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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Orations, by John Quincy Adams
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Orations
+
+Author: John Quincy Adams
+
+Posting Date: August 2, 2008 [EBook #896]
+Release Date: April, 1997
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ORATIONS ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Anthony J. Adam
+
+
+
+
+
+"ORATIONS"
+
+By John Quincy Adams
+
+
+"The Jubilee of the Constitution, delivered at New York, April 30, 1839,
+before the New York Historical Society."
+
+
+
+Fellow-Citizens and Brethren, Associates of the New York Historical
+Society:
+
+Would it be an unlicensed trespass of the imagination to conceive that
+on the night preceding the day of which you now commemorate the fiftieth
+anniversary--on the night preceding that thirtieth of April, 1789, when
+from the balcony of your city hall the chancellor of the State of New
+York administered to George Washington the solemn oath faithfully to
+execute the office of President of the United States, and to the best
+of his ability to preserve, protect, and defend the constitution of the
+United States--that in the visions of the night the guardian angel of
+the Father of our Country had appeared before him, in the venerated form
+of his mother, and, to cheer and encourage him in the performance of the
+momentous and solemn duties that he was about to assume, had delivered
+to him a suit of celestial armor--a helmet, consisting of the principles
+of piety, of justice, of honor, of benevolence, with which from his
+earliest infancy he had hitherto walked through life, in the presence of
+all his brethren; a spear, studded with the self-evident truths of the
+Declaration of Independence; a sword, the same with which he had led the
+armies of his country through the war of freedom to the summit of
+the triumphal arch of independence; a corselet and cuishes of long
+experience and habitual intercourse in peace and war with the world of
+mankind, his contemporaries of the human race, in all their stages of
+civilization; and, last of all, the Constitution of the United States,
+a shield, embossed by heavenly hands with the future history of his
+country?
+
+Yes, gentlemen, on that shield the Constitution of the United States was
+sculptured (by forms unseen, and in characters then invisible to mortal
+eye), the predestined and prophetic history of the one confederated
+people of the North American Union.
+
+They had been the settlers of thirteen separate and distinct English
+colonies, along the margin of the shore of the North American Continent;
+contiguously situated, but chartered by adventurers of characters
+variously diversified, including sectarians, religious and political, of
+all the classes which for the two preceding centuries had agitated
+and divided the people of the British islands--and with them were
+intermingled the descendants of Hollanders, Swedes, Germans, and French
+fugitives from the persecution of the revoker of the Edict of Nantes.
+
+In the bosoms of this people, thus heterogeneously composed, there was
+burning, kindled at different furnaces, but all furnaces of affliction,
+one clear, steady flame of liberty. Bold and daring enterprise, stubborn
+endurance of privation, unflinching intrepidity in facing danger,
+and inflexible adherence to conscientious principle, had steeled to
+energetic and unyielding hardihood the characters of the primitive
+settlers of all these colonies. Since that time two or three generations
+of men had passed away, but they had increased and multiplied with
+unexampled rapidity; and the land itself had been the recent theatre of
+a ferocious and bloody seven years' war between the two most powerful
+and most civilized nations of Europe contending for the possession of
+this continent.
+
+Of that strife the victorious combatant had been Britain. She had
+conquered the provinces of France. She had expelled her rival totally
+from the continent, over which, bounding herself by the Mississippi, she
+was thenceforth to hold divided empire only with Spain. She had acquired
+undisputed control over the Indian tribes still tenanting the forests
+unexplored by the European man. She had established an uncontested
+monopoly of the commerce of all her colonies. But forgetting all the
+warnings of preceding ages--forgetting the lessons written in the blood
+of her own children, through centuries of departed time--she undertook
+to tax the people of the colonies without their consent.
+
+Resistance, instantaneous, unconcerted, sympathetic, inflexible
+resistance, like an electric shock, startled and roused the people of
+all the English colonies on this continent.
+
+This was the first signal of the North American Union. The struggle was
+for chartered rights--for English liberties--for the cause of Algernon
+Sidney and John Hampden--for trial by jury--the Habeas Corpus and Magna
+Charta.
+
+But the English lawyers had decided that Parliament was omnipotent--and
+Parliament, in its omnipotence, instead of trial by jury and the
+Habeas Corpus, enacted admiralty courts in England to try Americans for
+offences charged against them as committed in America; instead of
+the privileges of Magna Charta, nullified the charter itself of
+Massachusetts Bay; shut up the port of Boston; sent armies and navies to
+keep the peace and teach the colonies that John Hampden was a rebel and
+Algernon Sidney a traitor.
+
+English liberties had failed them. From the omnipotence of Parliament
+the colonists appealed to the rights of man and the omnipotence of the
+God of battles. Union! Union! was the instinctive and simultaneous
+cry throughout the land. Their Congress, assembled at Philadelphia,
+once--twice--had petitioned the king; had remonstrated to Parliament;
+had addressed the people of Britain, for the rights of Englishmen--in
+vain. Fleets and armies, the blood of Lexington, and the fires of
+Charlestown and Falmouth, had been the answer to petition, remonstrance,
+and address....
+
+The dissolution of allegiance to the British crown, the severance of
+the colonies from the British Empire, and their actual existence as
+independent States, were definitively established in fact, by war and
+peace. The independence of each separate State had never been declared
+of right. It never existed in fact. Upon the principles of the
+Declaration of Independence, the dissolution of the ties of allegiance,
+the assumption of sovereign power, and the institution of civil
+government, are all acts of transcendent authority, which the people
+alone are competent to perform; and, accordingly, it is in the name and
+by the authority of the people, that two of these acts--the dissolution
+of allegiance, with the severance from the British Empire, and the
+declaration of the United Colonies, as free and independent States--were
+performed by that instrument.
+
+But there still remained the last and crowning act, which the people
+of the Union alone were competent to perform--the institution of civil
+government, for that compound nation, the United States of America.
+
+At this day it cannot but strike us as extraordinary, that it does not
+appear to have occurred to any one member of that assembly, which had
+laid down in terms so clear, so explicit, so unequivocal, the foundation
+of all just government, in the imprescriptible rights of man, and the
+transcendent sovereignty of the people, and who in those principles had
+set forth their only personal vindication from the charges of rebellion
+against their king, and of treason to their country, that their last
+crowning act was still to be performed upon the same principles. That
+is, the institution, by the people of the United States, of a civil
+government, to guard and protect and defend them all. On the contrary,
+that same assembly which issued the Declaration of Independence, instead
+of continuing to act in the name and by the authority of the good people
+of the United States, had, immediately after the appointment of the
+committee to prepare the Declaration, appointed another committee,
+of one member from each colony, to prepare and digest the form of
+confederation to be entered into between the colonies.
+
+That committee reported on the twelfth of July, eight days after the
+Declaration of Independence had been issued, a draft of articles of
+confederation between the colonies. This draft was prepared by John
+Dickinson, then a delegate from Pennsylvania, who voted against the
+Declaration of Independence, and never signed it, having been superseded
+by a new election of delegates from that State, eight days after his
+draft was reported.
+
+There was thus no congeniality of principle between the Declaration of
+Independence and the Articles of Confederation. The foundation of the
+former was a superintending Providence--the rights of man, and the
+constituent revolutionary power of the people. That of the latter was
+the sovereignty of organized power, and the independence of the separate
+or dis-united States. The fabric of the Declaration and that of the
+Confederation were each consistent with its own foundation, but they
+could not form one consistent, symmetrical edifice. They were the
+productions of different minds and of adverse passions; one, ascending
+for the foundation of human government to the laws of nature and of
+God, written upon the heart of man; the other, resting upon the basis
+of human institutions, and prescriptive law, and colonial charter. The
+cornerstone of the one was right, that of the other was power....
+
+Where, then, did each State get the sovereignty, freedom, and
+independence, which the Articles of Confederation declare it
+retains?--not from the whole people of the whole Union--not from the
+Declaration of Independence--not from the people of the State itself. It
+was assumed by agreement between the Legislatures of the several States,
+and their delegates in Congress, without authority from or consultation
+of the people at all.
+
+In the Declaration of Independence, the enacting and constituent party
+dispensing and delegating sovereign power is the whole people of the
+United Colonies. The recipient party, invested with power, is the United
+Colonies, declared United States.
+
+In the Articles of Confederation, this order of agency is inverted. Each
+State is the constituent and enacting party, and the United States in
+Congress assembled the recipient of delegated power--and that power
+delegated with such a penurious and carking hand that it had more
+the aspect of a revocation of the Declaration of Independence than an
+instrument to carry it into effect.
+
+None of these indispensably necessary powers were ever conferred by the
+State Legislatures upon the Congress of the federation; and well was
+it that they never were. The system itself was radically defective. Its
+incurable disease was an apostasy from the principles of the Declaration
+of Independence. A substitution of separate State sovereignties, in the
+place of the constituent sovereignty of the people, was the basis of the
+Confederate Union.
+
+In the Congress of the Confederation, the master minds of James Madison
+and Alexander Hamilton were constantly engaged through the closing years
+of the Revolutionary War and those of peace which immediately succeeded.
+That of John Jay was associated with them shortly after the peace,
+in the capacity of Secretary to the Congress for Foreign Affairs. The
+incompetency of the Articles of Confederation for the management of the
+affairs of the Union at home and abroad was demonstrated to them by the
+painful and mortifying experience of every day. Washington, though
+in retirement, was brooding over the cruel injustice suffered by his
+associates in arms, the warriors of the Revolution; over the prostration
+of the public credit and the faith of the nation, in the neglect to
+provide for the payments even of the interest upon the public debt; over
+the disappointed hopes of the friends of freedom; in the language of
+the address from Congress to the States of the eighteenth of April,
+1788--"the pride and boast of America, that the rights for which she
+contended were the rights of human nature."
+
+At his residence at Mount Vernon, in March, 1785, the first idea
+was started of a revisal of the Articles of Confederation, by the
+organization, of means differing from that of a compact between the
+State Legislatures and their own delegates in Congress. A convention
+of delegates from the State Legislatures, independent of the Congress
+itself, was the expedient which presented itself for effecting
+the purpose, and an augmentation of the powers of Congress for the
+regulation of commerce, as the object for which this assembly was to
+be convened. In January, 1785, the proposal was made and adopted in
+the Legislature of Virginia, and communicated to the other State
+Legislatures.
+
+The Convention was held at Annapolis, in September of that year. It
+was attended by delegates from only five of the central States, who,
+on comparing their restricted powers with the glaring and universally
+acknowledged defects of the Confederation, reported only a
+recommendation for the assemblage of another convention of delegates
+to meet at Philadelphia, in May, 1787, from all the States, and with
+enlarged powers.
+
+The Constitution of the United States was the work of this Convention.
+But in its construction the Convention immediately perceived that they
+must retrace their steps, and fall back from a league of friendship
+between sovereign States to the constituent sovereignty of the
+people; from power to right--from the irresponsible despotism of
+State sovereignty to the self-evident truths of the Declaration of
+Independence. In that instrument, the right to institute and to alter
+governments among men was ascribed exclusively to the people--the ends
+of government were declared to be to secure the natural rights of man;
+and that when the government degenerates from the promotion to the
+destruction of that end, the right and the duty accrues to the people
+to dissolve this degenerate government and to institute another. The
+signers of the Declaration further averred, that the one people of the
+United Colonies were then precisely in that situation--with a government
+degenerated into tyranny, and called upon by the laws of nature and of
+nature's God to dissolve that government and to institute another. Then,
+in the name and by the authority of the good people of the colonies,
+they pronounced the dissolution of their allegiance to the king, and
+their eternal separation from the nation of Great Britain--and declared
+the United Colonies independent States. And here as the representatives
+of the one people they had stopped. They did not require the
+confirmation of this act, for the power to make the declaration had
+already been conferred upon them by the people, delegating the power,
+indeed, separately in the separate colonies, not by colonial authority,
+but by the spontaneous revolutionary movement of the people in them all.
+
+From the day of that Declaration, the constituent power of the people
+had never been called into action. A confederacy had been substituted
+in the place of a government, and State sovereignty had usurped the
+constituent sovereignty of the people.
+
+The Convention assembled at Philadelphia had themselves no direct
+authority from the people. Their authority was all derived from the
+State Legislatures. But they had the Articles of Confederation before
+them, and they saw and felt the wretched condition into which they had
+brought the whole people, and that the Union itself was in the agonies
+of death. They soon perceived that the indispensably needed powers
+were such as no State government, no combination of them, was by the
+principles of the Declaration of Independence competent to bestow. They
+could emanate only from the people. A highly respectable portion of the
+assembly, still clinging to the confederacy of States, proposed, as
+a substitute for the Constitution, a mere revival of the Articles of
+Confederation, with a grant of additional powers to the Congress.
+Their plan was respectfully and thoroughly discussed, but the want of a
+government and of the sanction of the people to the delegation of powers
+happily prevailed. A constitution for the people, and the distribution
+of legislative, executive, and judicial powers was prepared. It
+announced itself as the work of the people themselves; and as this was
+unquestionably a power assumed by the Convention, not delegated to
+them by the people, they religiously confined it to a simple power
+to propose, and carefully provided that it should be no more than a
+proposal until sanctioned by the Confederation Congress, by the State
+Legislatures, and by the people of the several States, in conventions
+specially assembled, by authority of their Legislatures, for the single
+purpose of examining and passing upon it.
+
+And thus was consummated the work commenced by the Declaration of
+Independence--a work in which the people of the North American Union,
+acting under the deepest sense of responsibility to the Supreme Ruler
+of the universe, had achieved the most transcendent act of power that
+social man in his mortal condition can perform--even that of dissolving
+the ties of allegiance by which he is bound to his country; of
+renouncing that country itself; of demolishing its government; of
+instituting another government; and of making for himself another
+country in its stead.
+
+And on that day, of which you now commemorate the fiftieth
+anniversary--on that thirtieth day of April, 1789--was this mighty
+revolution, not only in the affairs of our own country, but in the
+principles of government over civilized man, accomplished.
+
+The Revolution itself was a work of thirteen years--and had never
+been completed until that day. The Declaration of Independence and the
+Constitution of the United States are parts of one consistent whole,
+founded upon one and the same theory of government, then new in
+practice, though not as a theory, for it had been working itself into
+the mind of man for many ages, and had been especially expounded in the
+writings of Locke, though it had never before been adopted by a great
+nation in practice.
+
+There are yet, even at this day, many speculative objections to this
+theory. Even in our own country there are still philosophers who deny
+the principles asserted in the Declaration, as self-evident truths--who
+deny the natural equality and inalienable rights of man--who deny that
+the people are the only legitimate source of power--who deny that all
+just powers of government are derived from the consent of the governed.
+Neither your time, nor perhaps the cheerful nature of this occasion,
+permit me here to enter upon the examination of this anti-revolutionary
+theory, which arrays State sovereignty against the constituent
+sovereignty of the people, and distorts the Constitution of the United
+States into a league of friendship between confederate corporations. I
+speak to matters of fact. There is the Declaration of Independence,
+and there is the Constitution of the United States--let them speak for
+themselves. The grossly immoral and dishonest doctrine of despotic State
+sovereignty, the exclusive judge of its own obligations, and responsible
+to no power on earth or in heaven, for the violation of them, is not
+there. The Declaration says, it is not in me. The Constitution says, it
+is not in me.
+
+
+
+"Oration at Plymouth, December 22, 1802, in Commemoration of the Landing
+of the Pilgrims."
+
+
+Among the sentiments of most powerful operation upon the human
+heart, and most highly honorable to the human character, are those of
+veneration for our forefathers, and of love for our posterity. They form
+the connecting links between the selfish and the social passions. By the
+fundamental principle of Christianity, the happiness of the individual
+is interwoven, by innumerable and imperceptible ties, with that of his
+contemporaries. By the power of filial reverence and parental affection,
+individual existence is extended beyond the limits of individual life,
+and the happiness of every age is chained in mutual dependence upon that
+of every other. Respect for his ancestors excites, in the breast of man,
+interest in their history, attachment to their characters, concern for
+their errors, involuntary pride in their virtues. Love for his posterity
+spurs him to exertion for their support, stimulates him to virtue for
+their example, and fills him with the tenderest solicitude for their
+welfare. Man, therefore, was not made for himself alone. No, he was made
+for his country, by the obligations of the social compact; he was made
+for his species, by the Christian duties of universal charity; he
+was made for all ages past, by the sentiment of reverence for his
+forefathers; and he was made for all future times, by the impulse of
+affection for his progeny. Under the influence of these principles,
+
+     "Existence sees him spurn her bounded reign."
+
+They redeem his nature from the subjection of time and space; he is
+no longer a "puny insect shivering at a breeze"; he is the glory of
+creation, formed to occupy all time and all extent; bounded, during his
+residence upon earth, only to the boundaries of the world, and destined
+to life and immortality in brighter regions, when the fabric of nature
+itself shall dissolve and perish.
+
+The voice of history has not, in all its compass, a note but answers in
+unison with these sentiments. The barbarian chieftain, who defended his
+country against the Roman invasion, driven to the remotest extremity of
+Britain, and stimulating his followers to battle by all that has power
+of persuasion upon the human heart, concluded his persuasion by an
+appeal to these irresistible feelings: "Think of your forefathers and of
+your posterity." The Romans themselves, at the pinnacle of civilization,
+were actuated by the same impressions, and celebrated, in anniversary
+festivals, every great event which had signalized the annals of their
+forefathers. To multiply instances where it were impossible to adduce
+an exception would be to waste your time and abuse your patience; but
+in the sacred volume, which contains the substances of our firmest faith
+and of our most precious hopes, these passions not only maintain their
+highest efficacy, but are sanctioned by the express injunctions of the
+Divine Legislator to his chosen people.
+
+The revolutions of time furnish no previous example of a nation shooting
+up to maturity and expanding into greatness with the rapidity which has
+characterized the growth of the American people. In the luxuriance of
+youth, and in the vigor of manhood, it is pleasing and instructive to
+look backward upon the helpless days of infancy; but in the continual
+and essential changes of a growing subject, the transactions of that
+early period would be soon obliterated from the memory but for some
+periodical call of attention to aid the silent records of the historian.
+Such celebrations arouse and gratify the kindliest emotions of the
+bosom. They are faithful pledges of the respect we bear to the memory
+of our ancestors and of the tenderness with which we cherish the rising
+generation. They introduce the sages and heroes of ages past to the
+notice and emulation of succeeding times; they are at once testimonials
+of our gratitude, and schools of virtue to our children.
+
+These sentiments are wise; they are honorable; they are virtuous; their
+cultivation is not merely innocent pleasure, it is incumbent duty.
+Obedient to their dictates, you, my fellow-citizens, have instituted
+and paid frequent observance to this annual solemnity, and what event of
+weightier intrinsic importance, or of more extensive consequences, was
+ever selected for this honorary distinction?
+
+In reverting to the period of our origin, other nations have generally
+been compelled to plunge into the chaos of impenetrable antiquity, or to
+trace a lawless ancestry into the caverns of ravishers and robbers.
+It is your peculiar privilege to commemorate, in this birthday of your
+nation, an event ascertained in its minutest details; an event of which
+the principal actors are known to you familiarly, as if belonging to
+your own age; an event of a magnitude before which imagination shrinks
+at the imperfection of her powers. It is your further happiness to
+behold, in those eminent characters, who were most conspicuous in
+accomplishing the settlement of your country, men upon whose virtue
+you can dwell with honest exultation. The founders of your race are
+not handed down to you, like the fathers of the Roman people, as the
+sucklings of a wolf. You are not descended from a nauseous compound of
+fanaticism and sensuality, whose only argument was the sword, and whose
+only paradise was a brothel. No Gothic scourge of God, no Vandal pest of
+nations, no fabled fugitive from the flames of Troy, no bastard Norman
+tyrant, appears among the list of worthies who first landed on the
+rock, which your veneration has preserved as a lasting monument of
+their achievement. The great actors of the day we now solemnize were
+illustrious by their intrepid valor no less than by their Christian
+graces, but the clarion of conquest has not blazoned forth their names
+to all the winds of heaven. Their glory has not been wafted over oceans
+of blood to the remotest regions of the earth. They have not erected to
+themselves colossal statues upon pedestals of human bones, to provoke
+and insult the tardy hand of heavenly retribution. But theirs was "the
+better fortitude of patience and heroic martyrdom." Theirs was the
+gentle temper of Christian kindness; the rigorous observance of
+reciprocal justice; the unconquerable soul of conscious integrity.
+Worldly fame has been parsimonious of her favor to the memory of those
+generous companions. Their numbers were small; their stations in life
+obscure; the object of their enterprise unostentatious; the theatre of
+their exploits remote; how could they possibly be favorites of worldly
+Fame--that common crier, whose existence is only known by the assemblage
+of multitudes; that pander of wealth and greatness, so eager to haunt
+the palaces of fortune, and so fastidious to the houseless dignity of
+virtue; that parasite of pride, ever scornful to meekness, and ever
+obsequious to insolent power; that heedless trumpeter, whose ears are
+deaf to modest merit, and whose eyes are blind to bloodless, distant
+excellence?
+
+When the persecuted companions of Robinson, exiles from their native
+land, anxiously sued for the privilege of removing a thousand leagues
+more distant to an untried soil, a rigorous climate, and a savage
+wilderness, for the sake of reconciling their sense of religious duty
+with their affections for their country, few, perhaps none of them,
+formed a conception of what would be, within two centuries, the result
+of their undertaking. When the jealous and niggardly policy of their
+British sovereign denied them even that humblest of requests, and
+instead of liberty would barely consent to promise connivance, neither
+he nor they might be aware that they were laying the foundations of a
+power, and that he was sowing the seeds of a spirit, which, in less
+than two hundred years, would stagger the throne of his descendants, and
+shake his united kingdoms to the centre. So far is it from the ordinary
+habits of mankind to calculate the importance of events in their
+elementary principles, that had the first colonists of our country ever
+intimated as a part of their designs the project of founding a great and
+mighty nation, the finger of scorn would have pointed them to the cells
+of Bedlam as an abode more suitable for hatching vain empires than the
+solitude of a transatlantic desert.
+
+These consequences, then so little foreseen, have unfolded themselves,
+in all their grandeur, to the eyes of the present age. It is a common
+amusement of speculative minds to contrast the magnitude of the most
+important events with the minuteness of their primeval causes, and the
+records of mankind are full of examples for such contemplations. It
+is, however, a more profitable employment to trace the constituent
+principles of future greatness in their kernel; to detect in the acorn
+at our feet the germ of that majestic oak, whose roots shoot down to
+the centre, and whose branches aspire to the skies. Let it be, then, our
+present occupation to inquire and endeavor to ascertain the causes
+first put in operation at the period of our commemoration, and already
+productive of such magnificent effects; to examine with reiterated care
+and minute attention the characters of those men who gave the first
+impulse to a new series of events in the history of the world; to
+applaud and emulate those qualities of their minds which we shall find
+deserving of our admiration; to recognize with candor those features
+which forbid approbation or even require censure, and, finally, to lay
+alike their frailties and their perfections to our own hearts, either as
+warning or as example.
+
+
+ Of the various European settlements upon this continent,
+which have finally merged in one independent nation, the first
+establishments were made at various times, by several nations, and under
+the influence of different motives. In many instances, the conviction
+of religious obligation formed one and a powerful inducement of the
+adventures; but in none, excepting the settlement at Plymouth, did they
+constitute the sole and exclusive actuating cause. Worldly interest and
+commercial speculation entered largely into the views of other settlers,
+but the commands of conscience were the only stimulus to the emigrants
+from Leyden. Previous to their expedition hither, they had endured
+a long banishment from their native country. Under every species of
+discouragement, they undertook the voyage; they performed it in spite
+of numerous and almost insuperable obstacles; they arrived upon a
+wilderness bound with frost and hoary with snow, without the boundaries
+of their charter, outcasts from all human society, and coasted five
+weeks together, in the dead of winter, on this tempestuous shore,
+exposed at once to the fury of the elements, to the arrows of the native
+savage, and to the impending horrors of famine.
+
+Courage and perseverance have a magical talisman, before which
+difficulties disappear and obstacles vanish into air. These qualities
+have ever been displayed in their mightiest perfection, as attendants in
+the retinue of strong passions. From the first discovery of the
+Western Hemisphere by Columbus until the settlement of Virginia which
+immediately preceded that of Plymouth, the various adventurers from the
+ancient world had exhibited upon innumerable occasions that ardor of
+enterprise and that stubbornness of pursuit which set all danger at
+defiance, and chained the violence of nature at their feet. But they
+were all instigated by personal interests. Avarice and ambition had
+tuned their souls to that pitch of exaltation. Selfish passions were the
+parents of their heroism. It was reserved for the first settlers of
+new England to perform achievements equally arduous, to trample down
+obstructions equally formidable, to dispel dangers equally terrific,
+under the single inspiration of conscience. To them even liberty
+herself was but a subordinate and secondary consideration. They claimed
+exemption from the mandates of human authority, as militating with their
+subjection to a superior power. Before the voice of Heaven they silenced
+even the calls of their country.
+
+Yet, while so deeply impressed with the sense of religious obligation,
+they felt, in all its energy, the force of that tender tie which binds
+the heart of every virtuous man to his native land. It was to renew that
+connection with their country which had been severed by their compulsory
+expatriation, that they resolved to face all the hazards of a perilous
+navigation and all the labors of a toilsome distant settlement. Under
+the mild protection of the Batavian Government, they enjoyed already
+that freedom of religious worship, for which they had resigned so
+many comforts and enjoyments at home; but their hearts panted for a
+restoration to the bosom of their country. Invited and urged by the
+open-hearted and truly benevolent people who had given them an asylum
+from the persecution of their own kindred to form their settlement
+within the territories then under their jurisdiction, the love of their
+country predominated over every influence save that of conscience alone,
+and they preferred the precarious chance of relaxation from the bigoted
+rigor of the English Government to the certain liberality and alluring
+offers of the Hollanders. Observe, my countrymen, the generous
+patriotism, the cordial union of soul, the conscious yet unaffected
+vigor which beam in their application to the British monarch:
+
+"They were well weaned from the delicate milk of their mother country,
+and inured to the difficulties of a strange land. They were knit
+together in a strict and sacred bond, to take care of the good of each
+other and of the whole. It was not with them as with other men, whom
+small things could discourage, or small discontents cause to wish
+themselves again at home."
+
+Children of these exalted Pilgrims! Is there one among you who can hear
+the simple and pathetic energy of these expressions without tenderness
+and admiration? Venerated shades of our forefathers! No, ye were,
+indeed, not ordinary men! That country which had ejected you so cruelly
+from her bosom you still delighted to contemplate in the character of an
+affectionate and beloved mother. The sacred bond which knit you together
+was indissoluble while you lived; and oh, may it be to your descendants
+the example and the pledge of harmony to the latest period of time!
+The difficulties and dangers, which so often had defeated attempts of
+similar establishments, were unable to subdue souls tempered like yours.
+You heard the rigid interdictions; you saw the menacing forms of toil
+and danger, forbidding your access to this land of promise; but you
+heard without dismay; you saw and disdained retreat. Firm and undaunted
+in the confidence of that sacred bond; conscious of the purity, and
+convinced of the importance of your motives, you put your trust in the
+protecting shield of Providence, and smiled defiance at the combining
+terrors of human malice and of elemental strife. These, in the
+accomplishment of your undertaking, you were summoned to encounter
+in their most hideous forms; these you met with that fortitude, and
+combated with that perseverance, which you had promised in their
+anticipation; these you completely vanquished in establishing the
+foundations of New England, and the day which we now commemorate is the
+perpetual memorial of your triumph.
+
+ It were an occupation peculiarly pleasing to cull from our
+early historians, and exhibit before you every detail of this
+transaction; to carry you in imagination on board their bark at the
+first moment of her arrival in the bay; to accompany Carver, Winslow,
+Bradford, and Standish, in all their excursions upon the desolate coast;
+to follow them into every rivulet and creek where they endeavored to
+find a firm footing, and to fix, with a pause of delight and exultation,
+the instant when the first of these heroic adventurers alighted on the
+spot where you, their descendants, now enjoy the glorious and happy
+reward of their labors. But in this grateful task, your former orators,
+on this anniversary, have anticipated all that the most ardent industry
+could collect, and gratified all that the most inquisitive curiosity
+could desire. To you, my friends, every occurrence of that momentous
+period is already familiar. A transient allusion to a few characteristic
+instances, which mark the peculiar history of the Plymouth settlers, may
+properly supply the place of a narrative, which, to this auditory, must
+be superfluous.
+
+One of these remarkable incidents is the execution of that instrument of
+government by which they formed themselves into a body politic, the day
+after their arrival upon the coast, and previous to their first landing.
+That is, perhaps, the only instance in human history of that positive,
+original social compact, which speculative philosophers have imagined
+as the only legitimate source of government. Here was a unanimous
+and personal assent, by all the individuals of the community, to
+the association by which they became a nation. It was the result of
+circumstances and discussions which had occurred during their passage
+from Europe, and is a full demonstration that the nature of civil
+government, abstracted from the political institutions of their native
+country, had been an object of their serious meditation. The settlers
+of all the former European colonies had contented themselves with the
+powers conferred upon them by their respective charters, without looking
+beyond the seal of the royal parchment for the measure of their rights
+and the rule of their duties. The founders of Plymouth had been impelled
+by the peculiarities of their situation to examine the subject with
+deeper and more comprehensive research. After twelve years of banishment
+from the land of their first allegiance, during which they had been
+under an adoptive and temporary subjection to another sovereign, they
+must naturally have been led to reflect upon the relative rights and
+duties of allegiance and subjection. They had resided in a city, the
+seat of a university, where the polemical and political controversies
+of the time were pursued with uncommon fervor. In this period they had
+witnessed the deadly struggle between the two parties, into which the
+people of the United Provinces, after their separation from the crown of
+Spain, had divided themselves. The contest embraced within its compass
+not only theological doctrines, but political principles, and Maurice
+and Barnevelt were the temporal leaders of the same rival factions, of
+which Episcopius and Polyander were the ecclesiastical champions.
+
+That the investigation of the fundamental principles of government was
+deeply implicated in these dissensions is evident from the immortal
+work of Grotius, upon the rights of war and peace, which undoubtedly
+originated from them. Grotius himself had been a most distinguished
+actor and sufferer in those important scenes of internal convulsion,
+and his work was first published very shortly after the departure of
+our forefathers from Leyden. It is well known that in the course of the
+contest Mr. Robinson more than once appeared, with credit to himself, as
+a public disputant against Episcopius; and from the manner in which
+the fact is related by Governor Bradford, it is apparent that the whole
+English Church at Leyden took a zealous interest in the religious part
+of the controversy. As strangers in the land, it is presumable that
+they wisely and honorably avoided entangling themselves in the political
+contentions involved with it. Yet the theoretic principles, as they were
+drawn into discussion, could not fail to arrest their attention, and
+must have assisted them to form accurate ideas concerning the origin and
+extent of authority among men, independent of positive institutions.
+The importance of these circumstances will not be duly weighed without
+taking into consideration the state of opinion then prevalent in
+England. The general principles of government were there little
+understood and less examined. The whole substance of human authority was
+centred in the simple doctrine of royal prerogative, the origin of which
+was always traced in theory to divine institution. Twenty years later,
+the subject was more industriously sifted, and for half a century became
+one of the principal topics of controversy between the ablest and most
+enlightened men in the nation. The instrument of voluntary association
+executed on board the "Mayflower" testifies that the parties to it had
+anticipated the improvement of their nation.
+
+Another incident, from which we may derive occasion for important
+reflections, was the attempt of these original settlers to establish
+among them that community of goods and of labor, which fanciful
+politicians, from the days of Plato to those of Rousseau, have
+recommended as the fundamental law of a perfect republic. This theory
+results, it must be acknowledged, from principles of reasoning
+most flattering to the human character. If industry, frugality, and
+disinterested integrity were alike the virtues of all, there would,
+apparently, be more of the social spirit, in making all property a
+common stock, and giving to each individual a proportional title to the
+wealth of the whole. Such is the basis upon which Plato forbids, in
+his Republic, the division of property. Such is the system upon which
+Rousseau pronounces the first man who inclosed a field with a fence, and
+said, "This is mine," a traitor to the human species. A wiser and more
+useful philosophy, however, directs us to consider man according to the
+nature in which he was formed; subject to infirmities, which no wisdom
+can remedy; to weaknesses, which no institution can strengthen; to
+vices, which no legislation can correct. Hence, it becomes obvious that
+separate property is the natural and indisputable right of separate
+exertion; that community of goods without community of toil is
+oppressive and unjust; that it counteracts the laws of nature, which
+prescribe that he only who sows the seed shall reap the harvest; that
+it discourages all energy, by destroying its rewards; and makes the most
+virtuous and active members of society the slaves and drudges of the
+worst. Such was the issue of this experiment among our forefathers,
+and the same event demonstrated the error of the system in the elder
+settlement of Virginia. Let us cherish that spirit of harmony which
+prompted our forefathers to make the attempt, under circumstances more
+favorable to its success than, perhaps, ever occurred upon earth. Let
+us no less admire the candor with which they relinquished it, upon
+discovering its irremediable inefficacy. To found principles of
+government upon too advantageous an estimate of the human character is
+an error of inexperience, the source of which is so amiable that it is
+impossible to censure it with severity. We have seen the same mistake
+committed in our own age, and upon a larger theatre. Happily for our
+ancestors, their situation allowed them to repair it before its effects
+had proved destructive. They had no pride of vain philosophy to support,
+no perfidious rage of faction to glut, by persevering in their mistakes
+until they should be extinguished in torrents of blood.
+
+As the attempt to establish among themselves the community of goods was
+a seal of that sacred bond which knit them so closely together, so the
+conduct they observed toward the natives of the country displays
+their steadfast adherence to the rules of justice and their faithful
+attachment to those of benevolence and charity.
+
+No European settlement ever formed upon this continent has been more
+distinguished for undeviating kindness and equity toward the savages.
+There are, indeed, moralists who have questioned the right of the
+Europeans to intrude upon the possessions of the aboriginals in any
+case, and under any limitations whatsoever. But have they maturely
+considered the whole subject? The Indian right of possession itself
+stands, with regard to the greater part of the country, upon a
+questionable foundation. Their cultivated fields; their constructed
+habitations; a space of ample sufficiency for their subsistence,
+and whatever they had annexed to themselves by personal labor, was
+undoubtedly, by the laws of nature, theirs. But what is the right of
+a huntsman to the forest of a thousand miles over which he has
+accidentally ranged in quest of prey? Shall the liberal bounties of
+Providence to the race of man be monopolized by one of ten thousand for
+whom they were created? Shall the exuberant bosom of the common mother,
+amply adequate to the nourishment of millions, be claimed exclusively
+by a few hundreds of her offspring? Shall the lordly savage not only
+disdain the virtues and enjoyments of civilization himself, but shall he
+control the civilization of a world? Shall he forbid the wilderness
+to blossom like a rose? Shall he forbid the oaks of the forest to fall
+before the axe of industry, and to rise again, transformed into the
+habitations of ease and elegance? shall he doom an immense region of the
+globe to perpetual desolation, and to hear the howlings of the tiger and
+the wolf silence forever the voice of human gladness? Shall the fields
+and the valleys, which a beneficent God has formed to teem with the life
+of innumerable multitudes, be condemned to everlasting barrenness? Shall
+the mighty rivers, poured out by the hand of nature, as channels of
+communication between numerous nations, roll their waters in sullen
+silence and eternal solitude of the deep? Have hundreds of commodious
+harbors, a thousand leagues of coast, and a boundless ocean, been spread
+in the front of this land, and shall every purpose of utility to which
+they could apply be prohibited by the tenant of the woods? No, generous
+philanthropists! Heaven has not been thus inconsistent in the works of
+its hands. Heaven has not thus placed at irreconcilable strife its moral
+laws with its physical creation. The Pilgrims of Plymouth obtained their
+right of possession to the territory on which they settled, by titles
+as fair and unequivocal as any human property can be held. By their
+voluntary association they recognized their allegiance to the government
+of Britain, and in process of time received whatever powers and
+authorities could be conferred upon them by a charter from their
+sovereign. The spot on which they fixed had belonged to an Indian tribe,
+totally extirpated by that devouring pestilence which had swept the
+country shortly before their arrival. The territory, thus free from
+all exclusive possession, they might have taken by the natural right
+of occupancy. Desirous, however, of giving amply satisfaction to every
+pretence of prior right, by formal and solemn conventions with the
+chiefs of the neighboring tribes, they acquired the further security of
+a purchase. At their hands the children of the desert had no cause
+of complaint. On the great day of retribution, what thousands, what
+millions of the American race will appear at the bar of judgment to
+arraign their European invading conquerors! Let us humbly hope that
+the fathers of the Plymouth Colony will then appear in the whiteness of
+innocence. Let us indulge in the belief that they will not only be free
+from all accusation of injustice to these unfortunate sons of nature,
+but that the testimonials of their acts of kindness and benevolence
+toward them will plead the cause of their virtues, as they are now
+authenticated by the record of history upon earth.
+
+Religious discord has lost her sting; the cumbrous weapons of
+theological warfare are antiquated; the field of politics supplies the
+alchemists of our times with materials of more fatal explosion, and the
+butchers of mankind no longer travel to another world for instruments
+of cruelty and destruction. Our age is too enlightened to contend upon
+topics which concern only the interests of eternity; the men who hold in
+proper contempt all controversies about trifles, except such as inflame
+their own passions, have made it a commonplace censure against your
+ancestors, that their zeal was enkindled by subjects of trivial
+importance; and that however aggrieved by the intolerance of others,
+they were alike intolerant themselves. Against these objections, your
+candid judgment will not require an unqualified justification; but your
+respect and gratitude for the founders of the State may boldly claim an
+ample apology. The original grounds of their separation from the Church
+of England were not objects of a magnitude to dissolve the bonds of
+communion, much less those of charity, between Christian brethren of
+the same essential principles. Some of them, however, were not
+inconsiderable, and numerous inducements concurred to give them an
+extraordinary interest in their eyes. When that portentous system of
+abuses, the Papal dominion, was overturned, a great variety of religious
+sects arose in its stead in the several countries, which for many
+centuries before had been screwed beneath its subjection. The fabric of
+the Reformation, first undertaken in England upon a contracted basis, by
+a capricious and sanguinary tyrant, had been successively overthrown
+and restored, renewed and altered, according to the varying humors and
+principles of four successive monarchs. To ascertain the precise point
+of division between the genuine institutions of Christianity and the
+corruptions accumulated upon them in the progress of fifteen centuries,
+was found a task of extreme difficulty throughout the Christian world.
+
+Men of the profoundest learning, of the sublimest genius, and of the
+purest integrity, after devoting their lives to the research, finally
+differed in their ideas upon many great points, both of doctrine and
+discipline. The main question, it was admitted on all hands, most
+intimately concerned the highest interests of man, both temporal and
+eternal. Can we wonder that men who felt their happiness here and their
+hopes of hereafter, their worldly welfare and the kingdom of heaven
+at stake, should sometimes attach an importance beyond their intrinsic
+weight to collateral points of controversy, connected with the
+all-involving object of the Reformation? The changes in the forms and
+principles of religious worship were introduced and regulated in England
+by the hand of public authority. But that hand had not been uniform
+or steady in its operations. During the persecutions inflicted in the
+interval of Popish restoration under the reign of Mary, upon all who
+favored the Reformation, many of the most zealous reformers had been
+compelled to fly their country. While residing on the continent of
+Europe, they had adopted the principles of the most complete and
+rigorous reformation, as taught and established by Calvin. On returning
+afterward to their native country, they were dissatisfied with
+the partial reformation, at which, as they conceived, the English
+establishment had rested; and claiming the privilege of private
+conscience, upon which alone any departure from the Church of Rome could
+be justified, they insisted upon the right of adhering to the system of
+their own preference, and, of course, upon that of non-conformity to the
+establishment prescribed by the royal authority. The only means used
+to convince them of error and reclaim them from dissent was force, and
+force served but to confirm the opposition it was meant to suppress. By
+driving the founders of the Plymouth Colony into exile, it constrained
+them to absolute separation irreconcilable. Viewing their religious
+liberties here, as held only by sufferance, yet bound to them by all
+the ties of conviction, and by all their sufferings for them, could they
+forbear to look upon every dissenter among themselves with a jealous
+eye? Within two years after their landing, they beheld a rival
+settlement attempted in their immediate neighborhood; and not long
+after, the laws of self-preservation compelled them to break up a nest
+of revellers, who boasted of protection from the mother country, and who
+had recurred to the easy but pernicious resource of feeding their wanton
+idleness, by furnishing the savages with the means, the skill, and the
+instruments of European destruction. Toleration, in that instance, would
+have been self-murder, and many other examples might be alleged, in
+which their necessary measures of self-defence have been exaggerated
+into cruelty, and their most indispensable precautions distorted into
+persecution. Yet shall we not pretend that they were exempt from the
+common laws of mortality, or entirely free from all the errors of
+their age. Their zeal might sometimes be too ardent, but it was always
+sincere. At this day, religious indulgence is one of our clearest
+duties, because it is one of our undisputed rights. While we rejoice
+that the principles of genuine Christianity have so far triumphed over
+the prejudices of a former generation, let us fervently hope for the day
+when it will prove equally victorious over the malignant passions of our
+own.
+
+In thus calling your attention to some of the peculiar features in the
+principles, the character, and the history of our forefathers, it is
+as wide from my design, as I know it would be from your approbation, to
+adorn their memory with a chaplet plucked from the domain of others.
+The occasion and the day are more peculiarly devoted to them, and let
+it never be dishonored with a contracted and exclusive spirit. Our
+affections as citizens embrace the whole extent of the Union, and the
+names of Raleigh, Smith, Winthrop, Calvert, Penn and Oglethorpe excite
+in our minds recollections equally pleasing and gratitude equally
+fervent with those of Carver and Bradford. Two centuries have not
+yet elapsed since the first European foot touched the soil which now
+constitutes the American Union. Two centuries more and our numbers must
+exceed those of Europe itself. The destinies of their empire, as they
+appear in prospect before us, disdain the powers of human calculation.
+Yet, as the original founder of the Roman State is said once to have
+lifted upon his shoulders the fame and fortunes of all his posterity, so
+let us never forget that the glory and greatness of all our descendants
+is in our hands. Preserve in all their purity, refine, if possible,
+from all their alloy, those virtues which we this day commemorate as the
+ornament of our forefathers. Adhere to them with inflexible resolution,
+as to the horns of the altar; instil them with unwearied perseverance
+into the minds of your children; bind your souls and theirs to the
+national Union as the chords of life are centred in the heart, and you
+shall soar with rapid and steady wing to the summit of human glory.
+Nearly a century ago, one of those rare minds to whom it is given to
+discern future greatness in its seminal principles, upon contemplating
+the situation of this continent, pronounced, in a vein of poetic
+inspiration, "Westward the star of empire takes its way." Let us unite
+in ardent supplication to the Founder of nations and the Builder
+of worlds, that what then was prophecy may continue unfolding
+into history--that the dearest hopes of the human race may not be
+extinguished in disappointment, and that the last may prove the noblest
+empire of time.
+
+
+
+
+
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