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diff --git a/old/8s022a10.txt b/old/8s022a10.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f3ffb44 --- /dev/null +++ b/old/8s022a10.txt @@ -0,0 +1,9636 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Scientific American, Vol.22, No. 1, +January 1, 1870, by Various + +Copyright laws are changing all over the world. Be sure to check the +copyright laws for your country before downloading or redistributing +this or any other Project Gutenberg eBook. + +This header should be the first thing seen when viewing this Project +Gutenberg file. Please do not remove it. Do not change or edit the +header without written permission. + +Please read the "legal small print," and other information about the +eBook and Project Gutenberg at the bottom of this file. Included is +important information about your specific rights and restrictions in +how the file may be used. You can also find out about how to make a +donation to Project Gutenberg, and how to get involved. + + +**Welcome To The World of Free Plain Vanilla Electronic Texts** + +**eBooks Readable By Both Humans and By Computers, Since 1971** + +*****These eBooks Were Prepared By Thousands of Volunteers!***** + + +Title: Scientific American, Vol.22, No. 1, January 1, 1870 + Journal Of Practical Information, Art, Science, Mechanics, + Chemistry, And Manufactures + +Author: Various + +Release Date: September, 2005 [EBook #8952] +[Yes, we are more than one year ahead of schedule] +[This file was first posted on August 29, 2003] + +Edition: 10 + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, VOL.22, NO. 1 *** + + + + +Produced by Don Kretz, Juliet Sutherland, and Distributed Proofreaders + + + + +[Illustration] + + + + +SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN + + + + +A WEEKLY JOURNAL OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION, ART, SCIENCE, MECHANICS, +CHEMISTRY, AND MANUFACTURES. + + + + +NEW YORK, JANUARY 1, 1870. + +Vol. XXII.--No. 1. [NEW SERIES.] + +$3 per Annum [IN ADVANCE.] + + + * * * * * + +Contents: (Illustrated articles are marked with an asterisk.) + + *Engines of the Spanish Gunboats + + The Torpedo Problem + + Sugar Making in Louisiana + + Sticking, or Court Plaster + + *An Improved Hoisting Pulley Wanted + + *Ferdinand De Lesseps--Chief Promoter of the Suez Canal + + *An Ingenious Vent Peg + + *A New English Patent Pulley Block + + Plants in Sleeping Booms + + *Improved Treadle Motion + + *Improved Method of Catching Curculios + + Remains of a Megatherium in Ohio + + Artificial Ivory + + American and English Kailway Practice Contrasted + + Boiler Covering + + Attachment of Saws to Swing Frames + + Patent Decision + + Inventions Patented in England by Americans + + *Russ Improved Wood Molding Machine + + A Lost Civilisation + + *Girards "Palier Glissant" + + A Happv New Year + + The Suez Canal not yet a Failure + + Tubular Boilers and Boiler Explosions + + Professor Fiske's Lecture at Harvard + + The Brighter Side + + The American Institute Prizes Awarded to Steam Engines + + A Protest against the Canadian Patent Law + + American Railway Management + + Scientific Lecture before the American Institute + + The Battle Fields of Sceence + + How French Bank Notes are Made + + What the Newspapers Say + + Chinese Method of Preserving Eggs + + Steam Boiler Explosion + + Editorial Summary + + The Steven Breech Loading Rifle + + * A Novel Improved Hand Vise + + The Mound Builders of Colorado + + *The Woven-Wire Mattress + + Flouring Mill Hazards + + Fire-Proof Building + + The Decline of American Shipping + + Aerial Navigation-A Suggestion + + Putty Floors of Jewelers Shops and otherwise + + Western Demand for Agricultural Implements + + Economical Steam Engine + + Friction and Percussion + + Oiling a Preservative of Brownstone + + Interesting Correspondence from China + + Commumcation Between Deaf and Blind Mutes + + Cheap Cotton Press Wanted + + A Singular Freak of a Magnet + + Preservation of Iron + + The Bananas and Plantains of the Tropics + + Putting Up Stoves + + The Magic Lantern + + The Largest well in the World--Capacity 1,000,000 gallons + of water per Day + + Paper for Building + + *Improved Muzzle-Pivoting Gun + + Stock Feeding by Clock Work + + Milk and What Comes of It + + *Improved Hay Elevator + + *Improvement in Lamp Wicks + + Great Transformation + + Answers to Correspondents + + Recent American and Foreign Patents + + New Books and Publications + + List of Patents + + * * * * * + + + + +Engines of the Spanish Gunboats. + + +In our description of these boats in No. 25, Vol. XXI., special mention +was made of the compactness of the engines. + +It has frequently been urged as an objection against the twin screw +system that the double set of engines, four steam cylinders with +duplicates of all the working parts called for on this system, render +the whole too complicated and heavy for small vessels, preventing, at +the same time, the application of surface condensation. In the engines +of the Spanish gunboats, of which we annex an illustration from +_Engineering_, the designer, Captain Ericsson, has overcome these +objections by introducing a surface condenser, which, while it performs +the function of condensing the steam to be returned to the boiler in the +form of fresh water, serves as the principal support of the engines, +dispensing entirely with the usual framework. Besides this expedient, +each pair of cylinders have their slide frames for guiding the movements +of the piston rods cast in one piece. Altogether the combination, is +such that the total weight and space occupied by these novel twin screw +engines do not exceed the ordinary single screw engines of equal +power. Several improvements connected with the working gear have been +introduced. + +[Illustration: ENGINES OF THE TWIN SCREW SPANISH GUNBOATS] + +The outer bearings of the propeller shafts, always difficult to regulate +and keep in order on the twin screw system, are selfadjusting and +accommodate themselves to every change of the direction of the shafts. +This is effected by their being spherical externally, and resting in +corresponding cavities in the stern braces or hangers. The spring +bearings for supporting the middle of the shafts are also arranged on a +similar self-adjusting principle. + +The thrust bearing is of peculiar construction, the arrangement being +such that the bearing surfaces remain in perfect contact however much +the shaft may be out of line. The reversing gear likewise is quite +peculiar, insuring complete control over the movement of the two +propellers under all circumstances. It is claimed that these engines are +the lightest and most compact yet constructed for twin screw vessels. + + * * * * * + + + + +The Torpedo Boat Problem. + + +The _Army and Navy Journal_ thinks the problem of a torpedo boat +capable of firing rapidly and with certainty, has at length reached a +satisfactory solution. It says: + +"A boat has been completed which is proved by experiment to be faultless +in machinery and arrangement. On the 2d of December, Secretary Robeson, +Vice-Admiral Porter, and Commodore Case, Chief of the Bureau of +Ordnance, went to the Navy Yard at Washington, to witness the experiment +with this new engine of destruction. After examining the workings of the +machinery, and the manner of firing, one of the destructives was put in +the frame and the party proceeded to the shore to witness the result. A +torpedo of only thirty-six pounds was first run out with rapidity and +fired; but the result showed that this small amount of powder, even, +would have been sufficient to destroy any ship, by lifting her out of +the water and breaking her back, even if her bottom was not knocked out +altogether. Mud and water were thrown up together, and the concussion +was felt far up in the Navy Yard, the ground being shaken by the shock +of the powder against the bed of the river. The concussion felt on board +the torpedo-boat was not more than that caused by a wave striking a +vessel at sea. + +"Several torpedoes were fired from the vessel, the explosion of +which the party witnessed on board, as they desired to ascertain for +themselves the effect of the shock. The result seemed satisfactory, +as no change whatever is contemplated in the machinery, which is very +simple, and 'works to a charm.' The torpedo vessel is the _Nina_, a very +strong iron boat of three hundred and fifty tuns burden, capable of +crossing the ocean, and having a speed of seventeen knots an hour. She +is not impervious to heavy shot, but can be made so, and is capable of +resisting any ordinary projectile that could be brought to bear on her +from the decks of a ship of war. Her decks will be made torpedo and +shot-proof, and several arrangements will be applied, now that it is +known that the torpedo system is a success. Such a vessel as the _Nina_, +attacking an enemy's squadron on our coast some dark night, or entering +an enemy's port, could destroy half the vessels in the harbor, and +easily escape as few vessels could overtake her. Such a vessel could, +for instance, enter the harbor of Havana, and destroy every vessel of +war in the port, under cover of darkness. A squadron supplied with such +boats to be used to attack, after the fight began, and the ships were +enveloped in smoke, would have a most decided advantage against an enemy +not thus armed for torpedo warfare. It is reported that our torpedo navy +will consist of twenty vessels, none of which will have a less speed +than twelve knots, and the fastest of them will go seventeen knots." + + * * * * * + + + + +SUGAR MAKING IN LOUISIANA. + + +The New Orleans _Times_ contains, in a late number, an account of the +manufacture of sugar as conducted on the Poychas estate, from which we +extract portions containing the essential particulars of cane sugar +making as conducted in the southern portions of the United States. + +"Reaching the Cane shed, the crop, dumped into piles, is received by a +crowd of feeders, who place it (eight or ten stalks at a time) on the +cane carrier. This is an elevator, on an endless band of wood and iron, +which carries them to the second story, where the stalks drop between +the rollers. An immense iron tank below, called a juice box, receives +the liquid portion, and another elevator bears the bruised and broken +fragments to the opposite side of the building, where they are dropped +into the bagasse burner. + +"This invention, at its introduction, caused more scientific inquiry +and dispute, probably, than any other of the age, and settled beyond +question the possibility of combustion, without the use of atmospheric +air. The process consists in dropping the wet, spongy mass into a fire +of wood or coal, and closing the furnace doors. The steam arising from +the drying matter passes to a chamber in the rear, where, by the intense +heat, it is decomposed. Oxygen and hydrogen (both strong combustibles) +unite with the carbon, reaching there in the form of smoke, and a white +heat is the result. + +"Cane juice, as it escapes from the mill, could scarcely be considered +inviting to either palate or vision. The sweet, slimy mass of fluid, +covered with foam, and filled with sticks, has more the appearance of +the water in a brewer's vat than anything which now suggests itself. A +small furnace, containing a quantity of burning sulphur, sends through a +tube a volume of its stifling fumes, and these, caught by jets of steam, +thoroughly impregnate the contents of the juice box. Having received its +first lesson in cleanliness, the liquid now rises through a tube to the +series of clarifiers on the second floor. They are heated by a chain of +steam pipes running along the bottom, and being filled, the juice slowly +simmers Much of the foreign substance rises in a scum to the surface +and is skimmed off by the sugar maker. It is further purified by the +addition of Thomaston or what is called sugar lime. At one half a peck +is considered sufficient for seven hundred and fifty gallons of juice, +but much depends upon the quantity of saccharine matter it contains. +Another set of pipes now permit the liquor to run into the evaporators, +in the boiling room below. These are also heated by circles of steam +pipes, and the liquid is first gently simmered, to enable any additional +foreign substance to rise to the surface and be skimmed off. + +"After that the steam is turned on fully, and the juice boils until +it reaches the solidity of twenty-five degrees, as measured by the +saccharometer. This point attained, more pipes conduct it to a series +of square iron tanks called filterers. Each is provided with a false +bottom, covered with thick woolen blankets, and through these the juice +slowly drips into an immense iron vessel called a sirup tank. + +"The process of cleaning has now been completed, and the sirup is pumped +into the covered vessel previously alluded to, called the vacuum pan. + +"This is also heated by layers of steam pipes, and here the liquor boils +until the process of crystallization is completed. This end achieved, +another conductor permits the substance to slowly descend to a large +square iron tank, called a strike-pan. The process of emptying the +vacuum pan is technically called a "strike." We now find a reddish brown +substance, having somewhat the appearance of soft mortar. + +"Men are at hand with square wooden boxes, and while the sugar is still +warm, it is placed in rotary cylinders, protected on the inside by wire +guards, called centrifugals. + +"Placed on a horizontal, they revolve with a velocity which frequently +reaches 1200 a minute. The damp, dingy looking pile instantly spreads, a +broad circle of yellow is first visible on the inner rim of the machine, +and this slowly whitening finally becomes a shining ring of snowy sugar. +To effect this result requires the aid of nine steam boilers, three +steam engines, a vacuum pan, three large evaporators, five clarifiers, +five filters, an immense sirup tank, the juice box, mill, bagasse +furnace, and fifteen coolers. + +"With the engineers, sugar makers, firemen, and laborers, thirty-eight +persons are constantly on duty in this sugar-house. + +"Doubling this number, to give each the necessary rest, swells the +gathering to seventy-six souls, who, during the grinding season, find +employment at the sugar-house alone. This of course does not include the +laborers employed in gathering and bringing in the crop, and the +great number occupied in odd jobs and the extensive repairs which are +constantly going on." + + * * * * * + + + + +Sticking, or Court Plaster. + + +This plaster is well known from its general use and its healing +properties. It is merely a kind of varnished silk, and its manufacture +is very easy. + +Bruise a sufficient quantity of isinglass, and let it soak in a little +warm water for four-and-twenty hours; expose it to heat over the fire +till the greater part of the water is dissipated, and supply its place +by proof spirits of wine, which will combine with the isinglass. +Strain the whole through a piece of open linen, taking care that the +consistence of the mixture shall be such that, when cool, it may form a +trembling jelly. + +Extend the piece of black silk, of which you propose making your +plaster, on a wooden frame, and fix it in that position by means of +tacks or pack-thread. Then apply the isinglass (after it has been +rendered liquid by a gentle heat) to the silk with a brush of fine hair +(badgers' is the best). As soon as this first coating is dried, which +will not be long, apply a second; and afterwards, if you wish the +article to be very superior, a third. When the whole is dry, cover it +with two or three coatings of the balsam of Peru. + +This is the genuine court plaster. It is pliable, and never breaks, +which is far from being the case with many of the spurious articles +which are sold under that name. Indeed, this commodity is very +frequently adulterated. A kind of plaster, with a very thick and brittle +covering, is often sold for it. The manufacturers of this, instead of +isinglass, use common glue, which is much cheaper; and cover the whole +with spirit varnish, instead of balsam of Peru. This plaster cracks, and +has none of the balsamic smell by which the genuine court plaster is +distinguished. Another method of detecting the adulteration is to +moisten it with your tongue _on the side opposite to that which is +varnished_; and, if the plaster be genuine, it will adhere exceedingly +well. The adulterated plaster is too hard for this; it will not stick, +unless you moisten it on the varnished side.--_The Painter, Gilder, and +Varnisher's Companion_. + + * * * * * + + + + +AN IMPROVED HOISTING PULLEY WANTED. + + +A gentleman of this city has sent us the accompanying diagram of an +improved hoisting pulley, for which he say she would be willing to pay +any reasonable price provided he knew where to obtain it--the wheel, not +the price. It is a pulley within a pulley, the friction of the outer one +upon the inner one--the latter being held by a ratchet and pawl-acting +as a brake in lowering weights, while both would turn together in +elevating weights. The idea is rather an ingenious one, but we are +confident our inventors can attain a like object by simpler means. + +[Illustration] + + * * * * * + +THE VACUUM METHOD OF MAKING ICE.--An ice and cold producing machine has +been invented by Herr Franz Windhausen, Brunswick. The action of the +machine is based on the principle of producing cold by the expansion of +atmospheric air, which is accomplished by means of mechanical power. The +machines require no chemicals, nothing being used in them but water and +atmospheric air. They may be wrought by steam, water, or wind, and they +produce from 100 to 1,000 lbs. of ice per hour, according to size, at a +cost of from 2d. to 5d. per 100 lbs., this difference resulting from the +varying prices of fuel and the mode of working chosen. One of their uses +is to cool rooms, cellars, theaters, hospitals, compartments of ships, +etc.--_Builder_. + + * * * * * + + + + +FERDINAND DE LESSEPS--CHIEF PROMOTER OF THE SUEZ CANAL. + +[From the Phrenological Journal.] + + +The scheme of re-opening the canal of the Pharaohs between the +Mediterranean and Red seas, and thus connecting by a short cut across +the Isthmus of Suez the commerce of Europe and Asia, though long +entertained by the first Napoleon, may fairly be claimed for M. de +Lesseps. His attention was doubtless first drawn to it by reading the +memorable report of M. la Pére, who was employed by Bonaparte to make +a survey in 1798. The credit of designing and executing the great work +belongs alike to him. With the general plan, progress, and purpose of +the Canal, the American reader has, during the past few months, been +made tolerably familiar. + +He is the son of Jean Baptiste Barthelemi, Baron de Lesseps, who was +born at Cette, a French port on the Mediterranean, in 1765. Jean +Baptiste was for five years French Vice-Consul at St. Petersburg. In +1785 he accompanied La Perouse on a voyage to Kamtchatka, whence he +brought by land the papers containing a description of the expedition. +In 1788 he was Consul at Kronstadt and St. Petersburg. From St. +Petersburg he was called, in 1812, by the Emperor Napoleon, to Moscow, +as _intendant_. From the latter city, in 1814, he proceeded to Lisbon, +and was stationed there as Consul until 1823. He died at Paris, May 6, +1834. + +Ferdinand, the subject of this sketch, was born at Versailles in 1805, +and is consequently in his sixty-fourth year, though his appearance is +that of a man little past the meridian of life. Early in life he evinced +peculiar aptitude for the diplomatic career in which he has since +distinguished himself--a career as varied and romantic as it is +brilliant. In 1825 he was appointed _attaché_ to the French Consulate at +Lisbon. Two years later found him engaged in the Commercial Department +of the Minister of Foreign Affairs. During the latter part of 1828 +he was _attaché_ to the Consul-General at Tunis; and in 1831 he was +dispatched by his Government as Consul to Alexandria. Hard work and +rapid promotion for _le jeune diplomat!_ But the most eventful period of +his long and wonderfully active career lay yet before him. + +Seven years subsequent to his appointment at Alexandria, and +consequently when he was in his thirty-fifth year, he was sent as +Consul to Rotterdam. From Rotterdam he proceeded to Malaga in 1839, to +negotiate in behalf of French commerce with the Spanish Government. In +the latter part of the same year he was transferred to the Consulate +at Barcelona, where during the two subsequent years he was especially +active, and signally distinguished himself against the reign of +Espartero. In 1844 we again find him in Alexandria, whither he was sent +to take the place of Lavalette. But the time for the development of his +great project had not yet come. He did not long remain in the Egyptian +capital. Returning to his former position in Barcelona he was witness +to some of the scenes of the revolution of February. In 1848 he was +appointed French Minister at the court of Madrid. Remaining in the +Spanish capital about a year, he returned to Paris immediately after the +revolution of '48, and in May of the following year was dispatched as +Envoy of the French Republic to the Republican Government of Mazzini at +Rome, where he took a leading part in the abortive negotiations which +preceded the restoration of the Pope by a French army. + +[Illustration] + +In 1854 he received a commission from the _Sociéte d'études du Canal de +Suez_ at Paris to negotiate with Säid Pacha for the construction of the +canal projected in 1816. Accordingly, toward the close of that year, we +again find him on the Isthmus, preparing for his great work. This time +he came to conquer. His mission was crowned with success, and the +necessary concession made in November of that year. A palace and a +retinue of servants were assigned to his use, and he was treated, as +a guest of the Viceroy, with the utmost respect. Great opposition +followed, especially from England; and it was not till January, 1856, +that the second and fuller concession was granted by Säid Pacha, and a +_Compagnie International_ fully organized. + +In 1858 M. Lesseps succeeded in raising two hundred millions of francs +in France, and in 1859 he proceeded to Egypt and planted the Egyptian +flag in the harbor of the ancient Pelusium, the great sea-port of Egypt +thirty centuries ago, where Port Säid now stands. He laid, at the same +time, the foundation of a lighthouse, and proudly proclaimed the +work commenced. Fresh difficulties--chiefly of a political +nature--interposed, but the indefatigable Lesseps never despaired. In +1859 he had the satisfaction of seeing his company and work placed upon +a firm footing, though the final decision of the French Emperor was not +given till July, 1864. From that time to the present hour the Canal has +steadily progressed toward completion. + +The personal appearance of M. de Lesseps is very striking. Though long +past middle age, he has a fresh and even youthful appearance. Both face +and figure are well preserved; his slightly curling gray hair sets off +in pleasing contrast his bronzed yet clear complexion, his bright eye, +and genial smile. He is somewhat over the medium stature, possessed of +a compact and well-knit frame, carries his head erect, and moves about +with a buoyancy and animation perfectly marvelous in one of his years +and experience. His address is that of the well-bred, well-educated +French gentleman that he is. His manner is winning, his voice clear and +under most excellent control, as all those who have listened to his +admirable lectures on the Canal at the late Paris Exposition cannot +fail to remember. What is perhaps most remarkable in a man so bred and +constituted, is that with great gentleness of speech and suavity of +manner he combines a strength of will and fixity of purpose worthy of +Napoleon or Caesar himself. Beneath that calm exterior lay a power which +needed but the stimulus of a great idea to develop. + +Though beset by difficulties, laughed at, and maligned, he has never for +a moment swerved from his purpose or relaxed his efforts to accomplish +it. Neither the sneers of Stevenson and his associate engineers, the +heavy broadside of the "Thunderer," or the squibs of _Punch_, ever made +any visible impression on the purpose or action of Lesseps.--"My purpose +from the commencement was to have confidence," said he. + +How bravely he has maintained his principle and redeemed his pledge let +the ceremonies which marked the completion and inauguration of his great +work tell--when sea sent greeting to sea; and let the keels of richly +laden argosies from Cathay and from Ind, which plow the waters of the +Canal, declare. + + * * * * * + + + + +AN INGENIOUS VENT PEG. + + +The engraving illustrates an English invention of value in that it +provides a means of giving vent to casks from which liquids are to +be drawn, at the same time excluding the air when the drawing is +discontinued, and thus preventing deterioration in the liquid by undue +exposure to air. + +[Illustration] + +The principle on which it operates is that of admitting just so much air +as may be required to fill the vacant space produced by the withdrawal +of the liquor from time to time, and affording this air no egress, thus +hermetically sealing the barrel. This is effected by means of a valve +opening inward, at the upper portion of the peg, so long as the density +of the exterior air is in excess of that within. This action takes place +at the very instant of the flow of the liquid, and ceases with it; for +at that instant all further supply is shut off, there being no further +pressure. + + * * * * * + +THE LARGE TREES OF TEXAS.--The large court-house of Navarro county is +said to have been covered with shingles made from a single cedar tree. +The oaks, pecans, and cedars of that section of the country attain +an immense size. A pecan tree in Navarro county, on the banks of the +Trinity, measured twenty-three feet in circumference. The cedars are +often more than 100 feet high. + + * * * * * + +ELECTRIC MESSAGES.--Although it may require an hour, or two or three +hours, to transmit a telegraphic message to a distant city, yet it +is the mechanical adjustment by the sender and receiver which really +absorbs this time; the actual transit is practically instantaneous, +and so it would be from here to China, so far as the current itself is +concerned. + + * * * * * + + + + +A New English Patent Pulley Block. + + +The following description of a new pulley block, which we take from the +_Ironmonger_, does not give as clear an idea of the invention as could +be desired, but it shows that invention in this field has not yet +exhausted itself: + +[Illustration] + +"The block is made on the differential principle. The lifting chain is +passed over two sheaves, each of which is geared internally, the one +having one or more teeth in excess of the other. Revolving around these +internal teeth is a pinion, actuated by an eccentric, which is keyed on +to a shaft passing through the center of the block, with a bearing at +each end in the outside frame of the block. At one end of this shaft +is a wheel with an endless hand chain passing over it; this gives the +motion to the eccentric shaft. The teeth of the internal pinion are +broad enough to gear into the teeth of both the sheaves, but as there is +more teeth in one than in the other, they (the teeth) are not exactly +opposite each other, and therefore will not admit the teeth of the +revolving pinion without moving; but the tooth of the pinion, acting as +a wedge, and entering with great power, pushes the one tooth forward and +the other tooth back; and this continually occurring, a continual rotary +motion is given to the sheaves, in opposite directions, with a power +which is proportioned to the number of the teeth, the throw of +eccentric, and the leverage gained by the diameter of the hand wheel. +The lifting chain is passed over the one sheave, then down, and up over +the other, the two ends being attached to a powerful cross bar, to which +is connected the lifting hook. By this means the weight is distributed +over the two sheaves and the two parts of the chain, increasing the +safety and diminishing the friction of the block. + +"The blocks are very simple in construction, and are not at all liable +to get out of order; the construction being such that the weight cannot +run down, though the men lifting let go the chain. They hang quite plumb +when in action, and the men are able to stand clear away from under the +load, as the hand-wheel chain can be worked at any angle." + + * * * * * + + + + +Plants In Sleeping Rooms. + + +The following from the able pen of Dr. J.C. Draper, in the January +number of the _Galaxy_, will answer some inquiries lately received on +the subject, and is a brief, but clear exposition of the injurious +effects of plants in sleeping apartments: + +"Though the air is dependent for the renewal of its oxygen on the action +of the green leaves of plants, it must not be forgotten that it is only +in the presence and under the stimulus of light that these organisms +decompose carbonic acid. All plants, irrespective of their kind or +nature, absorb oxygen and exhale carbonic acid in the dark. The quantity +of noxious gas thus eliminated is, however, exceedingly small when +compared with the oxygen thrown out during the day. When they are +flowering, plants exhale carbonic acid in considerable quantity, and at +the same time evolve heat. In this condition, therefore, they resemble +animals as regards their relation to the air; and a number of plants +placed in a room would, under these circumstances, tend to vitiate the +air. + +"While the phanerogamia, or flowering plants, depend on the air almost +entirely for their supply of carbon, and are busy during the day in +restoring to it the oxygen that has been removed by animals, many of the +inferior cryptogamia, as the fungi and parasitic plants, obtain their +nourishment from material that has already been organized. They do not +absorb carbonic acid, but, on the contrary, they act like animals, +absorbing oxygen and exhaling carbonic acid at all times. It is, +therefore, evident that their presence in a room cannot be productive of +good results. + +"Aside from the highly deleterious action that plants may exert on the +atmosphere of a sleeping room, by increasing the proportion of carbonic +acid during the night, there is another and more important objection to +be urged against their presence in such apartments. Like animals, they +exhale peculiar volatile organic principles, which in many instances +render the air unfit for the purposes of respiration. Even in the days +of Andronicus this fact was recognized, for he says, in speaking of +Arabia Felix, that 'by reason of myrrh, frankincense, and hot spices +there growing, the air was so obnoxious to their brains, that the +very inhabitants at some times cannot avoid its influence.' What the +influence on the brains of the inhabitants may have been does not at +present interest us: we have only quoted the statement to show that long +ago the emanations from plants were regarded as having an influence on +the condition of the air; and, in view of our present ignorance, it +would be wise to banish them from our sleeping apartments, at least +until we are better informed regarding their true properties." + + * * * * * + +PATENT OFFICE ILLUSTRATIONS.--We are indebted to Messrs. Jewett & +Chandler, of Buffalo, N.Y., for advance sheets of the illustrations +designed to accompany the Report of the Commissioner of Patents for the +year 1868. We have frequently had occasion to commend the skill and +fidelity of these illustrations. They are most admirably done, and the +value of our Patent Office Reports is much enhanced thereby. In fact +without these illustrations the reports would be of little value. + + * * * * * + + + + +Improved Treadle Motion. + + +It is well known that the ordinary means employed to propel light +machinery by the foot are fatiguing in the extreme and although the best +of these is the rock shaft with foot pieces, employed almost universally +in modern sewing machines, this requires the operator to sit bolt +upright, a position very trying to the back, and one which has been +shown to be productive of weakness and even permanent disease. + +The device shown in the engraving employs only the swinging motion of +the leg to generate the required power. + +[Illustration: GOODES' IMPROVED TREADLE MOTION.] + +A pendulum, A, is pivoted to the underside of the table and carries a +heavy disk, B. To the central pivot of B is attached a foot piece, C. +The bottom of B is slotted, and through the slot passes a stationary +rod, D, which holds the bottom of the disk from vibrating while it +causes the upper part to reciprocate with the swinging of A. + +To the upper part of B is pivoted a pitman which actuates the crank as +shown. + +In operation the foot is placed upon the foot piece, and a swinging +motion is imparted by it to the pendulum, which is ultimately converted +into rotary motion by the crank as described. The heavy disk, B, gives +steadiness to the motion, and acts in concert with the fly wheel on the +crank shaft for this purpose; but it is not essential that this part of +the device should be a disk; any equivalent may be substituted for the +same purpose. + +Patented, through the Scientific American Patent Agency, Oct, 26, 1869, +by E. A. Goodes For further information address Philadelphia Patent and +Novelty Co., 717 Spring Garden street, Philadelphia, Pa. + + * * * * * + + + + +Improved Method of Catching Curculios. + + +This is a novel and curious invention, made by Dr. Hull, of Alton, Ill., +for the purpose of jarring off and catching the curculio from trees +infested by this destructive insect. It is a barrow, with arms and +braces covered with cloth, and having on one side a slot, which admits +the stem of the tree. The curculio catcher, or machine, is run against +the tree three or four times, with sufficient force to impart a jarring +motion to all its parts. The operator then backs far enough to bring the +machine to the center of the space between the rows, turns round, and in +like manner butts the tree in the opposite row. In this way a man may +operate on three hundred trees per hour. + +A bag and a broom are carried by the operator by which the insects are +swept from the cloth and consigned to destruction. + +[Illustration: CURCULIO CATCHER.] + + * * * * * + + + + +Remains of a Megatherium in Ohio. + + +The Columbus _State Journal_, of Dec. 6, says "there is now on +exhibition at the rooms of the State Board of Agriculture, or +headquarters of the Geological Corps, a section of the femur or thigh +bone of an animal of the mastodon species, the fossilized remains of +which were recently discovered in Union county. These remains were found +in a drift formation about three feet below the surface, and are similar +to the remains of the Megatherium found in other parts of the State. +Arrangements were made by Mr. Klippart, of the Geological Corps, to +have the skeleton or the parts thereof removed with proper care. Before +excavations had proceeded far bad weather set in, and work has been +abandoned. The section of the femur, upper part, with socket ball, is +about twenty inches in length, or about half the length of the thigh +bone. This would make the aggregate length of the bones of the leg about +ten feet. The ball is twenty-two inches in circumference, and the bone +lower down, of course, much larger. From the part of the skeleton +secured, it is estimated that the hight of the animal was twelve and a +half feet, and the skeleton entire much larger than the specimen now in +the British Museum. As this particular species, or remains thereof, have +been found only in Ohio, this specimen has been named the _Megatharium +Ohioensis_. The animals lived, it is supposed, in the period immediately +preceding the human period, and were after the elephant type." + +Exhuming operations will be resumed in the spring, and if the skeleton +is removed in good shape or a good state of preservation, it will be set +up in the Echo room at the Capitol, where the fossils collected by the +Geological Corps are now being arranged and stored. + + * * * * * + + + + +Artificial Ivory. + + +A process for producing artificial ivory has been published in a German +journal. The inventor makes a solution of india-rubber in chloroform and +passes chlorine gas through it. After this, he heats the solution to +drive off any excess of chlorine, and also the solvent, whereupon he has +left behind a pasty mass with which it is only necessary to incorporate +sufficient precipitated carbonate of lime or sulphate of lead, or, +indeed, any other dense white powder, to obtain a material which may be +pressed into molds to form whatever articles may be desired. The details +of this process are obviously incomplete, and the success of it may be +doubted. Only good and well masticated rubber could be employed, and +even then a dilute solution must be made, and any earthy impurities +allowed to deposit. In the next place, we are doubtful of the bleaching +action of chlorine on rubber, and, moreover, chloroform is, under some +circumstances, decomposed by chlorine. Lastly, it is clear that, to +obtain a hard material at all resembling ivory, it would be necessary to +make a "hard cure," for which a considerable proportion of sulphur +would be required. The simple purification of india-rubber by means of +chloroform, would, however, furnish a mass of a very fair color. + + * * * * * + +An iron car made of cylindrical form is now used on the Bengal Railway, +for the carriage of cotton and other produce. It is much lighter and +safer than the ordinary car. We believe in iron cars. + + * * * * * + +ONE HUNDRED THOUSAND.--At the rate old subscribers are renewing, and new +ones coming in, there is a prospect that our ambition to increase the +circulation of this paper to one hundred thousand will be gratified. + + * * * * * + + + + +AMERICAN AND ENGLISH RAILWAY PRACTICE CONTRASTED. + + +A paper on "American Locomotives and Rolling Stock," read before the +Institution of Civil Engineers, in England, with an abstract on the +discussion thereon, has been forwarded to us by the publishers, William +Clowes and Sons, Stamford street and Charing Cross, London. + +We have seldom met with a pamphlet of greater interest and value. The +whole subject of American as contrasted with English railroad practice +is reviewed, and the differences which exist, with the necessities for +such differences ably discussed. Mr. Colburn shows these differences +to be external rather than fundamental, and traces many of the +peculiarities of American construction to the "initiative of English +engineers." The cause for the adoption and retention of these +peculiarities he attributes to "the necessities of a new country and the +comparative scarcity of capital," and thinks that but for these causes" +American railways and their rolling stock would have doubtless been +constructed, as in other countries, upon English models, and worked, in +most respects, upon English principles of management. + +He reviews the origin and introduction of American features of railway +practice, and points out as the distinguishing feature of American +locomotives and rolling stock the bogie, or swiveling truck. "Keeping +in mind the distinguishing merits of the bogie, the other differences +between English and American locomotives are differences more of costume +and of toilet than of vital principles of construction." + +The author attributes the origin of the greater subdivision of rolling +weight and consequent coupling of wheels on American roads to the +comparatively weak and imperfect permanent way, estimating the maximum +weight per wheel as being for many years four English tuns, while three +tuns he considers, as more than the average for each coupled wheel of +American locomotives. + +To follow the author through the whole of his able paper, and the +discussion which it elicited, would occupy more of our space than we +can spare for the purpose. We will, however, give in the author's own +language, an account of an experiment conducted by him in 1855 on the +Erie Railroad. + +"In the autumn of 1855, the author, at the request of Mr. (now +General) M'Callum, the manager of the Erie Railroad, took charge of an +experimental train, which he ran over the whole length of the line and +back, a total distance of nearly 900 miles. The same engine was employed +throughout the run, occupying in all nearly three weeks, making an +average for each week day of about 50 miles. The line is divided into +four divisions, varying considerably in respect of gradients, and the +utmost load the engine could draw was taken in both directions over each +division. The maximum inclinations were 1 in 88. The results of the +experiments were so voluminous, that it will be sufficient to detail +the particulars of what may be termed crucial tests of adhesion and +resistance to traction. + +"The engine had four coupled wheels and a bogie, the total weight in +working trim being 29½ tuns, of which 17-7/8 tuns rested on the coupled +wheels available for adhesion. The coupled wheels were 5 feet in +diameter; the outside cylinders were 17 inches in diameter, and the +stroke 24 inches. The safety valves were set to blow off at 130 lbs., +and the steam, as observed by a Bourdon gage, was seldom allowed to +exceed that limit. No indicator diagrams were taken, nor was any measure +taken of the wood burnt, all that could be consumed by the engine, in +maintaining the requisite steam, being supplied. The tender, loaded, +weighed 181 tuns. The train drawn consisted of eight-wheel wagons fully +loaded with deals. The average weight of each wagon was 5 tuns 8 cwt. 3 +qrs., and of each wagon with its load 15 tuns 5 cwt. 3 qrs. nearly. The +wagons had cast-iron chilled wheels, each 2 feet 6 inches in diameter, +with inside journals 3 7/8 inches in diameter, and 8 inches long. All +the wagons had been put in complete order, and the journals, fitted with +oil-tight boxes, were kept well oiled. The gage of the line was 6 feet. +The weather was most favorable, clear and dry, with the exception of a +single day of heavy rain. + +"Upon about one hundred miles of the line, forming a portion of the +Susquehanna division, a train of one hundred wagons, weighing, with +engine and tender, 1,572 tuns was taken. The train was a few feet more +than half a mile in length. + +"At one point it was stopped where the line commenced an ascent of 24 +feet in four miles, averaging 1 in 880 up for the whole distance. There +were also long and easy curves upon this portion. The train was taken up +and purposely stopped on the second mile, to be sure of starting again +with no aid from momentum. The average speed was 5 miles an hour, and +neither was the pressure of steam increased nor sand used except in +starting from the stops purposely made. The engine, even were its full +boiler pressure of 130 lbs. maintained as effective pressure upon the +pistons throughout the whole length of their stroke, could not have +exerted a tractive force greater than (17 x 17 x 130 lbs. x 2 ft.)/ 5 +ft = 15,028 lbs.; nor is it at all probable that the effective cylinder +pressure could have approached this limit by from 10 lbs. to 15 lbs. per +square inch. Supposing, however, for the sake of a reductio ad absurdum, +that the full boiler pressure had been maintained upon the pistons for +the whole length of their strokes, the adhesion of the coupled driving +wheels, not deducting the internal resistances of the engine, would have +been 15028/40050 3/8 of the weight upon them. In any case there was +a resistance of 4,011 lbs. due to gravity, and if even 120 lbs. mean +effective cylinder pressure be assumed, corresponding to a total +tractive force of 13,872 lbs., the quotient representing the rolling and +other resistances, exclusive of gravity, would be but 6.27 lbs. per tun +of the entire train; a resistance including all the internal resistances +of the engine, the resistance of the curves, easy although they were, +and the loss in accelerating and retarding the train in starting and +stopping. This estimate of resistance would correspond, at the observed +speed of 5 miles an hour (upwards of ¾ of an hour having been consumed +on the 4 miles), to 185 indicated H.P., which, with the driving wheels, +making but 28 revolutions per minute, would be the utmost that an engine +with but 1,038 square feet of heating surface could be expected to +exert. This was the highest result observed during the three weeks' +trial, but one or two others are worthy of mention. On the Delaware +division of the same line, the train, of 1,572 tuns' weight, was run +over 5 consecutive miles of absolutely level line, at a mean rate of +9.23 miles an hour, and during the same day, over 5 other consecutive +miles of level at a mean rate of 9.7 miles per hour. On both levels +there were 14½ chain curves of good length, and the speed, from 9 to 12 +miles an hour, at which the train entered the respective levels, was not +quite regularly maintained throughout the half hour expended in running +over them. But if even 7 lbs. per tun of the total weight be taken as +the resistance at these speeds, the tractive force will be 11,004 lbs., +which is more than one fourth the adhesion weight of 40,050 lbs. On +the next day, the same engine drew 30 wagons weighing 466½ tuns, or, +including engine and tender, 514 tuns nearly, up a gradient of 1 in +117½, three miles long, at a mean speed of 10¼ miles an hour. The +resistance due to gravity was 9,814 lbs., and supposing the other +resistance to traction to amount to no more than 7 lbs. per tun, the +total resistance would be 13,412 lbs., corresponding to a mean effective +cylinder pressure of 117 lbs. per square inch, and to a co-efficient of +adhesion of almost exactly one third. + +"It is needless to repeat instances of much the same kind, as occurring +during the experiment referred to. The author is bound to say that they +were, no doubt, influenced by the favorable circumstances of weather, +and something is to be allowed also for the great length of train drawn, +very long trains having a less tractive resistance per tun on a level +than short ones, and something, possibly more than is commonly supposed, +may have been due to the use of oil-tight axle boxes, the saponaceous +compound known as 'railway grease' being nowhere in use on railways in +the States. It could not possibly be used, except in a congealed form, +in the severe American winters; and Messrs. Guebhard and Dieudonné's +experiments (_vide_ "De la résistance des trains et de la puissance des +machines." 8vo. Paris, 1868, p. 36) made in 1867, on the Eastern Railway +of France, showed a very considerable diminution in the resistance of +oil-boxed rolling stock as compared with that fitted with grease boxes. +But, weighed upon the other hand, are the facts, first, that the line +was of 6-feet gage, and, _pro tanto_, so much the worse for traction; +secondly, that the wheels were comparatively small, and the inside +journals of comparatively large diameter, the ratio of the former to the +latter being as 7¾ to 1, instead of 12 to 1 as on English lines. It is +difficult to believe that the length and steadiness of the double bogie +goods wagons, scarcely liable as they are to lateral vibrations, had not +something to do with the result, which is in some respects unique in the +history of railway traction. The result, although not absolutely showing +the real resistance to traction, nor the real adhesion of the engine, +presents this alternative; namely, that the resistance must have been +unusually small, or the adhesion unusually large." + +In the discussion which followed some doubts were expressed as to the +accuracy of Mr. Colburn's conclusions, drawn from the experiments +described; but it was conceded by some who took part in the discussion +that some of the features of our practice might be advantageously copied +in England. For the most part, however, the opinion prevailed that the +features of our system, which are here regarded as almost indispensable, +could not be introduced into English practice with advantage. + + * * * * * + + + + +BOILER COVERING. + +BY C.M. O'HARA, C.E. + + +At the regular weekly meeting of the Polytechnic Association of the +American Institute, held on Thursday evening, the 25th ult., the subject +of boiler clothing was discussed at some length, but without any +decisive conclusion being arrived at respecting the most serviceable and +economical material for that purpose. It appeared from the testimony +adduced, that though there is a variety of substances in use, even those +which are practically acknowledged as being the most efficient are +far from coming up to the required standard of utility, and are +characterized by defects which are at once forced upon us by a little +close examination. Felt is an admirable non-conductor of heat, but owing +to its combustible nature it is quite unreliable when subject to the +heat of a high pressure of steam. A large fragment of this material +which had been taken off the boiler of a North River steamboat was +exhibited at the meeting, scorched and charred as if it had been exposed +to the direct action of fire. For these reasons felt covering is, +generally speaking, confined to boilers in which a comparatively low +pressure of steam is maintained. But even under the most favorable +circumstances of actual wear its durability is limited to a short +period. + +Powdered charcoal possesses the elements of efficiency as a +non-conductor in an eminent degree; but its susceptibility of taking +fire militates strongly against its adoption as a boiler covering. + +Besides the materials above mentioned, there are some which come under +the denomination of cements; but the use of such is somewhat at variance +with what a dull world would call "facts." Employing them as a clothing +for a vessel in which it is necessary to retain heat is certainly the +wrong way of doing a light thing, if the evidence of distinguished +experimenters be worth anything. + +The researches of most well-informed physical philosophers go to prove +that the conducting properties of bodies are augmented by cohesion, and +that heat is conveyed profusely and energetically through all solid and +ponderable substances. Thus gold, silver, and others of the most solid +metals are the best conductors. Next to the pure metals in conducting +powers are rocks, flints, porcelain, earthenware, and the denser liquids +as the solutions of the acids and alkalies. As a further evidence to +prove that the passage of heat through all substances is increased +by cohesion, even some of those which are known to be among the best +conductors are deprived of this property by a division or disintegration +of their particles. Pure silica in the state of hard, rock crystal is +a better conductor than bismuth or lead; but if the rock crystal be +pulverized, the diffusion of heat through its powder is very slow and +feeble. Heat is conducted swiftly and copiously through transparent +rock salt, but pulverization converts the solid mass into a good +non-conductor. Caloric has for the same reason a stronger affinity for +pure metals than for their oxides. + +Again, wood is known to be a better non-conductor when reduced to +shavings or sawdust than when in the solid state. It is probably on this +account that trees are protected by bark, which is not nearly so dense +and hard a body as the wood. Wool, silk, and cotton are much diminished +in conducting qualities when spun and woven, for the reason that their +fibers are brought closer together. + +Count Rumford discovered that hot water, at a given temperature, when +placed in a vessel jacketed with a clothing of twisted silk, and plunged +into a freezing mixture, cooled down to 185° Fah. in 917 seconds. But +when the same vessel was clothed with an equal thickness of raw silk, +water at the same heat and under the same process required 1,264 seconds +before it reached the same decrease of temperature. It was also found +by Sir Humphry Davy that even metals became non-conductors when their +cohesion was destroyed by reducing them to the gaseous state. + +It is now generally admitted that, heat being motion, anything, which, +by the cohesion of particles, preserves the continuity of the molecular +chain along which the motion is conveyed, must augment calorific +transmission. On the other hand, when there is a division or +disintegration of atoms, such as exists in sawdust, powdered charcoal, +furs, and felt, the particles composing such bodies are separated from +each other by spaces of air, which the instructed among us well know are +good non-conductors of heat. The motion has, therefore, to pass from +each particle of matter to the air, and again from the air to the +particle adjacent to it. Hence, it will be readily seen, that in +substances composed of separate or divided particles, the thermal +bridge, so to speak, is broken, and the passage of heat is obstructed +by innumerable barriers of confined air. The correctness of +these assumptions has been so abundantly proved by experimental +demonstrations, that every mind that is tolerably informed on the +subject must be relieved of every shade of doubt respecting the greatly +superior non-conducting powers which bodies consisting of separate atoms +possess over those of a solid concrete nature. + +The next matter of interest connected with the subject under notice is +its relation to the philosophy of radiation. It has long been known that +the emission of heat from a polished metallic surface is very slight, +but from a surface of porcelain, paper, or charcoal, heat is discharged +profusely. Even many of the best non-conductors are powerful radiators, +and throw off heat with a repellent energy difficult to conceive. + +"If two equal balls of thin, bright silver," says Sir John Leslie, "one +of them entirely uncovered and the other sheathed in a case of cambric, +be filled with water slightly warmed and then suspended in a close room, +the former will lose only eleven parts in the same time that the latter +will dissipate twenty parts." The superior heat-retaining capacity which +a clean tin kettle possesses over one that has been allowed to +collect smoke and soot, lies within the compass of the most ordinary +observation. + +The experiments of the eminent philosopher just mentioned furnish a +variety of suggestions on the radiation from heated surfaces. He found +that, while the radiating power of clean lead was only 19, it rose to 45 +when tarnished by oxidation, that the radiating power of plumbago +was 75, and that of red lead 80. He also discovered that, while the +radiating power of gold, silver, and polished tin was only 12, that +of paper was 98, and lamp black no less than 100. He further says: "A +silver pot will emit scarcely half as much heat as one of porcelain. The +addition of a flannel, though indeed a slow conductor, far from checking +the dissipation of heat, has directly a contrary tendency, for it +presents to the atmosphere a surface of much greater propulsive +energy, which would require a thickness of no less than three folds to +counterbalance." + +It is safe to infer from this analogy that the felt covering of boilers +should not only be of considerable thickness, but should be protected +by an external jacketing of some sort; for, though felt is a good +non-conductor, it is a powerful absorber and radiator, more especially +when it has been allowed to contract soot and dust. + +Various experiments have lead to the general conclusion that the +power of absorption is always in the same proportion as the power of +radiation. It must be so. Were any substance a powerful radiator and at +the same time a bad absorber, it would necessarily radiate faster than +it would absorb, and its reduction of temperature would continue without +limit. It has, furthermore, been proved that the absorptive property of +substances increases as their reflecting qualities diminish. Hence, the +radiating power of a surface is inversely as its reflecting power. It is +for this reason that the polished metallic sheathing on the cylinders +of locomotive engines, and on the boilers of steam fire engines, is +not only ornamental but essentially useful. Decisive tests have also +established the fact that radiation is effected more or less by color. +"A black porcelain tea pot," observes Dr. Lardner, "is the worst +conceivable material for that vessel, for both its material and color +are good radiators of heat, and the liquid contained in it cools with +the greatest possible rapidity; a polished silver or brass tea urn is +much better adapted to retain the heat of the water than one of a dull +brown, such as is most commonly used." + +A few facts like those above stated afford more decisive information +regarding the nature of heat than columns of theory or speculation. Yet +it is rather strange that when so many learned and reliable men have, +experimented so much and commented with such persuasiveness upon the +subtile agency of heat and the vast amount of waste that must accrue by +injudicious management, comparatively few have availed themselves of the +united labors of these indefatigable pyrologists; manufacturing owners +and corporations still persisting in having their steam boilers painted +black or dull red and leaving them exposed to the atmosphere. Some +persons, who pass themselves off very satisfactorily as clever +engineers, affect a contempt for the higher branches of science, and +assert, in a very positive and self-sufficient manner that experiments +made in a study or laboratory are on too trifling and small a scale to +be practically relied upon; that a tin kettle or a saucepan is a very +different thing to the boiler of a steam engine. + +This may be so in one sense, but the same chemical forces which operate +upon the one will be just as active in a proportionate degree in their +action upon the other. It was said by Aristotle that the laws of the +universe are best observed in the most insignificant objects; for the +same physical causes which hold together the stupendous frame of the +universe may be recognized even in a drop of rain. The same observation +may be applied to the laws of heat in all their ramifications; for, +after all, our experiments are, in many instances but defective copies +of what is continually going on in the great workshop of nature. + +It would be needless to insist on the wasteful and destructive effects +produced by the exposure of boiler surfaces to the open atmosphere. +Such a practice can be neither supported by experience nor justified by +analogy; and it is to be hoped that it may before long be consigned to +the limbo of antiquated absurdities and be satisfactorily forgotten. +Seeing that it cannot with any show of reason be affirmed that the +boiler covering materials in present use possess the requirements +necessary to recommend them; the question arises as to what is the best +means of achieving the object required. This is an inquiry which it is +the office of time alone to answer. As the problem is obviously one of +primary importance, and well worthy of the attention of inventors, it +is hazarding nothing to predict its satisfactory solution at no distant +date. + +The plain truth is, boilers have of late become gigantic foes to +human life. Explosions have increased, are increasing, and should be +diminished; and they are, in many instances, caused by boilers being +strained and weakened by sudden contraction from having their surfaces +exposed when the fire has been withdrawn from them. Boilers are also +materially injured by the excessive furnace heat which it is necessary +to maintain to compensate for the large amount of caloric which +is dissipated from their surfaces, not only by radiation but from +absorption by the surrounding atmosphere. + +As the views here laid down are drawn exclusively from the region of +fact and experiment, it is to be hoped that an enlightened sense of +self-interest may prompt those whom the subject may concern, to give it +that special attention which its importance demands. + + * * * * * + + + + +Attachment of Saws to Swing-Frames. + + +To insure the efficiency of mill-saws, it is highly important to have +them firmly secured in the frames by which they are reciprocated. +Swing-frames for carrying saws are ordinarily of wrought iron or steel, +and made up of several pieces mortised and tenoned together in the form +of a rectangular frame or parallelogram, of which the longest sides are +termed verticals and the shortest crossheads or crossrails. In the case +of deal frames, the swing frame differs somewhat from that of a timber +frame, in having two extra verticals, which separate it into two equal +divisions. These are necessary in order that two deals may be operated +upon simultaneously, each division being devoted to a separate deal, and +likewise to enable the connecting-rod which works the frame to pass up +the center and oscillate on a pin near the top, thereby avoiding the +deep excavations and costly foundations required where the rod is +engaged with the pin at the bottom. The rack that advances the deals to +the saws passes through a "bow" in the connecting-rod and the middle +of the frame, the deals are placed on either side of it, on rollers +purposely provided. In sawing hard deals, the saws require to be +sharpened about every tenth run or journey, and every twentieth for +soft. Fifty runs, or one hundred deals, are reckoned an average day's +work; this is inclusive of the time required for changing the saws, +returning the rack for another run, and other exigencies. For attachment +to swing-frames the saws have buckles riveted to them; these are by +various modes connected to the crossheads. Each top buckle is passed +through the crosshead and is pierced with a mortise for the reception +of a thin steel wedge or key, by whose agency the blade is strained and +tightened. The edge of the crosshead upon which the keys bed is steeled +to lessen the wear invariably ensuing from frequently driving up the +keys. The distances between the blades are adjusted by interposing +strips of wood, or packing pieces, as they are termed, of equal +thickness with the required boards or leaves; the whole is then pressed +together and held in position by packing screws. The saws themselves are +subsequently tightened by forcing home the keys until a certain amount +of tension has been attained, this is ascertained only by the peculiar +sound which emanates from the blade on being drawn considerably tight +and tense. Great experience is required to accustom the ear to the +correct intonation, as in general the tensile strain on the saws +approximates so closely to the breaking point that one or two extra taps +on the keys are quite sufficient to rupture them. + +Mr. Brunel, in the government saw-mills at Woolwich, adopted a method +of hanging saws by means of a weighted lever, like a Roman steelyard. +A cross-shaft affixed above the saws to the cornice of the main frame +carried a lever, weighted at one end and provided with a hook or shackle +at the other for engagement with the saw buckle. In using this apparatus +the blades were strained one at a time by linking the lever to the +buckle and then adjusting the movable weight until the desired tension +was acquired, after which the key was inserted into the mortise and the +lever released. This arrangement is not now in common use on account of +the trouble attending its employment, and at present the saws are merely +strained by hammering up the keys. The saw blades had usually a tensile +strain of upwards of one tun per inch of breadth of blade. It is to +be further observed that the cutting edges of the saws are not quite +perpendicular, but have a little lead, or their upper ends overhang the +lower about three eighths of an inch or one half of an inch, according +to the nature of the material to be sawn. The object of this is that the +saws may be withdrawn from the cuts in the ascending or back stroke, and +allow the sawdust free escape. The eccentric actuating the mechanism for +advancing the timber to the saws is generally set in such a manner that +the feed commences just at the moment when the frame has attained half +its ascending stroke, and continues until the entire stroke has been +completed. By this regulation the saws are not liable to be suddenly +choked, but come smoothly and softly into their work.--_Worssam's +Mechanical Saws_. + + * * * * * + + + + +PATENT DECISION. + + +_In the matter of the application of William N. Bartholomew, assignor +to J. Reckendorfer, for letters patent for a design for Rubber +Eraser_--Letters patent for designs have increased in importance within +the past few years. Formerly but few were granted, now many are issued. +To this day they have made so little figure in litigation that but +three reported cases are known in which design patents have come into +controversy. With their increase, questions have arisen concerning their +scope and character, which have given rise to dispute and to inquiry as +to the correctness of the current practice of the office in this branch +of invention. While on the one hand, it is insisted that the practice +has always been uniform, and is therefore now fixed and definite; on the +other, it is asserted, that there has never been, and is not now, any +well-defined or uniform practice, either in the granting or refusal of +design patents. + +The act of 1836 made no provision for the patenting of designs. The +earliest legislation upon this subject is found in the act of August 29, +1842, section 3; and the only legislation upon the subject is found +in this section and in section 11, of the act of March 2, 1861. The +definition of the subject matter, or, in other words, of a "design," is +the same in both acts. It is is follows: + +"That any citizen, etc., who, by his, her, or their own industry, +genius, efforts, and expense, may have invented or produced any new and +original design for a manufacture, whether of metal or other material +or materials, any original design for a bust, statue, bas-relief, or +composition in alto or basso-relievo, or any new and original impression +being formed in marble or other material, or any new and useful pattern, +or print, or picture, to be either worked into or worked on, or printed, +or painted, or cast, or otherwise fixed on any article of manufacture, +or any new and original shape or configuration of any article of +manufacture not known or used by others, etc." + +This definition embraces five particulars. + +1. A new and original design for a manufacture. + +2. An original design for a bust, statue, etc. + +3. A new and original impression or ornament to be placed on any article +of manufacture. + +4. A new and useful pattern, print, or picture to be worked into or +worked on, or printed, or painted, or cast, or otherwise fixed on any +article of manufacture. + +5. A new and original shape or configuration of any article of +manufacture. + +The first three of these classes would seem to refer to ornament only; +the fourth to ornament, combined with utility, as in the case of trade +marks; and the fifth to new shapes or forms of manufactured articles, +which, for some reason, were preferable to those previously adopted. + +The disputed questions which have thus far arisen under these +definitions are: + +1. What variations may be claimed or covered by the patent consistently +with unity of design. + +2. Is a new shape of an article of manufacture, whereby utility is +secured, a subject of protection under this act; and + +3. Is mechanical function of any kind covered by it. + +As to the first of these questions, it seems to have been assumed that +the design spoken of in all parts of the sections referred to covered a +fixed, unchangeable figure, that the protection of letters patent did +not extend to any variation, however slight, but that such variation +constituted a new design, might be covered by a new patent, and might +safely be used without infringement of the first. This, it is said, is +the correct theory of the law, and has been the uniform adjudication of +the Office. + +Neither of these statements is absolutely correct. The law by no means +defines a design with such strictness. The language is, "new and +original design for a manufacture," "new and original impression or +ornament," "new and original shape or configuration." It would seem to +be too plain for argument, that the new design, or impression, or shape, +might be so generic in its character as to admit of many variations, +which should embody the substantial characteristics and be entirely +consistent with a substantial identity of form. Thus, if the invention +were of a design for an ornamental button, the face of which was grooved +with radial rays, it would seem that the first designer of such a button +might properly describe a button of five rays, and, having stated that +a greater number of rays might be used, might claim a design consisting +generally of radial rays, or of "five or more" rays, and, that it could +not be necessary for him to take out a patent for each additional +ray that could be cut upon his button. So, if the design were the +ornamentation of long combs by a chain of pearls, it would seem that a +claim for such a design might be maintained against one who arranged +the pearls, either in curved or straight lines, or who used half pearls +only, and that such modifications if they had occurred to the designer, +might properly have been enumerated in his specification as possible and +equivalent variations. In short, I can see no reason, under the law, why +designs may not be generic, why what are called "broad claims," may +not be made to them, and why the doctrine of artistic or aesthetic +equivalents may not be applied to them. + +This has been recognized to a greater or less extent in the +adjudications of the courts and in the practice of the Office. + +One of the reported cases is that of Booth _vs_. Garelly 1, Blatch 247. +The design is described as consisting of "radially formed ornaments on +the face of the molds or blocks of which the button is formed, combined +with the mode of winding the covering on the same, substantially as +set forth, whether the covering be of one or more colors." The +specification, in "substantially" setting forth the design, contained +this language: "It will be obvious from the foregoing that the figures +can be changed at pleasure by giving the desired form to the face of the +mold by depressions and elevations which radiate from a point, whether +in the center of the mold or eccentric thereto." + +In the consideration of the case by the Court no objection was made to +this statement or claim. In the case of Root _vs_. Ball, 4 McLean 180, +the learned judge instructed the jury that "if they should find that the +defendants had infringed the plaintiff's patent by using substantially +the same device as ornamental on the same part of the stove they would, +of course, find the defendant guilty. To infringe a patent right it +is not necessary that the thing patented should be adopted in every +particular; but if, as in the present case, the design and figures +were substantially adopted by the defendants, they have infringed the +plaintiff's right. If they adopt the same principle the defendants are +guilty. The principle of a machine is that combination of mechanical +powers which produce a certain result. And in a case like the present, +where ornaments are used for a stove, it is an infringement to adopt the +design so as to produce substantially the same appearance." + +It has been the constant practice to grant patents for designs for fonts +of type, for sets of silver plate, for a series of printers' flourishes, +and the like. This class of cases has always passed without objection. + +Two other cases which have arisen within the Office deserve notive. +The first was for a series of miniature shoulder straps, with emblems +denoting rank, provided with a pin, to be worn under an officer's coat, +upon his vest, or as a lady's breastpin. The drawing shows eight of +these pins with emblems of rank, varying from that of second lieutenant +to major-general, specification describing the brooch for a second +lieutenant goes on to say: "I propose to introduce, on some of them, the +different ornaments showing the respective ranks of the army, from a +major-generalship to a second lieutenancy. See Figs. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, +8." + +The second case was that of an application for a monogram visiting +card, on which the name was to be inscribed or printed in the form of a +monogram. The applicant filed a drawing, showing a card upon which was +a monogram of his own name. In his specification he gives certain rules +for forming such monograms, and then says: "It is manifest that the +form of the letters as well as the letters themselves can be changed as +required by circumstances or the taste of the individual for whom the +monogram is designed; and that the general form and outline of the +monogram may be varied; and indeed, must vary to be adapted to the +particular name it is required to represent." + +The claim was for "a monogram, visiting card, or visiting card upon +which the name is inscribed or printed in the form of a monogram, +substantially as herein specified." + +This application was rejected by the Examiner and Board of +Examiners-in-Chief, but was allowed by the Commissioner upon appeal. + +It is true that, before and since this patent was issued, many patents +have been refused for what I have called generic designs. One man having +designed a tack head, ornamented with radial lines, was compelled to +take out one patent for his tack with six radial lines, and another for +the same tack with eight. There are other instances of like character, +but they only serve to show that the practice of the Office has not been +uniform, and that the true practice is still to be adopted and followed. + +I have no hesitation in saying, in view of the premises, that a valid +patent may be granted for a new genus or class of ornaments as well as +for specific ornaments, though I do not doubt that, under the statute, +every species, variety, and individual having distinct characteristics +under such a genus might also be patented, the patent being subordinate +and tributary to that which covered the class. From the nature of this +subject-matter there must always be more latitude in the issue of +patents for trifling changes, or form, or outline, since it is only +necessary that such changes should constitute a new "design" to entitle +them to a patent of this class. + +The second question relates to the elements of utility in patents for +designs. + +Upon this point, it is said by my predecessor, in Jason Crane _ex parte_ +Commissioners, December-May, 1869, p. 1, that the construction which has +been given to the act of 1842, by the Office, ever since its passage, is +that it relates to designs for ornament merely; something of an artistic +character as contradistinguished to those of convenience or utility. + +The Board of Examiners-in-Chief, in the present case, say "The practice +of the Office has been uniform from the beginning, and has always +excluded cases like the present from the benefit of the laws relating to +designs." And, again, "The general understanding has always been that +the acts of 1842 and 1861 were intended to cover articles making +pretensions to artistic excellence exclusively." + +In thus denying that a new "shape or configuration" of an article, +whereby utility or convenience is promoted, is the proper subject of +a patent under the acts referred to, the Office would seem to have +involved itself in the absurdity that if a design is useless it may be +patented; whereas, if it be useful, it is entitled to no protection. + +Fortunately no such "uniform practice" has existed, and the Office is +relieved from so grievous an imputation. The practice seems to have been +taken for granted by the appellate tribunals, and, so far from being +as stated, is, as nearly as possible, the reverse of it. Articles have +been, and are being, constantly patented as designs which possess no +element of the artistic or ornamental, but are valuable solely because, +by a new shape or configuration, they possess more utility than the +prior forms of like articles Of this character are designs for ax heads, +for reflectors, for lamp shades, for the soles of boots and shoes, which +have been heretofore patented as designs, and to this class might be +added, with great propriety, that class of so-called "mechanical" +patents, granted for mere changes of form, such as plowshares, fan +blowers, propeller blades, and others of like character. + +When, therefore, my learned predecessor in Crane's case added to this +number a box so designed as to hold with convenience a set of furs, he +did but confirm and not alter the practice of the Office, so far as it +can be gleaned from the patented cases. I am of opinion that the class +of cases named in the act as arising from "new shape or configuration" +includes within it all those mere changes of form which involve increase +of utility. This I take to be the spirit of the decision in Wooster +_vs_. Crane, 2 Fisher 583. The design was of a reel in the shape of a +rhombus. The learned Judge says "In this case, the reel itself, as an +article of manufacture, is conceded to be old and not the subject of +a patent. The shape applied to it by the complainant is also an old, +well-known mathematical figure. Now although it does not appear that +any person ever before applied this particular shape to this particular +article, I cannot think that the act quoted above was intended to secure +to the complainant an exclusive right to use this well known figure in +the manufacture of reels. The act, although it does not require utility +in order to secure the benefit of its provisions, does require that +the shape produced shall be the result of industry, effort genius, or +expense, and must also, I think, be held to require that the shape or +configuration sought to be secured shall, at least, be new and original +as applied to articles of manufacture. But here the shape is a common +one in many articles of manufacture, and its application to a reel +cannot fairly be said to be the result of industry, genius, effort, +and expense. No advantage whatever is pretended to be derived from the +adoption of the form selected by the complainant, except the incidental +one of using it as a trademark. Its selection can hardly be said to be +the result of effort even; it was simply an arbitrary chance selection +of one of many well-known shapes, all equally well adapted to the +purpose. To hold that such an application of a common form can +be secured by letters patent, would be giving the act of 1861 a +construction broader than I am willing to give it" + +It would seem from this language that if there had been "advantage," +that is, utility in the adoption of the form of the rhombus, that it +would have found more favor in the eyes of the Court. + +This subject has been well discussed in the opinion of Commissioner +Foote in Crane _ex parte_. I concur in that opinion, except as to +the recital of the former practice of the Office, which a careful +examination has shown to be erroneous. + +The third question may be readily disposed of. Modes of operation or +construction, principles of action, combinations to secure novelty or +utility of movement, or compositions of matter, can hardly be said to be +"shapes, configurations, or designs," but where the sole utility of the +new device arises from its new shape or configuration, I think it may +fairly be included among the subjects which the act of 1842 was designed +to protect. + +The present case may, in view of the foregoing consideration, be +disposed of without difficulty. Letters patent are asked, by applicant, +for a new design for a rubber eraser, which consists in giving to the +eraser a cylindrical body, with ends beveled to an edge. The claim is +for the "cylindrical rubber eraser provided with a wrapper or case, as +herein shown and described" + +In the body of the specification the applicant describes the mode of +making the eraser, and he also enumerates its advantages over erasers of +the ordinary forms. + +The Examiner does not object to the application because of the utility +of the eraser, although the Board of Examiners in Chief seem to base +their decision upon that point alone, but he pronounces the form already +old in its application to artists' stumps, and he insists that the mode +of composition or construction can form no element, for the claim for a +design patent. + +In the latter statement he is undoubtedly right. These patents are +granted solely for new shapes or forms, and the form being new it is +immaterial by what process that form is attained. The composition of +matter or the mode of construction is neither "design," "shape," nor +"configuration," and must be protected, if at all, under a patent of +another kind. I cannot say that the presence of such matter in the +specification would be objectionable if description merely, but it could +in no way be allowed to enter into, or to modify the claim. + +As to the first ground of rejection, I think the Examiner is in error. +This purports to be a new form or shape of a distinct article of +manufacture, to wit: rubber erasers. If it be new, as thus applied, it +is immaterial whether pencils, or stumps, or pen holders, or anything +else may or may not have been made cylindrical. If they are not +substantially the same article of manufacture as erasers, the old form +applied to this new article is unquestionably entitled to protection. + +The applicant has not defined his invention with entire accuracy. He +should strike from his claim the words "provided with a wrapper or +case," as those relate to construction and not configuration, and he +should insert the words "having the ends beveled to an edge" in lieu +of the phrase erased, or he should adopt the usual form of claim for +designs, viz: "The design for a rubber eraser, as shown and described." + +As the claim stands, it ought not to be allowed, and the decision must +be affirmed, but the applicant will be allowed to amend as suggested. + +(Signed) S.S. FISHER. + +Commissioner of Patents + + * * * * * + + + + +Inventions Patented In England by Americans. + +[Compiled from the "Journal of the Commissioners of Patents."] + +PROVISIONAL PROTECTION FOR SIX MONTHS. + + +3,201.--SEWING MACHINE.--H.A. House, Bridgeport, Conn. November 4, 1869. + +3,211.--BORING TOOL.--Alexander Allen, New York city. November 5 1869. + +3,215.--MODE OF AND DEVICES FOE SECURING STAIR RODS.--H. Uhry, New York +city. November 6, 1869. + +3,229.--TRANSPORTATION OF LETTERS, PARCELS, AND OTHER FREIGHT BY +ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE, AND IN APPARATUS CONNECTED THEREWITH.--A. E. +Beach, Stratford, Conn. November 9, 1869. + +3,303.--RELOADING CARTRIDGE SHELL.--R.J. Gatling, Indianapolis, Ind. +November 16, 1869. + +3,342.--WOODEN PAVEMENT.--I. Hayward and J.F. Paul, Boston, Mass. +November 20, 1869. + +3,358.--MACHINERY FOR DISTRIBUTING TYPE.--O.L. Brown, Boston, Mass. +November 20,1869. + +3,219.--WEIGHING MACHINE.--M. Kennedy, New York city. November 10, 1869. + +3,260.--BRAN DUSTER.--W. Huntley and A. Babcock, Silver Creek, N.Y. +November 12, 1869. + +3,339.--RAILWAY CARRIAGE.--E. Robbins, Cincinnati, Ohio. November 19, +1869. + +3,341.--REVOLVING BATTERY GUN.--R.J. Gatling, Indianapolis, Ind. Nov. +19, 1869. + +3,360.--SASH FASTENER.--S.L. Loomis, South Byron, N.Y. November 20, +1869. + +3,363.--MAGNETIC MACHINES AND MAGNETS.--J. Burroughs, Jr., Newark N.J. +November 20, 1869. + + * * * * * + + + + +Russ' Improved Wood Molding Machine. + + +A comprehensive description of this excellent machine was given upon +page 230, Vol. XVIII., of the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN. We now present our +readers with an engraving of it and a summary of its important features, +which doubtless render it equal if not superior to any machine of the +kind in market. The frame in which the feed rollers are arranged is so +hung to the frame-work of the molding machine, that it can be raised or +lowered at pleasure, in order to properly adjust the feed rollers for +action upon the "stuff," and it is also so constructed as to permit the +feed rollers to yield in case of variations in the thickness of the +"stuff" passing under them. The spindle of the side cutter-heads is hung +in a vertical frame arranged to be moved up and down, and laterally, to +adjust the cutter-head for action, and is provided at its upper end with +a box or bearing, whereby the bearing of the box is always kept upon the +spindle instead of at different points of the same as in other machines, +and this without interfering with the adjustability of the side +cutter-head. Thus uneven wear is avoided. + +[Illustration: RUSS' MONITOR MOLDING MACHINE.] + +The bed of the machine is formed with a series of slots or openings +provided with bridge bars so that the cutters may act upon the edges of +the stuff without danger of injury from striking the bed. The presser +shoe is also made adjustable for different thicknesses of the "stuff" +and self-yielding to variations in thickness, by a peculiar method of +hanging the bar, which carries the presser shoe, to the framework of the +machine. + +The clamp which holds the press block which acts upon the "stuff" after +it has passed through the cutter, is of novel construction, and the +spindle of the side cutter-heads is so arranged in connection with a +loose pulley and the pulley-drums, that both cutter-heads are driven by +one belt and in the same direction. + +The bed plate is provided with springs through which the side +cutter-heads are arranged, to move laterally or transversely with a +bridge-plate or plates, susceptible of adjustment independent of the +cutter-heads, whereby an adjustable support to the "stuff" is given as +it passes over the line of the openings in the bed. + +Most machines have weighted pressure feed, but this having steel springs +adjustable by a screw and hand wheel, a heavy or light pressure can be +applied according to the work done or size of molding. The cutter-heads +are square and slotted so that any style of molding can be stuck by +putting cutters on all sides of the head, thus equalizing the cost and +lessening the power. The pressure shoe is arranged to hold the "stuff" +at the very point of contact with the cutters, and, as we have shown, is +readily adjusted to a long or short cutter, so that a small molding can +be made as smooth as a large one, and so as not to require any finishing +with sandpaper or a hand tool. + +The machine has also a bevel track very useful for picture frame +molding, and a patent cap of great value for the cutters, and readily +applied to any slotted head or common head. The wrenches that go with +the machine, and the common malleable iron caps for the top cylinder, +are shown in detail. These machines are now running in Worcester, +Boston, and Fitchburg, Mass.; Chicago, Ill.: Philadelphia, Pa.; +Brattleboro, Vt.; Whitesboro, N. Y.; Charleston, S. C., and other +places, and, it is claimed, are capable of doing better work and more of +it than any machine now in use. + +This machine is covered by several patents taken through the Scientific +American Patent Agency. It is manufactured by R. Ball & Co., of +Worcester, Mass, to whom write for further information. + + * * * * * + + + + +A Lost Civilization. + + +At the last regular meeting of the American Geographical and Statistical +Society at its rooms in the Cooper Institute, Professor Newberry, +of Columbia College, delivered an address on the subject of his +explorations in Utah and Arizona Territories. The speaker commenced +by giving a short history of the circumstances under which the two +government expeditions to which he was attached were organized. He then +confined his remarks to the subject of the latter expedition, no account +of which has yet been published. Its aim was principally to explore the +region embraced by what is known as the old Spanish trail from Santa Fe +to California. After giving an interesting account of the topography of +the region traversed, he proceeded to speak of the traces which were +found on every hand of a former occupancy by a numerous population now +extinct. These were most numerous near the course of the San Juan river. +There were found ruins of immense structures, a view of one of which he +exhibited, built regularly of bricks, a foot in thickness, and about +eighteen inches in length, with the joints properly broken, and as +regularly laid and as smooth as any in a Fifth Avenue mansion. This +structure he said was as large as the Croton reservoir. Inside were +rooms nicely plastered as the walls of a modern house. There were also +traces of extensive canals, which had been constructed to bring water to +these towns, which were received into large cisterns. The lecturer also +exhibited pieces of pottery which he said abounded everywhere, showing +that in a former age all this vast region had been inhabited. He gave it +as his opinion that the depopulation of this region was attributable to +the fact that both to the north and the south were warlike hordes, and +from the incursions of one and the other of these, the peaceable Aztecs, +who had been the former denizens of the country, had been gradually +wiped out. The only people left here now were the Mokies, who lived +in towns inclosed within high, thick walls, and who were almost +inaccessible. These people were visited, and the explorers were received +by them with great hospitality. The speaker concluded by giving a short +account of the manners of the people and their customs, as far as an +opportunity was had to observe them. + + * * * * * + + + + +GIRARD'S "PALIER GLISSANT." + + +The term "_palier glissant_," which does not admit of being very happily +translated into an English term of equal brevity, is the name given by +the inventor, Mr. Girard, to a frictionless support, or socket, designed +to sustain the axes of heavy wheels in machinery. Since it is a +contrivance deriving its efficacy from hydraulic pressure, it may, +without impropriety, be considered here. The friction of axles in their +supports is the occasion of a considerable loss of power in every +machine. + +[Illustration] + +The loss of power itself, though a real disadvantage, is nevertheless a +matter of secondary consequence compared with the attendant elevation +of temperature, which, were not means carefully provided for reducing +friction to the lowest point possible, might soon be so great as to +arrest the operation of the machine itself. It was stated in a public +lecture delivered in May, 1867, before the Scientific Association of +France, that, in a certain instance within the lecturer's knowledge, the +screw shaft of a French naval propeller became absolutely welded to its +support, though surrounded by the water of the sea, in consequence of +the great heat developed by its revolution. + +The ordinary means of reducing friction is to apply oil, or some other +unctuous substance, to the parts which move upon each other. Some +disadvantages attend this expedient, but till a better is suggested +they have to be endured. The cost of the oil expended in maintaining in +proper condition the axles of the machinery in a foundery, or of the +rolling stock of a railroad, amounts to a large sum annually; while the +want of neatness which its use makes, to a certain extent, inevitable, +and the labor which must be constantly employed to prevent this want of +neatness from becoming much greater than it is, are serious items to be +set off against its positive usefulness. + +The object of Mr. Girard is to get rid of all these drawbacks by the +simple expedient of substituting water for oil. It would not avail to +apply water precisely as oil is applied. Though any one's experience may +tell him that two smooth pieces of metal will slide more smoothly on +each other when they are wet than when they are dry, yet every one knows +also that oil facilitates the movement much more perceptibly than water; +and also, that in the case of oil there is no difficulty in maintaining +the lubricating film, whereas water easily evaporates, and in case of +the accident of even a moderate elevation of temperature, it would be +expelled from the joint entirely. Mr. Girard proposes, therefore, to +employ the water to act, first, by its pressure, to lift the Journal to +be lubricated; and secondly, by its fluidity, to form a liquid bed or +cushion between the journal and its box, on which the journal may rest +in its revolution, without touching the metal of the box at all. + +The construction will be understood by referring to the figure. One of +the journals is represented as removed, and in the cylindrical surface +of the socket are seen grooves occupying a considerable part of the area +exposed. These grooves communicate, by an aperture in the middle, with +a tube which is represented externally, and which sends a branch to the +other journal, through which water under a heavy pressure is introduced +into the box beneath the journal. The effect of the hydraulic pressure +is to lift the axle, opening a passage for the escape of the compressed +water, which at the same time, because of its release from compression, +loses the power to sustain the weight. If, therefore, by the first +impulse, the axle is thrown upward to any sensible distance, it will +immediately fall back again, once more confining more or less completely +the water. After one or two oscillations, therefore, the axle will +settle itself at length in a position in which, while the water will +escape, it will escape but as a film of inappreciable thickness. In this +condition the journal turns upon a liquid bed, and the resistance to its +revolution is so excessively small that a slow rotation given by hand +to a wheel sustained by it will be maintained for many minutes without +perceptible retardation. In fact, the most striking illustration which +can be given of the immense superiority of the _palier glissant_ over +a support lubricated in in any other way, is furnished by placing two +precisely similar wheels or disks side by side, weighing five or six +pounds each, with a diameter of seven or eight inches, and journals +of half an inch in diameter; one of them furnished with _paliers +glissants_, and the other with boxes lubricated with fine oil. Give each +of them a velocity of rotation of about one revolution in a second; the +one lubricated with oil will come to rest before the other begins to +give evidence of any sensible retardation; but if at any moment the +stop-cock which supplies the water to the second be turned, this one +will also stop, and its stopping will be instantaneous. + +It might be supposed that a journal supported in the manner above +described would be unsteady and liable to injurious vibrations. This is +not the case, and it is easy to see why not. When the journal is truly +in the middle of the socket, that is to say when there is an equal +distance between it and the wall of the socket on either side, it will +be equally pressed from both sides. But if it is in the least displaced +laterally, the pressure on the side toward which it moves will instantly +increase, while that on the other side will correspondingly diminish: +both causes transpiring to resist the displacement, and to maintain the +journal in the position of true equilibrium. + +The water pressure by which these "slippery supports" are supplied must +be created by a force pump worked by the machine itself. The reservoir +need not be large as the expenditure of water is very minute in volume. +To the objection which may naturally be made, that the working of the +pump must be a tax on the motive power without return, a reply at once +simple and satisfactory is found in the experience of Mr. Girard, that +the working of the pump does not consume so much as half, and sometimes +not more than one one quarter, of the power which is lost in friction +when the ordinary modes of lubrication are employed; so that by the +adoption of this expedient the available power of the machine is +very sensibly increased after deducting all that is expended in the +performance of this additional work. + + * * * * * + +BEES BENEFICIAL TO FRUIT.--Dr. A. Packard, editor of the _American +Naturalist_, replies to a query in regard to the effects produced upon +fruit by the agency of honey bees, that all the evidence given by +botanists and zoologists who have specially studied the subject, shows +that bees improve the quality and tend to increase the quantity of +fruit. They aid in the fertilization of flowers, thus preventing the +occurrence of sterile flowers, and, by more thoroughly fertilizing +flowers already perfect, render the production of sound and well +developed fruit more sure. Many botanists think if it were not for bees, +and other insects, many plants would not bear fruit at all. + + * * * * * + +Steamboats on the American plan are to be introduced on Lake Geneva, +Switzerland. This will add very greatly to the comfort and pleasure of +tourists on that beautiful lake. + + * * * * * + + + + +SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN + +MUNN & COMPANY, Editors and Proprietors. + + +PUBLISHED WEEKLY AT NO. 37 PARK ROW (PARK BUILDING), NEW YORK. + +O.D. MUNN. S.H. WALES. A.E. BEACH. + + * * * * * + +"The American News Company," Agents, 121 Nassau street, New York + +"The New York News Company," 8 Spruce street + + * * * * * + +VOL. XVII., No. 1....[NEW SERIES.]...._Twenty-fifth Year_. + +NEW YORK, SATURDAY, JANUARY, 1, 1870. + + * * * * * + + + + +A HAPPY NEW YEAR! + + +Is the heartfelt wish conveyed in this beautiful and unusually large +number, to each and all of our friends and readers This holiday number +is worthy of note not only on account of its size, its rich table of +contents, and profuse illustrations, but because we publish this week +the largest edition ever sent out from this office. + +Our readers may be surprised at our publishing the title page of the +volume again this week but they will please observe it is the title page +of Vol XXII, which we are now commencing The title pages will hereafter +be published with the first instead of the last number of each volume, +so as to bring it in its proper place for binding. + +Subscriptions are pouring in from all parts of the country in the most +encouraging manner. Many have already secured the prize engraving, by +sending in the requisite number of names-but we feel obliged to confess +that there is now a considerable want of vitality in the competition +for the cash prizes. We expect however, that as soon as the new year's +greetings are fairly exchanged, that this opportunity to receive some +purse money will attract the attention of our enterprising readers The +times may be a little close just now, but we are confident that the +spring will open joyously, and we are quite sure that the people will +still want to know what is going on in the GREAT WORLD OF INDUSTRY, +which, it will be our duty to chronicle. + +All lists intended to compete for the cash premium must be marked "Cash +prize list." + +Once more we say a "Happy New Year" to all. + + * * * * * + + + + +THE SUEZ CANAL NOT YET A FAILURE. + + +The daily press is giving currency to a great many facts in regard to +the present incomplete condition of the Suez Canal, and some journals +are arguing therefrom that it is a failure. As yet, ships of heavy draft +are unable to get through it. Some disasters to shipping have occurred +in the Red Sea after the canal has been passed, and it is not at +all improbable that more troubles will arise before everything goes +smoothly. + +The Red Sea is comparatively unknown to navigators. It contains hidden +rocks which must be charted and buoyed before its navigation can be +rendered safe. Surely this ought not to take the world by surprise. +As to the canal itself, we are only surprised that it has reached its +present state of perfection and we advise those who now make haste to +prophesy ignominious defeat for one of the greatest enterprises of the +century, to suspend judgment for a time. New York journalists might +certainly call to mind with profit, the annual troubles attending the +opening of the canals in this State. Frosts heave and rats undermine, +and banks annually give way, yet these things are not regarded as +surprising. But upon the opening of a work, to which all the minor +canals in the world are like the rods of the magicians to Aaron's rod +which swallowed them up, it is expected that everything shall move +without difficulty, and that no oversight will have been committed. +Truly this would be to attribute a power of prevision to M. Lesseps +beyond what is human. The world can afford to wait a little till this +huge machine gets oiled. Great enterprises move slow at the outset. We +have yet unshaken faith in the ultimate success of the Suez Canal. + + * * * * * + + + + +TUBULAR BOILERS AND BOILER EXPLOSIONS. + + +In our description of the novel steam boiler, published on page 209, +last volume, we made a quotation from several eminent writers and +experimenters on the subjects of heat and steam, to the effect that +the tubular system in steam boilers was wrong in theory and unsafe in +practice, and although this system has hitherto been extensively used on +account of some advantages which it secures, it has long been a serious +question with thinking men whether these advantages were not obtained at +too dear a rate. + +While not prepared to admit all the force of the objections made to the +tubular system, there are arguments against it that it will not do to +treat lightly and which seem to us more and more forcible the more we +candidly reflect upon the subject. One of the most forcible of these +which occurs to us is, that in the tubular system the disruptive force +of unequal expansion is far more likely to become a cause of danger than +in the plain cylinder boiler. In such boilers the tension of expanded +tubes is transmitted to the shell, which are greatly strained without +doubt, often nearly to the verge of rupture. When this occurs it is +evident an unusual strain, caused by sudden generation of steam, would +act in concert with the expansion of the tubes, and we have no doubt +these causes combined have given rise to many an explosion when the +steam, acting singly, could never have produced rupture. + +But while we give due weight to this argument, there is one often +referred to by our correspondents, and which we often see stated in +newspapers, as ridiculous as the one we have noticed is forcible. It +is that when, in such boilers, water, by carelessness or otherwise, is +allowed to fall below any of the tubes, the steam which surrounds them +is decomposed, and becomes an explosive mixture of hydrogen and oxygen +gases, ready to explode with terrible violence whenever the temperature +of the tubes shall have reached the proper point. + +This argument is ridiculous, because it rests on no experimental basis. +It is a flimsy theory, entirely unsupported by any facts. Never has it +been proved that hot iron, at any temperature likely to be obtained in +steam boiler tubes, decomposes steam except by itself appropriating +the oxygen of the steam, and leaving the hydrogen, by itself no more +explosive than any other heated gas. + +The sole object of the tubular boiler is to increase the heating +surface, without corresponding increase in other particulars. That it is +not the only means whereby this object can be secured has already been +demonstrated and we believe will hereafter be shown in divers ways. We +have no more doubt that the next fifty years will witness the total +abandonment of the tubular system, than we have that the world will last +that length of time. + + * * * * * + + + + +AMERICAN RAILWAY MANAGEMENT. + + +There seems a growing opinion among railway managers that the sole +end and purpose of a railroad is to line the 6 pockets of, if not its +stockholders, at least its directors. In fact we not long since saw a +statement in a widely-circulated journal, that, as the sole purpose of +railroads is that the companies who own them should make money, it +is absurd to suppose they would be content to manage them in any way +whereby such a result would not be most likely to accrue. + +The journal referred to, in making this statement a basis for an +argument in favor of railway consolidation, entirely ignored the rights +of the public from which railway corporations have obtained their +charters. In these charters certain privileges were granted, not out of +pure generosity, but with the understanding that certain benefits +were to accrue to the public. Its safety and convenience were to be +considered as well as the profits to the owners. + +Every charter granted to these roads involves a contract on their part +to do the public a certain service, and in a large majority of cases +these contracts are to-day unfulfilled. Day after day sees the power to +control more and more centered in a few unscrupulous wily managers, and +the comfort and safety of passengers more and more disregarded; yet +still the people submit. + +But they do not submit without complaint. Now and then a newspaper +correspondent grumbles, and the news of smashes that may be almost daily +seen in the papers gives a text for an occasional editorial blast, as +little heeded by the delinquent companies, as a zephyr is felt by an +oak. + +Thus the New York _Times_, on the occasion of a recent railway disaster, +gives vent to a little mild denunciation. It says: + +"The general rule in this country (to which there are indeed exceptions) +in regard to the purchase of railway materials is simply this: buy the +cheapest. First cost is the controlling and often the only question +entertained. The nature of the materials and processes to be used in the +manufacture of rails, for instance, are not mentioned. The buyers for +some of our roads, especially new roads, never make the slightest +allusion to quality, and never specify tests and inspections, but +simply go about among the mills, comparing and beating down prices, and +accepting the very lowest. More than one of our rail makers are to-day +rolling, under protest, rails upon which they decline to put their +trade-mark--rails made from the very cheapest materials, in the very +meanest manner--for all that is required is that they shall stick +together till they are laid. And if American makers will not roll them, +Welsh makers will. The late report of the State Engineer of New York +says: 'American railway managers, instead of offering anything like a +reasonable price for good iron rails, have made themselves notorious by +establishing as standard, a brand of rails known all over the world as +"American rails," which are confessedly bought and sold as the weakest, +most impure, least worked, least durable, and cheapest rails that can be +produced.' The State Engineer refers, in confirmation of this opinion, +to the statement of Mr. A.S. Hewitt, United States Commissioner to the +Paris Exposition, a statement not yet controverted; and to a statement +of Mr. Sandberg, an English engineer of note, in the London _Times_. +A leading American railway president and reformer has publicly said: +'There is a fear on my part that railway companies will themselves tempt +steel makers to send a poor article by buying the cheapest--first cost +only considered--_as they did with the ironmasters_.'" + +This certainly is a blessed state of affairs. We have given privileges +to giant corporations, which they have improved so profitably, that they +now can defeat, in our Legislatures, any attempt to revoke them, and can +laugh at any demand for better management. + +Disguise it how we may, the railroads have got the upper hand of the +people, and they seem likely to keep it, unless, indeed, their rapacity +shall react against themselves. + +At the moment of this writing accounts reach us of the officers of a +prominent railway line intrenching themselves against the officers of +the law, and employing force to resist the service of precepts calling +them to account for alleged frauds upon the stockholders. + +That the Legislature of this State has the power to put a stop to these +disgraceful proceedings, is certain; what it will do remains to be +demonstrated. + + * * * * * + + + + +THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE PRIZES AWARDED TO STEAM ENGINES. + + +If there is anybody satisfied with the action of the managers of the +American Institute, in the matter of awarding prizes to the competing +engines exhibited at the recent fair, we have yet to meet that +complacent individual. Neither the exhibitors nor the general public +could be expected to accept with equanimity such a report as the +managers have made, because it is inadequate to give any real idea of +the relative merits of the engines tested. The exhibitors, at a large +expense, took their engines to the hall of exhibition, placed them in +position, and with them drove the machinery exhibited there; and now, +when in return they had a right to expect a decided, manly course on the +part of the managers, the oyster is swallowed and the contestants are +each politely handed a shell. + +The conditions on which the general test was to be made contained, among +other specifications, these: that "the water supplied to and evaporated +in the boiler will be measured by means of a meter, and the coal burned +may also be weighed." + +Only one of the conditions quoted was properly complied with. The coal +was weighed, but though a meter was used to measure the water, tests +made, we are informed, _after the trial of the engines_, showed that +the meter was so inaccurate as to completely invalidate any calculation +based upon its record of the water supplied. Nevertheless this has, +we are credibly informed, been made the basis of calculation; and the +amount of coal consumed during each trial has been rejected either as a +basis of calculation or a check on the inaccuracy of the meter. + +Other prescribed regulations were observed with great care. The engines +were indicated in a masterly manner by a gentleman of great experience, +as the cards--tracings of which we have seen--bear ample testimony. The +temperature of the feedwater was 47 degrees; it should, in our opinion, +have been heated, but we waive this point. The state of the barometer +and temperatures of engine room and fire-room were observed; but +we respectfully submit, that with coal consumption left out of the +calculation, and the water consumption an unascertained quantity, the +question of relative economy, the vital point to be settled, is as +uncertain today as it was before the test. + +In the _Tribune_ of December 20, appeared a statement of the test to +ascertain the accuracy of the meter used, which showed that in an +aggregate of twelve tests it varied nearly three per cent in its record +from the actual quantity delivered, while at times it was so erratic +that it varied in one instance over _ten per cent_. + +Truly, considered in connection with this fundamental error, +temperatures of engine and boiler rooms, and states of barometer, will +not count for much with engineers. + +An oversight like this would, however, never have been laid at the door +of the managers, however it might invalidate the test; but when the +utterly absurd decision announced in the papers, after a tedious delay +had led the public to expect an exhaustive statement, gave rise to +general disappointment and excited the utmost dissatisfaction, it became +manifest that a manly, straightforward course on their part was not to +be hoped for, and that any protest against the consummation of the farce +would be vain. + +It is not for us to decide on the merits of the engines submitted to +test. It was for the judges to do this. We maintain that nothing that +the public will accept as a decision has been reached, and on behalf of +the public we protest that the managers have not only placed themselves +in a very unenviable position by their action in the premises, but have +done a lasting injury to the American Institute, the results of which +will be disastrously felt in future exhibitions. + +The studied ambiguity of the report which awards two first prizes to +the competing engines, is no less apparent than the desire to shun +responsibility. + + * * * * * + + + + +A PROTEST AGAINST THE CANADIAN PATENT LAW. + + +In July, 1869, the New Dominion Patent Law went into operation, but it +has not yet been approved by the Queen, and if rejected the Canadian +Parliament will perhaps try its hand again. Although Canadians may +freely go to all parts of the world and take out patents for their +inventions, they have always manifested a mean spirit and adopted a +narrow policy, in reference to inventors of other nations. Their present +patent laws are so framed as practically to debar all persons except +Canadians from taking patents; and the result is that American and +English inventions are pirated and patented in the Dominion, without so +much as a "thank you, sir," to the _bona fide_ originators. + +A protest has been presented to her Majesty's Secretary of State for the +Colonies, asking that the new law may be rejected, on the ground that it +deprives the subjects of the Crown of their equal rights throughout +the empire. There is force in this objection, and Lord Granville has +promised that it shall be duly considered before the Queen is advised to +sign the law. + +The probable result will be a revision of the Dominion patent code so as +to let in Englishmen but exclude the Yankees, from whom the Canadians +derive whatever of improvement, progress, and energy they possess. + + * * * * * + + + + +THE BRIGHTER SIDE. + + +Ingratitude seldom enters into the composition of a true inventor, and +nothing in our business career has afforded us more pleasure than the +frequent letters addressed to us by those who have, during more than +twenty years, employed the Scientific American Patent Agency. We cannot +find room for all the pleasant missives that come to us from our +extensive list of clients, but we may give a few as samples of the many. + +Mr. Daniel J. Gale, of Sheboygan, Wis., has recently secured through our +Agency Letters Patent for a "Perpetual and Lunar Calendar Clock." In the +fullness of his satisfaction he thus writes: "The fact is, I shall never +be able to thank you sufficiently for what you have done for me. I +sent you a copy of the paper printed here, which favorably notices my +improvement and your great Agency. The fees charged me for my patent +have been low enough. Already, by one of my own townsmen, I have been +offered $4,000 for my interest in the patent. But I must not take up too +much of your I time. Please allow me to add that I regularly receive +your valuable paper, the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, and that you may number me +as one of its stanch friends." + +Mr. Edwin Norton, of Brooklyn, N.Y., in a recent note, says: "Allow me +to express my thanks for the promptness and efficiency with which the +business of obtaining a patent for my 'Cinder and Dust Arrester' has +been conducted through your Agency--and not only in this case but in +several previous ones. This is the _fourth_ patent obtained by me +through four Agency within nine months. It gives me pleasure to add my +testimony to that of many others, with respect to the very satisfactory +manner in which your Patent Agency is conducted." + +Mr. E. J. Marstens says, in reference to his improved "Field Press"--"I +find everything correct. You certainly accomplished more than I expected +after the first examination by the Primary Examiner. I hope soon to be +able to give you another case." + +Mr. S. P. Williams, an old client, writes as follows: "I received the +patent on my 'Trace Lock for Whiffletrees,' and I am truly pleased with +the prompt manner in which you have done the business. It is only a few +weeks since I made the application, and I expected that it would be as +many months before the patent could be granted." + + * * * * * + + + + +PROFESSOR FISKE'S LECTURES AT HARVARD. + + +It certainly argues well for the intellectual character of the readers +of the New York _World_ that during the prevalent taste for sensational +journalism, it has found the publication of a series of philosophical +lectures acceptable. We thank our neighbor for thus making these +lectures available to the general public. Their ability is +unquestionable; and the calmness and candor which Professor Fiske brings +to the treatment of the subject is such as to add greatly to the force +of his logic. + +The "positive philosophy" has been shown by Professor Fiske to be much +misunderstood, misapprehension not being confined solely to the ranks of +its opponents. + +His exposition of some of the misconceptions on which Professor Huxley +has based some criticisms upon the writings of Comte, strikes us as +especially forcible; and the whole course of lectures proves Professor +Fiske to be one of the clearest and most able of American thinkers. + +These lectures are followed as they appear, with great interest, and +their publication in the World we regard as a real and permanent benefit +to the public. + + * * * * * + + + + +SCIENTIFIC LECTURES BEFORE THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE. + + +The announcement of these lectures came to hand too late for our last +issue, and the first has already been delivered. The course is as +follows: Friday, Dec. 17, The Battle Fields of Science, by Andrew D. +White, President of the Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y. Friday, Dec. +24, How Animals Move, by Professor E. S. Morse, of the Peabody Academy +of Science, Salem, Mass. Friday, Dec. 31, The Correlation of Vital and +Physical Forces, by Professor G. F. Barker, of Yale College, New Haven. +Friday, Jan. 7, The Air and Respiration, by Professor J. C. Draper, of +the College of the City of New York. Friday, Jan. 14, The Connection +of Natural Science and Mental Philosophy, by Professor J. Bascom, of +Williams College, Williamstown, Mass. Friday, Jan. 21, The Constitution +of the Sun, by Dr. B. A. Gould, of Cambridge, Mass. Friday, Jan. 28, +The Colorado Plateau, its Canons and Ruined Cities, by Professor J. S. +Newberry, of Columbia College, New York. + +The course is a good one, and ought to be, and doubtless will be, well +attended. Abstracts of the lectures will appear as delivered, in the +SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN. + + * * * * * + + + + +THE BATTLE FIELDS OF SCIENCE. + +LECTURE BY PROFESSOR WHITE, BEFORE THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE. + + +This lecture did not disappoint the expectations of those familiar with +the subject of the discourse, which, considering the difficulty of +restating familiar historical facts in such a manner as to clothe them +in a garb of originality, is high praise. Many, however, found great +difficulty in hearing the speaker at the back part of the hall, and some +left the room on that account. This was unfortunate, as the lecture will +scarcely be exceeded in interest by any subsequent one of the course. +The speaker said that "In all modern history, interference with science +in the supposed interest of religion--no matter how conscientious such +interference may have been--has resulted in the direst evils both to +religion and science, and _invariably_. And on the other hand all +untrammeled scientific investigation, no matter how dangerous to +religion some of its stages may have seemed, temporarily, to be, has +invariably resulted in the highest good of religion and science. I say +_invariably_--I mean exactly that. It is a rule to which history shows +not one exception. It would seem, logically, that this statement could +not be gainsaid. God's truth must agree, whether discovered by looking +within upon the soul or without upon the world. A truth written upon the +human heart to-day in its full play of emotions or passions, cannot be +at any real variance even with a truth written upon a fossil whose poor +life was gone millions of years ago. And this being so, it would also +seem a truth irrefragable; that the search for each of these kind of +truths must be followed out in its own lines, by its own methods, to its +own results, without any interference from investigators along other +lines by other methods. And it would also seem logically that we might +work on in absolute confidence that whatever, at any moment, might seem +to be the relative positions of the two different bands of workers, they +must at last come together, for truth is one. But logic is not history. +History is full of interferences which have cost the earth dear. +Strangest of all, some of the most direful of them have been made by +the best of men, actuated by the purest motives, seeking the noblest +results. These interferences and the struggle against them make up the +warfare of science. One statement more to clear the ground. You will not +understand me at all to say that religion has done nothing for science. +It has done much for it. The work of Christianity has been mighty +indeed. Through these 2,000 years it has undermined servitude, mitigated +tyranny, given hope to the hopeless, comfort to the afflicted, light to +the blind, bread to the starving, life to the dying, and all this +work continues. And its work for science, too, has been great. It has +fostered science often and developed it. It has given great minds to it, +and but for the fears of the timid its record in this respect would have +been as great as in the other. Unfortunately, religious men started +centuries ago with the idea that purely scientific investigation is +unsafe--that theology must intervene. So began this great modern war." + +Professor White next reviewed the battle between science and theology +on the subjects of the "earth's shape, surface, and relations," "the +position of the earth among the heavenly bodies," in which Copernicus +and Galileo struggled so bravely and successfully for truth. + +The lecturer said: + +"The principal weapons in the combat are worth examining. They are very +easily examined; you may pick them up on any of the battle-fields of +science; but on that field they were used with more effect than on +almost any other. These weapons were two epithets--the epithets +'Infidel' and 'Atheist.' These can hardly be classed with civilized +weapons; they are burning arrows; they set fire to great masses of +popular prejudices. Smoke rises to obscure the real questions. Fire +bursts out at times to destroy the attacked party. They are poisoned +weapons. They go to the heart of loving women; they alienate dear +children; they injure the man after life is ended, for they leave +poisoned wounds in the hearts of those who loved him best--fears for his +eternal happiness, dread of the Divine displeasure. The battle-fields +of science are thickly strewn with these. They have been used against +almost every man who has ever done anything for his fellow-men. The list +of those who have been denounced as Infidel and Atheist includes almost +all great men of science--general scholars, inventors, philanthropists. +The deepest Christian life, the most noble Christian character has not +availed to shield combatants. Christians like Isaac Newton and Pascal, +and John Locke and John Howard, have had these weapons hurled against +them. Nay, in these very times we have seen a noted champion hurl these +weapons against John Milton, and with it another missile which often +appears on these battle-fields--the epithets of 'blasphemer' and 'hater +of the Lord.' Of course, in these days these weapons though often +effective in disturbing the ease of good men and though often powerful +in scaring women, are somewhat blunted. Indeed, they do not infrequently +injure assailants more than assailed. So it was not in the days of +Galileo. These weapons were then in all their sharpness and venom. +The first champion who appears against him is Bellarmine, one of the +greatest of theologians and one of the poorest of scientists. He was +earnest, sincere, learned, but made the fearful mistake for the world +of applying direct literal interpretation of Scripture to science. The +consequences were sad, indeed. Could he with his vast powers have taken +a different course, humanity would have been spared the long and fearful +war which ensued, and religion would have saved to herself thousands +on thousands of the best and brightest men in after ages. The weapons, +which men of Bellarmine's stamp used, were theological. They held +up before the world the dreadful consequences which must result to +Christian theology were the doctrine to prevail that the heavenly bodies +revolve about the sun, and not about the earth. + +"The next great series of battles were fought on those great fields +occupied by such sciences as _Chemistry and Natural Philosophy_. Even +before these sciences were out of their childhood--while yet they were +tottering mainly towards, childish objects and by childish steps--the +champions of that same old mistaken conception of rigid Scriptural +interpretation began the war. The catalogue of chemists and physicists +persecuted or thwarted would fill volumes." + +After alluding to many other battle-fields of science which might not +for want of time be dwelt upon at length the lecturer reviewed the +battle grounds of medicine and anatomy on which some of the severest +warfare has been waged. + +The speaker here remarked that "perhaps the most unfortunate thing that +has ever been done for Christianity is the tying it to forms of science +and systems of education, which are doomed and gradually sinking. Just +as in the time of Roger Bacon excellent but mistaken men devoted all +their energies to binding Christianity to Aristotle. Just as in the time +of Reuchlin and Erasmus they insisted on binding Christianity to Thomas +Aquinas, so in the time of Vesalius such men gave all efforts to linking +Christianity to Galen. The cry has been the same in all ages. It is the +same which we hear in this age against scientific studies--the cry +for what is called '_sound learning_.' Whether standing for Aristotle +against Bacon, or Aquinas against Erasmus, or Galen against Vesalius, +or making mechanical Greek verses at Eton, instead of studying the +handiwork of the Almighty, or reading Euripides with translations +instead of Leasing and Goethe in the original, the cry always is for +'sound learning.' The idea always is that these studies are _safe_." + +The speaker next proceeded to show that not alone in Catholic countries, +has such warfare been waged, and that even now in Protestant America the +fight is going on. + +One of the fields on which the severest warfare had raged in Protestant +countries was that of Geology. "From the first lispings of investigators +in this science there was war. The early sound doctrine was that fossil +remains were _lusus naturae_--freaks of nature--and in 1517 Fracastor +was violently attacked because he thought them something more. No less a +man than Bernard Palissy followed up the contest, on the right side, in +France, but it required 150 years to carry the day fairly against this +single preposterous theory. The champion who dealt it the deadly blow +was Scilla, and his weapons were facts obtained by examination of +the fossils of Calabria, (1670). But the advocates of tampering with +scientific reasoning soon retired to a now position. It was strong, for +it was apparently based upon Scripture--though, as the whole world now +knows, an utterly exploded interpretation of Scripture. The new position +was that the fossils were produced by the deluge of Noah. In vain had +it been shown by such devoted Christians as Bernard Palissy that this +theory was utterly untenable; in vain did good men protest against the +injury sure to result to religion by tying it to a scientific theory +sure to be exploded--the doctrine that the fossils were remains of +animals drowned at the flood continued to be upheld by the great +majority as '_sound_' doctrine. It took 120 year for the searchers +of God's truth, as revealed in nature--such men as Buffon, Linnaeus, +Woodward, and Whitehurst--to run under these mighty fabrics of error, +and by statements which could not be resisted, to explode them. + +"Strange as it may at first seem, the war on geology was waged more +fiercely in Protestant countries than Catholic, and of all countries +England furnished the most bitter opponents. You have noted already that +there are generally two sorts of attacks on a new science. First, +there is the attack by pitting against science some great doctrine in +theology. You saw this in astronomy, when Bellarmine and others insisted +that the doctrine of the earth's revolving about the sun is contrary to +the doctrine of the Incarnation. So now against geology it was urged +that the scientific doctrine that the fossils represented animals which +died before Adam was contrary to the doctrine of Adam's fall, and that +death entered the world by sin. Then there is the attack by the literal +interpretation of texts, which serves a better purpose generally in +arousing prejudice. It is difficult to realize it now, but within the +memory of the majority of those before me, the battle was raging most +fiercely in England, and both these kinds of artillery were in full play +and filling the civilized world with their roar. Less than thirty years +ago, the Rev. J. Mellor Brown was hurling at all geologists alike, and +especially at such Christian divines as Dr. Burkland, Dean Conybeare, +and Pye Smith, and such religious scholars as Professor Sedgwick, the +epithets of 'Infidel,' 'Impugner of the Sacred Record,' and 'Assailant +of the Volume of God.' His favorite weapon was the charge that these +men were 'attacking the Truth of God,' forgetting that they were simply +opposing the mistaken interpretations of J. Mellor Brown. He declared +geology 'not a subject of lawful inquiry;' he speaks of it as 'a dark +art,' as 'dangerous and disreputable,' as a 'forbidden province.' This +attempt to scare men from science having failed, various other means +were taken. + +"To say nothing about England, it is humiliating to human nature to +remember the trials to which the pettiest and narrowest of men subjected +such Christian scholars in our country as Benjamin Silliman and Edward +Hitchcock. But it is a duty and a pleasure to state here that one great +Christian scholar did honor to religion and to himself by standing +up for the claims of science despite all these clamors. That man was +Nicholas Wiseman, better known afterward as Cardinal Wiseman. The +conduct of this pillar of the Roman Catholic Church contrasts nobly with +that of timid Protestants who were filling England with shrieks and +denunciations. Perhaps the most singular attempt against geology was +that made by a fine specimen of the English Don, Dean Cockburn of York, +to _abuse_ its champions out of the field. Without apparently the +simplest elementary knowledge of geology, he opened a battery of abuse. +He gives it to the world at large by pulpit and press; he even inflicts +it upon leading statesmen by private letters. But these weapons did not +succeed. They were like Chinese gongs and dragon lanterns against rifled +cannon. Buckland, Pye Smith, Lyell, Silliman, Hitchcock, Murchison, +Agassiz, Dana, and a host of of noble champions besides, pressed on the +battle for truth was won. And was it won merely for men of science? +The whole civilized world declares that it was won for religion; that +thereby has infinitely increased the knowledge of the power and goodness +of God." + +The lecturer classed the present opposition of the Catholics to the Free +School system in this country among the long list of battles between +science and theology and concluded his lecture as follows: + +"But, my friends, I will not weary you with so recent a chapter in the +history of the great warfare extending through the centuries. There +are cheering omens. The greatest and best men in the churches--the men +standing at centers of thought--are insisting with power, more and more, +that religion shall no longer be tied to so injurious a policy--that +searchers for truth, whether in Theology or Natural Science, shall work +on as friends, sure that, no matter how much at variance they may at +times seem to be, the truths they reach shall finally be fused into each +other. No one need fear the result. No matter whether science shall +complete her demonstration that man has been on the earth six thousand +years or six hundred thousand. No matter whether she reveal new ideas of +the Creator or startling relations between his creatures--the result, +when fully thought out, will serve and strengthen religion not less than +science. The very finger of the Almighty has written on history that +science must be studied by means proper to itself, and in no other way. +That history is before us all. No one can gainsay it. It is decisive, +for it is this: There has never been a scientific theory framed for the +use of Scriptural texts, which has been made to stand. This fact alone +shows that our wonderful volume of sacred literature was not given for +any such purpose as that to which so many earnest men have endeavored +to wrest it. The power of that volume has been mighty indeed. It has +inspired the best deeds our world has known. Despite the crusts which +men have formed about it--despite the fetters which they have placed +upon it--Christianity has blessed age after age of the past, and will go +on as a blessing through age after age of the future. Let the Warfare +of Science, then, be changed. Let it be a warfare in which religion +and science shall stand together as allies, not against each other as +enemies. Let the fight be for truth of every kind against falsehood of +every kind--for justice against injustice--for right against wrong--for +beauty against deformity--for goodness against vice--and the great +warfare which has brought so many sufferings, shall bring to the earth +God's richest blessings." + + * * * * * + + + + +HOW FRENCH BANK NOTES ARE MADE. + + +When a new batch of French notes is to be printed, an equivalent number +of the choicely prepared and preserved sheets of paper is handed over +to the superintendent of the printing office. This office is among the +inner buildings of the Bank of France, and is governed by very rigorous +rules in all things. The operatives are all picked men, skillful, +active, and silent. The sheets, the ink, and the matrixes of the plates +are kept securely under lock and key until actually wanted. The +printing is effected by steam-worked presses. The ink is blue, and its +composition known only to a few of the authorities. An inspector goes +his rounds during the continuance of the operations, watching every +press, every workman, every process. A beautiful machine, distinct from +the press, is employed to print the variable numbers on the note; fed +with sheets of paper, it will number a thousand of them in succession, +changing the digits each time, and scarcely requiring to be touched +meanwhile; even the removal of one note and the placing of another are +effected by automatic agency. At every successive stage the note is +examined. So complete is the registration of everything that a record is +always at hand of the number of sheets rejected ever since the Bank of +France was established, be its defects in the paper, the printing, or +the numbering. When the master-printer has delivered up his packets of +printed and numbered sheets, each note is stamped with the signature of +the Secretary-General and the Comptroller. This completes the _creation_ +of notes. The notes so created are kept in a strong box, of which the +Secretary-General and the Comptroller have keys, and are retained until +the day of _issue_. The chief cashier tells the Governor that he wants a +new supply of a particular denomination of notes, the Governor tells the +council, the council tell the secretary-general and the comptroller, and +these two functionaries open their strong box, and hand over the notes +demanded. The notes at this time are not really money; they do not +become so until the chief cashier has put his signature to each, and +registered its number in a book. + +The life of a French bank note is said to average two or three +years, and does not terminate until the condition is very shaky +indeed--crimpled, pierced with pinholes, corner creases torn, soft, +tarnished, decrepit while yet young. Some have been half-burned; one has +been found half-digested in the stomach of a goat, and one boiled in a +waistcoat-pocket by a laundress. No matter; the cashier at the bank will +do his best to decipher it; he will indeed take an infinity of trouble +to put together the ashes of a burned note, and will give the owner a +new note or the value in coin, if satisfied of the integrity of the +old one. The bank authorities preserve specimens of this kind as +curiosities, minute fragments gummed in their proper position on a sheet +of paper. Very few of the notes are actually and irrevocably lost. +During the last sixty-seven years 24,000 bank notes of 1,000 francs each +have been issued, and of this number 23,958 had been returned to the +bank by the month of January 1869, leaving only 42 unaccounted for. +Whether these 42 are still in existence, or have seen burned into +uncollected ashes, or are at the bottom of the sea, or elsewhere, is not +known. Of 500-franc notes, 24,935 have been returned out of 25,000. The +bank holds itself morally and financially responsible for the small +number of notes unreturned, ready to cash them if at any time presented. + +The bank sends the old notes again and again into circulation, if +verified and usable; but they are examined first, and any that are found +too defective are canceled by stamping a hole in them. These canceled +notes pass from one official to another, and are grouped in classified +bundles; the book that records the birth of each note now receives a +notification of its civil death, and after three years incarceration in +a great oak chest, a grand conflagration takes place. A huge fire is +kindled in an open court; the defunct notes are thrown into a sort of +revolving wire-cage over the fire; the cage is kept rotating; and the +minute fragments of ash, whirled out of the cage through the meshes, +take their flight into infinite space--no one knows whither. The Bank of +France prints a certain number of notes per day, and destroys a smaller +number, so as to have always in reserve a sufficient supply of new notes +to meet any emergency; but the actual burning, the grand flare-up takes +place only about once a month, when perhaps 150,000 will be burned +at once. The French go down to lower denominations than the Rank of +England, having notes of 100 francs and 50 francs, equivalent to £4 and +£2. There must be a great deal of printing always going on in the Bank +of France, seeing that in 1868 they issued 2,711 000 notes, of an +aggregate value of 904,750,000 francs (averaging about £13 each), and +burned 1,927,192, value 768,854,900 francs. + +It _sounds_ a very dreadful thing for 30,000,000 sterling in bank notes +to be willfully burned in one year. But there is always a phoenix to +rise from its ashes; the bank can regenerate as fast as it kills. The +Bank of France, in 1846, put in circulation a beautiful crimson printed +note for 5,000 francs; but the French people did not like notes of so +high a denomination, and all but a very few of this kind have been +returned and canceled. On one occasion, a superb individual, wishing to +pay a dowry in handsome style, obtained twelve notes of 5,000 francs +each for the purpose; but they were returned the very next day by the +banker, who much preferred smaller notes for his general purposes. The +notes now regularly kept in circulation in France are those of 1,000, +500, 100, and 50 francs. + + * * * * * + + + + +WHAT THE NEWSPAPERS SAY. + + +A VALUABLE PAPER.--Of all the journals published in the United States, +for the mechanic and scientific man, there is nothing that will in any +way compare with the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, published by Munn & Co., of 37 +Park Row, New York. Whether as a work of reference, a record of current +scientific development, or as an organ and exponent of our inventors, it +stands alone for the general ability of its conduct, the voluminousness +and variety of its contents, the exactitude and extent of its knowledge, +and the correctness of its information. The SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN is a +credit at once to the press and our country, and the small price of +a yearly subscription ($3), purchases, it is quite safe to say, the +largest amount of solid value to be procured for a like expenditure in +the world. With our more intelligent mechanics it has long been a great +favorite, while to the inventor it is absolutely indispensable. It has +had many imitators and competitors in its day, but they have nearly all +died the natural death of a feeble inferiority.--_Argus_ (Brooklyn, N. +Y.) + + * * * * * + +THE GREAT JOURNAL OF ARTS AND SCIENCE.--There is a place in the +periodical literature of America which is occupied by only one journal; +namely, the well-known SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN. + +It is almost indispensable to a well-balanced intelligence, that a +certain proportion of its reading should be devoted to the industrial +arts and sciences, those natural manifestations of the high mental +development of the age. Every number of the journal has sixteen imperial +pages, embellished with engravings, as illustrations, which are gems of +art in themselves. It is most ably edited, and its usefulness is not +impaired by technical terms nor dry details.--_Milwaukee Sentinel._ + + * * * * * + +THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN.--This paper is the oldest in its peculiar +province in the United States, and was, for many years, the only one. +More recently others have arisen, and are following in its footsteps; +but the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN still maintains its position as the best +American journal of the inventive arts. Its Patent Office department +alone is invaluable to inventors, while its editorial articles, +illustrations, etc., give not only information, but a constant stimulus +to the productive faculty.--_Mobile Register_. + + * * * * * + +Among the papers which we could not very well do without is the +SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, issued from the well-known office of Munn & Co., 37 +Park Row, New York. Carefully edited, nicely printed, well illustrated, +it is not only a complete record of the progress of useful inventions, +but a trustworthy guide to many of the scientific topics that enlist +attention at the present day. No one can be a reader of this most +valuable journal, without being kept well informed as to current matters +of scientific discovery.--_Congregationalist_ (Boston). + + * * * * * + +THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN.--In another column we publish the prospectus of +this great paper, and would direct our readers to it. It should be on +the work bench of every mechanic, and particularly the young men of our +country, upon whose intelligence and mechanical skill depends the +future dignity of labor and prosperity of American arts and +sciences.--_Monitor_ (Huntington, Pa.) + + * * * * * + +We could fill our pages with similar notices, but will close with the +following from our cotemporary _De Hope_, published at Holland, Mich., +which we doubt not will be read with interest: + +Wij plaatsen in dit Nummer het prospectus van den SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN. +Het is een zeer schoon blad, dat vooral behoort gelezen te worden door +Handwerkslieden. Nieuwe uitvindingen, verbeteringen op het terrein van +werktuigkunde, enz, worden daar steeds in vermeld en beschreven. De +prijs is zeer matig voor zulk cen blad; drie dollars per jaar. Dat +belangstellenden de advertentie lezen. + + * * * * * + + + + +CHINESE METHODS OF PRESERVING EGGS. + + +As much has been said of late about the mode of preserving eggs, it may +not be uninteresting to say a few words about the Chinese methods, as +related by a French chemist, M. Paul Champion, who has lately visited +that country, and published a very interesting book on the ancient and +modern industries of that curious people. A very common method is to +place the eggs in a mixture of clay and water; the clay hardens around +the eggs, and is said to preserve them good for a considerable time. But +another and much more elaborate method is also commonly practiced. An +infusion of three pounds of tea is made in boiling water, and to this +are added three pounds of quicklime (or seven pounds when the operation +is performed in winter), nine pounds of sea-salt, and seven pounds of +ashes of burnt oak finely powdered. This is all well mixed together +into a smooth paste by means of a wooden spatula, and then each egg is +covered with it by hand, gloves being worn to prevent the corrosive +action of the lime on the hands. When the eggs are all covered with the +mixture, they are rolled in a mass of straw ashes, and then placed in +baskets with balls of rice--boiled, we presume--to keep the eggs from +touching each other. About 100 to 150 eggs are placed in one basket. In +about three months the whole becomes hardened into a crust, and then the +eggs are sent to market; the retail price of such eggs is generally less +than a penny each. These eggs are highly esteemed in China, and always +served in good houses; but they have undergone a strange transformation, +which certainly would not recommend them to English palates; the yolk +has assumed a decidedly green tinge, and the white is set. When broken, +they emit that unpleasant sulphurous smell which would certainly cause +their instant banishment from our breakfast-tables. However, the Chinese +are admitted, even by Frenchmen, to be great _gourmets_; and we can +only say, therefore, that in questions of eating there is certainly no +disputing about tastes. + + * * * * * + + + + +STEAM BOILER INSPECTION. + + +Mr. Alfred Guthrie, U.S. Inspector, informs us that the following +resolution was recently adopted by the Board of Supervising Inspectors: + +Resolved, That a special committee be appointed, to whom shall be +referred the subject-matter of steam boiler explosions, who shall be +requested to take up the subject in all its varied complications, and +present the result of their inquiries, with their opinions of the real +causes of such explosions, accompanied by such information as may be +of practical benefit and general interest, to be reported at the next +annual meeting of the board for its consideration. + +Mr. Guthrie, whose address will be at Washington, D.C. until January 10, +desires to receive suggestions from practical engineers upon the subject +of boiler explosions. + + * * * * * + + + + +EDITORIAL SUMMARY. + + +Darkness of complexion has been attributed to the sun's power from +the age of Solomon to this day. "Look not upon me because I am black, +because the sun hath looked upon me." And there cannot be a doubt that, +to a certain degree, the opinion is well founded--the invisible rays in +the solar beams, which change vegetable color, and have been employed +with such remarkable effect on the daguerreotype, act upon every +substance on which they fall, producing mysterious and wonderful changes +in their molecular state, man not excepted. + + * * * * * + +The three companies under whose protection Chinese are brought into +California, keep an accurate account of the condition and employment +of the persons they import. From these books it appears that 138,000 +Chinese have been brought into California. Of these, 10,426 have died, +57,323 have returned to China, and about 91,000 still remain on the +Pacific coast. But only 41,000 live in California. Of these 41,000, +9,300 are women, children, old and decrepit, or criminals confined in +the jails. The California authorities have at length decided to admit +Chinese testimony in the courts. + + * * * * * + +One of our subscribers residing in Maine has read our article "How to +Spend the Winter Evenings," and writes to us that up in his section they +have no trouble on that score. As soon as the day's work is over the +inhabitants commence the job of trying to get their rooms warm, and as +soon as a comfortable temperature is reached it is time to go to bed. + + * * * * * + +DESIGN PATENT DECISION.--We publish elsewhere a recent elaborate +decision of Commissioner Fisher, in which he reviews the laws and +former practice of the office in regard to applications for patents for +designs, with the view to the establishment of a uniformity of practice +in regard to design patents. The decision is one of much interest to +inventors and agents, and fully warrants its publication. + + * * * * * + +OIL PAPER HANGINGS.--A kind of oil paper hangings called "Oleo Charta" +is now made in England, which, it is asserted, is impervious to wet, may +be placed on new or damp walls without risk of damage or discoloration, +may be washed with soap and water as often as required, and will last +twenty years. The process of manufacture is not explained. + + * * * * * + + + + +THE STEVENS BREECH-LOADING RIFLE. + + +This new arm, a patent on which, was obtained through the Scientific +American Patent Agency, June 11, 1867, is destined, in our opinion, +to become a formidable rival to the breech-loading rifles which have +already attained popularity. It is one of the most simple and effective +guns we have yet seen. Only three motions are required to load, +discharge the piece, and throw out the shell of the cartridge. The +breech-block is side-hinged, and it is opened and the shell is thrown +out by simply bringing the gun to half cock. The gun may, however, be +cocked without opening the breech by pressing the trigger while cocking. + +The gun, when held in position, may be fired at the rate of forty shots +per minute. All the movements of the parts are directly backward and +forward; in our opinion the best that can be employed for this purpose, +and the least liable to get out of order. In short, the gun possesses +all the essentials of a first class rifle, and has advantages which we +think are not ordinarily met with in arms of this character. + + * * * * * + + + + +A NOVEL FRENCH HAND VISE. + + +In using ordinary hand vises several inconveniences are met with. For +instance, if it is desired to work a piece of metal of a certain length, +it must necessarily be presented obliquely on the side of the jaw of the +vise, because of its screw, which is horizontal and forms a knob in the +axis of the vise. The consequences are, first, that on tightening the +nut of the horizontal screw vise the pressure is only exerted on the +side, and greatly tries the vise itself while obtaining an irregular +pressure; secondly, that as the piece to be worked is held obliquely, +however skilled the workman may be, he always finds himself cramped in +the execution of his work, particularly if of a delicate nature. + +To avoid these inconveniences a Parisian mechanic has designed and +lately patented in England the neat form of hand vise of which we annex +illustrations, Fig. 1 being an elevation and Fig. 2 a longitudinal +section. In these views, A, is a wooden or metal handle pierced +throughout its length; this handle of metal may be made in one piece, +with the nut, and the conical ferrule. B is the ring or ferrule of the +handle; and C are the jaws of the vise worked by the adjusting screw, +D, and the springs, r r. E is a conical ferrule or shoulder, fixed or +movable, and serving to open or close the jaws of the vise accordingly +as the handle is turned right or left; this conical shoulder is +protected from wear by a tempered steel washer, v. G is a nut with +collar carrying the conical ferrule or shoulder, E, and the steel +washer, v, while H H are the joints of the jaws of the vise held by a +screw, I, which serves as a support to the adjusting screw. + +[Illustration: FIG. 1. FIG. 2.] + +This hand vise may be applied to a number of uses, and among others it +may be readily converted into a haft or handle for any kind of tailed +or shanked tool, such as files, wrenches, olive bits, chisels, or +screwdrivers, and may also serve as pincers or nippers. It is of very +simple construction. + + * * * * * + + + + +THE MOUND-BUILDERS IN COLORADO. + + +New evidence of the existence of the Mound-Builders in the mountain +ranges of Colorado, similar to those in Montana, Utah, and Nevada, have +recently been discovered by Mr. C.A. Deane, of Denver. He found upon +the extreme summit of the snow-range structures of stone, evidently of +ancient origin, and hitherto unknown or unmolested. Opposite to and +almost north of the South Boulder Creek, and the summit of the range, +Dr. Deane observed large numbers of granite rocks, and many of them as +large as two men could lift, in a position that could not have been +the result of chance. They had evidently been placed upright in a line +conforming to a general contour of the dividing ridge, and frequently +extending in an unbroken line for one or two hundred yards. The walls +and the mounds are situated three thousand feet above the timber line. +It is, therefore, hardly supposable that they were built for altars of +sacrifice. They were not large enough for shelter or defense. The more +probable supposition is that, like the large mounds in Montana and +elsewhere, they were places of sepulture. + + * * * * * + + + + +THE WOVEN-WIRE MATTRESS. + + +Most of our readers who attended the last Fair of the American +Institute, will recall an article in the furniture department, which +attracted much attention on account of its novelty and utility. We refer +to the wire mattress, or bed, manufactured by the Woven Wire Mattress +Company, of Hartford, Conn. To the ordinary mind a new invention is +interesting or not, in proportion to the probability of its coming into +every-day use, and many a good housewife lingers in admiration over an +improved sewing machine or cooking stove, to whom a new steam engine has +no attraction. For this reason it was that the wire mattress was sat on +and lain on by the numerous visitors at the Fair. + +[Illustration] + +The engraving presented herewith will give the reader, who has not seen +the article, a good idea of its appearance. It consists of a fabric +represented below, half an inch thick, composed of fine wire springs, +each one the length of the bed; all the three hundred spirals, being so +woven and braided together, in a double "weave," by machinery, that +a sort of wire cloth is produced. It differs from any other material +hitherto made, in that it has great strength and elasticity. There is, +in fact, no other device, except the air or water bed, which can compare +with it in its elastic properties. + +[Illustration] + +We are informed that nine hundred pounds of dead weight of wire were +placed on it for nearly five days, without injurious effects. This +fabric is stretched on a frame, as seen in the first engraving, the +proper tension is secured to suit the fancy, and the mattress is ready +for use. It is then set into the bedstead, like the ordinary spring bed, +except that only two slats are used to support it. Thus, with a slight +covering in summer, and a thin hair mattress for warmth in winter, a +most perfect sleeping arrangement is secured. + +The first adaptation of the wire mattresses was for private houses, but +they have been found to have special advantages for hospital use. They +have been largely introduced into the Hartford Hospital, the Bellevue +Hospital, New York, and the Marine Hospital, Brooklyn, and have proved +to be, after months of the severest use, with all classes of patients, +a very great success for such purposes. The elastic flexible mattresses +yield to every motion and part of the body, much to the relief of the +suffering patient. + +Another very great advantage is, that when carefully painted they are +always clean. + +Pillows of the same materials are made soft and pliable by using a fine +wire and small coil. They are always cool, and afford the opportunity of +placing bags of ice under the head in case of sickness. + +One of these mattresses and a bedstead and pillows complete--all of +which the Company make--furnish, with the addition of a folded blanket +or comfortable, a perfect outfit for hospital use. + +They are particularly useful for ships' berths, as they dispense with +the ordinary bottom, and the sacking and thick mattress. Shippers know +this. + +We are assured that a coating of paint, carefully applied to the +well-tinned wires will protect them from rust. + +There can be no question but that these beds, with a light +covering--scarcely more than a sheet--are especially adapted for hot +climates. The Company have already orders for them for the Brazilian +market, and they have been introduced into many of the Southern States. + +This wire fabric is adapted to other articles of furniture, and is used +in place of the ordinary springs in chairs, sofas, etc. For out-door +settees, lounges, car seats, and other like purposes, it is well +adapted. + +Three patents have been issued to the Company on the wire mattress, +through the Scientific American Patent Agency. [See advertisement of the +Woven Wire Mattress Company on another page.] + + * * * * * + + + + +Flouring Mill Hazards. + + +A correspondent, in discussing the causes of fires in flour mills, gives +the following facts and queries: + +"F. Bertchey's mill, at Milwaukee, burned in September last. The fire +originated from a candle held near a bran or feed spout, reaching from +the upper to a lower floor. The ignition was instant, and attained +different points of the building at about the same moment. + +"On November 20, 1868, Schmidt & Co's mill, at St. Louis, burned in a +similar manner, the light in this case being in a globe lamp, but the +conflagration was, nevertheless, quite as sudden and general as in the +first case cited. Other instances of like character have occurred quite +recently. And now the query is, What caused the disaster? Whence the +combustion? + +"It has been conjectured that the bran-dust, or fine and dry powder, +passing down or up these conductors, may be the kindling cause of the +fire in these cases; but bran is not over combustible in itself, nor +do we know why it should become so when thus reduced to an impalpable +powder. + +"Another theory is that a gas arises from the transmuting grain, which, +excluded from surrounding atmosphere in these close conduits, becomes +inflammable, and hence the results, as recited above, whenever a lighted +flame is brought in contact therewith. + +"Be the cause gas or dust, the disaster is the same: and is it not a +phenomenon worth studying and remedying, so far as within the province +and control of those most interested?" + +Some similar instances came under our personal observation while +adjuster for the Aetna at its western branch. The Star Mills at +Mascoutah, Ill., burned about the year 1864. They were grinding +middlings. About three o'clock in the morning the miller in charge went +up to the chamber (a large box extending through several stories), as he +had often done before, to jar the middlings down, they having clogged. +He carried a small, open oil lamp, which he placed on a beam, just +behind and above his head. He then opened a slide and thrust in a +shovel, which started the middlings down with a thump, raising a great +dust. As this dust issued in a thin cloud from the slide, it approached +and touched the lamp, when instantly, as if it had been coal gas, it +flashed, burning the miller's hair and beard, and filling the middlings +box with a sheet of flame, which spread with great rapidity and +destroyed the mill. + +A mill at Dover, Ky., had accumulated a large quantity of middlings in +an upper story, when the weight caused some sagging, and a man was sent +up with a shovel to "even" the bin. His pressure was the "last straw," +and the floor under the man broke through, pouring out a cascade of +middlings, which flowed down from story to story, filling the mill with +its dust. In a very few minutes it reached the boiler room, and the +instant it touched the fire it ignited with a flash, and the mills was +in flames instantly. It was totally destroyed. + +In this last named case the gas theory will not apply. The dust was not +confined in a spout, but was floating free in the air throughout the +mill. The phenomenon was like the others mentioned, and seems to +indicate that the fine dust itself, when floating in the air, is the +fatal incendiary. + +The subject is worthy of a scientific analysis, such as we have never +seen bestowed upon it. The facts are well authenticated, but the +philosophy of such ignition is not generally understood.--_Insurance +Monitor_. + + * * * * * + + + + +Fire-Proof Buildings. + + +"It has long been a vexed problem with architects and builders, how to +make a building completely fire-proof without the enormous expense of +iron beams and girders, and even this has sometimes failed to prove a +complete protection. In the building of the National State Bank, the +architect estimated that it could not be made fire-proof in the ordinary +style for less than $6,000, and while hesitating as to the expense and +seeking to provide some remedy against the dampness incident to iron +beams, Mr. Fowler learned from the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN that Edwin May, +of Indianapolis, the well-known architect of our county jail, had taken +letters patent on a fire-proof lath for ceilings and inside partition +walls, together with a concrete floor for the protection of the upper +edge of the joist which by actual test had been demonstrated to be +fire-proof. After a critical examination of the invention upon its +merits, it was adopted, and the workmen are now engaged in putting +it in. Our citizens engaged in, or contemplating building, will be +interested in an examination of the work while in progress." + +[We copy the above from the _Lafayette_ (Indiana) _Courier_, and in this +connection we make the following extract from a letter just received by +us from Mr. May, the inventor: + +"You will see by the above notice one result of my advertisement in the +SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN. This is only a _mite_. I have more than I can do, +and I would say to inventors who are not realizing what they expected +from their patents, that one _illustrated advertisement_ in the +SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN will effect more than a notice in all the newspapers +in the United States. This is saying a good deal but such is my belief."] + + * * * * * + + + + +The Decline of American Shipping. + + +At a meeting of the New York Chamber of Commerce, held December 16, to +consider means for reviving American commerce, the following resolutions +were adopted: + +Resolved, That this Chamber recommend to the Congress of the United +States, about to assemble, the modification of existing laws, so that + +I. Foreign-built steamers may be imported free of duty, and privileged +to carry the American flag, provided they are American owned and not to +be employed in our coastwise trade. + +II. That iron plates and such other material for the construction of +steamers as may be deemed advisable, be admitted free of duty. + +III. That on all ship stores procurable in bond, drawback be returned, +as upon goods shipped for sale to foreign lands; and + +Finally, That ample subsidies be granted to lines of steamers built +in American yards, to the end that competition with powerful foreign +organizations may be successfully inaugurated and sustained. + +The Chamber ordered the resolutions engrossed, accompanied by a memorial +forwarded to Congress. + +These resolutions, in our opinion, embody the solution of the question +under consideration, and we trust they may be speedily and favorably +acted upon by Congress. + + * * * * * + +Young men out of employment can easily obtain enough subscribers for the +SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN to receive a cash prize of sufficient magnitude to +insure them a good salary for six weeks' work. Send for prospectus and +circulars. + + * * * * * + + + + +CORRESPONDENCE. + + +_The Editors are not responsible for the Opinions expressed by their +Correspondents_. + + * * * * * + + + + +Aerial Navigation--A Suggestion. + + +Messrs. Editors:--As a constant reader of your invaluable paper, many +subjects of deep interest come under my observation, and doubtless no +journal throughout the land contains more instructive reading--that +which tends to accelerate the progress of scientific investigation, +and promote the general interest of the people--than the SCIENTIFIC +AMERICAN. The series of articles under the head of "Aerial Navigation," +commenced on page 309, volume XXI., has, perhaps, been read with as much +pleasure and interest as anything published in your valuable journal. I +say with pleasure--because it is really gratifying to mark the advancing +steps which inventors are making in this branch of science; and with +interest--because every new idea set forth, calculated to further the +success of aerial navigation, should be, and no doubt will be, regarded +as of great importance by every one. And, as the more suggestions placed +before the minds of those working for the improvement of any invention, +the greater number will they have from which to choose or experiment +upon, I would like to make one suggestion here, which may be of some +importance in the construction and operation of the "Aeroport," under +the supervision of Mr. Porter, of your city, a description of which is +given on pages 346-7, volume XXI., of your paper. + +I suggest that the propelling wheels be placed in some other position +than that given in the said description. From what little knowledge I +possess of aerial navigation, I am persuaded that it would take less +power to propel the "Aeroport" at a given speed, if the wheels were +placed at the rear or front portion of the flying ship. My reason for +being thus persuaded is, that as the forward and aft halves of the float +are cone-shaped--the center being the base, and the front and rear +ends being the vertexes--there must be an increased velocity of the +atmosphere from front to aft as the aeroport advances. Consequently the +driving wheels being placed under the center or largest diameter of the +float, they must evidently revolve with greater rapidity in the current +of air passing between the float and the saloon, going in opposite +direction to that in which the aeroport is flying at a given speed, than +they would were they placed in front or behind where the atmosphere is +comparatively at rest. I take this view from the fact that steamboats +and other vessels proceed with greater speed, with a given power, _down_ +stream than they do _up_ stream, mostly on account of the paddles +striking against the current flowing in the same direction in which the +vessel is rowing. The propelling wheels placed either at the front or +rear may have the axle extended through the end of the float to the +center, and the cog-wheel, for the chain, placed on the inner end of +the axle, and the chain descending through the bottom of the float, and +connected to the engine in the same manner as given in your paper. The +chain should be inclosed from the float to the saloon below, with a pipe +of the same material as the float, and sufficiently large to insure the +free action of the chain, and the axle of the propellers should be made +tight with suitable packing to prevent the escape of gas. However there +may be different arrangements employed for connecting the engine to the +wheels. A shaft extending directly under the float, and reaching +from the center to the axle supporting the propellers, and connected +therewith by means of side cog-wheels, might be used; and as the shaft +would necessarily diverge from a straight line with the said axle, the +shaft having the chain-wheel on the end directly over the engine and +connected therewith in the manner proposed by Mr. Porter, I would +suggest further that it would, perhaps, be preferable to place the +wheels at the front end, that the rudder might remain in its original +position, and the aeroport could swing behind the propellers on +encountering side currents of air, and could thus be more easily guided. +I firmly believe that Mr. Porter has taken "the right step in the right +direction" to accomplish that which has been so long sought, and which +evidently will be accomplished at some future time. The air will yet be +navigated by numerous flying ships, going from one city to another like +those that now cover the broad bosom of our oceans. + +HIRAM VAN METER. + +Macomb, Ill. + + * * * * * + + + + +Puttying Floors of Jewelers Shops and Otherwise. + + +Messrs. Editors:--I am a reader of your valuable paper and find in +it much to interest, and many practical hints that are useful in my +vocation; I would not be without it for any consideration and I think +every mechanic in the land should take it, read it, and profit by the +reading. + +I notice, in Vol. XXI, page 371, a communication headed, "Watch +Repairers' Shop," in which directions are given to fill the chinks in +the floor around the work-bench with soft pine and putty, etc., etc.; +this is all well enough, but will not prevent the breaking of pivots +should a balance wheel be dropped, neither will it prevent the wheel +being stepped upon and so rendered useless, as often happens. + +I am a watch-maker and jeweler, and I never drop a wheel or part of a +watch on the floor. I have an apron about one yard wide, and in the +corners of it are eyelet-holes, so that I can pin it to the bench when I +am working; I have strings to it, but do not generally tie them around +me, but let it be loose in my lap as I have to jump up, to attend to +customers in the shop. In the shop where I learned my trade (in London, +England), every workman was _compelled_ to wear an apron, and so much +waste of property and valuable time was saved; the saving of _time_ in +_one week_ will more than pay the cost of the aprons. + +Sidney Plains, N. Y, + +GEO. C.L. KENT. + + * * * * * + + + + +Western Demand for Agricultural Implements. + + +Messrs. Editors:--I often think, on perusing your very valuable journal +of science, and the numerous mechanical and scientific problems it +unfolds, that the tendency of the age is to supersede all manual labor +by machinery. Whether such a thing is possible is not the question for +me to consider; I only know that the tendency of universal human genius +seems directed to that end. + +I make the above observation casually, in order to introduce a few ideas +on the subject of improvement in agricultural implements--the great +_desideratum_ of the West at this moment. Here nature has opened her +stores so munificently, that all the husbandman has to do is to plow, +sow, and garner the fruits of his labor. But two great improvements are +needed to enable the western farmer to keep pace with improvements in +the mechanic arts and other kindred employment. Indeed, we at the +West, particularly, need a good, cheap, steam plow that can be made +practicable for at least the better grade of farmers. The English plan +of moldboards, that overcome all possible traction and necessitate the +duplex stationary engines, with the cumbrous "artillery of attachments," +may do for sluggish people but will never meet the wants of the Yankee +nation. + +The steam plow suited to the genius of our people, must, to use a +vulgarism, "get up and go." It must possess sufficient power of +propulsion and traction to pulverize the ground better, deeper, and +more rapidly than the "old way." Such is the want of the great West +in reference to preparing the soil for crops. I do not know of such a +machine in use, nor do I believe in the theory of Dr. Brainard, that the +moldboard is the only plan for properly pulverizing the soil; for I am +satisfied that such plan is wholly inadmissible in steam plowing in +this country, for want of sufficient traction for self-propulsion, and +observation has taught me that a self-propelling plow is the only steam +plow our people will tolerate. + +I have lately examined the drawings of a steam plow invented by a +gentleman of this city (which I am not at liberty to explain in detail) +that seems to meet the great want I have spoken of. The invention +consists in a very simple device, by which the whole force of +pulverizing the ground is applied to propel the machine, and if this be +not sufficient, an independent force may be applied, so arranged as to +govern the speed of the machine at the will of the operator. You will, +no doubt, in due time hear more of this machine, which seems to me to +meet the great want so long experienced in Western cultivation. + +The next great want of the West is a practical grain binder, that shall +securely bind the grain as cut. The scarcity and high price of labor +renders such a machine an absolute necessity. The efforts to supply this +great want have been numerous, but with no flattering success so far as +I am able to learn, except the machine invented by a citizen of this +place, which has already made its mark by demonstrating that automatic +machinery can and does bind the grain as fast as cut. The machine I +speak of is yet in a chrysalis state, so to speak, but it has been +worked two years in the field, the last season without missing a bundle, +though not without the usual difficulties of all new machines in respect +to the workings of some parts--too weak, etc. It is believed that +the coming harvest will witness its triumphant success. If so, the +production of our staple cereal will be greatly cheapened. I shall +be glad to renew "old acquaintance," by a more detailed statement +hereafter. + +I send enclosed the pay for another year of the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, +which I can no more do without than my accustomed dinner. + +C. + +Madison, Wis. + + * * * * * + + + + +Economical Steam Engine. + + +Messrs. Editors:--Permit me now to make a few remarks in regard to an +article on page 844, last volume of the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, entitled +"Which is the Most Economical Steam Engine?" The principles laid down in +that article, I think are correct. + +I run a saw-mill with an engine which fills those conditions nearer than +I ever saw, and I would like to give your readers a brief description +of it. The cylinder is 10-inch bore, and 14-inch stroke; steam chest +extends enough beyond the ends of the cylinder so that the steam travels +only 2½ inches, the shortest distance possible, after leaving the valve +before it reaches the piston-head, and the space between the piston-head +and cylinder-head is only one-fourth of an inch, the bolt heads +being counter-sunk until even. Other things about this engine are in +proportion. With this engine attached to a direct acting circular mill, +I can saw 2,000 feet of hard-wood inch boards in one hour. + +If any of your readers can beat this, I would like to hear from them. + +JOHN CARNES. + + * * * * * + + + + +Friction and Percussion. + + +Messrs. Editors:--In reply to "Spectrum," page 358, of last volume, +I will be brief. In his third paragraph he claims that he has merely +_suggested_ that friction and percussion may often be one and the same +thing; and immediately claims that in the case of the polished button +rubbing a planed pine board, the force which overcomes and levels the +undulations of the wood, is percussion, and that percussion is also the +cause of the heat; the microscopic hills and hollows on the shining +brass button skipping and jumping along the pine, produces little +infinitesimal bumpings, and so pound out the heat. This _little_ theory +should be known to the homeopaths--they could illustrate infinitesimal +quantities by it! + +"Spectrum" treats my hammered horsenail illustration shabbily. After +indirectly acknowledging that there is a point where hammering will +no longer produce heat, he puts it on the grindstone, subjects it to +friction, and when it burns his fingers, throws his hat in the air and +shouts "Hurrah for _percussion!_" We agree perfectly, except that he +calls hammering, _condensation_; calls friction, _percussion_; and drops +friction from the mechanical dictionary altogether. + +A railway car axle often heats and sets fire to the packing, when the +journal is smooth as polished glass; but I never heard of those parts +of the car which are constantly undergoing percussion, even getting +uncomfortably warm. The natives of the South Pacific produce fire by +rubbing pieces of dry wood together, but I never heard of their rapping +sticks for the same purpose. I have seen a new, sharp knife made hot +enough to raise a blister, whittling a clean dry stick of pine, and +I would like to have "Spectrum" tell us, if in all the above cases +percussion is the cause of the evolution of of heat, and what is +friction doing in the mean time. + +New Albany, Ind. + +C.C.H. + + * * * * * + + + + +Oiling a Preservative of Brown Stone. + + +Messrs. Editors:--I have read the article entitled, "What is to Become +of our Brown Stone Fronts," and have waited to see what others have to +say. But with so much at stake, no body seems to know what to do or say. +Being a practical painter, it has been my lot to oil some of the best +fronts in New York, namely corner of 23d Street and 5th Avenue, No. 2, +West 23rd Street, also No. 1, West 30th Street; also the residence of +E.S. Higgins, the carpet manufacturer, done by other journeymen. + +They were very dark in color for a few weeks, but now after two years, +they are bleached almost as light as they were at first. + +These fronts were cleaned whenever necessary, and then oiled with fresh +raw linseed oil from the press, put on pretty much as carefully as in +ordinary varnish work. No second coat or lapping over of the oil. All +was put on at once that it would take without running down in streams. + +The result: the oil penetrates into good dry stone probably 1½ inches, +making the stone hard and flinty, as any stone cutter will soon find out +if he tries to trim it. + +It keeps the damp and therefore the frost out of the stone, as will be +seen any foggy day, the damp running down in streams on the oiled stone, +and the unoiled stone absorbing the dampness. It is therefore necessary +to oil during dry weather. + +The oil is especially beneficial to balustrades and carvings, as they +are generally got out of soft stone. It is also beneficial underneath +balconies and porches, as the sun never has a chance to dry the stone in +such situations before the frost flakes it. + +This I send in part payment for the great deal I have learned from your +paper. + +T.H. Rilley + +New York City. + + * * * * * + + + + +Interesting Correspondence from China. + + +Messrs. Editors:--Your paper seems to increase in interest. I brought +the back volumes from Madras to Pekin, and am glad to refer to them here +where I must depend upon myself. + +I have been building and repairing premises since I came here last year. +I find the carpenters and masons are very much delighted with our tools, +especially our saws, planes, borers, vise, and hammers. Our lathe is a +wonder. They use only the ancient spindle turned backwards and forwards +by a treadle or by the left hand while the right guides the chisel or +turning-tool, which cuts only half the time. They use only the turning +saw, which often fails them because it cannot be used in splitting wide +boards in the middle, and in many other places. They are great sawyers, +however. They stand heavy pine spars on end, if rather short, say 8 +feet, the common length of many intended for making coffins, and cut +them up into three-eighths or half-inch stuff with great patience. A +longer one they will lean over and prop up, raising it towards the +perpendicular as they advance. They must have some hard jobs. I have +just measured a poplar plank in front of a coffin manufactory, which I +found to be 5 ft. 3 in. at the butt, 3 ft. 10 in. at the top, 8 feet +long, and about 8 inches thick. For a crosscut saw they rig one like +our wood-saw. I am sure it would deeply interest you to make a visit to +Pekin and see how this ancient, patient, and industrious people do their +work. It is truly painful to see how much time they spend in making +the simplest tool for want of at least a few labor-saving appliances. +Doubtless you have their tools on show in New York. They are to me an +interesting study, though I have been long familiar with the rude tools +of the Hindoos. It is constantly suggested to me that we must have got +many hints from the Chinese, or else indeed they have taken hints from +the West; or again, which is perhaps the true solution, implements like +words have a common origin. I should think from what I have observed in +a short time, that the Chinese resemble the Europeans in their tools +more than the Hindoos--a thing I did not at all anticipate. A clever man +could write you an interesting chapter on the ways of the Pekinese, +the Chinese Manchus, Mongols, and the rest mixed together, though the +Chinese are confessedly the workers in wood, iron, and everything else. +The Manchus are mostly hangers on of the government, living mainly upon +a miserable monthly stipend. + +The reading of your unequaled journal makes me interested in you as if +you were personal friends, and so I have run away with these pointless +remarks. I am sure you will excuse me, and not wonder that one wishes to +breathe now and then. + +I was an old subscriber in Madras, and hope to be till I can read no +longer. My son, who perished at Andersonville, was a subscriber to the +SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN till the day of his capture by Mosby. + +Pekin, China. + +P.R. Hunt. + + * * * * * + + + + +Communication Between Deaf and Blind Mutes. + + +Messrs. Editors:--In a recent number of the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN I notice +an ingenious method of teaching deaf and dumb persons to converse in +the dark, which is also applicable to blind mutes, and it brings to my +recollection a method which was in use among the "telegraph boys" some +years ago when I was one of them. Sometimes when we were visiting and +asked to communicate to a "brother chip," anything that it was not +advisable for the persons around us to know, a slight tap-tapping on the +table or chair would draw the attention of the party we asked to talk +to, and then by his watching the forefinger of the writer, if across the +room, or if near enough, by placing the hand of the writer carelessly +on the shoulder of the party we desired to communicate with, the +communication was written out in the telegraph alphabet or by taking +hold of his hand and writing upon the finger. + +I think this method will be found much less complicated, if not quite as +rapid, as the method with both hands, and much more convenient, as it is +only necessary to have hold of one hand of the person communicated with, +and is more rapid than writing with a pen. + +For the benefit of those not acquainted with the telegraph alphabet, I +give it: + + A B C D E F G H I + .- -... ... -.. . .-. --. .... .. + + J K L M N O P Q + -.-. -.- --- -- -. . . ..... ..-. + + R S T U V W X Y + . .. ... - ..- ...- .-- ..-. .. .. + + Z + ... . + +The uninitiated will observe that O differs from I in the distance +between the dots, made thus: I by two quick strokes of the forefinger; O +by one quick stroke, slight pause, and another quick stroke; the dashes +are made by holding the finger down for a short space: thus SCIENTIFIC +AMERICAN would be written: + + S C I E N T I F I C + ... .. . .. . -. - .. .-. .. .. . + + A M E R I C A N + .- -- . . .. .. .. . .- -. + +In a very short time any one can learn to read by the sight or by the +touch. Anything which can add to the pleasure or comfort of these +unfortunates is of importance. + +MAGNET + +[Nothing can compensate for want of rapidity in a language designed for +colloquy. Although our correspondent found the Morse telegraph alphabet +a resource on occasion, he would scarcely be content to use it, and it +only for life, even if emancipation from it involved months of labor. +The motions required to spell SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN by the telegraph +alphabet are thirty-nine, but as the short dashes occupy the time of two +dots for each dash, and there are eight of these, eight more ought to be +counted in a comparison of it with an alphabet composed wholly of dots, +this would make forty-seven. To spell the same words in full by the mute +alphabet referred to would require only twenty-three motions. A still +greater disparity in rate would, we think, be found in an entire +colloquial sentence. Thus the sentence "Hand me an apple" would require, +by the mute alphabet, the time of fourteen dots, while with the +telegraph alphabet it would require the time of thirty-nine.--Eds.] + + * * * * * + + + + +Cheap Cotton Press Wanted. + + +Messrs. Munn & Co.:--Please give us any information of cheap +cotton-presses, such as small neighborhoods, or single planters, in the +South could own. In particular, a press that will put 40 pounds cotton +into each cubic foot. We want cotton better handled, and to that end may +want small bales, say 150 pounds each. But these must be put into three +or four cubic feet, or they will cost too much for covering, ties, etc. +Perhaps you can furnish us with a wood-cut of some, or several, presses +worked by hand, or by horse-power, that will do good service, not cost +too much, be simple in operation, not require too much power, and be +effective as above. It may be for the interest of some of your clients +or correspondents to give us the facts, as we shall put them into +a report for circulation amongst the entire cotton interest of the +country. + +Yours very truly, + +WALTER WELLS, _Sec'y_. + +National Association of Cotton Manufacturers and Planters, No. 11, +Pemberton Square, Boston, Mass. + + * * * * * + + + + +A Singular Freak of a Magnet. + + +Messrs. Editors:--In my library hangs a powerful horseshoe magnet which +has a keeper and a weight attached of about three ounces. This weight +is sustained firmly by the attracting power of the magnet, and is not +easily shaken off by any oscillating motion, yet through some (to me) +unknown cause during each of the last ten nights the magnet has lost its +power, and the keeper and weight lie in the morning on the bottom of the +case where the magnet has hung for many years without a like occurrence, +except once on the occasion of a severe shock of an earthquake which +took place December 17, 1867. + +There is no possible way for this magnet to be disturbed except by the +electric current; then why should its power thus return without the aid +of a battery or keeper? Will some one explain? + +FLOYD HAMBLIN. + +Madrid Springs, N.Y. + + * * * * * + +Speaking makes the ready man, writing the correct man, and reading the +full man. + + * * * * * + + + + +PRESERVATION OF IRON. + +BY PROF. HENRY E. COLTON. + + +"What is wanted is something equally applicable to large or small pieces +of iron, and which will answer to ward off the attacks not only of the +common atmospheric oxygen, but also remain unaffected by acids or salt +waters." + +The above from a late number of the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN states not only +the writer's ideas but also one of the greatest wants of the age. Iron +is daily being put to more and more varied uses. On land the great +question is what will prevent rust; on water, what will prevent rust and +fouling of bottoms of iron vessels. We will briefly summarize the many +patents granted for this purpose. + +Eight are for sheathing of various kinds put on in varied modes. The +most practicable of these is a system prepared by Daft. Most iron +vessels are now constructed by every other plate lapping the edges of +the one between. He proposes, instead of having the plates all the same +width, to have one wide and one very narrow plate. This would leave a +trough between the two wide plates of the depth of the thickness of the +plates. He proposes to force into this trough very tightly pieces of +teak, and to the teak, thus embedded, he nails a sheathing of zinc. The +zinc is kept clean by slowly wearing away of its surface from action by +contact with the iron and salt water. + +There are four patents, in which various, so-called, non-conducting +coats are put on the iron, and copper pigment in some form put on over +them. These have been specially condemned in England, as no matter how +good the non-conducting substance--and many are so only in name--it will +become rubbed off at some points, and there the bottom will be eaten +both by salt water and action of copper. + +Coal tar and asphaltum are the subjects of patents in various forms. + +One patent claims rubber or gutta-percha dissolved in linseed oil as a +vehicle in which to grind the pigment; another the same dissolved in +naphtha or bisulphide of carbon as a pigment; another hard rubber, +ground. + +Enameling with different materials is proposed by some, while one +proposes to glaze the bottoms so that barnacles and grass would find a +slippery foothold. + +Combinations of tallow, resin, and tar--mineral and pine--are patented +mostly to use over other paints. + +Coal tar, sulphur, lime, and tallow, are the subject of one patent; +guano, red lead, and oil of another; while sulphur and silica are +claimed by a third. + +Paints containing mercury, arsenic, and even strychnine, are the +subjects of several patents. A mixture of coal tar and mercurial +ointment of one. + +Galvanism is proposed to be used in various ways--strips of copper and +zinc, or by galvanizing the plates before use. Black lead finds a place +in many compositions. + +One patent, by a complicated process, effects a union of metallic zinc +and iron; this, granulated and ground fine, then mixed with red lead +and oil, makes the paint. It is said to be the best of all the patented +stuffs. + +It is astonishing how many use oils derived from coal, peat, or resin, +and tars of the same. + +There are about fifty patents for this object and with all of them +before their eyes, the British Society for the Advancement of Art still +hold the $5,000 reward for a pigment or covering which will perfectly +protect from rust and fouling. However they may puff their products for +selling, no one has the temerity to claim that they deserve the reward. + +We think it would be difficult to find so many expedients ever before +adopted for the accomplishment of any one object. These are all English +patents, England having necessarily been obliged to use iron for vessels +from its cheapness as well as its consequent first introduction there. +In the United States no patents worth mentioning have been granted. + +The first requisites for a pigment or coating for iron are, that it +should not contain any copper--the corrosive action of that metal on +iron being intense. Then if for work exposed to air it should form +such a coating as to be impervious to that gaseous fluid, and be +so constituted chemically as not to be oxidizable by it; if under +water--especially sea water--to be impermeable to moisture, so elastic +as not to crack, so insoluble as not to chloridize; to form a perfect, +apparently hard, coating: and yet wear just enough to keep off +incrustation, barnacles, or growth of grass. In fact, this slow wearing +away is the only preventive of fouling in iron vessels. Wooden bottoms +may be poisoned by solutions of copper--and that metal has no superior +for such uses, especially when it is combined in mixture with mineral +or resinous tars and spirits--these compounds, however, are not only +useless on iron bottoms, but also injurious. What then is _the_ +substance: 1st. One of the oxides of lead (red lead). 2d. The purest +oxide of iron to be found. If properly made these articles can be +carried to no higher state of oxidation, and respectively, as to order +named, they have no superiors for body and durability. By preference, +1st, red lead, either out of or under water; 2d, Prince's oxide of iron +only, out of water. The color of these paints--the first red, the latter +brown, may be hidden by a coat of white or tinted color. If there were +to be had in combination as a white paint, an oxide of lead and an oxide +of zinc, it would be immensely superior to either, but that such has not +been produced is rather the fault of carelessness than of possibility. +Zinc protects iron with great effect, but it is too rapidly worn in the +effort to be of lasting value. Hence the great desideratum, the yet to +be, the coming pigment is a white oxide of lead or a combined white +oxide of lead and white oxide of zinc, without sulphates or chlorides. + +Those materials answer very well for work exposed to atmospheric air, +and perhaps nothing will ever be found better; but a different need is +that for salt water. No mere protector of the iron from rust can be +found superior to pure red lead and linseed oil. We have seen a natural +combination of zinc, lead, and iron, which, in our experience, ranks +next; but the zinc is acted on by the chloride of sodium, and wears away +too much of the material. Red lead, however, while covering the iron +perfectly and effectually preventing rust, and also having but little +disposition to chloridize, when it does, will foul both with grass and +barnacles. Hence, the first desideratum being obtained, how shall we +accomplish the other. The prevention of fouling may be accomplished in +two ways: First, cover the vessel's bottom with two or even three coats +of red lead, and give each time to dry hard. Then melt in an iron pot a +mixture of two parts beeswax, two parts tallow, and one part pine resin; +mix thoroughly, and apply hot one or two coats. This mixture may be +tinted with vermilion or chrome green. It is not necessary to use any +poisonous substance, as it is only by its softness and gradual wear +that it is kept clean. Second, mix red lead and granular metallic zinc, +ground fine, or such a mineral as we have mentioned--crystalline and +granular in its character. Put on two or three coats, and allow each to +set--they will never dry hard. The zinc will slowly wear off, keeping +the whole surface clean, while there will be left enough coating of the +lead to preserve the iron from rust. The oil I would urge for these +pigments is linseed--as little boiled as possible, to be thinned with +spirits of turpentine. There seems to have been a mania for mixtures of +tar and resins, their spirits and oils; my experience fails to show me +any advantage for them on an iron bottom. They have neither elasticity +nor durability, while linseed oil has both in a pre-eminent degree, and +is no more likely to foul than they, when in a combination that does +not dry hard. Besides they are difficult to grind, inconvenient to +transport, and offensive to use. + +Perhaps we have not, in the opinion of some, answered the want expressed +in the first paragraph. No pigment with the requisites of durability and +cheapness will resist the attacks of strong acids on iron. The first we +have mentioned will--all such as may float in our air from factories or +chemical works. Chemically it is converted by nitric acid and chlorine +into an insoluble substance--plumbic acid or the cyanide of lead. An +experience of more than three years, with almost unlimited means at our +command for experiment, demonstrates to us that we have indicated +the means of filling the other requisites asked for. It may be that +something new will be discovered, but we doubt it. Let any one tread the +road we have trod, investigate and experiment where and as much as we +have, and, if that place is, where we have not, and their experience +will be the same as ours. + + * * * * * + + + + +THE BANANAS AND PLANTAINS OF THE TROPICS. + +[For the Scientific American.] + + +Poets have celebrated the banana plant for its beauty, its luxuriance, +the majesty of its leaves, and the delicacy of its fruit; but never have +they sufficiently praised the utility of this tropical product. +Those who have never lived in southern countries are unable to fully +appreciate its value. Some look even with indifference upon the gigantic +clusters of this fruit, as they are unloaded from the steamers and +sailing vessels; and yet they deserve special attention and admiration, +for they are to the inhabitants of the torrid zone, what bread and +potatoes are to those of the north temperate zone. + +The banana tree is one of the most striking illustrations of tropical +fertility and exuberance. A plant, which in a northern climate, would +require many years to gain strength and size, is there the production of +ten or twelve months. The native of the South plants a few grains, taken +from an old tree, in a moist and sandy soil, along some river or lake; +they develop with the greatest rapidity, and at the end of ten months +the first crop may be gathered, though the cluster and bananas are yet +small; but the following year one cluster alone will weigh some sixty or +more pounds. Even in the South they are always cut down when green, as +they lose much of their flavor when left to ripen or soften on the tree. + +The trunk of the tree, if it may be so called, and which grows to a +hight of some fifteen feet, is formed only by the fleshy part of the +large leaves, some of which attain a length of eighteen feet, and are +two and a half feet in width. While from an upper sprout you perceive +the large yellow flowers, or already formed fruits, you see underneath a +cluster, which is bending the tree by its weight. + +The plantain tree is much the same as the banana, with the difference, +however, that its fruit cannot be eaten raw, like the banana's, and that +it is much larger in size. Almost every portion of the banana tree is +useful. First of all, the nutritious fruit. The plantains when green and +hard, are boiled in water or with meat like our potatoes, or they are +cut in slices and fried in fat, when they are soft and ripe. There is a +singularity about the boiled plaintain, worthy of being mentioned. Pork +especially, and other meats are so exceedingly fat in the tropics that +they would be most disgusting or even impossible to eat with either +bread or potatoes, but the plaintain seems to neutralize or absorb all +the greasy substance, and the fattest meat is thus eaten by natives and +foreigners without the least inconvenience. + +Ripe bananas are mashed into a paste, of which the natives bake a sort +of bread, which is very nourishing, though somewhat heavy. This paste, +which contains much starch, can be dried, and thus kept for a length of +time, which is often of great service to mariners. The young sprouts are +used and prepared like vegetables, and the fibrous parts of the stalks +of the majestic leaves are used like manilla for ropes and coarse cloth. + +The utility of the leaves is a theme rich enough to fill a volume; they +are used to cover the huts, for table-cloths and napkins, or wrapping +paper. The dough of bread, instead of being put in a pan, into the oven, +is spread on a piece of plantain leaf; it will neither crisp nor adhere +to the bread when taken out. The Indians of America carry all their +products, such as maize, sugar, coffee, etc., in bags made of this leaf, +which they know how to arrange so well, that they transport an "arroba," +or twenty-five pounds any distance without a single grain escaping, and +without any appliance other than a liana or creeper to tie it up with. +As to the medicinal qualities of the leaves, they are numerous. Indeed, +a book has been written upon them. I speak, however, from my own +experience. The young, yet unrolled leaves are superior to any salve +or ointment. If applied to an inflamed part of the body, the effect is +soothing and cooling, or if applied to a wound or ulcer, they excite +a proper healthy action, and afterwards completely heal the wound. +Decoctions made of the leaves are used among the natives for various +diseases. + +Since the beginning of the world this plant has ranked among the first +in the Flora of Asia. The Christians of the orient look upon it as the +tree of Paradise which bore the forbidden fruit, and they think its +leaves furnished the first covering to our original parents. According +to other historians, the Adam's fig was the plant, which the messengers +brought from the promised land to Moses, who had sent them out to +reconnoitre. "It is under the shade of the _musa sapientium_, that," as +recorded by Pliny, "the learned Indians seated themselves to meditate +over the vicissitudes of life, and to talk over different philosophic +subjects, and the fruit of this tree was their only food." The Oriental +Christians, up to the present date, regard the banana almost with +reverence; their active fancy beholds in its center, if a cut is made +transverse, the image of the cross, and they consider it a crime to use +a knife in cutting the fruit. + +In the holy language of the Hindoo, the Sanscrit, the Adam's fig is +called "modsha," whence doubtless, the word "musa" is derived. It is +generally believed that the plant came from India to Egypt in the +seventh century; it still forms a most important article of commerce in +the markets of Cairo and Alexandria. In the year 1516, the banana was +brought to the West Indian Islands by a monk, since which time it +has rapidly spread over the tropics of America, and is found to the +twenty-fifth degree north and south of the equator. It is equally +indispensable and is appreciated by the immigrant and by the native as +a beautifier of the landscape; affording shelter from the sun and rain, +and giving bread to the children; for if every other crop should fail, +the hungry native looks up to the banana tree, like a merchant to his +well-filled storehouse. + + * * * * * + + + + +PUTTING UP STOVES. + +BY MARK TWAIN. + + +We do not remember the exact date of the invention of stoves, but it was +some years ago. Since then mankind have been tormented once a year, by +the difficulties that beset the task of putting them up, and getting the +pipes fixed. With all our Yankee ingenuity no American has ever invented +any method by which the labor of putting up stoves can be lessened. The +job is as severe and vexatious as humanity can possibly endure, and gets +more so every year. + +Men always put their stoves up on a rainy day. Why, we know not; but we +never heard of any exception to this rule. The first step to be taken is +to put on a very old and ragged coat, under the impression that when he +gets his mouth full of plaster it will keep the shirt bosom clean. Next, +the operator gets his hand inside the place where the pipe ought to go, +and blacks his fingers, and then he carefully makes a black mark down +the side of his nose. It is impossible to make any headway, in doing +this work, until this mark is made down the side of the nose. Having got +his face properly marked, the victim is ready to begin the ceremony. + +The head of the family--who is the big goose of the sacrifice--grasps +one side of the bottom of the stove, and his wife and the hired girl +take hold of the other side. In this way the load is started from the +woodshed toward the parlor. Going through the door, the head of the +family will carefully swing his side of the stove around and jam his +thumb nail against the door post. This part of the ceremony is never +omitted. Having got the family comfort in place, the next thing is to +find the legs. Two of these are left inside the stove since the spring +before. The other two must be hunted after, for twenty-five minutes. +They are usually found under the coal. Then the head of the family holds +up one side of the stove while his wife puts two of the legs in place, +and next he holds up the other while the other two are fixed, and one of +the first two falls out. By the time the stove is on its legs he gets +reckless, and takes off his old coat, regardless of his linen. + +Then he goes for the pipe and gets two cinders in his eye. It don't make +any difference how well the pipe was put up last year it will always be +found a little too short or a little too long. The head of the family +jams his hat over his eyes and taking a pipe under each arm goes to the +tin shop to have it fixed. When he gets back, he steps upon one of the +best parlor chairs to see if the pipe fits, and his wife makes him get +down for fear he will scratch the varnish off from the chairs with the +nails in his boot heel. In getting down he will surely step on the cat, +and may thank his stars that it is not the baby. Then he gets an old +chair and climbs up to the chimney again, to find that in cutting the +pipe off, the end has been left too big for the hole in the chimney. So +he goes to the woodshed and splits one side of the end of the pipe with +an old axe, and squeezes it in his hands to make it smaller. + +Finally he gets the pipe in shape, and finds the stove does not stand +true. Then himself and wife and the hired girl move the stove to the +left, and the legs fall out again. Next it is to move to the right. More +difficulty now with the legs. Move to the front a little. Elbow not even +with the hole in the chimney, and the head of the family goes again to +the woodshed after some little blocks. While putting the blocks under +the legs, the pipe comes out of the chimney. That remedied, the elbow +keeps tipping over, to the great alarm of the wife. Head of the family +gets the dinner table out, puts the old chair on it, gets his wife to +hold the chair, and balances himself on it to drive some nails into the +ceiling. Drops the hammer on wife's head. At last he gets the nails +driven, takes a wire swing to hold the pipe, hammers a little here, +pulls a little there, takes a long breath, and announces the ceremony +concluded. + +Job never put up any stoves. It would have ruined his reputation if he +had. The above programme, with unimportant variations, will be carried +out in many respectable families during the next six weeks. + + * * * * * + + + + +THE MAGIC LANTERN. + + +The invention of the magic lantern dates back to 1650, and is attributed +to Professor Kircher, a German philosopher of rare talents and extensive +reputation. The instrument is simple and familiar. It is a form of the +microscope. The shadows cast by the object are, by means of lenses, +focussed upon something capable of reflection, such as a wall or screen. +No essential changes in the principles of construction have been made +since the time of Kircher; but the modern improvements in lenses, +lights, and pictures, have raised the character of the instrument from +that of a mere toy to an apparatus of the highest utility. By its +employment the most wonderful forms of creation, invisible, perhaps, to +the eye, are not only revealed but reproduced in gigantic proportions, +with all the marvelous truth of nature itself. The success of some of +the most celebrated demonstrations of Faraday, Tyndall, Doremus, Morton, +and others, was due to the skillful use of the magic lantern. As an +educator, the employment of this instrument is rapidly extending. No +school apparatus is complete without it; and now that transparencies +are so readily multiplied by photography upon glass, and upon mica, or +gelatin, by the printing press or the pen, it is destined to find +a place in every household; for in it are combined the attractive +qualities of beauty, amusement, and instruction. + +The electric light affords, probably, the strongest and best +illumination for the magic lantern; then comes the magnesium light; but +their use is a little troublesome and rather expensive; next to these +in illuminating power is the oxy-hydrogen or Drummond light. The +preparation of the gases and the use of the calcium points involve +considerable skill. + +Need has long been felt for some form of the magic lantern, having a +strong light, but more easily produced than any of those just mentioned; +and this has at last been accomplished, after several years' study and +experiment, by Prof. L.J. Marcy, 632 Arch St., Philadelphia, Pa. + +The "Sciopticon," is the name of his new instrument, and from actual +trial we find that it possesses many superior qualities. Its lenses +are excellent, and in illuminating power its light ranks next to the +oxy-hydrogen. The sciopticon light is produced from ordinary coal oil +by an ingenious arrangement of double flames, intensifying the heat and +resulting in a pencil of strong white light. Prof. Marcy's instrument +is the perfection of convenience, simplicity, and safety. Any one may +successfully work it and produce the most brilliant pictures upon +the screen. It is peculiarly adapted for school purposes and home +entertainment. Those who wish to do a good thing for young people +should provide one of these instruments. Photographic transparencies of +remarkable places, persons, and objects, may now be purchased at small +cost; while there is no end to the variety of pictures which may be +drawn by hand at home upon mica, glass or gelatin, and then reproduced +upon the screen by the sciopticon. + + * * * * * + + + + +The Largest Well in the World--Capacity 1,000,000 Gallons of Water per +Day. + + +One of the grand necessities of the Prospect Park, Brooklyn, N.Y., that +of providing for a continual supply of water for all the purposes of +the Park developed itself, as the Commissioners progressed with their +stupendous undertaking. Mr. Stranahan, the President of the Board, after +carefully weighing the cost, the practicability, and importance +of having an independent water supply for the Park, advised the +Commissioners of the plan which had suggested itself, and the +calculations which had been made by the engineers relative to the +project, and the work was commenced, the first idea being to secure at +least a partial supply of water by means of a well constructed in the +Park. The subject was thus treated in the last annual report of Mr. C.C. +Martin, the engineer in charge: + +"This well has been located on the south side of Lookout Hill, near the +lake, and work was commenced upon it late in the season. After a careful +consideration of various methods for sinking the well, it was decided to +build the wall and then to excavate the material from within, trusting +to the weight of the wall to force it down. Sixteen feet of the wall +were laid securely bolted together, before the excavation was commenced. +A derrick with a boom fifty-five feet in length was set up near the +wall, so that the sweep of the boom commanded the interior of it. +Iron buckets containing fourteen cubic feet each were obtained, and a +six-horse power hoisting engine purchased. With these appliances the +excavation was commenced, and carried on with slight interruption until +the work was suspended on account of the frost." + +The well is now completed, and is one of the most important features of +the Park. It is worthy to rank as a feat of engineering skill with, any +of the great works of modern times. The Commissioners decided to put its +powers to the test yesterday afternoon, but owing to the unpropitious +weather of the forenoon the trial was postponed. Nevertheless, +Commissioners Stranahan, Fiske, and Haynes, with Mr. Martin, engineer in +charge, and Mr. John Y. Culyer, his assistant, were at the well. During +the last summer some difficulties were encountered in the sinking of the +wall, which were set down by superficial observers as the utter failure +of the enterprise. Mr. Stranahan received but little encouragement from +his fellow Commissioners, some of whom had never seen greater works +of engineering than the construction of street sewers. He assumed the +responsibility of seeing the work through, feeling that the whole thing +depended entirely upon the ability of the engineers, in which he had +abundant faith. All obstacles were surmounted; the work proceeded and +the well is now finished, and so far as is known, is understood to be +the largest one in the world. + +The outer wall is fifty feet in diameter, two feet thick, and fifty-four +feet high. The inner curb, or wall, is thirty-five feet in diameter and +two feet thick, having a depth of ten feet. The masonry, as seen from +the top of the structure, is a marvel of neatness and solidity. The +water surface in the well is thirteen feet above high-tide level, and +the depth of water in the well is fourteen feet. The pump foundations +are entirely independent of the walls. This plan was adopted so as to +obviate any possible difficulty which might arise from displacement. The +pump is the Worthington patent, and, with a pressure of forty pounds, is +capable of raising one million gallons of water every twenty-four hours +a height of 176 feet, and is competent to a lift of 180 feet. + +The boiler house is a neat, pressed-brick structure trimmed with Ohio +stone, standing on the surface near the mouth of the well. The interior +of the well is reached by a spiral stairway built in the wall, and +commencing in the boiler house. In this way the engineer is able to +reach the pump. It is a fact worthy of notice in connection with the +construction of the wall, or rather the sinking of it, that the outer +wall rests upon four feet of wooden cribwork, two feet thick, and having +an iron shield. The inner wall is built upon a similar crib only two +feet deep, also shielded with iron. + +The Commissioners were led to the construction of this well in presence +of the danger at any time of some accident taking place in connection +with the Brooklyn Water Works which would render it necessary for the +Water Board to cut off the Park supply so as to secure the citizens from +suffering. This well has more than the necessary capacity to supply the +Park abundantly with water, yielding most when most is needed. This is +established by the discovery that the time of drought from which the +well is, or may be, likely to suffer, occurs in the Fall. Besides these +facts, it further appears that in order to furnish the supply of water +to the Park the Water Board would have to go through the process of +pumping their water twice to convey it to the required elevation, equal +to 225 feet from its original level. + +The work of the well will be to supply the pools at an elevation of 133 +feet. From the pools the water is conducted to the lake. Besides this, +there is an independent connection with the lake by which, as necessity +may suggest, the water can be directed to the lake, a lift of only +seventy feet. The lake, when completed, will occupy an area of fifty +acres, which will be kept continually supplied with fresh water, the +arrangements being such, or to be such, as will insure a permanent +change of water, and prevent any of the evils that may arise from +stagnancy. The well is fed from the earth, consisting of a circuit of +two miles, with a fall of five feet to the mile. For this reason it does +not appear easy to exhaust the supply, as when the water is pumped out +to four or five feet from the surface of the well it is replaced at a +rate equal to the demand. Every allowance has been made for evaporation +from the lake and pools, and the supply is regarded as inexhaustible. +Another important fact here suggests itself; that is, that sufficient +rain falls during the season in the area of two miles around the well +to make the supply perennial. The Prospect Park well is a credit to +Brooklyn.--_New York Times_. + + * * * * * + + + + +PAPER FOR BUILDING. + + +Our readers will find in another column an advertisement of this new +building material which is now attracting much attention in the West, +and of which we have received very favorable reports. It has been +recently tested in Chicago with the result we are informed of fully +establishing its utility. It is said that a house twenty-two feet long, +sixteen wide, and fourteen high, can be covered on the outside for less +than $9; and a house thirty-six feet by twenty-two, and twenty feet +high, for $20. The building can be done at any season, and can be +finished with great speed, and there are said to be numerous other +advantages connected with the use of the paper. It differs from ordinary +paper in consistency, compactness and solidity. In the manufacture it +is subjected to a pressure of hundreds of tuns, which squeezes out the +liquid matter, leaving a substance of the right thickness. It is said to +be proof against damp and gnawing of vermin, and it being an excellent +non-conductor of heat, must make a warm dwelling in winter and a cool +one in summer. It is used in the place of plastering for inside walls. + + * * * * * + +The Prussian Government has military maps of every foot of its territory +so complete that every hill, ravine, brooklet, field, and forest is +delineated with perfect accuracy. It is a common boast of Prussian +military men, that within the space of eight days 848,000 men can be +concentrated to the defense of any single point within the kingdom, and +every man of them will be a trained and well-equipped soldier. + + * * * * * + + + + +Improved Muzzle-Pivoting Gun. + + +We are indebted for the following able description and criticism of this +Prussian gun to our able contemporary, _The Engineer_. + +Viewed as a piece of mechanism, nothing can well be more beautiful +in mutual adaptation of parts to the fulfillment of given and +rather recondite movements, and in point of execution, than this +muzzle-pivoting arrangement of Herr Gruson's; but having said this we +are compelled to add, as impartial engineering critics, that it is +nothing more. + +[Illustration: GRUSON'S SYSTEM OF MUZZLE-PIVOTING APPLIED TO MONITORS.] + +A very few words of description, aided by the very clear engraving +annexed, will suffice to make the arrangement plain to every mechanical +reader. The entire structure is metallic, chiefly of cast iron or of +steel. Upon the platform of the casemate, or deck of the ship, or +turret, is laid the heavy bed or traverse plate, cast hollow in iron, +holding the vertical pivot at its forward end, on which the gun slide +traverses in azimuth, and at its rear end the segment plate, bolted down +and separately adjustable as to position upon the bedplate. The slide is +also a ponderous hollow casting, the upper surfaces of which, on which +the gun carriage runs forward or recoils, are curvilinear in a vertical +plane, so that the inclination to the horizon is greatest at the rear +end. At the rear end of the slide it traverses upon two heavy cast-iron +turned conical rollers, which are geared together and actuated by the +winch handle and spur gear, seen in our engraving; by these the slide +is practically held fast in any position on the bedplate. The gun +itself--in the model, a steel breech-loader, on the Prussian regulation +system, very slightly modified--is sustained between two high and +ponderous cheek plates of cast iron, which constitute the sides of the +carriage, and which are connected together strongly at the lower edges +by a heavy base or bottom plate, and at the top by two light cross +distance bolts. The muzzle and breech extremities of the piece project +well beyond those cheeks. Along the bottom of the trough of the +carriage, directly under the gun, lies a nearly horizontal hydraulic +press cylinder, the pump and handle actuating which are seen in the +figures to the proper left of the gun, and the supply of water for which +is contained in the hollow bottom of the carriage. On each side cheek of +the carriage is formed, by curved planing, a circular segmental race, +opening inward or toward each other, rectangular in cross section and +into each of which is fitted a segmental block just filling it up, and +occupying a portion of its length so as to slide easily up or downward +through the whole range of the arc or segment. + +The center point of the length of each of those blocks carries one side +of the gun, which is connected also with the two heavy radius bars +seen outside the cheeks, and pivoted close to the segment races on the +outside, and with a system of link work between the gun itself and the +crosshead of the ram of the hydraulic cylinder, which gives motion +to the gun in elevation or depression, through a vertical arc, the +imaginary center of which, and of the segments of the side cheeks, is +situated in the horizontal diameter across the muzzle of the gun. This +is in brief the muzzle-pivoting part of the arrangement, of which, were +it worth while to go into its details, we should need some further +diagrams to make it quite clear. Nor is it worth while to go into +the description of various minor points of refinement about the gun +mounting, such as the very exposed long tangent scale seen in the +figure, by which the elevation or depression is read off, nor the still +more exposed and rather ricketty arrangement by which the rear sight +is arranged to rise and fall with the gun, and allowance for dispart +avoided. The recoil of the gun is resisted through and by the segment +blocks in the side cheeks, and by the heavy radius bars, etc., and +thus transferred to the carriage itself. This moves upon four +eccentro-concentric rollers, in all respects identical with those +brought before the Ordnance Select Committee of Woolwich by Mr. Mallet, +in 1858--then rejected, after some time adopted, and brought into use in +our own service, where they are now universal, and from which they have +been adopted into every artillery in the world, and, we understand, +without the slightest recognition of the inventor's rights. On the axle +of each of these rollers is keyed a circular eccentric cam plate, those +at the same side being connected together by a linking bar so as to move +in concert. Adjustable tripping plates attached to the sides of the +slide, are so arranged that when the loaded gun has been run forward its +carriage base rests hard down, with its full weight upon the top faces +of the slide, and thus the recoil is made under the full resistance due +to the friction of the entire load. Arrived at the highest point, it +rests there until loaded. The cam plates being then given a slight +motion of rotation by the help of socket levers--the rectangular +projections to be received by which are seen on the top edges of the cam +plates in the figure--the carriage, by its own commenced descent, gets +again upon its rollers, and runs forward upon these at once into firing +position. The two elevated horns which are seen standing up at the rear +part of the slide above the roller frame are designed to receive the +thump of the two short buffer-blocks--seen at the rear part of each +carriage cheek--in the event of the recoil not being wholly expended in +raising the weight of gun and carriage, etc., along the curved racers +of the slide. These buffer-blocks bear against plugs of vulcanized +india-rubber secured in the bottoms of the buffer cylinders. + +We have thus, though very briefly, described the whole of this mounting. +As a carefully thought out and elaborated piece of elegant mechanical +complication Herr Gruson's muzzle-pivoting carriage attracted much +attention at Paris, in 1867, and its merits were regarded as great by +those whose thoughts went little further perhaps. We should have been +glad had it been in our power to have joined in its praise. We are, +however, obliged honestly to say that, however highly creditable to its +designer as an ingenious and capable mechanism, it shows that he has +never realized to himself as a practical artillerist the primary, most +absolute, and indispensable conditions of construction for a serviceable +muzzle-pivoting gun for either land or sea service. + +As to the general merits, or general conditions, of muzzle-pivoting, +however, once in doubt at first, these are admitted now by all; and +the latter resolve themselves almost into this--that system of +muzzle-pivoting must be best which, while preserving the essential point +of leaving the muzzle of the gun free of any direct attachment, i.e., +with an imaginary, not an actual, pivot of vertical arc motion, shall be +_the simplest possible_ in its parts, have the least details, the fewest +parts capable of being struck by splinters or shot, and all its parts of +such materials and character as to receive the smallest amount of injury +if so struck. In every one of these aspects Herr Gruson's mounting is at +fault. With parts and movements far more ingeniously adapted than those +of the crude and unskillfully designed muzzle-pivoting carriages of +Captain Heathorn, also exhibited at Paris, and much exhibited and +exposed since, the Gruson mounting is even more complicated, expensive, +and liable to injury of every sort to which a gun carriage can be +conceived liable. We may even venture to affirm that ponderous as +was the mass of cast iron, etc., in the Paris model carrying only a +12-pounder gun, were it all enlarged in such ratio as might appear to +suit for a 10-inch 25-tun rifled gun of the British type, the almost +proverbial relations, between weight, velocity of impulse, and +brittleness of cast iron, would show themselves, in the whole machine +going to pieces within a very few rounds. + + * * * * * + + + + +Stock Feeding by Clock Work. + + +Mr. F. B. Robinson, of North Haven, Conn., has invented a very neat +arrangement, whereby horses or stock can be fed at any time required +with certainty and without personal attention at the time of feeding. +His invention consists of a hopper with a drop bottom in which the +provender is placed. A latch secures the drop bottom, the latch engaging +with a spring catch. A simple arrangement of clock work on the principle +of the alarm clock, may be set to release the spring at any hour or +minute desired, when the drop falls and the provender falls through a +chute into the feeding trough. This invention may be adapted to feeding +any number of horses or cattle, only one clock being required. We regard +the invention as one of much value. By its use much neglect of careless +attendants may be obviated, and a farmer without help, might leave home +for an evening's entertainment, or absent himself on business, without +fear that his stock would suffer. Besides being so convenient the cost +of the apparatus is a mere bagatelle. + + * * * * * + + + + +Milk, and What Comes of It. + + +Orange County has long been a laud flowing with milk and--butter. Three +or four of these most beautiful autumn days were spent by us, says a +writer in _Harper's Weekly_, among the farmers which are supposed to +butter our New York city bread, and qualify our tea and coffee. Recent +mechanical improvements have taken away much of the traditional romance +of the farm, but, on the whole, the loss is more than made up by the +gain of perfect system and wonderful adaptation. Instead of four or +five cows, known by such names as Brindle, Bess, and Sukey, milked by +rosy-cheeked maidens, we have now droves of fifty or a hundred, milked +by men, who know them only as "good" or "poor milkers." + +In some fine farms a large and luxuriant pasture, with running brooks +and border of woodlands, affords, with the herd feeding in it, a +beautiful picture; and the substantial barns constructed to keep the +cattle comfortably cool in summer and warm in winter, with ample +drinking troughs and stalls for fastening up at night, are indicative of +the good shelter at hand when winter storms drive the cows indoors. To +the farmyards the cows are brought night and morning, in summer, to be +milked. The strained milk is put into large cans holding forty quarts, +such as the milkmen use in distributing it through the city. These cans +are then put into tanks made in some cool running stream, where the +water comes nearly to the top of the can. Frequent stirring is necessary +until the animal heat is quite gone. The milk is then fit to be sent +to the cars. This process can never safely be omitted for, paradoxical +though it may seem, milk is "fresher" and sweeter when it reaches the +consumer if it is delayed at the farm for at least twelve hours. Even +in hot weather, it is more certain to keep sweet when twenty-four or +thirty-six hours elapse between the milking and the using in the city. + +There has been much discussion as to the best means of cooling milk +for market, and patent pails have been tried in which the milk passes +directly from the cow through small, coiled tubes surrounded by ice. +But this rapid cooling does not work well, and practical experience +indicates that the old simple process is the best. Every well-appointed +farm must have, therefore, a cool and unfailing stream of water. There +are two such streams in one of the farms we visited. One passes through +the barn, furnishing drinking troughs for the cattle, and a tank for +cooling milk in winter. The other, running through the pasture, supplies +a trout-breeding pond, and furnishes a tank for summer use. In a little +hut under the trees, the milk cans are kept in a stream, which even +the severe drought of last summer did not dry, nor the heat raise to a +temperature of 60°. + +We are assured most positively that none of the spring water finds its +way over the mouth of the can into the milk. Its dilution, of which +there is so much just complaint, must be done, if at all, in the city, +for the wholesale buyer is said to have such means of testing the milk +as effectually protects him against the farmer. May the man be busy at +work who is to give each family such a protection. We have heard it said +that one end of a small piece of common tape placed in a pan of milk +will carry from it all the water into another vessel in which the other +end of the tape should be placed; but we have never found this a safe +test. + +Strange to say, no butter is made on these large milk farms. The supply +for the family is obtained from market, or, more rarely, from a neighbor +who churns all his milk for the accommodation of those who send all +theirs to the city. Our notions of the way to make butter were decidedly +overturned on going to such a dairy. No setting of the milk in shallow +pans for cream to rise; no skimming and putting away in jars until +"churning day," when the thick cream was agitated by a strong arm until +the butter came, then worked and salted. Instead, there is a daily +pouring of the unskimmed soured milk into a common churn, perhaps +somewhat larger than ordinary. The dasher is fastened to a shaft, which +is moved by a crank. The crank is turned by means of a nearly horizontal +wheel some eight or ten feet in diameter, which is kept in motion by a +dog, sheep, or calf standing on it, something after the manner of the +old tread-mill. + +When taken from the churn, the butter is worked by hand as of old. The +farmer with whom we have talked said he was about determined to send his +milk to the creamery, since butter-making made it so hard for the women. +Surely woman is less a drudge than she used to be. If, after being +relieved from the labor of churning, the remaining working of the butter +is considered too hard for the farmer's wife, the day of a woman's +redemption must be near at hand. + +Only one butter farm, have we been able to find, and not enough is made +there to supply the immediate neighborhood. Where, then, does all the +Orange county butter come from? Mostly from the West. Farmers buy +from the vicinity of the Alleghenies, and even further west, large +quantities, which they sell in the original packages or repack in pails. +Since railroads have become so numerous, New York drinks up all the milk +in Orange county, and must butter her bread elsewhere. + +The largest institution for the disposition of milk is the Creamery, +which is, in other words, a cheese factory. Here is brought the milk +which the farmers themselves are unable properly to prepare for market, +for want of cool springs or sufficient help. Received here, it is placed +in deep but narrow tin pails holding twelve or fourteen quartz. These +are floated in large tanks of water. From these pails the cream is +carefully taken and sent to market. The skimmed milk is then placed in +a large vat and heated, by means of steam pipes to about 80°. Then the +rennet is put in. From twenty to thirty minutes suffices for curdling, +and the mass is then stirred to separate the curd from the whey. After +which it is heated still more; and then the whey, passing off through a +strainer, goes to feed hogs, while the curd remains in the vat, to be +salted and worked before putting into the presses. In two or three hours +the curds become hard enough for the canvas to be put upon them ready +for the shelves. Very carefully they must then be watched, lest the +fly lying in wait for them makes in them a snug house for her family. +Greasing and turning must be a daily labor, and some weeks must pass +before they are sufficiently cured for market. + +For the benefit of city consumers, who are paying ten and twelve cents a +quart for milk, from a tenth to a quarter of which is not infrequently +pure Croton, we may add that the highest price the farmer ever gets for +his milk is seven cents a quart; and he sometimes sells it for as low as +two cents and a half. Our friends, the milkmen, have, therefore, it will +be seen, a pretty good margin for freight and profit. + + * * * * * + + + + +Improved Hay Elevator. + + +The method most generally used for elevating hay is evidently not +the most economical application of the power of horses for the +accomplishment of the purpose desired. The tackle involves a great deal +of friction, and as the quantity which can be thus raised at once is, +probably, on the average, not more than from 150 to 200 lbs, much more +time is employed in re-adjusting the fork, than would be the case if a +larger quantity were elevated. + +The invention under consideration supplies a means whereby it is claimed +hay may be unloaded with far greater facility than heretofore, with less +labor to the team and with fewer hands than are at present employed. + +A primary gear wheel is propelled horizontally by a lever worked by +a horse. The primary gear impels a pinion keyed to the shaft of a +windlass, upon which is wound the elevating rope, whenever the clutch, +A, is made to operate through the cord and lever, B. This cord runs over +a pulley on the under side the wood framework at C, and its further end +may be held in the hand of the workman on the hay load, who, when he has +properly adjusted the fork, pulls the cord which operates the clutch, +and the "fork-full" of hay is at once elevated. The cylinder of the +windlass, not being keyed to the shaft, only operates when the clutch is +closed by the cord. + +The horse, or horses which furnish power to the machine, may, therefore, +keep on traveling in the same direction, and no time is lost in stopping +and backing, as in the method in general use. + +[Illustration: DERR'S CAPSTSTAN FOR ELEVATING HAY FORKS.] + +There is no doubt but that this is a cheap, durable, and desirable +machine, and one that can be used to great advantage, not only for the +elevation of hay, but for many other purposes. We think it would be +found a decided improvement in discharging cargoes of coal from barges, +and for handling coal in storage yards. + +The inventor claims that twice as much hay can be raised in a given time +by its use, as can be done by the old method; and it dispenses with one +hand at the barn or stack. + +A coupling at D, enables attachments to be made, which extend the +usefulness of the machine very much. It may be used as a power for +driving wood saws, cutting fuel, thrashing, and other work where a +simple horse power is desirable. + +Address for further information, Wm. Derr, Tiffin, Ohio. + + * * * * * + +COMPETITORS FOR PRIZES.--The interest that our friends have taken in +obtaining additional names to send with their own subscriptions to the +SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN for the coming year, is without a parallel. The +clubs sent by competitors for the cash prizes are not so many or so +large as we expected, but the number of applicants for the steel plate +engraving exceeds our expectation. + + * * * * * + +The Emperor of France is said to be interested in the art of flying and +to have given money to fledge some inventions. + + * * * * * + + + + +IMPROVEMENT IN LAMP WICKS. + + +Our engravings show a novel substitute for the cotton lamp wick. The +wick, two forms of which are shown in Figs. 1 and 2, are made of +glass, and are filled preferably with pulverized gypsum, although any +finely-ground stone, mineral, or metal may be employed. The bottom of +the glass tube is closed by wire gauze, or other suitable strainer, +through which the fluid flows; and is carried by the capillary +attraction of the pounded material to the top of the wick. + +Thus a permanent wick is obtained, which may be employed with any form +of lamp, and will last for an indefinite time. It may also be used in +connection with an open cup, which the inventor terms a poor man's +lamp. A perforated card is laid upon the top of the cup or tumbler as a +support to the wick. + +[Illustration] + +It may be used either with or without a chimney, and it is claimed that +with good kerosene oil it is perfectly safe, and consumes less of it, +while it may be also used as a candle. + +Patented through the Scientific American Patent Agency, September 14, +1869, by Edward D. Boyd, of Helena, Ark. + +Address for rights, etc., the patentee, as above, or Jos. P. Branch, 277 +Fulton street, Brooklyn, N.Y. + + * * * * * + + + + +Great Transformation. + + +Seven years ago, says the Port Said correspondence of the London _News_, +there was nothing to distinguish Ismailla or the smiling lake before you +from the rest of the desert, and all was sand. It is the canal which has +raised up the numerous handsome villas and fine gardens. Fresh water is +all that is needed to turn the arid desert into a fruitful soil; and the +supply of this is provided by the subsidary canal which the company +has formed side by side with that broad salt one which now unites two +worlds. Wonderful stories are told of the productiveness of the gardens, +and a walk through any of those belonging to the leading officials +stationed at Ismailla is to verify them all. Vines with large bunches of +grapes pendent from their branches; orange trees with green fruit just +showing a golden tint; ivy, roses, geraniums from England, and an +endless variety of rich tropical plants are all flourishing. In the +centre of the town is a square with trees and a building clothed with +rich creepers in its midst. Everything here looks French. A handsome +boulevard runs down to the point of embarkation, the streets and squares +are on the true Parisian model, and there are _cafes_, billiard rooms, +and _cafe chantants_ which might easily belong to Nantes or Lyons. There +are of course huge gaps where the houses and shops will be; the roads +are, many of them, still of sand; camels draw carts, and generally +pervade the place in long strings; but with all this you are kept in a +state of wonder during your stay at Ismailla at the marvelous conversion +which has taken, place under your eyes. + + * * * * * + +American agricultural implements are highly praised in newspaper reports +of the Metropolitan Cattle Show, held recently in London. + + * * * * * + + + + +Moore's Rural New Yorker + + +For Dec. 25 contains a splendid full page Engraving of the PRIZE FOWLS +at the recent State Poultry Show--the Best Poultry Picture ever given in +an American newspaper.--Also, a magnificent CHRISTMAS PICTURE, and other +fine Illustrations. For sale by all Newsdealers; price 8 cents. See +advertisement of RURAL in this paper. + + * * * * * + + + + +BUSINESS AND PERSONAL. + + +_The Charge for Insertion under this head is One Dollar a Line. If +the Notices exceed Four Lines, One Dollar and a Half per line will be +charged._ + + * * * * * + +To ascertain where there will be a demand for new machinery or +manufacturers' supplies read Boston Commercial Bulletin's manufacturing +news of the United States. Terms, $4.00 a year. + +Ties, timber, and lumber seasoned by steam, without a building. Costs +$2, worth $20 per M. Stops eramacausis. H.G. Bulkley, N.Y. + +Wanted--Light Machinery or Articles to Manufacture. Work done in a neat, +prompt manner. Address W.E. Bradner & Co., 13 Mulberry st., Newark, N.J. + +Pyrites wanted--Containing Gold, Silver, or Copper. Address A.G. Hunter, +Jackson, Mich. + +Those wishing articles of metal or light machinery manufactured, will +find it for their interest to address J.B. Heald, Milford, N.H. + +One horizontal stationary steam engine, with variable cut-off, 60-H.P.; +one plain do., 25-H.P.; one do., 20-H.P.; one Portable 12-H.P., on hand +and for sale low. Albertson & Douglass Machine Co., New London, Conn. + +For sale cheap--Good 2d-hand plate iron. 50 plates 3-8 thick, 42 inches +wide, 120 inches long. Been used 3 months for a floor. Price 3 cents per +lb. Address box 1352, Norwich, Conn. + +The head draftsman of a locomotive works, just closed, desires another +engagement. Familiar with stationary, marine, or locomotive machinery. +Unexceptionable references. Watkins, 13 Dutch st., N.Y. + +Wanted--Iron Planer about 4 ft., describe same and price, Geo. S. Grier, +Milford, Del. + +Wanted--Best Water Filter for Household purposes. Frank Alexander, Box +3769, New York. + +A Brick Machine wanted. Address A. Hansen, Sumter, S.C. + +For Sale for want of use--A 3-Horse portable steam engine and boiler, in +perfect running order. Address B.S. Nichols & Co., Burlington, Vt. + +Patent Rights bought and sold by R.T. Bradley & Co., 131 Fourth st., +Cincinnati, Ohio. + +Peck's patent drop press. For circulars, address the sole manufacturers, +Milo Peck & Co, New Haven, Ct. + +Every wheelwright and blacksmith should have one of Dinsmore's Tire +Shrinkers. Send for circular to R.H. Allen & Co., Postoffice Box 376, +New York. + +For Small Engine Lathes, with foot-power, Hand Lathes, Bolt or Terret +Cutters, Planers, etc., address W.E. Bradner & Co., Newark, N.J + +Aneroid Barometers made to order, repaired, rated, for sale and +exchange, by C. Grieshaber, 107 Clinton St., New York. + +Foundery and Machine Business.--Experience with some capital, wants an +engagement. South or West preferred. Address Box E.E., Catskill, N.Y. + +Foreman in a Machine Shop--A person having ten years experience in +that capacity is desirous of forming a new engagement. Address, with +particulars, Postoffice Box 119, La Crosse, Wis. + +Makers of Pipe Cutting and Tapping and Screwing Machines send circulars, +without delay, to Forest City Pipe works, Cleveland, O. + +For Best Spring-bed Bottoms address S.C. Jennings, Wautoma, Wis. + +Parties having patents or patent goods to sell, send for The National, +Buffalo, N.Y., $1 per year, 10c. single copy. + +Back Nos., Vols., and Sets of Scientific American for sale. Address +Theo. Tusch, No. 37 Park Row, New York. + +Mineral Collections--50 selected specimens, including gold and +silver ores, $15. Orders executed on receipt of the amount. L. & J +Feuchtwanger, Chemists, 55 Cedar st., New York. + +The Babcock & Wilcox Steam Engine received the First Premium for the +Most Perfect Automatic Expansion Valve Gear, at the late Exhibition of +the American Institute. Babcock, Wilcox & Co., 44 Cortlandt st., New +York. + +For best quality Gray Iron Small Castings, plain and fancy Apply to the +Whitneyville Foundery, near New Haven, Conn. + +Keuffel & Esser, 71 Nassau st., N.Y., the best place to get 1st-class +Drawing Materials, Swiss Instruments, and Rubber Triangles and Curves. + +Foot Lathes--E.P. Ryder's improved--220 Center st., N.Y. + +Those wanting latest improved Hub and Spoke Machinery, address +Kettenring, Strong & Lauster, Defiance, Ohio. + +For tinmans' tools, presses, etc., apply to Mays & Bliss, Brooklyn, N.Y. + +Mill-stone dressing diamond machine, simple, effective, durable. Also, +Glazier's diamonds. John Dickinson, 64 Nassau st., New York. + +Send 3-cent stamp for a circular on the uses of Soluble Glass, or +Silicates of Soda and Potash. Manufactured by L. & J.W. Feuchtwanger, +Chemists and Drug Importers, 55 Cedar st., New York. + +Glynn's Anti-Incrustator for Steam Boiler--The only reliable +preventative. No foaming, and does not attack metals of boiler. Liberal +terms to Agents. C.D. Fredricks, 587 Broadway, New York. + +Cold Rolled--Shafting, piston rods, pump rods, Collins pat. double +compression couplings, manufactured by Jones & Laughlins, Pittsburgh, +Pa. + +For solid wrought-iron beams, etc., see advertisement. Address Union +Iron Mille, Pittsburgh, Pa., for lithograph, etc. + +Machinists, boiler makers, tinners, and workers of sheet metals read +advertisement of the Parker Power Presses. + +Diamond carbon, formed into wedge or other shapes for pointing and +edging tools or cutters for drilling and working stone, etc. Send stamp +for circular. John Dickinson, 64 Nassau st., New York. + +The paper that meets the eye of manufacturers throughout the United +States--Boston Bulletin, $4.00 a year. Advertisements 17c. a line. + +Winans' boiler powder, 11 Wall st., N.Y., removes Incrustations without +injury or foaming; 12 years in use. Beware of Imitations. + + * * * * * + + + + +ANSWERS TO CORRESPONDENTS. + + +_Correspondents who expect to receive answers to their letters must, +in all cases, sign their names. We have a right to know those who seek +information from us; besides, as sometimes happens we may prefer to +address correspondents by mail. + +SPECIAL NOTE.--This column is designed for the general interest and +instruction of our readers, not for gratuitous replies to questions of +a purely business or personal nature. We will publish such inquiries, +however, when paid for as advertisemets at $1.00 a line, under the head +of "Business and Personal." + +All reference to back numbers should be by volume and page._ + + * * * * * + +C.H.G., of N.Y.--To make pure nitrate of silver, dissolve pure silver in +pure nitric acid, evaporate the solution to dryness, or, if crystals are +preferred, evaporate until the solution is sufficiently concentrated +to form crystals. If you can not get pure silver, you may purify it by +dissolving coin in nitric acid, filtering the solution and precipitating +the silver in the form of a chloride by hydrochloric acid. Next wash the +precipitate with hot water until the washings cease to redden litmus +paper. Next mix the pure chloride of silver while yet moist with its own +weight of pure crystallized carbonate of soda, place the mixture in a +covered porcelain crucible and heat very gradually until the fusing +point of silver is reached. The reduced silver will be pure and may be +removed by breaking the crucible. Wash the button thoroughly with hot +water to remove the flux. In dissolving the pure silver thus obtained in +nitric acid, it is better to use an excess of acid; the excess will be +driven off by heat in evaporation. + +G.B., of Iowa.--Nominal horse power is merely a conventional expression +for diameter of cylinder and length of stroke, and does not apply to the +actual power of the engine. It is found by multiplying the cube root of +the stroke in feet by the square of the diameter in inches and dividing +the product by 47. This rule is based upon the postulate established by +Watt, that the speed of a piston with two feet stroke is 160 feet per +minute, and that for longer strokes the speed varies as the cube roots +of the length of the stroke. It is needless to say this rule is not +observed in modern practice, yet the expression, nominal horse power, is +like many other relics of past time still retained. The above rule does +not apply to high pressure engines. For such engines Bourne has given +the following rule: Multiply the square of the diameter of the cylinder +in inches by the cube root of the stroke in feet, and divide by 15.6. +The real power of an engine is estimated from the mean effective +pressure in the cylinder--not the boiler--and the speed of the piston. +Your data are insufficient to determine the horse power of your boiler. +The horse power of boilers is estimated from the extent of heating +surface when the grate and all other things are correctly proportioned, +but with them as with engines, only actual test will positively +determine it. The pipe you mention ought to be enlarged as proposed. + +W.H.R., of Mass.--Pressure acts independently of the mode of +application. A tun laid upon the head of a wedge would produce the same +effect as though it were applied through toggles. When, however, a +weight is dropped its effect increases as the square of its velocity. + +J.B., of N.Y.--We recommend you to get "Appleton's Dictionary of +Mechanics." Also send for descriptive catalogue to Henry Carey Baird, +Philadelphia, from which you will be able to judge for yourself what +works are suited to your requirements. + +T.D.H., of Mass.--Ammonia, in a weak solution, may be used to cleanse +the scalp, but is not recommended for the purpose. Borax in solution is +better. The supposed preservation of the color of the hair by its use is +a mistake. + +F.B.H., of Ill.--So far as we know, nothing better than the flax seed +bag has been discovered for packing the lower end of tubes in artesian +wells. We have never heard of any trouble arising from the method and +think you will have none. + +L.G. of Mass.--Express the decimal ratio of the diameter of a circle to +the circumference to which you refer, as a mixed vulgar fraction, and +you will have what you ask for, if we understand your query. + +A.H.S., of Sandwich Islands.--We know of no substance that in our +opinion, could be used advantageously to paint the interior of +sheet-iron evaporating pans for concentrating cane juice. + +L.B., of Wis.--We would be glad to assist you but the data you furnish +are not sufficient. The accurate solution of such a problem involves the +higher mathematics. + +A.H.M.--All animal and mineral oils are destructive to rubber. Linseed +oil will not dissolve it. Oils should not be allowed to get on rubber +belting. + +T.W.J., of Pa.--For your rollers try some emery mixed in a solution of +gum shellac in good alcohol. + +E.B., of Mass.--The patent can be corrected by reissue. + +J.M.T., of Ind.--To find the proper area for a safety valve port, when +the evaporating surface is properly proportioned to the engine power, +multiply the square of the diameter of the piston in inches by the speed +in feet of the piston per minute, and divide the product by 375 times +the pressure on the boiler per square inch. Having decided upon the +length of the lever, the distance of the valve stem from the fulcrum, +and the point from which the weight will be suspended, the weight +necessary will be found by multiplying the area of the valve port in +inches into the pressure per square inch in the boiler in pounds, and +this product into the distance of the center of the valve stem from +the fulcrum in inches, and dividing the product thus obtained by the +distance from the fulcrum to the point of suspension of the weight in +inches. The quotient will give the weight in pounds. + +A.K.S., of Ohio.--The inclination of the poles of a planet to the plane +of its orbit, determines its zones and also its seasons. The inclination +of the earth's axis is twenty-three and one half degrees. This places +the tropics the same distance each side of the equator, and the polar +circles the same distance from the poles. The torrid zone is therefore +forty-seven degrees wide, and the temperate zones each forty-three +degrees wide. As the planets vary in their inclination of their axis +to the planes of their orbits, it follows that their zones and seasons +differ from those of the earth. + +W.H.C., of Texas.--The teeth of a circular wood saw to be driven by +foot-power, should be not larger than those of the ordinary hand +crosscut. The fly-wheel ought to have a rim weighing from eighty to one +hundred pounds, and it should be, for a 12-inch saw, not less than a +foot in diameter. It should be placed on the saw arbor. The belt should +not run on the fly-wheel, but on a special pulley, and the treadle and +crank motion should be so adjusted that the foot will move through an +arc of from 10 to 12 inches. + +A.H.B., of Pa.--We advise you to use a battery in coating the small +gray castings, of which you write, with copper. It will be all the more +satisfactory in the end. The best polishing material to put in with them +in the tumbler we think would be leather cuttings and sweepings. +They will not need returning to the tumbler after being coppered. +We recommend you to get "Byrne's Practical Metalworkers Assistant," +published by Henry Carey Baird, Philadelphia. + +J.H.G., of Tenn.--Don't put oil in your boiler to prevent incrustation. +It will not probably do any good, and it will cause much foaming, while +besides that it is a waste of heat, it is injurious to engines. + +S.S.R., of Tenn.--No ammoniacal engines are, so far as we are aware, +running in this country. + +C.E.C., of Ohio.--The varnish for patterns is common shellac varnish. It +is sometimes made black by lampblack. + + * * * * * + + + + +RECENT AMERICAN AND FOREIGN PATENTS. + + +_Under this heading we shall publish weekly notes of some of the more +prominent home and foreign patents_. + + * * * * * + +MOP.--Philip Cook, Jr., Sioux City, Iowa.--This invention relates to a +new and useful improvement in mops, whereby they are so arranged that +they may be wrung or freed from water when in use by moving the slides +connected with the handle and head of the mop. + +VENTILATING HORSE COVER.--Charles P. Eager, Boston., Mass.--This +invention relates to a new horse cover, which is so arranged that it +will be entirely waterproof, and nevertheless permit a free escape of +air from the body of the animal. + +CAR COUPLING.--S.O. Campbell, Tipton, Mo.--This invention relates to a +new car coupling, which is so arranged that it will be self-coupling +and retain the coupling pin ready to lock as long as the link is not +inserted. + +GAS STOVE.--Wm. J. Hays, New York city.--This invention has for its +object to construct a gas stove, with an extender radiating surface, and +with proper air channels, so that with a comparatively small amount of +heat, the air in an ordinary-sized room can be properly warmed. + +SCRIBE HOOK FOR WEATHER BOARDING.--John Nester, Portland, Oregon.--This +invention relates to a new scribe hook for weather-boards, which will be +generally useful and adaptable to the purposes for which it is intended +and to provide an adjustable spur and marker. + +RAILROAD SMOKE CONVEYER.--Lemuel Powell, Milford, Conn.--The object of +this invention is to prevent the smoke and ashes, issuing from the smoke +stack of a locomotive, from entering the cars of the train and from +thereby preventing the proper ventilation of the cars. + +DRILL FOR BORING POLYGONAL HOLES.--J.C. Broadley, Franklin, N.J.--This +invention relates to a new implement for boring polygonal, oval, +star-shaped, or holes of other suitable form, in metal, wood, or other +material. The invention consists chiefly in arranging the pattern, which +regulates the shape of the hole to be bored, on the upper part of the +drill shank, and in having the bit shanks, which are pivoted to the +lower part of the drill shank, held by means of springs against the +inner edges of the inverted cup-shaped pattern. + +ROOFING.--H.G. Noble, Selma, Ala.--This invention relates to +improvements in roofing, and consists in covering roofs with sheet +metal, laid on the rafters and nailed down at the edges, so as to be +considerably concaved between them, the joints on the rafters being +covered by inverted caps or troughs. The concave form of the sheet +is designed to prevent the sheet metal from cracking, to which it is +subject by expansion and contraction when laid on flat. + +WASHING MACHINE.--John J. Kimball Naperville, Ill.--This invention +relates to improvements in washing machines, and consists in an improved +arrangement of operating mechanism for revolving a vertically suspended +shaft with a crank at the top, and carrying within the tub a corrugated +or roughened rubber, for action on the clothes. The invention also +comprises an improved arrangement of the rubber, whereby it is made +capable of sliding up or down on the shaft, according to the amount of +clothes to be acted on. + +BOLT CUTTER.--O.E. Butler and S.P. Dunham Marshalltown, Iowa.--This +invention relates to improvements in hand instruments for cutting bolts, +and consists in the combination with the handles of an instrument, +such as patented to the inventors, January 19, 1869, as an improved +instrument for sharpening horseshoes, of a cutting pin of peculiar +construction, whereby the said tool is adapted, when this cutter is +applied in substitution of the cutter and jaw, is used for sharpening +horseshoes, to cut off the ends of bolts with great facility. + +SHAFT TUG LUGS FOR HARNESS.--T.J. Magruder, Marion, Ohio.--This +invention relates to improvements in the construction and application of +shaft tug lugs for harness, and consists in forming the said lugs with +broad and long plates, properly curved to suit the curve of the pad, and +connecting the latter to the under sides of the skirts and to the +pads in a way to stiffen the skirt and to hold the stud securely from +breaking loose, the said lugs being made solid with a screw nut at the +end to confine the bearing straps, or hollow, with female screw threads +near the base, and bolts screwing into the said female threads to secure +the bearing straps and to admit of readily applying or removing the +straps so that the harness may be adapted for use either as single or +double harness. + +HARNESS BUCKLE.--J.W. Burch, Fayette, Miss.--The object of this +invention is to provide buckles for harness and other uses, with tongues +constructed in the form of leather punches, whereby they may be used at +any time required for punching holes. + +HUMMING-WHEEL TOY.--A.F. Able, New Orleans, La.--This invention relates +to improvements in humming wheel toys, having for its object to provide +an improved holding apparatus for supporting and maintaining the proper +tension on the cords, and designed to support the cords of two or more +wheels at the same time. + +COMBINED CLOTHES IRONING TABLE AND CLOTHES DRYER.--William P. Adams, +Brooklyn, N.Y.--This invention relates to a new and useful improvement +in an article for the laundry, and consists in an adjustable ironing +table, and in combination therewith a clothes dryer. + +SEED AND GRAIN STRIPPER.--J.F. King and H.A. Rice, Louisiana, Mo.--The +object of this invention is to provide a seed and grain stripper, +with light and strong fingers, capable of adjustment as to hight, and +arranged in a way to vary the spaces between the teeth at the point of +stripping the heads for straw of different sizes. + +CLOTHES WRINGER.--M.M. Follett, Lake City, Minn.--This invention relates +to a new apparatus for applying pressure to the rollers of a wringer +with an object of obtaining equal and adjustable power without any +danger to the rubber of the rollers or to the articles to be dried. + +AUGER HANDLE.--James Swan, Seymour, Conn.--The object of this invention +is to provide a cheap, simple, and durable handle for augurs for boring +in wood, one which shall require no fitting except to make the augur +enter the socket, and which shall be of such size and shape that the +shanks of ordinary augurs shall enter without any fitting at all. + +CANDLESTICK.--H. Zahn, San Francisco, Cal.--This invention relates to a +new and useful improvement in candlesticks, and consists in the use of a +thumb screw in combination with the candlestick tube, whereby the candle +is kept steady, and in a perpendicular position in the stick, and firmly +held without the use of springs or other attachment. + +WASHING MACHINE.--J.S. Merchant, Hopedale, Ohio.--This invention relates +to new and useful improvements in machines for washing clothes. + +PACKING CASES FOR OIL CANS.--John McLeod Murphy, New York city.--This +invention consists of an arrangement especially adapted for use with +cans provided with an improved cut off nozzle, which is the subject of +an application for a patent, made by the same inventor and bearing even +date herewith, which said improvement comprises the application to the +ordinary vertical nozzles of a lateral spout connected to the side, and +arranged to open an escape passage for the contents when the said spout +is turned with the right position, which position is that best adapted +for pouring from the can into another vessel, and in which the said +spout projects through a slot in the side of the packing case in closing +it, the said case being provided with an opening and a door for closing +the same adapted for it. + +WASHING MACHINE.--Edward Heim, Pittsburgh, Pa.--This invention relates +to a new machine for washing clothes, and consists in the introduction +of several improvements whereby the machine is adapted to thoroughly +clean coarse as well as fine articles without injury to the same, and in +a comparatively short time. + +PADLOCK--John S. Rankin, Ann Arbor, Mich.--The object of this invention +is to provide a simple, cheap, and efficient construction and +arrangement of the locking and operating parts of padlocks. The +invention consists in an improved and simple compound tumbler bolt and +relative arrangement thereof with the bow and bow spring. + +GRAIN DRILL.--Jacob F. Gibson, Chestnut Level, Pa.--This invention +relates to a seed tube pivoted in its drag bars, in such manner that it +may yield to an immovable obstruction. + +PROPELLING MACHINERY OF COTTON GINS.--Wm. L. May, Linwood, Ala.--This +invention has for its object to effect such arrangement of machinery as +will enable a cotton gin to be run at a materially reduced expense. + +SNOW PLOW.--Thomas L. Shaw, Omaha, Nebraska.--This invention relates to +a snow plow, for a locomotive engine, which takes up a load of snow, is +then borne back out of the cut by the engine, and dumps its load when +arrived at a clear space. + +BEEHIVE.--W.T. Kirkpatrick, Tamarva, Ill.--This invention relates to +improvements in beehives, and consists in the combination with beehives +in a peculiar way, of a moth box, and moth passage thereto, calculated +to entice the moths away from the bee passage and prevent them from +entering thereat. + +SEEDING MACHINE.--M.F. Lowth and T.J. Howe, Owatonna, Minn.--This +invention relates to that class of seeders which employ a revolving +cylinder, having pockets in its periphery, and placed at the bottom of +the hopper which contains the seed, the function of the pockets being to +receive seed, when right side up, and drop it when inverted. + +UPRIGHT PIANO.--Geo. C. Manner, New York city.--This invention consists +in placing the strings of an upright piano in an inclined position in +the frame instead of a perpendicular one, as heretofore, for the purpose +of enabling the hammer handle to be pivoted so near the strings that +when the hammer head is driven up against them, it shall necessarily +fall back again by its own weight. + +CARPET CLEANER.--Alexander Stevenson, New York city.--This invention +relates to new and useful improvements in carpet cleaning devices, +having for its object to provide a simple and efficient apparatus +consisting of a yielding bed, brushing rollers, moving rollers, and a +beating apparatus, whereby the carpet, being bound upon a roller, or +rollers, may be moved along, from time to time, over the said yielding +bed and brushing rollers, and be beaten and brushed. + +COTTON CULTIVATOR.--I.W. Burch, Fayette, Miss.--This invention comprises +a pair of plows suspended from the frame of a truck so as to work on +both sides of the row, for "barring off" or scraping the weeds and earth +away from the row, also, a pair of rotary cutters having oblique blades +for throwing away from the plants, and designed, also, to work on both +sides of the rows, and closer to the plants than the plows, both sets of +devices having vertical vibration. + +WATER WHEEL--Geo. W. Cressman and Burt Pfleger, Barren Hill, Pa., and +Nice Keely Roxborough, Pa.--This invention relates to improvements in +turbine wheels designed to produce an arrangement of the gates within +the bucket rim (the water being secured from below, and the wheel being +made hollow, for the reception of the water, and to provide space for +the said gate), in a manner calculated to relieve the wheel of pressure +from the water, either in an upward or downward direction. + +ATTACHING FLY AND MOSQUITO BARS TO WINDOWS, DOORS, ETC.--James Hebron, +Buffalo, N.Y.--This invention relates to improvements in attaching fly +and mosquito bars to window sashes or frames, doors, or other light +frames to be used in combination with window frames or doors, and +consists in attaching one edge of the cloth to a round or other shaped +bar or rod of wood or metal, by binding thereon and sewing, passing the +thread spirally around the bar or rod, and then securing the rod to the +sill or frame, either on the surface thereof, or in a groove formed +therein, then stretching the cloth across the window and securing it by +clamping another rod down upon it by staples, either in a groove or +not, and, in some cases, securing the ends in a similar way. It is also +proposed to stretch the cloth over or under these rods. + +ADJUSTABLE STOVEPIPE THIMBLE.--H.N. Bill, Willimantic, Conn.--This +invention relates to improvements in thimbles for the passage of +stovepipes through the walls into flues, and consists in providing a +vertically-sliding thimble plate in a metallic frame, having a long +opening, and adapted for insertion in an opening through the wall, so as +to support the thin plate at or about the line of the face of the flue +wall, so that the plate may be drawn up or down to vary the hight of the +thimble for pipes of different vertical lengths. The invention, also, +comprises an improved mode of attaching the thimbles to this plate by +means of radial studs at the rim, separated from the main part of the +rim and bent inward so as to pass through slots in the thimble plate +around the hole, to engage behind the edge of the plate by turning the +thimbles on their axes a short distance after being passed through the +slots, while the main part of the rims of the said thimbles bear against +the front face of the thimble plate and cover the slots when so turned. + +COMBINED HAY RAKE AND TEDDER.--John C. Mills, Palmyra, N.Y.--This +invention relates to a new and useful improvement in combining two +important agricultural machines in one (or combining a tedder with a +hay rake), and it consists in the construction of the tedder and the +arrangement of the same in combination with the rake. Patented Dec. 7, +1869. + +POST-HOLE AUGER.--Geo. Seeger and Chas H. Shaffer, Clark's Hill, +Ind.--This invention relates to a post hole boring apparatus, mounted +upon a wheelbarrow, and the invention consists in providing the barrow +with legs that may be either turned up out of the way or adjusted at any +required angle so as to keep the barrow level when on uneven ground. + +SELF-DROPPER FOR REAPERS.--T.F. Lippencott, Conemaugh, Pa.--This +invention has for its object to furnish an improved self-dropper for +reapers, which shall be so constructed as to operate automatically, to +fall and deposit the grain and to rise to receive another supply, making +the gavels all of about the same size. + +PLOWING MACHINE.--Albert Bondeli, Philadelphia, Mo.--This invention has +for its object to furnish an improved machine for preparing the ground +to receive seed, and which shall be so constructed and arranged as to +prepare the ground more thoroughly and put it in better condition to +receive seed, and which shall be so constructed and arranged as to +prepare the ground more thoroughly and put it in better condition to +receive the seed than when the ordinary plows are used. + +EXPANDING TRIPLE SHOVEL PLOWS.--Edward Wiard, Louisville, Ky.--This +invention has for its object to furnish an improved triple shovel plow, +which shall be so constructed and arranged that the shovels may be +conveniently expanded and contracted, or set at any desired pitch, and, +at the same time, in such a way as to be securely held in any desired +position. + +SEWING MACHINE.--L.W. Lathrop, Nyack, N.Y.--This invention relates to +improvements in sewing machines, and consists in certain improvements +in mechanism for forming the loop, and for conveying the binding thread +through the same, in a manner to prevent the contact of the binding +thread spool, or its carrier, with the thread of the needle, and thereby +to avoid wearing the same, and to produce more easily operating parts; +also, a secure, permanent, and reliable arrangement of apparatus, and +calculated also to be more certain to form the stitch. + +POETABLE DERRICK.--J.R. Hammond, Sedalia, Mo.--This invention has for +its object to furnish an improved derrick, simple in construction, +effective in operation, and easily moved from place to place, designed +especially for use in connection with the improved rake, thrasher, +loader, and stacker, patented by the same inventor Nov. 30, 1869, but +equally applicable for other uses. + +WAGON SEAT FASTENER.--Charles Collins, Vernon Centre, N.Y.--This +invention relates to improvements in means for holding detachable wagon +or sleigh seats to the boxes, and consists in the application to the +seat risers of hooks with spring stops, adapted for engaging staples in +the boxes below the said hooks, and for being held in such engagement +by the spring stops, until disengaged by the operator for removing the +seats. + +VELOCIPEDE.--William Volk, Buffalo, N.Y.--This invention relates to a +new three-wheeled velocipede, which is so arranged that the driving +wheels, although mounted on separate axles, will make equal numbers +of revolutions, as long as the machine is to be kept in a straight +direction, while they can be disconnected when the device is to be +turned in a circle. + +COFFIN HANDLES.--Clark Strong, Winsted, Conn.--This invention relates +to new and useful improvements in coffin handles, and consists in the +construction, arrangement, and combination of parts. + +LOOM.--Lyman Stone, Nelson, N.H.--This invention relates to improvements +in power looms, and has for its principal object to provide an +arrangement and construction of the same, calculated to furnish looms of +equal or greater efficiency than those now in use, but occupying very +much less space, so as to economize materially in room, where large +numbers are used on a floor, as is the case in factories; not only in +respect of the space occupied by the loom itself, but also in respect of +the space required for the passages or aisles between the rows of looms. +The invention also comprises improved let-off and take-up mechanisms, +also, an improvement in cloth beams; also, an improved picker motion, +inducing a novel adjusting arrangement for the picker operating cams, +also, an improved construction of treadle cams, whereby an equal +capacity of throw is obtained with less size and friction, and with +less power, and whereby they are guarded to prevent accidents to the +attendant while cleaning when the loom is in operation. + +PAPER FILE.--C.W. West, Shiloh, N.J.--This invention relates to a new +paper file, which is a compound of two bars that can be tied together so +that the paper will be securely clasped between them; the strings for +tying them being arranged in a peculiar manner to draw them firmly +together. + +ROLLING BLOTTER.--C.A. Gale, Demopolis, Ala.--This invention has for +its object to provide an improved rolling blotter, which shall be so +constructed and arranged that the blotting pads maybe conveniently +removed when required, and replaced with new ones. + +DUMP WAGON.--Daniel Willson, Ishpeming, Mich.--This invention has for +its object to furnish a simple, strong, and convenient dump wagon, which +shall be so constructed and arranged that it maybe dumped when required, +by backing the team. + +SEWING MACHINE SOAP HOLDER.--Mary Dewey, New Albany, Ind.--This +invention relates to a new device for soaping the cloth that is fed +under the needle of a sewing machine, and consists in the attachment of +a tubular soap holder to the presser foot of a sewing machine. + +MONKEY WRENCH.--Samuel Zarley, Niantic, Ill.--This invention has for its +object to furnish an improved monkey wrench, which shall be simple in +construction, strong, durable, and easily and quickly adjusted to the +nut to be unscrewed. + +ANIMAL TRAP.--Adam Brown, Bridgeport, Oregon.--This invention relates +to improvements in traps for rats, squirrels, and other animals, and +consists in the application through an opening in the side of a box, +of a detachable chute extending some distance into the box, forming +a passage thereinto the walls of which are armed with spring points +arranged in the usual way to permit ingress and prevent egress; the +floor of the passage is elevated to form a chamber below for inclosing +the bait, so that it cannot all be readily devoured. The invention also +comprises in connection with the above, the application to the side +walls of the box, which is open at the top, of projecting sheets of +metal to prevent the animals from climbing out; also the application to +the top of tilting shelves for discharging any animals that may climb up +the outside of the box, and on to the same. + +SHINGLE PACKER.--Robert Taylor, West Pensaukie, Wis.--This invention +relates to improvements in apparatus for pressing and holding the +bunches of shingles for binding them, and consists of the arrangement on +a suitable bench, having end walls for gaging the piling of the shingles +at the thick ends, of a pair of vertically sliding bars, a transverse +passing bar, and a set of gear wheels, shaft, and hand lever, the said +wheels gearing with the vertically sliding bars which are toothed for +the purpose in such a way that the hand lever may be used to force the +transverse bar, which is connected to the upper end of the sliding bar +down upon the bundle of shingles across the center, pressing and holding +the bundle till fastened. + +REGISTERING APPARATUS FOR VEHICLES.--Thomas Ollis, Netherfield road, +South Liverpool, England.--This invention consists in the application of +apparatus similar to that used for stamping or indorsing purposes for +registering or indicating the number of passengers that have traveled by +an omnibus or other vehicle. + +STEAM AND CALORIC ENGINES.--Alexander Hendry, Victoria, British +Columbia.--This invention consists in an improved arrangement of +jacketed cylinders, and jacketed furnace, constituting a water space, +for generating steam by the radiating heat of the furnace, and arranged +to envelope the cylinders with water to prevent injury by the gases and +heat; also an improved arrangement of chambered pistons, for keeping the +same filled with water to counteract the action of the heat upon +the same, also, certain improvements in chambered valves, and valve +operating devices, the said chambered valves and rods being supplied +with water, also to prevent injury by the heat and the gases, and the +invention also comprises an arrangement of the furnace calculated +to separate and distribute the gases and effect the most perfect +combustion. + +COTTON BASKETS.--R.S. Myers, Washington, N.C.--This invention relates to +improvements in baskets for carrying cotton, especially when ginned +and consists in providing the cotton baskets of the ordinary form and +construction with large holes through the center of the bottom, whereby +in emptying the said baskets the operator may insert his hand and +push the cotton out by one effort in a mass, whereas, by the present +arrangement it must be pulled out from the mouth, which takes much more +time, as in this way it only comes out in small quantities. + +NOTE CASE.--Alphonzo Button, Dunkirk, N.Y.--This invention relates +to improvements in note or paper cases or files for inclosing notes, +papers, bills, etc., in a simple, cheap, and convenient portable +package for the use of bankers and other business men. It consists of a +cylindrical case of leather or other light suitable material having an +opening from end to end covered by a flap, a central revolving spool, +and a web of flexible substance connected to and wound on the spool so +as to be drawn out through the opening and wound up again, on which web +any suitable arrangement of narrow flaps folding over from the edges and +connected by elastic bands, in a way to secure papers, notes, etc., in +different and separate sections, may be arranged as now arranged in +pocket books. + +PUMP.--A.C. Judson, Grand Rapids, Ohio.--This invention consists in the +arrangement of two dish shaped metal disks with a diaphragm of leather +between them, and another leather diaphragm above, adapted for the +better support of the water in lifting; it also consists of an +arrangement for operating the pump rod without lateral vibration, so +that it may be packed tightly in the tube to prevent foul matter and +vermin from getting in. + +PANELING, MOLDING, AND CARVING MACHINE.--A.S. Gear, New Haven, +Conn.--This machine performs all of the work of the well known Variety +Molding Machine, and in addition molds and carves any desired pattern +of panel work, and simultaneously dovetails both mortise and tenon. +The wood to be carved is fastened firmly to the bed of the machine by +movable clamps adjustable to suit any required size of wood, and the +cutters are fastened to a spindle moved by a universal joint in any +direction upon the bed of the machine. The cutter is guided by hand, +the guide resting against the pattern. The carving can be gaged to any +required depth, and made to conform to any required pattern. A fan blows +away chips as fast as they are produced, leaving the work constantly in +view of the operator. The same tool which cuts the mortise also cuts the +tenon, the two pieces of work to be dovetailed being clamped together to +the end of the table. Every kind of finish hitherto made upon the edges +of lumber, and which has heretofore been mitered and glued upon the face +to create a finish, is planed, beaded, and molded upon the piece itself +by this machine. + +WASHING BOILERS.--John P. Sherwood, Fort Edward, N.Y.--This invention +has for its object to improve the construction of that class of washing +boilers in which the clothes are washed by the water as it boils being +projected down upon the clothes to percolate through them, and thus +remove the dirt. And it consists in the construction and combination of +the various parts. + +TOY VELOCIPEDE.--H.C. Alexander, New York city.--This invention has for +its object to furnish an improved toy velocipede. + +BRICK MACHINE.--Thomas Smurfit, Davisville, Mich.--This invention has +for its object to furnish an improved brick machine, which shall be +strong, durable, simple in construction, and effective in operation, +making the bricks rapidly and well. + +TRUNKS, ETC.--Thomas B. Peddie, Newark, N.J.--This invention has for its +object to improve the construction of trunks, valises, portmanteaus, +pellesiers, traveling bags, etc., so as to adapt them to receive and +carry a portfolio in such a way that while carrying it safely, it may be +conveniently removed when required for use. + +SEED PLANTER.--David C. Woods, Waxahatchie, Texas.--This invention has +for its object the construction of a seed planter, which will deposit +the seeds in the requisite quantities and the proper distances apart, +and which will cover and mark the hills, so that a plowman will not be +at a loss where to start at the commencement of a new row, and after +having passed around tree stumps or other obstructions, as he can always +see the marks on the preceding rows. + +WASHING MACHINE.--Joseph Balsley, Bedford, Ind.--This invention has +for its object to improve the construction of the machine known as the +"Egyptian Washing Machine," so as to make it more convenient in use and +more effective in operation. + +DENTAL IMPRESSION CUP FOR LOWER JAW.--Robert V. Jenks, Paterson, +N.J.--This invention has for its object to furnish an improved +impression cup for use in taking a cast of the lower jaw, to form a +model of said jaw to fit the plate upon, which shall be so constructed +as to enable the dentist to take a more perfect cast than is possible +with impression cups constructed in the ordinary manner. + +SHOW CARD SUSPENSION RING.--H.S. Griffiths, New York city.--This +invention has for its object to furnish an improved suspension ring for +suspending show cards, which shall be simple in construction and easily +attached to the cards, and which shall, at the same time, be so formed +as to take a firm hold upon the card, and not be liable to tear out. + +REFRIGERATOR.--Samuel Ayres, Danville, Ky.--This invention relates to +improvements in refrigerators, and consists in certain improvements in +the construction and arrangement for excluding the external atmosphere, +distributing the cold by means of the ice, and also the water resulting +therefrom; for economizing space, and for providing convenient access to +all the different parts. + +CINDER AND DUST ARRESTER FOR CAR WINDOWS.--Edwin Norton, Brooklyn, +N.Y.--This invention relates to improvements in apparatus for preventing +the cinders and dust from being blown into the cars, when in motion, +through the open windows, and consists in the application to the cars +at the sides of the windows, on the exterior, by hinging thereto or +by other equivalent connection, small guard plates of wood or other +substance to project outwardly in a right or other suitable or preferred +angle, at the side of the window, to arrest the cinder and dust moving +rearward alongside of the car, and conduct it below the windows, the +said guard plates being arranged so that those on the side of the +windows in the direction of the movement of the train may be adjusted to +the operating position while the others are folded back against the side +of the car. + +HOSE COUPLING.--William J. Osbourne, New York city.--This invention +relates to a new and useful improvement in couplings for hose pipe, +whereby the parts of a hose are united in a more perfect manner than by +the ordinary hose coupling. + +SAW GUIDE.--John Trunick, Muscatine, Iowa.--This invention relates to +a new and useful improvement in means for guiding circular saws and +keeping them to the true saw line. + +SQUARE, GAGE, AND LEVEL.--Josiah Potts, Milwaukee, Wis.--This invention +relates to a new and useful improvement in a tool for mechanics' use and +consists in combining with a try square, a spirit level and a surface +gage. + +EXTENSION MUFF BLOCK.--C.F. Butterworth, Troy, N.Y.--This invention +relates to a new and useful improvement in blocks for forming and +stretching muffs in the process of manufacturing that article. + +HAY AND GRAIN ELEVATOR.--John Dennis, Oswego, N.Y.--This invention has +for its object to furnish an improved device, to be used in connection +with the improved hay and grain elevator, patented by the same inventor, +September 21, 1869, and numbered 95,006, for the purpose of moving the +whole load of hay or grain when elevated to any desired part of the barn +before unloading it. + +MILLER TRAP FOR BEEHIVES.--T.L. Gray, Thomasville, Tenn.--This invention +relates to a device for catching millers, or other insects, in their +attempts to gain entrance into beehives. + +VALVE GEAR.--Thomas E. Evans, William R. Thomas, and Joshua Hunt, +Catasauqua, Pa.--This invention relates to a new and useful improvement +in the mode of operating valves of steam engines, more especially +designed for pumping engines, but applicable to other purposes or to +valves of steam and water engines generally. + +WATER WHEEL.--Henry W. McAuley, De Soto, Wis.--This invention consists +in certain improvements in the form and arrangements of the buckets and +in chutes for delivering the water thereto. + +SELF-LOADING HAY WAGON.--James Capen, Charlton, Mass.--This invention +relates to improvements in hay loaders, and consists in the application +to the rear end of a hay wagon of an endless elevator case and rake, the +latter having spring teeth, and arranged for adjustment by means of +a hand lever at the front and suitable connecting devices; and the +elevator is connected with one or both of the hind wheels of the wagon +by machine chains or belts for operation. + +ELEVATOR.--Francis Stein and Henry Haering, New York city.--This +invention consists in the application to a pair of vertical ports or +ways with toothed racks, of a carriage or platform having a shaft +provided with a gear wheel at or near each end, and gearing into the +toothed rack; also, having in suitable cases sliding on the posts a set +of hoisting gears, gearing with the toothed racks and operated by hand +cranks, and provided with ratchet wheels, holding pawls, and friction +apparatus, arranged in a peculiar way for elevating the platform, +holding it in any desired position or governing its descent. + +FOLDING AND EXTENSION TABLE.--C. Mayer, Sullivan, Ill.--This invention +relates to improvements in tables, and consists in arranging the side +rails of the top of the frame, which are enlarged at the center and +hinged to the posts for folding against the cross rails, when the top, +which is detachably connected, is removed, for economy of space and +convenience, in packing for transportation or storage; also in arranging +the legs for folding up against the under edge of the cross rails; also +in an improved arrangement of the side rails for extension. + +MANUFACTURE OF SCOOPS.--S. Geo. Knapp, Woodhaven, N.Y.--This invention +relates to an improved mode of manufacturing sheet-metal flour, grain, +and other scoops, and consists in forming the bowls in one piece of +metal, without seams or joints, by stamping up sheets of metal into the +form of a trough, with a flange around the top, and cutting the same +transversely in the center, with blanks for the bowls of two scoops, to +be finished by trimming or shaping the cut ends, turning down the flange +at the top, for stiffening either over wire or not and attaching the +handle; the object being to produce scoops with bowls formed in one +piece, and shaped at the base or in the part where the handles are +connected, and to smoothly effect an economy of labor by stamping two +blanks at one blow of the drop press, and also to control the metal +under the action of the drop better in shaping the deep curved part of +the base so as to upset and stiffen the blanks thereat. + +BORING MACHINE.--E.C. Barton, Bloomsburg, Pa.--This invention relates to +improvements in wood-boring machines, whereby it is designed to provide +a simple and efficient arrangement of frame operating devices and +feeding table for boring light articles to be presented to the machine +by hand. + +HASP LOCK.--E.R. Culver, New London, Conn.--This invention relates +to improvements in that class of locks where the locking devices are +incased within a hasp, and a hook is used in connection with the hasp +for locking, or independently for fastening the door without locking. + +WATER WHEELS.--W.J. Thompson, Springfield, Mo.--This invention relates +to improvements in that class of horizontally running wheels, which +receive the water from above or below on curved buckets taking the water +at one side and discharging it at the other, and it consists of an +improved arrangement of vertically oscillating gates, which, when open, +form chutes for the water; it also consists of an improved means for +working the gates. + +PIPE COUPLING.--J.D. Ware, Savannah, Ga.--This invention relates to +improvements in pipe couplings, and consists in forming a dovetailed +groove across the end of one part, with an annular recess in the bottom +around the bore for a packing ring, and fitting on the other part a +dovetailed projection for engaging in the groove, and in arranging on +one of the parts an eccentric ring to work against the head of the +projection and force it tightly into the groove. + +FIRE GRATES.--G.W. Everhart, Louisville, Ky.--This invention relates to +improvements in that class of fire grates used for heating rooms, and +consists in so arranging them as to provide a clear air space between +the basket and the walls of the fire-place, both at the back and ends, +for the admission of air more directly at these parts, for the better +combustion of the coal and the gases arising therefrom; it also consists +in providing a recess in the hearth or bottom of the fire-place under +the grate, for the reception of ash pans of greater capacity than can be +contained on the top of the hearth, whereby a much larger quantity of +cinders and ashes may be received and retained, so that less frequent +removals of the same will be required. + +APPARATUS FOR SEWING SADDLERY AND OTHER LEATHER, OR STRONG +MATERIALS.--Auguste Jacques Hurtu and Victor Joseph Hautin, Paris +France.--This invention relates to apparatus more especially applicable +for sewing leather, saddlery, harness, and other similar work with waxed +thread, and consists first, in the improved apparatus of this invention, +two needles are employed, the one sewing as an awl, and the other +carrying the thread; the two needles have at the same time a vertical +movement and also an adjustable horizontal movement. The needles are +operated alternately, so that the needle may pass the thread through the +hole made just previously by the awl, before the leather has been +moved forward. By this means the sewing may be carried on with great +regularity, and the material be turned in any direction in order to +execute small designs. Secondly, the invention relates to improvements +in the arrangement of the shuttle, whereby it is caused to pass through +the loops formed by the waxed thread without touching it. + +PACKING AND ATOMIZING CAN.--F.L. Palmer, Sr., New York city.--This +invention relates to improvements in cans for packing insect powder +and other like finely powdered substances which, in use, require to be +delivered in atomic jets for penetrating crevices where insects secrete +themselves, and it consists in providing such cans with stoppers having +nozzles, through which stoppers or nozzles the passages are temporarily +closed in a way to be readily opened for use; also, in providing the +cans with nozzles at or near the bottom temporarily plugged in which +tubes may be connected so that the powder may, when required for use, +be readily blown out in atomic jets, whereby the said cans are made to +subserve the uses of packing cans and discharging atomizing cans, with +but trifling additional expense, whereas, at the present time, users of +such powders are compelled to buy expensive atomizing cans, to which +the powder must be transferred from the packing cans, before it can be +properly used, or in the absence of such cans the powder is scattered in +an ineffectual and wasteful way in or about the resorts of the insects. + +REMEDY TOR RHEUMATISM.--H.H. Munroe, Louisville, Ky.--This invention +relates to a new and useful improvement in a remedy for rheumatism. + + * * * * * + + + + +NEW BOOKS AND PUBLICATIONS. + + + +ELOCUTION AND ORATORY. Giving a Thorough Treatise on the Art of Speaking +and Reading. With numerous Selections of Didactic, Humorous, and +Dramatic Styles. + +The author of this valuable treatise is Prof. Charles A. Wiley, of Fort +Plain, N.Y. The instructions are valuable and the selections admirable; +and we can very cordially recommend it to all who would improve either +in speaking or reading. Such a book is worthy a place in every family. + + +SPECIMENS OF FANCY TURNING EXECUTED ON THE HAND OR FOOT LATHE. With +Geometric, Oval, and Eccentric Chucks, and Elliptical Cutting Frame. By +an Amateur. Illustrated by Thirty exquisite Photographs. Philadelphia: +Henry Carey Baird, Industrial Publisher, 406 Walnut Street. + +The beauty of these photographs is indescribable; they must be seen to +be appreciated. The designs from which they were taken were executed by +a gentleman well known to us, and who is undoubtedly one of the most +expert turners on this continent. The price of the work by mail, free of +postage, is $3.00. + + +THE NATIONAL WAGES TABLES, Showing at a glance the Amount of Wages, from +Half an Hour to Sixty Hours at $1 to $37 per Week, also from One Quarter +of a Day to Four Weeks, at $1 to $37 per Week. By Nelson Row, Publisher, +No 149 Fulton street, New York. + +This little work, which our readers will find advertised in another +column, must prove an almost indispensable help in the counting rooms of +establishments employing large numbers of workmen at varying rates of +wages. It is one of the best things of the kind we have ever seen, and +we give it earnest commendation. + + +DIRECTIONS FOR COOKING. By Miss Leslie. Price, by mail, $1.50. + +Henry Carey Baird, of Philadelphia, has just published a new edition of +Miss Leslie's "Old Standard and Renowned Cookery," being the sixtieth +edition of a book which has stood the test of time and practice, and is +a valuable aid in every household. + + +BENNY. + +S.R. Wells, of this city, has published in pretty form "Benny," a +Christmas ballad, by Annie Chambers Ketchum, a poem which has already +appeared in the _Phrenological Journal_. + + +The prospectus of EVERY SATURDAY, for 1870, by Fields, Osgood & Co. of +Boston, promises to give us that excellent journal in a new and enlarged +form, with the additional attraction of illustrations, engraved from +designs by leading European artists. This publication will therefore +hereafter present weekly, not only the cream of European literature, but +the cream of European art. The high character of the publishers of this +journal is an ample guarantee that this promise will be fulfilled in the +most satisfactory manner. + + +LIPPINCOTT'S MAGAZINE, for January, also presents a varied and select +bill of fare, containing among other things, Part XIII. of Robert +Dale Owen's novel "Beyond the Breakers," "The Fairy and the Ghost," +a Christmas tale, with six amusing illustrations; a curious and +interesting article on "Literary Lunatics," by Wirt Sikes, "Our +Capital," by William R. Hooper, and very much more excellent matter in +the way of stories poems, and essays. + + +The "Mobile Weekly Register," the oldest Democratic paper in the South, +is said to have reached a larger circulation than was ever attained by +any journal South of Mason and Dixon's line. It is full of interesting +varied matter, having an able agricultural department, presided over by +the veteran editor and successful agriculturist, Hon. C.C. Langdon. Its +general literature, poetry, stories, etc., make it highly acceptable +to the ladies. The year will open with a new continued story, of deep +interest, by one of the most distinguished writers of the day. The price +was recently reduced to $3.00 per year, which, for so large a paper (12 +pages), is extremely cheap. + + +We have received the January number of "Demorest's Mirror of Fashions," +a work that interests the ladies. Also "Demorest's Young America," a +fine magazine for boys and girls. Both these serials are well published +by Mr. and Madame Demorest of this city. + + * * * * * + + + + +U.S. Patent Office + + + + +How to Obtain Letters Patent for New Inventions. + +Information about Caveats, Extensions, Interferences Designs, Trade +Marks; also, Foreign Patents. + + +For a period of nearly twenty-five years, MUNN & CO. have occupied the +position of leading Solicitors of American and European Patents, and +during this extended experience of nearly a quarter of a century, they +have examined not less than fifty thousand alleged new inventions, and +have prosecuted upward of thirty thousand applications for patents, and, +in addition to this, they have made, at the Patent Office, over twenty +thousand preliminary examinations into the novelty of inventions, with a +careful report on the same. + +The important advantages of MUNN & CO.'S Agency are, that their practice +has been ten-fold greater than that of any other Agency in existence, +with the additional advantage of having the assistance of the best +professional skill in every department, and a Branch Office at +Washington, which watches and supervises, when necessary, cases as they +pass through official examination. + + +CONSULTATIONS AND OPINIONS FREE. + +Those who have made inventions and desire a consultation are cordially +invited to advise with MUNN & CO. who will be happy to see them in +person at the office, or to advise them by letter. In all cases, they +may expect an HONEST OPINION. For such consultations, opinion, and +advice, NO CHARGE is made. A pen-and-ink sketch and a description of the +invention should be sent. + + +TO APPLY FOR A PATENT, + +a model must be furnished, not over a foot in any dimension. Send model +to MUNN & CO., 37 Park Row, New York, by express, charges paid, also, a +description of the improvement, and remit $16 to cover first Government +fee, and revenue and postage stamps. + +The model should be neatly made, of any suitable materials, strongly +fastened, without glue, and neatly painted. The name of the inventor +should be engraved or painted upon it. When the invention consists of an +improvement upon some other machine, a full working model of the whole +machine will not be necessary. But the model must be sufficiently +perfect to show with clearness the nature and operation of the +improvement. + + +PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION + +is made into the patentability of an invention by personal search at the +Patent Office, among the models of the patents pertaining to the class +to which the improvement relates. For this special search, and a report +in writing, a fee of $5 is charged. This search is made by a corps of +examiner of long experience. + +Inventors who employ us are not required to incur the cost of a +preliminary examination. But it is advised in doubtful cases. + + +COST OF APPLICATIONS. + +When the model is received, and first Government fee paid, the drawings +and specification are carefully prepared and forwarded to the applicant +for his signature and oath, at which time the agency fee is called for. +This fee is generally not over $25. The cases are exceptionally complex +if a higher fee than $25 is called for, and, upon the return of +the papers, they are filed at the Patent Office to await Official +examination. If the case should be rejected for any cause, or objections +made to a claim, the reasons are inquired into and communicated to the +applicant, with sketches and explanations of the references; and should +it appear that the reasons given are insufficient, the claims are +prosecuted immediately, and the rejection set aside, and usually WITHOUT +EXTRA CHARGE TO THE APPLICANT. + +MUNN & CO. are determined to place within the reach of those who confide +to them their business, the best facilities and the highest professional +skill and experience. + +The only cases of this character, in which MUNN & CO. expect an extra +fee, are those wherein appeals are taken from the decision of the +Examiner after a second rejection; and MUNN & CO. wish to state very +distinctly, that they have but few cases which can not be settled +without the necessity of an appeal; and before an appeal is taken, in +any case, the applicant is fully advised of all facts and charges, and +no proceedings are had without his sanction; so that all inventors who +employ MUNN & CO. know in advance what their applications and patents +are to cost. + +MUNN & CO. make no charge for prosecuting the rejected claims of their +own clients before the Examiners and when their patents are granted, the +invention is noticed editorially in the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN. + + +REJECTED CASES. + +MUNN & CO. give very special attention to the examination and +prosecution of rejected cases filed by inventors and other attorneys. In +such cases a fee of $5 is required for special examination and report, +and in case of probable success by further prosecution, and the papers +are found tolerably well prepared, MUNN & Co. will take up the case and +endeavor to get it through for a reasonable fee, to be agreed upon in +advance of prosecution. + + +CAVEATS + +Are desirable if an inventor is not fully prepared to apply for a +Patent. A Caveat affords protection, for one year, against the issue +of a patent to another for the same invention. Caveat papers should be +carefully prepared. The Government fee on filing a Caveat is $10, and +MUNN & Co.'s charges for preparing the necessary papers are usually from +$10 to $12. + + +REISSUES. + +A patent when discovered to be defective, may be reissued by the +surrender of the original patent, and the filing of amended papers. This +proceeding should be taken with great care. + + +DESIGNS, TRADE MARKS, AND COMPOSITIONS + +can be patented for a term of years, also, new medicines or medical +compounds, and useful mixtures of all kinds. When the invention consists +of a medicine or compound, or a new article of manufacture, or a new +composition, samples of the article must be furnished, neatly put up. +Also, send a full statement of the ingredients, proportions, mode of +preparation, uses, and merits. + + +PATENTS CAN BE EXTENDED. + +All patents issued prior to 1861, and now in force, may be extended for +a period of seven years upon the presentation of proper testimony. The +extended term of a patent is frequently of much greater value than the +first term; but an application for an extension, to be successful, +must be carefully prepared. MUNN & Co. have had a large experience in +obtaining extensions, and are prepared to give reliable advice. + + +INTERFERENCES + +Between pending applications before the Commissioners are managed and +testimony taken; also, Assignments, Agreements, and Licenses prepared. +In fact, there is no branch of the Patent Business which MUNN & Co. are +not fully prepared to undertake and manage with fidelity and dispatch. + + +FOREIGN PATENTS. + +American inventors should bear in mind that five Patents--American, +English, French, Belgian, and Prussian--will secure an inventor +exclusive monopoly to his discovery among ONE HUNDRED AND THIRTY +MILLIONS of the most intelligent people in the world. The facilities of +business and steam communication are such, that patents can be obtained +abroad by our citizens almost as easily as at home. MUNN & Co. have +prepared and taken a larger number of European Patents than any other +American Agency. They have Agents of great experience in London, Paris, +Berlin, and other Capitals. + +A Pamphlet, containing a synopsis of the Foreign Patent Laws, sent free. +Address + +MUNN & CO., 37 Park Row, New York. + + * * * * * + + + + +Official List of Patents. + +Issued by the United States Patent Office + +FOR THE WEEK ENDING DEC. 14, 1869. + +_Reported Officially for the Scientific American_ + + +SCHEDULE OF PATENT OFFICE FEES: + + On each caveat $10 + On filing each application for a Patent (seventeen years) $15 + On issuing each original Patent $20 + On appeal to Commissioner of Patents $20 + On application for Reissue $30 + On application for Extension of Patent $50 + On granting the Extension $50 + On filing a Disclaimer $10 + On an application for Design (three and a half years) $10 + On an application for Design (seven years) $15 + On an application for Design (fourteen years) $30 + +In addition to which there are some small revenue-stamp taxes. Residents +of Canada and Nova Scotia pay $500 on application. + +_For copy of Claim of any Patent issued within 30 years_ $1 + +_A sketch from the model or drawing, relating to such portion of a +machine as the Claim covers, from_ $1 _upward, but usually at the price +above-named_. + +_The full Specification of any patent issued since Nov. 20,1866, at +which time the Patent Office commenced printing them_ $1.25 + +_Official Copies of Drawings of any patent issued since 1836, we can +supply at a reasonable cost, the price depending upon the amount of +labor involved and the number of views. + +Full information, as to price of drawings, in each case, may be had by +addressing_ + +MUNN & CO., + +Patent Solicitors, No. 37 Park Row, New York. + + * * * * * + +97,751.--FLUTING MACHINE.--Henry B. Adams, New York city. + +97,752.--ELASTIC WASHER FOR CARRIAGES, ETC.--George W. Billings, +Chicago, Ill. Antedated December 4, 1869. + +97,753.--ADJUSTABLE WAGON BOTTOM AND CHUTE.--Abraham Bitner, Jr., +Lancaster, Pa. + +97,754.--MODE OF TREATING CONGLOMERATES OF CAST IRON.--Thomas +Schoenberger Blair, Pittsburgh, Pa. + +97,755.--ANIMAL TRAP.--John Blume, Mount Pleasant, Md. + +97,756.--ELECTRO-MAGNETIC ADVERTISING FRAME.--Joshua Brooks, (assignor +to himself and Benjamin E. Corlew), Boston, Mass., Antedated December 1, +1869. + +97,757.--LAMP EXTINGUISHER.--Wm.I.Bunker, Yankton, Dakota Territory. + +97,758.--MACHINE FOR POLISHING THE EDGES OF BOOT AND SHOE SOLES.--Robert +F. Burns, Albany, N.Y. + +97,759.--BEEHIVE.--Peter Campbell, Carrolltown, Pa. + +97,760.--RAILWAY GATE.--Peter Campbell, Carrolltown, Pa. + +97,761.--REDUCING ORES.--Thomas J. Chubb, Williamsburg, N.Y. Antedated +June 14, 1869. + +97,762.--MACHINE FOR BENDING AND FOLDING SHEET METAL.--James B. Clark +and Lucas C. Clark, Plantsville, Conn. + +97,763.--SAW SWAGE.--Joseph S. Clark, New York city. + +97,764.--SASH HOLDER.--Nelson C. Cole (assignor to himself and Leverett +H. Marvin), Beaver Dam, Wis. + +97,765.--MACHINE FOR CRIMPING AND FORMING THE FRONT OF +BOOTS.--Christopher Day, Mineral Point, Wis. Antedated November 30, +1869. + +97,766.--WATER HEATER FOR CULINARY PURPOSES.--Royal E. Deane, Brooklyn, +N.Y. + +97,767.--PUMP.--Joseph W. Douglas, Middletown, Conn., assignor to W.& B. +Douglas. + +97,768.--DEPURATOR.--S. C. Frink and L. D. Harlan, Indianapolis, Ind. + +97,769.--SHUTTER FASTENER.--Charles B. Goodrich, Jr., Boston, Mass. + +97,770.--Suspended. + +97,771.--MANUFACTURE OF GLUE.--George Guenther, Chicago, Ill., assignor +to himself and E. H. Heymann, New York city. + +97,772.--SHADE RINGS FOR LAMP BURNERS.--Hiram W. Hayden (assignor to +Holmes, Booth & Haydens), Waterbury, Conn. + +97,773.--LAMP.--Hiram W. Hayden (assignor to Holmes, Booth & Haydens), +Waterbury, Conn. + +97,774.--FLUTING MACHINE.--Frederick Hewitt, Bloomfield, N.J. + +97,775.--WAGON BRAKE.--Abram C. Jaques, Levenworth, Kansas. + +97,776.--WICK-TRIMMER FOR LAMPS.--E.C.Jenkins, Jr., Worcester, Mass. +Antedated December 11, 1869. + +97,777.--LUMBER DRYER.--Jesse.B. Johnson and Thomas E. Johnson, +Indianapolis, Ind. + +97,778.--TURBINE WATER WHEEL.--Julius H. Jones, Charlton, Mass. + +97,779.--HYDRAULIC ENGINE.--Henry J. King and Benton L. Beebe, +Middletown, N. Y. + +97,780.--BREECH-LOADING REVOLVING FIREARMS.--Francois Alexandre Le Mat, +New Orleans, La., assignor to Charles Pietroni, London, England. + +97,781.--COMPOSITION FOR COVERING STEAM BOILERS AND FOR OTHER +PURPOSES.--Ferdinand Leroy (Ferdinand Leroy, administrator), of +Commercial Road, London, England, assignor to himself and P. A. Victor +Le Luoez, England. + +97,782.--WINE AND CIDER MILL.--Edward C. Lewis, Benton Harbor, Mich. + +97,783.--EXCAVATOR.--John R. Lewis, Piper City, Ill. + +97,784.--BAND TIGHTENER.--Francis M. Lottridge, Portland, Ind., assignor +to himself, James M. Templer, and James C. Jay. Antedated December 14, +1869. + +97,785.--CLOD FENDER.--Francis M. Lowden and John D. Lowden, Lawrence, +Ind. + +97,786.--SHAFT TUG LUG FOR HARNESS.--T.J.Magruder, Marion, Ohio. + +97,787.--SHIPS OR VESSELS FOR CARRYING LIQUID CARGO.--John W. Marshall, +Gilman Joslin, and Nelson Curtis, Boston, and Oliver Edwards, Brookline, +Mass. + +97,788.--FASTENING FOR CORSETS.--Frank W. Marston, Boston, Mass. +Antedated November 30, 1869. + +97,789.--CART SADDLE.--W.B.McClure, Alexandria, Va. + +97,790.--POTATO DIGGER.--Philip C. McManus, Troy, N.Y. Antedated +December 7, 1869. + +97,791.--WASHING MACHINE.--J.S.Merchant, Hopedale, Ohio. + +97,792.--RAILWAY RAIL.--James Montgomery, Croton Landing, N.Y. + +97,793.--WASHING MACHINE.--Wm. Morgan, Middlebrook, Va. + +97,794.--COMPOUND FOR TREATING RHEUMATISM.--H.H.Munroe, Louisville, Ky. + +97,795.--SCRIBE HOOK.--John Nester, Portland, Oregon. + +97,796.--ROOFING.--H.G.Noble, Selma, Ala. + +97,797.--DEVICE FOR FASTENING PISTONS TO PISTON RODS.--Anthony T. +Norgan, Palo Alto, Pa. Antedated December 7, 1869. + +97,798.--ATTACHABLE AND REMOVABLE CALKS FOR HORSESHOES.--G.S. Norris, +Baltimore, Md. + +97,799.--HARNESS FOR HORSES.--John Palen, Lockport, assignor to Nathan +T. Healy, Medina, N.Y. + +97,800.--RAILWAY CAR BRAKE.--Thomas Payne, Detroit, Mich. + +97,801.--SAW MILL.--A. Perin, Paris, France. + +97,802.--SPOKE SHAVE.--Joseph A. Perley (assignor to himself and Wm. H. +Perley), Lynn. Mass. + +97,803.--ORGAN BELLOWS.--J.R.Perry, Wilkesbarre, Pa. + +97,804.--APPARATUS FOR SETTING CATS IN METALLIC CARTRIDGES.--William C. +Pickersgill (assignor to Providence Tool Company), Providence, R.I. + +97,805.--CAP-EXTRACTOR FOR CARTRIDGES.--William C. Pickersgill (assignor +to Providence Tool Company), Providence, R.I. + +97,806.--APPARATUS FOR SETTING BULLETS IN CARTRIDGES.--William C. +Pickersgill (assignor to Providence Tool Company), Providence, R.I. + +97,807.--SMOKE AND SPARK CONVEYER FOR RAILROAD TRAINS.--Lemuel Powell, +Milford, Conn. + +97,808.--CONVERTIBLE END-BOARD AND PLATFORM FOR WAGONS.--Thomas T. +Powell and John F. Burroughs, Lawn Ridge, Ill. + +97,809.--MACHINE FOR MAKING FLY NETS.--A. Prutzmann, Canton, Ohio. + +97,810.--BURGLAR PROOF SAFE.--George W. Putnam, Boston, Mass. Antedated +November 27, 1869. + +97,811.--HORSESHOE BEVELER.--Ephraim Quinby, Comstock, Mich. Antedated +Dec. 1, 1869. + +97,812.--PADLOCK.--J.S.Rankin, Ann Arbor, Mich. + +97,813.--SHIP WINDLASS.--Elisha R. Ritch, South Boston, Mass. +97,814.--REIN-GUIDE FOR HARNESS.--Lemuel Richmond, Derby, Vt. + +97,815.--CHURN.--Stacy Risler, Locktown, N. J. + +97,816.--PAPER-CUTTING MACHINE.--T. C. Robinson, Boston, Mass., assignor +to G. H. Sandborn, New York city. + +97,817.--STONE-POLISHING MACHINE.--Henry Schofield (assignor to himself +and C. D. Clarke). Philadelphia. + +97,818.--TWIST DRILL.--Socrates Scholfield, Providence, R. I. + +97,819.--SMOKE-CONSUMING FIRE BOXES.--G. H. Smith, Galesburg, Ill. + +97,820.--CHURN.--Samuel Smith, Yohogany, Pa. + +97,821.--REPEATING FIRE-ARM.--William Sidney Smoot, Washington, D.C. + +97,822.--PNEUMATIC ENGINE.--Robert Spear, New Haven, Conn. + +97,823.--MACHINE FOR POLISHING WOOD.--W. F. Spear, Worcester, Mass. + +97,824.--CARPET BEATER AND CLEANER.--Alexander Stevenson, New York City. + +97,825.--MODE OF FORMING "BURNER CONES" OF LAMPS.--C. St. John and C. E. +Marston, Charlestown, Mass. + +97,826.--LOOM.--Lyman Stone, Nelson, N. H. + +97,827.--COFFIN HANDLE.--Clark Strong, Winsted, Conn. + +97,828.--PLOW.--Z. W. Sturtevant, Dunstable, Mass. + +97,829.--SAFE.--T. J. Sullivan, Albany, N. Y. + +97,830.--AUGER HANDLE.--James Swan, Seymour, Conn. + +97,831.--STOVE SHELF.--Gr. L. Swett, Leominster, Mass. + +97,832.--RAILWAY RAIL.--J. F. Tallant, Burlington, Iowa. + +97,833.--TOOL FOR CABINET MAKERS.--R. W. Tanner (assignor to himself and +Samuel J. Davenport), Albany, N. Y. Antedated Dec. 11,1869. + +97,834.--TICKET BOX FOR RAILROAD PASSENGER TRAINS.--Asahel Todd, Jr., +Pultneyville, N. Y. + +97,835.--HYDRANT.--T. Van Kannel, Cincinnati, Ohio. + +97,836.--RETICULE WICKER BASKET.--Joseph Venet, New York city. + +97,837.--VELOCIPEDE.--Wm. Volk, Buffalo, N. Y. + +97,838.--SILVERING GLASS, AND PROTECTING THE SAME.--H. B. Walker, New +York city. + +97,839.--STEELYARD.--P. H. Walker (assignor to himself and J. L. +Trowbridge), Boston, Mass. + +97,840.--BARREL.--D. H. Waters, Grand Rapids, Mich. + +97,841.--BARREL.--D. H. Waters, Grand Rapids, Mich. + +97,842.--CAR SPRING.--Cyrenus Wheeler, Jr., Auburn, N. Y. + +97,843.--METALLIC CARTRIDGE.--Rollin White, Lowell, Mass. + +97,844.--APPARATUS FOR PURIFYING IRON.--S. M. Wickersham, Allegheny, Pa. + +97,845.--MAKING PIANO LEGS.--Henry Willoghs, New York city. + +97,846.--DUMPING WAGON.--Daniel Willson, Ishpeming, Mich. + +97,847.--HARVESTER KNIFE GRINDER.--Edwin L. Yancey, Batavia, N. Y. + +97,848.--CANDLESTICK.--H. Zahn, San Francisco, Cal. + +97,849.--MONKEY WRENCH.--Samuel Zarley, Niantic, Ill. + +97,850.--HUMMING-WHEEL TOY.--A. F. Able, New Orleans, La., assignor to +himself and A. D. Finley. + +97,851.--IRONING TABLE AND CLOTHES DRYER.--W. P. Adams, Brooklyn, N. Y. + +97,852.--SAWSET.--Daniel Agnew, Vincennes, Ind. + +97,853.--MODE OF PROTECTING THE ENDS OF VULCANIZED RUBBER HOSE.--H. A. +Alden, Matteawan, N. Y. + +97,854.--LAMP BURNER.--Joseph Bell Alexander, Washington, D.C. + +97,855.--GATE FOR SWINGING BRIDGES.--Lauritz Anderson, Chicago, Ill. + +97,856.--BUTTONHOLING ATTACHMENT FOR SEWING MACHINES.--S. J. Baird, +Staunton, Va. + +97,857.--OIL BLACKING FOR LEATHER.--J. L. Baumer, Columbus, Ohio. + +97,858.--HEAD BLOCK FOR SAW MILLS.--C. B. Beall, Hamilton, Ohio. + +97,859.--CHURN DASHER.--A. Belt, Newton, Iowa. + +97,860.--COMBINED SHOVEL AND SIFTER.--F. S. Bidwell, Mystic Bridge, +Conn. + +97,861.--STOVEPIPE THIMBLE.--Horatio N. Bill, Willimantic, Conn. + +97,862.--DIVING BELL.--H. C. Billings, Brooklyn, N. Y. + +97,863.--HOE.--Lewis Billings, Gallipolis, Ohio. + +97,864.--STEAM GENERATOR.--Edward Bourne, Pittsburgh, Pa. + +97,865.--STEAM GENERATOR.--Edward Bourne, Pittsburgh, Pa. + +97,866.--RIVETS AND WASHERS.--Edward Bourne, Pittsburgh, Pa. + +97,867.--WAGON BRAKE.--William H. Bradt, New Scotland, N.Y. + +97,868.--DRILL FOR BORING POLYGONAL HOLES.--J.C. Broadley (assignor to +himself and Jas. Stout), Franklin, N. J. + +97,869.--WATER WHEEL.--J. D. Bryson and J. H. Hartsuff, Newcastle, Pa. + +97,870.--COTTON CULTIVATOR.--I. W. Burch, Fayette, Miss. + +97,871.--BUCKLE.--I. W. Burch, Fayette, Miss. + +97,872.--CLAMP.--Mathias Burkhardt, Cincinnati, Ohio. + +97,873.--DINNER PAIL.--N. C. Burnap, Argusville, N. Y. + +97,874.--BOLT CUTTER.--O. E. Butler and S. P. Dunham, Marshalltown, +Iowa. + +97,875.--PADLOCK.--S. G. Cabell (assignor to F. B. Cabell), Quincy, Ill. + +97,876.--RAILWAY CAR COUPLING.--S. 0. Campbell, Tipton, Mo. + +97,877.--WRENCH AND SAW SET COMBINED.--G. J. Capewell, West Cheshire, +Conn. + +97,878.--MACHINE FOR DRESSING MILLSTONES.--J. S. Carr, Alliance, Ohio. + +97,879.--CAR TANK COVER.--L. C. Cattell, Cleveland, Ohio. + +97,880.--MANUFACTURE OF RUBBER SPONGE.--Edwin Chesterman, Tremont, N. Y. +Antedated Nov. 17, 1869. + +97,881.--VALVE FOR WATER ENGINES.--Abraham Coates (assignor for one +half, to James Martin Hunt), Watertown, N. Y. + +97,882.--SHUTTLE FOR LOOMS.--John H. Coburn, Lowell, Mass. + +97,883.--WAGON SEAT FASTENING.--Charles Collins, Vernon Centre, N. Y. + +97,884.--HARVESTER.--Robert Conarroe (assignor to himself, H. Young, and +A. C. Stauffer), Camden, Ohio. + +97,885.--MOP.--Philip Cook, Jr., Sioux City, Iowa. Antedated Dec. 10, +1869. + +97,888.--RAILWAY SWITCH.--J. B. Cox, James O'Connor, and Michael +Cahalan, Columbus, Ga. + +97,887.--SLIDE VALVE.--Isaac Craft (assignor to himself, T. J. Williams, +and C. M. Greve), Cincinnati, Ohio. + +97,888.--WATER WHEEL.--G.W. Cressman, and Bert Pfleger, Barren Hill, and +Nice Keely, Roxborough, Pa. + +97,889.--TREATING WHISKY AND OTHER ALCOHOLIC SPIRITS.--J. C. Crossman +and Obadiah Marland, Boston, Mass., assignors t themselves and A. E. +Tilton, New York city. + +97,890.--DISINTEGRATING MILL.--G. B. Davids (assignor to himself and +Talbot Denmead), Baltimore, Md, + +97,891.--MACHINE FOR COMPOSING AND DISTRIBUTING TYPE.--Isidore +Delcambre, Paris, France. + +97,892.--SOAP-HOLDING ATTACHMENT FOR SEWING MACHINES. Mary Dewey, New +Albany, Ind. Antedated Dec. 10, 1869. + +97,893.--CONCRETE FOR PAVING AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES.--J. E. Dotch, +Washington, D. C. Antedated Oct. 14, 1869 + +97,894.--APPARATUS FOR EXTINGUISHING FIRES BY MEANS OF CHEMICAL +AGENTS.--J. W. Douglas (assignor to W. Douglas and B. Douglas), +Middletown, Conn. + +97,895.--LOOM TEMPLE.--Warren W. Dutcher (assignor to Dutcher Temple +Co.), Hopedale, Mass. + +97,896.--VENTILATING HORSE COVER.--C. P. Eager (assignor to P. B. +Eager), Boston, Mass. + +97,897.--MANUFACTURE OF IRON AND STEEL.--Wm. Ennis, Philadelphia, Pa. + +97,898.--SEEDING MACHINE.--James Finlayson, Albany, Oregon. + +97,899.--CLOTHES WRINGER.--M. M. Follett, Lake City, Minn. + +97,900.--BLOTTING PAD.--C. A. Gale, Demopolis, Ala. + +97,901.--MANUFACTURE OF NUTS.--J. W. Gaskill and Jas. Christie, +Phillipsburg, N. J. + +97,902.--FIRE PLACE.--E. H. Gibbs, New York city. + +97,903.--GRAIN DRILL.--Jacob F. Gibson, Chestnut Level, Pa. + +97,904.--CARTRIDGE MACHINE.--Jabez H. Gill, Philadelphia, Pa. + +97,905.--FIELD ROLLER.--Robert Glover, Tonawanda, N. Y. + +97,905.--CORN PLANTER.--Henry Gortner, Nashport, Ohio. + +97,907.--HINGE.--D. R. Gould (assignor to himself and O. H. Green), +Chestertown, N. Y. + +97,908.--RADIAL DRILLING MACHINE.--G. A. Gray, Jr., Cincinnati, Ohio. + +97,909.--BUCKLE.--F. F. Greenwood, Horsney, England. Patented in +England, Sept. 16, 1868. + +97,910.--TOOL FOR CARVING WOOD.--L. L. Gunther, Chicago, Ill. + +97,911.--PORTABLE DERRICK.--James R. Hammond, Sedalia, Mo. + +97,912.--COAL STOVE.--B. R. Hawlev, Normal, Ill. + +97,913.--GAS STOVE.--W. J. Hays, New York city. + +97,914.--CONDENSING COLUMN FOR STILLS.--A. Hazzard, St. Louis, Mo. + +97,915.--STOVEPIPE DRUM.--W. Hearle, Beamsville, Canada, assignor to C. +L. Spencer, trustee, assignor to Wm. Hearle and A. B. Johnson. + +97,916.--MEANS FOR ATTACHING MUSQUITO BARS TO WINDOW BLINDS, DOORS, +ETC.--James Hebron, Buffalo, N. Y. + +97,917.--WASHING MACHINE.--Edward Heim, Pittsburgh, Pa. + +97,918.--RAILWAY CAR COUPLING.--Noah Hill, Leavenworth City, Kansas. + +97,919.--FIFTH WHEEL FOR CARRIAGES.--Richard Hoadly, Toulon, Ill. + +97,920.--FRUIT JAR.--D. I. Holcomb, Henry county, Iowa. + +97,921.--CORN CULTIVATOR.--J. C. Holmes, Wyoming, Pa. + +97,922.--FRUIT JAR.--Thos. Houghton and H. H. Houghton, Philadelphia, +Pa. + +97,923.--CONDENSER.--John Houpt, Springtown, Pa. + +97,924.--PROPELLING APPARATUS.--Robert Hunter, New York city. + +97,925.--HEDGE TRIMMER.--A. H. Hussey, Mount Pleasant, Ohio. + +97,926.--FENCE.--Daniel Johnson, Cranberry, Ohio. + +97,927.--SAW SET.--J. M. Jones, Commerce, Mo. + +97,928.--RUBBER SPRING FOR USE IN SHIPS, CARS, AND FOR OTHER +PURPOSES.--J. A. Joyner, New York city. + +97,929.--CARPET STRETCHER AND TACK HOLDER.--F. W. Judd, New Britain, +assignor to himself and E. M. Judd, New Haven, Conn. Antedated Dec. +9,1889. + +97,930.--PUBLIC URINAL.--William M. Kepler, Cincinnati, Ohio. + +97,931.--WASHING MACHINE.--John J. Kimball, Naperville, Ill. + +97,932.--GRAIN STRIPPER.--J. O. King and Hiram A. Rice, Louisiana, Mo. + +97,933.--BEEHIVE.--W. T. Kirkpatrick, Tamarva, Ill. + +97,934.--LATCH.--G. W. Large, Yellow Springs, Ohio. + +97,935.--SEWING MACHINE.--L. W. Lathrop, Nyack, N. Y. + +97,936.--MANUFACTURE OF DRY WHITE LEAD.--G. T. Lewis, Philadelphia, and +E. O. Bartlett, Birmingham, Pa. + +77,937.--CHURN.--F. A. Lindal, Stockton, N. Y. + +97,938.--SEEDING MACHINE.--M. F. Lowth and T. J. Howe, Owatonna, Minn. + +97,939.--FERTILIZER OR GUANO.--Orazio Lugo, Baltimore, Md. + +97.940.--FURNACE FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF ULTRAMARINE.--H. A. Ludwig. New +York city. + +97,941.--MANUFACTURE OF ULTRAMARINE.--H. A. Ludwig, New York city. + +97,942.--WARDROBE.--A. G. Mack (assignor to himself and George Shelton), +Rochester, N. Y. + +97,943.--UPRIGHT PIANO.--G. C. Manner, New York city. + +97,944.--BOOT CRIMPER.--F. P. Marcy, Keokuk, Iowa. Antedated Dec. 4, +1869. + +97,945.--MECHANISM FOR DRIVING COTTON GINS.--Wm. L. May, Linwood, Ala., +assignor to W. J. May. + +97,946.--MEAT CHOPPER.--Arthur McCarter, Salem, Ohio. + +97,947.--GATE.--F. H. McGeorge, Corning, N. Y. + +97,948.--CONSTRUCTION OF BUILDINGS.--Alexander McPherson, Santa Cruz, +Cal. + +97,949.--GALVANIC BATTERY.--J. R. McPherson, Beloit, Wis. + +97,950.--GAGE FOR CIRCULAR SAW TABLE.--R. N. Meriam, Worcester, Mass. + +97,951.--SEWING MACHINE FOR SEWING BOOTS AND SHOES.--Daniel Mills, New +York city, assignor to Charles Goodyear, Jr., Ne Rochelle, N. Y. + +97,952.--PROPELLER.--S. B. Morey, San Francisco, Cal. + +97,953.--CAST-STEEL TUBE OR INGOT.--C. B. Morse, Rhinebeck, N. Y. +Antedated Dec. 8,1869. + +97,954.--PACKING CASE FOR OIL CANS.--J. McLeod Murphy (assignor to J. L. +Graham), New York city. + +97,955.--TIGHTENING AND GUIDING BELT.--C. K. Myers (assignor, for one +half, to Peter Weybrich), Pekin, Ill. + +97,956.--FIRE-PLACE FUEL MAGAZINE STOVE.--J. J. Myers, (assignor to B. +C. Bibb), Baltimore, Md. + +97,957.--CORN PLANTER.--J. B. Parker, Knob Noster, Mo. + +97,958.--SAWING MACHINE.--Archibald Perry (assignor to himself and Jacob +Fisher), Richland, Ind. Antedated Dec. 3,1869. + +97,959.--MECHANICAL MOVEMENT.--Osgood Plummer, Worcester, Mass. + +97,960.--TEACHERS' REGISTER.--W. S. Poulson and W. N. Poulson, Cadiz, +Ohio. + +97,961.--SIDE-SADDLE TREE.--J. H. Preston, Jefferson City, Mo. + +97,962.--PROCESS OF PREPARING PLANTS TO BE USED IN CIGAKS, SNUFF, +ETC.--P. V. Ramel, Paris, France. + +97,963.--PIPE COUPLING.--L. W. Reed, East Cambridge, Mass. + +97,964.--FRUIT JAR.--S. B. Rowley, Philadelphia, Pa. + +97,965.--CLOTHES WRINGER.--E. P. Russell, Manlius, N. Y. + +97,966.--COAL STOVE.--Watson Sanford, New York city. Antedated Sept. 3, +1869. + +97,967.--BASE BURNING STOVE.--Watson Sanford, New York city. Antedated +Sept. 15, 1869. + +97,968.--JOURNAL BOX.--A. H. Sassaman, Scranton, Pa. + +97,969.--HOOK AND LADDER TRUCK.--Jacob Schmidlapp, New York city. + +97,970.--Suspended. + +97,971.--SNOW PLOW FOR RAILWAYS.--T. L. Shaw, Omaha, Nebraska. + +97,972.--COMPOSITION METAL FOR TUBING, PIPES, AND SHEETING.--W. A. Shaw +(assignor to Peter Naylor), New York city. + +97,973.--PRUNING SHEARS.--J. H. Shehan, Lima, Ind., assignor to himself, +G. W. Edgecomb, and T. J. Bull. + +97,974.--PRICE-CALCULATING DEVICE.--Albert Sinclair, West Waterville, +Me. + +97,975.--CONSTRUCTION OF BRIDGES.--C. S. Smith, C. H. Latrobe, and F. H. +Smith, Baltimore, Md. + +97,976.--CHURN.--Simon Smith, Clarksburg, N. Y. + +97,977.--COTTON BALE TIES.--W. M. Smith, Augnsta, Ga. + +97,978.--GRAIN MEASURING ATTACHMENT TO THRASHING MACHINES.--W. A. +Workman, Fairfleld, Iowa. + +97,979.--SCAFFOLD FOR GATHERING FRUIT, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES.--A. J. +Wright, Cleveland, Ohio. + +97,980.--REVOLVING CUPBOARD.--Wendell Wright, Bloomfield, N. J. + +97,981.--BARRACK OR HOSPITAL BEDSTEAD.--Chas. S. Snead, Louisville, Ky. + +97,982.--PIANO FORTE.--C. F. Th. Steinway, New York city. + +97,983.--WATER-PROOFING FABRICS.--John Stenhouse, 17 Rodney street, +Pentonville, London, England, assignor to Arthur Cheney and Alonzo +Milliken, Boston, Mass. Patented in England, Jan. 8, 1862. + +97,984.--RAILS FOR ORNAMENTAL FENCE.--Elizabeth Mary Stigale, +Philadelphia, Pa. + +97,985.--LATCH FOR DOUBLE DOORS.--J. W. Still, San Francisco, Cal. + +97,986.--LATHE FASTENING.--J. G. Stowe, Providence, R. I. + +97,987.--VINEGAR APPARATUS.--A. D. Strong, Ashtabula Ohio. + +97,988.--WRENCH.--G.C.Taft, Worcester, Mass. + +97,989.--BARK MILL.--William Tansley, Salisbury Centre, assignor to +"Starbuck Brothers," Troy, N.Y. + +97,990.--CLEVIS FOR PLOWS.--J.H. Tarpley, Greensborough, N.C. + +97,991.--HANDLE FOR KNIVES.--A.L. Taylor, Springfield, Vt. + +97,992.--MAKING BRICKS, TILES, ETC.--Daniel Thackara, Woodbury, N.J. + +97,993.--FOOT AND KNEELING STOOL FOR CHURCHES.--J.P. Tibbits, New York +city. + +97,994.--RAILWAY CARRIAGE WHEEL AND AXLE.--C.D. Tisdale (assignor to +himself and J.H. Clapp), Boston, Mass. + +97,995.--SUSPENDERS.--C. Van Hoesen, Catskill, assignor to himself, J.H. +Burtis, Brooklyn, and M.W. Staples, Catskill, N.Y. + +97,996--BUTTONHOLE CUTTER.--F.H. Walker, Boston, Mass. + +97,997.--BED BOTTOM.--C.E. Walkes, Elyria, Ohio. + +97,998.--STILL FOR OIL, ETC.--John Warner, Flushing, N.Y. + +97,999.--PAPER FILE.--C.W. West, Shiloh, assignor to himself and O.A. +Douglas, Bridgeton, N.J. + +98,000.--HOISTING APPARATUS.--T.A. Weston, Ridgewood, N.J., assignor to +William Sellers and John Sellers, Jr., Philadelphia, Pa. Patented in +England, Aug. 28, 1868. + +98,001.--COKE WAGON.--Corydon Wheat and Alfred Catchpole, Geneva, N.Y. + +98,002.--MACHINE FOR MAKING CARRIAGE CLIPS.--Darius Wilcox and R. +McChesney (assignors to D.M. Basset and Darius Wilcox), Derby, Conn. + +98,003.--DOOR FOR FIRE-PLACE STOVE.--W.E. Wood, Baltimore, Md. + +98,004.--INTERCHANGEABLE BOOT AND SHOE HEEL.--J.C. Woodhead, Pittsburgh, +Pa. + +98,005.--CAMEL FOR RAISING VESSELS.--Samuel Woolston, Vincentown, N.J. + + * * * * * + + + + +REISSUES. + + +60,192.--STEAM ENGINE GOVERNOR.--Dated Dec. 4,1866; reissue + +3,759.--R.K. Huntoon,for himself and J.A. Lynch, assignee, by mesne +assignments, of R.K. Huntoon. Boston, Mass. + +72,114.--VARIABLE CRANK FOR BORING MACHINES.--Dated Dec. 10,1867; +reissue 3,760.--Theodore Mace, New York city, assignee of G.C. Taft. + +68,782.--SLIDE FOR EXTENSION TABLE.--Dated Sept. 10,1867; reissue +3,761.--H. Olds, Syracuse, N.Y. + +89,167.--NOZZLE FOR CANS.--Dated April 20,1869; reissue + +3,762.--Charles Pratt, New York city. + +84,766.--HORSE POWER.--Dated Dec. 8, 1868; reissue 3,763.--Cyrus Roberts +and J.A. Throp, Three Rivers, Mich. + +44,117.--COMPOSITION FOR CONCRETE PAVEMENTS.--Dated Sept. 6,1864; +reissue 3,764.--Edward Seeley, Scranton, Pa. + +49,207.--CARPET BAG LOCK.--Dated Aug. 1, 1865; reissue + +3,765.--Bernard Steinmetz, Paris, France. + +91,800.--STEAM GENERATOR FURNACES.--Dated June 22, 1866; reissue +3,766.--A.J. Warren and D.W. Wilson, assignors to themselves and Noah +Shaw, West Eau Claire, Wis., and U.M. Stone, Augusta, Wis. + + * * * * * + + + + +DESIGNS. + + +3,784.--STOVE.--D.P. Beckwith, Dowagiac, Mich. + +3,785.--PLOW CLEVIS.--Geo. Johnson, administrator of the estate of G.P. +Darrow, deceased, (assignor to J.L. Haven & Co.), Cincinnati, Ohio. + +3,786.--STOVE.--S.S. Jewett and F.H. Root, Buffalo, N.Y. + +3,787.--MASONIC ORNAMENT.--Daniel Keefer, Attica, Ind. + +3,788.--PAPER COLLAR.--W.F. Mosely, Brooklyn, N.Y. + +3,789.--FLOWER STAND.--C.H. Waters, Groton, Mass. + + * * * * * + + + + +EXTENSIONS. + + +CLOTH-STRETCHING ROLLERS.--Seth Simmons, of Providence, R.I., +administrator of Nathan Simmons, deceased.--Letters Patent No. 13,888; +dated Dec. 4, 1855. BUCKLE.--S.E. Booth, of Orange, Conn., administrator +of S.S. Hartshorn, deceased.--Letters Patent No. 13,907; dated Dec. 11, +1855 + + * * * * * + + + + +PATENTS ISSUED FOR THE WEEK ENDING DEC. 21, 1869. + + +98,006.--MANUFACTURE OF THE METALLIC PARTS OF FIRE ARMS.--Isaac Adams, +Jr.. Boston, Mass, assignor to United Nicke Company. + +98,007.--TOY VELOCIPEDE.--H.C. Alexander, New York city. + +98,008.--MACHINE FOR MAKING WROUGHT NAILS.--Daniel Armstrong, Chicago, +Ill. + +98,009.--WASH BOILER.--James Armstrong, Bucyrus, Ohio. + +98,010.--REFRIGERATOR.--Samuel Ayers, Danville, Ky. + +98,011.--HYDRANT.--G.C. Bailey, Pittsburgh, Pa. + +98,012.--WASHING MACHINE.--Joseph Balsley, Bedford, Ind. + +98,013.--SAW MILL.--A.P. Barlow, Kalamazoo, Mich. + +98,014.--BORING MACHINE.--E.C. Barton, Bloomsburg, Pa. + +98,015.--PADLOCK.--Thomas Bernhard, Hartford, Conn. + +98,016.--FENCE.--Inmon Blackaby, Civer, Ill. + +98,017.--PLOWING MACHINE.--Albert Bondeli, Philadelphia, Mo. + +98,018.--CARRIAGE BRAKE.--A.S. Boyer, Bernville, Pa. + +98,019.--LOW-WATER INDICATOR.--William A. Bradford, Cincinnati, Ohio, +assignor to C.G. Pease, trustee for Malone Safety-Valve Company. + +98,020.--MACHINE FOR MAKING FERRULES.--Robert Briggs, Philadelphia, Pa. + +98,021.--STEAM GENERATOR.--M.S. Bringier, Ascension parish, La. + +98,022.--FIRE AND WATER-PROOF PAINT.--Theodor Brinkmann, Greeneville, +Tenn. + +98,023.--ANIMAL TRAP.--Adam Brown, Bridgeport, Oregon. + +98,024.--HAIR-SPRING ADJUSTMENT FOR WATCHES.--Augustus Brown, Dryden, +N.Y. + +98,025.--EXPANDING MUFF BLOCK.--C.F. Butterworth, Troy, N.Y. + +98,026.--SAP SPOUT.--G.L. Cady, Lowell, Mass. + +98,027.--HAY LOADER.--James Capen, Charlton, Mass. + +98,028.--GRINDING MACHINE.--George T. Chattaway, Brooklyn, E.D., and +John Dickinson, New York city, assignors to G.S. Chattaway. + +98,029.--COOPERS' TOOL.--John Christy, Clyde, Ohio. + +98,030.--NAIL AND PEG DRIVER.--F.0. Claflin, New York city. Antedated +Dec. 18,1869. + +98,031.--SELF-CANCELING POSTAL AND REVENUE STAMP.--S.M. Clark, +Washington, D.C. + +98,032.--CAPSTAN WINDLASS.--D.N.B. Coffin, Jr., Newton, assignor to +himself and I.D. Spaulding:, Boston, Mass. + +98,033.--METAL-CLAD ARTIFICIAL STONE.--François Coignet, Paris, France. + +98,034.--MAKING ARTIFICIAL STONE AND CONCRETE.--François Coignet, Paris, +France. + +98,035.--MALAXATOR FOR THE PREPARATION OF PLASTIC MATERIALS FOR +ARTIFICIAL STONE, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES.--François Coignet, Paris, +France. + +93,036.--HASP LOCK.--E.R. Colver, New London, Conn. + +98,037.--DEVICE FOR CONVEYING SAWDUST FROM SAWS.--W.S. Colwell, +Pittsburg, Pa. + +98,038.--COMBINATION OF PIANOFORTE AND CABINET.--Edward Cotter, Boston, +Mass. + +98,039.--CURTAIN FIXTURE.--J.P. Crawford, Carmichaels, Pa. + +98,040.--VISE.--Edwin Crawley and T.L. Baylies, Richmond, Ind. + +98,041.--CLOD FENDER.--W.L. Dearth and G.P. Rondebush, Jefferson, Ind. + +98,042.--HAY AND GRAIN ELEVATOR.--John Dennis. Oswego, N.Y. + +98,043.--DYNAMOMETER.--J. Emerson, Lowell, Mass. + +98,044.--DUMPING WAGON.--John Esch, Milwaukee, Wis. + +98,045.--FIREPLACE GRATE.--George W. Everhart, Louisville, Ky. + +98,046.--VAPORIZING PETROLEUM, ETC.--H.R. Foote, Boston, Mass. + +98,047.--TOY GUN.--C.T. Ford and E. Trask, Salem, Mass. Antedated Dec. +7, 1869. + +98,048.--SHIFTING RAIL FOR BUGGY.--Harlow French and Robert Meyer, +Buffalo, N.Y. + +98,049.--RAILWAY-CAR TRUCK.--Perry G. Gardiner, New York city. + +98,050.--CAR SPRING.--P.G. Gardiner, New York city. + +98,051.--RAILWAY SWITCH.--M. J. Gaskill, Wm. Yost, and John Ferris, +Pleasant Plain, Ohio. + +98,052.--MILLER TRAP FOR BEEHIVES.--T. L. Gray, Thomasville, Tenn. + +98,053.--STUFFING Box.--Chas. Green, Philadelphia, Pa. + +98,054.--SUSPENSION CLIP.--H. S. Griffiths and J. C. Gary, New York +city. + +98,055.--TOY SAFE OR BANK.--John Hall, Watertown, Mass. Antedated Dec. +7,1869. + +98,056.--LOUNGE AND BEDSTEAD.--A. R. Harper and C. B. Dake, Hobart, Ind. + +98,057.--MACHINE FOR UPSETTING TIRE.--A. S. Hart, San Francisco, Cal. + +98,058.--RAILWAY CAR COUPLING.--A. S. Hart, San Francisco, Cal. + +98,059.--STOVE GRATE.--David Hathaway, Troy, N. Y. + +98,060.--HOLDING DEVICE FOR LAMP CHIMNEYS.--John F Hechtle, Waterbury, +Conn. + +98,061.--STEAM AND CALORIC ENGINE.--Alexander Hendry, Victoria, British +Columbia. + +98,062.--REIN HOLDER.--Davis Kurd, Lockport, N. Y. + +98,063.--SPRING SEAT FOR WAGONS.--A. L. Hurtt, Monticello, Ind. + +98,063.--SEWING MACHINE.--A. J. Hurtu and V. J. Hautin, Paris, France. + +98,065.--ROOFING COMPOUND.--C. B. Hutchins, Ann Arbor, Mich. + +98,066.--DENTAL IMPRESSION CUP.--R. V. Jenks, Paterson. N. J. + +98,067.--PUMP.--A. C. Judson (assignor to himself and E. O. Judson), +Grand Rapids, Mich. + +98,068.--LEATHER-SPLITTING MACHINE.--Charles Keniston, Somerville, Mass. + +98,069.--SPRING BED BOTTOM.--E. S. Kimball, Springfield, Mass. + +98,070.--WHIP SOCKET.--C. P. Kimball, Portland, Me. + +98,071.--FLOOD GATE.--A. L. King, Farmersville, Ohio. + +98,072.--MANUFACTURE OF SCOOPS.--J. Geo. Knapp, Woodhaven, N.Y., +assignor to the Lalance & Grosjean Manufacturing Co., New York city. + +98,073.--DRIVE WELL TUBES.--D. R. Knight, Akron, Ohio. 98,074.--DEVICE +FOR PREVENTING LEAKAGE ABOUT CHIMNEYS.--Abraham Lang, Buffalo, N. Y. + +98,075.--HARVESTER DROPPER.--T. F. Lippencott, Conemaugh, Pa. + +98,076.--CAR COUPLING.--Joseph Long, Mechanicsburg, Pa. + +98,077.--HEAD REST.--C. B. Loveless, Syracuse, N. Y. + +98,078.--BURGLAR ALARM.--Moses Lunt, Cambridgeport, Mass. + +98,079.--FOLDING AND EXTENSION TABLE.--G. Mayer, Sullivan, Ill. + +98,080.--LANTERN.--I. C. Mayo, Gloucester, Mass. + +98,081.--WATER WHEEL.--H. W. McAuley, De Soto, Wis. + +98,082.--LET-OFF MECHANISM FOR LOOMS.--Ephriam McDaniel, Lowell, Mass. + +98,083.--LAMP.--J. K. Mentzer, New Holland, Pa. + +98,084.--SURVEYOR'S MARK.--C. C. P. Meyer, Yankton, Dakota Territory. + +98,085.--TAILOR'S CRAYON SHARPENER--R. R. Miles, Wabash, Ind. + +98,086.--COOKING STOVE.--J. H. Mitchell and T. S. Mitchell, Pittsburgh, +Pa. + +98,087.--PRINTING PRESS.--Charles Montague (assignor to C. C. Child), +Boston, Mass. + +98,088.--PRINTING PRESS.--Chas. Montague (assignor to C. C. Child), +Boston, Mass. + +98,089.--STEAM GENERATOR.--Jas. Montgomery, Sing Sing, N. Y. Antedated +Dec. 17,1869. + +98,090.--HARVESTER DROPPER.--Ephraim Myers, Creagerstown, Md. Antedated +Dec. 4,1869. + +98,091.--COTTON BASKET.--R. L. Myers, Washington, N.C. + +98,092.--VELOCIPEDE.--Robert Neale, Brooklyn, N. Y. Antedated Dec. +4,1869. + +98,093.--STOVEPIPE THIMBLE.--Thomas Newell, Oskaloosa, Iowa. + +98,094.--CURTAIN AND SHAWL STRETCHER.--James Nicklin, Cleveland, Ohio. + +98,095.--RAILROAD CAR VENTILATOR.--E. Norton, Brooklyn, N. Y. + +98,096.--ILLUMINATING STOVE.--Benjamin Nott. Albany, N. Y. + +98,097.--HAY ELEVATOR,--J. W. Odaniel, Cloverdale, Ind. + +98,098.--PASSENGER REGISTER FOR VEHICLES.--Thos. Ollis, Netherfleld Road +South, Liverpool, England. Patented in England, March 31,1868. + +98,099.--RAILWAY CAR WHEEL.--J. T. Owen, Philadelphia, Pa. + +98,100.--HARROW.--George Paddington, Springville, Iowa. + +98,101.--PACKING AND ATOMIZING CAN FOR INSECT POWDER.--F.L. Palmer, Sr., +New York city. + +98,102.--COMBINED OYSTER KNIFE AND ICE PICK.--Wm. Pattberger, +Philadelphia, Pa. + +98,103.--Suspended. + +98,104.--TRUNK.--T. B. Peddie, Newark, N. J. + +98,105.--BOLT CLAMP.--Charles E. Phillips, South Deerfield, Mass. + +98,106.--COMBINED SQUARE AND CALIPER.--Josiah Potts, Milwaukee, Wis. + +98,107.--METAL ALLOY FOR HARNESS TRIMMINGS, ETC.--A.A. Randall, South +Braintree, assignor to himself and C. F. Whitcomb, Boston, Mass. + +98,108.--CARPENTER'S PLOW.--Royal B. Rice, Williamsburgh, Mass. + +98,109.--CUT-NAIL MACHINE.--Levi Richards (assignor, by mesne +assignments, to himself, O. A. Washburn, G. S. Perkins, and F. S +Roscoe), Providence, R. I. + +98,110.--ELECTRO-PLATING WITH BRASS AND OTHER ALLOYS.--Samuel Rust, Jr., +Cincinnati, Ohio. + +98,111.--INDICATOR FOR SAW MILL HEAD BLOCKS.--George Selden, Erie, Pa. + +98,112.--CULTIVATOR.--J. B. Skinner, Rockford, Ill. + +98,113.--HARVESTER.--A. L. Smith, Bristol Centre, N. Y. + +98,114.--ELECTRO-MAGNETIC LOCK.--J. C. Smith, Brooklyn, N. Y. + +98,115.--BRICK MACHINE.--Thomas Smurfit, Davisville, Mich. + +98,116.--FLOOR CLAMP.--Joseph B. Spencer, Norwich, Conn. Antedated Dec. +17,1869. + +98,117.--CHURN DASHER.--Aurelius Sperry, Tremont, Ill. + +98,118.--GAS GENERATOR AND CARBURETER.--Amos Stevens (assignor to E. A. +Whitney), Fitchburg, Mass. + +98,119.--ROCKING AND EASY CHAIR.--A. W. Stewart, Boston, Mass. + +98,120.--PLOW.--R. E. Strait, Galesburg, Mich. + +98,121.--MACHINE FOR SCOURING, SETTING-CUT, AND FINISHING HIDES OK +SKINS.--John Taggart, Melrose, assignor to himself and W. N. Brink, +Boston, Mass. + +98,122.--VARIABLE CUT-OFF FOR STEAM ENGINES.--M. C Taylor, Grass Valley, +Cal. Antedated Dec. 17,1869. + +98,123.--SHINGLE PACKER.--R. B. Taylor, Pensaukie, Wis. + +98,124.--CUTTER-HEAD.--Hiram Thompson (assignor to R. Ball & Co.), +Worcester, Mass. + +98,125.--WATER-WHEEL.--W. J. Thompson, Springfield, Mo. + +98,126.--WHEEL FOR STEAM CARRIAGE--R. W. Thomson, Edinburgh, Great +Britain. Patented in England, April 21, 1868. + +98,127.--CIRCULAR SAW MILL.--John Trunick, Muscatine, Iowa + +98,128.--CLOD FENDER.--J. W. Tull, Zionsville, Ind. + +98,129.--NECKTIE AND COLLAR COMBINED.--James Varley, Hudson, assignor to +himself and D. M. Smyth, Orange, N. J. + +98,130.--EYE FOR RAILWAY CAR BELL-ROPE.--W. M. Walton (assignor to J. J. +Walton), Newark, N. J. + +98,131.--PIPE COUPLING.--J. D. Ware, Savannah, Ga. + +98,132.--GAGE COCKS.--G. L. Watson, Nesquehoning, Pa. + +98,133.--LUBRICATOR FOR THE BOLSTERS OF VERTICAL SHAFTS.--J.W.Watties, +Canton, Mass. + +98,134.--BRICK KILN, ETC.--E.V. Wingard, Williamsport, Pa. + +98,135.--MACHINE FOR SPINNING AND CURLING HAIR.--Philip Wisdom, +Brooklyn, N. Y., assignor to John Sickles, trustee, and John Sickles, +trustee, assignor to John Wisdom and J. H. Wilcox, New York city. + +98,136.--SEED PLANTER.--D.C. Woods, Waxahatchie, Texas + +98,137.--HARROW.--George Workman, Rochester, N. Y. + +98,138.--RAILROAD SWITCH.--Edmund Yardley, Pittsburgh, Pa. + +98,139.--APPARATUS FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF IRON AND STEEL.--Charles Adams +(assignor to himself and Charles Sharpe), Philadelphia, Pa. + +98,140.--RAILWAY CAR SPRING.--William Barry and George Franklin, +Philadelphia, Pa. + +98,141.--FOLDING CHAIR.--Burroughs Beach, Meriden, assignor to himself +and E.I. Pyle, Bridgeport, Conn. + +98,142.--HAIR RESTORATIVE.--Ann K. Benson, Allegheny City, Pa. + +98,143.--MACHINE FOR LAYING OUT SASH.--Alpheus Bigony, Winchester, Ohio. + +98,144.--DEVICE FOR SECURING PULLEYS TO SHAFTS.--J. H. Buckman (assignor +to himself and P. W. Reinshagen), Cincinnati, Ohio. + +98,145.--POCKET BOOK.--Alphonzo Button, Dunkirk, N. Y., assignor to M. +O. Wilber for one half of said patent. + +98,146.--SPRING BED BOTTOM.--J. P. Chamberlin, Abington, Mass. + +98,147.--SAFETY HARNESS BUCKLE.--John Chestnut, Jr., Hustontown, Pa. + +98,148.--WASHING MACHINE.--A. P. Cindel and Martin Vogel, Jacksonville, +Ill. + +98,149.--OPERATING DEVICE FOR WATER CLOSETS.--B. R. Cole, Buffalo, N. Y. + +98,150.--TURBINE WATER-WHEEL.--E. F. Cooper, Mount Gilead, Ohio. + +98,151.--SEWING MACHINE FOR SEWING BOOTS AND SHOES.--C. O. Crosby. New +Haven, Conn. + +98,152.--CHURN DASHER.--Theophilus Crutcher, Edgefield, Tenn. + +98,153.--WATER CLOSET VALVE.--J. N. Deck (assignor to himself, B. R. +Cole, and G. F. Deck), Buffalo, N. Y. + +98,154.--CARD HOLDER.--C. R. Doane, Brooklyn, E. D., N. Y. + +98,155.--PROCESS OF TREATING WINES, BEER, AND LIQUORS.--J. O. Donner, +Jersey City, N. J. + +98,156.--VALVE GEAR.--T. E. Evans, W. R. Thomas, and Joshua Hunt, +Catasauqua, Pa. + +98,157.--CORN PLANTER.--D. Fitzpatrick and John Knull, St. Paris, Ohio. + +98,158.--PAINT BRUSH.--F. P. Furnald, Jr., R. W. Champion, and I. N. +Davies, New York city. + +98,159.--GRUB HOOK.--J. W. Goodall, Eldred, Pa. + +98,160.--WASH BOARD.--B. F. Gott, Brooklyn, E. D., N. Y. + +98,161.--CHURN.--G. H. Gregory, North Wilton, Conn. + +98,162.--HYDRO-PNEUMATIC GOVERNOR.--Andrew Harris, Philadelphia, Pa. + +98,163--MUSICAL INSTRUMENT.--C. F. Hill, New York city. + +98,164.--SECURING THE LASH IN FLY-NETS.--J. S. Huston, Mechanicsburg, +Pa. + +98,165.--PROCESS OF PURIFYING AND DECOLORING ALBUMEN FROM BLOOD.--Pierre +Jacques, Paris, France. + +98,166.--WIRE HANDLE FORMER.--W. C. Jones, Quincy, Ill. + +98,167.--MECHANISM FOR RAISING AND LOWERING BOARDS.--Cheney Kilburn and +Artemas Kilburn (assignors to Hale, Goodman, & Co.), Philadelphia, Pa. + +98,168.--EGG BEATER.--Linn Laurie, Washington, D. C. + +98,169.--WIRE BALE FASTENING.--E. S. Lennox, New Brighton, N. Y. + +98,170.--INSOLE FOR BOOTS AND SHOES.--Calvin A. Leonard, Rochester, N. +Y. + +98,171.--GLOBE VALVE.--Hippolite Levasseur, Brooklyn, N. Y. + +98,172.--LUBRICATING SLEEVE.--G.A. Lloyd, San Francisco, Cal., assignor +to himself and Anthony Rosenfield. + +98,173.--COMPOSITION FOR PREVENTING INCRUSTATION IN STEAM BOILERS.--G.W. +Lord, Philadelphia, Pa. + +98,174.--GAS GENERATOR AND BURNER.--C.B. Loveless, Syracuse, N.Y. + +98,175.--EXTINGUISHING FIRE IN BUILDINGS.--Orozi Lugo, Baltimore, Md. + +98,176.--APPARATUS FOR DISPENSING SODA-WATER SIRUPS.--John Matthews, +Jr., New York city. + +98,177.--SIRUP-DISPENSING APPARATUS.--John Matthews, Jr., New York city. + +98,178.--SIRUP RESERVOIR FOR SODA-FOUNTAINS.--John Matthews, Jr., New +York city. + +98,179.--SOAP.--C.P. McGimsey, Memphis, Tenn. + +98,180.--METHOD OF HEADING SCREWS.--Daniel T. Munger (assignor to +himself and Rufus E. Hitchcock), Waterbury, Conn. + +98,181.--BRICK MOLD.--Matthew Newlove (assignor to himself and Samuel +Gilbert) Burlington, Iowa. + +98,182.--HARVESTER CUTTER.--Theodore Neys, Menomonee, Wis., assignor to +himself and Alexis I. Brunell. + +98,183.--COTTON SEED PLANTER.--A. E. Nixon, Memphis, Tenn. + +98,184.--HOSE COUPLING.--William J. Osbourne (assignor to himself, +Gideon B. Massey, and William F. Shaffer), New York city. + +98,185.--FARM GATE.--Christopher Ostrander, Lodi, Wis. + +98,186.--RAILWAY RAIL CHAIR.--S.N. Park, Bloomsbury, N.J. + +98,187.--NUT LOCK.--Morgan Payne, Cardington, Ohio. + +98,188.--SHUTTLE-CHECK FOR LOOMS.--David Pickman (assignor to himself +and Stuart Bishop), Lowell, Mass. + +98,189.--SAW GUIDE.--C. Purdy, Bedford, Ohio. + +98,190.--GRAIN BIN.--Fitch Raymond and August Miller, Cleveland, Ohio. + +98,191.--BOOKBINDING.--Ira Reynolds (assignor to "Reynolds & Reynolds"), +Dayton, Ohio. + +98,192.--VAPOR BURNER.--Wm.H. Rudolph, St. Louis, Mo. + +98,193.--CORN PLANTER.--C.B. Ruth, Doylestown, Pa. Antedated December +11, 1869. + +98,194.--GATE.--Charles Saxton, Fredonia, Ohio. + +98,195.--FARM GATE.--Samuel Scott, Yane, Ohio. + +98,196.--POST AUGER.--George Seeger and Charles H. Shaffer, Clark's +Hill, Ind. Antedated December 11,1869. + +98,197.--PAYING BLOCK.--Reuben Shaler, Madison, Conn. + +98,198.--CARTRIDGE FEEDER FOR GUN HAMMER.--Thomas Shaw, Philadelphia, +Pa. + +98,199.--WASH BOILER.--John P. Sherwood (assignor to himself and +Benjamin S. Burnham), Fort Edward, N. Y. + +98,200.--BOOKBINDING.--David Shive, Philadelphia, Pa. + +98,201.--RAILROAD CAR VENTILATOR.--Oliver Slagle, London, assignor to +himself and Thomas H. Foulds, Cincinnati, Ohio. + +98,202.--CULTIVATOR.--S.T. Spaulding, North Cohocton, N.Y. + +98,203.--ELEVATOR.--Francis Stein and Henry Haering--New York city. + +98,204.--TIRE COOLER.--Edward Stodtmeister, Cape Girardeau, Mo. + +98,205.--DYNAMOMETERS.--John W. Sutton, Portland, Oregon. + +98,206.--MACHINE FOR SAWING AND SPLITTING WOOD--John A. Taplin, Carthage +Landing, Fishkill, N.Y. + +98,207.--CARRIAGE SPRING.--George W. Tew, Kansas City, Mo. + +98,208.--SELF--VENTILATING SAFETY CANS FOR FILLING AND DISCHARGING +HYDROCARBON APPARATUS.--Lovias D. Towsley Newark, N. J. + +98,209.--CORD-TIGHTENER FOR CURTAIN FIXTURES.--Elisha Turner, +Wolcottville, Conn. + +98,210.--MANUFACTURE OF PAPER PULP FROM WOOD.--George Vining, +Pittsfield, Mass. + +98,211.--COMPOUND FOR MIXING PAINT.--Peter M. Wallower, Smith's Ferry, +Pa. + +98,212.--HASP LOCK.--Cornelius Walsh, James F. Connelly, and Alfred +Bratt, Newark, N. J., assignors to Cornelius Walsh. + +98,213.--SEED DRILL.--Orrin A. Wheeler, Doniphan, Kansas. + +98,214.--EXPANDING TRIPLE SHOVEL PLOW.--Edward Wiard (assignor to B. F. +Avery), Louisville, Ky. + +98,215.--HEAD-BLOCK OF SAW MILLS.--Franklin J. Staley (assignor to +himself, George W. Joseph, Isaac S. Long, and George H. Carter), +Indianapolis, Ind. + + * * * * * + + + + +REISSUES. + + +97,293.--MACHINE FOR CLIPPING HORSES' HAIR.--Dated June 30, 1868; +patented in England, April 24, 1867; reissue 3,767.--Patrick Adie, of +the Stand, London, England. + +23,033.--HOSE COUPLING.--Dated February 22,1859; reissue 3,768.--William +H. Bliss, Newport, R. I., assignee of himself and Robert B. Lawton. + +52,135.--SEEDING MACHINE.--Dated January 23, 1866; reissue 3,769.--Henry +Bundel, Dayton, Ohio. + +26,475.--BREECH-LOADING FIREARM.--Dated December 20, 1859; reissue +3,770.--Bethel Burton, Brooklyn, N. Y., and Wm. C. Ward, New York city, +assignees of Bethel Burton. + +94,486.--EXTENSION SLIDE FOR TABLES.--Dated September 7, 1869; reissue +3,771.--S. J. Genung. Waterloo, N. Y. + +71,624.--ELECTRIC CLOCK.--Dated December 3, 1867; reissue 3,772.--The +Kennedy Electric Clock Company, New York city, assignees of Samuel A. +Kennedy, S. W. Holt, and Joseph Gerlach. + +82,705.--SCRUBBING BRUSH.--Dated October 6, 1868; reissue 3,773.--B.F. +Koller, Shrewsbury, Pa., assignee of Samuel Gibson. + +42,617.--PUMP.--Dated May 3, 1864; reissue 3,774.--Henry R. Sensenig and +Moses W. Martin. Earl township, Pa., assignees, by mesne assignments, of +Martin W. Zimmerman and John Zimmerman. + +88,208.--MANUFACTURE OF IRON AND STEEL.--Dated March 23, 1869; reissue +3,775.--John Ralston, Abraham L. Thomas, and William Parkinson, for +themselves, and William A. Shoemaker, Schuylkill county, and George +E. Buckley, Philadelphia, Pa., assignees of said Ralston, Thomas, and +Parkinson. + + * * * * * + + + + +DESIGNS. + + +3,790 and 3,791.--TACK HEAD.--Orrin L. Bassett (assignor to the Taunton +Tack Company), Taunton, Mass. Two patents. + +3,792.--COFFEE OR TEA FILTER.--George M. Bull, New Baltimore, N.Y. + +3,793.--CARPET PATTERN.--Robert R. Campbell (assignor to Lowell +Manufacturing Company), Lowell, Mass. + +3,794.--CAR VENTILATOR.--Robert Hitchcock, Springfield, Mass. + +3,795 to 3,797.--WARDROBE HOOK.--Morton Judd, New Haven, Conn. Three +patents. + +3,798 to 3,802.--CARPET PATTERN.--Elemir J. Ney, Dracut, assignors to +Lowell Manufacturing Company, Lowell, Mass. Five patents. + +3,803.--TRADE MARK.--Charles Perkes, Philadelphia, Pa. 3,804 and +3,805.--WATCH PLATE.--George P. Reed, Boston, Mass. Two patents. + +3,806.--FRUIT JAR COYER.--Henry E. Shaffer, Rochester, N.Y. + + * * * * * + +SUBSCRIBERS--who wish to have their volumes bound, can send them to this +office. The charge for binding is $1.50 per volume. The amount should be +remitted in advance, and the volumes will be sent as soon as they are +bound. + + * * * * * + +ADVERTISEMENTS + +_The value of the_ SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN _as an advertising medium cannot +be over-estimated. Its circulation is ten times greater than that of +any similar journal now published. It goes into all the States +and Territories, and is read in all the principal libraries and +reading-rooms of the world. We invite the attention of those who wish +to make their business known to the annexed rates. A business man wants +something more than to see his advertisement in a printed newspaper. He +wants circulation. If it is worth 25 cents per line to advertise in +a paper of three thousand circulation, it is worth $2.50 per line to +advertise in one of thirty thousand._ + +RATES OF ADVERTISING. + + Back Page $1.00 a line. + Inside Page 75 cents a line. + +_Engravings may head advertisements at the same rate per line, by +measurement, as the letter-press_. + + * * * * * + +FOR SALE--A 9-ft. Planer, 4 Lathes, 2 Shapers, Gear Cutter, Drill Press, +Fanblower, Anvils, Vises, etc., at L. DUVINAGE'S, 209 Center st., New +York. + + * * * * * + +TOSELLI'S Ice Machines, Simple in operation, makking transparent ice +without steam power. Address G. B. NEWMAN,33 Maiden Lane, New York. + + * * * * * + +GALVANO PLASTIC IRON--For Bank Note Printing, Books, Engravings, etc. +Patent Rights for sale by C. M. CLAY & CO., No. 45 Liberty st. Box 4950. + + * * * * * + +CANCERS, SCROFULA, and all CUTANEOUS DISEASES cured by using the + +SHELDON SPRING WATER. + +Book of thirty pages, with certificates, sent free. Addres J. W. BEALS, +Treasurer, Boston, Mass. + + * * * * * + +AGENTS WANTED IN EVERY COUNTY of the four following States:--Illinois, +Indiana, Iowa, and Wisconsin, to sell B. F. Alexander's Patent Horse Hay +Fork. For particulars address HOMER DUBREE, Glen Hope, Clearfleld Co., +Pa. + + * * * * * + +_IRON & WOODWORKING_ + +Machinery Depot. New and Second-hand. GEORGE L. CUMMTNGS, 140 Center +st., New York. + + * * * * * + +FOR SALE + +_AT A BARGAIN_, + +A BABCOCK & WILCOX ENGINE, 16-in. cylinder, 42 in. stroke, NEARLY NEW. +This Engine is to be taken out by Wm. A. Harris, and replaced by a +Corliss Engine, built by him. Address + +WILLIAM A. HARRIS, + +Providence, R.I., or 49 Murray st., New York. + + * * * * * + +HUNTER'S GUIDE--Revised, Enlarged, New Secrets Added. 24,000 already +sold. Twenty-seventh edition of 5,000 copies Now Ready, enlarged, twenty +new tanning secrets added (three cost $5 each). THE HUNTER'S GUIDE AND +TRAPPER'S COMPANION tells how to hunt and trap all animals, from mink to +bear, to make traps, boats, etc. How to tan and dress all hides, etc., +etc., to color furs and skins. New secrets just added. The secret +recipes in this book would cost $30 anywhere else. Tells how to hunt, +fish, has hunting narratives, etc., etc. A New Book, well printed and +bound, 64 pp. Price (not $1) but 25c.; six for $1; mailed free. Beware +of "Recipes," "10-cent papers," and swindlers. Sold by all dealers. All +wholesale news dealers sell it. Send for one. Worth $10 to any farmer, +hunter, or boy. Only a "QUARTER." Address + +HUNTER & CO., Publishers, Hinsdale, N.H. + + * * * * * + +COLLEGIATE & Commercial Institute (Gen. Russell's School), New Haven, +Conn. Winter term begins Jan.11 + + * * * * * + +FOR SALE--A splendid set of Sub-marine Diving Apparatus, but little +used, cheap. Address Box 1582, Norwich, Conn. + + * * * * * + +We rarely open a more readable magazine than "The Galaxy." There is not +a dull page between its covers.--_N.Y. Times_. + +Well sustains its reputation for vigorous and racy writing.--_N. Y. +Tribune_. + +A model periodical; a credit to American periodical literature.--_Press, +Philadelphia_. + +THE GALAXY FOR 1870. + +GREAT ATTRACTIONS. + +ARTICLES SECURED FROM + +CHARLES READE, MRS. EDWARDS, RICHARD GRANT WHITE, ANTHONY TROLLOPE, +JUSTIN McCARTHY, PARK GODWIN, DR. J. C. DALTON, DR. DRAPER. + +AND ALL THE LEADING WRITERS OF THE DAY. + +FIRST. + +PUT YOURSELF IN HIS PLACE.--Charles Reade's Great Story will continue +to delight the readers of the Galaxy the greater part of the year 1870. +Part First is is now ready in book form, and will be sent free with the +Galaxy for 1870 on receipt of $4, the regular subscription price. + +SECOND. + +A NEW STORY BY MRS. EDWARDS, author of "Susan Fielding," "Steven +Lawrence, Yeoman," etc. Mrs. Edwards is one of the very best female +novelists now writing in the English language. + +THIRD. + +ANTHONY TROLLOPE will furnish a series of "Editors' Tales," in which he +will work an entirely new vein. + +FOURTH. + +PARK GODWIN, one of the ablest American writers, will furnish a series +of noteworthy articles on Historical subjects. + +FIFTH. + +RICHARD GRANT WHITE will continue his critical and social essays. + +SIXTH. + +JUSTIN MCCARTHY, whose skill as an efficient magazine writer is almost +unequaled, has been engaged on the Editorial Staff, and will contribute +regularly to the Galaxy. + +SEVENTH. + +TEN YEARS IN ROME, giving an inside view of the Roman Catholic Church, +by a late Ecclesiastic, will be a noteworthy series of articles. + +EIGHTH. + +THE SCIENTIFIC ARTICLES will be prepared by Drs. Dalton and Draper, both +eminent Physiologists. + +NINTH. + +THE EDITORIAL STAFF of the Galaxy is now very large, and has on it the +best talent engaged on American periodical literature. + +We have arranged for very liberal clubbing terms with the other leading +periodicals. + +A sample copy will be sent on receipt of 25 cents. + +Price, 35 cents per number; $4 per year. + +NOW IS THE TIME TO SUBSCRIBE. + +THE GALAXY IS THE BEST OF AMERICAN MAGAZINES. + +SHELDON & COMPANY, + +498 & 500 Broadway, New York. + + * * * * * + +FOUND AT LAST.--Watches Superseded. The Dollar Time Keeper.--A Perfect +Gem.--Elegantly cased in Oriode of Gold, Superior Compass attachment, +Enameled Dial, Silver and Brass Works, glass crystal, size of Ladies' +Watch. Will denote correct time, warranted five years, superb and showy +case, entirely of metal. This is no wood Compass. Is entirely new, +patented. 6500 sold in three weeks. Only $1 each, three for $2, in neat +case, mailed free. Trade supplied. Address the sole manufacturers, +MAGNETIC WATCH CO>, Hinsdale, N. H. + + * * * * * + +STOCKS, DIES, AND SCREW PLATES Horton's and other Chucks. JOHN ASHCKOFT, +50 John st., New York. 16 tf + + * * * * * + +THE NOVELTY IRON WORKS--Foot E. 12th st., and 77 and 83 Liberty st., +New York Manufacture the most approved Stationary Steam Engine, with +Variable Cut-off, now in use. + + * * * * * + +ROBERT McCALVEY, Manufacturer of HOISTING MACHINES AND DUMB WAITERS. 602 +Cherry st., Philadelphia, Pa. + + * * * * * + +STATEMENT. + +ORDINARY FURNACE, from 15th to 20th April, produced 23,195 lbs. of Muck +Bar, and 295 lbs. Scrap Bar, worked double turn. Day turn started at 3 +A.M., and was done by 1 P.M. Night turn went on at 2 P.M., and was done +by 11 P.M., worked 5 heats to each turn. Consumed 350 bushels of coal. +Furnace was lighted on Sunday out of coal. The Stevenson Furnace, from +15th to 20th April, produced 29,160 lbs. of Muck Bar, and 515 lbs. of +Scrap Bar, worked double turn. Day turn started at 3 A.M., and was done +by 10 A.M. Night turn started at 11 A.M., and was done by 6 P.M., worked +6 heats to each turn. Consumed 300 bushels of coal. Furnace was lighted +on Sunday out of coal. The same weight of heats of Pig and Scrap were +weighed to each Furnace. On Stevenson Furnace, 3,963 lbs. more Muck Bar, +and 220 lbs. more Scrap Bar were made, with 50 bushels less coal than +were used in other furnace. The saving in ore (fix) in former over +latter during the week, was 450 lbs., by actual weight. A very important +feature is the great saving accomplished in brick and brick-laying. The +first Stevenson Furnace, put up three months, has not had any repair +put upon it, and is, to-day, in good working order, while the ordinary +furnaces are generally repaired about every two weeks. The cost, over +ordinary furnace, is about seventy dollars. + +We cheerfully bear witness to the truth of the above statements of Mr. +Stevenson. They are rather under than over the mark. The quality of iron +made in his furnaces is the same as made by ordinary kind. We think it a +valuable improvement, and intend to introduce it as fast as possible in +our forge. J. PAINTER & SONS. + +WILLIAM STEVENSON, + +West Pittsburgh, Pa. + + * * * * * + +FOR SALE.--The entire State Rights (except Georgia and Texas), of the +Self-supporting Gate. Every farmer wants it, and will give from three to +ten dollars for the right to make it for his own use. Address JOHN R. +DAVIS, Covington, Ca., stating what you will give. + +[Illustration] + + * * * * * + +LARGEST-BEST-CHEAPEST! + +MOORE'S RURAL NEW-YORKER. + +THE GREAT ILLUSTRATED + +Rural, Literary, and Family Weekly. + +MOORE'S RURAL Excels in CONTENTS, Size, Style, ILLUSTRATIONS, etc. +Sixteen Double-Quarto Pages of Five Columns Each. Ably Edited, +Beautifully Illustrated, Neatly Printed, and adapted to both Town and +Country. The RURAL is Profusely and Splendidly Illustrated--the vol. +just closed containing OVER EIGHT HUNDRED ENGRAVINGS! + +The Rural for 1870 + +Will be the Largest, Best, and Cheapest ILLUSTRATED JOURNAL OF ITS CLASS +in the World! Only $3 a Year,--$2 50 in Clubs. All who form Clubs will +get + +"GOOD PAY FOR DOING GOOD!" + +A choice of OVER ONE HUNDRED VALUABLE PREMIUMS! Specimens, Premium +Lists, Posters, etc., sent free. + +D. D. T. MOOME, 41 Park Row, N. Y, + + * * * * * + +2d-Hand Machinery. + +22x48; 16x36; 10x24; 9x12; 8x24, Stationary; and 2 Portable Engines, in +good order; Boilers of all sizes; Lathes; Wood and Iron Planers; Fay's +Molding Machine; Machinery bought, sold, and exchanged. + +W. WILLARD, + +47 Dey st., New York. + + * * * * * + +THE GEM NOVELTY Combines a Superior Battonhole Cutter, Yard Measure, +Scissors Snarpener, Knife Sharpener, Pencil Sharpener, Emery Cushion, +Seam Ripper, Spool Stand,Thread Cutter, Scale, and Rule. A standard, +popular, and rich article for agents, very ornamental and useful. Rapid +sales guaranteed. Price prepaid by mail $1. For sample and liberal +terms. Address J. H. MARTIN, Hartford, N. Y. + + * * * * * + +AN Experienced Civil and Mechanical Engineer is open for engagement as +Manager. Would undertake Contract Work. Address "Engineer," care of +Philip S. Justice Philadelphia, Pa. + + * * * * * + +McCHESNEY'S IMP'VD GIG OR SCROLL + +Saw.--First Medal and Diploma, Fair of the American Institute, N. Y., +Sept. and Oct., 1869. Superior to any for either light or heavy work. +For description and price address + +T.L. CORNELL, Birmingham, Conn. + + * * * * * + +NATIONAL WAGES TABLES-- + +Showing at a glance any wages from $1 to $37, by hour, day, or week, +from half an hour to four weeks. Half bound, 50 cents; cloth, 75 cents; +in Morocco, $1. Sent by mail on receipt of Price. Address + +NELSON ROW, Publisher, + +149 Fulton st., New York. + + * * * * * + +BAIRD'S CATALOGUE OF PRACTICAL & SCIENTIFIC BOOKS. + +Sent free of postage to any one who will furnish his address to + +HENRY CAREY BAIRD, + +Industrial Publisher, 406 Walnut St., + +PHILADELPHIA. + + * * * * * + +NOW READY. + +Charles Reade's Great Story, + +PUT YOURSELF IN HIS PLACE. + +PART FIRST. + +One volume, octavo, elegantly illustrated. Price, $1. Containing all +published in the "Galaxy" up to the January Number. + +This great story will be continued in the "Galaxy" most of the year +1870. + +PUT YOURSELF IN His PLACE will be sent with the "Galaxy," for 1870, on +receipt of $4. which is the regular subscription price of the "Galaxy." + +THE GALAXY NOW STANDS AT THE HEAD OF AMERICAN MAGAZINES. + +RECENTLY PUBLISHED. + +SUSAN FIELDING. + +A NOVEL, BY MRS. EDWARDS. + +Author of "Archie Lovell" and "Steven Lawrence, Yeoman." + +One vol., octavo. Elegantly Illustrated. Cloth, $2. Paper, $1 25. + +Also, A New Edition of + +ARCHIE LOVELL. + +A NOVEL, BY MRS. EDWARDS. + +One volume, octavo. Illustrated. Cloth. $1 75. Paper, $1. + +STEVEN LAWRENCE, YEOMAK + +A NOVEL, BY MRS. EDWARDS. + +One volume, octavo. Illustrated. Cloth, $2; paper, $1 25 + +SHELDON & COMPANY, Publishers, + +NEW YORK. + + * * * * * + +"It Still Waves." + +The old favorite, the "STAR SPANGLED BANNER." The Jan. No. just out, Now +is the Time to Subscribe Every No. contains 40 long columns, 8 pages, +Ledger size 480 long columns of splendid reading during 1870. Four +columns of "swindling exposures" in every No. In fact the whole paper +is brimming with Wit, Humor, Fun Sense & Nonsense, Wit, Wisdom, & Wind, +Fun, Fact, & Fancy. It is Rich, Rare, & Racy; Smart, Spicy, & Sparkling. +It exposed 100 swindlers last year, and is bound to "show up" rascality +without fear or favor. You Need it. There is nothing Like it. It will +instruct, amuse, and will Save You Money. We give the superb steel +plate, 1½x2 feet in size, entitled "Evangeline," mount it on roller, and +send it Gratis, and the paper till 1871, all for only 75c. Engraving +alone sells for $2. It is not a "sell." Has been published regular since +1863. Largest circulation in New Hampshire. If you try it one year you +will come again. You have often thought of subscribing--Now is Just the +Time. We will refund your money if you are not Perfectly Satisfied it +Will Pay. You run no risk. Buy a copy of any newsman, or send six cents +and receive one by mail. Remember you get the elegant parlor engraving, +"Evangeline," (richly worth $2), and the paper a whole year; all for +only 75c. Satisfaction Guaranteed, or will return your cash. Address + +"STAR SPANGLED BANNER," Hinsdale, N. H, + + * * * * * + +S. CRAIGE'S PATENT SPUR FOR SALE + +at the Philadelphia Riding School, Nos 3,334 to 42 Market st., +Philadelphia. This spur possesses advantages over every other spur. Is +easily put on, and solid when on. Will last a life-time. Suitable for +Ladies or Gentlemen. Send size of heel. + + * * * * * + +PRACTICAL DRAFTSMAN'S BOOK OF + +INDUSTRIAL DESIGN + +AND MACHINISTS' & ENGINEERS' + +DRAWING COMPANION. + +Forming a Complete Course of Mechanical, Engineering, and Architectural +Drawing. From the French of M. Armengaud the elder, Prof. of Design +in Conservatoire of Arts and Industry, Paris, and MM. Armengaud the +younger, and Amoroux, Civil Engineers. Rewritten and arranged with +additional matter and plates, selections from and examples of the most +useful and generally employed mechanism of the day. By WILLIAM JOHNSON, +Assoc. Inst., C.E. Illustrated by fifty folio steel plates, and fifty +wood cuts. A new edition, 4to.............$10 + +Among the contents are:--Linear Drawing, Definitions, and Problems. +Sweeps, Sections, and Moldings, Elementary Gothic Forms and Rosettes. +Ovals, Ellipses, Parabolas, and Volutes, Rules, and Practical Data. +Study of Projections, Elementary Principles. Of Prisms and other +Solids. Rules and Practical Data. On Coloring Sections, with +applications--Conventional Colors, Composition or Mixture of Colors. +Continuation of the Study of Projections--Use of Sections--details of +machinery. Simple applications--spindles, shafts, couplings, wooden +patterns. Method of constructing a wooden model or pattern of a +coupling. Elementary applications. Rules and Practical Data. + +THE INTERSECTION AND DEVELOPMENT OF SURFACES WITH APPLICATIONS.--The +Intersection of Cylinders and Cones. The Delineation and Development +of Helices, Screws, and Serpentines. Application of the helix--the +construction of a staircase. The Intersection of Surfaces--applications +to stop cocks. Rules and Practical Data + +THE STUDY AND CONSTRUCTION OF TOOTHED GEAR.--Involute, cycloid, and +epicyloid. Involute. Cycloid External epicycloid, described by a +circle rolling about a fixed circle inside of it. Internal epicycloid. +Delineation of a lack and pinion in gear. Gearing of a worm with a worm +wheel. Cylindrical or Spur Gearing. Practical delineation of a couple +of Spur wheels. The Delineation and Construction of Wooden Patterns for +Toothed Wheels. Rules and Practical Data. + +CONTINUATION OF THE STUDY OF TOOTHED GEAR.--Design for a pair of bevel +wheels in gear. Construction of wooden patterns for a pair of beveled +wheels. Involute and Helical Teeth. Contrivances for obtaining +differential Movements. Rules and Practical Data. + +ELEMENTARY PRINCIPLES OF SHADOWS.--Shadows of Prisms, Pyramids, and +Cylinders. Principles of Shading. Continuation of the Study of Shadows. +Tuscan Order. Rules and Practical Data. + +APPLICATION OF SHADOWS TO TOOTHED GEAR.--Application of Shadows to +Screws. Application of Shadow to a Boiler and its Furnace. Shading in +Black--Shading in Colors. + +THE CUTTING AND SHAPING OF MASONRY.--Rules and Practical Data. Remarks +on Machine Tools. + +THE STUDY OF MACHINERY AND SKETCHING.--Various applications and +combinations: The Sketching of Machinery. Drilling Machines; Motive +Machines; Water-wheels. Construction and Setting up of water wheels, +Delineation of water wheels, Design of a water wheel, Sketch of a water +wheel; Overshot Water wheels, Water Pumps; Steam Motors; High-pressure +expansive steam engine. Details of Construction; Movements of the +Distribution and Expansion Valves; Rules and Practical Data. + +OBLIQUE PROJECTIONS. PARALLEL PERSPECTIVE. + +TRUE PERSPECTIVE.--Elementary principles. Applications--flour mill +driven by belts. Description of the mill. Representation of the mill in +perspective. + +EXAMPLES OF FINISHED DRAWINGS OF MACHINERY. + +The above or any of my Books sent by mail, free of postage, at the +publication prices. My new revised and enlarged CATALOGUE OF PRACTICAL +AND SCIENTIFIC BOOKS, 74 pp. 8vo, now ready, complete to Nov. 1. 1869, +will be sent, free of postage, to any one who will favor me with his +address. + +HENRY CAREY BAIRD + +Industrial Publisher, + +406 Walnut st..Philadelphia, Pa. + + * * * * * + +"A BLAZE OF BEAUTY." FOR 1870. + +THE JANUARY DOUBLE NUMBER OF THE PICTORIAL PHRENOLOGICAL JOURNAL appears +in bright array. A new form, new types, numerous rich illustrations, +with sound and sensible reading matter, render this the best ever +issued. Among the contents are the following: + +Ferdinand De Lesseps, the chief promoter of the Suez Canal with a +portrait and sketch of his life. Hon. S. S. Fisher, United States +Commissioner of Patents, with portrait and biographical sketch, and a +glimpse of the workings of the Patent Office. Carlos Manuel Cespedes, +the President of the Cuban Republic. George Peabody, the successful +merchant, banker, and philanthropist. Dr Tischendorff, the eminent +Biblical discoverer and critic--his life, travels, and writings, with +portrait. + +The Kaffir Race--Physically and mentally considered: with +engravings, from life, of young and old natives. Northwestern +Australians--Appearance, customs, and peculiarities, dress, ornaments, +food, weapons, etc. + +The Progress of Science-Steam, electricity, invention, scientific +discovery, anatomy, physiology, medicine, phrenology. + +Brain Waves--Progression of thought how thought and sentiment are +transmitted. What Can I do Best?--Or, the requirements of the teacher. +Who believes Phrenology?--Are there among its followers persons of +eminence and influence? Faces We Meet--What they tell us and how they +affect us. An Afternoon at "389"--A glimpse at the specimens in our +cabinet. Small cautiousness--"Just for Fun," or trifling with death. + +Confessions of a Smoker; what he suffered in consequence of the habit; +how he reformed and the happy results. The Wasp Waist--its metaphysics +and physiology. Application--the necessity for its culture. + +Our Country's Agricultural Resources--A survey of our productions during +the past fifty years with tables. + +Facts in Natural History--Will a horsehair become a snake? The Hedge +hog--What it is, how it lives, and where it is found. Illustrated. The +Sponge--Its origin, growth, and uses. Educational Matters-Cornell, +Harvard, Yale, Michigan. Cathedral of Rheims-The Coronation place of the +old French Kings; Joan of Arc. + +This favorite JOURNAL has now reached its fiftieth volume, and appears +in the usual magazine form. We think it will prove even more popular +than ever before. Terms, only $30 a year. Thirty cents a No. Newsmen +have it. Now is the time to subscribe for 1870. Premium list sent on +application. Address + +S.R. WELLS, 389 Broadway, N.Y. + + * * * * * + +R. BALL & CO., Worcester, Mass., Manufacturers of Woodworth's, Daniel's, +and Dimension Planers; Molding, Matching, Tenoning, Mortising Shaping, +and Boring Machines; Scroll Saws, Re-Sawing, Sand Boring, Wood turning +Lathes and a variety of other Machines for Working Wood. Also, the best +Patent Door, Hub, and Rail Car Mortising Machines in the world. Send for +our Illustrated Catalogue. + +RICHARD BALL. + +E.P. HALSTED + + * * * * * + +DO NOT BE SWINDLED.--READ STARSPANGLED BANNER + + * * * * * + +VINEGAR.--How Made from Cider, Wine, Molasses, or Sorghum in 10 hours, +without using jugs. For circulars, address F I. SAGE, Vinegar Maker, +Cromwell Conn. + + * * * * * + +FOR SALE LOW--A No. 6 Taft's Pat. Power Shears. In use but a few days. + +H. McMURTRIE & CO, + +80 Milk st., Boston, Mass. + + * * * * * + +ATTENTION INVENTORS! + +Having lately made several important negotiations, thereby leaving +vacancies in our regular schedule, we are now prepared to receive +applications from patentees who wish to contract with us for the sale +of their inventions. Enough will be selected to fill our list, and +negotiations for their sale immediately commenced. Comunications by mail +promptly noticed. Commissions reasonable. + +E. E. ROBERTS & CO., Consulting Engineers, + +15 Wall st., New York. + + * * * * * + +HINKLEY KNITTING MACHINE + +For Family Use--simple, cheap, reliable. Knits everything. AGENTS +WANTED. Circular and sample stocking FREE. Address HINKLEY KNITTING +MACHINE CO., Bath, Me., or 176 Broadway, N.Y. + + * * * * * + +CAST STEEL Name Punches, Letters, and Figures--all sizes and styles, and +for all purposes, made by + +ROBERT ROGEKS, Letter Cutter, 26 Spruce st., S.E. cor. William st., New +York. + + * * * * * + +PARKER POWER PRESSES. + +[Illustration] + +Are what are universally known as the + +"FOWLER PRESS," + +improved, and _are without a rival_ as regards strength and durability, +combined with delicacy of adjustment of the Punch. NOTICE is hereby +given that the + +STILES POWER PRESS + +is a direct INFRINGEMENT OF OUR PATENT dated April 17, 1855, and +reissued Aug. 24, 1869, and ALL PARTIES are hereby CAUTIONED against +BUYING OR USING said presses WITHOUT OUR PERMISSION. + +PARKER BROTHERS, + +West Meriden, Conn. + +New York office with CHAS. PARKER, 27 Beekman st. + + * * * * * + +THE BEST PUNCHING PRESSES ARE + +made by the Inventor and Patentee of the famous Eccentric Adjustment. +Infringements upon said Patent will be severely dealt with. + +N.C. STILES, + +Middletown, Conn. + + * * * * * + +WROUGHT-Iron Pipe for Steam, Gas, and Water; Brass Globe Valves and Stop +Cocks, Iron Fittings, etc. JOHN ASHCROFT, 50 John St., N.Y. + + * * * * * + +RICHARDSON, MERIAM & CO., + +Manufacturers of the latest improved Patent Daniels' and Woodworth +Planing Machines, Matching, Sash and molding, Tenoning, Mortising, +Boring, Shaping Vertical and Circular Re-sawing Machines, Saw Mills, Saw +Arbors, Scroll Saws, Railway, Cut-off, and Rip-saw Machines, Spoke and +Wood Turning Lathes, and various other kinds of Wood-working Machinery. +Catalogues and price lists sent on application. Manufactory, Worcester, +Mass. Warehouse, 107 Liberty st., New York. 17 + + * * * * * + +CINCINNATI BRASS WORKS.--Engineers' and Steam Fitters' Brass Work. Best +Quality at very Low Prices. + +F. LUNKENHEIMER, Prop'r, + +Cincinnati, Ohio. + + * * * * * + +L.W. Pond's New Tools. + +NEW AND IMPROVED PATTERNS-- + +Lathes, Planers, Drills, Milling Machines, Boring Mills, Gear and Bolt +Cutters Punches and Shears for iron. Dealer in + +IRON & WOOD WORKING MACHINERY + +Works at Worcester, Mass. Office, 98 Liberty st., N.Y. + +S.N. HARTWELL, General Agent. + + * * * * * + +S.S.B "SO SAID BILL." The STAR SPANGLED BANNER saved me from sending $10 +to a swindler. + + * * * * * + +WANTED--Iron Planers, Engine Lathes, Boring and Shaping Machines, one +set of Boiler Tools, Cupola, etc.; must be modern tools, and as good as +new. Address, with catalogue and lowest cash prices, + +JOHN COOPER & CO., Mount Vernon, Ohio. + + * * * * * + +_Niagara Steam Pump_. + +CHAS. B. HARDICK, + +No. 9 Adams st., Brooklyn, N.Y. + + * * * * * + +OTIS' SAFETY HOISTING + +_Machinery._ + +OTIS BROTHERS & CO. + +NO. 309 BROADWAY, NEW YORK. + + * * * * * + +Do your own Printing + +WITH A NOVELTY JOB PRINTING PRESS + +The only Low-Priced Press ever invented, that will do good printing. +Printing can be done as well and as rapidly on this press as on the best +that printers use; and for printing offices where artificial power is +not used, or for business men, apothecaries, grocers, country traders, +and others who desire to do their own printing, it is entirely without a +rival. The Best Holiday Gift for Boys. Price of Presses--$15, $30, +$32, and $50. Send for full descriptive illustrated circulars, with +testimonials from all parts of the country, and specimens of plain and +color printing done on the press, & specimen sheets of types, borders, +cuts, rules, etc., to + +BENJ. O. WOODS, Proprietor, + +351 Federal st., Boston, Mass. + +[Illustration] + + * * * * * + +IRON STEAMERS, HULLS, & LIGHTERS. + +Estimates & Specifications furnished on application. HENRY J. DAVISON, +77 Liberty st., New York, Agent for Pusey, Jones & Co. 21 tf + + * * * * * + +HAIR, WOOL, AND COTTON DUCK FELT, for sale by the Square foot,or boilers +covered by Contract. RUSSIAN FELT, of every description, a SPECIALTY, by +HENRY J. DAVISON + +77 Liberty st., N.Y. + + * * * * * + +WAGON AXLES, COMMON, CONCORD, IRON HUB, and SOLID COLLAR, of superior +quality & finish. Also, Manufacturers of Machinery, Pat. Steam and Belt +Forge Hammers, Power Shears, Car Axles, Windlass Necks Truss Shapes, +Crowbars, Boiler Fronts, Cast Iron Jack Screws, Patent Swage Blocks, +Tire Benders. Forgings & Castings. Address, for Price List, LYMAN +KINSLEY & CO., Cambridgeport, Mass. + + * * * * * + +TO THE WORKING CLASS.--We are now prepared to furnish all classes with +constant employment at home, the whole of the time or for the spare +moments. Business new, light and profitable. Persons of either sex +easily earn from 5oc. to $5 per evening, and a proportional sum by +devoting their whole time to the business. Boys and girls earn nearly as +much as men. That all who see this notice may send their address, and +test the business, we make this unparalleled offer: To such as are not +well satisfied, we will send $1 to pay for the trouble of writing. Full +particulars, a valuable sample, which will do to commence work on, and a +copy of _The People's Literary Companion_--one of the largest and best +family newspapers published--all sent free by mail. Reader, if you want +permanent, profitable work, address E.C. ALLEN & CO., Augusta, Maine. + + * * * * * + +INVENTORS, AGENTS, MERCHANTS, and all Dealers in Patents or Patented +Goods, should subscribe for the PATENT STAR, devoted to their Interests. +Terms 5oc. per year. Send stamp for sample to + +BENT, GOODNOW & CO., Boston, Mass. + + * * * * * + +WROUCHT IRON BEAMS & GIRDERS + +The Union Iron Mills, Pittsburgh, Pa. The attention of Engineers and +Architects is called to our improved Wrought-iron Beams and Girders +(patented), in which the compound welds between the stem and flanges, +which have proved so objectionable in the old mode of manufacturing, +are entirely avoided, we are prepared to furnish all sizes at terms +as favorable as can be obtained elsewhere. For descriptive lithograph +address the Union Iron Mills. Pittsburgh, Pa. + + * * * * * + +ASHCROFT'S LOW-WATER DETECTOR will insure your Boiler against explosion. +JOHN ASHCROFT, 50 John st.. New York. 16 tf + + * * * * * + +POWER LOOMS. + +Impreved Drop Box. Spooling, Winding, Beaming, Dyeing, and Sizing +Machines Self-Actmg, Wool-Scouring Machines, Hydra Extractors Also, +Shafting, Pulleys, and Sen-Oiling Adjusable Han...ers [Transcribers +note: word illegible], manuf'd by THOS. WOOD, 2106 Wood st., Philad'a. +Pa + + * * * * * + +WOODBURY'S PATENT + +Planing and Matching + +and Molding Machmes, Gray & Wood's Planers, Self-oiling Saw Arbors, and +other wood working machinery. + + S. A. WOODS, / 91 Liberty street, N. Y.; + Send for Circulars. \ 67 Sudbury street, Boston. + + * * * * * + +BOILER FELTING SAVES TWENTY-FIVE PER CENT OF FUEL. + +JOHN ASHCROFT, + +50 John st. New York. + +16 tf + + * * * * * + +WATCH SWINDLES.--Humbug Music + +Boxes. Bogus Money. Four columns of "Ventilations" in the "STAR SPANGLED +BANNER." + + * * * * * + +BUERK'S WATCHMAN'S TIME DETECTOR.--Important for all large Corporation +and Manufacturing concerns--capable of controlling with the utmost +accuracy the motion of a watchman or patrolman, as the same reaches +different stations of his beat, Send for a Circular. + +J.E.BUEBK, + +P.O.Box 1,057, Boston, Mass. + +N.B.--This detector is covered by two U. S. patents. Parties using or +selling these instruments without authority from me will be dealt with +according to law. + + * * * * * + +LATHE CHUCKS--HORTON'S PATENT--from 4 to 36 inches. Also for car wheels. +Address + +E. HORTON & SON, Windsor Locks, Conn. + + * * * * * + +CATALOGUES 10 CENTS EACH, SENT BY MAIL. + +_MATHEMATICAL INSTRUMENTS_, 112 pages. _OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS_, 72 pages. +_MAGIC LANTERNS and STEREOPTICONS_, 100pp. _PHILOSOPHICAL INSTRUMENTS_, +84 pages. JAMES W. QUEEN & CO., 924 Chestnut st..Philadelphia Pa + + * * * * * + +COTTON AND WOOL + +SHODDY PICKERS + +Of the most approved English pattern, built by RICHABD KITSON + +Lowell, Mass. + + * * * * * + +Excelsior Lubricator + +For Cylinders of Engines. The most durable and best oil cup, +manufactured by B. E. LEHMAN, Lehigh Valley Brass Works. Bethlehem, Pa. +Send for desc'ive circular + + * * * * * + +MODELS, PATTERNS, EXPERIMENTAL, + +and other machinery. Models for the Patent Office built to order by +HOLSKE MACHINE CO., Nos. 528, 530 and 532 Water st., near Jefferson. +Refer to SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN office. 14 tf + + * * * * * + +MACHINERY FOR SALE-- + +Consisting of steam engines, boilers, machinists' tools, planers from +two to five feet wide, lathes from 1½ to 7-ft. swing, and one boring, +turning, and slotting mill, of 8-ft. swing, trip hammer, blacksmith's +tools, fire proof safes, portable mills, fan blowers, water wheels, +pulleys, shafting, belting, platform scales, etc., etc.; all at prices +that will insure a rapid sale. Send for schedule. Engines, water wheels, +and machinery made to order. + +GEOBGE T. McLAUTHLIN & CO., + +120 Fulton st., Boston, Mass. + + * * * * * + +M. N. FORNEY, Mechanical Engineer, 64 B'dway (Room 48), N.Y. Designs, +Plans, Estimates and Working Drawings of Machinery. etc., promptly and +accurately made. Instruction given in Mechanical Drawing to a limited +number of pupils. + + * * * * * + +NEW SCROLL SAW (Moyer's Pat.), with--out Post or Gate; uniform Tension; +no jarring or noise; executes better and faster than any other. Send for +a circular. + +HAMPSON & COPELAND, + +42 Cortlandt st., New York. + + * * * * * + +PERFECTLY RELIABLE.--Established 1863. Satisfaction Guaranteed. "Star +Spangled Banner." 75 cents a year. + + * * * * * + +THE WOODWARD STEAM-PUMP MANUFACTUBING COMPANY, Manufacturers of the +Woodward Pat. Improved Safety Steam Pump and Fire Engine, Steam, Water, +and Gas Fittings of all kinds. Also, Dealers in Wrought-iron Pipe, +Boiler Tubes, etc. Hotels, Churches, Factories, & Public Buildings, +Heated by Steam, Low Pressure. Woodward Building, 76 and 78 Center st., +cor. of Worth st. (formerly of 77 Beekman st.), N.Y. All parties are +hereby cautioned against infringing the Pat. Bight of the above Pump. G. +M. WOODWABD, Pres't. + + * * * * * + +CAMDEN + +Tool and Tube Works, + +Camden, N. J. Manufacturers of Wrought Iron Tube. Brass Work and +Fittings, and all the most improved TOOLS for Screwing, Cutting, and +Fitting Pipe. Screwing Machines for Pipe, of five different sizes. Pipe +Tongs, Common and Adjustable; Pipe Cutters, Pipe Vises, Taps, Bearners, +Drills, Screwing Stocks, and Solid Dies. Peace's Patent Screwing Stocks, +with dies. No. I Screws ¾, 3/8, ½, ¾, Pipe. Price complete, $10. No. 2 +Screws, 1, 1¼, 1½, 2 Pipe, $20. No. 3 both screws and cuts off, 2½, 3, +3½, 4, $65. + + * * * * * + +TODD & RAFFERTY, Manufacturers and DEALERS IN MACHINERY. + +Works, Paterson, N. J.; Warerooms, 10 Barclay St., N. Y Boilers, Steam +Pumps, Machinists' Tools. Also, Flax, Hemp, Rope, and Oakum Machinery, +Snow's and Judson's Governors, Wright's pat. Variable Cut-off & other +engines. + + * * * * * + +To Electro-Platers. + +BATTERIES, CHEMICALS, AND MATERIALS, in sets or single, with books +of instruction, manufactured and sold by THOMAS HALL, Manufacturing +Electrician, 19 Bromfleld st., Boston, Mass. Illustrated catalogue sent +free on application. + + * * * * * + +PORTABLE STEAM ENGINES, combining the maximum of efficiency, durability +and economy, with the minimum of weight and price. They are widely and +favorably known, more than 750 being in use. All warranted satisfactory +or no sale. Descriptive circulars sent on application. Address + +J C HOADLEY & CO Lawrence, Mass + + * * * * * + +BLIND-SLAT TENON MACHINE.--We have recently patented one of the above +Machines, which we GUARANTEE SUPERIOR to any machine of the kind in +use. Shall be pleased to furnish cuts and prices of this and any other +Wood-working Machinery. Address STEPTOE, McFABLAN & CO., Cincinnati, +Ohio. + + * * * * * + +FOR CUTS AND PRICES of Machinists' Tools, address STEPTOE, McFARLAN & +CO., + +Cincinnati, Ohio, + + * * * * * + +STEAM AND WATER GAGES, STEAM Whistles, Gage Cocks, and Engineers' +Supplies. 16 tf + +JOHN ASHCROFT, 50 John St., New York. + + * * * * * + +H. BOARDMAN, Lancaster, Pa.--Superior Patent Cork-cutting Machinery, +Hard-laid Twine Cord, and Rope Machinery, with Pat. Stop & Condenser + + * * * * * + +WOODWORTH PLANERS a SPECIALTY--From new patterns of the most approved +style and workmanship. Wood-working Machinery generally. Nos. 24 and 26 +Central, corner Union street, Worcester, Mass. Warerooms. 42 Cortlandt +street, New York. + +WITHERBY, RUGG & RICHARDSON. + + * * * * * + +SILICATE OF SODA, IN ITS VARIOUS forms, manufactured as a specialty, by +Philadelphia Quartz Co., 783 South 2d St., Philadelpnia, Pa. + + * * * * * + +11-2 by 2 FEET IS THE superb new plate "Evangeline," given free to all +who send 75 cents for the "STAR SPANGLED BANNER," for 1870. + + * * * * * + +_Pevey's Cupola_, + +WARRANTED to Melt, with, one tun of Coal, 2000 lbs. of Iron MORE than +any other Cupola now in use. + +ABIEL PEVEY, + +Patentee and Proprietor, Lowell, Mass. Van Tuyl & Co. No. 273 Cherry +st,. New York, Agents. + + * * * * * + +MERRICK & SONS + +Southwark Foundery, + +430 Washington Ave., Philadelphia, Pa., + +MANUFACTURE NASMYTH & DAVY + +STEAM HAMMERS, CORNISH PUMPING, BLAST, HORIZONTAL, VERTICAL, AND +OSCILLATING ENGINES. + +Gas Machinery of all descriptions. + +Sugar Refineries fitted up complete, with all modern apparatus. + +New York office + +62 Broadway. + + * * * * * + +LECOUNT'S PATENT HOLLOW LATHE DOGS AND CLAMPS.--A set of 8 Dogs from 3/8 +to 2-in., inclusive, $8. A set of 12 from 3/8 to 4-in., $17.30. Five +sizes Machinists' Clamps, from 2 to 6-in., inclusive, $11. Send for +Circular. + +C.W. LECOUNT. + +South Norwalk, + +Conn. + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + + * * * * * + +MASON'S PAT'T FRICTION CLUTCHES are Manufactured by Volney W. Mason & +Co., Providence, R.I. Agents, R. BROOKS & CO., 123 Ave. D, New York. +TAPLIN RICE & CO. Akron, Ohio 16 tfeow + + * * * * * + +Molding Machinery. + +THE MOST VALUABLE MACHINE FOR Planing Irregular and Straight Work in all +branches of Wood-Working, is the Combination Molding and Planing Machine +Co.'s "Variety Molding and Planing Machine." Our improved guards make it +safe to operate; our combination collars save one hundred per cent; +and for planing, molding, and cutting irregular forms, our Machine is +unsurpassed. The right to make and vend these Machines is owned solely +by us, and we will defend Purchasers in case litigation is forced upon +them by any parties pretending to own Patent on any part of our Variety +Machine. COMBINATION MOLDING AND PLANING MACHINE CO., 424 East 23d st., +or Postoffice Box 3230 New York City. Silas M. Hamilton, Baltimore +Samuel Leggert, New York. 19 tfeow + + * * * * * + +Gear's Variety Moulding Machine, + +WARRANTED THE BEST in THE WORLD FOR Moulding and Cutting Irregular +Forms, with Patent Improvements for Combination Cutters, and Patent +Guard to protect operator and material. Secured by six Patents. Deeds of +Right to use furnished with every Machine sold, to protect parties in +using them. Before purchasing Combination Moulding and Planing Machine +Co.'s or Grosvenor's Mongrel Infringing Machines, (which they and their +agents, in behalf of the Singer Sewing Machine Co., and the Central +Pacific R.R. Co., and others to whom they had sold Machines to be used +out of the State of New York, have been made to pay us for using) or +Ball's or Fay's infringing Machines, which users have had to pay us for +right to use. Address for particulars and Machines, Sole Owners and +Lawful Manufacturers for all the United States, except New York + +A.S.& J. GEAR & CO., + +NEW HAVEN, CONN., or 91 Liberty Street, New York. + + * * * * * + +MACHINERY.--S.C. HILLS, No.12 Platt st., New York, dealer in all kinds +of Machinery and Machinists' supplies. 2 tf a + + * * * * * + +PLATINUM. H.M. RAYNOR 57 Bond st., N.Y. + + * * * * * + +AGENTS wanted everywhere. Brown's Pat. Double Cone Ventilating Damper +gives the most heat with the least fuel. Send tor Circulars. + +O.R. BRIGGS & CO., 184 Washington st., N.Y + + * * * * * + +AMERICAN TINNED SHEET IRON. + +Coating uniformly over the entire sheet, by an entirely new and patented +process. All sizes and gages on hand and made to order. + +H. W. BUTTERWORTH & SON, + +29 and 31 Haydock st., Philadelphia, Pa. + +25 eow tt + + * * * * * + +Independent Steam + +BOILER SUPPLY, OR _Feed Pump_. + +RELIABLE FOR HOT OR COLD WATER. + +[Illustration] + +Circulars sent free. + +COPE & CO., + +No. 118 East 2d st., Cincinnati, Ohio + + * * * * * + +BREECH-LOADING GUN.-- + +Probably superior to any in the market. Patent for sale. Address + +T.L., + +Box 728 Postoffice, Derby, Conn, + + * * * * * + +CIRCULAR SAW MILLS, PLANERS Matchers, etc. Prices Low. S. HEALD & SONS +Barre, Mass., make the Largest and Best Planer to be found for the +money. Send for circulars. + + * * * * * + +SHINGLE AND HEADING MACHINE--Trevor & Co.'s Improved. The Simplest and +Best in use. Also, Shingle, Heading, and Stave Jointers, Stave Cutters, +Equalizers. Heading Turners, Planers, etc. Address TREVOR & CO, +Lockport, N. Y. + + * * * * * + +THE INVENTOR'S AND MECHANIC'S GUIDE.--A valuable book upon Mechanics, +Patents, and New Inventions. Containing the U. S. Patent Laws, Rules and +Directions for doing business at the Patent Office; 112 diagrams of +the best mechanical movements, with descriptions; the Condensing Steam +Engine, with engraving and description; How to Invent; How to Obtain +Patents; Hints upon the Value of Patents; How to sell Patents; Forms for +Assignments; Information upon the Rights of Inventors, Assignees and +Joint Owners; Instructions as to Interferences, Reissues, Extensions +Caveats, together with a great variety of useful information in regard +to patents, new inventions, and scientific subjects, with scientific +tables, and many illustrations 108 pages. This is a most valuable work. +Price only 25 cents. Address MUNN & CO., 37 Park Row, N.Y. + + * * * * * + +BALL, BLACK & CO. + +Nos. 565 and 567 BROADWAY, + +Offer an Unequaled Assortment of + +JURGENSEN, NARDINE, JACOT, SALTZMAH, NICOUD, GERARD, FRODSHAM, PEARDON, +GORDING, RUGENSTEIN, HARRISON, TAYLOR. + +ALSO, A FULL LINE OF AMERICAN WATCHES, + +At the Lowest Price. + + * * * * * + +ROPER Carloric Engine Co., 49 Cortlandt st. New Style Upright Engines. +Send for Circular. + + * * * * * + +Perpetual Brick Kiln. + +SAVES 2-3 IN FUEL. Address WEDEKIND & DUEBERG, 55 N. Calvert st., +Baltimore, Md. + + * * * * * + +WANTED-To correspond with an extensive manufacturing firm of 1st-class +reliability, to make and sell, on royalty, Dodge's 2-way cock or pump +attachment. Exclusive control of territory given. 100,000 doz wanted in +U.S. Address Hedden & Dodge, Lowville, N.Y. + + * * * * * + +WANTED.-- + +In an Extensive Agricultural Implement Works in Ohio, an Experienced and +Capable Superintendent. None but a Through Machinist, who can give high +reference as to Character, etc., need apply. Address + +Thrashing Machine Works, Drawer 5947, Chicago, Ill. + + * * * * * + +RIGGS' BELMONTYLE OIL + +PREVENTS + +Rust, Tarnish, etc. Send for circular to + +H.B. Riggs, + +150 Front Street, Hew York. + + * * * * * + +The Mother's Journal. + +THE BEST HOME MAGAZINE IN THE WORLD. + +Beautifully illustrated; 600 double-column pages; $2 per year. Specimens +sent free. Now is the time. Address + +MOTHERS' JOURNAL, Chicago, 111. + + * * * * * + +DECISION ON STEAM ENGINES.--Wm. A. HARRIS, builder of the Corliss Steam +Engine, was awarded the 1st Premium at the National Fair of the American +Institute, New York,1869, for its superiority in economy in fuel, +regularity in speed, perfect construction, accessibility of all its +parts. Send for a circular. One 80-H.P. Engine, ready for delivery; one +40-H.P. Engine, ready for delivery; three 30-H.P. Engines, ready for +delivery. WM. A. HARRIS Providence R.I. New York Office 49 Murray st. +Send for a circular. + + * * * * * + +Manufacturers' Depot. + +SPOKES, HUBS, WHEELS, + +And a general assortment of Carriage and Wagon Wood work. The above +goods are of our own manufacture, which enables us to offer better +inducements than any other House in the city. + +N.G. OLDS & SON, + +51 Murray st., New York. + + * * * * * + +ROOT'S WROUGHT IRON SECTIONAL + +Safety Boiler. + +Composed of best Wrought Iron Tubes, tested to 500 pounds; no large +sheet iron, shell or thin cast iron to explode. Absolutely safe, +economical, durable, and efficient. Send for pamphlet. Also, Steam +Engines, Steam Pumps, etc. + +ROOT STEAM ENGINE CO., + +95 and 97 Liberty St., New York. + + * * * * * + +FOR SALE--A 60-H.P. Root's Sectional Safety Boiler, at Atlantic Sugar +Refinery. Brooklyn. Apply to LABATT & CO., 111 Front st., New York. + + * * * * * + +POWER PLEDGED + +Equal to any overshot, with + +N.F. BURNHAM'S + +New Turbine + +Water Wheel. + +Illustrated Pamphlet, for 1870, "with Reduced Price List," sent free +by N.F. BURNHAM, "Patentee," York, Pa., or S.N. Hartwell, "Ag't," 98 +Liberty st., N.Y. + +[Illustration] + + * * * * * + +The Woven Wire Mattress Co. + +OF + +HARTFORD, CONN., + +Call attention to the fact, that they have established AN AGENCY in +the City of NEW YORK, at 82 E. Ninth St., opposite the store of A. T. +Stewart & Co., for the sale of the + +Woven Wire Mattress. + +All who are interested in the article in this No. of the Scientific +American, all who admired its qualities at the American Institute Fair, +and all who desire A PERFECT BED, are requested to call at the Agency +and examine it. The Mattresses are for sale by many of the Furniture +Dealers in the city, and also throughout New England. If your furniture +dealer does NOT keep them, order one through him, at the Agency in +New York, or directly from the Co. Send for circulars, rights, or any +information desired, to GEO. C. PERKINS, Sup't, Hartford, Ct. + + * * * * * + +STEREOSCOPES + +WITH ENDLESS CHAIN--To hold from 3 to 50 doz. pictures, in great +variety, at the Patentee's manufactory. ALX BECKER, 560 Broadway, N.Y. + + * * * * * + +TO INVENTORS AND MANUFACTURERS IN THE UNITED STATES-- + +Mr. George Wood, Wood's Museum and Menagerie, respectfully and earnestly +invites the attention of Inventors and Manufacturers to the fact that, +at a large expense, he has arranged a hall in the Museum Building, for +the purpose of exhibiting to the public Models, Machines, and all the +products of inventive genius in active working operation. The space +allotted for this purpose embraces 6,000 square feet, supplied with +Steam-power, Gas, and all the requirements of the Workshop, the Factory, +and the Laboratory, which will be kept open every day and evening, and +form a perpetual MECHANICS' FAIR, affording an opportunity to Inventors +and Mechanics to place their products before thousands of daily visitors +at a nominal tariff. Inventors and Mechanics are earnestly invited +to co-operate in this laudable and advantageous enterprise, and are +requested to call on or address MR. WALTER P. NEWHALL, Superintendent of +Machinery and Models. GEO. WOOD, Proprietor. Office at Wood's Museum, +corner Broadway and 30th st. + + * * * * * + +FRENCH BAND SAW MACHINES, SAWS, Taper Files, etc., Machines for Scroll, +Re-sawing, and Log; Mongin & Co.'s Band Saw Blades, all Sizes, on hand +and made to order. + +All Styles of Band Saw Machines in operation at Mahogany Mill, 10th st., +E.R. + +GEORGE GUEUTAL, + +Sole Agent for the U.S., 39 West 4th st., N.Y. + + * * * * * + +_Horsford's Bread Preparation_. + +The only "baking powder" recommended by Scientific Men. Made under +personal supervision of Prof. Horsford, of Harvard University. Restores +to fine flour the Phosphates. Refer to S.H. Wales, Scientific American; +Dr. Fordyce Barker; Dr. John H. Griscom; Dr. Wm.A. Hammorid (late +Surgeon Gen. U.S. Army), Prof. R.O. Doremus, all of New York; Prof. J.C. +Booth, Prof. S.H. Dickson, Philadelphia, etc. Liebig & Horsiord's Essay +on Bread Making sent free. + +WILSON, LOCKWOOD, EVERETT & CO., + +201 Fulton st., New York, General Agents. + + * * * * * + +STURDEVANT'S FAN BLOWERS, + +_Pressure Blowers_, + +THE BEST FOR ALL PURPOSES. + +_Judson's Governors_. + +THE ONLY RELIABLE. + +JAS.L. HAVEN & CO., Cincinnati, Ohio, + +Agents for the above standard, articles. + + * * * * * + +_Oak Leather Belting_. + +Manufactured Dy CHAS. A. SCHIEREN, 92 Gold st., N.Y. + + * * * * * + +SCHLENKER'S PATENT + +BOLT CUTTER + +NEW INVENTION. + +ADDRESS. + +HOWARD IRON WORKS. BUFFALO. N.Y. + + * * * * * + +[Illustration] + +Reynolds' + +Turbine Water Wheels. + +No Complex, Duplex, or Triplex complications. All such are costly, +perishable, easily clogged, inaccessible. Mill Gearing, Shafting, and +Pulleys. Send for Illustrated Pamphlet. + +GEORGE TALLCOT, + +96 Liberty st., New York. + + * * * * * + +STEAM ENGINES & BOILERS + +From 4 to 500-H.P., including celebrated Corliss Patent Variable Cut-off +Engines, Slide Valve Stationary Engines, Portable Engines, etc. Also, +Circular Mulay, & Gang Saw Mills Sugar Cane Mills, Shafting, Pulleys, +etc. Wheat and Corn Mills, Circular Saws, Belting, etc. Send for +Circular and Price List. + +WOOD & MANN + +STEAM ENGINE CO., + +Utica, N.Y. + + * * * * * + +IRON PLANERS, ENGINE LATHES, Drills, and other Machinists' Tools, of +Superior Quality, on hand and finishing. For sale Low. For Description +and Price, address NEW HAVEN MANUFACTURING CO., New Haven, Conn. 5 tf os + + * * * * * + +Free.--Our New Catalogue of Improved STENCIL DIES. More than $200 A +MONTH is being made with them S.M. SPENCER & CO., Brattleboro Vt. + + * * * * * + +[Illustration: EMERSON'S PATENT + +PERFORATED + +CIRCULAR & LONGSAWS + +REQUIRE NO GUMMING + +FOR DESCRIPTIVE PAMPHLET + +ADDRESS + +AMERICAN SAW CO. N.Y.] + +Factory, Trenton, N.J.... Office. No. 2 Jacob st., N.Y. + +Branch Office for Pacific Coast, No. 606 Front st. San Francisco, Cal. + + * * * * * + +HOWLAND'S PAT. KNIFE SHARPENER. + +[Illustration] + +The best and most durable thing of the kind ever invented. Agents wanted +from all parts of the country. Sure sale. Every family wants one. Sample +of Porcelain sent on receipt of 75c. + +F. TRAVER & CO., + +Agents, + +14 Park Place, + +New York. + + * * * * * + +Pratt's "Astral" Oil. + +UNLIKE MANY OTHER ILLUMINATING OILS, the Astral Oil is perfectly pure +and free from all adulterations of any kind. It emits no offensive smell +while burning, gives a soft and brillant light, and can be used with +as little danger as gas. Chemists pronounce it the best and safest +Illuminating Oil ever offered to the public; and insurance companies +indorse and urge upon consumers the use of the "Astral" Oil in +preference to any other. Thousands are now burning it, and in no +instance has any accident occurred from its use. A lamp filled with it +upset and broken will not explode or take fire. To prevent adulteration, +the Astral Oil is packed only in the Guaranty Patent Cans, of 1 gallon +and 5 gallons each, and each can is sealed in a manner that cannot be +counterfeited Every package, with uncut seal, we warrant. The universal +testimony of consumers is that the "Astral" Oil is perfect; a single +trial serves to establish it in the family. + +For sale by all dealers, and by wholesale and retail by the proprietors + +Oil House of CHARLES PRATT. + +P.O. Box, 3,050. + +108 Fulton Street, New York. + +Send for Circulars with testimonials and price list. + + * * * * * + +Building Paper. + +This is a hard, compact paper, like an ordinary book cover, and is +saturated with tar and used on the outside of frame buildings, under the +clapboards, also under shingles and floors, to keep out damp and cold. +It is also used on the inside, not saturated, _instead of Plastering_, +and makes a warm and cheap wall. It costs only from $8 to $30 (according +to size) to cover houses on the outside. Samples and descriptive +circulars sent free. + +Address, ROCK RIVER PAPER CO., Chicago, + +Or B.E. HALE, 22 & 24 Frankfort Street, N.Y., + +Agent for the Eastern States. + + * * * * * + +CAUTION TO + +BRASS COOK + +MAKERS. + +PLUMBERS, STEAM AND GAS FITTERS, + +ARCHITECTS, BUILDERS, DEALERS IN BRASS GOODS, + +And _ALL OTHERS_ against _MAKING, BUYING, SELLING_, or _USING_ any +INFRINGEMENT of our "PATENT RIGHT" for COMPRESSION BIBBS, FAUCET, COCKS, +or on any thing to which our Patent is applied. + +We have already commenced LEGAL proceedings with the firm determination +to prosecute all and every violation of our rights to the fullest extent +of the law. + +MESSRS. HAYDEN, GERE, & CO., + +84 Beekman st. + +NEW YORK, + +--AND-- + +DALTON & INGERSOLL, 19 Union st. + +BOSTON, + +Are our ONLY Authorized Selling Agents. + +_E. STEBBINS + +Manufacturing Co._, + +SPRINGFIELD, MASS. + + * * * * * + +_Ahearn's Patents_. + +PURCHASERS wanted for every State and County not yet sold. $1000 AND +EXPENSES can be made monthly on every $200 invested. For particulars, +address + +J. AHEARN, + +5 P.O. Avenue, Baltimore, Md. + + * * * * * + +PATTERN LETTERS + +TO PUT ON PATTERNS FOR CASTINGS--.&.C. + +KNIGHT BROS. + +SENECA FALLS N.Y. + + * * * * * + +$20 A DAY TO MALE AND FEMALE Agents to introduce the BUCKEYE $20 SHUTTLE +SEWING MACHINES. Stitch alike on both sides, and is the only _LICENSED +SHUTTLE MACHINE_ sold in the United states for less than $40. All others +are infringements, and the seller and user are liable to prosecution and +imprisonment. Outfit free. Address + +_W.A. HENDERSON & CO., Cleveland, Ohio._ + + * * * * * + +2d-Hand Machinery + +FOR SALE--viz:-- + +50 Milling Machines, Index and Universal Milling Machines, Horizontal +Milling and Drilling Machines, Drill Presses. Hand and Power Lathes, +Edging Machines, Drops and Punch Presses, Screw Machines, etc., etc., +1000 feet of 1-3/16 Shafting, with Hangers and Pulleys, etc., etc., by + +O.F. WINCHESTER, + +New Haven, Conn. + + * * * * * + +SENT FREE! + +M. O'KEEFE, SON & CO.'S + +SEED CATALOGUE AND GUIDE TO THE FLOWER AND VEGETABLE GARDEN, FOR 1870. + +Published in January. Every lover of flowers wishing this new and +valuable work, free of charge, should address immediately M. O'KEEFE, +SON & CO., Ellwanger & Barry's Block, Rochester, N.Y. + + * * * * * + +London + +48 Cannon street. + +H. KOHNSTAMM, + +Manufacturer of ULTRAMARINE, + +And Importer of English, French, and German Colors, Paints, and Artists' +Materials, Bronzes, and Metals. No. 3 Tryon Row, New York, opposite City +Hall + + * * * * * + +_WIRE HOPE_. + +Manufactured by + +JOHN A. ROEBLING'S SONS, + +Trenton N.J. + +FOR Inclined Planes, Standing Ship Rigging Bridges, Ferries, Stays or +Guys on Derricks & Cranes Tiller Ropes, Sash Cords of Copper and Iron, +Lightning Conductors of Copper. Special attention given to hoisting rope +of all kinds for Mines and Elevators. Apply for circular, giving price +and other information. Send for pamphlet on Transmission of Power by +Wire Ropes. + + * * * * * + +THE + +_Tanite Emery Wheel_. + +Does not Glaze, Gum, Heat, or Smell. Address + +THE TANITE CO., + +Stroudsburg, Monroe Co., Pa. + + * * * * * + +GETTY'S PATENT PIPE CUTTER. + + No. 1 cuts from 1 inch to 1/8........................Price $8 + No. 2 cuts from 2 inches to ½........................Price $10 + + GETTY'S PATENT PROVING PUMP AND GAGE. + Pump and Gage.......................................Price $25 + Gage alone..........................................Price $13 + +Address + +McNAB & HARLIN, + +MANUFACTURERS OF BRASS GOODS AND IRON FITTINGS, + +86 John st., New York. + + * * * * * + +REPEATING FIRE-ARMS + +FOR SALE, viz:-- + + 5,000 Winchester Repeating Muskets. + 5,000 " " Carbines. + 5,000 " " Sporting Rifles. + 2,000 Spencer " Muskets. + 30,000 " " Carbines. + 500 " " Sporting Rifles. + 2,000 Joslyn Single Breech-loading Carbines. + +Metallic Cartridges of all sizes, by + +WINCHESTER REPEATING ARMS CO., + +New Haven, Conn. + + * * * * * + +PAT. SOLID EMERY WHEELS AND OIL STONES, for Brass and Iron Work, Saw +Mills, and Edge Tools. Northampton Emery Wheel Co., Leeds. Mass. + + * * * * * + +KIDDER'S PASTILES--A Sure Relief for Asthma. STOWELL & CO., Charlestown, +Mass. + + * * * * * + +WELBY & McCAULEY, + +PRACTICAL MECHANICS.--Mechanical Commission Depot No. 5, Harrison st., +Baltimore, Md., Buy and Sell, on Commission, Improved Machinery, etc., +etc. Negotiate Patent Rights, introduce New Inventions, practically. +Agents for manufacturers generally. + + * * * * * + +_The American Builder_ + +AND JOURNAL OF ART.--Terms $3.00 a year. Sent four months to trial +Subscribers on receipt of one dollar. Address + +CHARLES D. LAKEY + +Chicago, Ill. + + * * * * * + +_Cotton Seed Oil Mills_. + +Built by Contractor otherwise. For Estimates and Machinery apply to Oil +Machinery Manufacturing Co. of N.Y. city, 96 Liberty st. P.O. Box 1183 + + * * * * * + +HARRISON + +SAFETY + +BOILER + +First-Class Medal World's Fair, London, 1862. + +First-Class Medal, American Institute Fair, New York, October, 1869, for +safety, economy of space, and economy of fuel. + +400-H.P. AT A.T. STEWART'S. + +437-H.P. AT JERSEY CITY SUGAR REFINERY, and over 1,000 boilers in other +places. + +Harrison Boiler Works, Philadelphia. + +_John A. Coleman, Ag't_, + +49 Murray St., N. Y., and 36 Kilby St., Boston. + + * * * * * + +_30-H. Corliss Engine_. + +Also, Six Engines, from 15 to 30-Horse. Have been in use, but are in +good order. Cheap for cash. Address + +CHAS. H. SMITH, + +135 North 3d st., Philadelphia, Pa. + + * * * * * + +_Drawing Materials_. + +WHATMAN'S PAPERS.--White and Yellow Roll Drawing Paper, 40 and 54 inches +wide Tracing Muslin, Tracing Paper. Muslin-backed Drawing Paper, 40 and +53 inches wide. Winsor & Newton's Colors India Ink. Faber's Drawing +Pencils, etc., etc. Priced catalogues 10 cents each. + +JAS. W. QUEEN & CO., + +924 Chestnut st. Philadelphia. + + * * * * * + +SAWS. EVERY DESCIPTION + +Guaranteed under a forfeiture of $1000, to cut the most lumber with the +least expense. + +_Henry Disston & Son_, + +PHILADELPHIA. Special attention paid to our new style Circular, Belt, +Cross-cut, Mill and Hack Saws. Orders received from England, Ireland, +and the Continent. + + * * * * * + + + + +THE Scientific American FOR 1870 + + + + +Cash Prize and Premium List + +This Illustrated Weekly Journal of + +Practical Information, Art, Science, Mechanics, Invention, Chemistry, +and Manufactures--Entered its Twenty-fifth Year on the 1st of January. + +The SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN stands at the head of Industrial Journals of the +world in point of Circulation and Influence. + +Every number has Sixteen Imperial pages, embellished with Engravings of +New Inventions, Machinery, Tools for the Workshop, House, and Farm, also +Public Buildings, Dwelling Houses, and Engineering Works. + +The Illustrated Department of the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN is a very striking +feature, and has elicited the praise of the Press and all articles +appearing in its columns are written in a popular and instructive style. + +To Inventors and Mechanics the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN has special value and +interest, from the fact that it furnishes an Official List of Patents +issued, with copious notes of the principal American and European +Patents. + +The Publishers offer the following + + +SCHEDULE OF CASH PRIZES. + +For the fifteen largest lists of names sent in before February 10, 1870, +the following Cash Prizes will be given: + + $300 FOR THE FIRST LIST. + 250 " SECOND LIST. + 200 " THIRD LIST. + 150 " FOURTH LIST. + 100 " FIFTH LIST. + 90 " SIXTH LIST. + 80 " SEVENTH LIST + 70 " EIGHTH LIST. + 60 " NINTH LIST. + 50 " TENTH LIST. + 40 " ELEVENTH LIST. + 35 " TWELFTH LIST. + 30 " THIRTEENTH LIST. + 25 " FOURTEENTH LIST. + 20 " FIFTEENTH LIST. + +Competitors sending names should be particular to mark "Prize List" on +their orders, and remit the amount of subscription, as per terms. All +Clubs of 10 names and upward, will be taken at the rate of $2.50 per +annum. + +To those who do not compete for the Cash Prizes the publishers offer +the Splendid Steel Engraving, in size 22x36, entitled "MEN OF +PROGRESS-AMERICAN INVENTORS." It contains the following group of +illustrious inventors, namely: Prof. Morse, Prof. Henry Thomas +Blanchard, Dr. Nott, Isaiah Jennings, Charles Goodyear, Jos. Saxton, Dr. +W. T. Morton, Erastus Bigelow, Henry Burden, Capt. John Ericsson, Elias +Howe, Jr., Col. Samuel Colt, Col. R. M. Hoe, Peter Cooper, Jordan L. +Mott, C. H. McCormick, James Bogardus, and Frederick E. Sickles. The +likenesses are all excellent, and Mr. Sartain, who stands at the head of +our American Engravers on Steel, in a letter addressed to us, says "that +it would cost $4,000 to engrave the plate now," which is a sufficient +guarantee of the very high character of the Engraving as a work of art. +Price of the Engraving, $10 for single copy. To enable all to possess +this beautiful work of art, at, a very reduced rate, the SCIENTIFIC +AMERICAN will be sent one year, together with a copy of the picture, on +receipt of $10 + + Any one sending + 10 Names for 1 year, and $30, will receive one picture + 20 " " 50, " " " + 30 " " 75, " two pictures + 40 " " 100, " three " + 50 " " 125, " four " + +Competitors for the above prizes can send in names at any time on or +before February 10th, and from any postoffice. For full particulars and +sample copies of the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, address the Publishers. + +Terms of the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN: Single copy one year, $3.00; six +months, $1.50; and one dollar four months. To Clubs of ten and upward, +$2.50 each per annum. + +MUNN & CO., + +37 Park Row, New York + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Scientific American, Vol.22, No. 1, +January 1, 1870, by Various + +*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, VOL.22, NO. 1 *** + +This file should be named 8s022a10.txt or 8s022a10.zip +Corrected EDITIONS of our eBooks get a new NUMBER, 8s022a11.txt +VERSIONS based on separate sources get new LETTER, 8s022a10a.txt + +Produced by Don Kretz, Juliet Sutherland, and Distributed Proofreaders + +Project Gutenberg eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the US +unless a copyright notice is included. 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