. Namque absentia legati remoto metu, Britanni agitare inter se mala +servitutis, conferre injurias et interpretando accendere: nihil profici +patientia, nisi ut graviora, tanquam ex facili toleratibus, imperentur: +singulos sibi olim reges fuisse, nunc binos imponi: e quibus legatus in +sanguinem, procurator in bona saeviret. Aeque discordiam praepositorum, +aeque concordiam, subjectis exitiosam: alterius manus centuriones, +alterius servos vim et contumelias miscere. Nihil jam cupiditati, nihil +libidini exceptum: in proelio fortiorem esse, qui spoliet; nunc ab +ignavis plerumque et imbellibus eripi domos, abstrahi liberos, injungi +delectus, tanquam mori tantum pro patria nescientibus: quantulum enim +transisse militum, si sese Britanni numerent? sic Germanias excussisse +jugum: et flumine, non Oceano, defendi: sibi patriam, conjuges, parentes, +illis avaritiam et luxuriam causas belli esse. Recessuros, ut divus +Julius recessisset, modo virtutes majorum suorum aemularentur. Neve +proelii unius aut alterius eventu pavescerent: plus impetus, majorem +constantiam, penes miseros esse. Jam Britannorum etiam deos misereri, qui +Romanum ducem absentem, qui relegatum in alia insula exercitum +detinerent: jam ipsos, quod difficillimum fuerit, deliberare: porro in +ejusmodi consiliis periculosius esse deprehendi, quam audere. + +XVI. His atque talibus invicem instincti, Boudicea, generis regii femina, +duce (neque enim sexum in imperiis discernunt) sumpsere universi bellum: +ac sparsos per castella milites consectati, expugnatis praesidiis, ipsam +coloniam invasere, ut sedem servitutis: nec ullum in barbaris saevitiae +genus omisit ira et victoria. Quod nisi Paullinus, cognito provinciae +motu, propere subvenisset, amissa Britannia foret: quam unius proelii +fortuna veteri patientiae restituit, tenentibus arma plerisque, quos +conscientia defectionis et propius ex legato timor agitabat, ne, quanquam +egregius cetera, arroganter in deditos et, ut suae quoque injuriae +ultor, durius consuleret. Missus igitur Petronius Turpilianus, tanquam +exorabilior: et delictis hostium novus, eoque poenitentiae mitior, +compositis prioribus, nihil ultra ausus, Trebellio Maximo provinciam +tradidit. Trebellius segnior, et nullis castrorum experimentis, comitate +quadam curandi provinciam tenuit. Didicere jam barbari quoque ignoscere +vitiis blandientibus: et interventus civilium armorum praebuit justam +segnitiae excusationem: sed discordia laboratum, cum assuetus +expeditionibus miles otio lasciviret. Trebellius fuga ac latebris vitata +exercitus ira, indecorus atque humilis, precario mox praefuit: ac velut +pacti, exercitus licentiam, dux salutem; et seditio sine sanguina stetit. +Nec Vettius Bolanus, manentibus adhuc civilibus bellis, agitavit +Britanniam disciplina: eadem inertia erga hostes, similis petulantia +castrorum: nisi quod innocens Bolanus et nullis delictis invisus, +caritatem paraverat loco auctoritatis. + +XVII. Sed, ubi cum cetero orbe Vespasianus et Britanniam recuperavit, +magni duces, egregii exercitus, minuta hostium spes. Et terrorem statira +intulit Petilius Cerialis, Brigantum civitatem, quae numerosissima +provinciae totius perhibetur, aggressus. Multa proelia, et aliquando non +incruenta magnamque Brigantum partem aut victoria amplexus est aut bello. +Et, cum Cerialis quidem alterius successoris curam famamque obruisset, +sustinuit quoque molem Julius Frontinus, vir magnus quantum licebat, +validamque et pugnacem Silurum gentem armis subegit, super virtutem +hostium, locorum quoque difficultates eluctatus. + +XVIII. Hunc Britanniae statum, has bellorum vices media jam aestate +transgressus Agricola invenit, cum et milites, velut omissa expeditione, +ad securitatem, et hostes ad occasionem verterentur. Ordovicum civitas, +haud multo ante adventum ejus, alam, in finibus suis agentem, prope +universam obtriverat eoque initio erecta provincia: et, quibus bellum +volentibus erat, probare exemplum, ac recentis legati animum opperiri, +cum Agricola, quanquam transvecta aestas, sparsi per provinciam numeri, +praesumpta apud militem illius anni quies, tarda et contraria bellum +inchoaturo, et plerisque custodiri suspecta potius videbatur, ire obviam +discrimini statuit: contractisque legionum vexillis et modica auxiliorum +manu, quia in aequum degredi Ordovices non audebant, ipse ante agmen, quo +ceteris par animus simili periculo esset, erexit aciem: caesaque prope +universa gente, non ignarus instandum famae, ac, prout prima cessissent, +terrorem ceteris fore, Monam insulam, cujus possessione revocatum +Paullinum rebellione totius Britanniae supra memoravi, redigere in +potestatem animo intendit. Sed, ut in dubiis consiliis, naves deerant: +ratio et constantia ducis transvexit. Depositis omnibus sarcinis, +lectissimos auxiliarium, quibus nota vada et patrius nandi usus, quo +simul seque et arma et equos regunt, ita repente immisit, ut obstupefacti +hostes, qui classem, qui naves, qui mare expectabant, nihil arduum aut +invictum crediderint sic ad bellum venientibus. Ita petita pace ac dedita +insula, clarus ac magnus haberi Agricola: quippe cui ingredienti +provinciam, quod tempus alii per ostentationem aut officiorum ambitum +transigunt, labor et periculum placuisset. Nec Agricola, prosperitate +rerum in vanitatem usus, expeditionem aut victoriam vocabat victos +continuisse: ne laureatis quidem gesta prosecutus est: sed ipsa +dissimulatione famae famam auxit, aestimantibus, quanta futuri spe tam +magna tacuisset. + +XIX. Ceterum animorum provinciae prudens, simulque doctus per aliena +experimenta parum profici armis, si injuriae sequerentur, causas bellorum +statuit excidere. A se suisque orsus, primum domum suam coercuit; quod +plerisque haud minus arduum est, quam provinciam regere. Nihil per +libertos servosque publicae rei: non studiis privatis nec ex +commendatione aut precibus centurionum milites ascire, sed optimum +quemque fidissimum putare: omnia scire, non omnia exsequi: parvis +peccatis veniam, magnis severitatem commodare: nec poena semper, sed +saepius poenitentia contentus esse: officiis et administrationibus potius +non peccaturos praeponere, quam damnare, cum peccassent. Frumenti et +tributorum auctionem aequalitate munerum mollire, circumcisis, quae, in +quaestum reperta, ipso tributo gravius tolerabantur: namque per ludibrium +assidere clausis horreis et emere ultro frumenta, ac vendere pretio +cogebantur: devortia itinerum et longinquitas regionum indicebatur, ut +civitates a proximis hibernis in remota et avia referrent, donec, quod +omnibus in promptu erat, paucis lucrosum fieret. + +XX. Haec primo statim anno comprimendo, egregiam famam paci circumdedit; +quae vel incuria vel intolerantia priorum haud minus quam bellum +timebatur. Sed, ubi aestas advenit, contracto exercitu, multus in agmine +laudare modestiam, disjectos coercere: loca castris ipse capere, +aestuaria ac silvas ipse praetentare; et nihil interim apud hostes +quietum pati, quo minus subitis excursibus popularetur: atque, ubi satis +terruerat, parcendo rursus irritamenta pacis ostentare. Quibus rebus +multae civitates, quae in illum diem ex aequo egerant, datis obsidibus, +iram posuere, et praesidiis castellisque circumdatae tanta ratione +curaque, ut nulla ante Britanniae nova pars illacessita transierit. + +XXI. Sequens hiems saluberrimis consiliis absumpta: namque, ut homines +dispersi ac rudes, eoque in bella faciles, quieti et otio per voluptates +assuescerent, hortari privatim, adjuvare publice, ut templa, fora, domus +exstruerent, laudando promptos et castigando segnes: ita honoris +aemulatio pro necessitate erat. Jam vero principum filios liberalibus +artibus erudire, et ingenia Britannorum studiis Gallorum anteferre, ut, +qui modo linguam Romanam abnuebant, eloquentiam concupiscerent. Inde +etiam habitus nostri honor et frequens toga: paulatimque discessum ad +delenimenta vitiorum, porticus et balnea et conviviorum elegantiam: idque +apud imperitos humanitas vocabatur, cum pars servitutis esset. + +XXII. Tertius expeditionum annus novas gentes aperuit, vastatis usque ad +Taum (aestuario nomen est) nationibus: qua formidine territi hostes +quanquam conflictatum saevis tempestatibus exercitum lacessere non ausi; +ponendisque insuper castellis spatium fuit. Annotabant periti non alium +ducem opportunitates locorum sapientius legisse: nullum ab Agricola +positum castellum aut vi hostium expugnatum aut pactione ac fuga +desertum. Crebrae eruptiones: nam adversus moras obsidionis annuis copiis +firmabantur: ita intrepida ibi hiems, et sibi quisque praesidio, irritis +hostibus eoque desperantibus, quia soliti plerumque damna aestatis +hibernis eventibus pensare, tum aestate atque hieme juxta pellebantur. +Nec Agricola unquam per alios gesta avidus intercepit: seu centurio seu +praefectus, incorruptum facti testem habebat. Apud quosdam acerbior in +conviciis narrabatur; ut erat comis bonis, adversus malos injucundus: +ceterum ex iracundia nihil supererat; secretum et silentium ejus non +timeres: honestius putabat offendere, quam odisse. + +XXIII. Quarta aestas obtinendis, quae percurrerat, insumpta: ac, si +virtus exercituum et Romani nominis gloria pateretur, inventus in ipsa +Britannia terminus. Nam Clota et Bodotria, diversi maris aestibus per +immensum revectae, angusto terrarum spatio dirimuntur: quod tum +praesidiis firmabatur: atque omnis propior sinus tenebatur, summotis +velut in aliam insulam hostibus. + +XXIV. Quinto expeditionum anno, nave prima transgressus, ignotas ad id +tempus gentes crebris simul ac prosperis proeliis domuit: eamque partem +Britanniae, quae Hiberniam aspicit, copiis instruxit in spem magis quam +ob formidinem; si quidem Hibernia, medio inter Britanniam atque Hispaniam +sita et Gallico quoque mari opportuna, valentissimam imperii partem +magnis invicem usibus miscuerit. Spatium ejus, si Britanniae comparetur, +angustius, nostri maris insulas superat. Solum coelumque et ingenia +cultusque hominum haud multum a Britannia differunt: in melius aditus +portusque per commercia et negotiatores cogniti. Agricola expulsum +seditione domestica unum ex regulis gentis exceperat ac specie amicitiae +in occasionem retinebat. Saepe ex eo audivi, legione una et modicis +auxiliis debellari obtinerique Hiberniam posse. Idque etiam adversus +Britanniam profuturum, si Romana ubique arma, et velut e conspectu +libertas tolleretur. + +XXV. Ceterum aestate, qua sextum officii annum inchoabat, amplexus +civitates trans Bodotriam sitas, quia motus universarum ultra gentium et +infesta hostilis exercitus itinera timebantur, portus classe exploravit: +quae, ab Agricola primum assumpta in partem virium, sequebatur egregia +specie, cum simul terra, simul mari bellum impelleretur, ac saepe iisdem +castris pedes equesque et nauticus miles, mixti copiis et laetitia, sua +quisque facta, suos casus attollerent: ac modo silvarum ac montium +profunda, modo tempestatum ac fluctuum adversa, hinc terra et hostis, +hinc victus Oceanus militari jactantia compararentur. Britannos quoque, +ut ex captivis audiebatur, visa classis obstupefaciebat, tanquam, aperto +maris sui secreto, ultimum victis perfugium clauderetur. Ad manus et arma +conversi Caledoniam incolentes populi, paratu magno, majore fama, uti mos +est de ignotis, oppugnasse ultro, castella adorti, metum, ut provocantes, +addiderant: regrediendumque citra Bodotriam, et excedendum potius, quam +pellerentur, specie prudentium ignavi admonebant: cum interim cognoscit +hostes pluribus agminibus irrupturos. Ac, ne superante numero et peritia +locorum circumiretur, diviso et ipse in tres partes exercitu incessit. + +XXVI. Quod ubi cognitum hosti, mutato repente consilio, universi nonam +legionem, ut maxime invalidam, nocte aggressi, inter somnum ac +trepidationem caesis vigilibus, irrupere. Jamque in ipsis castris +pugnabant, cum Agricola, iter hostium ab exploratoribus edoctus et +vestigiis insecutus, velocissimos equitum peditumque assultare tergis +pugnantium jubet, mox ab universis adjici clamorem; et propinqua luce +fulsere signa: ita ancipiti malo territi Britanni: et Romanis redit +animus, ac, securi pro salute, de gloria certabant. Ultro quin etiam +erupere: et fuit atrox in ipsia portarum angustiis proelium, donec pulsi +hostes; utroque exercitu certante, his, ut tulisse opem, illis, ne +eguisse auxilio viderentur. Quod nisi paludes et silvae fugientes +texissent, debellatum illa victoria foret. + +XXVII. Cujus conscientia ac fama ferox exercitus nihil virtuti suae +invium: penetrandam Caledoniam, inveniendumque tandem Britanniae terminum +continuo proeliorum cursu, fremebant: atque illi modo cauti ac sapientes, +prompti post eventum ac magniloqui erant. Iniquissima haec bellorum +conditio est: prospera omnes sibi vindicant, adversa uni imputantur. At +Britanni non virtute, sed occasione et arte ducis rati, nihil ex +arrogantia remittere, quo minus juventutem armarent, conjuges ac liberos +in loca tuta transferrent, coetibus ac sacrificiis conspirationem +civitatum sancirent: atque ita irritatis utrimque animis discessum. + +XXVIII. Eadem aestate cohors Usipiorum, per Germanias conscripta, in +Britanniam transmissa, magnum ac memorabile facinus ausa est. Occiso +centurione ac militibus, qui ad tradendam disciplinam immixti manipulis +exemplum et rectores habebantur, tres liburnicas, adactis per vim +gubernatoribus, ascendere: et uno remigante, suspectis duobus eoque +interfectis, nondum vulgato rumore ut miraculum praevehebantur: mox hac +atque illa rapti, et cum plerisque Britannorum, sua defensantium, proelio +congressi, ac saepe victores, aliquando pulsi, eo ad extremum inopiae +venere, ut infirmissimos suorum, mox sorte ductos, vescerentur. Atque +circumvecti Britanniam, amissis per inscitiam regendi navibus, pro +praedonibus habiti, primum a Suevis, mox a Frisiis intercepti sunt: ac +fuere, quos per commercia venumdatos et in nostram usque ripam mutatione +ementium adductos, indicium tanti casus illustravit. + +XXIX. Initio aestatis Agricola, domestico vulnere ictus, anno ante natum +filum amisit. Quem casum neque, ut plerique fortium virorum, ambitiose, +neque per lamenta rursus ac moerorem muliebriter tulit: et in luctu +bellum inter remedia erat. Igitur praemissa classe, quae pluribus locis +praedata, magnum et incertum terrorem faceret, expedito exercitu, cui ex +Britannis fortissimos et longa pace exploratos addiderat, ad montem +Grampium pervenit, quem jam hostis insederat. Nam Britanni, nihil fracti +pugnae prioris eventu, et ultionem aut servitium exspectantes, tandemque +docti commune periculum concordia propulsandum, legationibus et +foederibus omnium civitatum vires exciverant. Jamque super triginta +millia armatorum aspiciebantur, et adhuc affluebat omnis juventus et +quibus cruda ac viridis senectus, clari bello et sua quisque decora +gestantes: cum inter plures duces virtute et genere praestans, nomine +Calgacus, apud contractam multitudinem proelium poscentem, in hunc modum +locutus fertur: + +XXX. "Quotiens causas belli et necessitatem nostram intueor, magnus mihi +animus est hodiernum diem consensumque vestrum initium libertatis totius +Britanniae fore. Nam et universi servitutis expertes, et nullae ultra +terrae, ac ne mare quidem securum, imminente nobis classe Romana: ita +proelium atque arma, quae fortibus honesta, eadem etiam ignavis tutissima +sunt. Priores pugnae, quibus adversus Romanos varia fortuna certatum est, +spem ac subsidium in nostris manibus habebant: quia nobilissimi totius +Britanniae eoque in ipsis penetralibus siti, nec servientium littora +aspicientes, oculos quoque a contactu dominationis inviolatos habebamus. +Nos terrarum ac libertatis extremos, recessus ipse ac sinus famae in +hunc diem defendit: nunc terminus Britanniae patet; atque omne ignotum +pro magnifico est. Sed nulla jam ultra gens, nihil nisi fluctus et saxa, +et infestiores Romani: quorum superbiam frustra per obsequium et +modestiam effugeris. Raptores orbis, postquam cuncta vastantibus defuere +terrae, et mare scrutantur: si locuples hostis est, avari; si pauper, +ambitiosi: quos non Oriens, non Occidens, satiaverit. Soli omnium opes +atque inopiam pari affectu concupiscunt. Auferre, trucidare, rapere, +falsis nominibus imperium; atque, ubi solitudinem faciunt, pacem +appellant." + +XXXI. "Liberos cuique ac propinquos suos natura carissimos esse voluit; +hi per delectus, alibi servituri, auferuntur conjuges sororesque, etsi +hostilem libidinem effugiant, nomine amicorum atque hospitum polluuntur. +Bona fortunasque in tributum egerunt, annos in frumentum: corpora ipsa ac +manus silvis ac paludibus emuniendis inter verbera ac contumelias +conterunt. Nata servituti mancipia semel veneunt, atque ultro a dominis +aluntur: Britannia servitutem suam quotidie emit, quotidie pascit. Ac, +sicut in familia recentissimus quisque servorum et conservis ludibrio +est, sic in hoc orbis terrarum vetere famulatu novi nos et viles in +excidium petimur. Neque enim arva nobis aut metalla aut portus sunt, +quibus exercendis reservemur. Virtus porro ac ferocia subjectorum ingrata +imperantibus: et longinquitas ac secretum ipsum quo tutius, eo +suspectius. Ita, sublata spe veniae, tandem sumite animum, tam quibus +salus, quam quibus gloria carissima est. Trinobantes, femina duce, +exurere coloniam, expugnare castra, ac, nisi felicitas in socordiam +vertisset, exuere jugum potuere: nos integri et indomiti et libertatem +non in poenitentiam laturi, primo statim congressu nonne ostendamus, quos +sibi Caledonia viros seposuerit? An eandem Romanis in bello virtutem, +quam in pace lasciviam adesse creditis?" + +XXXII. "Nostris illi dissensionibus ac discordiis clari, vitia hostium in +gloriam exercitus sui vertunt: quem contractum ex diversissimis gentibus, +ut secundae res tenent, ita adversae dissolvent: nisi si Gallos et +Germanos et (pudet dictu) Britannorum plerosque, licet dominationi +alienae sanguinem commodent, diutius tamen hostes quam servos, fide et +affectu teneri putatis: metus et terror est, infirma vincula caritatis +quae ubi removeris, qui timere desierint, odisse incipient. Omnia +victoriae incitamenta pro nobis sunt: nullae Romanos conjuges accendunt; +nulli parentes fugam exprobraturi sunt; aut nulla plerisque patria, aut +alia est. Paucos numero, trepidos ignorantia, coelum ipsum ac mare et +silvas, ignota omnia circumspectantes, clausos quodammodo ac vinctos dii +nobis tradiderunt. Ne terreat vanus aspectus et auri fulgor atque +argenti, quod neque tegit neque vulnerat. In ipsa hostium acie inveniemus +nostras manus: agnoscent Britanni suam causam: recordabuntur Galli +priorem libertatem: deserent illos ceteri Germani, tanquam nuper Usipii +reliquerunt. Nec quidquam ultra formidinis: vacua castella, senum +coloniae, inter male parentes et injuste imperantes aegra municipia et +discordantia: hic dux, hic exercitus: ibi tributa et metalla et ceterae +servientium poenae: quas in aeternum perferre aut statim ulcisci in hoc +campo est. Proinde ituri in aciem et majores vestros et posteros +cogitate." + +XXXIII. Excepere orationem alacres, ut barbaris moris, cantu et fremitu +clamoribusque dissonis. Jam que agmina, et armorum fulgores audentissimi +cujusque procursu: simul instruebantur acies: cum Agricola, quanquam +laetum et vix munimentis coercitum militem adhortatus, ita disseruit: +"Octavus annus est, commilitones, ex quo virtute et auspiciis imperii +Romani fide atque opera vestra Britanniam vicistis: tot expeditionibus, +tot proeliis, seu fortitudine adversus hostes seu patientia ac labore +paene adversus ipsam rerum naturam opus fuit, neque me militum neque vos +ducis poenituit. Ergo egressi, ego veterum legatorum, vos priorum +exercituum terminos, finem Britanniae non fama nec rumore, sed castris et +armis tenemus. Inventa Britannia et subacta. Equidem saepe in agmine, cum +vos paludes montesve et flumina fatigarent, fortissimi cujusque voces +audiebam, Quando dabitur hostis, quando acies? Veniunt, e latebris suis +extrusi: et vota virtusque in aperto, omniaque prona victoribus, atque +eadem victis adversa. Nam, ut superasse tantum itineris, silvas evasisse, +transisse aestuaria pulchrum ac decorum in frontem; ita fugientibus +periculosissima, quae hodie prosperrima sunt. Neque enim nobis aut +locorum eadem notitia aut commeatuum eadem abundantia: sed manus et arma +et in his omnia. Quod ad me attinet, jam pridem mihi decretum est, neque +exercitus neque ducis terga tuta esse. Proinde et honesta mors turpi vita +potior; et incolumitas ac decus eodem loco sita sunt: nec inglorium +fuerit, in ipso terrarum ac naturae fine cecidisse." + +XXXIV. "Si novae gentes atque ignota acies constitisset, aliorum +exercituum exemplis vos hortarer: nunc vestra decora recensete, vestros +oculos interrogate. Ii sunt, quos proximo anno, unam legionem furto +noctis aggressos, clamore debellastis: ii ceterorum Britannorum +fugacissimi, ideoque tam diu superstites. Quomodo silvas saltusque +penetrantibus fortissimum quodque animal contra ruere, pavida et inertia +ipso agminis sono pelluntur, sic acerrimi Britannorum jam pridem +ceciderunt: reliquus est numerus ignavorum et metuentium, quos quod +tandem invenistis, non restiterunt, sed deprehensi sunt: novissimae res +et extremo metu corpora defixere aciem in his vestigiis, in quibus +pulchram et spectabilem victoriam ederetis. Transigite cum +expeditionibus: imponite quinquaginta annis magnum diem: approbate +reipublicae nunquam exercitui imputari potuisse aut moras belli aut +causas rebellandi." + +XXXV. Et alloquente adhuc Agricola, militum ardor eminebat, et finem +orationis ingens alacritas consecuta est, statimque ad arma discursum. +Instinctos ruentesque ita disposuit, ut peditum auxilia, quae octo +millia erant, mediam aciem firmarent, equitum tria millia cornibus +affunderentur: legiones pro vallo stetere, ingens victoriae decus citra +Romanum sanguinem bellanti, et auxilium, si pellerentur. Britannorum +acies, in speciem simul ac terrorem, editioribus locis constiterat +ita, ut primum agmen aequo, ceteri per acclive jugum connexi velut +insurgerent: media campi covinarius et eques strepitu ac discursu +complebat. Tum Agricola superante hostium multitudine veritus, ne simul +in frontem, simul et latera suorum pugnaretur, diductis ordinibus, +quanquam porrectior acies futura erat et arcessendas plerique legiones +admonebant, promptior in spem et firmus adversis, dimisso equo pedes +ante vexilla constitit. + +XXXVI. Ac primo congressu eminus certabatur simul constantia, simul arte +Britanni ingentibus gladiis et brevibus cetris missilia nostrorum vitare +vel excutere, atque ipsi magnam vim telorum superfundere: donec Agricola +Batavorum cohortes ac Tungrorum duas cohortatus est, ut rem ad mucrones +ac manus adducerent: quod et ipsis vetustate militiae exercitatum, et +hostibus inhabile parva scuta et enormes gladios gerentibus: nam +Britannorum gladii sine mucrone complexum armorum et in aperto pugnam non +tolerabant. Igitur, ut Batavi miscere ictus, ferire umbonibus, ora +foedare, et stratis qui in aequo obstiterant, erigere in colles aciem +coepere, ceterae cohortes, aemulatione et impetu commistae, proximos +quosque caedere; ac plerique semineces aut integri festinatione victoriae +relinquebantur. Interim equitum turmae fugere, covinarii peditum se +proelio miscuere: et, quanquam recentem terrorem intulerant, densis tamen +hostium agminibus et inaequalibus locis haerebant: minimeque equestris ea +pugnae facies erat, cum aegre diu stantes simul equorum corporibus +impellerentur, ac saepe vagi currus, exterriti sine rectoribus equi, ut +quemque formido tulerat, transversos aut obvios incursabant. + +XXXVII. Et Britanni, qui adhuc pugnae expertes summa collium insederant +et paucitatem nostrorum vacui spernebant, degredi paulatim et circumire +terga vincentium coeperant: ni id ipsum veritus Agricola, quatuor equitum +alas, ad subita belli retentas, venientibus opposuisset, quantoque +ferocius accurrerant, tanto acrius pulsos in fugam disjecisset. Ita +consilium Britannorum in ipsos versum: transvectaeque praecepto ducis a +fronte pugnantium alae, aversam hostium aciem invasere. Tum vero +patentibus locis grande et atrox spectaculum: sequi, vulnerare, capere +atque eosdem, oblatis aliis, trucidare. Jam hostium, prout cuique +ingenium erat, catervae armatorum paucioribus terga praestare, quidam +inermes ultro ruere ac se morti offerre; passim arma et corpora et laceri +artus et cruenta humus: et aliquando etiam victis ira virtusque; postquam +silvis appropinquarunt, collecti primos sequentium incautos et locorum +ignaros circumveniebant. Quod ni frequens ubique Agricola validas et +expeditas cohortes indaginis modo, et, sicubi arctiora erant, partem +equitum dimissis equis, simul rariores silvas equitem persultare +jussisset, acceptum aliquod vulnus per nimiam fiduciam foret. Ceterum, +ubi compositos firmis ordinibus sequi rursus videre, in fugam versi, non +agminibus, ut prius, nec alius alium respectantes, rari et vitabundi +invicem, longinqua atque avia petiere. Finis sequendi nox et satietas +fuit: caesa hostium ad decem millia: nostrorum trecenti sexaginta +cecidere: in quis Aulus Atticus praefectus cohortis, juvenili ardore et +ferocia equi hostibus illatus. + +XXXVIII. Et nox quidem gaudio praedaque laeta victoribus: Britanni +palantes, mixtoque virorum mulierumque ploratu, trahere vulneratos, +vocare integros, deserere domos ac per iram ultro incendere: eligere +latebras et statim relinquere: miscere invicem consilia aliqua, dein +separare: aliquando frangi aspectu pignorum suorum, saepius concitari: +satisque constabat, saevisse quosdam in conjuges ac liberos, tanquam +misererentur. Proximus dies faciem victoriae latius aperuit: vastum +ubique silentium, secreti colles, fumantia procul tecta, nemo +exploratoribus obvius: quibus in omnem partem dimissis, ubi incerta fugae +vestigia neque usquam conglobari hostes compertum et exacta jam aestate +spargi bellum nequibat, in fines Horestorum exercitum deducit. Ibi +acceptis obsidibus, praefecto classis circumvehi Britanniam praecepit. +Datae ad id vires, et praecesserat terror. Ipse peditem atque equites +lento itinere, quo novarum gentium animi ipsa transitus mora terrerentur, +in hibernis locavit. Et simul classis secunda tempestate ac fama +Trutulensem portum tenuit, unde proximo latere Britanniae lecto omni +redierat. + +XXXIX. Hunc rerum cursum, quanquam nulla verborum jactantia epistolis +Agricolae actum, ut Domitiano moris erat, fronte laetus, pectore anxius +excepit. Inerat conscientia derisui fuisse nuper falsum e Germania +triumphum, emptis per commercia, quorum habitus et crines in captivorum +speciem formarentur: at nunc veram magnamque victoriam, tot millibus +hostium caesis, ingenti fama celebrari. Id sibi maxime formidolosum, +privati hominis nomen supra principis attolli: frustra studia fori et +civilium artium decus in silentium acta, si militarem gloriam alius +occuparet: et cetera utcumque facilius dissimulari: ducis boni +imperatoriam virtutem esse. Talibus curis exercitus, quodque saevae +cogitationis indicium erat, secreto suo satiatus, optimum in praesentia +statuit reponere odium, donec impetus famae et favor exercitus +languesceret: nam etiam tum Agricola Britanniam obtinebat. + +XL. Igitur triumphalia ornamenta et illustris statuae honorem et quidquid +pro triumpho datur, multo verborum honore cumulata, decerni in senatu +jubet; addique insuper opinionem, Syriam provinciam Agricolae destinari, +vacuam tum morte Atilii Rufi consularis et majoribus reservatam. +Credidere plerique libertum ex secretioribus ministeriis missum ad +Agricolam codicillos, quibus ei Syria dabatur, tulisse cum praecepto, ut, +si in Britannia foret, traderentur: eumque libertum in ipso freto Oceani +obvium Agricolae, ne appellato quidem eo, ad Domitianum remeasse: sive +verum istud, sive ex ingenio principis fictum ac compositum est. +Tradiderat interim Agricola successori suo provinciam quietam tutamque. +Ac, ne notabilis celebritate et frequentia occurrentium introitus esset, +vitato amicorum officio, noctu in urbem, noctu in palatium, ita ut +praeceptum erat, venit: exceptusque brevi osculo et nullo sermone turbae +servientium immixtus est. Ceterum, ut militare nomen, grave inter +otiosos, aliis virtutibus temperaret, tranquillitatem atque otium penitus +auxit, cultu modicus, sermone facilis, uno aut altero amicorum comitatus; +adeo ut plerique quibus magnos viros per ambitionem aestimare mos est, +viso aspectoque Agricola, quaererent famam, pauci interpretarentur. + +XLI. Crebro per eos dies apud Domitianum absens accusatus, absens +absolutus est. Causa periculi non crimen ullum aut querela laesi +cujusquam, sed infensus virtutibus princeps et gloria viri ac pessimum +inimicorum genus, laudantes. Et ea insecuta sunt reipublicae tempora, +quae sileri Agricolam non sinerent: tot exercitus in Moesia Daciaque et +Germania Pannoniaque, temeritate aut per ignaviam ducum amissi: tot +militares viri cum tot cohortibus expugnati et capti: nec jam de limite +imperii et ripa, sed de hibernis legionum et possessione dubitatum. Ita, +cum damna damnis continuarentur atque omnis annus funeribus et cladibus +insigniretur, poscebatur ore vulgi dux Agricola: comparantibus cunctis +vigorem, constantiam et expertum bellis animum cum inertia et formidine +ceterorum. Quibus sermonibus satis constat Domitiani quoque aures +verberatas, dum optimus quisque libertorum amore et fide, pessimi +malignitate et livore, pronum deterioribus principem exstimulabant. Sic +Agricola simul suis virtutibus, simul vitiis aliorum, in ipsam gloriam +praeceps agebatur. + +XLII. Aderat jam annus, quo proconsulatum Asiae et Africae sortiretur, et +occiso Civica nuper nec Agricolae consilium deerat, nec Domitiano +exemplum. Accessere quidam cogitationum principis periti, qui, iturusne +esset in provinciam, ultro Agricolam interrogarent: ac primo occultius +quietem et otium laudare, mox operam suam in approbanda excusatione +offerre: postremo non jam obscuri, suadentes simul terrentesque, +pertraxere ad Domitianum; qui paratus simulatione, in arrogantiam +compositus, et audiit preces excusantis, et, cum annuisset, agi sibi +gratias passus est: nec erubuit beneficii invidia. Salarium tamen, +proconsulari solitum offerri et quibusdam a se ipso concessum, Agricolae +non dedit: sive offensus non petitum, sive ex conscientia, ne, quod +vetuerat, videretur emisse. Proprium humani ingenii est, odisse quem +laeseris: Domitiani vero natura praeceps in iram, et quo obscurior, eo +irrevocabilior, moderatione tamen prudentiaque Agricolae leniebatur: quia +non contumacia neque inani jactatione libertatis famam fatumque +provocabat. Sciant. quibus moris illicita mirari, posse etiam sub malis +principibus magnos viros esse: obsequiumque ac modestiam, si industria ac +vigor adsint, eo laudis excedere, quo plerique per abrupta, sed in nullum +reipublicae usum, ambitiosa morte inclaruerunt. + +XLIII. Finis vitae ejus nobis luctuosus, amicis tristis, extraneis etiam +ignotisque non sine cura fuit. Vulgus quoque et hic aliud agens populus +et ventitavere ad domum, et per fora et circulos locuti sunt: nec +quisquam audita morte Agricolae aut laetatus est aut statim oblitus. +Augebat miserationem constans rumor, veneno interceptum. Nobis nihil +comperti affirmare ausim: ceterum per omnem valetudinem ejus, crebrius +quam ex more principatus per nuntios visentis, et libertorum primi et +medicorum intimi venere: sive cura illud sive inquisitio erat. Supremo +quidem die, momenta deficientis per dispositos cursores nuntiata +constabat, nullo credente sic accelerari, quae tristis audiret. Speciem +tamen doloris animo vultuque prae se tulit, securus jam odii, et qui +facilius dissimularet gaudium, quam metum. Satis constabat, lecto +testamento Agricolae, quo cohaeredem optimae uxori et piissimae filiae +Domitianum scripsit, laetatum eum velut honore judicioque: tam caeca et +corrupta mens assiduis adulationibus erat, ut nesciret a bono patre non +scribi haeredem, nisi malum principem. + +XLIV. Natus erat Agricola, Caio Caesare tertium consule, Idibus Juniis: +excessit sexto et quinquagesimo anno, decimo Kalendas Septembris, Collega +Priscoque consulibus. Quod si habitum quoque ejus posteri noscere velint, +decentior quam sublimior fuit; nihil metus in vultu, gratia oris +supererat bonum virum facile crederes, magnum libenter. Et ipse quidem, +quanquam medio in spatio integrae aetatis ereptus, quantum ad gloriam, +longissimum aevum peregit. Quippe et vera bona, quae in virtutibus sita +sunt, impleverat, et consulari ac triumphalibus ornamentis praedito, quid +aliud adstruere fortuna poterat? Opibus nimiis non gaudebat; speciosae +contigerant. Filia atque uxore superstitibus, potest videri etiam beatus; +incolumi dignitate, florente fama, salvis affinitatibus et amicitiis, +futura effugisse. Nam sicuti durare in hac beatissimi saeculi luce ac +principem Trajanum videre, quod augurio votisque apud nostras aures +ominabatur, ita festinatae mortis grande solatium tulit, evasisse +postremum illud tempus, quo Domitianus non jam per intervalla ac +spiramenta temporum, sed continuo et velut uno ictu rempublicam exhausit. + +XLV. Non vidit Agricola obsessam curiam, et clausum armis senatum, et +eadem strage tot consularium caedes, tot nobilissimarum feminarum exsilia +et fugas. Una adhuc victoria Carus Metius censebatur, et intra Albanam +arcem sententia Messalini strepebat, et Massa Bebius jam tum reus erat. +Mox nostrae duxere Helvidium in carcerem manus: nos Maurici Rusticique +visus, nos innocenti sanguine Senecio perfudit. Nero tamen subtraxit +oculos jussitque scelera, non spectavit: praecipua sub Domitiano +miseriarum pars erat videre et aspici: cum suspiria nostra +subscriberentur; cum denotandis tot hominum palloribus sufficeret saevus +ille vultus et rubor, quo se contra pudorem muniebat. Tu vero felix, +Agricola, non vitae tantum claritate, sed etiam opportunitate mortis. Ut +perhibent qui interfuerunt novissimis sermonibus tuis, constans et libens +fatum excepisti; tanquam pro virili portione innocentiam principi +donares. Sed mihi filiaeque ejus, praeter acerbitatem parentis erepti, +auget moestitiam, quod assidere valetudini, fovere deficientem, satiari +vultu, complexu, non contigit: excepissemus certe mandata vocesque, quas +penitus animo figeremus. Noster hic dolor, nostrum vulnus: nobis tam +longae absentiae conditione ante quadriennium amissus est. Omnia sine +dubio, optime parentum, assidente amantissima uxore, superfuere honori +tuo: paucioribus tamen lacrimis compositus es, et novissima in luce +desideravere aliquid oculi tui. + +XLVI. Si quis piorum manibus locus, si, ut sapientibus placet, non cum +corpore exstinguuntur magnae animae, placide quiescas, nosque, domum +tuam, ab infirmo desiderio et muliebribus lamentis ad contemplationem +virtutum tuarum voces, quas neque lugeri neque plangi fas est: +admiratione te potius, te immortalibus laudibus, et, si natura +suppeditet, similitudine decoremus. Is verus honos, ea conjunctissimi +cujusque pietas. Id filiae quoque uxorique praeceperim, sic patris, sic +mariti memoriam venerari, ut omnia facta dictaque ejus secum revolvant, +formamque ac figuram animi magis quam corporis complectantur: non quia +intercedendum putem imaginibus, quae marmore aut aere finguntur; sed ut +vultus hominum, ita simulacra vultus imbecilla ac mortalia sunt; forma +mentis aeterna, quam tenere et exprimere non per alienam materiam et +artem, sed tuis ipse moribus possis. Quidquid ex Agricola amavimus, +quidquid mirati sumus, manet mansurumque est in animis hominum, in +aeternitate temporum, fama rerum. Nam multos veterum, velut inglorios, et +ignobiles, oblivio obruet: Agricola posteritati narratus et traditus +superstes erit. + + + + +NOTES + + + +TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS. + + +Several words, which occur most frequently in the Notes, are abbreviated. +Of these the following classes may require explanation. The other +abbreviations are either familiar or sufficiently obvious of themselves. + + +1. WORKS OF TACITUS. + +A. Agricola. +Ann. Annals. +G. Germania. +H. Histories. +T. Tacitus. + + +2. ANNOTATORS CITED AS AUTHORITIES. + +Br. Brotier. +D. or Död. Döderlein. +Dr. Dronke. +E. Ernesti. +Gr. Gruber. +Gün. Günther. +K. Kiessling. +Ky. Kingsley. +Mur. Murphy. +Or. Orelli. +Pass. Passow. +R. Roth. +Rhen. Rhenanus. +Rit. Ritter. +Rup. Ruperti. +W. Walch. +Wr. Walther. + + +3. OTHER AUTHORITIES. + +H. Harkness' Latin Grammar. +Beck. Gall. Becker's Gallus. +Böt. Lex. Tac. Bötticher's Lexicon Taciteun. +For. and Fac. Forcellini and Facciolati's Latin Lexicon. +Tur. His. Ang. Sax. Turner's History of the Anglo-Saxons. +Z. Zumpt's Latin Grammar. + + + +GERMANIA. + + +The Treatise DE SITU, MORIBUS ET POPULIS GERMANIAE, was written (as +appears from the treatise itself see § 37) in the second consulship of +the Emperor Trajan, A.U.C. 851, A.D. 98. The design of the author in its +publication has been variously interpreted. From the censure which it +frequently passes upon the corruption and degeneracy of the times, it has +been considered as a mere satire upon Roman manners, in the age of +Tacitus. But to say nothing of the ill adaptation of the whole plan to a +satirical work, there are large parts of the treatise, which must have +been prepared with great labor, and yet can have no possible bearing on +such a design. Satires are not wont to abound in historical notices and +geographical details, especially touching a foreign and distant land. + +The same objection lies against the _political_ ends, which have been +imputed to the author, such as the persuading of Trajan to engage, or +_not_ to engage, in a war with the Germans, as the most potent and +dangerous enemy of Rome. For both these aims have been alleged, and we +might content ourselves with placing the one as an offset against the +other. But aside from the neutralizing force of such contradictions, +wherefore such an imposing array of geographical research, of historical +lore, of political and moral philosophy, for the accomplishment of so +simple a purpose? And why is the purpose so scrupulously concealed, that +confessedly it can be gathered only from obscure intimations, and those +of ambiguous import? Besides, there are passages whose tendency must have +been directly counter to either of these alleged aims (cf. note § 33). +The author does indeed, in the passage just cited, seem to appreciate +with almost prophetic accuracy, those dangers to the Roman Empire, which +were so fearfully illustrated in its subsequent fall beneath the power of +the German Tribes; and he utters, as what true Roman would not in such +forebodings, the warnings and the prayers of a patriot sage. But he does +this only in episodes, which are so manifestly incidental, and yet arise +so naturally out of the narrative or description, that it is truly +surprising it should ever have occurred to any reader, to seek in them +the key to the whole treatise. + +The entire warp and woof of the work is obviously _historical_ and +_geographical_. The satire, the political maxims, the moral sentiments, +and all the rest, are merely incidental, interwoven for the sake of +instruction and embellishment, inwrought because a mind so thoughtful and +so acute as that of Tacitus, could not leave them out. Tacitus had long +been collecting the materials for his Roman Histories. In so doing, his +attention was necessarily drawn often and with special interest to a +people, who, for two centuries and more, had been the most formidable +enemy of the Roman State. In introducing them into his history, he would +naturally wish to give some preliminary account of their origin, manners, +and institutions, as he does in introducing the Jews in the Fifth Book of +his Histories, which happens to be, in part, preserved. Nor would it be +strange, if he should, with this view, collect a mass of materials, which +he could not incorporate entire into a work of such compass, and which +any slight occasion might induce him to publish in a separate form, +perhaps as a sort of forerunner to his Histories. [It has even been +argued by highly respectable scholars, that the Germania of Tacitus is +itself only such a collection of materials, not published by the Author, +and never intended for publication in that form. But it is quite too +methodical, too studied, and too finished a work to admit of that +supposition (cf. Prolegom. of K.).] Such an occasion now was furnished +in the campaigns and victories of Trajan, who, at the time of his +elevation to the imperial power, was at the head of the Roman armies in +Germany, where he also remained for a year or more after his accession to +the throne, till he had received the submission of the hostile tribes and +wiped away the disgrace which the Germans, beyond any other nation of +that age, had brought upon the Roman arms. Such a people, at such a time, +could not fail to be an object of deep interest at Rome. This was the +time when Tacitus published his work on Germany; and such are believed +to have been the motives and the circumstances, which led to the +undertaking. His grand object was not to point a satire or to compass a +political end, but as he himself informs us (§ 27), to treat of the +origin and manners, the geography and history, of the German Tribes. + +The same candor and sincerity, the same correctness and truthfulness, +which characterize the Histories, mark also the work on Germany. The +author certainly aimed to speak the truth, and nothing but the truth, on +the subject of which he treats. Moreover, he had abundant means of +knowing the truth, on all the main points, in the character and history +of the Germans. It has even been argued from such expression as _vidimus_ +(§ 8), that Tacitus had himself been in Germany, and could, therefore, +write from personal observation. Bnt the argument proceeds on a +misinterpretation of his language (cf. note in _loc. cit_.). And the use +of _accepimus_ (as in § 27), shows that he derived his information from +others. But the Romans had been in constant intercourse and connection, +civil or military, with the Germans, for two hundred years. Germany +furnished a wide theatre for their greatest commanders, and a fruitful +theme for their best authors, some of whom, as Julius Caesar (to whom +Tacitus particularly refers, 28), were themselves the chief actors in +what they relate. These authors, some of whose contributions to the +history of Germany are now lost (e.g. the elder Pliny, who wrote twenty +books on the German wars), must have all been in the hands of Tacitus, +and were, doubtless, consulted by him; not, however, as a servile +copyist, or mere compiler (for he sometimes differs from his authorities, +from Caesar even, whom he declares to be the best of them), but as a +discriminating and judicious inquirer. The account of German customs and +institutions may, therefore, be relied on, from the intrinsic credibility +of the author. It receives confirmation, also, from its general +accordance with other early accounts of the Germans, and with their +better known subsequent history, as well as from its strong analogy to +the well-known habits of our American aborigines, and other tribes in a +like stage of civilization (cf. note, § 15). The geographical details are +composed with all the accuracy which the ever-shifting positions and +relations of warring and wandering tribes rendered possible in the nature +of the case (cf. note, § 28). In sentiment, the treatise is surpassingly +rich and instructive, like all the works of this prince of philosophical +historians. In style, it is concise and nervous, yet quite rhetorical, +and in parts, even poetical to a fault (see notes passim, cf. also, +Monboddo's critique on the style of Tacitus). "The work," says La +Bletterie, "is brief without being superficial. Within the compass of a +few pages, it comprises more of ethics and politics, more fine +delineations of character, more substance and pith (_suc_), than can be +collected from many a ponderous volume. It is not one of those barely +agreeable descriptions, which gradually diffuse their influence over +the soul, and leave it in undisturbed tranquillity. It is a picture in +strong light, like the subject itself, full of fire, of sentiment, of +lightning-flashes, that go at once to the heart. We imagine ourselves +in Germany; we become familiar with these so-called barbarians; we pardon +their faults, and almost their vices, out of regard to their virtues; and +in our moments of enthusiasm, we even wish we were Germans." + +The following remarks of Murphy will illustrate the value of the +treatise, to modern Europeans and their descendants. "It is a draught of +savage manners, delineated by a masterly hand; the more interesting, as +the part of the world which it describes was the seminary of the modern +European nations, the VAGINA GENTIUM, as historians have emphatically +called it. The work is short but, as Montesquieu observes, it is the work +of a man who abridged every thing, because he knew every thing. A +thorough knowledge of the transactions of barbarous ages, will throw more +light than is generally imagined on the laws of modern times. Wherever +the barbarians, who issued from their northern hive, settled in new +habitations, they carried with them their native genius, their original +manners, and the first rudiments of the political system which has +prevailed in different parts of Europe. They established monarchy and +liberty, subordination and freedom, the prerogative of the prince and the +rights of the subject, all united in so bold a combination, that the +fabric, in some places, stands to this hour the wonder of mankind. The +British constitution, says Montesquieu, came out of the woods of Germany. +What the state of this country (Britain) was before the arrival of our +Saxon ancestors, Tacitus has shown in the life of Agricola. If we add to +his account of the Germans and Britons, what has been transmitted to us, +concerning them, by Julius Caesar, we shall see the origin of the +Anglo-Saxon government, the great outline of that Gothic constitution +under which the people enjoy their rights and liberties at this hour. +Montesquieu, speaking of his own country, declares it impossible to form +an adequate notion of the French monarchy, and the changes of their +government, without a previous inquiry into the manners, genius, and +spirit of the German nations. Much of what was incorporated with the +institutions of those fierce invaders, has flowed down in the stream of +time, and still mingles with our modern jurisprudence. The subject, it is +conceived, is interesting to every Briton. In the manners of the Germans, +the reader will see our present frame of government, as it were, in its +cradle, _gentis cunabula nostrae_! in the Germans themselves, a fierce +and warlike people, to whom this country owes that spirit of liberty, +which, through so many centuries, has preserved our excellent form of +government, and raised the glory of the British nation: + + ------Genus unde Latinum, + Albanique patres, atque altae + moenia Romae." + + +CHAP. I. _Germania_ stands first as the emphatic word, and is followed by +_omnis_ for explanation. _Germania omnis_ here does not include Germania +Prima and Secunda, which were Roman provinces on the left bank of the +Rhine (so called because settled by Germans). It denotes _Germany +proper_, as a _whole_, in distinction from the provinces just mentioned +and from the several tribes, of which Tacitus treats in the latter part +of the work. So Caesar (B.G. 1,1) uses _Gallia omnis_, as exclusive of +the Roman provinces called Gaul and inclusive of the three _parts_, which +he proceeds to specify. + +_Gallis--Pannoniis_. People used for the countries. Cf. His. 5,6: +_Phoenices. Gaul_, now France; _Rhaetia_, the country of the Grisons and +the Tyrol, with part of Bavaria; _Pannonia_, lower Hungary and part of +Austria. Germany was separated from Gaul by the Rhine; from Rhaetia and +Pannonia, by the Danube.--_Rheno et Danubio_. Rhine and Rhone are +probably different forms of the same root (Rh-n). Danube, in like manner, +has the same root as Dnieper (Dn-p); perhaps also the same as Don and +Dwina (D-n). Probably each of these roots was originally a generic name +for river, water, stream. So there are several _Avons_ in England and +Scotland. Cf. Latham's Germania sub voc. + +_Sarmatis Dacisque_. The Slavonic Tribes were called Sarmatians by the +ancients. _Sarmatia_ included the country north of the Carpathian +Mountains, between the Vistula and the Don in Europe, together with the +adjacent part of Asia, without any definite limits towards the north, +which was terra incognita to the ancients--in short, Sarmatia was +_Russia_, as far as known at that time. _Dacia_ lay between the +Carpathian mountains on the north, and the Danube on the south, including +Upper Hungary, Transylvania, Wallachia, and Moldavia. + +_Mutuo metu_. Rather a poetical boundary! Observe also the alliteration. +At the same time, the words are not a bad description of those wide and +solitary wastes, which, as Caesar informs us (B.G. 6, 23), the Germans +delighted to interpose between themselves and other nations, so that it +might appear that _no one dared to dwell near them.--Montibus_. The +Carpathian.--_Cetera_. Ceteram Germaniae partem. + +_Sinus_. This word denotes any thing with a curved outline (cf. 29, also +A. 23); hence bays, peninsulas, and prominent bends or borders, whether +of land or water. Here _peninsulas_ (particularly that of Jutland, now +Denmark), for it is to the author's purpose here to speak of land rather +than water, and the ocean is more properly said to _embrace peninsulas_, +than _gulfs_ and _bays_. Its association with _islands_ here favors the +same interpretation. So Passow, Or., Rit. Others, with less propriety, +refer it to the _gulfs_ and _bays_, which so mark the Baltic and the +German Oceans.--_Oceanus_ here, includes both the Baltic Sea, and the +German Ocean (Oceanus Septentrionalis). + +_Insularum--spatia. Islands of vast extent_, viz. Funen, Zealand, &c. +Scandinavia also (now Sweden and Norway) was regarded by the ancients as +an island, cf. Plin. Nat. His. iv. 27: quarum (insularum) clarissima +Scandinavia est, incompertae magnitudinis. + +_Nuper--regibus_. Understand with this clause _ut compertum est_. The +above mentioned features of the Northern Ocean had been _discovered_ +in the prosecution of the late wars, of the Romans, among the tribes +and kings previously unknown. _Nuper_ is to be taken in a general +sense==recentioribus temporibus, cf. _nuper additum_, § 2, where it goes +back one hundred and fifty years to the age of Julius Caesar.--_Bellum_. +War in general, no particular war.--_Versus_. This word has been +considered by some as an adverb, and by others as a preposition. It is +better however to regard it as a participle, like _ortus_, with which it +is connected, though without a conjunction expressed. Ritter omits _in_. + +_Molli et clementer edito. Of gentle slope and moderate elevation_ in +studied antithesis to _inaccesso ac praecipiti, lofty and steep_. In like +manner, _jugo, ridge, summit_, is contrasted with _vertice, peak, +height_, cf. Virg. Ecl. 9, 7: _molli clivo_; Ann. 17, 38: _colles +clementer assurgentes_. The _Rhaetian_ Alps, now the mountains of the +Grisons. _Alp_ is a Celtic word==hill. _Albion_ has the same root==_hilly +country. Mons Abnoba_ (al. Arnoba) is the northern part of the +Schwartzwald, or Black Forest.--_Erumpat_, al. erumpit. But the best MSS. +and all the recent editions have _erumpat_: and Tacitus never uses the +pres. ind. after _donec, until_, cf. Rup. & Rit. in loc. Whenever he uses +the present after _donec, until_, he seems to have conceived the relation +of the two clauses, which it connects, as that of a means to an end, or a +condition to a result, and hence to have used the subj. cf. chap. 20: +_separet_; 31: _absolvat_; 35: _sinuetur_; Ann. 2, 6: _misceatur_. The +two examples last cited, like this, describe the course of a river and +boundary line. For the general rule of the modes after _donec_, see H. +522; Z. 575. See also notes H. 1, 13. 35.--_Septimum_. According to the +common understanding, the Danube had _seven_ mouths. So Strabo, Mela, +Ammian, and Ovid; Pliny makes six. T. reconciles the two accounts. The +_enim_ inserted after _septimum_ in most editions is not found in the +best mss. and is unnecessary. Or. & Rit. omit it. + + + II. _Ipsos_ marks the transition from the country to the people--_the +Germans themselves_. So A. 13: _Ipsi Britanni_. + +_Crediderim_. Subj. attice. A modest way of expressing his opinion, like +our: I should say, I am inclined to think. H. 486, I. 3; Z. 527. + +_Adventibus et hospitiis. Immigrants and visitors. Adventibus_ certae +sedes, _hospitiis_ preregrinationes significantur. Gün. Both abstract for +concrete. Död. compares [Greek: epoikoi] and [Greek: metoikoi]. + +_Terra--advehebantur_. Zeugma for _terra adveniebant_, classibus +advehebantur. H. 704, I. 2; Z. 775. + +_Nec--et_. These correlatives connect the members more closely than +et--et; as in Greek oute-te. The sentiment here advanced touching +colonization (as by sea, rather than by land), though true of Carthage, +Sicily, and most _Grecian_, colonies, is directly the reverse of the +general fact; and Germany itself is now known to have received its +population by land emigration, from western Asia. The Germans, as we +learn from affinities of languages and occasional references of +historians and geographers, belonged to the same great stock of the human +family with the Goths and Scythians, and may be traced back to that hive +of nations, that primitive residence of mankind, the country east and +south of the Caspian Sea and in the vicinity of Mount Ararat: cf. Tur. +His. Ang. Sax. B. II. C. 1; also Donaldson's New Cratylus, B. I. Chap. 4. +Latham's dogmatic skepticism will hardly shake the now established faith +on this subject. The science of ethnography was unknown to the ancients. +Tacitus had not the remotest idea, that all mankind were sprung from a +common ancestry, and diffused themselves over the world from a common +centre, a fact asserted in the Scriptures, and daily receiving fresh +confirmation from literature and science. Hence he speaks of the Germans +as _indigenas_, which he explains below by _editum terra_, sprung from +the earth, like the mutum et turpe pecus of Hor. Sat. 1. 3, 100. cf. +A. 11. + +_Mutare quaerebant. Quaerere_ with inf. is poet. constr., found, however, +in later prose writers, and once in Cic. (de Fin. 313: quaeris scire, +enclosed in brackets in Tauchnitz's edition), to avoid repetition of +_cupio_. _Cupio_ or _volo mutare_ would be regular classic prose. + +_Adversus_. That the author here uses _adversus_ in some unusual and +recondite sense, is intimated by the clause: _ut sic dixerim_. It is +understood by some, of a sea _unfriendly to navigation_. But its +connexion by _que_ with _immensus ultra_, shows that it refers to +_position_, and means _lying opposite_, i.e., belonging, as it were, to +another hemisphere or world from ours; for so the Romans regarded the +Northern Ocean and Britain itself, cf. A 12: ultra _nostri orbis_ +mensuram; G. 17: _exterior_ oceanus. So Cic. (Som. Scip. 6.) says: +Homines partim obliquos, partim aversos, partim etiam _adversos_, stare +vobis. This interpretation is confirmed by _ab orbe nostra_ in the +antithesis. On the use of _ut sic dixerim_ for _ut sic dicam_, which is +peculiar to the silver age, see Z. 528. + +_Asia_, sc. Minor. _Africa_, sc. the Roman Province of that name, +comprising the territory of Carthage.--_Peteret_. The question implies a +negative answer, cf. Z. 530. The subj. implies a protasis understood: if +he could, or the like. H. 502. + +_Sit_. Praesens, ut de re vera. Gün. _Nisi si_ is nearly equivalent to +_nisi forte: unless perchance_; unless if we may suppose the case. Cf. +Wr. note on Ann. 2, 63, and Hand's Tursellinus, 3, 240. + +_Memoriae et annalium_. Properly opposed to each other as _tradition_ and +_written history_, though we are not to infer that written books existed +in Germany in the age of Tacitus. + +_Carminibus_. _Songs, ballads_ (from cano). Songs and rude poetry have +been, in all savage countries, the memorials of public transactions, +e.g. the runes of the Goths, the bards of the Britons and Celts, the +scalds of Scandinavia, &c. + +_Tuisconem_. The god from whom Tuesday takes its name, as Wednesday from +Woden, Thursday from Thor, &c., cf. Sharon Turner's His. of Ang. Sax. +app. to book 2. chap. 3. Some find in the name of this god the root of +the words Teutonic, Dutch (Germ. Deutsche or Teutsche &c.,) Al. Tuistonem, +Tristonem, &c. More likely it has the same root as the Latin divus, +dius, deus, and the Greek theios, dios, theos, cf. Grimm's _Deutsche +Mythologie_, sub v. + +_Terra editum==indigena_ above; and gaegenaes and autochthon in Greek. + +_Originem_==auctores. It is predicate after _Mannum_. + +_Ut in licentia vetustatis. As in the license of antiquity_, i.e. since +such license is allowed in regard to ancient times. + +_Ingaevones_. "According to some German antiquaries, the _Ingaevones_ are +die _Einwohner_, those dwelling inwards towards the sea; the _Istaevones_ +are die _Westwohner_, the inhabitants of the western parts; and the +_Hermiones_ are the _Herumwohner_, midland inhabitants," Ky. cf. +Kiessling in loc. Others, e.g. Zeuss and Grimm, with more probability, +find in these names the roots of German words significant of _honor_ +and _bravery_, assumed by different tribes or confederacies as epithets +or titles of distinction. Grimm identifies these three divisions with +the Franks, Saxons, and Thuringians of a later age. See further, note +chap. 27. + +_Vocentur_. The subj. expresses the opinion of others, not the direct +affirmation of the author. H. 529; Z. 549. + +_Deo_==hoc deo, sc. Mannus--Germ. Mann, Eng. Man. + +_Marsos, Gambrivios_. Under the names of Franci and Salii these tribes +afterwards became formidable to the Romans. Cf. Prichard's Researches +into the Physical History of Mankind, Vol. III. chap. 6, sec. 2.-- +_Suevos_, cf. note, 38.--_Vandalios_. The Vandals, now so familiar in +history. + +_Additum_, sc. esse, depending on _affirmant_. + +_Nunc Tungri_, sc. vocentur, cf. His. 4, 15, 16. In confirmation of the +historical accuracy of this passage, Gr. remarks, that Caes. (B.G. 2, 4) +does not mention the Tungri, but names four tribes on the left bank of +the Rhine, who, he says, are called by the common name of _Germans_; +while Pliny (Nat. His. 4, 31), a century later, gives not the names of +these four tribes, but calls them by the new name _Tungri_. + +_Ita--vocarentur_. Locus vexatissimus! exclaim all the critics. And so +they set themselves to amend the text by conjecture. Some have written +_in nomen gentis_ instead of _non gentis_. Others have proposed _a +victorum metu_, or _a victo ob metum_, or _a victis ob metum_. But these +emendations are wholly conjectural and unnecessary. Günther and Walch +render _a victore, from_ the victorious tribe, i.e. _after the name of_ +that tribe. But _a se ipsis_ means _by_ themselves; and the antithesis +doubtless requires _a_ to be understood in the same sense in both +clauses. Grüber translates and explains thus: "In this way the name of a +single tribe, and not of the whole people, has come into use, so that +all, at first by the victor (the Tungri), in order to inspire fear, then +by themselves (by the mouth of the whole people), when once the name +became known, were called by the name of Germans. That is, the Tungri +called all the kindred tribes that dwelt beyond the Rhine, Germans, in +order to inspire fear by the wide extension of the name, since they gave +themselves out to be a part of so vast a people; but at length all the +tribes began to call themselves by this name, probably because they were +pleased to see the fear which it excited." This is, on the whole, the +most satisfactory explanation of the passage, and meets the essential +concurrence of Wr., Or. and Död.--_Germani_. If of German etymology, +this word==gehr or wehr (Fr. guerre) and mann, _men of war_; hence the +_metus_, which the name carried with it. If it is a Latin word +corresponding only in _sense_ with the original German, then==_brethren_. +It will be seen, that either etymology would accord with Grüber's +explanation of the whole passage--in either case, the name would +inspire fear. The latter, however, is the more probable, cf. Ritter in +loc. A people often bear quite different names abroad from that by which +they call themselves at home. Thus the people, whom we call _Germans_, +call themselves _Deutsche_ (Dutch), and are called by the French +_Allemands_, cf. Latham. _Vocarentur_ is subj. because it stands in a +subordinate clause of the oratio obliqua, cf. H. 531; Z. 603. + +_Metum_. Here taken in an _active_ sense; oftener passive, but used in +both senses. Quintilian speaks of _metum duplicem_, quem patimur et quem +facimus (6, 2, 21). cf. A. 44: nihil metus in vultu, i.e., nothing to +inspire fear in his countenance. In like manner admiratio (§ 7) is used +for the admiration which one excites, though it usually denotes the +admiration which one feels. For _ob_, cf. Ann. 1, 79: _ob moderandas +Tiberis exundationes_. + +_Nationis--gentis. Gens_ is often used by T. as a synonym with _natio_. +But in antithesis, _gens_ is the whole, of which _nationes_ or _populi_ +are the parts, e.g. G. 4: populos--gentem; § 14: nationes--genti. In +like manner, in the civil constitution of Rome, a _gens_ included several +related _families_. + + +III. _Herculem_. That is, Romana interpretatione, cf. § 34. The Romans +found _their_ gods everywhere, and ascribed to Hercules, quidquid ubique +magnificum est, cf. note 34: _quicquid--consensimus_. That this is a +Roman account of the matter is evident, from the use of _eos_, for if +the Germans were the subject of _memorant_, _se_ must have been used. On +the use of _et_ here, cf. note 11. + +_Primum_--ut principem, fortissimum. Gün. + +_Haec quoque_. _Haec_ is rendered _such_ by Ritter. But it seems rather, +as Or. and Död. explain it, to imply nearness and familiarity to the mind +of the author and his readers: _these_ well known songs. So 20: _in haec +corpora, quae miramur_. _Quoque_, like _quidem_, follows the emphatic +word in a clause, H. 602, III. 1; Z. 355. + +_Relatu_, called _cantus trux_, H. 2, 22. A Tacitean word. Freund. Cf. H. +1, 30. + +_Baritum_. Al. barditum and barritum. But the latter has no ms. +authority, and the former seems to have been suggested by the bards of +the Gauls, of whose existence among the Germans however there is no +evidence. Död. says the root of the word is common to the Greek, Latin, +and German languages, viz. _baren_, i.e. _fremere_, a verb still used by +the Batavians, and the noun _bar_, i.e. carmen, of frequent occurrence +in Saxon poetry to this day. + +_Terrent trepidantve. They inspire terror or tremble with fear, according +as the line_ (the troops drawn up in battle array) _has sounded_, sc. the +_baritus_ or battle cry. Thus the Batavians perceived, that the _sonitus +aciei_ on the part of the Romans was more feeble than their own, and +pressed on, as to certain triumph. H. 4, 18. So the Highlanders augured +victory, if their shouts were louder than those of the enemy. See Murphy +in loco. + +_Repercussu_. A post-Augustan word. The earlier Latin authors would have +said _repercussa_, or _repercutiendo_. The later Latin, like the English, +uses more abstract terms.--_Nec tam--videntur. Nor do those carmina seem +to be so much voices_ (well modulated and harmonized), _as acclamations_ +(unanimous, but inarticulate and indistinct) _of courage_. So Pliny uses +_concentus_ of the acclamations of the people. Panegyr. 2. It is often +applied by the poets to the concerts of birds, as in Virg. Geor. 1, 422. +It is here plural, cf. Or. in loc. The reading _vocis_ is without MS. +authority. + +_Ulixem_. "The love of fabulous history, which was the passion of ancient +times, produced a new Hercules in every country, and made Ulysses wander +on every shore. Tacitus mentions it as a romantic tale; but Strabo seems +willing to countenance the fiction, and gravely tells us that Ulysses +founded a city, called Odyssey, in Spain. Lipsius observes, that Lisbon, +in the name of Strabo, had the appellation of Ulysippo, or Olisipo. At +this rate, he pleasantly adds, what should hinder us inhabitants of the +Low Countries from asserting that Ulysses built the city of Ulyssinga, +and Circe founded that of Circzea or Ziriczee?" Murphy. + +_Fabuloso errore. Storied, celebrated in song_, cf. fabulosus Hydaspes. +Hor. Od. 1, 227. Ulysses having _wandered westward_ gave plausibility to +alleged traces of him in Gaul, Spain and Germany--_Asciburgium_. Now +Asburg. + +_Quin etiam_, cf. notes, 13: _quin etiam_, and 14: _quin immo.--Ulixi_, +i.e. ab Ulixe, cf. Ann. 15,41: Aedes statoris Jovis Romulo vota, i.e. by +Romulus. This usage is especially frequent in the poets and the later +prose writers, cf. H. 388, II. 3; Z. 419; and in T. above all others, cf. +Böt. Lex. Tac. sub _Dativus_. Wr. and Rit. understand however an altar +(or monument) consecrated to Ulysses, i.e. erected in honor of him by the +citizens. + +_Adjecto_. Inscribed with the name of his father, as well as his own, +i.e. [Greek: Laertiadae]. + +_Graecis litteris. Grecian characters_, cf. Caes. B.G. 1, 29: In castris +_Helvetiorum_, tabulae repertae sunt _litteris Graecis_ confectae; and +(6, 14): _Galli_ in publicis privatisque rationibus _Graecis utuntur +litteris_. T. speaks (Ann. 11, 14) of alphabetic characters, as passing +from Phenicia into Greece, and Strabo (4, 1) traces them from the Grecian +colony at Marseilles, into Gaul, whence they doubtless passed into +Germany, and even into Britain. + + +IV. _Aliis aliarum_. The Greek and Latin are both fond of a repetition +of different cases of the same word, even where one of them is redundant, +e.g. [Greek: oioden oios] (Hom. II. 7, 39), and particularly in the +words [Greek: allos] and _alius_. _Aliis_ is not however wholly +redundant; but brings out more fully the idea: _no intermarriages, one +with one nation, and another with another_. Walch and Ritter omit +_aliis_, though it is found in all the MSS. + +_Infectos_. Things are said _infici_ and _imbui_, which are so penetrated +and permeated by something else, that that something becomes a part of +its nature or substance, as inficere colore, sanguine, veneno, animum +virtutibus. It does not necessarily imply corruption or degeneracy. + +_Propriam--similem_. Three epithets not essentially different used for +the sake of emphasis==_peculiar, pure, and sui-generis. Similis_ takes +the gen., when it expresses, as here, an internal resemblance in +character; otherwise the dat., cf. Z. 411, H. 391, 2. 4. + +_Habitus_. Form and features, external appearance. The physical features +of the Germans as described by Tacitus, though still sufficient to +distinguish them from the more southern European nations, have proved +less permanent than their mental and social characteristics. + +_Idem omnibus_. Cf. Juv. 13, 164: + + _Caerula_ quis stupuit _Germani lumina? flavam + Caesariem_, et madido torquentem cornua cirro? + Nempe quod haec illis natura est _omnibus una_. + +_Magna corpora_. "Sidonius Apollinaris says, that, being in Germany and +finding the men so very tall, he could not address verses of six feet to +patrons who were seven feet high: + + Spernit senipedem stilum Thalia, + Ex quo septipedes vidit patronos." Mur. + +Skeletons, in the ancient graves of Germany, are found to vary from 5 ft. +10 in. to 6 ft. 10 in. and even 7 ft. Cf. Ukert, Geog. III. 1. p. 197. +These skeletons indicate a _strong_ and _well formed_ body. + +_Impetum. Temporary exertion_, as opposed to _persevering toil and +effort, laboris atque operum_. + +_Eadem_. Not so much _patientia_, as _ad impetum valida_. See a like +elliptical use of _idem_ § 23: eadem temperantia; § 10: iisdem nemoribus. +Also of totidem § 26. + +_Minime--assueverunt_. "Least of all, are they capable of sustaining +thirst and heat; cold and hunger, they are accustomed, by their soil and +climate, to endure." Ky. The force of _minime_ is confined to the first +clause, and the proper antithetic particle is omitted at the beginning of +the second. _Tolerare_ depends on _assueverunt_, and belongs to both +clauses. _Ve_ is distributive, referring _coelo_ to _frigora_ and _solo_ +to _inediam_. So _vel_ in H. 1, 62: strenuis _vel_ ignavis spem metumque +addere==strenuis spem, ignavis metum addere. + + +V. _Humidior--ventosior. Humidior_ refers to _paludibus, ventosior_ to +_silvis_; the mountains (which were exposed to sweeping _winds_) being +for the most part covered with forests, and the low grounds with marshes. +_Ventosus_==Homeric [Greek: aenemoeis], windy, i.e. lofty. H. 3, 305: +[Greek: Ilion aenemoessan]. + +_Satis ferax. Satis==segetibus_ poetice. _Ferax_ is constructed with +abl., vid. Virg. Geor. 2, 222: ferax oleo. + +_Impatiens_. Not to be taken in the absolute sense, cf. § 20, 23, 26, +where fruit trees and fruits are spoken of. + +_Improcera_ agrees with _pecora_ understood. + +_Armentis. Pecora_--flocks in general. _Armenta_ (from _aro_, to plough), +larger cattle in particular. It _may_ include horses. + +_Suus honor_. Their proper, i.e. usual size and beauty. + +_Gloria frontis_. Poetice for _cornua_. Their horns were small. + +_Numero_. Emphatic: _number_, rather than _quality_. Or, with Ritter, +_gaudent_ may be taken in the sense of enjoy, possess: _they have a good +number of them_. In the same sense he interprets _gaudent_ in A. 44: +_opibus nimiis non gaudebat_. + +_Irati_, sc. quia _opes_ sunt _irritamenta malorum_. Ov. Met. 1, 140.-- +_Negaverint_. Subj. H. 525; Z. 552--_Affirmaverim_. cf. note, 2: +_crediderim_. + +_Nullam venam_. "Mines of gold and silver have since been discovered in +Germany; the former, indeed, inconsiderable, but the latter valuable." +Ky. T. himself in his later work (the Annals), speaks of the discovery of +a silver mine in Germany. Ann. 11, 20. + +_Perinde. Not so much as might be expected_, or as the _Romans_, and +other civilized nations. So Gronovius, Död. and most commentators. See +Rup. in loc. Others, as Or. and Rit. allow no ellipsis, and render: _not +much_. See Hand's Tursellinus, vol. IV. p. 454. We sometimes use _not so +much, not so very, not so bad_, &c., for _not very, not much_, and _not +bad_. Still the form of expression strictly implies a comparison. And the +same is true of _haud perinde_, cf. Böt. Lex. Tac. + +_Est videre. Est_ for _licet_. Graece et poetice. Not so used in the +earlier Latin prose. See Z. 227. + +_Non in alia vilitate_, i.e. eadem vilitate, aeque vilia, _held in the +same low estimation.--Humo_. Abl. of material. + +_Proximi_, sc. ad ripam. Nearest to the Roman border, opposed to +_interiores_. + +_Serratos_. Not elsewhere mentioned; probably coins with serrated edges, +still found. The word is post-Augustan. + +_Bigatos_. Roman coins stamped with a biga or two-horse chariot. Others +were stamped with a quadriga and called quadrigati. The bigati seem to +have circulated freely in foreign lands, cf. Ukert's Geog. of Greeks and +Romans, III. 1: Trade of Germany, and places cited there. "The serrati +and bigati were old coins, of purer silver than those of tho Emperors." +Ky. Cf. Pliny, H. N. 33, 13. + +_Sequuntur_. Sequi==expetere. So used by Cic., Sal., and the best +writers. Compare our word _seek_. + +_Nulla affectione animi. Not from any partiality for the silver in +itself_ (but for convenience). + +_Numerus_. Greater number and consequently less relative value of the +silver coins. On _quia_, cf. note, H. 1, 31. + + +VI. _Ne--quidem_. _Not even_, i.e. iron is scarce as well as gold and +silver. The weapons found in ancient German graves are of _stone_, and +bear a striking resemblance to those of the American Indians. Cf. Ukert, +p. 216. Ad verba, cf. note, His. 1, 16: _ne--fueris_. The emphatic word +always stands between _ne_ and _quidem_. H. 602, III. 2; Z. 801.-- +_Superest_. Is over and above, i.e. _abounds_. So superest ager, § 26. + +_Vel_. Pro _sive_, Ciceroni inauditum. Gün. Cf. note, 17. + +_Frameas_. The word is still found in Spain, as well as Germany. +_Lancea_. is also a Spanish word, cf. Freund. + +_Nudi_. Cf. § 17, 20, and 24. Also Caes., B.G. 6, 21: magna corporis +parte nuda. + +_Sagulo_. Dim. of sago. A small short cloak.--_Leves_==Leviter induti. +The clause _nudi--leves_ is added _here_ to show, that their dress is +favorable to the use of missiles. + +_Missilia spargunt_. Dictio est Virgiliana. K. + +_Coloribus_. Cf. nigra scuta, § 43. "Hence coats of arms and the origin +of heraldry." Mur. + +_Cultus_. Military equipments. Cultus complectitur omnia, quae studio et +arte eis, quae natura instituit, adduntur. K. + +_Cassis aut galea_. _Cassis_, properly of metal; _galea_ of leather (Gr.: +galen); though the distinction is not always observed. + +_Equi--conspicui_. Cf. Caes. B.G. 4, 2, 7, 65. + +_Sed nec variare_. _But_ (i.e. on the other hand) _they are not even_ +(for _nec_ in this sense see Ritter in loc.) _taught to vary their +curves_ (i.e. as the antithesis shows, to bend now towards the right and +now towards the left in their gyrations), _but they drive them straight +forward or by a constant bend towards the right in so connected a circle_ +(i.e. a complete ring), _that no one is behind_ (for the obvious reason, +that there is neither beginning nor end to such a ring). Such is on the +whole the most satisfactory explanation of this difficult passage, which +we can give after a careful examination. A different version was given in +the first edition. It refers not to battle, but to equestrian exercises, +cf. Gerlach, as cited by Or. in loc. + +_Aestimanti_. Greek idiom. Elliptical dative, nearly equivalent to the +abl. abs. (nobis aestimantibus), and called by some the dat. abs. In A. +II. the ellipsis is supplied by _credibile est_. Cf. Bötticher's Lex. +Tac. sub _Dativus_. + +_Eoque mixti. Eo_, causal particle==for that reason. Caesar adopted this +arrangement in the battle of Pharsalia. B.C. 3, 84. The Greeks also had +[Greek: pezoi amippoi]. Xen. Hellen. 7, 5. + +_Centeni_. A hundred is a favorite number with the Germans and their +descendants. Witness the hundred _pagi_ of the Suevi (Caes. B.G. 4, 1), +and of the Semnones (G. 39), the _cantons_ of Switzerland, and the +_hundreds_ of our Saxon ancestors in England. The _centeni_ here are a +military division. In like manner, Caesar (B.G. 4, 1) speaks of a +_thousand_ men drafted annually from each _pagus_ of the Suevi, for +military service abroad. + +_Idque ipsum_. Predicate nominative after a verb of calling, H. 362, +2. 2; Z. 394. The division was called a _hundred_, and each man in it a +_hundreder_; and such was the estimation in which this service was held, +that to be a hundreder, became an honorable distinction, _nomen et +honor_==honorificum nomen. + +_Cuneos_. A body of men arranged in the form of a wedge, i.e. narrow in +front and widening towards the rear; hence peculiarly adapted to break +the lines of the enemy. + +_Consilii quam formidinis_. Supply _magis_. The conciseness of T. +leads him often to omit one of two correlative particles, cf. note on +_minime_, 4. + +_Referunt. Carry into the rear_, and so secure them for burial. + +_Etiam in dubiis proeliis_. Even while the battle remains undecided. Gün. + +_Finierunt_. In a present or aorist sense, as often in T. So +_prohibuerunt_, § 10; _placuit_ and _displicuit_, 11. cf. Lex. Tac. Böt. + + +VII. _Reges_, civil rulers; _duces_, military commanders. _Ex_== +secundum. So _ex ingenio_, § 3. The government was elective, yet not +without some regard to hereditary distinctions. They _chose (sumunt)_ +their sovereign, but chose him from the royal family, or at least one of +noble extraction. They chose also their commander--the king, if he was +the bravest and ablest warrior; if not, they were at liberty to choose +some one else. And among the Germans, as among their descendants, the +Franks, the authority of the commander was quite distinct from, and +sometimes (in war) paramount to, that of the king. Here Montesquieu and +others find the original of the kings of the first race in the French +monarchy, and the _mayors of the palace_, who once had so much power in +France. Cf. Sp. of Laws, B. 31, chap. 4. + +_Nec_ is correlative to _et. The kings on the one hand do not possess +unlimited or unrestrained authority, and the commanders on the other, &c. +Infinita_==sine modo; _libera_==sine vinculo. Wr. _Potestas_==rightful +power, authority; _potentia_==power without regard to right, ability, +force, cf. note, 42. Ad rem, cf. Caes. B.G. 5, 27. Ambiorix tells Caesar, +that though he governed, yet the people made laws for him, and the +supreme power was shared equally between him and them. + +_Exemplo--imperio_. "_Dative_ after _sunt==are to set an example, rather +than to give command_." So Grüber and Död. But Wr. and Rit. with more +reason consider them as ablatives of means limiting a verb implied in +_duces: commanders_ (command) _more by example, than by authority_ +(official power). See the principle well stated and illustrated in +Döderlein's Essay on the style of Tacitus, p. 15, in my edition of the +Histories. + +_Admiratione praesunt. Gain influence, or ascendency, by means of the +admiration which they inspire_, cf. note on metus, § 2. + +_Agant_. Subj., ut ad judicium admirantium, non mentem scriptoris +trahatur. Gün. + +_Animadvertere_==interficere. Cf. H. 1, 46. 68. _None but the priests are +allowed to put to death, to place in irons, nor even_ (ne quidem) _to +scourge_. Thus punishment was clothed with divine authority. + +_Effigies et signa. Images and standards_, i.e. images, which serve for +standards. Images of wild beasts are meant, cf. H. 4, 22: depromptae +silvis lucisve ferarum imagines.--_Turmam_, cavalry. _Cuneum_, infantry, +but sometimes both. _Conglobatio_ is found only in writers after the +Augustan age and rarely in them. It occurs in Sen. Qu. Nat. 1, 15, cf. +Freund. + +_Familiae_ is less comprehensive than _propinquitates. Audiri_, sc. +solent. Cf. A. 34 _ruere_. Wr. calls it histor. inf., and Rit. pronounces +it a gloss. + +_Pignora_. Whatever is most dear, particularly mothers, wives, and +children.--_Unde_, adv. of place, referring to _in proximo_. + +_Vulnera ferunt_, i.e. on their return from battle. + +_Exigere. Examine_, and compare, to see who has the most and the most +honorable, or perhaps to soothe and dress them.--_Cibos et hortamina_. +Observe the singular juxtaposition of things so unlike. So 1: _metu aut +montibus_; A. 25: _copiis et laetitia_; 37: _nox et satietas_; 38: +_gaudio praedaque_. + + +VIII. _Constantia precum==importunate entreaties_. + +_Objectu pectorum. By opposing their breasts_, not to the enemy but to +their retreating husbands, praying for death in preference to captivity. + +_Monstrata--captivitate_. _Cominus_ limits _captivitate_, pointing to +captivity as just before them.--_Impatientius_. _Impatienter_ and +_impatientia_ (the adv. and the subst.) are post-Augustan words. The adj. +(impatiens) is found earlier. Cf. Freund. + +_Feminarum--nomine_, i.e. propter feminas suas. Gün. So Cic.: tuo nomine +et reipublicae==on your account and for the sake of the republic. But it +means perhaps more than that here, viz. in the person of. They dreaded +captivity more for their women than for themselves. _Adeo==insomuch +that_. + +_Inesse_, sc. feminis. _They think, there is in their women something +sacred and prophetic_. Cf. Caes. B.G. 1, 50, where Caesar is informed by +the prisoners, that Ariovistus had declined an engagement because the +_women_ had declared against coming to action before the new moon.-- +_Consilia, advice_ in general; _responsa, inspired answers_, when +consulted. + +_Vidimus_, i.e. she lived in our day--under the reign of Vespasian.-- +_Veledam_. Cf. H. 4, 61. 65. + +_Auriniam_. Aurinia seems to have been a common name in Germany for +prophetess or wise woman. Perhaps==Al-runas, women knowing all things. So +_Veleda_==wise woman. Cf. Wr. in loc. + +_Non adulatione_, etc. "Not through adulation, nor as if they were +raising mortals to the rank of goddesses." Ky. This is one of those +oblique censures on Roman customs in which the treatise abounds. The +Romans in the excess of their adulation to the imperial family _made_ +ordinary women goddesses, as Drusilla, sister of Caligula, the infant +daughter of Poppaea (Ann. 15, 23), and Poppaea herself (Dio 63, 29). The +Germans, on the other hand, really thought some of their wise women to be +divine. Cf. His. 4, 62, and my note ibid. Reverence and affection for +woman was characteristic of the German Tribes, and from them has diffused +itself throughout European society. + + +IX. _Deorum_. T. here, as elsewhere, applies Roman names, and puts a +Roman construction (Romana interpretatione, § 43), upon the gods of other +nations, cf. § 3. + +_Mercurium_. So Caes. B.G. 6, 17: Deum maxime Mercurium colunt. Probably +the German _Woden_, whose name is preserved in our Wednesday, as that of +Mercury is in the French name of the same day, and who with a name +slightly modified (Woden, Wuotan, Odin), was a prominent object of +worship among all the nations of Northern Europe. _Mars_ is perhaps the +German god of war (Tiw, Tiu, Tuisco) whence Tuesday, French Mardi, cf. +Tur. His. Ang. Sax. App. to B. 2. chap. 3. _Herculem_ is omitted by +Ritter on evidence (partly external and partly internal) which is +entitled to not a little consideration. Hercules is the god of strength, +perhaps Thor. + +_Certis diebus_. Statis diebus. Gün. + +_Humanis--hostiis_. Even _facere_ in the sense of _sacrifice_ is +construed with abl. Virg. Ec. 3, 77. _Quoque_==even. For its position in +the sentence, cf. note, 3. + +_Concessis animalibus_. Such as the Romans and other civilized nations +offer, in contradistinction to _human_ sacrifices, which the author +regards as _in_-concessa. The attempt has been made to remove from the +Germans the stain of human sacrifices. But it rests on incontrovertible +evidence (cf. Tur. His. Ang. Sax., App. to B. 2. cap. 3), and indeed +attaches to them only in common with nearly all uncivilized nations. The +Gauls and Britons, and the Celtic nations generally, carried the practice +to great lengths, cf. Caes. B.G. 6, 15. The neighbors of the Hebrews +offered human victims in great numbers to their gods, as we learn from +the Scriptures. Nay, the reproach rests also upon the Greeks and Romans +in their early history. Pliny informs us, that men were sacrificed as +late as the year of Rome 657. + +_Isidi_. The Egyptian Isis in Germany! This shows, how far the Romans +went in comparing the gods of different nations. Gr. Ritter identifies +this goddess with the Nertha of chap. 40, the Egyptian Isis and Nertha +being both equivalent to Mother Earth, the Terra or Tellus of the Romans. + +_Liburnae_. A light galley, so called from the Liburnians, a people of +Illyricum, who built and navigated them. The _signum_, here likened to a +galley, was more probably a rude crescent, connected with the worship of +the moon, cf. Caes. B.G. 6, 21: Germani deorum numero ducunt Solem et +_Lunam_. + +_Cohibere parietibus_==aedificiis includere, K. T. elsewhere speaks of +temples of German divinities (e.g. 40: templum Nerthi; Ann. 1, 51: +templum Tanfanae); but a consecrated grove or any other sacred place was +called _templum_ by the Romans (templum from [Greek: temno], cut off, set +apart). + +_Ex magnitudine_. _Ex_==secundum, cf. _ex nobilitate_, _ex virtute_ § 7. +_Ex magnitudine_ is predicate after _arbitrantur: they deem it unbecoming +the greatness_, etc. + +_Humani--speciem_. Images of the gods existed at a later day in Germany +(S. Tur. His. of Ang. Sax., App. to B. 2. cap. 3). But this does not +prove their existence in the days of T. Even as late as A.D. 240 Gregory +Thaumaturgus expressly declares, there were no images among the Goths. No +traces of temple-walls or images have been discovered in connection with +the numerous sites of ancient altars or places of offering which have +been exhumed in _Germany_, though both these are found on the _borders_, +both south and west, cf. Ukert, p. 236. + +_Lucos et nemora_. "Lucus (a [Greek: lukae], crepusculum) sylva densior, +obumbrans; nemus ([Greek: nemos]) sylva rarior, in quo jumenta et pecora +pascuntur." Bredow. + +_Deorumque--vident. They invoke under the name of gods that mysterious +existence, which they see_ (not under any human or other visible form, +but) _with the eye of spiritual reverence alone_. So Gr. and K. Others +get another idea thus loosely expressed: They give to that sacred recess +the name of the divinity that fills the place, which is never profaned by +the steps of man. + +_Sola reverentia_, cf. _sola mente_ applied by T. to the spiritual +religion of the Jews, H. 5, 5. The religion of the Germans and other +northern tribes was more spiritual than that of southern nations, when +both were Pagan. And after the introduction of Christianity, the Germans +were disinclined to the image-worship of the Papists. + + +X. _Auspicia sortesque_. _Auspicia_ (avis-spicia) properly divination by +observing the flight and cry of birds; _sortes_, by drawing lots: but +both often used in the general sense of omens, oracles. + +_Ut qui maxime_, sc. _observant_. Ellipsis supplied by repeating +_observant_==to the greatest extent, none more. + +_Simplex_. Sine Romana arte, cf. Cic. de Div. 2, 41, K. The Scythians had +a similar method of divining, Herod. 4, 67. Indeed, the practice of +_divining_ by _rods_ has hardly ceased to this day, among the descendants +of the German Tribes. + +_Temere_, without plan on the part of the diviner.--_Fortuito_, under the +direction of chance. Gr. + +_Si publice consuletur_. If the question to be decided is of a public +nature. _Consuletur_, fut., because at the time of drawing lots the +deliberation and decision are future. Or it may refer to the consultation +of the gods (cf. Ann. 14, 30: _consulere deos_): _if it is by the state +that the gods are to be consulted_. So Ritter in his last edition. + +_Ter singulos tollit_. A three-fold drawing for the sake of certainty. +Thus Ariovistus drew lots three times touching the death of Valerius +(Caes. B.G. 1, 53). So also the Romans drew lots three times, Tibul. 1, +3, 10: sortes ter sustulit. Such is the interpretation of these disputed +words by Grüber, Ritter and many others, and such is certainly their +natural and obvious meaning: _he takes up three times one after another_ +all the slips he has _scattered_ (_spargere_ is hardly applicable to +_three_ only): if the signs are twice or thrice favorable, the thing is +permitted; if twice or thrice unfavorable it is prohibited. The language +of Caesar (in loc. cit.) is still more explicit: _ter sortibus +consultum_. But Or., Wr. and Död. understand simply the taking up of +three lots one each time. + +_Si prohibuerunt_ sc. sortes==dii. The reading _prohibuerunt_ (aL +prohibuerint) is favored by the analogy of _si displicuit_, 11, and other +passages. _Sin (==si--ne)_ is particularly frequent in antithesis with +_si_, and takes the same construction after it. + +_Auspiciorum--exigitur. Auspiciorum_, here some other omens, than lots; +such as the author proceeds to specify. _Adhuc_==ad hoc, praeterea, i.e. +in addition to the lots. The sense is: _besides drawing lots, the +persuasion produced by auspices is required_. + +_Etiam hic_. In Germany also (as well as at Rome and other well known +countries). _Hic_ is referred to Rome by some. But it was hardly needful +for T. to inform the Romans of that custom at Rome. + +_Proprium gentis. It is a peculiarity of the German race_. It is not, +however, exclusively German. Something similar prevailed among the +Persians, Herod. 1, 189. 7, 55. Darius Hystaspes was indebted to the +neighing of his horse for his elevation to the throne. + +_Iisdem memoribus_, § 9.--_Mortali opere_==hominum opere.--_Contacti_. +Notio contaminandi inest, K.--_Pressi curru_. Harnessed to the sacred +chariot. More common, pressi jugo. Poetice. + +_Conscios_ sc. deorum. _The priests consider themselves the servants of +the gods, the horses the confidants of the same_. So Tibullus speaks of +the _conscia_ fibra _deorum_. Tibul. 1, 8, 3. + +_Committunt_. Con and mitto, send together==_engage in fight_. A +technical expression used of gladiators and champions. + +_Praejudicio. Sure prognostic_. Montesquieu finds in this custom the +origin of the duel and of knight-errantry. + + +XI. _Apud--pertractentur. Are handled_, i.e. discussed, among, i.e. _by +the chiefs_, sc. before being referred to the people. + +_Nisi_ refers not to _coeunt_, but to _certis diebus_. + +_Fortuitum_, casual, unforeseen; _subitum_, requiring immediate action. + +_Inchoatur--impletur_. Ariovistus would not _fight_ before the new moon, +Caes. B.G. 1, 50. + +_Numerum--noctium_. Of which custom, we have a relic and a proof in our +seven-_night_ and fort-_night_. So also the Gauls. Caes. B.G. 6, 18. + +_Constituunt_==decree, determine; _condicunt_==proclaim, appoint. The +_con_ in both implies _concerted_ or public action. They are forensic +terms. + +_Nox--videtur_. So with the Athenians, Macrob. Saturn. 1, 3.; and the +Hebrews, Gen. 1, 5. + +_Ex libertate_, sc. _ortum, arising from_. Gün. + +_Nec ut jussi. Not precisely at the appointed time_, but a day or two +later, if they choose. + +_Ut turbae placuit. Ut_==simul ac, as soon as, _when_. It is the _time of +commencing their session_, that depends on the will of the multitude; not +their sitting _armed_, for that they always did, cf. _frameas concutiunt_ +at the close of the section; also § 13: nihil neque publicae neque +privatae rei nisi armati agunt. To express this latter idea, the order of +the words would have been reversed thus: _armati considunt_. + +_Tum et coercendi_. When the session is commenced, _then (tum)_ the +priests have the right not merely to command silence, but _also (et) to +enforce it_. This use of _et_ for _etiam_ is very rare in Cic., but +frequent in Livy, T. and later writers. See note, His. 1, 23. + +_Imperatur. Imperare_ plus est, quam _jubere_. See the climax in Ter. +Eun. 2, 3, 98; jubeo, cogo atque impero. _Impero_ is properly military +command. K. + +_Prout_ refers, not to the order of speaking, but to the degree of +influence they have over the people. Gr.--_Aetas_. Our word _alderman_ +(elderman) is a proof, that office and honor were conferred on _age_ by +our German ancestors. So _senator_ (senex) among the Romans. + +_Armis laudare_, i.e. armis concussis. "Montesquieu is of opinion that +in this Treatise on the manners of the Germans, an attentive reader may +trace the origin of the British constitution. That beautiful system, he +says, was formed in the forests of Germany, Sp. of Laws 11, 6. The +_Saxon_ Witena-gemot (Parliament) was, beyond all doubt, an improved +political institution, grafted on the rights exercised by the people in +their own country." Murphy, cf. S. Tur. His. of Ang. Sax. B. 8. cap. 4 + + +XII. _Accusare--intendere. To accuse and impeach for capital crimes_. +Minor offences were tried before the courts described at the end of the +section.--_Quoque_. In addition to the legislative power spoken of in the +previous section, the council exercised _also_ certain judicial +functions. _Discrimen capitis intendere_, lit. _to endeavor to bring one +in danger of losing his life_. + +_Ignavos--infames. The sluggish, the cowardly, and the impure_; for so +_corpore infames_ usually means, and there is no sufficient reason for +adopting another sense here. _Infames_ foeda Veneris aversae nota. K. Gr. +understands those, whose persons were disfigured by dishonorable wounds, +or who had mutilated themselves to avoid military duty. Gün. includes +both ideas: _quocunque_, non tantum _venereo_, corporis abusu contempti. + +_Insuper_==superne. So 16: multo _insuper_ fimo onerant. + +_Diversitas_ is a post-Augustan word, cf. Freund, sub v. + +_Illuc respicit. Has respect to this principle. Scelera==crimes; +flagitia==vices, low and base actions. Scelus_ poena, _flagitium_ +contemptu dignum. Gün. + +_Levioribus delictis_. Abl. abs.==_when lighter offences are committed_; +or abl. of circum.==_in case of lighter offences_. + +_Pro modo poenarum_. Such is the reading of all the MSS. _Pro modo, +poena_ is an ingenious _conjecture_ of Acidalius. But it is unnecessary. +Render thus: _in case of lighter offences, the convicted persons are +mulcted in a number of horses or cattle, in proportion to the severity of +the sentence adjudged to be due_. + +_Qui vindicatur. The injured party_, or _plaintiff_. This principle +of pecuniary satisfaction was carried to great lengths among the +Anglo-Saxons. See Turner, as cited, 21. + +_Qui reddunt_. Whose _business_ or _custom_ it is to administer justice, +etc. E. proposes _reddant_. But it is without authority and would give a +less appropriate sense. + +_Centeni_. Cf. note, § 6: centeni ex singulis pagis. "Sunt in quibusdam +locis Germaniae, velut Palatinatu, Franconia, etc. Zentgericht +(hundred-courts)," cf. Bernegger. + +_Consilia et auctoritas_. Abstract for concrete==_his advisers and the +supporters of his dignity_. + + +XIII. _Nihil nisi armati_. The _Romans_ wore arms only in time of war or +on a journey. + +_Moris_, sc. est. A favorite expression of T. So 21: concedere moris +(est). And in A. 39. + +_Suffecturum probaverit. On examination has pronounced him competent_ +(sc. to bear arms). Subj. after _antequam_. H. 523, II.; Z. 576. + +_Ornant. Ornat_ would have been more common Latin, and would have made +better English. But this construction is not unfrequent in T., cf. 11: +rex vel princeps audiuntur. Nor is it without precedent in other authors. +Cf. Z. 374. Ritter reads _propinqui_. The attentive reader will discover +here traces of many subsequent usages of _chivalry_. + +_Haec toga_. This is the badge of manhood among the Germans, as the toga +virilis was among the Romans. The Romans assumed the toga at the age of +seventeen. The Athenians were reckoned as [Greek: Ephaeboi] at the same +age, Xen. Cyr, 1, 2, 8. The Germans (in their colder climate) not till +the 20th year. Caes. B.G. 6, 21. + +_Dignationem. Rank, title_. It differs from _dignitas_ in being more +external. Cf. H. 1, 19: _dignatio Caesaris_; 8, 80: _dignatio viri_. +Ritter reads _dignitatem_. + +_Assignant. High birth or great merits of their fathers assign_ (i.e. +mark out, not consign, or fully confer) _the title of chief even to young +men_. + +_Gradus--habet_. Observe the emphatic position of _gradus_, and the force +of _quin etiam ipse: Gradations of rank, moreover the retinue itself +has_, i.e. the retainers are not only distinguished as a body in +following such a leader, _but_ there are _also distinctions_ among +_themselves. Quin etiam_ seldom occupies the second place. T. is fond of +anastrophe. Cf. Böt. Lex. Tac. + +_Si--emineat. If he_ (cuique) _stands pre-eminent for the number and +valor of his followers. Comitatus_ is gen. _Emineat_, subj. pres. H. 504 +et 509; Z. 524. + +_Ceteris--aspici_. These noble youth, thus designated to the rank of +chieftains, _attach themselves_ (for a time, with some followers perhaps) +_to the other_ chiefs, who are _older and already distinguished, nor are +they ashamed to be seen among their attendants_. + +_Quibus--cui_, sc. sit==_who shall have_, etc. + +_Ipsa fama. Mere reputation_ or _rumor_ without coming to arms. + +_Profligant_==ad finem perducunt. So Kiessling, Bötticher and Freund. +Ritter makes it==_propellunt_, frighten away. _Profligare bella, +proelia_, &c., is Tacitean. _Profligare hostes_, etc., is the common +expression. + + +XIV. _Jam vero_==porro. Cf. Böt. Lex. Tac. It marks a transition to a +topic of special importance. Cf. H. 1, 2. See Död, in loc. + +_Recessisse_. All the best Latin writers are accustomed to use the +preterite after pudet, taedet, and other words of the like signification. +Gün. The cause of shame is prior to the shame. + +_Infame_. "When Chonodomarus, king of the Alemanni, was taken prisoner by +the Romans, his military companions, to the number of two hundred, and +three of the king's most intimate friends, thinking it a most flagitious +crime to live in safety after such an event, surrendered themselves to be +loaded with fetters. Ammian. Marcell, 16, 12, 60. There are instances of +the same kind in Tacitus." Mur. Cf. also Caes. B.G. 3, 22. 7, 40. + +_Defendere, to defend him_, when attacked; _tueri, to protect him_ at all +times. + +_Praecipuum sacramentum. Their most sacred duty_, Gün. and K.; _or the +chief part of their oath_, Gr.--_Clarescunt--tuentur_. So Ritter after +the best MSS. Al. _clarescant--tueantur_, or _tueare_. + +_Non nisi_. In Cic. usually separated by a word or a clause. In T. +generally brought together. + +_Exigunt. They expect.--Illum--illam_. Angl. _this--that_, cf. +_hinc--hinc_, A. 25.--_Bellatorem equum_. Cf. Virg. G. 2, 145. + +_Incompti--apparatus. Entertainments, though inelegant yet liberal. +Apparatus_ is used in the same way, Suet. Vitel. 10 and 13.--_Cedunt_== +iis dantur. Gün. + +_Nec arare_, etc. The whole language of this sentence is poetical, e.g. +the use of the inf. after _persuaseris_, of _annum_ for annuam mensem, +the sense of _vocare_ and _mereri_, &c. _Vocare_, i.e. provocare, cf. H. +4, 80, and Virg. Geor. 4, 76. _Mereri, earn, deserve_, i.e. by bravery. + +_Pigrum et iners_. Piger est natura ad laborem tardus; iners, in quo +nihil artis et virtutis. K. Render: _a mark of stupidity and incapacity_. + +_Quin immo. Nay but, nay more_. These words connect the clause, though +not placed at the beginning, as they are by other writers. They seem to +be placed after _pigrum_ in order to throw it into an emphatic position. +So _gradus quin etiam_, 13, where see note.--_Possis_. You, i.e., any one +can. Z. 524. Cf. note II. 1, 10: _laudares_. So _persuaseris_ in the +preceding sentence. The subj. gives a contingent or potential turn==_can +procure_, sc. if you will _would persuade_, sc. if you should try. An +indefinite person is always addressed in the subj. in Latin, even when +the ind. would be used if a definite person were addressed. Z. 524. + +In the chieftains and their retainers, as described in the last two +sections, the reader cannot fail to discover the germ of the feudal +system. Cf. Montesq. Sp. of Laws, 30, 3, 4; also Robertson's Chas. V. + + +XV. _Non multum_. The common reading (multum without the negative) is a +mere conjecture, and that suggested by a misapprehension of the meaning +of T. _Non multum_ is to be taken comparatively. Though in time of peace +they hunt often, yet they spend _so much more time in eating, drinking, +and sleeping_, that the former is comparatively small. Thus understood, +this passage of T. is not inconsistent with the declarations of Caesar, +B.G. 6, 21: Vita Germanorum omnis in venationibus atque in studiis rei +militaris consistit. Caesar leaves out of account their periods of +inaction, and speaks only of their active employments, which were war and +the chase. It was the special object of Tacitus, on the contrary, to give +prominence to that striking feature of the German character which Caesar +overlooks; and therein, as Wr. well observes, the later historian shows +his more exact acquaintance with the Germans. _Non multum_, as opposed to +_plus_, is nearly equivalent to _minus_. + +_Venatibus, per otium_. Enallage for _venatibus, otio_, H. 704, III. This +figure is very frequent in T., e.g. § 40: per obsequium, proeliis; A. 9: +virtute aut per artem; A. 41: temeritate aut per ignaviam, &c. Seneca, +and indeed most Latin authors, prefer a _similar_ construction in +antithetic clauses; T. seems rather to avoid it. In all such cases +however, as the examples just cited show, _per_ with the acc. is not +precisely equivalent to the abl. The abl. is more active and implies +means, agency; the acc. with _per_ is more passive and denotes manner or +occasion. + +_Delegata, transferred_. + +_Familiae. Household_, properly of servants (from famel, Oscan for +servant), as in chapp. 25 and 32: but sometimes the whole family, as here +and in chap. 7: _familiae et propinquitates_. + +_Ipsi_. The men of middle life, the heads of the _familiae_. + +_Diversitate. Contrariety.--Ament_. Subj. H. 518, I.; Z. 577.-- +_Oderint_. Perf. in the sense of the pres. H. 297, I. 2; Z. 221. + +_Inertiam. Inertiam==idleness_, freedom from business and care (from _in_ +and _ars_); _quietem==tranquillity_, a life of undisturbed repose without +action or excitement. Cf. 14: _ingrata genti quies_. In this account of +the habits of the Germans, one might easily fancy, he was reading a +description of the manner of life among our American Indians. It may be +remarked here, once for all, that this resemblance may be traced in very +many particulars, e.g. in their personal independence, in the military +chieftains and their followers, in their extreme fondness for the +hardships and dangers of war, in their strange inactivity, gluttony and +drunkenness in peace, in their deliberative assemblies and the power of +eloquence to sway their counsels, in their half elective, half hereditary +form of government, in the spirituality of their conceptions of God, and +some other features of their religion (Robertson has drawn out this +comparison in his history of Charles V). All tribes in a rude and savage +state must have many similar usages and traits of character. And this +resemblance between the well-known habits of our wandering savages and +those which T. ascribes to the rude tribes of Germany, may impress us +with confidence in the truthfulness of his narrative. + +_Vel armentorum vel frugum_. Partitive gen. Supply aliquid.-- +_Vel--vel==whether--or_, merely distinctive; _aut--aut==either--or_, +adversative and exclusive. _Vel--vel_ (from _volo_) implies, that one +may _choose_ between the alternatives or particulars named; _aut--aut_ +(from [Greek: au, autis]), that if one is affirmed, the other is denied, +since both cannot be true at the same time. Cf. note, A. 17: _aut--aut. +--Pecuniam_. An oblique censure of the Romans for purchasing peace and +alliance with the Germans, cf. H. 4, 76. Herodian 6, 7: [Greek: touto +gar (sc. chrusio) malista Germanoi peithontai, philargyroi te +ontes kai taen eiraenaen aei pros tous Romaious chrusiou kapaeleuontes]. +On _et_, cf. note 11. + +XVI. _Populis_. Dative of the agent instead of the abl. with _a_ or _ab_. +Cf. note 3: _Ulixi_. + +_Ne--quidem_. These words are always separated, the word on which the +emphasis rests being placed between them. H. 602, III. 2; Z. 801. Here +however the emphasis seems to belong to the whole clause--_Inter se_, sc. +_sedes junctas inter se_. + +_Colunt_==in-colunt. Both often used intransitively, or rather with an +ellipsis of the object,==_dwell_. + +_Discreti ac diversi. Separate and scattered_ in different directions, +i.e. without regular streets or highways. See Or. in loc. + +_Ut fons--placuit_. Hence to this day, the names of German towns often +end in bach (brook), feld (field), holz (grove), wald (wood), born +(spring). On the permanence of names of places, see note H. 1, 53. + +_Connexis_, with some intervening link, such as fences, hedges, and +outhouses; _cohaerentibus_, in immediate contact. + +_Remedium--inscitia. It may be as a remedy_, etc.--_or it may be through +ignorance_, etc. _Sive--sive_ expresses an alternative conditionally, +or contingently==it may be thus, or it may be thus. Compare it with +_vel--vel_, chap. 15, and with _aut--aut_, A 17. See also Ramshorn's +Synonyms, 138. _Remedium_ is acc. in app. with the foregoing clause. +_Inscitia_ is abl. of cause==per inscitiam. + +_Caementorum_. Properly _hewn_ stone (from caedo), but in usage any +building stone.--_Tegularum_. Tiles, any materials for the _roof_ (tego), +whether of brick, stone, or wood. + +_Citra_. Properly this side of, hence short of, or _without_, as used by +the _later_ Latin authors. This word is kindred to _cis_, i.e. _is_ with +the demonstrative prefix _ce_. Cf. Freund sub v. + +_Speciem_ refers more to the _eye, delectationem_ to the _mind_. Taken +with _citra_, they are equivalent to adjectives, connected to _informi_ +and limiting _materia_ (citra speciem==non speciosa, Gün.). Render: +_rude materials, neither beautiful to the eye nor attractive to the +taste_. _Materia_ is distinctively wood for building. Fire-wood is +_lignum_. + +_Quaedam loca_. Some parts of their houses, e.g. the walls. + +_Terra ita pura_. Probably red earth, such as chalk or gypsum. + +_Imitetur. Resembles painting and colored outlines_ or figures. + +_Aperire_. Poetice==_excavate_. Cellars under ground were unknown to the +Romans. See Beck. Gal., and Smith's Dict. Ant. + +_Ignorantur--fallunt. They are not known to exist, or else_ (though known +to exist) _they escape discovery from the very fact that they must be +sought_ (in order to be found). Gün. calls attention to the multiform +enallage in this sentence: 1. in number (_populatur, ignorantur, +fallunt_); 2. of the active, passive, and deponent verbs; 3. in the +change of cases (_aperta_, acc.; _abdita_ and _defossa_, nom.). + + +XVII. _Sagum_. A short, thick cloak, worn by Roman soldiers and +countrymen. + +_Fibula_==figibula, any artificial fastening; _spina_==natural. + +_Si desit_. Observe the difference between this clause, and _si quando +advenit_ in the preceding chapter. This is a mere supposition without +regard to fact; that implies an expectation, that the case will sometimes +happen. + +_Cetera intecti. Uncovered as to the rest of the body_, cf. 6: nudi aut +sagulo leves. + +_Totos dies_. Acc. of duration of time.--_Agunt_==vivunt. K. + +_Fluitante_. The flowing robe of the southern and eastern nations; +_stricta_, the close dress and short clothes of the northern nations. + +_Artus exprimente_. Quae tam arte artus includit, ut emineant, earumque +lineamenta et forma appareant, K. K. and Gr. understand this of coat and +vest, as well as breeches; Gün. of breeches only. + +_Proximi ripae_. Near the banks of the Rhine and the Danube, so as to +have commercial intercourse with the Romans. These having introduced the +cloth and dress of the Romans, attached little importance to the manner +of wearing their _skins_. But those in the interior, having no other +apparel, valued themselves on the nice adjustment of them. + +_Cultus_, artificial refinement. Cf. note, 6. + +_Maculis pellibusque_, for maculatis pellibus or maculis pellium, perhaps +to avoid the concurrence of genitives. + +_Belluarum--gignit. Oceanus_==terrae, quas Oceanus alluit; and +_belluae_==lutrae, mustelae, erminiae, etc., so K. But Gr. says _belluae_ +cannot mean such small creatures, and agrees with Lipsius, in +understanding by it marine animals, seadogs, seals, &c. Freund connects +it in derivation with [Greek: thaer], fera (bel==ber==ther==fer), but +defines it as properly an animal remarkable for size or wildness. +_Exterior Oceanus_==Oceanus extra orbem Romanum, further explained by +_ignotum mare_. Cf. note, 2: adversus Oceanus. + +_Habitus_, here==vestitus; in § 4.==forma corporis. + +_Saepius, oftener_ than the _men_, who also wore linen more or less. Gün. + +_Purpura_. Facta e succo plantis et floribus expresso. Gün. + +_Nudae--lacertos_. Graece et poetice. Brachia a manu ad cubitum; lacerti +a cubito ad humeros. + + +XVIII. _Quanquam_==sed tamen, i.e. notwithstanding the great freedom in +the dress of German women, yet the marriage relation is sacred. This use +of _quanquam_ is not unfrequent in T., and sometimes occurs in Cic., +often in Pliny. See Z. 341, N. + +_Qui ambiuntur_. This passage is construed in two ways: _who are +surrounded_ (ambiuntur==circumdantur, cf. II. 5, 12.) _by many wives not +to gratify lust, but to increase their rank and influence_ (_ob_ in the +sense _for the sake of_, cf. ob metum, 2). Or thus: _who_ (take many +wives) _not to gratify lust, but on account of their rank they are +solicited to form many matrimonial alliances_. For _ambio_ in this sense +and with the same somewhat peculiar construction after it, see H. 4, 51: +_tantis sociorum auxiliis ambiri_; also Virg. Aen. 7, 333: connubiis +ambire Latinum. The latter is preferable, and is adopted by Wr., K., Gr., +&c. The former by Gün. and others. Ariovistus had two wives. Caes. B.G. +1, 53. + +_Probant_, cf. probaverit, 13, note.--_Comatur_. Subj. denoting the +intention of the presents _with which she is to be adorned_. H 500, 1; Z. +567. + +_Frenatum_, bridled, _caparisoned==paratus_ below. + +_In haec munera_==[Greek: epi toutois tois dorois]. _In_==upon the basis +of, _on condition of_. So Liv.: in has leges, in easdem leges. + +_Hoc--vinculum_, So, § 13: haec apud illos toga. In both passages the +allusion is to Roman customs (for which see Becker's Gallus, Exc. 1. +Scene 1). In Germany, _these presents_ take the place of the +_confarreatio_ (see Fiske's Manual, p. 286. 4. ed.), and the various +other methods of ratifying the marriage contract at Rome; _these_, of +the religious rites in which the parties mutually engaged on the wedding +day (see Man., p. 287).--_Conjugales deos_. Certain gods at Rome +presided over marriage, e.g. Jupiter, Juno, Venus, Jugatinus, Hymenaeus, +Diana, &c. + +_Extra_. Cic. would have said _expertem_ or _positum extra_. But T. is +fond of the adv. used elliptically. + +_Auspiciis==initiatory rites_. + +_Denuntiant, proclaim, denote.--Accipere_ depends on _denuntiant_ or +_admonetur_. + +_Rursus, quae--referantur_. Rhenanus conjectured; rursusque--referant, +which has since become the common reading. But _referantur_ is the +reading of all the MSS., and needs no emendation; and _quae_, with as +good authority as _que_, makes the construction more natural and the +sense more apposite. The passage, as Gr. well suggests, consists of two +parts (_accipere--reddat_, and _quae--accipiant--referantur_), _each_ of +which includes the _two_ ideas of _receiving_ and _handing down_ to the +next generation. Render thus: _she is reminded that she receives gifts, +which she is to hand over pure and unsullied to her children; which her +daughters-in-law are to receive again_ (sc. from her sons, as she did +from her husband), _which are to be transmitted by them to her +grand-children_. + +_Referantur_. In another writer, we might expect _referant_ to correspond +in construction and subject with _accipiant_. But Tacitus is fond of +varying the construction. Cf. Bötticher's Lex Tac., and note, 16: +_ignorantur_. + + +XIX. _Septa_. So the MSS. for the most part. Al. _septae_. Meaning: _with +chastity guarded_, sc. by the sacredness of marriage and the excellent +institutions of the Germans. + +_Nullis--corruptae_. Here, as every where else in this treatise, T. +appears as the censor of Roman manners. He has in mind those fruitful +sources of corruption at Rome, public shows, (cf. Sen. Epist. 7: _nihil +vero est tam damnosum bonis moribus, quam in aliquo spectaculo +desidere_), convivial entertainments (cf. Hor. Od. 3, 6, 27), and +epistolary correspondence between the two sexes. + +_Litterarum secreta_==litteras secretas, _secret correspondence_ between +the sexes, for this limitation is obvious from the connexion.-- +_Praesens. Immediate_. + +_Maritis permissa_, sc. as a _domestic_ crime, cf. Caes. B.G. 6, 19: Viri +in uxores, sicut in liberos, vitae necisque habent potestatem. Cf. Beck. +Gall., Exc. 1. Sc. 1. + +_Accisis crinibus_, as a special mark of _disgrace_, cf. 1 Cor. 11, 6. So +in the laws of the Lombards, the punishment of adulteresses was +_decalvari et fustigari.--Omnem vicum, the whole village_, cf. Germania +omnis, § 1.--_Aetate==juventa_. + +_Non--invenerit. She would not find, could not expect to find_. This use +of the perf. subj., for a softened fut., occurs in negative sentences +oftener than in positive ones. Cf. Arnold's Prose Comp. 417, Note. + +_Saeculum_==indoles et mores saeculi, _the spirit of the age, the +fashion_. + +_Adhuc_ (==ad-hoc) is generally used by Cicero, and often by Tacitus, in +the sense either of _still_ (to this day), or _moreover_ (in addition to +this). From these, it passed naturally, in Quintilian and the writers +after him, into the sense of _even more, still more, even_, especially in +connection with the comparative degree; where the authors of the Augustan +age would have used _etiam_. See Z. 486; Bötticher's Lex. Tac. sub. voce; +and Hand's Tursellinus, vol. 1. I. 165. _Melius quidem adhuc==still +better even_. For a verb, supply _sunt_ or _agunt_. Cf. note A. 19: +_nihil_. + +_Eae civitates_. Such as the Heruli, among whom the wife was expected to +hang herself at once at the grave of her husband, if she would not live +in perpetual infamy. At Rome, on the contrary, divorces and marriages +might be multiplied to any extent, cf. Mart. 6, 7: _nubit decimo viro_; +also Beck, as above cited. + +_Semel_, like [Greek: apax], _once for all_. + +_Transigitur_. Properly a business phrase. The business is _done up, +brought to an end_. So A. 34: transigite cum expeditionibus. + +_Ultra_, sc. primum maritum. So the ellipsis might be supplied. _Ultra_ +here is equivalent to _longior_ in the next clause, as T. often puts the +adverb in place of the adjective, whether qualifying or predicate. + +_Ne tanquam--ament_, sc. maritum: _that they may not love_ a husband +_merely as a husband but as_ they love _the married state_. See this and +similar examples of _brachylogy_ well illustrated in Döderlein's Essay on +the style of Tacitus, H. p. 14. Since but one marriage was allowed, all +their love for the married state must be concentrated in one husband. + +_Numerum--finire_. In any way contrary to nature and by design. Gün. _Quod +fiebat etiam abortus procuratione_. K. + +_Ex agnatis. Agnati_ hoc loco dicuntur, qui _post familiam constitutam_, +ubi haeres jam est, _deinde nascuntur_. Hess. To put such to death was a +barbarous custom among the Romans. Cf. Ann. 3, 25; see Beck. Gall. Exc. +2. scene 1. + +_Alibi_, e.g. at Rome.--_Boni mores_ vs. _bonae leges_. These words +involve a sentiment of great importance, and of universal application. +Good habits wherever they exist, and especially in a republic, are of far +greater value and efficacy than good laws. + + +XX. _Nudi_. Cf. 6: nudi aut sagulo leves. Not literally naked, but +slightly clad, cf. Sen. de benef. 5, 13: qui _male vestitum_ et pannosum +vidit, _nudum_ se vidisse dicit. + +_Sordidi_. Gün. understands this of personal filth. But this is +inconsistent with the daily practice of bathing mentioned, § 22. It +doubtless refers to the _dress_, as Gr. and K. understand it: _nudi ac +sordidi==poorly and meanly clad_. So also Or. + +_Quae miramur_. Cf. 4: _magna corpora_. See also Caes. B.G. 1, 39, 4, 1. +On _haec_, see note, 3: _haec quoque_. + +_Ancillis ac nutricibus_. So in the Dial. de Clar. Orat., T. animadverts +upon the custom here obliquely censured: nunc natus infans delegatur +Graeculae alicui ancillae. In the early ages of Roman History it was not +so, see Becker's Gall. Exc. 2. scene 1.--_Delegantur. Delegamus_, quum, +quod _ipsi_ facere debebamus, id per _alterum_ fieri curamus. E. + +_Separet_. For the use of the subj. pres. after _donec_, see note, 1. +_erumpat.--Agnoscat_==faciat ut agnoscatur. So Död., Gün. and K. But it +is better with Gr., to regard the expression as poetical, and _virtus_, +as personified: _and valor acknowledge_ them, sc. as brave men and +therefore by implication free born. + +_Venus_==concubitus.--_Pubertas_==facultas generandi. Gr. Cf. Caes, B.G. +6, 21: qui diutissime impuberes permanserunt maximam inter suos ferunt +laudem. + +_Virgines festinantur_==nuptiae virginum festinantur, poetice. The words +properare, festinare, accelerare are used in both a trans. and intrans. +sense, cf. Hist. 2, 82: festinabantur; 3, 37: festinarentur. Among the +Romans, boys of fourteen contracted marriage with girls of twelve. Cf. +Smith's Dic. Ant. + +_Eadem, similis, pares_. The comparison is between the youth of the two +sexes at the time of marriage; they marry at the same age, equal in +stature and equal in strength. Marriages unequal in these respects, were +frequent at Rome.--_Pares--miscentur_. Plene: pares paribus, validae +validis miscentur. On this kind of brachylogy, see further in Död. Essay +on style of T., H. p. 15. _Miscentur_ has a middle sense, as the passive +often has, particularly in Tacitus. Cf. note 21: _obligantur_. + +_Referunt_. Cf. Virg. Aen. 4, 329: parvulus Aeneas, qui te tamen ore +_referret_. See note, 39: auguriis. + +_Ad patrem_. _Ad_ is often equivalent to _apud_ in the best Latin +authors; e.g. Cic. ad Att. 10, 16: ad me fuit==apud me fuit. Rhenanus by +conjecture wrote _apud_ patrem to correspond with apud avunculum. But +Passow restored _ad_ with the best reason. For T. prefers _different_ +words and constructions in antithetic clauses. Perhaps also a different +sense is here intended from that which would have been expressed by +_apud_. Wr. takes _ad_ in the sense, _in respect to: as in respect to a +father_, i.e. as they would have, if he were their father. + +_Exigunt_, sc. hunc nexum==sororum filios. + +_Tanquam_. Like Greek os to denote the views of others, not of the +writer. Hence followed by the subj. H. 531; Z. 571. + +_Et in animum_. _In_==quod attinet ad, _in respect to_. The commonly +received text has _ii et animum_, which is a mere conjecture of Rhen. +According to K., _teneant_ has for its subject not _sororum filii_, but +the same subject as _exigunt_. Render: _Since, as they suppose, both in +respect to the mind_ (the affections), _they hold it more strongly, and +in respect to the family, more extensively_. + +_Heredes_ properly refers to property, _successores_ to rank, though the +distinction is not always observed.--_Liberi_ includes both sons and +daughters. + +_Patrui_, paternal uncles; _avunculi_, maternal. + +_Propinqui_, blood relations; _affines_, by marriage. + +_Orbitatis pretia_. _Pretia==proemia_. _Orbitatis==childlessness_. Those +who had no children, were courted at _Rome_ for the sake of their +property. Vid. Sen. Consol. ad Marc. 19: in civitate nostra, plus gratiae +orbitas confert, quam eripit. So Plutarch de Amore Prolis says: the +childless are entertained by the rich, courted by the powerful, defended +gratuitously by the eloquent: many, who had friends and honors in +abundance, have been stripped of both by the birth of a single child. + + +XXI. _Necesse est_. It is their duty and the law of custom. Gün.-- +_Nec_==non tamen.--_Homicidium_. A post-Augustan word. + +_Armentorum ac pecorum_. For the distinction between these words, see +note, § 5. The high value which they attached to their herds and flocks, +as their _solae et gratissimae opes_, may help to explain the law or +usage here specified. Moreover, where the individual was so much more +prominent than the state, homicide even might be looked upon as a private +wrong, and hence to be atoned for by a pecuniary satisfaction, cf. Tur. +Hist. Ang. Sax., App. No. 3, chap. 1. + +_Juxta libertatem_, i.e. _simul cum libertate_, or inter liberos homines. +The form of expression is characteristic of the later Latin. Cf. Hand's +Tursellinus, vol. III. p. 538. Tacitus is particularly partial to this +preposition. + +_Convictibus_, refers to the entertainment of countrymen and friends, +_hospitiis_ to that of strangers. + +_Pro fortuna. According to his means_. So Ann. 4, 23: fortunae inops. + +_Defecere_, sc. epulae. Quam exhausta sint, quae apparata erant, cf. 24: +omnia defecerunt. + +_Hospes_. Properly _stranger_; and hence either _guest_ or _host_. Here +the latter.--_Comes. Guest_. So Gün. and the common editions. But most +recent editors place a colon after _comes_, thus making it _predicate_, +and referring it to the _host_ becoming the guide and _companion_ of his +guest to another place of entertainment. + +_Non invitati_, i.e. etiam si non invitati essent. Gün. + +_Nec interest_, i.e. whether invited or not. + +_Jus hospitis. The right of the guest_ to a hospitable reception, So Cic. +Tus. Quaes., 1, 26: jus hominum. + +_Quantum ad_ belongs to the silver age. In the golden age they said: +_quod attinet ad_, or simply _ad_. Gr. Cicero however has _quantum in_, +N. D. 3, 7; and Ovid, _quantum ad_, A. A. 1, 744. Cf. Freund sub voce. + +_Imputant. Make charge or account of_. Nearly confined to the later +Latin. Frequent in T. in the reckoning both of debt and credit, of praise +and blame. Cic. said: _assignare_ alicui aliquid. + +_Obligantur_, i.e. obligatos esse putant. Forma passiva ad modum medii +verbi Graeci. Gün. Cf. note, 20: _miscentur_. + +_Victus--comis. The mode of life between host and guest is courteous_. For +_victus_==manner of life, cf. Cic. Inv. 1, 25, 35. + + +XXII. _E_ is not exactly equivalent here to _a_, nor does it mean simply +_after_, but immediately on awaking _out of_ sleep.--_Lavantur_, wash +themselves, i.e. bathe; like Gr. louomai. So aggregantur, 13; +_obligantur_, 21, et passim. + +_Calida_, sc. aqua, cf. in Greek, thermo louesthai, Aristoph. Nub. 1040. +In like manner Pliny uses _frigida_, Ep. 6, 16: semel iterumque +_frigidam_ poposcit transitque. Other writers speak of the Germans as +bathing in their rivers, doubtless in the summer; but in the winter they +use the warm bath, as more agreeable in that cold climate. So in Russia +and other cold countries, cf. Mur. in loco. + +_Separatae--mensa_. Contra Romanorum luxuriam, ex more fere _Homerici_ +aevi. Gün. + +_Sedes_, opposed to the triclinia, on which the Romans used to _recline_, +a practice as unknown to the rude Germans, as to the _early_ Greeks and +Hebrews. See Coler. Stud. of Gr. Poets, p. 71 (Boston, 1842). + +_Negotia_. Plural==_their_ various _pursuits_. So Cic. de Or. 2, 6: +_forensia negotia. Negotium==nec-otium_, C. and G. being originally +identical, as they still are almost _in form.--Armati_. Cf. note, 11: _ut +turbae placuit_. + +_Continuare_, etc. est diem noctemque jungere potando, sive die nocteque +perpotationem continuare. K. + +_Ut_, sc. solet fieri, cf. ut in licentia, § 2. The clause limits +_crebrae_; it is the _frequent occurrence_ of brawls, that is customary +among those given to wine. + +_Transiguntur_. See note on transigitur, § 19. + +_Asciscendis_. i.e. assumendis. + +_Simplices_ manifestly refers to the _expression_ of thought; explained +afterwards by _fingere_ nesciunt==_frank, ingenuous_. Cf. His. 1, 15: +_simplicissime loquimur_; Ann. 1, 69: _simplices curas_. + +_Astuta--callida. Astutus_ est natura, _callidus_ multarum rerum peritia. +Rit. _Astutus_, cunning; _callidus_, worldly wise. Död. + +_Adhuc. To this day_, despite the degeneracy and dishonesty of the age. +So Död. and Or. Rit. says: quae adhuc pectore clausa erant. Others still +make it==_etiam, even_. Cf. note, 19. + +_Retractatur_. Reviewed, _reconsidered_. + +_Salva--ratio est. The proper relation of both times is preserved_, or the +advantage of both is secured, as more fully explained in the next member, +viz. by _discussing when they are incapable of disguise, and deciding, +when they are not liable to mistake_. Cf. Or. in loc., and Bötticher, +sub v. + +Passow well remarks, that almost every German usage, mentioned in this +chapter, is in marked contrast with Roman manners and customs. + + +XXIII. _Potui_==pro potu, or in potum, dat. of the end. So 46: Victui +herba, vestitui pelles. T. and Sallust are particularly fond of this +construction. Cf. Böt. Lex. Tac., sub _Dativus_. + +_Hordeo aut frumento. Hordeo==barley; frumento_, properly fruit +(frugimentum, fruit [Greek: kat exochaen], i.e. grain), grain of any +kind, here _wheat_, cf. Veget. R.M. 1, 13: et milites pro frumento +hordeum cogerentur accipere. + +_Similitudinem vini. Beer_, for which the Greeks and Romans had no name. +Hence Herod. (2, 77) speaks of [Greek: oinos ek kritheon pepoiaemenos], +among the Egyptians. + +_Corruptus_. Cum Tacitea indignatione dictum, cf. 4: _infectos_, so Gün. +But the word is often used to denote mere change, without the idea of +being made worse, cf. Virg. Geor. 2, 466: Nec casia liquidi _corrumpitur_ +usus olivi. Here render _fermented_. + +_Ripae_, sc. of the Rhine and Danube, i.e. the Roman border, as in 22: +proximi ripae. + +_Poma_. Fruits of any sort, cf. Pliny, N.H. 17, 26: arborem vidimus omni +genere _pomorum_ onustum, alio ramo _nucibus_, alio _baccis_, aliunde +_vite, ficis, piris_, etc. + +_Recens fera. Venison_, or other game _fresh_, i.e. _recently taken_, in +distinction from the tainted, which better suited the luxurious taste of +the Romans. + +_Lac concretum_. Called _caseus_ by Caes. B.G. 6, 22. But the Germans, +though they lived so much on milk, did not understand the art of making +cheese, see Pliny, N.H. 11, 96. "De caseo non cogitandum, potius quod +nostrates dicunt dickemilch" (i.e. _curdled milk_). Gün. + +_Apparatu. Luxurious preparation.--Blandimentis. Dainties_. + +_Haud minus facile_. Litotes for multo facilius. + +_Ebrietati_. Like the American Aborigines, see note, § 15. + + +XXIV. _Nudi_. See note, § 20. + +_Quibus id ludicrum. For whom it is a sport_; not whose business it is to +furnish the amusement: that would be _quorum est_ K. and Gr. + +_Infestas_==porrectas contra saltantes. K.--_Decorem_. Poetic. + +_Quaestum_==quod quaeritur, _gain_.--_Mercedem_, stipulated pay, _wages_. + +_Quamvis_ limits _audacis_==_daring as it is_ (as you please). + +_Sobrii inter seria_. At Rome gaming was forbidden, except at the +Saturnalia, cf. Hor. Od. 3, 24, 68: vetita legibus alea. The remarkable +circumstance (_quod mirere_) in Germany was, that they practised it not +merely as an amusement at their feasts, but when sober among (_inter_) +their ordinary every-day pursuits. + +_Novissimo. The last_ in a series. Very frequently in this sense in T., +so also in Caes. Properly newest, then latest, _last_. Cf. note, His. 1, +47. _Extremo_, involving the greatest hazard, like our _extreme: last and +final_ (decisive) _throw_. This excessive love of play, extending even to +the sacrifice of personal liberty, is seen also among the American +Indians, see Robertson, Hist. of America, vol. 2, pp. 202-3. It is +characteristic of barbarous and savage life, cf. Mur. in loco. + +_De libertate ac de corpore_. Hendiadys==_personal liberty_. + +_Voluntariam_. An earlier Latin author would have used _ipse, ultro_, or +the like, limiting the subject of the verb, instead of the object. The +Latin of the golden age prefers _concrete_ words. The later Latin +approached nearer to the English, in using more _abstract_ terms. Cf. +note on _repercussu_, 3. + +_Juvenior. More youthful_, and therefore more vigorous; not merely +younger (_junior_). See Död. and Rit. in loc. Forcellini and Freund cite +only two other examples of this full form of the comparative (Plin. Ep. +4, 8, and Apul. Met. 8, 21), in which it does not differ in meaning from +the common contracted form. + +_Ea_==talis or tanta. _Such_ or _so great_. Gr. + +_Pervicacia. Pervicaces_ sunt, qui in aliquo certamine _ad vincendum_ +perseverant, Schol. Hor. Epod. 17, 14. + +_Pudore_. Shame, _disgrace_. So also His. 3, 61; contrary to usage of +earlier writers, who use it for sense of shame, _modesty_. + + +XXV. _Ceteris_. All but those who have gambled away their own liberty, as +in § 24.--_In nostrum morem_, &c., with specific duties distributed +through the household (the slave-household, cf. note, 15), as explained +by the following clause. On the extreme subdivision of office among +slaves at _Rome_, see Beck. Gall. Exc. 2. Sc. 2; and Smith's Dic. Antiq. +under Servus. + +_Descripta_==dimensa, distributa. Gün. + +_Familiam_. Here the entire _body of servants_, cf. note, § 15. + +_Quisque_. Each _servant_ has his own house and home. + +_Ut colono_. Like the _tenant_ or _farmer_ among the Romans; also the +vassal in the middle ages, and the serf in Modern Europe. + +_Hactenus. Thus far_, and _no farther_, i.e. if he pays his rent or tax, +no more is required of him. + +_Cetera_. The _rest of the duties_ (usually performed by a _Roman +servant_), viz. those of the _house, the wife and children_ (sc. of the +master) _perform_. Gr. strangely refers _uxor et liberi_ to the wife and +children of the servant. Passow also refers _domus_ to the house of the +servant, thus making it identical with the _penates_ above, with which it +seems rather to be contrasted. With the use of _cetera_ here, compare +His. 4, 56: _ceterum vulgus_==the rest, viz. the common soldiers, and see +the principle well illustrated in Döderlein's Essay, His. p. 17. + +_Opere. Hard labor_, which would serve as a punishment. The Romans +punished their indolent and refractory domestics, by sending them to +labor in the _country_, as well as by heavy chains (_vinculis_) and cruel +flagellations (_verberare_). They had also the power of life and death +(_occidere_). Beck. Gall. Exc. 2. Sc. 2; Smith's Dic. Ant. as above. + +_Non disciplina--ira_. Hendiadys==non disciplinae severitate, sed irae +impetu. Cf. His. 1, 51: _severitate disciplinae_. + +_Nisi--impune_, i.e. without the pecuniary penalty or satisfaction, which +was demanded when one put to death an enemy (_inimicum_). Cf. 21. + +_Liberti--libertini_. These words denote the same persons, but with this +difference in the idea: _libertus_==the freedman of some particular +master, _libertinus_==one in the _condition_ of a freedman without +reference to any master. At the time of the Decemvirate, and for some +time after, liberti==emancipated slaves, libertini==the descendants of +such, cf. Suet. Claud. 24. + +_Quae regnantur. Governed by kings_. Ex poetarum more dictum, cf. Virg. +Aen. 6, 794: regnata per arva. So 43: Gothones regnantur, and 44: +Suiones. Gün. + +_Ingenuos_==free born; _nobiles_==high born. + +_Ascendunt_, i.e. ascendere possunt. + +_Ceteros_. By synesis (see Gr.) for ceteras, sc. gentes. + +_Impares_, sc. ingenuis et nobilibus. + +_Libertatis argumentum_, inasmuch as they value liberty and citizenship +too much to confer it on freedmen and slaves. This whole topic of +freedmen is an oblique censure of Roman custom in the age of the +Emperors, whose freedmen were not unfrequently their favorites and prime +ministers. + + +XXVI. _Fenus agitare. To loan money at interest_. + +_Et in usuras extendere. And to put out that interest again on interest_. +The other explanation, viz. that it means simply to put money at +interest, makes the last clause wholly superfluous. + +_Servatur. Is secured_, sc. abstinence from usury, or the non-existence +of usury, which is the essential idea of the preceding clause. + +_Ideo--vetitum esset_, sc. ignoti nulla cupido! Cf. 19: boni mores, vs. +bonae leges. Gün. The reader cannot fail to recognize here, as usual, the +reference to Rome, where usury was practised to an exorbitant extent. See +Fiske's Manual, § 270, 4. and Arnold's His. of Rome, vol. 1, passim. + +_Universis. Whole clans_, in distinction from individual owners. + +_In vices. By turns_. Al vices, vice, vicis. Död. prefers in vicis; Rit. +in vicos==for i.e. by villages. But whether we translate by turns or by +villages, it comes to the same thing. Cf. Caes. B.G. 6, 22. + +_Camporum, arva, ager, soli, terrae_, &c. These words differ from each +other appropriately as follows: _Terra_ is opposed to mare et coelum, +viz. _earth_. _Solum_ is the substratum of any thing, viz. _solid ground +or soil_. _Campus_ is an extensive plain or level surface, whether of +land or water, here _fields_. _Ager_ is distinctively the territory that +surrounds a city, viz. _the public lands_. _Arvum_ is ager _aratus_, viz. +_plough lands_. Bredow. + +_Superest_. There is enough, and more, cf. § 6, note. + +_Labore contendunt_. They do not strive emulously to equal the fertility +of the soil by their own industry. Passow. + +_Imperatur_. Just as frumentum, commeatus, obsides, etc., _imperantur, +are demanded or expected_. Gün. + +_Totidem_, sc. quot Romani, cf. idem, 4, note. Tacitus often omits one +member of a comparison, as he does also one of two comparative particles. + +_Species. Parts_. Sometimes the logical divisions of a genus; so used by +Cic. and Quin. (§ 6, 58): cum genus dividitur in species. + +_Intellectum_. A word of the silver age, cf. note on voluntariam, 24. +Intellectum--habent==_are understood and named_. "Quam distortum +dicendi genus!" Gün. + +_Autumni--ignorantur_. Accordingly in English, spring, summer and winter +are Saxon words, while autumn is of Latin origin (Auctumnus). See Dübner +in loc. Still such words as Härfest, Herpist, Harfst, Herbst, in other +Teutonic dialects, apply to the autumnal season, and not, like our word +harvest, merely to the fruits of it. + + +XXVII. _Funera_, proprie de toto apparatu sepulturae. E. Funeral rites +were performed with great pomp and extravagance at Rome; cf. Fiske's +Man., § 340; see also Mur. in loco, and Beck. Gall. Exc. Sc. 12. + +_Ambitio_. Primarily the solicitation of office by the candidate; then +the parade and display that attended it; then _parade_ in general, +especially in a bad sense. + +_Certis_, i.e. rite statutis. Gün. + +_Cumulant_. Structura est poetica, cf. Virg. Aen. 11, 50: _cumulatque_ +altaria donis. K. + +_Equus adjicitur_. Herodotus relates the same of the Scythians (4, 71); +Caesar, of the Gauls (B.G. 6, 19). Indeed all rude nations bury with the +dead those objects which are most dear to them when living, under the +notion that they will use and enjoy them in a future state. See +Robertson's Amer. B. 4, &c., &c. + +_Sepulcrum--erigit_. Still poetical; literally: _a turf rears the comb_. +Cf. His. 5, 6: Libanum _erigit_. + +_Ponunt_==deponunt. So Cic. Tusc. Qu.: ad ponendum dolorem Cf. A. 20: +posuere iram. + +_Feminis--meminisse_. Cf. Sen. Ep.: Vir prudens meminisse perseveret, +lugere desinat. + +_Accepimus_. Ut ab aliis tradita audivimus, non ipsi cognovimus. K. See +Preliminary Remarks, p. 79. + +_In commune_. Cic. would have said, universe, or de universa origine. Gr. +Cic. uses _in commune_, but in a different sense, viz. for the common +weal. See Freund, sub voc. + +_Instituta_, political; _ritus_, religious. + +_Quae nationes. And what tribes_, etc.; _quae_ for _quaeque_ by +asyndeton, or perhaps, as Rit. suggests, by mistake of the copyist.-- +_Commigraverint_. Subj. of the indirect question. Gr. 265, Z. 552. + +German critics have expended much labor and research, in defining the +locality of the several German tribes with which the remainder of the +Treatise is occupied. In so doing, they rely not only on historical data, +but also on the traces of ancient names still attached to cities, +forests, mountains, and other localities (cf. note, § 16). These we shall +sometimes advert to in the notes. But on the whole, these speculations of +German antiquarians are not only less interesting to scholars in other +countries, but are so unsatisfactory and contradictory among themselves, +that, for the most part, we shall pass them over with very little +attention. There is manifestly an intrinsic difficulty in defining the +ever changing limits of uncivilized and unsettled tribes. Hence the +irreconcilable contradictions between _ancient authorities_, as well as +modern critiques, on this subject. Tacitus, and the Roman writers +generally, betray their want of definite knowledge of Germany by the +frequency with which they specify the names of mountains and rivers. The +following geographical outline is from Ukert, and must suffice for the +_geography_ of the remainder of the Treatise: "In the corner between the +Rhine and the Danube, are the Decumates Agri, perhaps as far as the +Mayne, 29. Northward on the Rhine dwell the Mattiaci, whose neighbors on +the east are the Chatti, 30. On the same river farther north are the +Usipii and the Tencteri; then the Frisii, 32-34. Eastward of the Tencteri +dwell the Chamavi and the Angrivarii (earlier the Bructeri), and east or +southeast of them the Dulgibini and Chasuarii, 34. and other small +tribes. Eastward of the Frisii Germany juts out far towards the north, +35. On the coast of the bay thus formed, dwell the Chauci, east of the +Frisii and the above mentioned tribes; on the south, they reach to the +Chatti. East of the Chauci and the Chatti are the Cherusci, 36. whose +neighbors are the Fosi. The Cherusci perhaps, according to Tacitus, do +not reach to the ocean; and in the angle of the above bay, he places the +Cimbri, 37. Thus Tacitus represents the western half of Germany. The +eastern is of greater dimensions. There are the Suevi, 38. He calls the +country Suevia, 41. and enumerates many tribes, which belong there. +Eastward of the Cherusci he places the Semnones and Langobardi; north of +them are the Reudigni, Aviones, Anglii, Varini, Eudoses, Suardones and +Nuithones; and all these he may have regarded as lying in the interior, +and as the most unknown tribes, 41. He then mentions the tribes that +dwell on the Danube, eastward from the Decumates Agri: the Hermunduri, in +whose country the Elbe has its source; the Narisci, Marcomanni and Quadi, +41-42. The Marcomanni hold the country which the Boii formerly possessed; +and northward of them and the Quadi, chiefly on the mountains which run +through Suevia, are the Marsigni, Gothini, Osi and Burii, 43. Farther +north are the Lygii, consisting of many tribes, among which the most +distinguished are the Arii, Helvecones, Manimi, Elysii and Naharvali, 43. +Still farther north dwell the Gothones, and, at the Ocean, the Rugii and +Lemovii. Upon islands in the ocean live the Suiones, 44. Upon the +mainland, on the coast, are the tribes of the Aestyi, and near them, +perhaps on islands, the Sitones, 45. Perhaps he assigned to them the +immense islands to which he refers in his first chapter. Here ends +Suevia. Whether the Peucini, Venedi and Fenni are to be reckoned as +Germans or Sarmatians, is uncertain, 46. The Hellusii and Oxonae are +fabulous." + +The following paragraph from Prichard's Researches embodies some of the +more general conclusions of _ethnographers_, especially of Zeuss, on whom +Prichard, in common with Orelli and many other scholars, places great +reliance. "Along the coast of the German Ocean and across the isthmus of +the Cimbric peninsula to the shore of the Baltic, were spread the tribes +of the Chauci and Frisii, the Anglii, Saxones and the Teutones or Jutes, +who spoke the _Low-German_ languages, and formed one of the four +divisions of the German race, corresponding as it seems with the +_Ingaevones_ of Tacitus and Pliny. In the higher and more central parts, +the second great division of the race, that of the _Hermiones_, was +spread, the tribes of which spoke _Upper_ or _High-German_ dialects. +Beginning in the West with the country of the Sigambri on the Rhine, +and from that of the Cherusci and Angrivarii near the Weser and the +Hartz, this division comprehended, besides those tribes, the Chatti, the +Langobardi, the Hermunduri, the Marcomanni and Quadi, the Lugii, and +beyond the Vistula the Bastarnae, in the neighborhood of the Carpathian +hills. To the eastward and northward of the last mentioned, near the +lower course of the Vistula and thence at least as far as the Pregel, +were the primitive abodes of the Goths and their cognate tribes, who are +perhaps the _Istaevones_." The fourth division of Prichard embraced the +Scandinavians, who spoke a language kindred to the Germans and were +usually classed with them. Those who would examine this subject more +thoroughly, will consult Adelung, Zeuss, Grimm, Ritter, Ukert, Prichard, +Latham, &c., who have written expressly on the geography or the +ethnography of Germany. + + +XXVIII. _Summus auctorum_, i.e. omnium scriptorum is, qui plurimum +_auctoritatis fideique_ habet. K. Cf. Sueton. Caes. 56. Though T. +commends so highly the _authority_ of Caesar as a writer, yet he differs +from him in not a few matters of fact, as well as opinion; owing chiefly, +doubtless, to the increased means of information which he possessed in +the age of Trajan. + +_Divus Julius. Divus_==deified, _divine_; an epithet applied to the Roman +Emperors after their decease.--_Tradit_. Cf. Caes. B.G. 6, 24: fuit +antea tempus, cum _Germanos Galli_ virtute _superarent_, ultro bella +inferrent, propter hominum multitudinem agrique inopiam trans Rhenum +colonias mitterent. Livy probably refers to the same events, when he says +(Lib. 5, 34), that in the reign of Priscus Tarquinius, two immense bodies +of Gauls migrated and took possession, the one of the Hercynian Forest, +the other of Upper Italy. + +_Amnis. The Rhine.--Promiscuas. Unsettled, ill defined_. + +_Quo minus_ after a verb of hindering is followed by the subj. H. 499; +Z. 543. + +_Nulla--divisas_, i.e. _not distributed among different and powerful +kings_. + +_Hercyniam silvam_. A series of forests and mountains, stretching from +Helvetia to Hungary in a line parallel to the Danube, and described by +Caesar (B.G. 6, 25), as nine day's journey in breadth and more than +sixty in length. The name seems to be preserved in the modern _Hartz_ +Forest, which is however far less extensive. + +_Igitur--Helvetii_==igitur _regionem_, inter, etc. See note on _colunt_, +16. _Igitur_ seldom stands as the first word in a sentence in Cicero. Cf. +Z. 357; and Kühner's Cic. Tusc. Qu. 1, 6, 11. Here it introduces a more +particular explanation of the general subject mentioned at the close of +the previous chapter. So in A. 13. When so used, it sometimes stands +first in Cic., always in T. Cf. Freund sub v. Touching the Helvetii, see +Caes. B.G. 1, 1; T. His. 1, 67. + +_Boihemi nomen_. Compounded of Boii and heim (home of the Boii), now +Bohemia. _Heim==ham_ in the termination of so many names of towns, e.g. +Framing_ham_, Notting_ham_. The Boii were driven from their country by +the Marcomanni, 42. The fugitives are supposed to have carried their name +into Boioaria, now Bavaria. Cf. Prichard's Physical Researches, Vol. III. +Chap. 1, Sec. 6; and Latham's Germany of Tacitus in loco. + +_Germanorum natione_, i.e. German in situation, not in origin, for this +he expressly denies or disproves in 43, from the fact that they spoke +the Pannonian language, and paid tribute. The doubt expressed here has +reference only to their original _location_, not to their original stock, +and is therefore in no way inconsistent with the affirmation in chapter +43. + +_Cum==since_. Hence followed by subj. H. 518, I.; Z. 577. + +_Utriusque ripae_. Here of the _Danube_, the right or Pannonian bank of +which was occupied by the Aravisci, and the left or German bank by the +Osi. So elsewhere of the _Rhine_, 37, and of both, 17, and 23. + +_Treveri_. Hence modern _Treves_. + +_Circa_. _In respect to_. A use foreign to the golden age of Latin +composition, but not unfrequent in the silver age. See Ann. 11, 2. 15. +His. 1, 43. Cf. Z. 298, and note, H. 1, 13. + +_Affectationem_. _Eager desire_ to pass for native Germans. Ad verbum, +cf. note, II. 1, 80. + +_Ultro_. Radically the same with _ultra_==beyond. Properly beyond +expectation, beyond necessity, beyond measure, beyond any thing mentioned +in the foregoing context. Hence unexpectedly, freely, cheerfully, very +much, even more. Here _very_, _quite_. Gr. + +_Inertia Gallorum_. T., says Gün., is an everlasting persecutor of the +Gauls, cf. A. 11. + +_Haud dubie_==haud dubii. It limits Germanorum populi. _Undoubtedly +German tribes_. + +_Meruerint_. Not merely deserved, but _earned_, _attained_. For the subj. +after _quanquam_, cf. note, 35. + +_Agrippinenses_. From Agrippina, daughter of Germanicus and wife of +Claudius. Ann. 12, 27. Now Cologne. + +_Conditoris_. _Conditor_ with the earlier Latins is an epicene, conditrix +being of later date. Here used of Agrippina. Of course _sui_ cannot agree +with _conditoris_. It is a reflexive pronoun, the objective gen. after +_conditoris_==the founder of _themselves_, i.e. of their state, cf. +_odium sui_, 33. + +_Experimento_. Abl. _on_ trial, not _for_; i.e. in consequence of being +found faithful. In reference to the Ubii, cf. His. 4, 28. + + +XXIX. _Virtute_ sc. bellica. + +_Non multum ex ripa_. _A small tract on the bank, but chiefly an island +in the river_. Cf. His. 4, 12: extrema Gallicae orae, simulque insulam, +occupavere. + +_Chattorum quondam_. The very name Batavi is thought by some to be a +corrupted or modified form of Chatti. See Rit. in loc. + +_Transgressus. When_ is not known, but Julius Caesar found them already +in possession of their new territory. B.G. 4, 10. + +_Fierent_. Subj. after _eas--quibus==such that_. H. 500, 2; Z. 556. + +_Nec--contemnuntur. Are neither dishonored_. So in His. 4, 17. the +Batavians are called _tributorum expertes_. + +_Oneribus. The burdens of regular taxation.--Collationibus. Extraordinary +contributions_. + +_Tela_, offensive; _arma_, defensive armor. + +_In sua ripa_. On the right or eastern bank of the Rhine. _Agunt_ is to +be taken with _in sua ripa_, as well as with _nobiscum_, which are +antithetic to each other. Meaning: in situation Germans, in feeling +Romans. + +_Mente animoque. In mind and spirit. Mens_ is properly the understanding, +_animus_ the feeling part, and both together comprehend the whole soul. + +_Acrius animantur. Made more courageous by the influence of their very +soil and climate even_ (_adhuc_, cf. note, 19). + +_Numeraverim_. Subj. cf. note, 2: _crediderim_. + +_Decumates--exercent. Exercent_==colunt, So Virg. tellurem, terram, humum, +solum, &c., _exercere_. + +_Decumates_==decumanos. Occurs only here. Tithe-paying lands. For their +location, see note, 27. + +_Dubiae possessionis_, i.e. _insecure_, till confirmed by _limite acto +promotisque praesidiis_, i.e. _extending the boundary and advancing the +garrisons or outposts_. + +_Sinus. Extreme bend_ or _border_. Cf. note, 1. So Virg. (Geor. 2 123) +calls India extremi _sinus_ orbis. + +_Provinciae_. A province, not any particular one. + + +XXX. _Initium inchoant_. Pleonastic. So initio orto, His. 1, 76; initium +coeptum, His. 2, 79; perferre toleraverit, Ann. 3, 3. _Ultra_ is farther +back from the Rhine. Chattorum sedes ubi nunc magnus ducatus et +principatus _Hassorum_, quorum nomen a Chattis deductum. Ritter. +Cha_tt_i==He_ss_ians, as Germ. wa_ss_er==Eng. wa_t_er, and [Greek: +prasso==pratto]. + +_Effusis. Loca effusa_ sunt, quae _latis campis_ patent. K. This use +belongs to the later Latin, though Horace applies the word with _late_ to +the sea: effusi late maria. Gr. + +_Durant siquidem_, etc. On the whole, I am constrained to yield to the +authority and the arguments of Wr., Or., Död., and Rit., and place the +pause before _durant_, instead of after it as in the first edition. +_Durant_ precedes _siquidem_ for the sake of emphasis, just as _quin +immo_ (chap. 14) and _quin etiam_ (13) yield their usual place to the +emphatic word. These are all departures from established usage. See notes +in loc. cit. _Que_ must be understood, after _paulatim_: it is inserted +in the text by Ritter. + +_Rarescunt_. _Become fewer_ and farther apart. So Virg. Aen. 3, 411: +_Angusti rarescent claustra Pelori_. + +_Chattos suos_. As if the Chatti were the children of the Forest, and the +Forest emphatically their country. Passow. + +_Prosequitur, deponit_. Begins, continues, and ends with the Chatti. +Poetical==is coextensive with. + +_Duriora_, sc. solito, or his, cf. Gr. 256, 9.--_Stricti, sinewy, +strong_, which has the same root as _stringo_. + +_Ut inter Germanos_, i.e. pro ingenio Germanorum, Gün. So we say +elliptically: _for Germans_. + +_Praeponere_, etc. A series of infinitives without connectives, denoting +a hasty enumeration of particulars; elsewhere, sometimes, a rapid +succession of events. Cf. notes, A. 36, and H. 1, 36. The particulars +here enumerated, all refer to _military_ proceedings. + +_Disponere--noctem_. _They distribute the day_, sc. as the period of +various labors; _they fortify the night_, sc. as the scene of danger. +Still highly poetical. + +_Ratione_. _Way, manner_. Al. _Romanae_. + +_Ferramentis_. _Iron tools_, axes, mattocks, &c.--_Copiis_. _Provisions_. + +_Rari_. Predicate of _pugna_, as well as _excursus_.--_Velocitas_ applies +to cavalry, _cunctatio_ to infantry; _juxta_==connected with, allied to, +cf. juxta libertatem, 21. + + +XXXI. _Aliis--populis_. Dat. after _usurpatum_, which with its adjuncts +is the subject of _vertit_. See same construction, His. 1, 18: observatum +id antiquitus comitiis dirimendis non terruit Galbam, etc., cf. also A. +1.--_Audentia_ occurs only thrice in T. (G. 31. 34. Ann. 15, 53), and +once in Pliny (Ep. 8, 4). It differs from _audacia_ in being a _virtue_. + +_Vertit_. Intrans. Not so found in Cic., but in Liv., Caes., and Sall., +not unfrequent. Gr. Cic. however uses _anno vertente_. + +_In consensum vertit_. _Has become the common custom_. + +_Ut primum_. _Just as soon as_. A causal relation is also implied; hence +followed by the subj. + +_Crinem--submittere_. We find this custom (_of letting the hair and beard +grow long_) later among the Lombards and the Saxons, cf. Turn. His. Ang. +Sax., App. to B. 2. + +_Super--spolia_, i.e. _over the bloody spoils_ of a slain enemy. + +_Revelant_, i.e. they remove the hair and beard, which have so long +_veiled_ the face. + +_Retulisse==repaid, discharged their obligations to those who gave them +birth_. + +_Squalor_. This word primarily denotes roughness; secondarily and usually +filth: here the deformity of unshorn hair and beard. + +_Insuper_, i.e. besides the long hair and beard. The proper position of +_insuper_ is, as here, between the adj. and subs., cf. 34: immensos +_insuper_ lacus; see also _insuper_, 12. + +_Absolvat_. Subj. after _donec_. So _faciat_ below. See note, 1. + +_Hic--habitus_, sc. _ferreum annulum_, cf. 17. _Plurimis_==permultis, +Rit. + +_Placet_. Antithetic to _ignominiosum genti_. Very many of the Chatti are +_pleased_ with that which is esteemed a disgrace by most Germans, and so +pleased with it as to retain it to old age, and wear it as a badge of +distinction (_canent insignes_). + +_Nova_. Al. _torva. Strange, unusual_. Placed in the _van_ (_prima +acies_), because as the author says, § 43: primi in omnibus proeliis +_oculi_ vincuntur. + +_Mansuescunt_. Primarily said of wild beasts, _accustomed to the hand of +man_ or _tamed_. So _immanis_, _not_ handled, wild, savage. The clause +introduced by _nam_ illustrates or enforces _visu nova_, and may be +rendered thus: _for not even in time of peace do they grow gentle_ and +put on _a milder aspect_. + +_Exsanguis_. Usually lifeless or pale. Here _languid, feeble_. + + +XXXII. _Alveo_==quoad alveum. Abl. of respect, H. 429; Z. 429. + +_Certum. Fixed, well defined_, i.e. not divided and diffused, (so as to +form of itself no sufficient border or boundary to the Roman Empire) as +it was nearer its source among the Chatti. So this disputed word seems to +be explained by the author himself in the following clause; _quique +terminus esse sufficiat==and such that it suffices to be a boundary_. +_Qui==talis ut_; hence followed by the subj. H. 500, I.; Z. 558. So Mela +(3, 2) contrasts _solidus et certo alveo lapsus_ with _huc et illuc +dispergitur_. + +_Tencteris_==apud Tencteros, by _enallage_, cf. note on _ad patrem_, 20, +and other references there. The Tencteri and Usipii seem to have been at +length absorbed into the mass of people, who appear under the later name +of Alemanni. Cf. Prichard. + +_Familiam. Servants_, cf. note on same word, 15. See also Beck Gall., +Exc. 1. Sc. 1.--Penates==our _homestead_. + +_Jura succesionum==heir looms_, all that goes down by hereditary +descent. + +_Excipit_. Here in the unusual sense of _inherits.--Cetera_, sc. _jura +successionum_. + +_Bello_. Abl. and limits both _ferox_ and _melior_. Meaning: _The horses +are inherited, not, like the rest of the estate, by the eldest son, but +by the bravest_. + + +XXXIII. _Occurrebant. Met the view, presented themselves_. Almost the +sense of the corresponding English word. The structure of _narratur_ +(as impers.) is very rare in the earlier authors, who would say: +_Chamavi narrantur_. Cf. His. 1, 50. 90. The _Chamavi_, &c., were +joined afterwards to the Franks. Cf. Prichard. The present town of +_Ham_ in Westphalia probably preserves the name and gives the +_original_ locality of the _Chamavi_, the present _Engern_ that of the +_Angrivarii_. The termination varii or uarii probably==inhabitants of. +Thus angrivarii==inhabitants of Engern. Chasuarii==Inhabitants of the +river Hase. The same element is perhaps contained in the termination of +Bruct_eri_ and Tenct_eri_. See Latham in loco. + +_Nos, se_. Romanos. _Erga_==inclined to (cf. vergo), _towards_. + +_Spectaculo_. Ablative. Invidere is constructed by the Latins in the +following ways: invidere alicui aliquid, alicui alicujus rei, alicui +aliqua re, alicui in aliqua re. Hess. The construction here (with the +abl. of the thing, which was the object of envy) belongs to the silver +age. Cf. Quint. (Inst. 9, 3, 1) who contrasts it with the usage of +Cicero, and considers it as illustrating the fondness of the age for +_figurative_ language. + +_Oblectationi oculisque_. Hendiadys for ad oblectationem oculorum. The +author here exults in the promiscuous slaughter of the German Tribes by +each other's arms, as a brilliant spectacle to Roman eyes--a feeling +little congenial to the spirit of Christianity, but necessarily nurtured +by the gladiatorial shows and bloody amusements of the Romans, to say +nothing of the habitual hostility which they waged against all other +nations, that did not submit to their dominion. + +_Quaeso_, sc. _deos_. Though _fortune_ is spoken of below, as controlling +the destiny of nations. This passage shows clearly that Tacitus, with all +his partiality for German manners and morals, still retains the heart of +a Roman patriot. He loves his country with all her faults, and bears no +good-will to her enemies, however many and great their virtues. The +passage is important, as illustrating the spirit and design of the whole +Treatise. The work was not written as a blind panegyric on the Germans, +or a spleeny satire on the Romans. Neither was it composed for the +purpose of stirring up Trajan to war against Germany; to such a purpose, +such a clause, as _urgentibus imperii fatis_, were quite adverse. Least +of all was it written for the mere pastime and amusement of Roman +readers. It breathes the spirit at once of the earnest patriot, and the +high-toned moralist. + +_Odium sui_. Cf. note, 28: _conditor. Hatred of themselves_; i.e. of one +another. So in Greek, the reflexive pronoun is often used for the +reciprocal. + +_Quando==since_; a subjective reason. Cf. note, His. I, 31; and Z. 346. +--_Urgentibus--fatis_, sc. to discord and dissolution, for such were the +forebodings of patriotic and sagacious minds ever after the overthrow of +the Republic, even under the prosperous reign of Trajan. + + +XXXIV. _A tergo_, i.e. further back from the Rhine, or towards the East-- +_A fronte_, nearer the Rhine or towards the West. Both are to be referred +to the Angrivarii and Chamavi, who had the Dulgibini and the Chasuarii in +their rear (on the east), and the Frisii on their front (towards the west +or northwest).--_Frisii_, the Frieslanders. + +_Majoribus--virium. They have the name of Greater or Less Frisii, +according to the measure of their strength_. For this sense of _ex_ +see note 7. For the case of _majoribus minoribusque_ see Z. 421, and +H. 387, 1. + +_Praetexuntur. Are bordered by the Rhine_ (hemmed, as the toga +_praetexta_ by the purple); or, as Freund explains, are covered by it, +i.e. lie behind it--_Immensos lacus_. The bays, or arms of the sea, at +the mouth of the Rhine (Zuyder Zee, etc.), taken for lakes by T. and +Pliny (Ann. 1, 60. 2, 8. N.H. 4, 29). They have been greatly changed by +inundations. See Mur. in loco. + +_Oceanum_, sc. Septentrionalem.--_Sua_, sc. parte.--_Tentavimus, +explored_. + +_Herculis columnas_. "Wherever the land terminated, and it appeared +impossible to proceed further, ancient maritime nations feigned pillars +of Hercules. Those mentioned in this passage some authors have placed at +the extremity of Friesland, and others at the entrance of the Baltic." +Ky. cf. note, 3. + +_Adiit_, i.e. vere adiit, _actually_ visited that part of the world. + +_Quicquid--consensimus_. This passage is a standard illustration of the +_Romana interpretatione_ (§ 43), the Roman construction, which the Romans +put upon the mythology and theology of other nations. It shows that they +were accustomed to apply the names of their gods to the gods of other +nations on the ground of some resemblance in character, history, worship, +&c. Sometimes perhaps a resemblance in the _names_ constituted the ground +of identification. + +_Druso Germanico_. Some read Druso _et_ Germanico; others Druso, +Germanico, as a case of asyndeton (Gr. 323, 1 (1.)); for both Drusus and +Germanicus sailed into the Northern Ocean, and it is not known that +Germanicus (the son of Drusus and stepson of Tiberius, who is by some +supposed to be meant here) is ever called _Drusus Germanicus_. But +Drusus, the father of Germanicus, is called Drusus Germanicus in the +Histories (5, 19), where he is spoken of as having thrown a mole or dam +across the Rhine; and it is not improbable that he is the person here +intended. So K., Or. and Wr. + +_Se_, i.e. the Ocean. See H. 449, II.; Z. 604. + +_Inquiri_. Impersonal==_investigation to be made. E_. suggests +_inquirenti_, agreeing with _Germanico_. But T., unlike the earlier Latin +authors, not unfrequently places an infin. after a verb of hindering. + +_Credere quam scire_. T. perhaps alluded to the precept of the +Philosopher, who said: Deum cole, atque crede, sed noli quaerere. +Murphy. + + +XXXV. _In Septentrionem_, etc. _On the North, it falls back_, sc. into +the Ocean, _with_ an immense _bend_ or peninsula. The _flexus_ here +spoken of is called _sinus_ in chap. 37, and describes the Cimbric +Chersonesus, or Danish Peninsula. See Död., Or. and Rit. in loc.--_Ac +primo statim. And first immediately_, sc. as we begin to trace the +northern coast.--_Lateribus_, sc. the eastern. + +_Quanquam_ followed by the subj., seldom in Cic., but usually in T., +Z. 574, Note. Cf. note, His. 5, 21.--_Sinuetur_, sc. southwards. +_Donec--sinuetur_. Cf. note, 1: _erumpat_. + +_Inter Germanos_. Considered among the Germans, _in the estimation of the +Germans_. + +_Quique--tueri_. A clause connected to an _adj_. (nobilissimus), cf. +certum, quique, 32. _Qui_ in both passages==talis, ut. Hence followed by +subj. H. 501, I.; Z. 558. + +_Impotentia, ungoverned passion, [Greek: akrateia]. Impotentia_ seldom +denotes want of power, but usually that unrestrained passion, which +results from the want of ability to control one's self. + +_Ut--agant_ depends on _assequuntur_. Subj. H. 490; Z. 531, _a_. + +_Si res poscat_. Some copies read: si res poscat _exercitus_. But posco +and postulo seldom have the object expressed in such clauses, cf. 44: ut +res poscit; 6: prout ratio poscit. So also Cic. and Sall., pass. +_Exercitus_ is subject nom., _promptus_ being understood, as pred.; and +_plurimum virorum equorumque_ explains or rather enforces _exercitus: +and, if the case demand, an army, the greatest abundance of men and +horses_. + +_Quiescentibus_, i.e. bellum non gerentibus; _eadem_, i.e. the same, as +if engaged in war. + + +XXXVI. _Cherusci_. It was their chief, Arminius (Germ. Hermann), who, +making head against the Romans, was honored as the Deliverer of Germany, +and celebrated in ballad songs, which are preserved to this day. See his +achievements in Ann. B. 1, and 2. This tribe became afterwards the head +of the Saxon confederacy. + +_Marcentem. Enervating_. So _marcentia pocula_, Stat. Silv. 4, 6, 56. It +is usually intransitive, and is taken here by some in the sense of +languid, enervate (literally withered).--_Illacessiti_ is a post-Augustan +word. Cf. Freund. + +_Impotentes_. Cf. impotentia, 35. + +_Falso quiescas_. Falleris, dum quiescis. Dilthey. Cf. note, 14: +_possis_. + +_Ubi manu agitur_. Where matters are decided by might rather than right. +Cf. _manu agens_, A. 9. + +_Nomina superioris. Virtues_ (only) _of the stronger party_, the +conqueror. They are deemed vices in the weaker. + +_Chattis--cessit: while to the Chatti_, who were _victorious, success +was imputed for wisdom_. The antithetic particle at the beginning of the +clause is omitted. Cf. note, 4: _minime_. + +_Fuissent_. Subj. after _cum_ signifying _although_. H. 516, II. + + +XXXVII. _Sinum. Peninsula_, sc. the Cimbric. Cf. note, 35: _flexu_; 81: +_sinus_. + +_Cimbri_. The same with the Cimmerii, a once powerful race, who, +migrating from western Asia, that hive of nations, overran a large part +of Europe, but their power being broken by the Romans, and themselves +being overrun and conquered by the Gothic or German Tribes, they were +pushed to the extreme western points of the continent and the British +Isles, where, and where alone, distinct traces of their language and +literature remain to this day. They have left their name indelibly +impressed on different localities in their route, e.g. the Cimmerian +Bosphorus, the Cimbric Chersonesus (now Jutland, occupied by the Cimbri +in the days of T.), Cumberland (Cumbria, from Cimbri) &c. The ancient +name of the Welsh was also Cymri, cf. Tur. His. Ang. Sax. 1. 2. + +_Gloria_ is abl. limiting _ingens_. + +_Castra ac spatia_. In apposition with _lata vestigia_==spatiosa castra +or castrorum spatia, H. 704, II. 2; Z. 741. + +_Utraque ripa_, sc. of the Rhine, _the_ river and river bank by eminence. + +_Molem manusque. The mass of their population, and the number of their +armies_. Observe the alliteration, as if he had said: measure the mass +and might. + +_Exitus_, i.e. _migrationis_. Often used in this sense, cf. Caes. B.C. +3, 69: Salutem et _exitum_ sibi pariebant.--_Fidem, proof_. + +_Sexcentesimum--annum_. T. follows the Catonian Era. According to +the Varronian Era, received by the moderns, the date would be A.U.C. +641 = A.C. 113. + +_Alterum--consulatum_. The second consulship of Trajan (when he was also +Emperor) was, after the reckoning of Tacitus, A.U.C. 850, according to +modern computation, 851 = A.D. 98. This year doubtless marks the time when +this treatise was written, else why selected? + +_Vincitur_. So long is Germany in being conquered. (The work was never +completed.) Cf. Liv. 9, 3: quem per annos jam prope _triginta vincimus_. + +_Medio--spatio. In the intervening period_, sc. of 210 years. + +_Samnis--Galliaeve_. The Romans had fought bloody, and some times +disastrous battles with the Samnites (at the Caudine Forks, Liv. 9, 2.), +with the Carthaginians (in the several Punic Wars), with the Spaniards +under Viriathus and Sertorius (Florus, Lib. 2.), with the Gauls (Caes. +B.G. pass.). But none of these were so sanguinary as their wars with the +Germans. + +_Admonuere_, sc. vulneribus, cladibus==castigavere. + +_Regno--libertas_. Liberty and monarchy in studied antithesis. T. means to +imply that the former is the stronger principle of the two. + +_Arsacis_. The family name of the Parthian kings, as Pharaoh and Ptolemy +of the Egyptian, Antiochus of the Syrian, &c. + +_Amisso et ipse_, sc. _oriens_; the East _itself also lost_ its prince +(Pacorus), in the engagement, as well as the Romans their leader +(Crassus).--_Objecerit, reproach us with_. Subj. Cf. n. G. 2: _peteret_. + +_Ventidium_. Commander under Anthony, and conqueror of the Parthians in +three battles, A.U.C. 715. He was raised from the lowest rank and the +meanest employment, hence perhaps the expression, _dejectus infra, +humbled beneath Ventidius_. + +_Carbone--Manlio_, Cneius Papirius Carbo defeated at Noreja, A.U. 641 +(Liv. Epit. 63.), L. Cassius Longinus defeated and slain, 647 (Caes. B.G. +1, 7. 12.), M. Aurelius Scaurus defeated and taken captive, 648 (Liv. +Epit. 67.), Servilius Caepio and M. Manlius defeated with great slaughter +at Tolosa, 649 (Liv. Epit. 67.), Quintilius Varus defeated and slain, 762 +(Suet. Oct. 23.)--all these victories over the Romans in their highest +strength and glory--either in the time of the _Republic (Populo Romano)_, +or of the _Empire_ under Augustus (_Caesari_)--all these attested the +courage and military prowess of the Germans; and they were still, for the +most part, as free and as powerful as ever. + +_Caius Marius_ almost annihilated the Cimbri at Aquae Sextiae, A.U.C. +652. + +_Drusus_. Claudius Drusus invaded Germany four times, 742-3, and finally +lost his life by falling from his horse on his return, cf. Dio. Libb. 54. +55. + +_Nero_, commonly known as Tiberius (brother of Drusus and stepson of +Augustus), had the command in Germany at three different times, 746-7, +756-9, 764-5, cf. Suet. Tib. 9. seq. + +_Germanicus_, son of Drusus, made four campaigns in Germany, A.D. 14-16, +cf. Ann. B. 1. and 2. + +_C. Caesaris_. Caligula, cf. Suet. Calig.; T. His. 4, 15. + +_Discordiae--armorum_. The civil wars after the death of Nero under +Galba, Otho, and Vitellius. + +_Expugnatis--hibernis_. By the Batavians under Civilis. His. 4, 12 seq.; +A. 41. + +_Affectavere. Aspired to the government of_, cf. note on affectationem, +28. After _donec_, T. always expresses a single definite past action by +the perf. ind., cf. A. 36: _donec--cohortatus est_; a repeated, or +continued past action by the imp. subj. cf. note, A. 19: _donec--fieret_; +and a present action, which is in the nature of the case also a continued +action, by the pres. subj. cf. note, 1: _separet_. + +_Triumphati_. Poetice, cf. Virg. Aen. 6, 837: Triumphata Corintho; Hor. +Od. 3, 3, 43: Triumphati Medi. The reference here is to the ridiculous +triumph of Domitian, A. 39, in which slaves, purchased and dressed out +for the purpose, were borne as captives through the streets. + + +XXXVIII. _Suevis_. In the time of T. a powerful confederacy, embracing +all the tribes enumerated in 39-45, and covering all the eastern and +larger half of Germany. But the confederacy was soon dissolved and seldom +appears in subsequent history. We still have a trace of their name in the +Modern _Suabia_. The name is supposed by some philologists (e.g. Zeuss) +to denote _unsettled wanderers_ (Germ. Schweben, to wave, to hover, cf. +Caes. B.G. 4, 1: Suevis non longius anno remanere uno in loco, etc.); as +that of the Saxons does settlers, or _fixed residents_ (Germ. Sassen), +and that of the Franks, _freemen_. See Rup. in loc. An ingenious Article +in the North American Review (July, 1847), makes the distinction of Suevi +and non-Suevi radical and permanent in the religion and the language of +the Germans; the Suevi becoming Orthodox Catholics, and the non-Suevi +Arians in Ecclesiastical History, and the one High-Dutch and the other +Low-Dutch in the development of their language. + +_Adhuc_. Cf. note on it, 19. As to position, cf. _insuper_ 31, and 34. +The Suevi are _still (adhuc)_ divided into distinct tribes bearing +distinct names, though united in a confederacy. Cf. Hand's Tursellinus, +1, 163. Död. renders _besides_, sc. the general designation of Suevi. + +_In commune. In common_. Not used in this sense by Cic., Caes. and Liv., +though frequent in T. Gr. Cf. note on the same, 27. + +_Obliquare. To turn the hair back, or comb it up_ contrary to its natural +direction--and then fasten it in a knot on the top of the head +(_substringere nodo_); so it seems to be explained by the author himself +below: _horrentem capillum retro sequuntur ac in ipso solo vertice +religant_. Others translate _obliquare_ by _twist_. Many ancient writers +speak of this manner of tying the hair among the Germans, cf. Sen. de +Ira. 3, 26.; Juv. 13, 164. + +_A servis separantur. Separantur_==distinguuntur. Servants among the +Suevi seem to have had their hair shorn. So also it was among the Franks +at a later date. Vid. Greg. Tur. 3, 8. + +_Rarum et intra_, etc. Enallage, cf. note _certum quique_, 32. + +_Retro sequuntur_, i.e. _follow it back_, as it were, in its growth, and +_tie it up on the very crown of the head only_, instead of letting it +hang down, as it grows (submittere crinem). So K., Or. and many others. +Passow and Död. take sequuntur in the sense of _desire, delight in_ (our +word _seek_). The word bears that sense, e.g. 5: argentum magis quam +aurum _sequuntur_. But then what is _retro_ sequuntur? for _retro_ must +be an adjunct of _sequuntur_ both from position, and because there is no +other word which it can limit. _Saepe_ implies, that sometimes they made +a knot elsewhere, but _often they fasten_ it there, and there _only_. See +Or. in loc. This whole passage illustrates our author's disposition to +avoid technical language. Cf. note, II. 2, 21. + +_Innoxiae. Harmless_, unlike the beauty cultivated among the _Romans_ to +dazzle and seduce. + +_In altitudinem_, etc. _For the sake of_ (increased) _height and terror_, +i.e. to appear tall and inspire terror. Cf. note, A, 5: _in +jactationem_; A. 7: _in suam famam_. The antithetic particle is omitted +before this clause as it often is by our author. + +_Ut hostium oculis_, to strike with terror the eyes of the enemy, for +primi in omnibus proeliis _oculi_ vincuntur, 43. + + +XXXIX. _Vetustissimos. Oldest_. _Vetus_ is _old_, of long _duration_ +([Greek; etos], aetas). _antiquus, ancient_, belonging to a _preceding_ +age (ante). _Recens_ (fresh, young) is opposed to the former: _novus_ +(new, modern), to the latter. See Ramshorn and Freund. + +_Fides antiquitatis. Antiquitatis_ is objective gen.==_the belief, or +persuasion of their antiquity_. + +_Auguriis--sacram_. The commentators all note the hexameter structure of +these words, and many regard them as a quotation from some Latin poet. +The words themselves are also poetical, e.g. _patrum_ for _majorum_, and +_formidine_ for _religione_. The coloring is Virgilian. Cf. Aen. 7, 172; +8, 598. See Or. in loc. and Preliminary Remarks to the Histories, p. 234. + +_Legationibus coeunt_. Just as we say: _convene by their delegates_, or +_representatives_. + +_Publice_==publica auctoritate, cf. same word, 10. + +_Primordia_. Initiatory rites. + +_Minor_, sc. numine. _Inferior to the god_. + +_Prae se ferens. Expressing in his external appearance, or bearing in his +own person an acknowledgment of the power of the divinity_. + +_Evolvuntur_==se evolvunt, cf. Ann. 1, 13: cum Tiberii genua +advolveretur; also _lavantur_, 22. + +_Eo--tanquam. Has reference to this point, as if_, i.e. to this opinion, +viz. that thence, etc. Cf. _illuc respicit tanquam_, 12.--_Inde_ From the +grove, or the god of the grove. Cf. 3: _Tuisconem ... originem gentis_. + +_Adjicit auctoritatem_, sc. isti superstitioni. + +_Magno corpore_==reipublicae magnitudine. _Corpore_, the body politic. So +His. 4, 64: redisse vos in corpus nomenque Germanorum.--_Habitantur_. Al. +habitant and habitantium, by conjecture. The subject is the Semnonian +_country_ implied in _Semnonum: the Semnonians inhabit a hundred +villages_, is the idea. + + +XL. _Langobardos_. The Lombards of Mediaeval history; so called probably +from their long beards (Germ, lang and bart). First mentioned by +Velleius, 2, 106: gens etiam Germana feritate ferocior. See also Ann. 2, +45, 46, 62-64.--_Paucitas_ here stands opposed to the _magno corpore_ of +the Semnones in 39. + +_Per--periclitando_. Three different constructions, cf. notes 16, 18. + +_Reudigni_. Perhaps the Jutes, so intimately associated with the Angles +in subsequent history. See Or. in loc. In like manner, Zeuss identifies +the _Suardones_ with the Heruli, and the _Nuithones_ with the Teutones. +_Suardones_ perhaps==_sword_-men. + +_Anglii_. The English reader will here recognize the tribe of Germans +that subsequently invaded, peopled, and gave name to England +(==_Angl-land_), commonly designated as the Anglo-Saxons. T. does not +mention the _Saxons_. They are mentioned by Ptolemy and others, as +originally occupying a territory in this same part of Germany. They +became at length so powerful, as to give their name to the entire +confederacy (including the Angles), which ruled northern Germany, as the +Franks (the founders of the French monarchy) did southern. The Angles +seem to have dwelt on the right bank of the Elbe, near its mouth, in the +time of T. + +_Nerthum_. This is the reading of the MSS. and the old editions. It +cannot be doubted that T. speaks of Hertha (see Turn. His. Ang. Sax., +App. to B. 2. chap. 3). "But we must take care not to correct our author +himself." Passow. Grimm identifies this deity with Niördhr of the Edda, +and derives the name from Nord (North).--_Terram matrem_. The Earth is +worshipped by almost all heathen nations, as the mother of men and the +inferior gods. See Mur. in loco. Cf. 2: Tuisconem Deum, _terra editum_; +also note, 9. Isidi. + +_Insula_. Scholars differ as to the Island. Probabilities perhaps are in +favor of Rugen, where the _secretus lacus_ mentioned below is still +shown, still associated with superstitious legends. + +_Castum. Polluted by nothing profane_. So Hor: _castis lucis_. + +_Penetrali_, viz. _the sacred vehicle_. + +_Dignatur_. _Deems worthy_ of her visits. + +_Templo_, sc. the sacred grove. Templum, like [Greek: temenos], denotes +any place _set apart_ (from [Greek: temno]) for sacred purposes, cf. 9. + +_Numen ipsum. The goddess herself_, not an image of her; for the Germans +have no images of their gods, 9. _Abluitur_, as if contaminated by +intercourse with mortals. + +_Perituri_, etc. _Which can be seen only on penalty of death_. + + +XLI. _Propior_, sc. to the Romans.--_Hermundurorum_. Ritter identifies +the name (_Hermun_ being omitted, and _dur_ being==_thur_) and the people +with the _Thur_ingians. Cf. note 2: _Ingaevones_. + +_Non in ripa. Not only_ (or _not so much_) _on the border_ (the +riverbank), but also within the bounds of the Roman Empire. + +_Splendidissima--colonia_. This flourishing colony had no distinctive +name in the age of T.; called afterwards Augusta Vindelicorum, now +Augsburg. + +_Passim_. Wherever they chose--_Sine custode_. Not so others. Cf. His. 4, +64: ut inermes ac prope nudi, _sub custode_ et pretio coiremus. + +_Cum--ostendamus. Cum==while, although_. Hence the subj. + +_Non concupiscentibus. Since they were not covetous_, Gün. Gr renders: +_though they were not equally desirous of it_. + +_Notum--auditur_. The Elbe had been _seen_ and _crossed_ by Drusus +Domitius, and Tiberius. But now it was known only by _hearsay_. See a +like patriotic complaint at the close of 37. + + +XLII. _Marcomanni_==men of the marches. See Latham in loc--_Sedes_, sc. +Bohemia.--_Pulsis olim Boiis_, cf. 28. + +_Degenerant_, sc. _a reliquorum virtute_, i.e. the Narisci and Quadi +_are not unworthy, do not fall short_ of the bravery of their neighbors. +the Marcomanni. + +_Peragitur_. Al. _protegitur, porrigitur_, &c. Different words are +supplied as the subject of _peragitur_, e.g. Passow _iter_.; Rit. +_cursus_; K. _frons_. The last is preferable. The meaning is: _This +country_ (sc. of these tribes) _is the front_, so to speak (i.e. the +part _facing the Romans_) _of Germany, so far as it is formed by the +Danube_, i.e. so far as the Danube forms the boundary between Germany +and the Roman Empire. + +_Marobodui_. Cf. Ann. 2, 62; Suet. Tib. 37. + +_Externos_, sc. reges, viz. the kings of the Hermunduri. Ann. 2, 62.-- +_Potentia. Power_ irrespective of right. _Potestas_ is lawful +_authority_. See note, 7 + +_Nec minus valent_, sc. being aided by our money, than they would be if +they were reinforced by our arms. This clause in some copies stands at +the beginning of 43. + + +XLIII. _Retro. Back_ from the Danube and the Roman border.--_Referunt. +Resemble_. Poetical, cf. 20. + +_Et quod patiuntur_, sc. proves that they are not of German origin. They +paid tribute as _foreigners_. The Gothini were probably a remnant of the +expelled Boii. Cf. note, 28, and Prichard, as there cited. Hence their +Gallic language. + +_Quo magis pudeat_. They have iron beyond even most of the Germans (cf. +6), but (shame to tell) do not know how to use it in asserting their +independence. Subj. H. 497; Z. 536. + +_Pauca campestrium_. Poetical, but not uncommon in the later Latin. So +41: secretiora Germaniae; His. 4, 28: extrema Galliarum. H. 396, III. +2. 3; Z. 435. + +_Jugum. A mountain chain.--Vertices. Distinct summits_. + +_Insederunt_. This word usually takes a dat., or an abl., with _in_. But +the poets and later prose writers use it as a transitive verb with the +acc.==_have settled, inhabited_. Cf. H. 371, 4; Z. 386; and Freund sub +voce. Observe the comparatively unusual form of the perf. 3d plur. in +_-erunt_ instead of _-ere_. Cf. note, His. 2, 20. + +_Nomen_==gens. So nomen Latinum==Latins. Liv. pass. + +_Interpretatione Romana_. So we are every where to understand Roman +accounts of the gods of other nations. They transferred to them the names +of their own divinities according to some slight, perhaps fancied +resemblance. Cf. note, 34: _quicquid consensimus_. + +_Ea vis numini_, i.e. these gods render the same service to the Germans, +as Castor and Pollux to the Romans. + +_Alcis_, dat. pl. Perhaps from the Slavonic word holcy==kouros, Greek +for Castor and Pollux. Referable to no German root. + +_Peregrinae_, sc. Greek or Roman.--_Tamen_. Though these gods bear no +visible trace of Greek or Roman origin, _yet_ they are worshipped as +brothers, as youth, like the _Greek_ and _Roman Twins_.-- +_Superstitionis_==religionis. Cf. notes, His. 3, 58; 5, 13. + +_Lenocinantur. Cherish_, increase. Used rhetorically; properly, _to +pander_.--_Arte_, sc. nigra scuta, &c.--_Tempore_, sc. atras noctes, &c. +--_Tincta==tattooed_. + +_Ipsaque formidine_, etc. _And by the very frightfulness and shadow of +the deathlike army. Umbra_ may be taken of the literal _shadows_ of the +men in the night, with Rit., or with Död. and Or., of the general _image_ +or _aspect_ of the army. _Feralis_, as an adj., is found only in poetry +and post-Augustan prose. See Freund. + +_Gothones_. Probably the Getae of earlier, and the Goths of later +history. See Or. in loc. and Grimm and other authorities as there cited. +The _Rugii_ have perpetuated their name in an island of the Baltic +(Rugen). + +_Adductius_. Lit. with tighter rein, _with more absolute power_ cf. His. +3, 7: adductius, quam civili bello, imperitabat. The adv. is used only in +the comp.; and the part. adductus is post-Augustan. _Jam_ and _nondum_ +both have reference to the writer's progress in going over the tribes of +Germany, those tribes growing less and less free as he advances eastward: +_already_ under more subjection than the foregoing tribes, but _not yet_ +in such abject slavery, as some we shall soon reach, sc. in the next +chapter, where see note on _jam_. + +_Supra_. So as to _trample down_ liberty and destroy it. + +_Protinus deinde ab_, etc. _Next in order, from the ocean_, i.e. with +territory beginning from or at the ocean. + + +XLIV. _Suionum. Swedes_. Not mentioned under this name, however, by any +other ancient author. + +_Ipso_. The Rugii, &c., mentioned at the close of the previous section, +dwelt _by_ the ocean (_ab_ Oceano); but the _Suiones in_ the ocean (_in_ +Oceano). _Ipso_ marks this antithesis. + +_In Oceano_. An island in the Baltic. Sweden was so regarded by the +ancients, cf. 1, note. + +_Utrimque prora. Naves biprorae_. Such also had the Veneti, Caes. B.G. +3, 13. Such Germanicus constructed, His. 3, 47. So also the canoes of the +N. Am. Indians. + +_Ministrantur_, sc. naves==_the ships are not furnished with sails_, cf. +His. 4, 12: _viros armaque ministrant_. Or it may be taken in the more +literal sense: are served, i.e. worked, mannged. Cf. Virg. Aen. 6, 302: +velisque ministrat.--_In ordinem. For a row_, i.e. so as to form a row, +cf. Z. 314: also Rit. and Död. in loc. The northmen (Danes and Swedes) +became afterwards still more famous for navigation and piratical +excursions, till at length they settled down in great numbers in France +and England. + +_In quibusdam fluminum_. Rivers with steep banks require the oars to be +removed in order to approach the bank. + +_Est--honos_. Contrary to the usual fact in Germany, cf. 5. + +_Exceptionibus_. _Limitations_.--_Jam_. Now, i.e. _here_, opposed to the +_foregoing_ accounts of _free states_ and _limited monarchies_. + +_Precario_. Properly: _obtained by entreaty_. Hence: _dependent on the +will of another_, cf. A. 16.--_Parendi_. A gerund with passive sense, +lit. _with no precarious right of being obeyed_. So Pass., K., Wr. and +Gün. + +_In promiscuo_. The privilege of wearing arms is not conceded to the mass +of the people.--_Et quidem_==et eo, _and that too_. + +_Otiosa--manus_. Al. _otiosae_ by conjecture. But _manus_, a collective +noun sing. takes a pl. verb, cf. H. 461, 1; Z. 366. + +_Regia utilitas est_==regibus utile est. + + +XLV. _Pigrum_. Cf. A. 10: pigrum et grave. The Northern or Frozen Ocean, +of which T. seems to have heard, though some refer it to the northern +part of the Baltic. See Ky. in loc. + +_Hinc_. _For this reason_, viz. _quod extremus_, etc. + +_In ortus_. _Till the risings_ (pl.) _of the sun_, i.e. from day to day +successively. It was known in the age of T. that the longest day grew +longer towards the north, till at length it became six months (cf. Plin. +N.H. 2, 77), though T. supposed it to be thus long at a lower latitude +than it really was, cf. A. 12. + +_Sonum--aspici_. The aurora borealis, some suppose. + +_Persuasio adjicit_. _The common belief adds_, i.e. _it is further +believed_, cf. His. 5, 5. 13: persuasio inerat. + +_Illuc--natura_. _Tantum_ is to be connected with _illuc usque_. _Thus far +only nature extends_. So thought the ancients. Cf. A. 33: _in ipso +terrarum ac naturae fine_. _Et vera fama_ is parenthetic. The _author_ +endorses this part of the story. + +_Ergo_ marks a return from the above digression. + +_Suevici maris_. _The Baltic_. + +_Aestyorum_==eastern men, modern Esthonians. Their language was probably +neither German nor Briton, but Slavonic. + +_Matrem Deum_. Cybele, as the Romans interpreted it, cf. 43. + +_Insigne--gestant_. Worn, as _amulets_. + +_Frumenta laborant_, i.e. labor _for_, or _to produce_, corn. Cf. Hor. +Epod. 5, 60. _Laborare_ is transitive only in poetry and post-Augustan +prose. _Elaborare_ would imply too much art for the author's purpose. See +Rit. in loc. + +_Succinum_. _Amber_, an important article of commerce in early ages, +combining some vegetable juice (hence the Latin name, from _succus_) with +some mineral ingredients.--_Glesum_. This name was transferred to +_glass_, when it came into use. The root is German. Compare [Greek: +chalaza.] Död. + +_Nec_==non tamen. _Yet it is not_, etc. + +_Ut barbaris_. Cf. ut inter barbaros, A. 11. _Barbaris_ is dative in +apposition with _iis_, which is understood after _compertum_. + +_Quae--ratio_. _What power or process of nature_. + +_Donec--dedit_. Cf. note, 87: _affectavere_. + +_Plerumque_. _Often_; a limited sense of the word peculiar to +post-Augustan Latin. Cf. G. 13: _ipsa plerumque fama bella profligant_; +and Freund ad v. + +_Quae--expressa_==quorum _succus_ expressus, etc. + +_In tantum_. _To such a degree_. Frequent only in late Latin. + +_A servitute_. They fall short of liberty in not being free, like most of +the Germans; and they fall below slavery itself, in that they are slaves +to a woman. + + +XLVI. _Venedorum et Fennorum_. Modern _Vends and Finns_, or Fen-men. Cf. +Latham in loc.--_Ac torpor procerum_. _The chief men are lazy and +stupid_, besides being filthy, like all the rest. + +_Foedantur_. Cf. infectos, 4.--_Habitum_, here personal appearance, cf. +note, 17.--_Ex moribus_, sc. Sarmatarum. + +_Erigitur_. Middle sense. _Raise themselves_, or _rise_, cf. evolvuntur, +39. + +_Figunt_. Have _fixed habitations_, in contrast with the Sarmatians, who +lived in carts. Cf. Ann. 13, 54: _fixerant domos Frisii_. Al. _fingunt_. + +_Sarmatis_. The stock of the modern Russians, cf. 1. note. + +_Cubile_. We should expect _cubili_ to correspond with _victui_ and +_vestituti_. But cf. note 18: referantur; 20: ad patrem, &c. + +_Comitantur_, i.e. feminae comitantur viris. + +_Ingemere--illaborare_. _Toil and groan upon houses and lands_, i.e. _in +building and tilling them_; though some understand _domibus_ and _agris_ +as the places in which they toil. + +_Versare_. _To be constantly employed_ in increasing the fortune of +themselves and others, agitated meanwhile by hope and fear. + +_Securi_. Because they have nothing to lose. + +_Illis_. Emphatic. _They_, unlike others, have no need, &c. Cf. _apud +illos_, 44. + +_In medium relinquam_. Leave for the public, i.e. undecided. + +_Relinquere in medio_ is the more common expression. Bötticher in his +Lex. Tac. explains it, as equivalent by Zeugma to _in medium vocatum +relinquam in medio_. So in Greek, _en_ and _eis_ often interchange. + + + +AGRICOLA. + + +The Biography of Agricola was written early in the reign of Trajan (which +commenced A.U.C. 851. A.D. 98), consequently about the same time with the +Germania, though perhaps somewhat later (cf. notes on Germania). This +date is established by inference from the author's own language in the 3d +and the 44th sections (see notes). In the former, he speaks of the dawn +of a better day, which opened indeed with the reign of Nerva, but which +is now brightening constantly under the auspices of Trajan. The use of +the past tense (_miscuerit_) here in respect to Nerva, and of the present +(_augeat_) in respect to Trajan, is quite conclusive evidence, that at +the time of writing, the reign of Nerva was past, and that of Trajan had +already begun. + +The other passage is, if possible, still more clearly demonstrative of +the same date. Here in drawing the same contrast between past tyranny and +present freedom, the author, without mentioning Nerva, records the desire +and hope, which his father-in-law expressed in his hearing, that he might +live to see Trajan elevated to the imperial throne--language very proper +and courtly, if Trajan were already Emperor, but a very awkward +compliment to Nerva, if, as many critics suppose, he were still the +reigning prince. + +It is objected to this date, that if Nerva were not still living, Tacitus +could not have failed to attach to his name (in § 3.) the epithet +_Divus_, with which deceased Emperors were usually honored. And from the +omission of this epithet in connection with the name of _Nerva_, together +with the terms of honor in which _Trajan_ is mentioned, it is inferred +that the piece was written in that brief period of three months, which +intervened between the adoption of Trajan by Nerva, and Nerva's death +(see Brotier and many others). But the application of the epithet in +question, was not a matter of necessity or of universal practice. Its +omission in this case might have been accidental, or might have proceeded +from unknown reasons. And the bare absence of a single word surely cannot +be entitled to much weight, in comparison with the obvious and almost +necessary import of the passages just cited. + +The primary object of the work is sufficiently obvious. It was to honor +the memory of the writer's excellent father-in-law, Agricola (cf. § 3: +honori Agricolae, mei soceri, destinatus). So far from apologizing for +writing the life of so near a friend, he feels assured that his motives +will be appreciated and his design approved, however imperfect may be its +execution; and he deems an apology necessary for having so long delayed +the performance of that filial duty. After an introduction of singular +beauty and appropriateness (cf. notes), he sketches a brief outline of +the parentage, education, and early life of Agricola, but draws out more +at length the history of his consulship and command in Britain, of which +the following summary, from Hume's History of England, may not be +unprofitable to the student in anticipation: "Agricola was the general, +who finally established the dominion of the Romans in this island. He +governed it in the reigns of Vespasian, Titus, and Domitian. He carried +his victorious arms northward; defeated the Britons in every encounter, +pierced into the forests and the mountains of Caledonia, reduced every +state to subjection in the southern parts of the island, and chased +before him all the men of fiercer and more intractable spirits, who +deemed war and death itself less intolerable than servitude under the +victors. He defeated them in a decisive action which they fought under +Galgacus; and having fixed a chain of garrisons between the friths of +Clyde and Forth, he cut off the ruder and more barren parts of the island +and secured the Roman province from the incursions of the more barbarous +inhabitants. During these military enterprises, he neglected not the arts +of peace. He introduced laws and civility among the Britons; taught them +to desire and raise all the conveniences of life; reconciled them to the +Roman language and manners; instructed them in letters and science; and +employed every expedient to render those chains which he had forged both +easy and agreeable to them." (His. of Eng. vol. 1.) + +The history of Agricola during this period is of course the history of +Britain. Accordingly the author prefaces it with an outline of the +geographical features, the situation, soil, climate, productions and, so +far as known to the Romans, the past history of the island. Tacitus +possessed peculiar advantages for being the historian of the early +Britons. His father-in-law was the first to subject the whole island to +the sway of Rome. He traversed the country from south to north at the +head of his armies, explored it with his own eyes, and reported what he +saw to our author with his own lips. He saw the Britons too, in their +native nobleness, in their primitive love of liberty and virtue; before +they had become the slaves of Roman arms, the dupes of Roman arts, or the +victims of Roman vices. A few paragraphs in the concise and nervous style +of Tacitus, have made us quite acquainted with the Britons, as Agricola +found them; and on the whole, we have no reason to be ashamed of the +primaeval inhabitants of the land of our ancestry. They knew their +rights, they prized them, they fought for them bravely and died for them +nobly. More harmony among themselves might have delayed, but could not +have prevented the final catastrophe. Rome in the age of Trajan was +irresistible; and Britain became a Roman province. This portion of the +Agricola of Tacitus, and the Germania of the same author, entitle him to +the peculiar affection and lasting gratitude of those, whose veins flow +with Briton and Anglo-Saxon blood, as the historian, and the contemporary +historian too, of their early fathers. It is a notable providence for us, +nay it is a kind providence for mankind, that has thus preserved from the +pen of the most sagacious and reflecting of all historians an account, +too brief though it be, of the origin and antiquities of the people that +of all others now exert the widest dominion whether in the political or +the moral world, and that have made those countries which were in his day +shrouded in darkness, the radiant points for the moral and spiritual +illumination of our race. "The child is father to the man," and if we +would at this day investigate the elements of English law, we have it on +the authority of Sir William Blackstone, that we must trace them back to +their founders in the customs of the Britons and Germans, as recorded by +Caesar and Tacitus. + +With the retirement of Agricola from the command in Britain, the author +falls back more into the province of biography. The few occasional +strokes, however, in which the pencil of Tacitus has sketched the +character of Domitian in the background of the picture of Agricola are +the more to be prized, because his history of that reign is lost. + +In narrating the closing scenes of Agricola's life, Tacitus breathes the +very spirit of an affectionate son, without sacrificing the impartiality +and gravity of the historian, and combines all a mourner's simplicity and +sincerity with all the orator's dignity and eloquence. + +How tenderly he dwells on the wisdom and goodness of his departed father; +how artlessly he intersperses his own sympathies and regrets, even as if +he were breathing out his sorrows amid a circle of sympathizing friends! +At the same time, how instructive are his reflections, how noble his +sentiments, and how weighty his words, as if he were pronouncing an +eulogium in the hearing of the world and of posterity! The sad experience +of the writer in the very troubles through which he follows Agricola, +conspires with the affectionate remembrance of his own loss in the death +of such a father, to give a tinge of melancholy to the whole biography; +and we should not know where to look for the composition, in which so +perfect a work of art is animated by so warm a heart. In both these +respects, it is decidedly superior to the Germania. It is marked by the +same depth of thought and conciseness in diction, but it is a higher +effort of the writer, while, at the same time, it gives us more insight +into the character of the man. It has less of satire and more of +sentiment. Or if it is not richer in refined sentiments and beautiful +reflections, they are interwoven with the narrative in a manner more easy +and natural. The sentiments seem to be only the language of Agricola's +virtuous heart, and the reflections, we feel, could not fail to occur to +such a mind in the contemplation of such a character. There is also more +ease and flow in the language; for concise as it still is and studied as +it may appear, it seems to be the very style which is best suited to the +subject and most natural to the author. In another writer we might call +it labored and ambitious. But we cannot feel that it cost Tacitus very +much effort. Still less can we charge him with an attempt at display. In +short, an air of confidence in the dignity of the subject, and in the +powers of the author, pervades the entire structure of this fine specimen +of biography. And the reader will not deem that confidence ill-grounded. +He cannot fail to regard this, as among the noblest, if not the very +noblest monument ever reared to the memory of any individual. + +"We find in it the flower of all the beauties, which T. has scattered +through his other works. It is a chef-d'oeuvre, which satisfies at once +the judgment and the fancy, the imagination and the heart. It is justly +proposed as a model of historical eulogy. The praises bestowed have in +them nothing vague or far-fetched, they rise from the simple facts of the +narrative. Every thing produces attachment, every thing conveys +instruction. The reader loves Agricola, admires him, conceives a passion +for him, accompanies him in his campaigns, shares in his disgrace and +profits by his example. The interest goes on growing to the last. And +when it seems incapable of further increase, passages pathetic and +sublime transport the soul out of itself, and leave it the power of +feeling only to detest the tyrant, and to melt into tenderness without +weakness over the destiny of the hero." (La Bletterie.) + + * * * * * + +I. _Usitatum_. A participle in the acc. agreeing with the preceding +clause, and forming with that clause the object of the verb omisit.-- +_Nequidem_. Cf. G. 6, note. + +_Incuriosa suorum_. So Ann. 2, 88: dum vetera extollimus, recentium +incuriosi. _Incuriosus_ is post-Augustan. + +_Virtus vicit--vitium_. Alliteration, which is not unfrequent in T. as +also homoeoteleuta, words ending with like sounds. Dr. + +_Ignorantiam--invidiam_. The gen. _recti_ limits both subs., which +properly denote different faults, but since they are usually associated, +they are here spoken of as one (_vitium_). + +_In aperto_. Literally, _in the open_ field or way; hence, _free from +obstructions_. Sal. (Jug. 5) uses it for _in open_ day, or clear light. +But that sense would be inappropriate here. _Easy_. Not essentially +different from _pronum_, which properly means _inclined_, and hence +_easy_. These two words are brought together in like manner in other +passages of our author, cf. 33: vota virtusque _in aperto_, omniaque +_prona_ victoribus. An inelegant imitation may be thus expressed in +English: down-hill and open-ground work. + +_Sine gratia aut ambitione. Without courting favor or seeking preferment. +Gratia_ properly refers more to the present, _ambitio_ to the future. Cf. +Ann. 6, 46: Tiberio non perinde gratia praesentium, quam in posteros +ambitio. _Ambitio_ is here used in a bad sense (as it is sometimes in +Cic.) For still another bad sense of the word, cf. G. 27. + +_Celeberrimus quisque_. Such men as Pliny the elder, Claudius Pollio, +and Julius Secundus, wrote biographies. Also Rusticus and Senecio. See +chap. 2. + +_Plerique_. Not most persons, but _many_, or _very many_. Cf. His. 1, 86, +and 4, 84, where it denotes a less number than _plures_ and _plurimi_, to +which it is allied in its root (ple, ple-us, plus, plerus. See Freund ad +v.) + +_Suam ipsi vitam. Autobiography_. Cic. in his Epist. to Lucceius says: If +I cannot obtain this favor from you, I shall perhaps be compelled to +write my own biography, _multorum exemplo et clarorum virorum_. When +_ipse_ is joined to a possessive pronoun in a reflexive clause, it takes +the case of the subject of the clause. Cf. Z. 696, Note; H. 452, 1. + +_Fiduciam morum_. _A mark of conscious integrity_; literally confidence +of, i.e. in their morals. _Morum_ is objective gen. For the two +accusatives (one of which however is the clause _suam--narrare_) after +_arbitrati sunt_, see Z. 394; H. 373. A gen. may take the place of the +latter acc., _esse_ being understood, Z. 448. + +_Rutilio_. Rutilius Rufus, consul A.U.C. 649, whom Cic. (Brut. 30, 114.) +names as a profound scholar in Greek literature and philosophy, and +Velleius (2, 13, 2.) calls the best man, not merely of his own, but of +any age. He wrote a Roman history in Greek. Plut. Mar. 28. His +autobiography is mentioned only by Tacitus. + +_Scauro_. M. Aemilius Scaurus, consul A.U.C. 639, who wrote an +autobiography, which Cic. (Brut. 29, 112.) compares favorably with the +Cyropaedia of Xenophon. + +_Citra fidem_. Cf. note G. 16.--_Aut obtrectationi_. Enallage, cf. note, +G. 15. Render: _This in the case of Rutilius and Scaurus did not impair_ +(public) _confidence or incur_ (public) _censure_. + +_Adeo_. _To such a degree_, or _so true it is_. _Adeo_ conclusiva, et in +initio sententiae collocata, ad _mediam_ latinitatem pertinet. Dr. Livy +uses _adeo_ in this way often; Cic. uses _tantum_. + +_At nunc_, etc. _But now_ (in our age so different from those better +days) _in undertaking to write_ (i.e. if I had undertaken to write) _the +life of a man at the time of his death, I should have needed permission; +which I would not have asked_, since in that case _I should have fallen +on times so cruel and hostile to virtue_. The reference is particularly +to the time of Domitian, whose jealousy perhaps occasioned the death of +Agricola, and would have been offended by the very asking of permission +to write his biography. Accordingly the historian proceeds in the next +chapter to illustrate the treatment, which the biographers of eminent men +met with from that cruel tyrant. _Opus fuit_ stands instead of _opus +fuisset_. Cf. His. 1, 16: _dignus eram_; 3, 22: _ratio fuit_; and Z. 518, +519. The concise mode of using the future participles _narraturo_ and +_incursaturus_ (in place of the verb in the proper mood and with the +proper conjunctions, if, when, since) belongs to the silver age, and is +foreign to the language of Cicero. Such is the interpretation, which +after a thorough reinvestigation, I am now inclined to apply to this much +disputed passage. It is that of Ritter. It will be seen that the text +also differs slightly from that of the first edition (_in-cursaturus_ +instead of _ni cursaturus_). Besides the authority of Rit., Död., Freund +and others, I have been influenced by a regard to the usage of Tacitus, +which lends no sanction to a transitive sense of _cursare_. Cf. Ann. 15, +50; His. 5, 20. In many editions, _mihi_ stands before _nunc narraturo_. +But _nunc_ is the emphatic word, and should stand first, as it does in +the best MSS. + + +II. _Legimus_. Quis? Tacitus ejusdemque aetatis homines alii. Ubi? In +actis diurnis. Wr. These _journals_ (Fiske's Man. p. 626., 4. ed.) +published such events (cf. Dio. 67, 11), and were read through the empire +(Ann. 16, 22). T. was absent from Rome when the events here referred to +took place (cf. 45: longae absentiae). Hence the propriety of his saying +_legimus_, rather than _vidimus_ or _meminimus_, which have been proposed +as corrections. + +_Aruleno Rustico_. Put to death by Domitian for writing a memoir or +penegyric on Paetus Thrasea, cf. Suet. Dom. 10. + +_Paetus Thrasea_. Cf. Ann. 16, 21: Trucidatis tot insignibus viris, ad +postremum Nero _virtutem ipsam_ exscindere concupivit, interfecto Thrasea +Paeto. + +_Herennio Senecioni_. Cf. Plin. (Epist. 7, 19), where Senecio is said to +have written the life of Helvidius at the request of Fannia, wife of +Helvidius, who was also banished, as accessory to the crime, but who bore +into exile the very books which had been the cause of her exile. For the +dat. cf. note, G. 3: _Ulixi_. + +_Priscus Helvidius_, son-in-law of Thrasea and friend of the younger +Pliny, was put to death by Vespasian. Suet. Vesp. 15; His. 4, 5; Juv. +Sat. 5, 36. + +_Laudati essent_. The imp. and plup. subj. are used in narration after +_cum_, even when it denotes time merely. Here however a causal connection +is also intended. H. 518, II.; Z. 577, 578. + +_Triumviris_. The Triumviri at Rome, like the Undecimviri (_oi endeka_) +at Athens, had charge of the prisons and executions, for which purpose +they had eight lictors at their command. + +_Comitio ac foro_. The comitium was a _part_ of the forum. Yet the words +are often used together (cf. Suet. Caes. 10). The _comitium_ was the +proper place for the punishment of criminals, and the word _forum_ +suggests the further idea of the publicity of the book-burning in the +presence of the assembled people. + +_Conscientiam_, etc. _The consciousness_, i.e. _common knowledge of +mankind_; for _conscientia_ denotes what one knows in common with others, +as well as what he is conscious of in himself. Cf. His. 1, 25: +_conscientiam facinoris_; Cic. Cat. 1. 1: _omnium horum conscientia_. In +his Annals (4, 35), T. ridicules the stupidity of those who expect by any +_present_ power, to extinguish the memory also of the _next_ generation. +The sentiment of both passages is just and fine. + +_Sapientiae professoribus. Philosophers_, who were banished by Domitian, +A.D. 94, on the occasion of Rusticus's panegyric on Thrasea. T. not +unfrequently introduces an _additional circumstance_ by the abl. abs., as +here. + +_Ne occurreret. Ne_ with the subj. expresses a negative intention; _ut +non_ a negative result. H. 490; Z. 532. + +_Inquisitiones. A system of espionage_, sc. by the Emperor's tools and +informers.--_Et_==etiam, _even_. Cf. note, 11. Al. _etiam_. + +_Memoriam--perdidissemus_, i.e. we should not have _dared_ to remember, if +we could have helped it. + +III. _Et quanquam. Et_ pro _sed_. So Dr. But _nunc demum animus redit_ +implies, that confidence is hardly restored yet; and the reason for so +slow a recovery is given in the following clause. Hence _et_ is used in +its proper copulative or explicative sense. So Wr. _Demum_ is a +lengthened form of the demonstrative _dem_. Cf. i-_dem_, tan-_dem_, +_dae_. _Nunc demum_==_nun dae_. Freund. + +_Primo statim. Statim_ gives emphasis: _at the very commencement_, etc.; +cf. note, 20.--_Dissociabiles, incompatible_. + +_Augeatque--Trajanus_. This marks the date of the composition early in +the reign of Trajan, cf. G. 37; also p. 139 supra. + +_Securitas publica. "And public security has assumed not only hopes and +wishes, but has seen those wishes arise to confidence and, stability. +Securitas publica_ was a current expression and wish, and was frequently +inscribed on medals." Ky. + +_Assumpserit_. This word properly belongs only to _fiduciam ac robur. +Spem ac votum_ would require rather _conceperit_. Zeugma. + +_Subit_. _Steals in_, lit. creeps under. Cf. note, H. 1, 13. + +_Invisa primo--amatur_. The original perhaps of Pope's lines Vice is a +monster, &c. + +_Quindecim annos_. The reign of Domitian from A.D. 81, to A.D. 96. + +_Fortuitis casibus_. Natural and ordinary death, as opposed to death by +violence, _saevitia principis_.--_Promptissimus quisque. The ablest, or +all the ablest_. _Quisque_ with a superlative, whether singular or +plural, is in general equivalent to _omnes_ with the positive, with the +additional idea however of a reciprocal comparison among the persons +denoted by _quisque_, Z. 710, 6. + +_Ut ita dixerim_. An apology for the strong expression _nostri +superstites: survivors not of others only, but so to speak, of ourselves +also_; for we can hardly be said to have _lived_ under the tyranny of +Dom., and our present happy life is, as it were, a renewed existence, +after being buried for fifteen years. A beautiful conception! The use of +_dixerim_ in preference to _dicam_ in this formula is characteristic of +the later Latin. Cf. Z. 528. The _et_ before this clause is omitted by +some editors. But it is susceptible of an explanation, which adds spirit +to the passage: A few of us survive, _and that_ not merely ourselves, but +so to speak, others also. In the Augustan age _superstes_ was, for the +most part, followed by the dative. + +_Tamen_. Notwithstanding the unfavorable circumstances in which I write, +after so long a period of deathlike silence, in winch we have almost lost +the gift of speech, _yet_ I shall not regret to have composed _even in +rude and inelegant language_, etc. For the construction of _pigebit_, cf. +Z. 441, and H. 410, 6. + +_Memoriam--composuisse_. Supposed to refer to his forthcoming history, +written, or planned and announced, but not yet published. Some understand +it of the present treatise. But then _interim_ would have no meaning; nor +indeed is the language applicable to his _Agricola_. + +_Interim_, sc. _editus_ or vulgatus, _published meanwhile_, i.e. while +preparing the history. + +The reader cannot but be struck with the beauty of this introduction. It +is modest, and at the same time replete with the dignity of conscious +worth. It is drawn out to considerable length, yet it is all so pertinent +and tasteful, that we would not spare a sentence or a word. With all the +thoughtful and sententious brevity of the exordiums of Sallust, it has +far more of natural ease and the beauty of appropriateness. + + +IV. _Cnaeus Julius Agricola_. Every Roman had at least three names: the +nomen or name of the gens, which always ended in _ius_ (Julius); the +praenomen or individual name ending in _us_ (Cnaeus); and the cognomen or +family name (Agricola). See a brief account of A. in Dion Cassius 66, 20. +Mentioned only by Dion and T. Al. Gnaeus, C. and G. being originally +identical. + +_Forojuliensium colonia_. Now _Frejus_. A walled town of Gallia +Narbonensis, built by Julius Caesar, and used as a _naval station_ by +Augustus (cf. His. 3, 43: _claustra maris_). Augustus sent thither the +beaked ships captured in the battle of Actium, Ann. 4, 5. Hence perhaps +called _illustris_. + +_Procuratorem Caesarum_. Collector of imperial revenues in the Roman +Provinces. + +_Quae equestris--est_, i.e. the procurator was, as we say, ex officio, a +Roman knight. The office was not conferred on senators. + +_Julius Graecinus_. Cf. Sen. de Benef. 2, 21: Si exemplo magni animi opus +est, utemur _Graecini Julii_, viri egregii, quem C. Caesar occidit ob hoc +unum, quod melior vir esset, quam esse quemquam tyranno expediret. + +_Senatorii ordinis_. Pred. after _fuit_ understood, with ellipsis of +_vir_. H. 402, III.; Z. 426. + +_Sapientiae. Philosophy_, cf. 1.--_Caii Caesaris_. Known in English +histories by the name of Caligula. + +_Marcum Silanum_. Father-in-law of Caligula, cf. Suet. Calig. 23: Silanum +item _socerum_ ad necem, secandasque novacula fauces compulit. + +_Jussus_. Supply _est_. T. often omits _est_ in the first of two passive +verbs, cf. 9: detentus ac statim ... revocatus est. In Hand's Tursellinus +(2, 474) however, jussus is explained as a participle, and _quia +abnuerat_ as equivalent to another participle==_having been commanded +and having refused_. + +_Abnuerat_, lit. _had_ refused, because the refusal was prior to the +slaying. We, with less accuracy, say _refused_. Z. 505. + +_Rarae castitatis_. Ellipsis of _mulier_. H. 402, III.; Z. 426. + +_In--indulgentiaque. Brought up in her bosom and tender love. Indulgentia_ +is more frequently used to denote excessive tenderness. + +_Arcebat_ has for its subject the clause, _quod statim_, etc. He was +guarded against the allurements of vice by the wholesome influences +thrown around him in the place of his early education. + +_Massiliam_. Now Marseilles. It was settled by a colony of Phocaeans. +Hence _Graeca comitate_. Cf also Cicero's account of the high culture and +refinement of Massilia (Cic. pro Flacco, 26).--_Provinciali parsimonia. +Parsimonia_ in a good sense; _economy_, as opposed to the luxury and +extravagance of Italy and the City. + +_Locum--mixtum_. Enallage for _locus_, in quo mixta erant, etc. H. 704, +III., cf. 25: mixti copiis et laetitia.--_Bene compositum_ denotes _a +happy combination_ of the elements, of which _mixtum_ expresses only the +_co-existence_. + +_Acrius_, sc. aequo==too eagerly. H. 444, 1, and Z. 104, 1. note. + +_Concessum--senatori_. Military and civil studies were deemed more +appropriate to noble Roman youth, than literature and philosophy. +_Senatori_ must of course refer, not to the office of A., but to his rank +by birth, cf. _senatorii ordinis_ above. + +_Hausisse, ni--coercuisset_. An analysis of this sentence shows, that +there is an ellipsis of _hausurum_ fuisse: _he imbibed_, and would have +continued to imbibe, _had not_, &c. In such sentences, which abound in T. +but are rarely found in Cic., _ni_ is more readily translated by _but_. +Cf. Z. 519. _b_; and note, His. 3, 28. For the application of _haurire_ +to the eager study of philosophy, cf. Hor. Sat. 2, 4, 95: _haurire vitae +praecepta beatae_, and note, His. 1, 51: _hauserunt animo_. + +_Prudentia matris_. So Nero's mother deterred him from the study of +philosophy. Suet. Ner. 52. + +_Pulchritudinem ac speciem. The beautiful image_, or beau ideal, by +hendiadys. Cf. Cic. Or. 2: _species pulchritudinis_. See Rit. in loc. + +_Vehementius quam caute_. For _vehementius quam cautius_, which is the +regular Latin construction. T. uses both. Cf. Z. 690, and note, His. 1, +83. + +_Mox_. In T. subsequently, not presently. R. + +_Retinuitque--modum. And, what is most difficult, he retained from +philosophy moderation_--moderation in all things, but especially in +devotion to philosophy itself, where moderation is difficult in +proportion to the excellence of the pursuit, as was shown by the +extravagance of the Stoics and some other Grecian sects. As to the sense +of _modum_, cf. Hor. Sat. 1, 1, 106: _est modus in rebus_; and for the +sentiment, Hor. Ep. 1, 6, 15: _Insani sapiens nomen ferat, aequus iniqui, +ultra quam satis est virtutem si petat ipsam_. + + +V. _Castrorum_. This word is used to express whatever pertains to +military life, education, &c., as the context may require. Every Roman +youth who aspired to civil office, must have a military education. + +_Diligenti ac moderato. Careful and prudent_, cf. our author's character +of the same commander, His. 2, 25: _cunctator natura_, etc. + +_Approbavit_==fecit, ut ei probarentur. Dr. It is a constructio +praegnans. He obtained the first rudiments of a military education under +Paullinus, and he gained his approbation. + +_Electus--aestimaret. Having been chosen as one whom he would estimate_ +(i.e. test his merit) _by tenting together_, i.e. by making him his +companion and aid. Young men of rank and promise were thus associated +with Roman commanders. Cf. Suet., Caes. 2. T., as usual, avoids the +technical way of expressing the relation. Ad verbum, _contubernium_, cf. +note, His. 1, 43. Others make _aestimaret==dignum aestimaret_, and +_contubernio_ abl. of price. Cf. Död. and Dr. + +_Licenter--segniter_, sc. agens. _Licenter_ refers to _voluptates, +segniter_ to _commeatus.--Commeatus==furloughs, absence from duty.-- +Inscitiam_, sc. tribunatus==_ignorance of his official duty or +inexperience in war.--Retulit. Referre ad_ is used very much like the +corresponding English, viz. to _refer to_ an object, or devote to an end. +Sense: _He did not take advantage of his official standing and his +military inexperience, to give up his time to ease and pleasure_. Wr. +takes _retulit_ in the more ordinary sense of brought back, thus: A. did +not bring back (to Rome) the empty name of Tribune and no military +experience, there to give himself up to leisure and pleasure. The former +version accords better with the language of the whole passage. Wr. +questions the authority for such a use of _referre_. But it may be found, +e.g. Plin. Epist. 1, 22: nihil _ad_ ostentationem, omnia _ad_ +conscientiam _refert_. + +_Noscere--nosci_, etc. T. is fond of such a series of inf. depending on +some _one_ finite verb understood, and hence closely connected with each +other, cf. G. 30: _praeponere_, etc. _note_. Here supply from _retulit_ +in the preceding number the idea: _he made it his business or aim to +know_, etc. The author's fondness for antithesis is very observable in +the several successive pairs here: _noscere--nosci; discere--sequi; +appetere--recusare; anxius--intentus_. + +_In jactationem_. Al. jactatione. _In_ denoting the object or purpose, Z. +314: _he coveted no appointment for the sake of display; he declined none +through fear_. + +_Anxius_ and _intentus_ qualify _agere_ like adverbs cf. R. Exc. 23, 1. +_He conducted himself both with prudence and with energy_. + +_Exercitatior_==agitatior. So Cic. Som. Scip. 4: agitatus et exercitatus +animus; and Hor. Epod. 9, 31: Syrtes Noto exercitatas. + +_Incensae coloniae_. Camalodunum, Londinium and Verulamium. Cf. Ann. 14, +33, where however the historian does not expressly say, the last two were +_burned_. + +_In ambiguo_==ambigua, in a critical state. R. + +_Alterius_, sc. ducis.--_Artem et usum_. Military _science and +experience_. + +_Summa ... cessit. The general management_ (cf. notes, H. 1, 87. 2, 16. +33) _and the glory of recovering the province went to the general_ (to +his credit). The primary meaning of _cedere_ is _to go_. See Freund sub +v.--_Juveni_, sc. A. + +_Tum_, sc. while veterani trucidarentur, etc.--_Mox_, sc. when Paullinus +and A. came to the rescue. + +_Nec minus_, etc. A remark worthy of notice and too often true. + + +VI. _Magistratus_. The regular _course_ of offices and honors at Rome. + +_Per--anteponendo_. Enallage, cf. G. 15, note. _Per_ here denotes manner, +rather than means (cf. _per lamenta_, 28); and _anteponendo_ +likewise==anteponentes. R. Render: _mutually loving and preferring one +another.--Nisi quod==but_. Cf. _ni_, 4. There is an ellipsis before _nisi +quod_, which R. would supply thus: greatly to the credit of both parties +--_but more praise belongs to the good wife_, etc. _Major_ sc. quam in +bono viro. So, after _plus_ supply quam in malo viro: _But more praise +belongs to a good wife_, than to a good husband, _by as much as more +blame attaches to a bad wife_, than to a bad husband. + +_Sors quaesturae_. The Quaestors drew _lots_ for their respective +provinces. Their number increased with the increase of the empire, till +from two they became twenty or more. As at first a Quaestor accompanied +each Consul at the head of an army, so afterwards each Proconsul, or +Governor of a province, had his Quaestor to collect and disburse the +revenues of the province. The Quaestorship was the first in the course of +Roman honors. It might be entered upon at the age of twenty-four. + +_Salvium Titianum_. Brother of the Emperor Otho. See His. B. 1 and 2. +pass. For the office of Proconsul, &c., see note, His. 1, 49. + +_Parata peccantibus. Ready for wicked_ rulers, i.e. affording great +facilities for extortion in its corrupt and servile population. _Paratus_ +With a dat. of the thing, for which there is a preparation, is peculiar +to poetry and post-Augustan prose. Cf. Freund ad v. Ad rem. cf. Cic. +Epist. ad Quint. 1, 1, 6: tam corruptrice provincia, sc. Asia; and pro +Mur. 9. + +_Quantalibet facilitate_. Any indulgence (license) however great. + +_Redempturus esset_. Subj. in the apodosis answering to a protasis +understood, sc. if A. would have entered into the plot. Cf. H. 502. +Observe the use of _esset_ rather than _fuisset_ to denote what the +proconsul would have been ready to do _at any time_ during their +_continuance_ in office. Cf. Wr. in loc. + +_Dissimulationem_. Concealment (of what is true); simulatio, on the +other hand, is an allegation of what is false. + +_Auctus est filia_. So Cic. ad Att. 1, 2: filiolo me auctum scito. + +_Ante sublatum. Previously born_. For this use of _sublatum_, see +Lexicon.--Brevi amisit, he lost shortly after_; though R. takes _amisit_ +as perf. for plup. and renders lost a short time before. + +_Mox inter_, etc., sc. _annum_ inter, supplied from _etiam ipsum ... +annum_ below. + +_Tenor et silentium_. Hendiadys for continuum silentium, or tenorem +silentem. R. + +_Jurisdictio. For the administration of justice in private cases had not +fallen to his lot_. Only two of the twelve or fifteen Praetors, viz. the +Praetor Urbanus (see note H. 1, 47) and the Praetor Peregrinus (who +judged between foreigners and citizens) were said to exercise +_jurisdictio_. The adjudication of criminal causes was called _quaestio_, +which was now for the most part in the hands of the senate (Ann. 4, 6), +from whom it might be transferred by appeal to the Praefect of the City +or the Emperor himself. The Praetors received the _jurisdictio_ or the +_quaestio_ by lot; and in case the former did not fall to them, the +office was almost a sinecure; except that they continued to preside over +the public games. See further, on the name and office of Praetor, His. 1, +47, note. For the plup. in _obvenerat_, see note, 4: _abnuerat_. + +_Et_==et omnino. _The games and in general the pageantry of office +(inania honoris)_ expected of the Praetor. Observe the use of the neuter +plural of the adj. for the subst., of which, especially before a gen., T. +is peculiarly fond. + +_Medio rationis_. The text is doubtful. The MSS. vacillate between _medio +ratinois_ and _modo rationis_; and the recent editions, for the most +part, follow a third but wholly conjectural reading, viz. _moderationis_. +The sense is the same with either reading: _He conducted the games and +the empty pageantry of office in a happy mean_ (partaking at once) _of +prudence and plenty_. See Freund ad _duco_. + +_Uti--propior. As far from luxury, so_ (in the same proportion) _nearer to +glory_, i.e. the farther from luxury, the nearer to glory. Cf. Freund ad +_uti_. + +_Longe--propior_. Enallage of the adv. and adj. ef. G. 18: _extra_. + +_Ne sensisset. Would not have felt_, etc., i.e. he recovered all the +plundered offerings of the temple, but those which had been +sacrilegiously taken away by _Nero_ for the supply of his vicious +pleasures. This explanation supposes a protasis understood, or rather +implied in _quam Neronis_. (Cf H. 503, 2. 2). The plup. subj. admits +perhaps of another explanation, the subj. denoting the end with a view to +which _Agricola labored_ (H. 531; Z. 549), and the plup. covering all the +past down to the time of his labors: he labored that the republic might +not have experienced, and _he_ virtually _effected that it had not +experienced_, since he restored everything to its former state, the +plunder of Nero alone excepted. See Wr. and Or. in loc. Perhaps this +would not be an unexampled _praegnantia_ for Tacitus. For _sentire_ in +the sense of _experiencing_ especially _evil_, see Hor. Od. 2, 7, 10, and +other examples in Freund sub v. + + +VII. _Classis Othoniana_. Ad rem. cf. His. 2, 12, seqq.--_Licenter vaga. +Roaming in quest of plunder.--Intemelios_, Cf. note, 2, 13.--_In +praediis suis. On her own estates. Praedia_ includes both lands and +buildings. + +_Ad solemnia pietatis. To perform the last offices of filial affection_. + +_Nuntio deprehensus_. Supply _est_, cf. 4: jussus. _Was overtaken +unexpectedly by the news of Vespasian's claim (nomination) to the +throne.--Affectati_. Cf. note, G. 28.--_In partes_, to his (Vesp.) +_party_. + +_Principatus_, sc. Vespasiani.--_Mucianus regebat_. Vesp. was detained in +Egypt for some time after his troops had entered Rome under Mucianus; +meanwhile Mucianus exercised all the imperial power, cf. His. 4, 11. 39: +vis penes Mucianum erat. + +_Juvene--usurpante_. Dom. was now eighteen years old, cf. His. 4, 2: +nondum ad curas intentus, sed _stupris et adulteriis filium principis +agebat_. + +_Is_, sc. Mucianus.--_Vicesimae legioni_. One of three legions, at that +time stationed in _Britain_, which submitted to the government of Vesp. +_tarde_ and _non sine motu_ (His. 3, 44). + +_Decessor. Predecessor_. It was Roscius Coelius. His. 1, 60. + +_Legatis--consularibus. Governors_ or Proconsuls. The provinces were +governed by men who had been consuls (_consulares_), and as _legatus_ +meant any commissioned officer, these were distinguished as _legati +consulares_. With reference to this consular authority, the same were +called _proconsules_. Cf. note, H. 1, 49. Trebellius Maximus and Vettius +Bolanus are here intended. Cf. 16. and His. 1, 60. 2, 65. _Nimia_==justo +potentior. Dr. + +_Legatus praetorius==legatus legionis, commander of the legion_. Cf. +note, His. 1, 7. Here the same person as _decessor_. + +_Invenisse quam fecisse_, etc., involves a maxim of policy worth noting. + + +VIII. _Placidius. With less energy_. See more of Bolanus at close of 16. + +_Dignum est_. A general remark, applicable to any such province. Hence +the present, for which some would substitute _erat_ or _esset_. + +_Ne incresceret_, sc. ipse: _lest he should become too great_, i.e. rise +above his superior and so excite his jealousy. Referred by W. to +_ardorem_ for its subject. But then _ne incresceret_ would be +superfluous. + +_Consularem_, sc. Legatum==Governor, cf. 7, note. + +_Petilius Cerialis_. Cf. 17. Ann. 14, 32. His. 4, 68. + +_Habuerunt--exemplorum. Had room for exertion_ and so for _setting a good +example_, cf. Ann. 13, 8: videbaturque locus virtutibus patefactus. The +position of _habuerunt_ is emphatic, as if he had said: _then had +virtues_, etc. See Rit. in loc. + +_Communicabat_, sc. cum A.--_Ex eventu_, from _the event_, i.e. _in +consequence of his success_. + +_In suam famam_. Cf. in jactationem, 5, note. + +_Extra gloriam_ is sometimes put for _sine gloria_, especially by the +late writers. His. 1, 49: _extra vitia_. Hand's Turs. 2, 679. + + +IX. _Revertentem_, etc. Returning from his command in Britain.--_Divus_. +Cf. notes, G. 28; His. 2, 33. + +_Vesp.--ascivit_. By virtue of his office as Censor, the Emperor claimed +the right of elevating and degrading the rank of the citizens. Inasmuch +as the families of the aristocracy always incline to run out and become +extinct, there was a necessity for an occasional re-supply of the +patrician from the plebeian ranks, e.g. by Julius Caesar, Augustus and +Claudius (Ann. 11, 25), as well as by Vespasian (Aur. Vic. Caes. 9. Suet. +9.)--_Provinciae--praeposuit_. Aquitania was one of seven provinces, into +which Augustus distributed Gaul, and which with the exception of Narbonne +Gaul, were all subject to the immediate disposal and control of the +Emperor himself. It was the south-western part of Gaul, being enclosed by +the Rhone, the Loire, the Pyrenees and the Atlantic. + +_Splendidae--destinarat. A province of the first importance both in its +government_ (in itself considered), _and the prospect of the consulship, +to which he_ (Vesp.) _had destined him_ (A.), sc. as soon as his office +should have expired. + +_Subtilitatem_==calliditatem, nice discernment, _discrimination_.-- +_Exerceat_, Observe the subj. to express the views of others, not of the +author. H. 531; Z. 511. + +_Secura--agens. _Requiring less anxious thought and mental acumen_, and +_proceeding more by physical force. Secura_==minus anxia. Dr. Cf. note, +His. 1, 1. _Obtusior_==minus acuta. + +_Togatos. Civilians_ in distinction from military men, like A. The _toga_ +was the dress of civil life to some extent in the _provinces_ (cf. 21, +His. 2, 20), though originally worn only in _Rome_. (Beck. Gall., Exc. +Sc. 8.) + +_Remissionumque_. The Greeks and Romans both used the pl. of many +abstracts, of which we use only the sing. For examples see R. Exc. 4. For +the principle cf. Z. 92. + +_Curarum--divisi_. This clause means not merely, that his time was +divided between business and relaxation; but that there was a broad +line of demarcation between them, as he proceeds to explain. +_Divisa_==diversa inter se. Dr. So Virg. Georg. 2, 116: divisae +arboribus patriae==countries are _distinguished from_ each other by +their trees. _Jam vero_. Cf. note, G. 14. + +_Conventus_, sc. juridici==_courts_. The word designates also the +districts in which the courts were held, and into which each province was +divided. Cf. Smith's Dict. of Ant.: Conventus. So Pliny (N.H. 3; 3.) +speaks of juridici conventus. Tacitus, as usual, avoids the technical +designation. + +_Ultra_. Adv. for adj., cf. _longe_, 6.--_Persona_. 1. A mask (_per_ and +_sono_). 2. Outward show, as here. + +_Tristitiam--exuerat_. Some connect this clause by zeugma with the +foregoing. But with a misapprehension of the meaning of exuerat, +which==_was entirely free from_; lit. had divested himself of. Thus +understood, the clause is a _general_ remark touching the character of +A., in implied contrast with other men or magistrates with whom those +vices were so common. So in Ann. 6, 25, Agrippina is said to have +divested herself of vices (_vitia exuerat_) which were common among +women, but which never attached to her. _Facilitas_. Opposed to +_severitas_==kindness, indulgence. + +_Abstinentiam_. This word, though sometimes denoting temperance in food +and drink, more properly refers to the desire and use of money. +_Abstinentia_ is opposed to _avarice; continentia_ to _sensual pleasure_. +Cf. Plin. Epis. 6, 8: alieni abstinentissimus. Here render honesty, +integrity. + +_Cui--indulgent_. See the same sentiment, His. 4, 6: quando etiam +sapientibus cupido gloriae novissima exuitur. + +_Ostentanda--artem_, cf. 6: _per--anteponendo_; also G. 15, note. + +_Collegas_. The governors of other provinces. The word means _chosen +together_; hence either those chosen at the same election or those chosen +to the same office. Cf. H. 1, 10. + +_Procuratores_. There was but one at a time in each province. There may +have been several however in succession, while A. was Proconsul. Or we +may understand both this clause and the preceding, not of his government +in Aquitania in particular, but as a general fact in the life of A. So E. +For the office, see note, 4; and for an instance of a quarrel between the +Proconsul and the Procurator, Ann. 14, 38. + +_Atteri_==vinci as the antithesis shows, though with more of the +implication of dignity _impaired_ (worn off) by conflict with inferiors. + +_Minus triennium. Quam_ omitted. See H. 417, 3; Z. 485. + +_Comitante opinione. A general expectation attending him_, as it were, on +his return. + +_Nullis sermonibus_. Ablative of _cause_. + +_Elegit_. Perf. to denote what _has in fact_ taken place. + + +X. _In comparationem_. Cf. in suam famam, 8, note. + +_Perdomita est. Completely subdued_. + +_Rerum fide==faithfully and truly_; lit. with fidelity to facts. + +_Britannia_. It has generally been supposed (though Gesenius denies it in +his Phenician Paloeography) that Britain was known to the Phenicians, +those bold navigators and enterprising merchants of antiquity, under the +name of the _Cassiterides_, or Tin Islands. Greek authors make early +mention of Albion (plural of Alp?) and Ierne (Erin) as British Islands. +Bochart derives the name (Britain) from the Phenician or Hebrew +Baratanae, "the Land of Tin;" others from the Gallic _Britti_, Painted, +in allusion to the custom among the inhabitants of painting their bodies. +But according to the Welsh Triads, Britain derived its name from Prydain, +a king, who early reigned in the island. Cf. Turner's His. Ang. Sax. 1, +2, seqq. The geographical description, which follows, cannot be +exonerated from the charge of verbiage and grandiloquence. T. wanted the +art of saying a plain thing plainly. + +_Spatio ac coelo_. Brit. not only stretches out or lies over against +these several countries in _situation_, but it approaches them also in +_climate_: a circumstance which illustrates the great size of the island +(cf. _maxima_, above) and prepares the way for the description of both +below. + +_Germaniae_ and _Hispaniae_ are dat. after _obtenditur_. The mistaken +notion of the relative position of Spain and Britain is shared with T. by +Caesar (B.G. 13), Dion (39, 50), and indeed by the ancients in general. +It is so represented in maps as late as Richard of Cirencester. Cf. +Prichard, III. 3, 9. + +_Etiam inspicitur_. It is even _seen_ by the Gauls, implying nearer +approach to Gaul, than to Germany or Spain. + +_Nullis terris_. Abl. abs., _contra_ taking the place of the part., or +rather limiting a part. understood. + +_Livius_. In his 105th Book; now lost, except in the Epitome. + +_Fabius Rusticus_. A friend of Seneca, and writer of history in the age +of Claudius and Nero. + +_Oblongae scutulae_. Geometrically a trapezium. + +_Et est ea facies. And such is the form, exclusive of Caledonia, whence +the account has been extended also to the whole Island_. + +_Sed--tenuatur. But a vast and irregular extent of lands jutting out +here (jam_, cf. note, G. 44) _on this remotest shore_ (i.e. widening +out again where they seemed already to have come to an end), _is +narrowed down as it were into a wedge_. The author likens Caledonia to +a wedge with its apex at the Friths of Clyde and Forth, and its base +widening out on either side into the ocean beyond. _Enormis_ is a +post-Augustan word. _Novissimi_==extreme, remotest. G. 24, note. + +_Affirmavit. Established_ the fact, hitherto supposed, but not fully +ascertained. This was done in Agricola's last campaign in Britain, +cf. 38. + +_Orcadas_. The Orkneys. Their name occurs earlier than this, but they +were little known. + +_Dispecta est. Was seen_ through the mist, as it were; discovered in the +distance and obscurity. Cf. note, H. 4, 55: dispecturas Gallias, etc. + +_Thule_. Al. Thyle. What island T. meant, is uncertain. It has been +referred by different critics, to the Shetland, the Hebrides, and even to +Iceland. The account of the island, like that of the surrounding ocean, +is obviously drawn from the imagination. + +_Nam hactenus_, etc. _For their orders were_ to proceed _thus far_ only, +_and_ (besides) _winter was approaching_. Cf. _hactenus_, G. 25, and +_appetere_, Ann. 4, 51: _appetente jam luce_. The editions generally have +_nix_ instead of _jussum_. But Rit. and Or. with reason follow the oldest +and best MSS. in the reading _jussum_, which with the slight and obvious +amendment of _nam_ for _quam_ by Rit. renders this obscure and vexed +passage at length easy and clear. + +_Pigrum et grave_. See a similar description of the Northern Ocean, G. +25: pigrum ac prope immotum. The modern reader need not be informed, that +this is an entire mistake, as to the matter of fact; those seas about +Britain are never frozen; though the navigators in this voyage might +easily have magnified the perils and hardships of their enterprise, by +transferring to these waters what they had heard of those further north. + +_Perinde_. Al. _proinde_. These two forms are written indiscriminately in +the old MSS. The meaning of _ne perinde_ here is _not so much_, sc. as +other seas. Cf. note, G. 5. + +_Ne ventis--attolli_. Directly the reverse of the truth. Those seas, are +in fact, remarkably tempestuous. + +_Quod--impellitur_. False philosophy to explain a fictitious phenomenon, +as is too often the case with the philosophy of the ancients, who little +understood natural science, cf. the _astronomy_ of T. in 12. + +_Neque--ac_. Correlatives. The author assigns two reasons why he does not +discuss the subject of the _tides_: 1. It does not suit the design of his +work; 2. The subject has been treated by many others, e.g. Strab. 3, 5, +11; Plin. N.H. 2, 99, &c. + +_Multum fluminum. Multum_ is the object of _ferre_, of which _mare_ is +the subject, as it is also of all the infinitives in the sentence. +_Fluminum_ is not rivers but currents among the islands along the shore. + +_Nec littore tenus_, etc. "_The ebbings and flowings of the tide are not +confined to the shore, but the sea penetrates into the heart of the +country, and works its way among the hills and mountains, as in its +native bed_." Ky. A description very appropriate to a coast so cut up by +aestuaries, and highly poetical, but wanting in simplicity. + +_Jugis etiam ac montibus. Jugis_, cf. G. 43. _Ac. Atque_ in the common +editions. But _ac_, besides being more frequent before a consonant, is +found in the best MSS. + + +XI. _Indigenae an advecti_. Cf. _note_, G. 2: _indigenas_. + +_Ut inter barbaros_, sc. fieri solet. Cf. ut in licentia, G. 2; and ut +inter Germanos, G. 30. + +_Rutilae--asseverant_. Cf. the description of the Germans, G. 4. The +inhabitants of Caledonia are of the same stock as the other Britons. The +conclusion, to which our author inclines below, viz. that the Britons +proceeded from Gaul, is sustained by the authority of modern +ethnologists. The original inhabitants of Britain are found, both by +philological and historical evidence, to have belonged to the Celtic or +Cimmerian stock, which once overspread nearly the whole of central +Europe, but were overrun and pushed off the stage by the Gothic or German +Tribes, and now have their distinct representatives only in the Welsh, +the Irish, the Highland Scotch, and a few similar remnants of a once +powerful race in the extreme west of the continent and the islands of the +sea. Cf. note on the Cimbri, G. 37. + +_Silurum_. The people of Wales. + +_Colorati vultus. Dark complexion_. So with the poets, colorati Indi, +Seres, Etrusci, &c. + +_Hispania_. Nom. subject of _faciunt_, with _crines_, &c. + +_Iberos_. Properly a people on the Iberus (Ebro), who gave their name to +the whole Spanish Peninsula. They belonged to a different race from the +Celtic, or the Teutonic, which seems once to have inhabited Italy and +Sicily, as well as parts of Gaul and Spain. A dialect is still spoken in +the mountainous regions about the Bay of Biscay, and called the Basque or +Biscayan, which differs from any other dialect in Europe. Cf. Prichard's +Physical Researches, vol. III. chap. 2. + +_Proximi Gallis_. Cf. Caes. B.G. 5, 14: Ex his omnibus longe sunt +humanissimi, qui Cantium (Kent) incolunt, quae regio est maritima omnis, +_neque multum a Gallica differunt consuetudine. Et--also: those nearest +the Gauls are also like them_. + +_Durante vi. Either because the influence of a common origin still +continues_, etc. + +_Procurrentibus--terris. Or because their territories running out towards +one another_, literally, _in opposite directions_, Britain towards the +south and Gaul towards the north, so as to approach each other. See Rit., +Död. in loc., and Freund ad _diversus_. + +_Positio--dedit_. The idea of similarity being already expressed in +_similes_, is understood here: their situation in the same climate +(_coelo_) has given them the _same_ personal appearance. + +_Aestimanti_. Indef. dat. after _credibile est_, cf. note, G. 6. + +_Eorum_ refers to the Gauls. You (indef. subject, cf. quiescas, G. 36) +may discover the religion of the Gauls (among the Britons) in their full +belief of the same superstitions. So Caes. B.G. 6, 13: disciplina in +Britannia reperta atque inde in Galliam translata esse existimatur; and +he adds, that those who wished to gain a more perfect knowledge of the +Druidical system still went from Gaul to Britain to learn. Sharon Turner +thinks, the system must have been introduced into Britain from the East +(perhaps India) by the Phenicians, and thence propagated in Gaul. His. +Ang. Sax., B. 1, chap. 5. + +_Persuasione_. See the same use of the word, His. 5, 5: eademque de +infernis persuasio. + +_In--periculis_. The same sentiment is expressed by Caesar (B.G. 3, 19). + +_Ferociae_. In a good sense, courage, cf. 31: virtus ac ferocia. + +_Praeferunt_==prae se ferunt, i.e. _exhibit_. + +_Ut quos. Ut qui_, like _qui_ alone, is followed by the subj. to express +a reason for what precedes. It may be rendered by _because_ or _since_ +with the demonstrative. So _quippe cui placuisset_, 18. Cf. Z. 565 and H. +519, 3. + +_Gallos floruisse_. Cf. G. 28. + +_Otio_. Opposed to _bellis, peace.--Amissa virtute_. Abl. abs. denoting +an additional circumstance. Cf. 2: _expulsis--professoribus_, note.-- +_Olim_ limits _victis_. + + +XII. _Honestior. The more honorable_ (i.e. the man of rank) _is the +charioteer, his dependents fight_ (on the chariot). The reverse was true +in the Trojan War. + +_Factionibus trahuntur_==distrahuntur in factiones. Dr., and Or. T. is +fond of using simple for compound verbs. See note 22; also numerous +examples in the Index to Notes on the Histories. + +_Civitatibus_. Dat. for Gen.--_Pro nobis_. Abl. with prep. for dat. +Enallage. R.--_Conventus. Convention_, meeting. + +_Coelum--foedum_. The fog and rain of the British Isles are still +proverbial.--_Dierum spatia_, etc. Cf. Caes. 513. + +_Quod si==and if_. From the tendency to connect sentences by relatives +arose the use of _quod_ before certain conjunctions, particularly _si_, +merely as a copulative. Cf. Z. 807. also Freund sub v. The fact alleged +in this sentence is as false as the philosophy by which it is explained +in the next, cf. G. 45: in ortus, note. + +_Scilicet--cadit_. This explanation proceeds on the assumption that night +is caused by the shadow of mountains, behind which the sun sets; and +since these do not exist in that level extremity of the earth, the sun +has nothing to set behind, and so there is no night. The astronomy of T. +is about of a piece with his natural philosophy, cf. 10.--_Extrema-- +terrarum_. Cf. note, 6: _inania honoris_. + +_Non erigunt_, lit. do not elevate the darkness, i.e. do not cast their +shadow so high (_infraque--cadit_), as the sky and the stars; hence they +are bright (_clara_) through the night!! Pliny also supposed the heavens +(above the moon) to be of themselves perpetually luminous, but darkened +at night by the shadow of the earth. N.H. 2, 7. + +_Praeter. Beyond_. Hence either _besides_ or _except_. Here the latter.-- +_Fecundum_. More than _patiens, fruitful even.--Proveniunt_. Ang. _come +forward_. + +_Fert--aurum_, etc. This is also affirmed by Strabo, 4, 5, 2, but denied +by Cic. ad Att., 4, 16, 7, and ad Div., 7, 7. The moderns decide in favor +of T. and Strabo, though it is only in inconsiderable quantities that +gold and silver have ever been found in Britain. + +_Margarita_. The neuter form of this word is seldom used, never by +Cicero. See Freund sub v. + +_Rubro mari_. The _Red Sea_ of the Greeks and Romans embraced both the +Arabian and the Persian Gulfs; and it was in the latter especially, that +pearls were found, as they are to this day. Cf. Plin. N.H. 9, 54: +praecipue laudantur (margaritae) in _Persico sinu maris rubri_. For an +explanation of the name (Red Sea), see Anthon's Classical Dictionary. + +_Expulsa sint. Cast out_, i.e. _ashore, by the waves_. Subj. in a +subordinate clause of the oratio obliqua. H. 531; Z. 603. + +_Naturam--avaritiam_. A very characteristic sentence, both for its +antithesis and its satire. + + +XIII. _Ipsi Britanni. Ipsi_ marks the transition from the country to the +people, cf. ipsos Germanos, G. 2. + +_Obeunt_ properly applies only to _munera_, not to _tributa_ and +_delectum_, which would require _tolerant_ or some kindred verb. Zeugma. +H. 704, I. 2; Z. 775. + +_Igitur==now_. In the first sentence of the section the author has +indicated his purpose to speak of the _people_ of Britain. And _now in +pursuance of that design_, he goes back to the commencement of their +history, as related to and known by the Romans. Cf. note, G. 28. + +_Divus_. Cf. note, G. 28: D. Julius. For Julius Caesar's campaigns in +Britain, see Caes. B.G. 4, 21. seq.; 5, 5. seq.; Strabo, Lib. 4, &c. + +_Consilium_. His _advice_ (to his successor). See Ann. 1, 11.-- +_Praeceptum_. A _command_ (of Augustus, which Tib. affected to hold +sacred). Ann. 1, 77; 4, 37. + +_C. Caesarem_. Caligula, cf. 4, note.--_Agitasse_, etc. cf. 39. His. 4, +15; Suet. Calig. 44. + +_Ni--fuissent_. Cf. _Ni_, 4, note. The ellipsis may be supplied thus: he +meditated an invasion of Brit. and _would have invaded it_, had he not +been _velox ingenio_, etc. But in idiomatic Eng. _ni_==but. Of course +_fuisset_ is to be supplied with _velox ingenio_ and _mobilis +poenitentiae_. Al. poenitentia. But contrary to the MSS. _Mobilis_ agrees +with _poenitentiae_ (cf. Liv. 31, 32: celerem poenitentiam), which is a +qualifying gen. Gr. 211. R. 6. Lit. _of repentance easy to be moved_. +Render: _fickle of purpose_. + +_Auctor operis_. Auctor fuit rei adversus Britannos gerendae et feliciter +gestae. Dr. See on the same subject Suet. Claud. 17.--_Assumpto +Vespasiano_, cf. Suet Vesp. 4. II. 3, 44. + +_Quod--fuit_. Vespasian's participation in the war against Brit. was the +commencement of his subsequent brilliant fortunes. + +_Monstratus fatis_, i.e. a fatis, _by the fates_. The expression is +borrowed perhaps from Virg. Aen. 6, 870: _Ostendent_ terris hunc tantum +_fata_. + + +XIV. _Consularium_. Cf. note on it, 8.--_Aulus Plautius_. Ann. 13, 32; +Dio. 60, 19.--_Ostorius Scapula_. Ann. 12, 31-39.--_Proxima_, sc. Romae. + +_Veteranorum colonia_. Camolodunum. Ann. 12, 32. Now Colchester. Dr.--_Et +reges. Kings also_, i.e. besides other means.--_Ut vetere_, etc. So in +the MSS. and earliest editions. Rhenanus transferred _ut_ to the place +before _haberet_ which it occupies in the common editions. But no change +is necessary. Render: _that in accordance with their established custom, +the Roman people might have kings also as the instruments of reducing_ +(the Britons) _to slavery_. + +_Didius Gallus_. Cf. Ann. 12, 40: arcere hostem satis habebat.--_Parta a +prioribus. The acquisitions (conquests) of his predecessors_. + +_Aucti officii. Of enlarging the boundaries of his government. Officium_ +is used in a like sense, Caes. B.C. 3, 5: Toti officio maritimo +praepositus, etc. So Wr.; Or. and Död. understand by it _going beyond_ +the mere performance of his _duty_. It was his duty to protect his +province: he enlarged it.--_Quaereretur_. Subj. in a relative clause +denoting a purpose. H. 500; Z. 567. + +_Veranius_. Ann. 14, 29.--_Paullinus_. Ann. 14, 29-30. + +_Monam insulam_. Now Anglesey. But the _Mona_ of _Caesar_ is the Isle of +Man, called by Pliny _Monapia_. The Mona of T. was the chief seat of the +Druids, hence _ministrantem vires rebellibus_, for the Druids animated +and led on the Briton troops to battle. T. has given (Ann. 14, 30) a very +graphic sketch of the mixed multitude of armed men, women like furies, +and priests with hands uplifted in prayer, that met Paullinus on his +landing, and, for a time, well nigh paralyzed his soldiers with dismay. +In the same connexion, he speaks also of the human sacrifices and other +barbarous rites, which were practised by our Briton Fathers in honor of +their gods. + + +XV. _Interpretando. By putting their own_, i.e. _the worst construction +upon them_. + +_Ex facili_==facile. A frequent form of expression in T., ad Graecorum +consuetudinem. Dr. See R. Exc. 24. + +_Singulos--binos_. Distributives==_one for each tribe--two for each +tribe_. + +_Aeque--aeque_. Like Greek correlatives; alike fatal to their subjects +in _either case_. So [Greek: homoios men] and [Greek: homoios de], Xen. +Mem. 1, 6, 13; Plat. Symp. 181. C. + +_Alterius manus centuriones, alterius servos_. This is the reading of the +latest editions (Dr. Wr. Or. and R.), and the best MSS., though the MSS. +differ somewhat: _Centurions, the hands_ (instruments) _of the one, and +servants_, the hands _of the other, added insult to injury_. For the use +of _manus_ in the above sense, reference is made to Cic. in Ver. 2, 10, +27: Comites illi tui delecti _manus_ erant tuae. So the _centurions_ of +the _legate_ and the _servants_ of the _procurator_ are said by our +author to have robbed the Briton King Prasutagus of his kingdom and his +palace, Ann. 14, 31, which is the best commentary on the passage before +us. + +_Ab ignavis. By_ the feeble and cowardly. Antithetic to _fortiorem. In +battle, it is the braver that plunders us; but now_ (it is a special +aggravation of our sufferings, that) _by the feeble and cowardly_, &c. So +in contempt, they call the veterans, cf. 14: _veteranorum colonia_; 32: +_senum colonia_. + +_Tantum_ limits _pro patria_; as if it was for their _country_ only they +knew not how to die. + +_Si sese_, etc., i.e. in _comparison_ with their own numbers. + +_Patriam--parentes_, sc. _causas belli esse_. + +_Recessisset_. Observe the subj. in the subordinate clauses of the oratio +obliqua throughout this chapter. H. 531; Z. 603. + +_Neve--pavescerant_. This verb would have been an imperative in the +oratio recta, Z. 603, c. _Neve_ is appropriate either to the imp. or the +subj. + + +XVI. _Instincti_, i.e. furore quodam afflati. Dr. For a fuller account +of this revolt, see Ann. 14, 31-38; Dio. 62, 1-13. + +_Boudicea_. Wife of Prasutagus, king of the Iceni. When conquered, she +ended her life by poison, Ann. 14, 37. + +_Expugnatis praesidiis. Having stormed the fortresses_. The force of _ex_ +in this word is seen in that it denotes the _actual carrying_ of a place +by assault, whereas _oppugnatus_ only denotes the assault itself. So +[Greek: ek-poliorkaetheis]==_taken_ in a siege, [Greek: +poliorkaetheis]==besieged. + +_Ipsam coloniam_. Cf. note 14: veteranorum colonia. + +_In barbaris_==qualis inter barbaros esse solet. R. Exc. 25. + +_Ira et victoria_. Hendiadys. Render: _Nor did they in the excitement of +victory omit_, etc. So Dr. R. and Wr. _Ira_ may, however, refer to their +_long cherished resentment. Ira_ causam, _victoria_ facultatem explendae +saevitiae denotat. Rit.--_Quod nisi. And had not_, etc. Cf. note, 12: +_quod si_. + +_Patientiae_. Most Latin authors would have said: ad patientiam. R. +_Patientia_ here==_submission_. + +_Tenentibus--plerisque. Though many still retained_, i.e. did not lay +down _their arms_. + +_Propius_. Al. _proprius_. But that is purely conjectural. Adv. for adj., +cf. ultra, 8; longe, 6==propior, like the _propior cura_ of Ovid. +Metamor. 13, 578. Render: _a more urgent fear_. Some would connect +_propius_ with _agitabat_ notwithstanding its remote position. + +_Suae quoque_. _His own also_, sc. as well as that of the Empire. + +_Durius_, sc. aequo. H. 444, 1. cf. 4: _acrius_, note. + +_Delictis--novus_. _A stranger to their faults_. Cf. Sil. Ital. 6, 254: +novusque dolori. Wr. Cf. Böt. Lex. Tac. _Dativus_. + +_Poenitentiae mitior_, i.e. mitior erga poenitentiam, or facilior erga +poenitentes. _Poenitentiae_ dat. of object. + +_Compositis prioribus_. _Having restored things to their former quiet +state_. + +_Nullis--experimentis_. _Undertaking no military expeditions_. Or.-- +_Castrorum_. Cf. 5, note. + +_Comitate--tenuit_. "_Retained the province by a popular manner of +administering the government_." Ky.--_Curandi_. Note, H. 1, 52. + +_Ignoscere_. Properly _not to notice_, hence _to view with indulgence, to +indulge in_. + +_Vitiis blandientibus_. The reference is to the _luxurious and vicious +pleasures_ of the Romans, which enervated the Britons, cf. 21, at close, +where the idea is brought out more fully. + +_Cum--lasciviret_. _Cum==since_. Hence the subj. + +_Precario_. Cf. note, G. 44.--_Mox_, cf. note 4. + +_Velut pacti_ implies a _tacit_ compact. It was understood between them, +that the army were to enjoy their liberty; the general, his life. Supply +_sunt_ with _pacti_. Död. and Wr. supply _essent_; but they read _haec_ +for _et_ before _seditio_ contrary to the best MSS. + +_Et seditio_. _Et==and so_. Al. haec seditio. + +_Stetit_. Not stopped, but stood, as in our phrase: stood them in so +much. So Ovid: Multo _sanguine_--victoria _stetit_. And T. His. 3, 53: +Majore _damno_--veteres civium discordias reipublicae _stetisse_. Render: +_cost no blood_. Dr. + +_Petulantia_. _Insubordination_.--_Nisi quod_, but, cf. 6. + +_Bolanus_. If the reader wishes to know more of the officers named in +this chapter, for Turpilianus, see Ann. 14, 39. His. 1, 6; Trebellius, +His. 1, 60; Bolanus, Ann. 15, 3. His. 2, 65. 79. + +_Caritatem--auctoritatis_. "_Had conciliated affection as a substitute +for authority_." Ky. + + +XVII. _Recuperavit_. Al. _reciperavit_. The two forms are written +indiscriminately in the MSS. The word may express either the recovery of +what was lost, or the restoration to health of what was diseased. Either +would make a good sense here. Cf. chap. 5; also Cic. Phil. 14, 13: +_republica recuperata_. Or. renders _acquired again_, sc. what had +previously belonged, as it were, to him, rather than to the bad emperors +who had preceded him. + +_Petilius Cerialis_. Cf. note, 8.--_Brigantum_. Cf. H. 3, 45; Ann. 12, +32. Their territory embraced Cumberland, Westmoreland, Lancashire, Durham +and Yorkshire. + +_Aut victoria aut bello_, i.e. _either received their submission after +the victory, or involved them in the calamities of war_. _Aut--aut_ +generally adversative==either--or on the contrary. _Vel--vel_ only +disjunctive==whether--or. Cf. note on vel--vel, G. 15. + +_Alterius_. Another, than Julius Frontinus, i.e. by implication, one +_different_ from him, _less brave and great_. Cf. His. 2, 90: tanquam +apud alterius civitatis senatum; 3, 13, note. _Alius_ is the word usually +appropriated to express this idea. _Alter_ generally implies a +_resemblance_ between contrasted objects. See Freund, ad v. + +_Obruisset--sustinuit_. These words primarily refer to physical energies, +and are exactly counterpart==_crushed--sustained_. + +_Quantum licebat_ limits _vir magnus: as great a man, as it was +permitted_ him to be, restricted as he was in his resources, perhaps by +the parsimony of the Emperor. On Julius Frontinus, cf. H. 4, 39. He was +the friend of Pliny the Younger (Plin. Ep. 9, 19) and therefore probably +of Tacitus. His books on Stratagems, and on the Aqueducts of Rome are +still extant.--_Super_, over and above, i.e. _besides_. + + +XVIII. _Agentem_, sc. excubias or stationem==stationed in, cf. His. 1, +47: copias, quae Lugduni agebant. _Ala_. Cf. note, H. 1, 54. + +_Ordovicum civitas_. Situated over against the Island Mona, north of the +Silures, i.e. in the northern part of what is now Wales. + +_Ad--verterentur_. _Were turning themselves_ (middle sense) _towards_, +i.e. _looking to or for. Occasionem. An opportunity_, sc. to attack the +Romans in their security. Al. _uterentur_. + +_Quibus--erat. They who wished for war_. Greek idiom for qui bellum +volebant. See Kühner's Greek Gram. 284, 10, c., cf. His. 3, 43: +volentibus fuit, etc., and note, ibid. In Latin, the idiom occurs chiefly +in Sallust and T. See Z. 420, and H. 387, 3. + +_Ac--opperiri_. Al. _aut_ by conjecture. But _ac==ac tamen, and yet_. Cf. +Ann. 1, 36: _exauctorari--ac retineri sub vexillo_. + +_Transvecta_. Al. transacta. Cf. His. 2, 76: abiit et _transvectum est +tempus_. Only T. uses the word in reference to time. + +_Numeri_==cohortes or manipuli, cf. His. 1, 6: multi numeri. This use of +the word is post-Augustan. Cf. note, His. 1, 6. + +_Tarda et contraria_. In appos. with the foregoing clauses== +_circumstances calculated to retard and oppose him in commencing war_. + +_Plerisque_, sc. of the inferior officers. They thought it best that +those parts of the country, whose fidelity was questionable (_suspecta_) +should be secured by garrisons (_custodiri_). _Potius_ is an adj. and +goes with _videbatur_==_it seemed preferable_. + +_Legionum vexillis_. Some understand this of veteran soldiers who had +served out their time (twenty years), but were still _sub vexillis_ (not +dismissed). So R. and W. Others of parts of the legions detached for a +season sub vexillis (under separate standards). So Gronovius. The word +seems to be used in both senses. See note, H. 1, 31. + +_In aequum_. Into the plain. Aequus, prim. level, hence aequor, sea. + +_Erexit aciem. Led his troops up the steep_. So His. 3, 71: erigunt aciem +per adversum collem. + +_Ac--ceteris. And that according as the first_ enterprises _went_ (cf. +note, 5: _cessit_), would be the terror in the rest_ of his engagements. +Cf. H. 2, 20: _gnarus, ut initia belli provenissent, famam in cetera +fore_. Al. _fore universa_. + +_Possessione. Taking_ possession, cf. 14. A _possidere_, i.e. occupare, +non a _possidere_, quod est occupatum tenere. Rit. For the abl. without +_a_, cf. H. 2, 79: _Syria remeans_. + +_Ut in dubiis consiliis_, sc. fieri solet. Generals are not apt to be +prepared beforehand for enterprises, not contemplated at all in their +original plans. + +_Qui--expectabant. Who were looking out for (ex_ and _specto) a fleet, +for ships_, in a word _for the sea_, i.e. naval preparations in general, +instead of an attack by land. The language is highly rhetorical.-- +_Crediderint_. Livy, Nepos and Tacitus use the _perf_. subj. after _ut_, +denoting a consequence, when a single, specific past act is expressed; +when a repeated or continued action, the _imp_. subj. Most writers use +the imp. in both cases. See H. 482, 2, and 480; Z. 516; also Z. 504, +Note, and note H. 1, 24: _dederit_. + +_Officiorum ambitum. "Compliments of office."_ Ky. + +_Placuisset_. Subj. cf. note, 11: _ut quos_. + +_Expeditionem--continuisse. He did not call it a campaign or a victory to +have kept the conquered in subjection_. + +_Laureatis_ sc. litteris. It was customary to communicate the news of +victory to the Emperor and Senate, by letters bound with bay leaves, cf. +Liv. 5, 28: _litterae_ a Postumio _laureatae_ sequuntur. Without +_litterae_, it occurs only here. Or. So in H. 3, 77. T. avoids the +technical expression and employs the word _laurea_, seldom used in this +sense. + +_Dissimulatione_. Cf. note, 6.--_Aestimantibus_, cf. aestimanti, 11. The +aspiring, and especially the vain, may learn from this passage a lesson +of great practical value. Compare also § 8, at the close. + + +XIX. _Aliena experimenta. The experience of others_. + +_Nihil_. Ellipsis of _agere_ (which is inserted without MS. authority in +the common editions). So Cic. Phil. 1, 2: Nihil per senatum, etc. Cf. G. +19: _adhuc_, note. + +_Ascire_, al. accire. _To receive into regular service_. The reference is +to the transfer of soldiers from the raw recruits to the legions. So W. +followed by Dr. R. and W. The next clause implies, that he took care to +receive into the service none but the best men (_optimum quemque_), whom +he deemed _trustworthy_ (_fidissimum_) just in _proportion_ as they were +_good_. This use of two superlatives mutually related to each other, the +former with _quisque_, is frequent in Latin and resembles the English use +of two comparatives: the better, the more trustworthy. Cf. Z. 710, b.; +also note, 3: _promptissmus quisque_. + +_Exsequi_==punire. A sense peculiar to the later Latin. Cic. and Caes. +use _persequi_. For a similar use of the word in the expression of a +similar sentiment, see Suet. Jul. 67: Delicta neque observabat omnia +neque pro modo exsequebatur. Compare our word _execute_. And mark the +sentiment, as a maxim in the science of government. + +_Severitatem commodare_. W. with Dr. and R. make this an example of +zeugma. And in its ordinary acceptation (i.e. in the sense _to give_) +the word _commodare_ certainly applies only to _veniam_, and not to +_severitatem_. But _commodare_ in its primary signification means to +_adapt_; and in this sense, it suits both of its adjuncts: _He adapted_ +(awarded) _pardon to small offences, severe punishment to great ones_. So +Wr. For the series of infinitives, cf. notes, 5: _nosci_, etc.; G. 30: +_praeponere_, etc. + +_Nec poena--contentus esse. Nor was he always content with punishment, +but oftener with repentance_. Mere punishment without reformation did not +satisfy him; reformation without punishment satisfied him better. See +Död. in loc. Here too some have called in the aid of zeugma. + +_Auctionem_. Al. exactionem. The former is the reading of the greater +part of the MSS. and the later German editions. _Auctionem tributorum_ +refers to the increased tribute exacted by Vesp. cf. Sueton. Vesp. 16: +_auxisse_ tributa provinciis, nonnullis et _duplicasse_. + +_Munerum_. _Duties, burdens.--Circumcisis_. Cf. note, 2: expulsis. etc., +and 11: amissa virtute. + +_Namque--cogebantur_. The best version we can give of this obscure +passage is as follows: _For they were compelled in mockery to sit by the +closed granaries and to buy corn needlessly_ (beyond what was necessary, +cf. note on _ultro_, G. 28, when they had enough of their own) _and to +sell it at a fixed price_ (prescribed by the purchasers). It has been +made a question, whether the granaries of the Britons, or those of the +Romans are here meant. Död., Dr. and R. advocate the former opinion; +Walch, Wr., Or., and Rit. the latter. According to the former view, the +Britons were often obliged to buy corn of the Romans, because they were +forbidden to use their own, to supply themselves and their families; +according to the latter, because they were required (as explained below) +to carry their contributions to a quarter so distant from their own +granaries, that they were fain to buy the corn rather at some nearer +warehouse of the Romans. The selling at a fixed price is equally +intelligible on either supposition. Or. following the best MSS. reads +_ludere pretio_, which Rit. has amended into _colludere pretio_. _Ultro_ +may well enough be rendered _moreover_ or _even_, thus giving emphasis to +_emere_. + +_Devortia itinerum_. _Bye roads_, explained by _avia_, as _longinquitas_ +is by _remota_. The object of requiring the people to convey their +contributions to such distant and inconvenient points, was to compel them +to buy of the Romans, or to pay almost any sum of money to avoid +compliance. The reader of Cic. will remember in illustration of this +whole passage, the various arts to which Verres is said to have had +recourse to enrich himself, at the expense of the people of his province +(Cic. in Ver. 3, 72, and 82), such as refusing to accept the +contributions they brought, obliging them to buy of him at his own price, +requiring them to carry supplies to points most distant and difficult of +access, _ut vecturae difficultate ad quam vellent aestimationem +pervenirent_. + +_Omnibus_, sc. et incolis et militibus; _paucis_, sc. praefectis aut +publicanis. Dr. + +_Donec--fieret_. The subj. here denotes a purpose or object in view, and +theretore follows _donec_ according to the rule. H. 522, II.; Z. 575. +Tacitus however always expresses a repeated past action after _donec_ by +the imp. subj. Cf. note, 37: affectavere; H. 1, 13. 35. + + +XX. _Statim_. Emphatic, like [Greek: euthus]. Cf. Thucyd. 2, 47: [Greek: +tou therous euthus archomenou]: at the _very_ beginning of summer. So in +§ 3. + +_Intolerantia_, al. tolerantia, but without MS. authority. _Incuria_ is +_negligence_. Intolerantia_ is _insufferable arrogance, severity_, in a +word _intolerance_. So Cic.: superbia atque intolerantia. + +_Quae--timebatur_. And no wonder, since _ubi solitudinem_ faciunt, _pacem_ +appellant, 30. + +_Multus_, al. militum. _Multus_ in the recent editions. +_Multus_==frequens, cf. Sal. Jug. 84: multus ac ferox instare.-- +_Modestiam--disiectos_. These words are antithetic, though one is +abstract and the other concrete. The whole clause may be literally +rendered thus: _ever present in the line of march, he commended +good order (discipline), the disorderly he restrained_. + +_Popularetur_, sc. A. _Quominus_, that not==_but: but he ravaged their +country by unexpected invasions_. + +_Irritamenta_. _Inducements.--Pacis_. Ang. _to_ or _for peace_. + +_Ex aequo egerant_, lit. had acted (lived) on an equality, i.e. _had +maintained their independence_, cf. His. 4, 64: aut ex aequo agetis aut +aliis imperitabitis. + +_Iram posuere_. Cf. Hor. Ars Poet.: et _iram_ colligit ac _ponit_ temere. +See also G. 27: ponunt dolorem, etc. + +_Ut--transierit_. The clause is obscure. The best that can be made of it +is this: _they were encompassed by forts and garrisons with so much skill +and care that no part of Britain hitherto now went over_ (to the enemy) +_with impunity_ (literally unattacked). For the meaning of _nova_, cf. +22. For _transierit_, cf. _transitio_, H. 2, 99; 3, 61; and Freund, sub +v. This is Walther's interpretation. If, with Ernesti, Dr. and some +others, we might suppose a _sic_, _ita_ or _tam_ to be understood with +_illacessita_, we might obtain perhaps a better sense, viz. _came over_ +(to the Romans) _with so little annoyance_ (from the enemy). In the last +edition a meaning was attached to _transierit_ (_remained_, sc. +unattacked), for which I now find no sufficient authority. Among the many +amendments, which have been suggested, the easiest and best is that of +Susius, followed by Wexius, Dübner, Or. and Rit, viz. placing +_Illacessita transiit_ at the beginning of the next chapter. But this +does violence not only to MS. authority, but to Latin usage in making the +adverb _ut, so as, as_, follow _tanta_. In such a connection, _ut_ must +be a conjunction==_so that, that_. See Freund sub v. For the _perf_. +subj. cf. note, 18: _crediderint_. + +_Praesidiis castellisque_. Gordon, in his Itinerarium Septentrionale, +found more remains of Roman works in that part of Britain here referred +to, than in any other portion of the Island. + + +XXI. _Ut--assuescerent_. _In order that they might become habituated_, +etc.--_In bella faciles. Easily inclined to wars_. Cf. Ann. 14, 4: +_facili ad gaudia_. Al. _in bello, bello_, and _in bellum_.--_Otio_. See +note, 11: otio.--_Privatim. As a private individual; publice, by public +authority, and of course from the public treasury_, cf. note G. 39: +publice.--_Jam vero_. _Moreover_, cf. G. 14, note. + +_Anteferre_. Wr. takes this word in its primary sense==bear before, i.e. +carry beyond: _he carried (advanced) the native talents of the Britons +beyond the learning of the Gauls_. But there is no authority for such a +use of the word, when followed by the acc. and dat. It is doubtless used +in its more ordinary sense; and the _preference_ which A. expressed for +the genius of the Britons over the learning of the Gauls, _stimulated_ +them to greater exertions. It is somewhat curious to observe thus early +that mutual emulation and jealousy, which has marked the whole history of +Britain and France. The national vanity of La Bletterie is sorely wounded +by this remark of T. See his note in loco, also Murphy's.--_Toga_. Cf. +note on _togatos_, 9. + +_Ut--concupiscerent_. _Ut==so that_, denoting a consequence. The verb +here denotes a continued or habitual state of mind. Hence the _imp_. +subj. Cf. note, 18: _crediderit_. + +_Discessum_, sc. a patrum moribus ad vitia varia. Dr. + +_Delenimenta_==illa, quibus animi _leniuntur_. Dr. _Charms, +blandishments_. Cf. H. 1, 77. The word is not found in Cic. or Caes. + +_Humanitas. Civilisation, refinement_. Compare the professorships of +_humanity_ in European Universities. + +_Pars servitutis_. For the sentiment, cf. His. 4, 64: voluptatibus, +quibus Romani plus adversus subjectos, quam armis valent. _Cum==while, +although_. Hence the subj. + + +XXII. _Tertius--annus_. _Third campaign_. + +_Taum_. The Frith of Tay.--_Nationibus_. Here synonymous with _gentes_; +sometimes less comprehensive, cf. note, G. 2. + +_Pactione ac fuga_. Al. _aut_ fuga, but without authority. There are +but two distinct clauses marked by _aut--aut: either taken by assault or +abandoned by capitulation and flight_. + +_Nam--firmabantur_. This clause assigns a reason, why the Romans were +_able_ to make frequent sorties (_crebrae eruptiones_), viz. supplies of +provision so abundant, as to be proof against blockade. + +_Moras obsidionis. A protracted siege_, or _blockade_. + +_Annuis copiis. Supplies for a year_. This is the _primary_ signification +of _annuus_; that of our word _annual_ is _secondary_. + +_Intrepida--praesidio_==hiberna quieta ac tuta ab hostibus. Fac. and For. +--_Irritis, baffled_. Seldom applied to _persons_ by prose writers. Cf. H. +4, 32. + +_Pensare_. R. remarks a peculiar fondness in T. for the use of the simple +verb instead of the compound, e.g. missa for omissa, sistens for +resistens, flammare for inflammare, etc. So here _pensare==compensare_. +Cf. 12: _trahuntur_, note. + +_Avidus_, sc. laudis==per aviditatem laudis et gloriae. E.: A. never in +his eagerness for glory arrogated to himself the honor of the +achievements of others.--_Seu--seu. Every one, whether centurion or +praefect_ (commander of a legion, cf. note, H. 1, 82.), _was sure to have +in him an impartial witness to his deeds_. + +_Acerbior_, cf. note on _durius_, 16.--_Apud quosdam_==a quibusdam. + +_Secretum et silentium. Reserve and silence_. So W. and Ky. But R. and +Dr.: _private interviews_ (to be summoned to which by some commanders was +alarming), _and neglect of the usual salutations in public_ (which was +also often a token of displeasure on the part of a superior officer). The +former is the more simple and obvious, though it must be confessed that +the latter is favored by the usus loquendi of T., in regard especially to +_secretum_, cf. 39; Ann. 3, 8, where _secreto_ is opposed to _palam_; and +His. 4, 49: incertum, quoniam _secreto eorum_ nemo _adfuit_. + + +XXIII. _Obtirendis. Securing possession of.--Pateretur_, sc. terminum +inveniri.--_In ipsa Brit_. In the very _nature_ or structure of the +island, as described in the sequel. See Or. in loc. + +_Clota et Bodotria_. Frith of Clyde and Frith of Forth. + +_Revectae_, i.e. the natural current being driven back by the tide from +the sea on either side. _Angusto--spatio_. It is now cut across by a ship +canal. + +_Propior sinus_==peninsula on the south side of the Friths, cf, note on +sinus G. 1, and 29. Sinus refers particularly to the _curved border_ on +_this side_ the aestuaries. This border (wherever the friths were so +narrow as to require it), as well as the narrow isthmus, was occupied and +secured (_tenebatur_) by garrisons. + + +XXIV. _Nave prima_. The first Roman ship that ever visited those shores. +So Br., Dr., etc. _The foremost ship_, sc., A. himself, followed by +others in a line. So Ritter. Wr., and some others understand it of a +voyage from _Rome_, where they suppose him to have passed the winter, and +whence he crossed over to Britain by the _earliest_ vessel in the spring. +W. and R. make _prima_ equivalent to an adv. and render: crossing over +_for the first time_ by ship. Or. also makes _prima==tum primum_. + +_Copiis_. Here troops with their equipments==_forces_, cf. 8: majoribus +copiis.--_Medio sita_ lying between, not midway between. E.--_In spem-- +formidinem_. More with the hope of invading Ireland, than through fear of +invasion by the Irish.--_Valentissimam partem_, viz. Gaul, Spain and +Britain. + +_Miscuerit_. The subj. here denotes the aim or purpose of the projector: +it would have done so _in his view_. + +_Invicem_==an adj. _mutual.--Nostri maris_. The Mediterranean. + +_Differunt: in melius_. The authorities differ greatly as to the reading, +the pointing and the interpretation of this passage. Some copies omit +_in_. Others insert _nec_ before it. Some place the pause before _in +melius_, others after. Some read _differt_, others _differunt. Nec in +melius_ would perhaps give the better sense. But the reading is purely +conjectural. I have given that, which, on the whole, seems to rest on the +best authority, and to make the best sense. The sense is: _the soil, +climate, &c., do not differ much from those of Britain. But that the +harbors and entrances to the country are better_ (lit. _differ for the +better, differre in melius), is ascertained through the medium of the +merchants, who resort thither for trade_ (for Ireland had not yet, like +Britain, been explored by a Roman _army_). So Wr. and Död. On _in +melius_, see note H. 1, 18. Or. and Rit. make the comparison thus: the +harbors and entrances are better known, than the soil, climate, &c. The +common interpretation is: the harbors, &c., of Ireland are better known, +than those of Britain. But neither of these interpretations accounts for +the position of _melius_; and the last is in itself utterly incredible. + +_Ex eo_, sc. A. Pass. and Dr. understand it of the Irish chief, and infer +that T. had been in Brit. But A. is the subject of the next sentence +without the repetition of his name, as it would have been repeated, if +this sentence referred to another. + + +XXV. _Amplexus_. Some supply _bello_, as in 17: bello amplexus. But +better: embracing _in his plan of operations_, i.e. _extending his +operations to those tribes_. + +_Hostilis exercitus_. Al. hostili exercitu. But _hostilis exercitus_ in +the MSS. and earliest editions.--_Infesta_ is here active: _hostile +inroads of the enemy's forces_. + +_In partem virium_. _For_, i.e. _as a part of his force_. + +_Impelleretur_, was borne on with rapid and resistless power. + +_Profunda--adversa_. Cf. note, 6: _inania honoris_. + +_Mixti copiis et laetitia. Uniting their stores and their pleasures_, +i.e. their respective means of entertainment. For _mixti_, cf. 4: +locum--mixtum. For _copiis_ in this sense, 22: annuis copiis. For the +other sense, viz. forces, 24: copiis, note. + +_Hinc--hinc==on this side--on that_. Cf. note G. 14: _illum--illam_.-- +_Victus_. Al. _auctus_. + +_Ad manus et arma_. Ang. _to arms_. + +_Oppugnasse_ depends on _fama_. Their preparations were great. Rumor as +usual (_uti mos_, etc.) represented them still greater; for the rumor +went abroad, that the Caledonians had _commenced offensive operations +(oppugnasse ultra).--Castella adorti_ is the means by which they _metum +addiderant_, i.e. _had inspired additional fear_. + +_Pluribus agminibus. In several divisions_. Accordingly it is added: +_diviso et ipse_, A. _himself also_, i.e. as well as the Britons, +_having divided_, etc. + +_Agmen_ (from ago), properly a body of men on the march.--_Exercitus_, +under military drill (exerceo.) + + +XXVI. _Quod ubi_, etc. _When this was known_, etc. Latin writers, as well +as Greek, generally link their sentences, chapters, &c., more closely +together, than English. Hence we are often obliged to render their +relative by our demonstrative. See Z. 803. _Ubi_, here adv. of _time_, as +in 20, 38, et passim. + +_Certabant_. Not _fought_ with the enemy, but _vied_ with each other. So +below: utroque--certante. Hence followed by _de_ gloria, not _pro_ gloria, +which some would substitute for it; _secure for_ (in regard to) _safety, +they vied with each other in respect to_ (or _in_) _glory_. With _pro +salute_, cf. His. 4, 58: pro me securior. + +_Erupere. Sallied forth_, sc. from the camp. + +_Utroque exercitu_. Each of the two _Roman_ armies. + +_Quod_. Cf. 12, note.--_Debellatum_, lit. the war would have been fought +_out_, i.e. _ended_. + + +XXVII. _Cujus_ refers to _victoria_ in the previous section (cf. _quod_ +26, note): _inspirited by the consciousness and the glory of this +victory_. + +_Modo cauti_. Compare the sentiment with 25: specie prudentium, etc. + +_Arte--rati_, al. arte _usos_ rati by conjecture. But T. is fond of such +ellipses: _The Britons, thinking it was not by superior bravery, but by +favoring circumstances_ (on the part of the Romans) _and the skill of +their commander_ (sc. that they had been defeated). Rit. reads +_superati_. + +_Utrimque_. Both the Romans and the Britons; the Romans excited by their +victory, the Britons by their coetibus ac sacrificiis. + +_Discessum. They separated_, viz. after the battle and at the close of +the campaign. + + +XXVIII. _Cohors Usipiorum_. See same story, Dio Cass. 66, 20. + +_Adactis. Forced on board.--Remiganto_==gubernante, to avoid sameness, +with _gubernatoribus_, Br. R. supposes that having but one pilot left, +only the vessel on which he sailed was _rowed_, while the others were +towed by it; and this rowing _under his direction_ is ascribed to _him_. +Some MSS. and many editions read _remigrante_, which some translate: +_making his escape_, and others connect with _interfectis_, and suppose +that he also was slain in trying to _bring back_ his boat to shore. +Whether we read _remigante_ or _remigrante_, the signification of either +is unusual. + +_Praevehebantur_. Sailed along the coast (in sight of land). + +_Inopiae_ is governed by _eo_, which is the old dat.==_to such a degree. +--Ad extremum==at last_. + +_Vescerentur_ followed by the acc. H. 419, 4. 1; Z. 466. For the imp. +subj. cf. note 21: _ut--concupiscerent_. + +_Amissis--navibus_. This is regarded by some as proof that _all_ the +steersmen were slain or escaped. Dr. answers, that it may refer only to +the _two_ ships that were without steersmen. + +_Suevis_. A people of Northern Germany (G. 38, seq.) whither, after +having circumnavigated Britain, the Usipii came.--_Mox, subsequently_, +some having escaped the Suevi. + +_Per commercia. In trade_, cf. same in 39. + +_Nostram ripam_. The Gallic bank of the Rhine, which was the border of +the Roman Empire, cf. G. passim. + +_Quos--indicium--illustravit_. Whom the account of so wonderful an +adventure rendered illustrious. The rule would require the subj. H. 501, +I. 2; Z. 561. + + +XXIX. _Initio aestatis_, i.e. in the beginning of the _next_ summer (the +7th campaign, cf. 25: _aestate, qua sextum_, etc.), as the whole history +shows. See especially _proximo anno_, 34. Hence the propriety of +commencing a new section here. The common editions begin it below: +_Igitur_, etc. + +_Plerique_. Cf. note on it, 1.--_Fortium virorum_. _Military men_. + +_Ambitiose, with affected fortitude, stoically_.--_Rursus_==contra, _on +the contrary_, showing the antith. between _ambitiose_ and _per lamenta_. +--_Per lamenta_, cf. 6: per caritatem.--_Igitur_, cf. 13, note. + +_Quae--faceret_==ut ea faceret. H. 500; Z. 567. _Incertum_ is explained +by _pluribus locis_. Render: _general alarm_.--_Expedito_==sine +impedimentis, armis solis instructo. Fac. and For.--_Montem Grampium_. +Now _Grampian hills_. + +_Cruda--senectus_. Cf. Virg. Aen. 6, 304: sed cruda deo viridisque +senectus. _Crudus_ is rarely found in this sense except in the poets. +_Crudus_ properly==bloody (_cruor, cruidus_); hence the successive +significations, raw, unripe, fresh, vigorous.--_Sua decora_==praemia +ob virtutem bellicam accepta. E. Any and all _badges of distinction_, +especially in _arms_. Wr., Or. and Dġd. + + +XXX. _Causas belli_. Explained by _universi servitutis expertes_ below, +to be the defence of their liberties. In like manner, _nostram +necessitatem_ is explained by _nullae ultra terrae_: there is no retreat +for us, etc.--_Animus, Confidence_. + +_Proelium--arma_. T. has a passion for _pairs_ of words, especially +nouns, of _kindred signification_. See examples in Index to Histories; +and in this chapter, _spem ac subsidium_; _recessus ac sinus_; _obsequiam +ac modestiam_. + +_Priores pugnae_, sc. in which the Caledonians took no part.--_Pugnae_ +is here, by a figure put for the _combatants_ themselves, who are +represented as looking to the Caledonians, as a kind of corps de reserve, +or last resource. + +_Eo. For that reason_. The best things are always kept guarded and +concealed in the _penetralia_. There may also be a reference to a _fact_ +stated by Caesar (B.G. 5, 12), that the inhabitants of the interior were +aborigines, while those on the coast were immigrants. + +_Terrarum--extremos_. _The remotest of men and last of freemen_. +--_Recessus--famae_. _Our very remoteness and obscurity_. This is the +most common and perhaps the most simple translation, making _sinus +famae_==seclusion in respect to fame. Perhaps, however, it accords as +well with the usual signification of the words, and better with the +connexion and spirit of the speech, to take _sinus famae_ in the sense, +_retreat of glory_, or _glorious retreat_. So Wr. His interpretation of +the passage and its connexion is as follows: _our very remoteness and our +glorious retreat have guarded us till this day. But now the furthest +extremity of Brit. is laid open_ (i.e. our retreat is no longer a +safeguard); _and every thing unknown is esteemed great (i.e. this +safeguard also is removed--the Romans in our midst no longer magnify our +strength). Rit. encloses the clause in brackets, as a gloss. He renders +_sinus famae, bosom of fame_, fame being personified as a goddess. R., +Dr., Or. make _famae_ dative after _defendit_==has _kept back from fame_. + +_Sed nulla jam_, etc. But now all the above grounds of confidence--our +remoteness, our glory, our greatness magnified by the imagination of our +enemies, from the very fact that we were unknown to them--all these are +removed; we have none behind us to fall back upon, as our countrymen in +former battles have leaned upon us--and we are reduced to the necessity +of self-defence and self-reliance. The _sed_ seems to be antithetic to +the whole as far back as _priores pugnae_; whereas _nunc_ is opposed only +to the clause which immediately precedes it, and constitutes an +antithesis within an antithesis. + +_Infestiores_, sc. quam fluctus et saxa. + +_Effugeris_. Cf. note G. 19: _non invenerit_; also _satiaverit_ just +below. + +_Et mare_. _Et==also_. Cf. note, G. 11. + +_Opes atque inopiam_. Abs. for conc.==rich and poor nations. + +_Falsis nominibus_ is by some connected with _rapere_. But better with +_appellant_. _They call things by false names_, viz. _plunder, empire; +and desolation, peace_. + + +XXXI. _Annos_==annonam, _yearly produce_, cf. G. 14: expectare annum. So +often in the Poets.--_In frumentum. For supplies_. The reading of this +clause is much disputed. The text follows that of W. and R. and is +approved by Freund. For the meaning of _egerunt_, cf. _praedam +egesserunt_, H. 3, 33. + +_Silvis--emuniendis_==viis per silvas et paludes muniendis. E. + +_Semel_. _Once for all_, G. 19.--_Emit_, sc. tributis pendendis; +_pascit_, sc. frumento praebendo. E. + +_Portus, quibus exercendis_. W. and Dr. explain this of collecting +revenue at the ports (i.e. farming them), a thing unknown to the early +Britons; Wr. of rowing, servile labor. Why not refer it to the +_construction_ or _improvement_ of harbors? By rendering _exercendis, +working, improving_, we make it applicable alike to harbors, mines and +fields.--_Reservemur_. Subj. in a relative clause denoting a purpose. H. +500; Z. 567. + +_Potuere_. Observe the ind., where we use the potential. It is especially +frequent with _possum, debeo_, &c. Z. 518 and 519. + +_Nonne_ implies an affirmative answer. Z. 352, and H. 346, II. 1. 2. + +_In poenitentiam_, al. in praesentiam. The general idea is essentially +the same with either reading. _Non in praesentiam==not to obtain our +freedom, for the present merely. Non in poenitentiam==not about to +obtain our freedom merely to regret it_, i.e. in such a manner as the +Brigantes, who forthwith lost it by their _socordia_. + + +XXXII. _Nisi si_==nisi forte, cf. note, G. 2: nisi si patria. + +_Pudet dictu_. The supine after _pudet_ is found only here. Quintilian +however has _pudendum dictu_. Cf. Or. in loc.; and Z. 441. 443. + +_Commendent_, etc. _Although they give up their blood to_ (i.e. _shed it +in support of_) _a foreign tyrant_.--_Tamen_ is antithetic to _licet_: +_although_ they give, _yet longer enemies, than slaves_ (of Rome). + +_Metus--est_. _It is fear and terror_ (sc. that keep them in subjection), +_weak bonds of affection_. + +_Removeris--desierint_. Fut. perf. Cf. note, G. 23: _indulseris_. + +_Nulla--aut alia_. Some of the Roman soldiers had lost all attachment to +country and could not be said to have any country; others had one, but it +was not Britain, it was far away. + +_Ne terreat_. The third person of the imperative is for the most part +avoided in ordinary language; and the pres. subj. is used in its stead. +Z. 529, Note. + +_Nostras manus_, i.e. those ready to join us and aid our arms, viz. (as +he goes on to say), the Gauls and Germans, as well as the Britons now in +the Roman ranks.--_Tamquam_==_just as_ (_tam-quam_). Död. renders, _just +as certainly as_. + +_Vacua.--Destitute of soldiers.--Senum_, sc. veterani et emeriti. Cf. +note, 15. _Aegra==disaffected_. Cf. H. 2, 86. + +_Hic dux_, etc. _Here a general, here an army_ (sc. the Roman, awaits +you); _there tributes, mines_, &c. (and you must conquer the former or +endure the latter--these are your only alternatives). + +_In hoc campo est_. _Depends on this battle field_.--T. has laid out all +his strength on this speech. It can hardly be matched for martial force +and sententious brevity. It breathes, as it should in the mouth of a +Briton, an indomitable spirit of liberty, and reminds us, in many +features, of the concentrated and fiery eloquence, which has so often +roused our American Indians to defend their altars and revenge their +wrongs. + + +XXXIII. _Ut barbaris moris_. Al. et barbari moris. But compare 39: ut +Domitiano moris erat; His. 1, 15: ut moris est. Supply _est_ here: _as is +the custom of_ (lit. _to_) _barbarians_. Z. 448, & H. 402, I. + +_Agmina_, sc. conspiciebantur.--_Procursu_ is the means by which the +gleam of armor was brought into view. + +_Acies_, sc. Britannorum. The _Roman_ army was still within the camp, cf. +_munimentis coercitum_, below. + +_Coercitum_==qui coerceri potest. The part, used in the sense of a verbal. +So _monstratus_, G. 31, which, Freund says, is Tacitean. The perf. part. +pass. with negative prefix _in_ often takes this sense. Z. 328. Cf. note, +His. 5, 7: _inexhaustum_. + +_Octavus annus_. This was Agricola's _seventh summer_ in Britain. See +note 29: _initio aestatis_. But it being now later in the season, than +when he entered Britain, he was now entering on his _eighth year_. Cf. +Rit. in loc. + +_Virtute--Romani_. _By the valor and favoring auspices of the Roman +Empire_. War was formerly carried on auspiciis _Populi_ Rom. But after +Augustus, auspiciis _Imperatoris_ or _Imperii_ Rom. + +_Expeditionibus--proeliis_. These words denote the _time_ of _poenituit_ +(_in_ or _during_ so many, etc.)--_Patientia_ and _labore_ are abl. after +_opus_. + +_Terminos_. Acc. after _egressi_ (H. 371, 4): _having transcended the +limits_. Cf. Z. 387. + +_Fama, rumore_. Synonyms. Also _castris, armis_. Cf. note, 30. + +_Vota--aperto_. _Your vows and your valor now have free scope_ (are in the +open field), cf. note 1: _in aperto_. + +_In frontem_. Antith. to _fugientibus_. Hence==progredientibus. + +_Hodie_. _To-day_, i.e. _in our present circumstances of prosperity_. +Wr. + +_Nec--fuerit_. _Nor will it have been inglorious_, sc. when the thing +shall have been _done_ and men shall look _back_ upon our achievements. +The fut. perf. is appropriate to such a conception. + +_Naturae fine_. Cf. note, G. 45: _illuc usque natura_. + + +XXXIV. _Hortarer_. Literally, _I would be exhorting you_. The use of the +imperf. subj. in hypothetical sentences, where we should use a plup. (I +would have exhorted you), is frequent both in Greek and Latin, even when +it denotes a _complete_ past action, cf. Z. 525. When the action is not +complete, as here, the Latin form is at once more lively and more exact +than the English.--_Proximo anno_. This same expression may signify +either the next year, or the last year. Here of course: _the last year_, +referring to the battle described in 26, cf. also note 29: _Initio +aestatis_. + +_Furto noctis_. Cf. Virg. Aen. 9, 397: fraude noctis. + +_Contra ruere_. _Rush forth to meet, penetrantibus_, etc. R. and Wr. take +_ruere_ for perf. 3d pl. instead of _ruerunt_, since T. uses the form in +_ere_ much more than that in _erunt_. Rit. makes it inf. after _solet_ +understood, or rather implied in _pelluntur_, which==_pelli solent_. + +_Quos--quod_. _Whom, as to the fact that you have at length found (it is +not because) they have taken a stand, but they have been overtaken_. Cf. +Wr. and Or. in loc. On _deprehensi_, cf. note, 7. On _quod==as to this, +that_, see examples in Freund, or in any Lexicon. + +_Novissimae--vestigiis_. _The extremity of their circumstances, and their +bodies_ (motionless) _with terror have brought them to a stand for battle +on this spot_, etc. One MS. reads _novissime_ and omits _aciem_, which +reading is followed in the common editions. + +_Extremo metu_ is to be closely connected with _corpora_. For the sense +of _defixere_, cf. Ann. 13, 5: pavore defixis. + +_Ederetis_. Subj. cf. H. 500, 2; Z. 556, a. + +_Transigite cum expeditionibus_==finite expeditiones. Dr. Cf. G. 19: +cum spe--transigitur, note. + +_Quinquaginta annis_. So many years, it might be said to be in round +numbers, though actually somewhat _less_ than fifty years, since the +dominion of Rome was first established in Britain under the Emperor +Claudius. Cf. 13, supra.--The speech of A. is not equal to that of +Galgacus. He had not so good a cause. He could not appeal to the sacred +principles of justice and liberty, to the love of home and household +gods. But he makes the best of a bad cause. The speech is worthy of a +Roman commander, and touches with masterly skill all those chords in a +Roman soldier's breast, that were never touched in vain. + + +XXXV. _Et==both_. Both while he was speaking and after he had ceased, the +soldiers manifested their ardor, etc. + +_Instinctos_. Cf. note 16: instincti. + +_Aciem firmarent_==aciem firmam facerent, of which use there are examples +not only in T., but in Liv. Dr. The auxiliary foot _formea_ or _made up_ +(not merely strengthened) _the centre_.--_Affunderentur. Were attached +to_.--_Pro vallo. On the rampart_; properly on the fore part of it. Cf. +note, H. 1, 29. + +_Ingens--decus_. In app. with _legiones--stetere_. + +_Bellanti_, sc. Agricolae. Al. bellandi. + +_In speciem_. Cf. in suam famam, 8, and in jactationem, 5. + +_Aequo_. Supply consisteret to correspond with _insurgeret_. Zeugma. Cf. +note, 18: in aequum. + +_Media campi_. _The intervening parts of the plain_, sc. between the two +armies.--_Covinarius_ is found only in T. _Covinarii_==the essedarii of +Caesar. Covinus erat currus Belgarum, a quibus cum Britanni acceperant. +Dr. + +_Pedes_. Nom. sing, in app. with subject of _constitit_. + + +XXXVI. _Indentibus gladiis_, etc. So below: _parva scuta_, etc. The small +shield and broad sword of the Highlanders. + +_Donec--cohortatus est_. Cf. note, G. 37: _affectavere_.--_Batavorum +cohortes_. Al. _tres--cohortes_. But the number is not specified in the +best MSS. In the Histories, eight cohorts of Batavians are often +mentioned as constituting the auxiliaries of the 14th legion, which was +now in Britain. See Rit. in loc. + +_Ad mucrones_. The Britons were accustomed to fight with the edge of the +sword, and cut and hew the enemy. The Romans, on the contrary, made use +of the _point_. Of course in a close engagement, they would have greatly +the advantage. Br.--_Ad manus_. The opposite of _eminus_, i.e. _a close +engagement_. The same thing is expressed below by _complexum armorum_. + +_In aperto pugnam_. Literally a fight in the open field, i.e. a +_regular_ pitched _battle_, which with its compact masses would be less +favorable to the large swords of the Britons, than a battle on ground +uncleared of thickets and forests. Al. _in arto_. + +_Miscere, ferire_, etc. A series of inf. denoting a rapid succession of +events, cf. note, 5: noscere--nosci; G. 30: praeponere. + +_Equitum turmae_, sc. Britannorum. The word _turmae_ is applicable to +such a cavalry as theirs, cf. Ann. 14, 34: _Britannorum_ copiae passim +per catervas et _turmas_ exsultabant. Br. Ky. and others here understand +it of the Roman cavalry. But R. Dr. and Wr. apply it to the Britons, and +with reason, as we shall see below, and as we might infer indeed from its +close connexion with _covinarii_, for the _covinarii_ were certainly +Britons. + +_Peditum proelio, hostium agminibus_. These also both refer to the +_Britons_. The covinarii were interspersed among their own infantry, and, +as the Romans advanced, became entangled with them. This is disputed. But +the small number of Romans slain in the whole battle is alone enough to +show, that _their_ cavalry was not routed, nor _their_ infantry broken in +upon by the chariots of the enemy. Moreover, how could T. properly use +the word _hostium_ of his own countrymen? + +_Minimeque_, etc. This is one passage, among a few in T., which is so +manifestly corrupt that no sense can be made of it, as it stands in the +MSS. The reading given in the text is the simplest of all the conjectural +readings that have been proposed. It is that of Br. and E., and is +followed by the common editions. Cavalry took a large part in the battle. +But the battle wore little the aspect of an equestrian fight; for the +Britons, after maintaining their position with difficulty for some time, +were at length swept away by the bodies (the _mere uncontrolled bodies_) +of the horses--in short, the riders had no control over horses or +chariots, which rushed on without drivers obliquely athwart, or directly +through the lines, as their fears severally impelled them; all which was +in marked contrast to a Roman's idea of a regular battle of cavalry. + + +XXXVII. _Vacui. Free from apprehension_. + +_Ni_. Cf. note 4: ni.--_Subita belli. Unexpected emergencies_ arising in +the course of the battle. Cf. 6: _inania honoris_. + +_Grande et atrox spectaculum_, etc. See a similar description in Sal. +Jug. 101. The series of infinitives and the omission of the connectives +(_asyndeton_) make the succession of events very rapid and animated. +Compare the famous _veni, vidi, vici_, of Caesar. + +_Prout--erat_. According to their different natural disposition, i.e. +_the timid, though armed, turned their backs before inferior numbers; +while the brave, though unarmed, met death in the face_. + +_Praestare terga_ is an expression found only in T. + +_Et aliquando_, etc. _Et==ac tamen. And_ yet (notwithstanding the flight +of crowds and the passive death of some as above) _sometimes to the +conquered also_ there was _anger and bravery_. The language is Virgilian, +cf. Aen. 2, 367. + +_Quod_. Cf. note 12.--_Ni frequens--fiduciam foret_. "Had not A., who was +everywhere present, caused some strong and lightly equipped cohorts to +encompass the ground, while part of the cavalry having dismounted, made +their way through the thickets, and part on horseback scoured the open +woods, some disaster would have prcoeeded from this excess of +confidence." Ky. + + +XXXVIII. _Gaudio praedaque laeta_. Cf. note, G. 7: _cibos et hortamina_. +Observe also the juxtaposition of _tempestate_ and _fama_ in this same +chapter. + +_Separare_, sc. consilia, i.e. _they sometimes act in concert, sometimes +provide only for their individual safety_. + +_Pignorum_. Cf. note G. 7: pignora--_Saevisse. Laid violent hands_. "This +picture of rage and despair, of tenderness, fury, and the tumult of +contending passions, has all the fine touches of a master who has studied +human nature." Mur.--_Secreti_==deserti. + +_Ubi. When_, cf. 26. Its direct influence extends to _nequibat_, and with +its clause, it expresses the _reason_ why A. drew off his forces into the +country of the Horesti.--_Spargi bellum_==diversis locis, vel diviso +exercitu, vel vagando bellum geri. E. + +_Secunda--fama. Favored by the weather and the glory of their past +achievements_ (lit. the weather and fame _following_ them, _secunda +==sequunda_.) + +_Trutulensem portum_. Some port, now unknown, probably near the mouth of +the Tay or the Forth. _Unde_ qualifies _lecto_. E. With _redierat_ a +corresponding adv. denoting _whither_, is to be supplied: whence it had +set sail, and whither, after having surveyed all the nearest coast of +Britain, it had now returned. _Had_ returned, i.e. prior to _entering_ +the port; the action of _redierat_, was prior to that of _tenuit_. Hence +plup. _Proximo, nearest_, sc. to the scene of Agricola's operations, +i.e. the whole northern coast from the Forth to the Clyde and back again. +This was all that was necessary to prove Britain to be an island (cf. +chap. 10), the southern coast having been previously explored. + + +XXXIX. _Actum_. Al. auctum, a conjecture of Lipsius. _Actum==treated of, +reported.--Moris erat_. H. 402, I.; Z. 448, N. 1. N. 1. + +_Falsum--triumphum_. He had returned without so much as seeing the enemy +(Dio Cass. 67, 4); and yet he bought slaves, dressed them in German +style, had their hair stained red (G. 4: _rutilae comae_) and left long, +so as to resemble Germans, and then marched in triumph into Rome with his +train of pretended captives! Caligula had done the same before him. Suet. +Calig. 47. + +_Formarentur_. Subj. in a relative clause denoting a purpose (_quorum==ut +eorum_). H. 500; Z. 567. + +_Studia--acta_. Lawyers and politicians, all public men, had been gagged +and silenced by Domitian. + +_Alius_. Another than the Emperor.--_Occuparet==pre-occupy_, so as to rob +him of it. + +_Utcumque_. Somehow, possibly, perhaps. _Other things perhaps were more +easily concealed; but the merit of a good commander was an imperial +prerogative_. + +_Quodque--satiatus_. _And what was a proof of some cruel purpose, wholly +absorbed in his retirement_ (where he never plotted any thing but +mischief, and where in early life he is said to have amused himself with +killing flies, Suet. Dom. 3). Cf. Plin. Panegyr. 48: nec unquam ex +solitudine sua prodeuntem, nisi ut solitudinem faceret. The whole passage +in Pliny is a graphic picture of the same tyrant, the workings of whose +heart are here so laid bare by the pen of Pliny's friend Tacitus. +_Secreto--satiatus_ may also be translated: _satisfied with his own +secret_, i.e. keeping to himself his cherished hatred and jealousy.-- +_Languesceret_. Subj. after _donec_. Cf. note, G. 37: _affectavere_. + +_Reponere odium_. See lexicon under _repono_ for this phrase. + +_Impetus--exercitus_. _Until the freshness of his glory, and his +popularity with the army should gradually decline_. + +_Etiam tum obtinebat_, i.e. he was still in _possession of the +government_, and of course in command of the army, in Britain. + + +XL. _Triumphalia ornamenta_. Not a real triumph, which from the reign of +Augustus was conceded only to the Emperor or the princes of the Imperial +Family; but triumphal insignia, such as the _corona, laurea, toga +praetexta, tunica palmata, sella curulis_, &c. Dr. + +_Illustris statuae_. Called _laureata_, Ann. 4, 23; _triumphalis_, His. +1, 79. + +_Quidquid datur_. Besides the _ornamenta_ above mentioned, sacrifices and +thanksgivings were offered in the name of the victorious commander. Dr. + +_Addique_. Al. additque. _Addique_ is the reading of the MSS. and old +editions. And it suits better the genius of Dom.; he did not express the +_opinionem_ himself, for it was not his real intention, but he _ordered_ +some one to put it in circulation as if from him, that he might have the +credit of it and yet not be bound by it.--_Destinari_, sc. by Domitian. + +_Majoribus reservatam_. _Majoribus_==illustrioribus. Syria was the +richest province in the Empire, and the praefectship of it the most +honorable office. + +_Ex secretioribus ministeriis_. _One of his private secretaries, or +confidential agents_. + +_Codicillos_. Under the Emperors this word is used to denote an imperial +letter or diploma. Properly a billet, diminutive of _codex_, tablet +(==_caudex_, trunk of a tree). + +_Syria dabatur_. Syria was one of the Provinces, that were at the +disposal of the Emperor. + +_Ex ingenio principis_. _In accordance with_ (cf. _ex_, G. 7) _the_ +(dissimulating) _genius or policy of Domitian_. The design, if not real, +at least imputed to him, was to withdraw Agricola from his province and +his troops at all events, by the offer of the best province in the Empire +if need be; but that object having been secured by Agricola's voluntary +retirement, the offer, and even the ordinary civilities of life, +especially official life, were deemed unnecessary. Compare this with the +concluding sentence of the preceding chapter. + +_Celebritate et frequentia_. Hendiadys: _By the number of distinguished +men who might go out to meet him_ (and escort him into the city). + +_0fficio_==salutatione. Dr.--_Brevi osculo_, lit. a _hasty kiss_==_cold +and formal salutation_. The kiss was a common mode of salutation among +the Romans, in the age of the Emperors. See Becker's Gallus, p. 54. + +_Turbae servientium_. The usual and characteristic associates, as well as +attendants of Domitian. A severe cut, though quite incidental and very +concise. + +_Otiosos_. Antith. to _militare_. _Men in civil life_, cf. note on +_otio_, II. + +_Otium auxit_. Augere otium==sequi altissimum otium. Dr. + +_Penitus_==inwardly, i.e. sincerely, _zealously_. So R. But Dr.== +prorsus, omnino, valde.--_Cultu modicus. Simple in dress_, cf. note on +_cultus_, G. 6.--_Comitatus_, passive, so used by Cic. also.--_Uno aut +altero. One or two_. + +_Per ambitionem_==ex vitae splendore et numeroso comitatu. Br. cf. note +on _ambitio_, G. 27. + +_Quaererent--interpretarentur_. _Many inquired_ (with wonder) _into the +reputation_ (of a man so unassuming), _and few explained_ or _understood_ +(the true reason of his humble manner of life). _Interpretarentur_, not +_famam_ but the facts above mentioned, and the necessity A. was under of +living as he did.--_Viso aspectoque. On seeing him and directing their +attention particularly to him_. + + +XLI. _Crimen==public accusation_.--_Querela==private complaint_.-- +_Princeps, gloria, genus_. Supply, as a predicate, _causa periculi_; +these were the causes that put A's life in jeopardy. + +_Militares viri_==duces. So Corbulo is called, Ann. 15, 26. + +_Expugnati et capti_. _Defeated and taken captive_, For. and Fac. +Properly _expugnare_ is said of a fortress or city. But _ektoliorkein_ in +Greek is used in the same way, of persons. Compare _expugnatis +praesidiis_, 16, note. The wars particularly referred to are those +against Decebalus, leader of the Dacians, which lasted four years and in +which Moesia also was invaded by the Dacians, and several Roman armies +with their commanders were lost (Suet. Dom. 6.); and that of the +Pannonian legions against the German tribes of the Marcomanni and the +Quadi (Dion, 67, 7). + +_Hibernis--dubitatum_, i.e. the enemy not only met them on the river +banks, which formed the borders of the empire, but attacked the winter +quarters of their troops, and threatened to take away the territory they +had already acquired. + +_Funeribus_, sc. militarium virorum.--_Cladibus_, sc. cohortium. Dr. + +_Amore et fide_. _Out of affection and fidelity_ (sc. to their imperial +master).--_Malignitate et livore_. _Out of envy and hatred_ (sc. towards +A.). + +_Pronum deterioribus_. _Inclined to the worse measures_, or it may be, +to the _worse advisers_. + +_In ipsam--agebatur_==invito gloria aucta, simulque pernicies +accelerata. W. + + +XLII. _Asiae et Africae_. He drew lots, _which_ he should have, _both_ +being put into the lot.--_Proconsulatum_. See H. 1, 49. note, on +proconsul. A. had already been consul, 9. + +_Sortiretur_. _In which he would, or such that he must, obtain by lot_, +etc. Cf. H. 501, I.; Z. 558. + +_Occiso Civica_. Cf. Suet. Dom. 10: complures senatores, et in his +aliquot consulares, interemit, ex quibus _Civicam Cerealem in ipso Asiae +proconsulate_. + +_Nec Agricolae--exemplum_. _A warning was not wanting to A_. (to avoid +the dangerous post); _nor a precedent to Dom_. (for disposing of A. in +the same way if he accepted the office). + +_Iturusne esset_. Subj. cf. H. 525; Z. 552.--_Interrogarent_. H. 500; +Z. 567. + +_In--excusatione_. _In urging his request_ (before Dom.) _to be excused_. + +_Paratus simulatione_. Al. simulationi. _Furnished with deceit, armed_, +as it were, _with hypocrisy_. + +_In arrogantiam compositus_. _Assuming a proud demeanor_. + +_Beneficii invidia_, lit. _the odium of such a kindness==so odious a +favor_. The idea is, he did not blush to let A. return thanks for a +signal injury, as if it were a real kindness. "A refinement of cruelty +not unfrequently practised by the worst Roman Emperors." Ky. The only +peculiarity in the case of Dom. was, the unblushing impudence with which +he perpetrated the wrong, cf. 45. See a fine commentary on this passage +in Sen. de Benef. 4, 17: Quis est, qui non beneficus _videri_ velit? qui +non inter scelera et injurias opinionem bonitatis affectet? velit quoque +_iis videri beneficium dedisse, quos laesit? gratias itaque agi sibi ab +his, quos afflixere, patiuntur_. + +_Salarium_. Properly salt-money, i.e. a small allowance to the soldiers +for the purchase of salt. Cf. _clavarium_, H. 3, 50, note. But after +Augustus, official pay, _salary_. + +_Ne--emisse_. _That he might not appear to have purchased a compliance +with his virtual prohibition_ (viz. of A.'s accepting the proconsulship). + +_Proprium humani_, etc. Mark the sentiment. + +_Irrevocabilior_. _More implacable_. Found in this sense only in T. Cf. +Böt. Lex. Tac. + +_Illicita_. Unlawful, i.e. forbidden by the powers that be. Explained by +_contumacia_ and _inani jactatione libertatis_ above. T. is animadverting +upon the conduct of certain stoics and republicans, who obtruded their +opinions upon those in power, and coveted the glory of martyrdom. + +_Eo--excedere_. Reach the same height of distinction. _Eo_ Old dat. cf. +_eo inopiae_ 28, note. _Excedere_, lit. come out to, _arrive at_. Cf. +Val. Max. 5, 6, 4: _ad summum imperii fastigium excessit_. + +_Per abrupta_. "Through abrupt and dangerous paths." Ky. + +_Ambitiosa morte_, i.e. morte ultro adita captandae gloriae causa apud +posteros. For. and Fac. + + +XLIII. _Luctuosus, afflictive_, is stronger than _tristis, sad_. + +_Vulgus_. The lower classes, _the ignorant and indolent rabble_.-- +_Populus_. _The common people, tradesmen, mechanics_, and the like. +Hence, _aliud agens_, which implies that they were too busy with +something else of a private nature, to give much attention to public +affairs or the concerns of their neighbors.--_Populus_ and _vulgus_ are +brought together in a similar way, Dial. de Clar. Orat. 7: Vulgus quoque +imperitum et tunicatus hic populus, etc. + +_Nobis--ausim_. _I should not dare to affirm that we_ (the friends of A.) +_found any conclusive proof_, that he was poisoned.--_Ceterum_. _But_. +This implies that the circumstantial evidence, which he goes on to +specify, convinced the writer and his friends, as well as the public, +that poison administered by direction of Dom., was really the means of +hastening A. out of the world. Dion Cassius expressly affirms, that he +was poisoned, 66, 20. + +_Principatus_. The imperial government in general, i.e. former Emperors. + +_Momenta ipsa deficientis_. _Each successive stage of his decline_. +_Ipsa_ is omitted in the common editions. But it rests on good authority +and it adds to the significance of the clause: _the very moments_, as it +were, were reported to Dom. + +_Per dispositos cursores_. Dom. appears not to have been at Rome at this +time, but in the Alban Villa (cf. 45), or somewhere else. + +_Constabat_. That was an _admitted point_, about which there was entire +_agreement_ (_con_ and _sto_). + +_Animo vultuque_. Hendiadys: _he wore in his countenance an expression of +heartfelt grief_. + +_Securus odii_. Now, that A. was dead, Dom. had nothing to fear in regard +to the _object of his hatred_, or the _gratification of his hate_. +_Odii_. Gen. of the respect.--_Qui--dissimularet_. _Qui==talis, ut_, +hence the subj. H. 501, I.; Z. 558. + +_Lecto testamento_. When A.'s _will was read_. + +_Honore judicioque_. As if a mark of honor and esteem. E. says==judicio +honorifico.--_Piissimae_, devoted, affectionate. + +_Malum principem_. It was customary for rich men at Rome, who were +anxious to secure any of their property to their heirs, to bequeath a +part of their estates to _bad emperors_ in order to secure the remainder +from their rapacity. + +This and several preceding sections present a most graphic _outline_ of +the _life and times_ of Dom., the more to be prized, because the full +_picture_, which T. doubtless drew of him in the Histories, is lost. The +Histories and the Annals are a vast portrait gallery full of such +pictures drawn to the life. + + +XLIV. _Natus--excessit_. The dates assigned for A.'s birth and death, do +not agree with the age ascribed to him. They may be harmonized in either +of two ways, each of which has its advocates: by reading _primum_ instead +of _tertium_, or, which is perhaps a more probable amendment, since it +only alters the relative position of the two characters, by reading LIV +instead of LVI. + +_Quod si_. And if, _now if_.--_Habitum_. _Personal appearance_, cf. G. 5. + +_Decentior quam sublimior_. _Well proportioned, rather than tall_. R. + +_Nihil metus_. _Nothing to inspire fear in his countenance_. Antith. to +_gratia--supererat_: _kindness of expression rather prevailed_. So Gr. and +R. For this sense of _metus_, see note G. 2: ob metum. Död. distinguishes +between _vultus_ and _oris_, making the former refer more to the _eyes_ +(as if from _volvo_, the rolling of the eye), to which it belongs to +express anger and fierceness; the latter to the mouth, which is more +expressive of kindness. + +_Medio--aetatis_. We should hardly say so of a man dying at 56. But in +Dial. de Clar. Orat. T. speaks of 120 years, as _unius hominis aetas_. + +_Et vera bona_. T. has here in mind the distinction made by philosophers, +particularly the Stoics, between the virtues, which they called the only +real good, and the gifts of fortune, which they declared to be +indifferent.--_Et--et, both--and_, marks the distinction more strongly. + +_Impleverat_. _Had enjoyed to the full_. + +_Consulari_. _Having attained to the rank of consul_ (the summit of a +Roman's ambition) _and having been honored with triumphal insignia_. Al. +consularibus. But _consulari_ has the better authority and makes the +better sense. + +_Opibus--contigerant_. _Great riches he did not desire; a respectable +property it was his good fortune to possess_, cf. 5: medio rationis atque +abundantiae. Al. non contigerant. But considerable property is implied in +the circumstances attending his will, 43, also in his not asking the +visual salary, 42. Dion Cass. says, however, (66, 20.), that A. spent his +last days in want, as well as in disgrace. For another explanation of +_gaudebat_, cf. n. G. 6. + +_Quod--ominabatur_. _Quod_ is omitted in the common editions. But it is +found in the MSS. And it may be explained on the principle of Zeugma, by +supplying with _durare_ and _videre_ a verb implied in _grande solatium +tulit_ thus: _though (sicuti) it would have been a great gratification to +A. to behold the dawn of this auspicious age and see Trajan Emperor, of +which he expressed in my hearing a sort of prophetic anticipation and +desire, yet (ita)_, etc. Cassius affirms (69, 12), that by auguries the +elevation of Trajan to the throne was foretold, as early as A.U.C. 844, +i.e. _two years before the death of A_. The reference to Trajan here, as +in 3, marks clearly the date of the composition, cf. note, 3: augeatque +Trajanus. + +_Spiramenta_. _Breathing-spells_, i.e. intervals to recover and take +breath in. The word is found only in poetry and post-Augustan prose, and, +in the expressive sense in which it is here used, only in Ammian. Marc. +29, 1. See Or. and Freund. + +_Velut uno ictu_. The commentators illustrate the force of this +expression by reference to Caligula's wish (Vid. Sen. de Va. 3, 19), that +the Roman people had but one neck, ut scelera sua in _unum ictum_ et unum +diem cogeret. + + +XLV. _Non vidit_. Did not see, as he would have done, had he lived a few +years longer. This passage resembles Cic. de Orat. 3, 2, 8, too closely +to be mere coincidence. Imitator tamen, id quod uni Tacito contigit, +auctore suo praestantior. Rit. + +_Consularium_. Rhen. collects from Suet. the names of several victims of +Dom.'s displeasure, _who had been consuls_. + +_Feminarum_. Pliny has preserved the names of several of this list-- +Gratilla, wife of Rusticus, Arria, wife of Thrasea, Fannia, daughter of +Thrasea and betrothed to Helvidius. Their husbands will be remembered as +having been mentioned in 1 and 2. + +_Carus Metius_. An infamous informer, cf. Plin. Epist. 7, 19; Juv. 1, 35; +Mart. 12, 25, 5. + +_Censebatur_. _Was honored_, ironice. _Censeri_ est aestimari, sive +existimationem consequi. Dr. + +_Una--victoria_. He had occasioned the death of but one innocent victim.-- +_Adhuc_. Up to the death of A., cf. G. 38: adhuc, note. + +_Albanam arcem_. A favorite retreat of Dom. (situated at the foot of the +Alban Mount, about seventeen miles from Rome), where he sometimes +convened the Senate, and held his court with its troop of informers, cf. +note, 43: cursores. Rit. in loc. suggests, that by the use of _arcem_ +instead of _palatium_, T. means to represent Domitian as shutting himself +up, like many tyrants, in a fortified castle, and thence sending forth +the emissaries of his jealousy and cruelty. + +_Sententia. His voice_, his sentiment expressed in council before Dom.-- +_Intra Albanam arcem_, i.e. _privately_, not _publicly_, as afterwards +at Rome. + +_Messalini_. Fuit inter principea adulatores et delatores. Dr. cf. Plin. +Epist. 4, 22; Juv. 4, 113, seq. + +_Massa Bebius_. Primus inter pares of Domitian's tools. He began his +career under Vesp. cf. His. 4, 50. He was afterwards impeached and +condemned at the instance of the Province of Baetica, Pliny and Senecio +advocates for the impeachment, Plin. Epist 7, 33; 3, 4; 6, 29.--_Jam +tum. At that very time_ on trial, not merely _already at that time_. +Cf. Hand's Tursel. 3, 113. + +_Nostra_, sc. of the Senate, of which T. was a member, though abroad +at the time. Helvidius was arrested _in the senate house_, cf. Plin. +Ep. 9, 13. This was Helvidius the _son_, who was put to death by Dom. +(Suet. 10), as his father was by Vesp. (Suet. 15). + +_Visus_. Al. divisus. _Visus_==species, adspectus, Wr.--_Perfudit_. +Zeugma. Understand in the first clause _horrore perfudit_ (Dr.) or probro +affecit (R.): _the spectacle of Mauricus and Rusticus_ (hurried away, the +one to exile, the other to death), _filled us with horror; we were +stained by the innocent blood of Senecio_. Of Rusticus and Senecio, see +2, note. Of Mauricus, see Plin. Ep. 4, 22: quo viro nihil firmius, nihil +verius. Also Plin. Ep. 3, 11. + +_Videre_, sc. Domitianum.--_Aspici_, sc. a Domitiano. For difference in +the signification in these words, cf. 40: viso aspectoque, note. + +_Suspiria--subscriberentur. When our sighs_ (of sympathy with the +condemned) _were registered against us_ (by spies and informers, as a +ground of accusation before the Emperor). + +_Rubor_. Redness, referring to the complexion of Dom., which was such as +to conceal a blush, cf. Suet. Dom. 18: vultu ruboris pleno. + +_Opportunitate mortis_. An expression of Cic., in the similar passage +above cited (de Orat. 3, 2, 8), touching the death of Crassus. + +_Pro virili portione_, lit. for one man's share, referring primarily to +pecuniary assessments. Here: _for thy part--so far as thou wast +concerned_. A. died with a calmness which would scarcely admit of the +supposition, that he felt himself to be a victim of poison and imperial +jealousy. + +_Filiaque ejus_. The apostrophe is here dropped to be resumed at _optime +parentum_. So the MSS. For they read _ejus_ here, and _amissus est_ +below. Rhenanus omitted _ejus_, and wrote _es_ for _est_; and he has been +followed in the common editions since. + +_Conditione_. By the circumstance, or by virtue of our long absence. T. +and his wife had parted with A. four years before his death, and had been +absent from Rome ever since, where or why does not appear. + +_Superfuere_. Cf. _superest_, G. 6, note. + + +XLVI. _Sapientibus_. Cf. _sapientiae professoribus_, 2, note.--_Te +immortalibus laudibus_. I feel constrained to recur to the reading of +Lipsius and Ritter, it is so much more spirited than _quam temporalibus_. +_Potius_ manifestly should refer back to _lugeri_ and _plangi_. The +comparison contained in the more common reading is uncalled for in the +connection, and of little significance in itself. The MSS. read +_temporalibus laudibus_ without _quam_ and this may be more easily +resolved into _te immortalibus_, than _quam_ can be supplied.-- +_Similitudine_. Al. aemulatione. For such a use of similitudo, cf. Cic. +Tusc. Quaest. 1, 46, 110: quorum (sc. Curii, Fabricii, Scipionum, etc.), +_similitudinem_ aliquam qui arripuerit, etc. + +_Decoremus_. Ennius (cited by Cic. Tusc. Q. 1, 49, 117, and de Senect. +20, 73), uses the same word in expressing the same sentiment: nemo me +lacrumis _decoret_ nec funera fletu faxit. Cf. also G. 28. + +_Formam_. This makes the sense so much better (than _famam_), that E. Dr. +Wr. R. and most others have adopted it against the authority of the MSS. +cf. _forma mentis_, below, and Cic. passim. + +_Intercedendum. To be prohibited_. Properly said of a _veto interposed_ +by the Tribunes; then of any prohibition.--_Non quia==not that_, is +characteristic of late writers. It is followed by the subj. Z. 537, and +note H. 1, 15. + +_Manet, mansurumque est_. Cf. Vell. Paterc. 2, 66, 5: vivit, vivetque per +omnem saeculorum memoriam. The periphrastic form (_mansurum est_) differs +however from the future (_manebit_), as our _is to remain_ from _will +remain_. See Z. 498. + +_Oblivio obruet_, sc. for want of a historian, carent quia _vate sacro_, +cf. Hor. Od. 4, 9, 25, seq. By _multos veterum_, T. means many ancients +of _real worth_. So _velut_ implies. A. is to be immortalized through his +biographer. This is implied in _narratus et traditus_. Ancient authors +thought it not improper to express a calm consciousness of merit and a +proud confidence of immortality. T. is very modest and delicate in the +manner of intimating his expectations. But the sentiment of these last +words is substantially the same with the line of Horace: Exegi monumentum +aere perennius. The whole peroration of this Biography is one of singular +beauty and moral elevation. Pathetic, yet calm, rich in noble sentiments +and animated by the purest and loftiest spirit, it is a fit topstone to +that monument, in respect to which T. felt so well founded an assurance, +which still _manet mansurumque est in animis hominum, in aeternitate +temporum, fama rerum_. There is scarcely an educated youth in Christendom +who is not as familiar with the name of Agricola, as with that of Aeneas +and Ulysses. And the only reason why we know anything of these heroes, is +the genius of their respective biographers. There had been other +Agricolas before the age of Trajan, as there had been other heroes like +Aeneas, and other wandering sages like Ulysses, before the war of Troy. +But they found no Tacitus, Virgil, and Homer to record their adventurous +and virtuous deeds. It is the prerogative of eminent writers to confer +immortality; and though Alexander would prefer to be Achilles rather than +Homer, we should have known little of his achievements, had he not +encouraged scholars as well as warriors, and rewarded genius no less than +valor. + + +THE END + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's Germania and Agricola, by Caius Cornelius Tacitus + +*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK GERMANIA AND AGRICOLA *** + +This file should be named 8grag10.txt or 8grag10.zip +Corrected EDITIONS of our eBooks get a new NUMBER, 8grag11.txt +VERSIONS based on separate sources get new LETTER, 8grag10a.txt + +Produced by David Starner, Tapio Riikonen and Distributed Proofreaders + +Project Gutenberg eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the US +unless a copyright notice is included. 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