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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Orations + +Author: John Quincy Adams + +Release Date: August 2, 2008 [EBook #896] +Last Updated: January 26, 2013 + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ORATIONS *** + + + + +Produced by Anthony J. Adam, and David Widger + + + + + +</pre> + <p> + <br /><br /> + </p> + <h1> + "Orations" + </h1> + <p> + <br /> + </p> + <h2> + By John Quincy Adams + </h2> + <p> + <br /> <br /> + </p> + <hr /> + <p> + <br /> <br /> + </p> + <p> + "The Jubilee of the Constitution, delivered at New York, April 30, 1839, + before the New York Historical Society." + </p> + <p> + <br /> <br /> + </p> + <hr /> + <p> + <br /> <br /> + </p> + <p> + <b>Fellow-Citizens and Brethren, Associates of the New York Historical + Society:</b> + </p> + <p> + Would it be an unlicensed trespass of the imagination to conceive that on + the night preceding the day of which you now commemorate the fiftieth + anniversary—on the night preceding that thirtieth of April, 1789, + when from the balcony of your city hall the chancellor of the State of New + York administered to George Washington the solemn oath faithfully to + execute the office of President of the United States, and to the best of + his ability to preserve, protect, and defend the constitution of the + United States—that in the visions of the night the guardian angel of + the Father of our Country had appeared before him, in the venerated form + of his mother, and, to cheer and encourage him in the performance of the + momentous and solemn duties that he was about to assume, had delivered to + him a suit of celestial armor—a helmet, consisting of the principles + of piety, of justice, of honor, of benevolence, with which from his + earliest infancy he had hitherto walked through life, in the presence of + all his brethren; a spear, studded with the self-evident truths of the + Declaration of Independence; a sword, the same with which he had led the + armies of his country through the war of freedom to the summit of the + triumphal arch of independence; a corselet and cuishes of long experience + and habitual intercourse in peace and war with the world of mankind, his + contemporaries of the human race, in all their stages of civilization; + and, last of all, the Constitution of the United States, a shield, + embossed by heavenly hands with the future history of his country? + </p> + <p> + Yes, gentlemen, on that shield the Constitution of the United States was + sculptured (by forms unseen, and in characters then invisible to mortal + eye), the predestined and prophetic history of the one confederated people + of the North American Union. + </p> + <p> + They had been the settlers of thirteen separate and distinct English + colonies, along the margin of the shore of the North American Continent; + contiguously situated, but chartered by adventurers of characters + variously diversified, including sectarians, religious and political, of + all the classes which for the two preceding centuries had agitated and + divided the people of the British islands—and with them were + intermingled the descendants of Hollanders, Swedes, Germans, and French + fugitives from the persecution of the revoker of the Edict of Nantes. + </p> + <p> + In the bosoms of this people, thus heterogeneously composed, there was + burning, kindled at different furnaces, but all furnaces of affliction, + one clear, steady flame of liberty. Bold and daring enterprise, stubborn + endurance of privation, unflinching intrepidity in facing danger, and + inflexible adherence to conscientious principle, had steeled to energetic + and unyielding hardihood the characters of the primitive settlers of all + these colonies. Since that time two or three generations of men had passed + away, but they had increased and multiplied with unexampled rapidity; and + the land itself had been the recent theatre of a ferocious and bloody + seven years' war between the two most powerful and most civilized nations + of Europe contending for the possession of this continent. + </p> + <p> + Of that strife the victorious combatant had been Britain. She had + conquered the provinces of France. She had expelled her rival totally from + the continent, over which, bounding herself by the Mississippi, she was + thenceforth to hold divided empire only with Spain. She had acquired + undisputed control over the Indian tribes still tenanting the forests + unexplored by the European man. She had established an uncontested + monopoly of the commerce of all her colonies. But forgetting all the + warnings of preceding ages—forgetting the lessons written in the + blood of her own children, through centuries of departed time—she + undertook to tax the people of the colonies without their consent. + </p> + <p> + Resistance, instantaneous, unconcerted, sympathetic, inflexible + resistance, like an electric shock, startled and roused the people of all + the English colonies on this continent. + </p> + <p> + This was the first signal of the North American Union. The struggle was + for chartered rights—for English liberties—for the cause of + Algernon Sidney and John Hampden—for trial by jury—the Habeas + Corpus and Magna Charta. + </p> + <p> + But the English lawyers had decided that Parliament was omnipotent—and + Parliament, in its omnipotence, instead of trial by jury and the Habeas + Corpus, enacted admiralty courts in England to try Americans for offences + charged against them as committed in America; instead of the privileges of + Magna Charta, nullified the charter itself of Massachusetts Bay; shut up + the port of Boston; sent armies and navies to keep the peace and teach the + colonies that John Hampden was a rebel and Algernon Sidney a traitor. + </p> + <p> + English liberties had failed them. From the omnipotence of Parliament the + colonists appealed to the rights of man and the omnipotence of the God of + battles. Union! Union! was the instinctive and simultaneous cry throughout + the land. Their Congress, assembled at Philadelphia, once—twice—had + petitioned the king; had remonstrated to Parliament; had addressed the + people of Britain, for the rights of Englishmen—in vain. Fleets and + armies, the blood of Lexington, and the fires of Charlestown and Falmouth, + had been the answer to petition, remonstrance, and address.... + </p> + <p> + The dissolution of allegiance to the British crown, the severance of the + colonies from the British Empire, and their actual existence as + independent States, were definitively established in fact, by war and + peace. The independence of each separate State had never been declared of + right. It never existed in fact. Upon the principles of the Declaration of + Independence, the dissolution of the ties of allegiance, the assumption of + sovereign power, and the institution of civil government, are all acts of + transcendent authority, which the people alone are competent to perform; + and, accordingly, it is in the name and by the authority of the people, + that two of these acts—the dissolution of allegiance, with the + severance from the British Empire, and the declaration of the United + Colonies, as free and independent States—were performed by that + instrument. + </p> + <p> + But there still remained the last and crowning act, which the people of + the Union alone were competent to perform—the institution of civil + government, for that compound nation, the United States of America. + </p> + <p> + At this day it cannot but strike us as extraordinary, that it does not + appear to have occurred to any one member of that assembly, which had laid + down in terms so clear, so explicit, so unequivocal, the foundation of all + just government, in the imprescriptible rights of man, and the + transcendent sovereignty of the people, and who in those principles had + set forth their only personal vindication from the charges of rebellion + against their king, and of treason to their country, that their last + crowning act was still to be performed upon the same principles. That is, + the institution, by the people of the United States, of a civil + government, to guard and protect and defend them all. On the contrary, + that same assembly which issued the Declaration of Independence, instead + of continuing to act in the name and by the authority of the good people + of the United States, had, immediately after the appointment of the + committee to prepare the Declaration, appointed another committee, of one + member from each colony, to prepare and digest the form of confederation + to be entered into between the colonies. + </p> + <p> + That committee reported on the twelfth of July, eight days after the + Declaration of Independence had been issued, a draft of articles of + confederation between the colonies. This draft was prepared by John + Dickinson, then a delegate from Pennsylvania, who voted against the + Declaration of Independence, and never signed it, having been superseded + by a new election of delegates from that State, eight days after his draft + was reported. + </p> + <p> + There was thus no congeniality of principle between the Declaration of + Independence and the Articles of Confederation. The foundation of the + former was a superintending Providence—the rights of man, and the + constituent revolutionary power of the people. That of the latter was the + sovereignty of organized power, and the independence of the separate or + dis-united States. The fabric of the Declaration and that of the + Confederation were each consistent with its own foundation, but they could + not form one consistent, symmetrical edifice. They were the productions of + different minds and of adverse passions; one, ascending for the foundation + of human government to the laws of nature and of God, written upon the + heart of man; the other, resting upon the basis of human institutions, and + prescriptive law, and colonial charter. The cornerstone of the one was + right, that of the other was power.... + </p> + <p> + Where, then, did each State get the sovereignty, freedom, and + independence, which the Articles of Confederation declare it retains?—not + from the whole people of the whole Union—not from the Declaration of + Independence—not from the people of the State itself. It was assumed + by agreement between the Legislatures of the several States, and their + delegates in Congress, without authority from or consultation of the + people at all. + </p> + <p> + In the Declaration of Independence, the enacting and constituent party + dispensing and delegating sovereign power is the whole people of the + United Colonies. The recipient party, invested with power, is the United + Colonies, declared United States. + </p> + <p> + In the Articles of Confederation, this order of agency is inverted. Each + State is the constituent and enacting party, and the United States in + Congress assembled the recipient of delegated power—and that power + delegated with such a penurious and carking hand that it had more the + aspect of a revocation of the Declaration of Independence than an + instrument to carry it into effect. + </p> + <p> + None of these indispensably necessary powers were ever conferred by the + State Legislatures upon the Congress of the federation; and well was it + that they never were. The system itself was radically defective. Its + incurable disease was an apostasy from the principles of the Declaration + of Independence. A substitution of separate State sovereignties, in the + place of the constituent sovereignty of the people, was the basis of the + Confederate Union. + </p> + <p> + In the Congress of the Confederation, the master minds of James Madison + and Alexander Hamilton were constantly engaged through the closing years + of the Revolutionary War and those of peace which immediately succeeded. + That of John Jay was associated with them shortly after the peace, in the + capacity of Secretary to the Congress for Foreign Affairs. The + incompetency of the Articles of Confederation for the management of the + affairs of the Union at home and abroad was demonstrated to them by the + painful and mortifying experience of every day. Washington, though in + retirement, was brooding over the cruel injustice suffered by his + associates in arms, the warriors of the Revolution; over the prostration + of the public credit and the faith of the nation, in the neglect to + provide for the payments even of the interest upon the public debt; over + the disappointed hopes of the friends of freedom; in the language of the + address from Congress to the States of the eighteenth of April, 1788—"the + pride and boast of America, that the rights for which she contended were + the rights of human nature." + </p> + <p> + At his residence at Mount Vernon, in March, 1785, the first idea was + started of a revisal of the Articles of Confederation, by the + organization, of means differing from that of a compact between the State + Legislatures and their own delegates in Congress. A convention of + delegates from the State Legislatures, independent of the Congress itself, + was the expedient which presented itself for effecting the purpose, and an + augmentation of the powers of Congress for the regulation of commerce, as + the object for which this assembly was to be convened. In January, 1785, + the proposal was made and adopted in the Legislature of Virginia, and + communicated to the other State Legislatures. + </p> + <p> + The Convention was held at Annapolis, in September of that year. It was + attended by delegates from only five of the central States, who, on + comparing their restricted powers with the glaring and universally + acknowledged defects of the Confederation, reported only a recommendation + for the assemblage of another convention of delegates to meet at + Philadelphia, in May, 1787, from all the States, and with enlarged powers. + </p> + <p> + The Constitution of the United States was the work of this Convention. But + in its construction the Convention immediately perceived that they must + retrace their steps, and fall back from a league of friendship between + sovereign States to the constituent sovereignty of the people; from power + to right—from the irresponsible despotism of State sovereignty to + the self-evident truths of the Declaration of Independence. In that + instrument, the right to institute and to alter governments among men was + ascribed exclusively to the people—the ends of government were + declared to be to secure the natural rights of man; and that when the + government degenerates from the promotion to the destruction of that end, + the right and the duty accrues to the people to dissolve this degenerate + government and to institute another. The signers of the Declaration + further averred, that the one people of the United Colonies were then + precisely in that situation—with a government degenerated into + tyranny, and called upon by the laws of nature and of nature's God to + dissolve that government and to institute another. Then, in the name and + by the authority of the good people of the colonies, they pronounced the + dissolution of their allegiance to the king, and their eternal separation + from the nation of Great Britain—and declared the United Colonies + independent States. And here as the representatives of the one people they + had stopped. They did not require the confirmation of this act, for the + power to make the declaration had already been conferred upon them by the + people, delegating the power, indeed, separately in the separate colonies, + not by colonial authority, but by the spontaneous revolutionary movement + of the people in them all. + </p> + <p> + From the day of that Declaration, the constituent power of the people had + never been called into action. A confederacy had been substituted in the + place of a government, and State sovereignty had usurped the constituent + sovereignty of the people. + </p> + <p> + The Convention assembled at Philadelphia had themselves no direct + authority from the people. Their authority was all derived from the State + Legislatures. But they had the Articles of Confederation before them, and + they saw and felt the wretched condition into which they had brought the + whole people, and that the Union itself was in the agonies of death. They + soon perceived that the indispensably needed powers were such as no State + government, no combination of them, was by the principles of the + Declaration of Independence competent to bestow. They could emanate only + from the people. A highly respectable portion of the assembly, still + clinging to the confederacy of States, proposed, as a substitute for the + Constitution, a mere revival of the Articles of Confederation, with a + grant of additional powers to the Congress. Their plan was respectfully + and thoroughly discussed, but the want of a government and of the sanction + of the people to the delegation of powers happily prevailed. A + constitution for the people, and the distribution of legislative, + executive, and judicial powers was prepared. It announced itself as the + work of the people themselves; and as this was unquestionably a power + assumed by the Convention, not delegated to them by the people, they + religiously confined it to a simple power to propose, and carefully + provided that it should be no more than a proposal until sanctioned by the + Confederation Congress, by the State Legislatures, and by the people of + the several States, in conventions specially assembled, by authority of + their Legislatures, for the single purpose of examining and passing upon + it. + </p> + <p> + And thus was consummated the work commenced by the Declaration of + Independence—a work in which the people of the North American Union, + acting under the deepest sense of responsibility to the Supreme Ruler of + the universe, had achieved the most transcendent act of power that social + man in his mortal condition can perform—even that of dissolving the + ties of allegiance by which he is bound to his country; of renouncing that + country itself; of demolishing its government; of instituting another + government; and of making for himself another country in its stead. + </p> + <p> + And on that day, of which you now commemorate the fiftieth anniversary—on + that thirtieth day of April, 1789—was this mighty revolution, not + only in the affairs of our own country, but in the principles of + government over civilized man, accomplished. + </p> + <p> + The Revolution itself was a work of thirteen years—and had never + been completed until that day. The Declaration of Independence and the + Constitution of the United States are parts of one consistent whole, + founded upon one and the same theory of government, then new in practice, + though not as a theory, for it had been working itself into the mind of + man for many ages, and had been especially expounded in the writings of + Locke, though it had never before been adopted by a great nation in + practice. + </p> + <p> + There are yet, even at this day, many speculative objections to this + theory. Even in our own country there are still philosophers who deny the + principles asserted in the Declaration, as self-evident truths—who + deny the natural equality and inalienable rights of man—who deny + that the people are the only legitimate source of power—who deny + that all just powers of government are derived from the consent of the + governed. Neither your time, nor perhaps the cheerful nature of this + occasion, permit me here to enter upon the examination of this + anti-revolutionary theory, which arrays State sovereignty against the + constituent sovereignty of the people, and distorts the Constitution of + the United States into a league of friendship between confederate + corporations. I speak to matters of fact. There is the Declaration of + Independence, and there is the Constitution of the United States—let + them speak for themselves. The grossly immoral and dishonest doctrine of + despotic State sovereignty, the exclusive judge of its own obligations, + and responsible to no power on earth or in heaven, for the violation of + them, is not there. The Declaration says, it is not in me. The + Constitution says, it is not in me. + </p> + <p> + "Oration at Plymouth, December 22, 1802, in Commemoration of the Landing + of the Pilgrims." + </p> + <p> + Among the sentiments of most powerful operation upon the human heart, and + most highly honorable to the human character, are those of veneration for + our forefathers, and of love for our posterity. They form the connecting + links between the selfish and the social passions. By the fundamental + principle of Christianity, the happiness of the individual is interwoven, + by innumerable and imperceptible ties, with that of his contemporaries. By + the power of filial reverence and parental affection, individual existence + is extended beyond the limits of individual life, and the happiness of + every age is chained in mutual dependence upon that of every other. + Respect for his ancestors excites, in the breast of man, interest in their + history, attachment to their characters, concern for their errors, + involuntary pride in their virtues. Love for his posterity spurs him to + exertion for their support, stimulates him to virtue for their example, + and fills him with the tenderest solicitude for their welfare. Man, + therefore, was not made for himself alone. No, he was made for his + country, by the obligations of the social compact; he was made for his + species, by the Christian duties of universal charity; he was made for all + ages past, by the sentiment of reverence for his forefathers; and he was + made for all future times, by the impulse of affection for his progeny. + Under the influence of these principles, + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + "Existence sees him spurn her bounded reign." +</pre> + <p> + They redeem his nature from the subjection of time and space; he is no + longer a "puny insect shivering at a breeze"; he is the glory of creation, + formed to occupy all time and all extent; bounded, during his residence + upon earth, only to the boundaries of the world, and destined to life and + immortality in brighter regions, when the fabric of nature itself shall + dissolve and perish. + </p> + <p> + The voice of history has not, in all its compass, a note but answers in + unison with these sentiments. The barbarian chieftain, who defended his + country against the Roman invasion, driven to the remotest extremity of + Britain, and stimulating his followers to battle by all that has power of + persuasion upon the human heart, concluded his persuasion by an appeal to + these irresistible feelings: "Think of your forefathers and of your + posterity." The Romans themselves, at the pinnacle of civilization, were + actuated by the same impressions, and celebrated, in anniversary + festivals, every great event which had signalized the annals of their + forefathers. To multiply instances where it were impossible to adduce an + exception would be to waste your time and abuse your patience; but in the + sacred volume, which contains the substances of our firmest faith and of + our most precious hopes, these passions not only maintain their highest + efficacy, but are sanctioned by the express injunctions of the Divine + Legislator to his chosen people. + </p> + <p> + The revolutions of time furnish no previous example of a nation shooting + up to maturity and expanding into greatness with the rapidity which has + characterized the growth of the American people. In the luxuriance of + youth, and in the vigor of manhood, it is pleasing and instructive to look + backward upon the helpless days of infancy; but in the continual and + essential changes of a growing subject, the transactions of that early + period would be soon obliterated from the memory but for some periodical + call of attention to aid the silent records of the historian. Such + celebrations arouse and gratify the kindliest emotions of the bosom. They + are faithful pledges of the respect we bear to the memory of our ancestors + and of the tenderness with which we cherish the rising generation. They + introduce the sages and heroes of ages past to the notice and emulation of + succeeding times; they are at once testimonials of our gratitude, and + schools of virtue to our children. + </p> + <p> + These sentiments are wise; they are honorable; they are virtuous; their + cultivation is not merely innocent pleasure, it is incumbent duty. + Obedient to their dictates, you, my fellow-citizens, have instituted and + paid frequent observance to this annual solemnity, and what event of + weightier intrinsic importance, or of more extensive consequences, was + ever selected for this honorary distinction? + </p> + <p> + In reverting to the period of our origin, other nations have generally + been compelled to plunge into the chaos of impenetrable antiquity, or to + trace a lawless ancestry into the caverns of ravishers and robbers. It is + your peculiar privilege to commemorate, in this birthday of your nation, + an event ascertained in its minutest details; an event of which the + principal actors are known to you familiarly, as if belonging to your own + age; an event of a magnitude before which imagination shrinks at the + imperfection of her powers. It is your further happiness to behold, in + those eminent characters, who were most conspicuous in accomplishing the + settlement of your country, men upon whose virtue you can dwell with + honest exultation. The founders of your race are not handed down to you, + like the fathers of the Roman people, as the sucklings of a wolf. You are + not descended from a nauseous compound of fanaticism and sensuality, whose + only argument was the sword, and whose only paradise was a brothel. No + Gothic scourge of God, no Vandal pest of nations, no fabled fugitive from + the flames of Troy, no bastard Norman tyrant, appears among the list of + worthies who first landed on the rock, which your veneration has preserved + as a lasting monument of their achievement. The great actors of the day we + now solemnize were illustrious by their intrepid valor no less than by + their Christian graces, but the clarion of conquest has not blazoned forth + their names to all the winds of heaven. Their glory has not been wafted + over oceans of blood to the remotest regions of the earth. They have not + erected to themselves colossal statues upon pedestals of human bones, to + provoke and insult the tardy hand of heavenly retribution. But theirs was + "the better fortitude of patience and heroic martyrdom." Theirs was the + gentle temper of Christian kindness; the rigorous observance of reciprocal + justice; the unconquerable soul of conscious integrity. Worldly fame has + been parsimonious of her favor to the memory of those generous companions. + Their numbers were small; their stations in life obscure; the object of + their enterprise unostentatious; the theatre of their exploits remote; how + could they possibly be favorites of worldly Fame—that common crier, + whose existence is only known by the assemblage of multitudes; that pander + of wealth and greatness, so eager to haunt the palaces of fortune, and so + fastidious to the houseless dignity of virtue; that parasite of pride, + ever scornful to meekness, and ever obsequious to insolent power; that + heedless trumpeter, whose ears are deaf to modest merit, and whose eyes + are blind to bloodless, distant excellence? + </p> + <p> + When the persecuted companions of Robinson, exiles from their native land, + anxiously sued for the privilege of removing a thousand leagues more + distant to an untried soil, a rigorous climate, and a savage wilderness, + for the sake of reconciling their sense of religious duty with their + affections for their country, few, perhaps none of them, formed a + conception of what would be, within two centuries, the result of their + undertaking. When the jealous and niggardly policy of their British + sovereign denied them even that humblest of requests, and instead of + liberty would barely consent to promise connivance, neither he nor they + might be aware that they were laying the foundations of a power, and that + he was sowing the seeds of a spirit, which, in less than two hundred + years, would stagger the throne of his descendants, and shake his united + kingdoms to the centre. So far is it from the ordinary habits of mankind + to calculate the importance of events in their elementary principles, that + had the first colonists of our country ever intimated as a part of their + designs the project of founding a great and mighty nation, the finger of + scorn would have pointed them to the cells of Bedlam as an abode more + suitable for hatching vain empires than the solitude of a transatlantic + desert. + </p> + <p> + These consequences, then so little foreseen, have unfolded themselves, in + all their grandeur, to the eyes of the present age. It is a common + amusement of speculative minds to contrast the magnitude of the most + important events with the minuteness of their primeval causes, and the + records of mankind are full of examples for such contemplations. It is, + however, a more profitable employment to trace the constituent principles + of future greatness in their kernel; to detect in the acorn at our feet + the germ of that majestic oak, whose roots shoot down to the centre, and + whose branches aspire to the skies. Let it be, then, our present + occupation to inquire and endeavor to ascertain the causes first put in + operation at the period of our commemoration, and already productive of + such magnificent effects; to examine with reiterated care and minute + attention the characters of those men who gave the first impulse to a new + series of events in the history of the world; to applaud and emulate those + qualities of their minds which we shall find deserving of our admiration; + to recognize with candor those features which forbid approbation or even + require censure, and, finally, to lay alike their frailties and their + perfections to our own hearts, either as warning or as example. + </p> + <p> + Of the various European settlements upon this continent, which have + finally merged in one independent nation, the first establishments were + made at various times, by several nations, and under the influence of + different motives. In many instances, the conviction of religious + obligation formed one and a powerful inducement of the adventures; but in + none, excepting the settlement at Plymouth, did they constitute the sole + and exclusive actuating cause. Worldly interest and commercial speculation + entered largely into the views of other settlers, but the commands of + conscience were the only stimulus to the emigrants from Leyden. Previous + to their expedition hither, they had endured a long banishment from their + native country. Under every species of discouragement, they undertook the + voyage; they performed it in spite of numerous and almost insuperable + obstacles; they arrived upon a wilderness bound with frost and hoary with + snow, without the boundaries of their charter, outcasts from all human + society, and coasted five weeks together, in the dead of winter, on this + tempestuous shore, exposed at once to the fury of the elements, to the + arrows of the native savage, and to the impending horrors of famine. + </p> + <p> + Courage and perseverance have a magical talisman, before which + difficulties disappear and obstacles vanish into air. These qualities have + ever been displayed in their mightiest perfection, as attendants in the + retinue of strong passions. From the first discovery of the Western + Hemisphere by Columbus until the settlement of Virginia which immediately + preceded that of Plymouth, the various adventurers from the ancient world + had exhibited upon innumerable occasions that ardor of enterprise and that + stubbornness of pursuit which set all danger at defiance, and chained the + violence of nature at their feet. But they were all instigated by personal + interests. Avarice and ambition had tuned their souls to that pitch of + exaltation. Selfish passions were the parents of their heroism. It was + reserved for the first settlers of new England to perform achievements + equally arduous, to trample down obstructions equally formidable, to + dispel dangers equally terrific, under the single inspiration of + conscience. To them even liberty herself was but a subordinate and + secondary consideration. They claimed exemption from the mandates of human + authority, as militating with their subjection to a superior power. Before + the voice of Heaven they silenced even the calls of their country. + </p> + <p> + Yet, while so deeply impressed with the sense of religious obligation, + they felt, in all its energy, the force of that tender tie which binds the + heart of every virtuous man to his native land. It was to renew that + connection with their country which had been severed by their compulsory + expatriation, that they resolved to face all the hazards of a perilous + navigation and all the labors of a toilsome distant settlement. Under the + mild protection of the Batavian Government, they enjoyed already that + freedom of religious worship, for which they had resigned so many comforts + and enjoyments at home; but their hearts panted for a restoration to the + bosom of their country. Invited and urged by the open-hearted and truly + benevolent people who had given them an asylum from the persecution of + their own kindred to form their settlement within the territories then + under their jurisdiction, the love of their country predominated over + every influence save that of conscience alone, and they preferred the + precarious chance of relaxation from the bigoted rigor of the English + Government to the certain liberality and alluring offers of the + Hollanders. Observe, my countrymen, the generous patriotism, the cordial + union of soul, the conscious yet unaffected vigor which beam in their + application to the British monarch: + </p> + <p> + "They were well weaned from the delicate milk of their mother country, and + inured to the difficulties of a strange land. They were knit together in a + strict and sacred bond, to take care of the good of each other and of the + whole. It was not with them as with other men, whom small things could + discourage, or small discontents cause to wish themselves again at home." + </p> + <p> + Children of these exalted Pilgrims! Is there one among you who can hear + the simple and pathetic energy of these expressions without tenderness and + admiration? Venerated shades of our forefathers! No, ye were, indeed, not + ordinary men! That country which had ejected you so cruelly from her bosom + you still delighted to contemplate in the character of an affectionate and + beloved mother. The sacred bond which knit you together was indissoluble + while you lived; and oh, may it be to your descendants the example and the + pledge of harmony to the latest period of time! The difficulties and + dangers, which so often had defeated attempts of similar establishments, + were unable to subdue souls tempered like yours. You heard the rigid + interdictions; you saw the menacing forms of toil and danger, forbidding + your access to this land of promise; but you heard without dismay; you saw + and disdained retreat. Firm and undaunted in the confidence of that sacred + bond; conscious of the purity, and convinced of the importance of your + motives, you put your trust in the protecting shield of Providence, and + smiled defiance at the combining terrors of human malice and of elemental + strife. These, in the accomplishment of your undertaking, you were + summoned to encounter in their most hideous forms; these you met with that + fortitude, and combated with that perseverance, which you had promised in + their anticipation; these you completely vanquished in establishing the + foundations of New England, and the day which we now commemorate is the + perpetual memorial of your triumph. + </p> + <p> + It were an occupation peculiarly pleasing to cull from our early + historians, and exhibit before you every detail of this transaction; to + carry you in imagination on board their bark at the first moment of her + arrival in the bay; to accompany Carver, Winslow, Bradford, and Standish, + in all their excursions upon the desolate coast; to follow them into every + rivulet and creek where they endeavored to find a firm footing, and to + fix, with a pause of delight and exultation, the instant when the first of + these heroic adventurers alighted on the spot where you, their + descendants, now enjoy the glorious and happy reward of their labors. But + in this grateful task, your former orators, on this anniversary, have + anticipated all that the most ardent industry could collect, and gratified + all that the most inquisitive curiosity could desire. To you, my friends, + every occurrence of that momentous period is already familiar. A transient + allusion to a few characteristic instances, which mark the peculiar + history of the Plymouth settlers, may properly supply the place of a + narrative, which, to this auditory, must be superfluous. + </p> + <p> + One of these remarkable incidents is the execution of that instrument of + government by which they formed themselves into a body politic, the day + after their arrival upon the coast, and previous to their first landing. + That is, perhaps, the only instance in human history of that positive, + original social compact, which speculative philosophers have imagined as + the only legitimate source of government. Here was a unanimous and + personal assent, by all the individuals of the community, to the + association by which they became a nation. It was the result of + circumstances and discussions which had occurred during their passage from + Europe, and is a full demonstration that the nature of civil government, + abstracted from the political institutions of their native country, had + been an object of their serious meditation. The settlers of all the former + European colonies had contented themselves with the powers conferred upon + them by their respective charters, without looking beyond the seal of the + royal parchment for the measure of their rights and the rule of their + duties. The founders of Plymouth had been impelled by the peculiarities of + their situation to examine the subject with deeper and more comprehensive + research. After twelve years of banishment from the land of their first + allegiance, during which they had been under an adoptive and temporary + subjection to another sovereign, they must naturally have been led to + reflect upon the relative rights and duties of allegiance and subjection. + They had resided in a city, the seat of a university, where the polemical + and political controversies of the time were pursued with uncommon fervor. + In this period they had witnessed the deadly struggle between the two + parties, into which the people of the United Provinces, after their + separation from the crown of Spain, had divided themselves. The contest + embraced within its compass not only theological doctrines, but political + principles, and Maurice and Barnevelt were the temporal leaders of the + same rival factions, of which Episcopius and Polyander were the + ecclesiastical champions. + </p> + <p> + That the investigation of the fundamental principles of government was + deeply implicated in these dissensions is evident from the immortal work + of Grotius, upon the rights of war and peace, which undoubtedly originated + from them. Grotius himself had been a most distinguished actor and + sufferer in those important scenes of internal convulsion, and his work + was first published very shortly after the departure of our forefathers + from Leyden. It is well known that in the course of the contest Mr. + Robinson more than once appeared, with credit to himself, as a public + disputant against Episcopius; and from the manner in which the fact is + related by Governor Bradford, it is apparent that the whole English Church + at Leyden took a zealous interest in the religious part of the + controversy. As strangers in the land, it is presumable that they wisely + and honorably avoided entangling themselves in the political contentions + involved with it. Yet the theoretic principles, as they were drawn into + discussion, could not fail to arrest their attention, and must have + assisted them to form accurate ideas concerning the origin and extent of + authority among men, independent of positive institutions. The importance + of these circumstances will not be duly weighed without taking into + consideration the state of opinion then prevalent in England. The general + principles of government were there little understood and less examined. + The whole substance of human authority was centred in the simple doctrine + of royal prerogative, the origin of which was always traced in theory to + divine institution. Twenty years later, the subject was more industriously + sifted, and for half a century became one of the principal topics of + controversy between the ablest and most enlightened men in the nation. The + instrument of voluntary association executed on board the "Mayflower" + testifies that the parties to it had anticipated the improvement of their + nation. + </p> + <p> + Another incident, from which we may derive occasion for important + reflections, was the attempt of these original settlers to establish among + them that community of goods and of labor, which fanciful politicians, + from the days of Plato to those of Rousseau, have recommended as the + fundamental law of a perfect republic. This theory results, it must be + acknowledged, from principles of reasoning most flattering to the human + character. If industry, frugality, and disinterested integrity were alike + the virtues of all, there would, apparently, be more of the social spirit, + in making all property a common stock, and giving to each individual a + proportional title to the wealth of the whole. Such is the basis upon + which Plato forbids, in his Republic, the division of property. Such is + the system upon which Rousseau pronounces the first man who inclosed a + field with a fence, and said, "This is mine," a traitor to the human + species. A wiser and more useful philosophy, however, directs us to + consider man according to the nature in which he was formed; subject to + infirmities, which no wisdom can remedy; to weaknesses, which no + institution can strengthen; to vices, which no legislation can correct. + Hence, it becomes obvious that separate property is the natural and + indisputable right of separate exertion; that community of goods without + community of toil is oppressive and unjust; that it counteracts the laws + of nature, which prescribe that he only who sows the seed shall reap the + harvest; that it discourages all energy, by destroying its rewards; and + makes the most virtuous and active members of society the slaves and + drudges of the worst. Such was the issue of this experiment among our + forefathers, and the same event demonstrated the error of the system in + the elder settlement of Virginia. Let us cherish that spirit of harmony + which prompted our forefathers to make the attempt, under circumstances + more favorable to its success than, perhaps, ever occurred upon earth. Let + us no less admire the candor with which they relinquished it, upon + discovering its irremediable inefficacy. To found principles of government + upon too advantageous an estimate of the human character is an error of + inexperience, the source of which is so amiable that it is impossible to + censure it with severity. We have seen the same mistake committed in our + own age, and upon a larger theatre. Happily for our ancestors, their + situation allowed them to repair it before its effects had proved + destructive. They had no pride of vain philosophy to support, no + perfidious rage of faction to glut, by persevering in their mistakes until + they should be extinguished in torrents of blood. + </p> + <p> + As the attempt to establish among themselves the community of goods was a + seal of that sacred bond which knit them so closely together, so the + conduct they observed toward the natives of the country displays their + steadfast adherence to the rules of justice and their faithful attachment + to those of benevolence and charity. + </p> + <p> + No European settlement ever formed upon this continent has been more + distinguished for undeviating kindness and equity toward the savages. + There are, indeed, moralists who have questioned the right of the + Europeans to intrude upon the possessions of the aboriginals in any case, + and under any limitations whatsoever. But have they maturely considered + the whole subject? The Indian right of possession itself stands, with + regard to the greater part of the country, upon a questionable foundation. + Their cultivated fields; their constructed habitations; a space of ample + sufficiency for their subsistence, and whatever they had annexed to + themselves by personal labor, was undoubtedly, by the laws of nature, + theirs. But what is the right of a huntsman to the forest of a thousand + miles over which he has accidentally ranged in quest of prey? Shall the + liberal bounties of Providence to the race of man be monopolized by one of + ten thousand for whom they were created? Shall the exuberant bosom of the + common mother, amply adequate to the nourishment of millions, be claimed + exclusively by a few hundreds of her offspring? Shall the lordly savage + not only disdain the virtues and enjoyments of civilization himself, but + shall he control the civilization of a world? Shall he forbid the + wilderness to blossom like a rose? Shall he forbid the oaks of the forest + to fall before the axe of industry, and to rise again, transformed into + the habitations of ease and elegance? shall he doom an immense region of + the globe to perpetual desolation, and to hear the howlings of the tiger + and the wolf silence forever the voice of human gladness? Shall the fields + and the valleys, which a beneficent God has formed to teem with the life + of innumerable multitudes, be condemned to everlasting barrenness? Shall + the mighty rivers, poured out by the hand of nature, as channels of + communication between numerous nations, roll their waters in sullen + silence and eternal solitude of the deep? Have hundreds of commodious + harbors, a thousand leagues of coast, and a boundless ocean, been spread + in the front of this land, and shall every purpose of utility to which + they could apply be prohibited by the tenant of the woods? No, generous + philanthropists! Heaven has not been thus inconsistent in the works of its + hands. Heaven has not thus placed at irreconcilable strife its moral laws + with its physical creation. The Pilgrims of Plymouth obtained their right + of possession to the territory on which they settled, by titles as fair + and unequivocal as any human property can be held. By their voluntary + association they recognized their allegiance to the government of Britain, + and in process of time received whatever powers and authorities could be + conferred upon them by a charter from their sovereign. The spot on which + they fixed had belonged to an Indian tribe, totally extirpated by that + devouring pestilence which had swept the country shortly before their + arrival. The territory, thus free from all exclusive possession, they + might have taken by the natural right of occupancy. Desirous, however, of + giving amply satisfaction to every pretence of prior right, by formal and + solemn conventions with the chiefs of the neighboring tribes, they + acquired the further security of a purchase. At their hands the children + of the desert had no cause of complaint. On the great day of retribution, + what thousands, what millions of the American race will appear at the bar + of judgment to arraign their European invading conquerors! Let us humbly + hope that the fathers of the Plymouth Colony will then appear in the + whiteness of innocence. Let us indulge in the belief that they will not + only be free from all accusation of injustice to these unfortunate sons of + nature, but that the testimonials of their acts of kindness and + benevolence toward them will plead the cause of their virtues, as they are + now authenticated by the record of history upon earth. + </p> + <p> + Religious discord has lost her sting; the cumbrous weapons of theological + warfare are antiquated; the field of politics supplies the alchemists of + our times with materials of more fatal explosion, and the butchers of + mankind no longer travel to another world for instruments of cruelty and + destruction. Our age is too enlightened to contend upon topics which + concern only the interests of eternity; the men who hold in proper + contempt all controversies about trifles, except such as inflame their own + passions, have made it a commonplace censure against your ancestors, that + their zeal was enkindled by subjects of trivial importance; and that + however aggrieved by the intolerance of others, they were alike intolerant + themselves. Against these objections, your candid judgment will not + require an unqualified justification; but your respect and gratitude for + the founders of the State may boldly claim an ample apology. The original + grounds of their separation from the Church of England were not objects of + a magnitude to dissolve the bonds of communion, much less those of + charity, between Christian brethren of the same essential principles. Some + of them, however, were not inconsiderable, and numerous inducements + concurred to give them an extraordinary interest in their eyes. When that + portentous system of abuses, the Papal dominion, was overturned, a great + variety of religious sects arose in its stead in the several countries, + which for many centuries before had been screwed beneath its subjection. + The fabric of the Reformation, first undertaken in England upon a + contracted basis, by a capricious and sanguinary tyrant, had been + successively overthrown and restored, renewed and altered, according to + the varying humors and principles of four successive monarchs. To + ascertain the precise point of division between the genuine institutions + of Christianity and the corruptions accumulated upon them in the progress + of fifteen centuries, was found a task of extreme difficulty throughout + the Christian world. + </p> + <p> + Men of the profoundest learning, of the sublimest genius, and of the + purest integrity, after devoting their lives to the research, finally + differed in their ideas upon many great points, both of doctrine and + discipline. The main question, it was admitted on all hands, most + intimately concerned the highest interests of man, both temporal and + eternal. Can we wonder that men who felt their happiness here and their + hopes of hereafter, their worldly welfare and the kingdom of heaven at + stake, should sometimes attach an importance beyond their intrinsic weight + to collateral points of controversy, connected with the all-involving + object of the Reformation? The changes in the forms and principles of + religious worship were introduced and regulated in England by the hand of + public authority. But that hand had not been uniform or steady in its + operations. During the persecutions inflicted in the interval of Popish + restoration under the reign of Mary, upon all who favored the Reformation, + many of the most zealous reformers had been compelled to fly their + country. While residing on the continent of Europe, they had adopted the + principles of the most complete and rigorous reformation, as taught and + established by Calvin. On returning afterward to their native country, + they were dissatisfied with the partial reformation, at which, as they + conceived, the English establishment had rested; and claiming the + privilege of private conscience, upon which alone any departure from the + Church of Rome could be justified, they insisted upon the right of + adhering to the system of their own preference, and, of course, upon that + of non-conformity to the establishment prescribed by the royal authority. + The only means used to convince them of error and reclaim them from + dissent was force, and force served but to confirm the opposition it was + meant to suppress. By driving the founders of the Plymouth Colony into + exile, it constrained them to absolute separation irreconcilable. Viewing + their religious liberties here, as held only by sufferance, yet bound to + them by all the ties of conviction, and by all their sufferings for them, + could they forbear to look upon every dissenter among themselves with a + jealous eye? Within two years after their landing, they beheld a rival + settlement attempted in their immediate neighborhood; and not long after, + the laws of self-preservation compelled them to break up a nest of + revellers, who boasted of protection from the mother country, and who had + recurred to the easy but pernicious resource of feeding their wanton + idleness, by furnishing the savages with the means, the skill, and the + instruments of European destruction. Toleration, in that instance, would + have been self-murder, and many other examples might be alleged, in which + their necessary measures of self-defence have been exaggerated into + cruelty, and their most indispensable precautions distorted into + persecution. Yet shall we not pretend that they were exempt from the + common laws of mortality, or entirely free from all the errors of their + age. Their zeal might sometimes be too ardent, but it was always sincere. + At this day, religious indulgence is one of our clearest duties, because + it is one of our undisputed rights. While we rejoice that the principles + of genuine Christianity have so far triumphed over the prejudices of a + former generation, let us fervently hope for the day when it will prove + equally victorious over the malignant passions of our own. + </p> + <p> + In thus calling your attention to some of the peculiar features in the + principles, the character, and the history of our forefathers, it is as + wide from my design, as I know it would be from your approbation, to adorn + their memory with a chaplet plucked from the domain of others. The + occasion and the day are more peculiarly devoted to them, and let it never + be dishonored with a contracted and exclusive spirit. Our affections as + citizens embrace the whole extent of the Union, and the names of Raleigh, + Smith, Winthrop, Calvert, Penn and Oglethorpe excite in our minds + recollections equally pleasing and gratitude equally fervent with those of + Carver and Bradford. Two centuries have not yet elapsed since the first + European foot touched the soil which now constitutes the American Union. + Two centuries more and our numbers must exceed those of Europe itself. The + destinies of their empire, as they appear in prospect before us, disdain + the powers of human calculation. Yet, as the original founder of the Roman + State is said once to have lifted upon his shoulders the fame and fortunes + of all his posterity, so let us never forget that the glory and greatness + of all our descendants is in our hands. Preserve in all their purity, + refine, if possible, from all their alloy, those virtues which we this day + commemorate as the ornament of our forefathers. Adhere to them with + inflexible resolution, as to the horns of the altar; instil them with + unwearied perseverance into the minds of your children; bind your souls + and theirs to the national Union as the chords of life are centred in the + heart, and you shall soar with rapid and steady wing to the summit of + human glory. Nearly a century ago, one of those rare minds to whom it is + given to discern future greatness in its seminal principles, upon + contemplating the situation of this continent, pronounced, in a vein of + poetic inspiration, "Westward the star of empire takes its way." Let us + unite in ardent supplication to the Founder of nations and the Builder of + worlds, that what then was prophecy may continue unfolding into history—that + the dearest hopes of the human race may not be extinguished in + disappointment, and that the last may prove the noblest empire of time. + </p> + <p> + <br /><br /> + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Orations, by John Quincy Adams + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ORATIONS *** + +***** This file should be named 896-h.htm or 896-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/8/9/896/ + +Produced by Anthony J. 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