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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Scientific American, Vol.22, No. 1, January 1, 1870 + Journal Of Practical Information, Art, Science, Mechanics, + Chemistry, And Manufactures + +Author: Various + +Posting Date: April 8, 2014 [EBook #8952] +Release Date: September, 2005 +First Posted: August 29, 2003 + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, JAN 1, 1870 *** + + + + +Produced by Don Kretz, Juliet Sutherland, and Distributed Proofreaders + + + + + +</pre> + + + +<p class="ctr"><img src="images/1a.png" alt=""></p> + +<h1>SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN</h1> + +<h2>A WEEKLY JOURNAL OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION, ART, SCIENCE, +MECHANICS, CHEMISTRY, AND MANUFACTURES.</h2> + +<h2>NEW YORK, JANUARY 1, 1870.</h2> + +<h4>Vol. XXII.--No. 1. [NEW SERIES.]</h4> + +<h4>$3 per Annum [IN ADVANCE.]</h4> + +<hr> +<p><b>Contents: (Illustrated articles are marked with an +asterisk.)</b></p> + +<p><a href="#1">*Engines of the Spanish Gunboats</a><br> +<a href="#2">The Torpedo Problem</a><br> +<a href="#3">Sugar Making in Louisiana</a><br> +<a href="#4">Sticking, or Court Plaster</a><br> +<a href="#5">*An Improved Hoisting Pulley Wanted</a><br> +<a href="#6">*Ferdinand De Lesseps--Chief Promoter of the Suez +Canal</a><br> +<a href="#7">*An Ingenious Vent Peg</a><br> +<a href="#8">*A New English Patent Pulley Block</a><br> +<a href="#9">Plants in Sleeping Booms</a><br> +<a href="#10">*Improved Treadle Motion</a><br> +<a href="#11">*Improved Method of Catching Curculios</a><br> +<a href="#12">Remains of a Megatherium in Ohio</a><br> +<a href="#13">Artificial Ivory</a><br> +<a href="#14">American and English Kailway Practice +Contrasted</a><br> +<a href="#15">Boiler Covering</a><br> +<a href="#16">Attachment of Saws to Swing Frames</a><br> +<a href="#17">Patent Decision</a><br> +<a href="#18">Inventions Patented in England by Americans</a><br> +<a href="#19">*Russ Improved Wood Molding Machine</a><br> +<a href="#20">A Lost Civilisation</a><br> +<a href="#21">*Girards "Palier Glissant"</a><br> +<a href="#22">A Happv New Year</a><br> +<a href="#23">The Suez Canal not yet a Failure</a><br> +<a href="#24">Tubular Boilers and Boiler Explosions</a><br> +<a href="#25">Professor Fiske's Lecture at Harvard</a><br> +<a href="#26">The Brighter Side</a><br> +<a href="#27">The American Institute Prizes Awarded to Steam +Engines</a><br> +<a href="#28">A Protest against the Canadian Patent Law</a><br> +<a href="#29">American Railway Management</a><br> +<a href="#30">Scientific Lecture before the American +Institute</a><br> +<a href="#31">The Battle Fields of Sceence</a><br> +<a href="#32">How French Bank Notes are Made</a><br> +<a href="#33">What the Newspapers Say</a><br> +<a href="#34">Chinese Method of Preserving Eggs</a><br> +<a href="#35">Steam Boiler Explosion</a><br> +<a href="#36">Editorial Summary</a><br> +<a href="#37">The Steven Breech Loading Rifle</a><br> +<a href="#38">* A Novel Improved Hand Vise</a><br> +<a href="#39">The Mound Builders of Colorado</a><br> +<a href="#40">*The Woven-Wire Mattress</a><br> +<a href="#41">Flouring Mill Hazards</a><br> +<a href="#42">Fire-Proof Building</a><br> +<a href="#43">The Decline of American Shipping</a><br> +<a href="#44">Aerial Navigation-A Suggestion</a><br> +<a href="#45">Putty Floors of Jewelers Shops and otherwise</a><br> +<a href="#46">Western Demand for Agricultural Implements</a><br> +<a href="#47">Economical Steam Engine</a><br> +<a href="#48">Friction and Percussion</a><br> +<a href="#49">Oiling a Preservative of Brownstone</a><br> +<a href="#50">Interesting Correspondence from China</a><br> +<a href="#51">Commumcation Between Deaf and Blind Mutes</a><br> +<a href="#52">Cheap Cotton Press Wanted</a><br> +<a href="#53">A Singular Freak of a Magnet</a><br> +<a href="#54">Preservation of Iron</a><br> +<a href="#55">The Bananas and Plantains of the Tropics</a><br> +<a href="#56">Putting Up Stoves</a><br> +<a href="#57">The Magic Lantern</a><br> +<a href="#58">The Largest well in the World--Capacity 1,000,000 +gallons of water per Day</a><br> +<a href="#59">Paper for Building</a><br> +<a href="#60">*Improved Muzzle-Pivoting Gun</a><br> +<a href="#61">Stock Feeding by Clock Work</a><br> +<a href="#62">Milk and What Comes of It</a><br> +<a href="#63">*Improved Hay Elevator</a><br> +<a href="#64">*Improvement in Lamp Wicks</a><br> +<a href="#65">Great Transformation</a><br> +<a href="#66">Answers to Correspondents</a><br> +<a href="#67">Recent American and Foreign Patents</a><br> +<a href="#68">New Books and Publications</a><br> +<a href="#69">List of Patents</a><br> +</p> + +<hr> +<p><a name="1"></a></p> + +<h2>Engines of the Spanish Gunboats.</h2> + +<p>In our description of these boats in No. 25, Vol. XXI., special +mention was made of the compactness of the engines.</p> + +<p>It has frequently been urged as an objection against the twin +screw system that the double set of engines, four steam cylinders +with duplicates of all the working parts called for on this system, +render the whole too complicated and heavy for small vessels, +preventing, at the same time, the application of surface +condensation. In the engines of the Spanish gunboats, of which we +annex an illustration from <i>Engineering</i>, the designer, +Captain Ericsson, has overcome these objections by introducing a +surface condenser, which, while it performs the function of +condensing the steam to be returned to the boiler in the form of +fresh water, serves as the principal support of the engines, +dispensing entirely with the usual framework. Besides this +expedient, each pair of cylinders have their slide frames for +guiding the movements of the piston rods cast in one piece. +Altogether the combination, is such that the total weight and space +occupied by these novel twin screw engines do not exceed the +ordinary single screw engines of equal power. Several improvements +connected with the working gear have been introduced.</p> + +<p class="ctr"><a href="images/1b.png"> +<img src="images/1b_th.jpg" alt= +"ENGINES OF THE TWIN SCREW SPANISH GUNBOATS"></a></p> + +<p class="ctr">ENGINES OF THE TWIN SCREW SPANISH GUNBOATS</p> + +<p>The outer bearings of the propeller shafts, always difficult to +regulate and keep in order on the twin screw system, are +selfadjusting and accommodate themselves to every change of the +direction of the shafts. This is effected by their being spherical +externally, and resting in corresponding cavities in the stern +braces or hangers. The spring bearings for supporting the middle of +the shafts are also arranged on a similar self-adjusting +principle.</p> + +<p>The thrust bearing is of peculiar construction, the arrangement +being such that the bearing surfaces remain in perfect contact +however much the shaft may be out of line. The reversing gear +likewise is quite peculiar, insuring complete control over the +movement of the two propellers under all circumstances. It is +claimed that these engines are the lightest and most compact yet +constructed for twin screw vessels.</p> + +<hr> +<p><a name="2"></a></p> + +<h2>The Torpedo Boat Problem.</h2> + +<p>The <i>Army and Navy Journal</i> thinks the problem of a torpedo +boat capable of firing rapidly and with certainty, has at length +reached a satisfactory solution. It says:</p> + +<p>"A boat has been completed which is proved by experiment to be +faultless in machinery and arrangement. On the 2d of December, +Secretary Robeson, Vice-Admiral Porter, and Commodore Case, Chief +of the Bureau of Ordnance, went to the Navy Yard at Washington, to +witness the experiment with this new engine of destruction. After +examining the workings of the machinery, and the manner of firing, +one of the destructives was put in the frame and the party +proceeded to the shore to witness the result. A torpedo of only +thirty-six pounds was first run out with rapidity and fired; but +the result showed that this small amount of powder, even, would +have been sufficient to destroy any ship, by lifting her out of the +water and breaking her back, even if her bottom was not knocked out +altogether. Mud and water were thrown up together, and the +concussion was felt far up in the Navy Yard, the ground being +shaken by the shock of the powder against the bed of the river. The +concussion felt on board the torpedo-boat was not more than that +caused by a wave striking a vessel at sea.</p> + +<p>"Several torpedoes were fired from the vessel, the explosion of +which the party witnessed on board, as they desired to ascertain +for themselves the effect of the shock. The result seemed +satisfactory, as no change whatever is contemplated in the +machinery, which is very simple, and 'works to a charm.' The +torpedo vessel is the <i>Nina</i>, a very strong iron boat of three +hundred and fifty tuns burden, capable of crossing the ocean, and +having a speed of seventeen knots an hour. She is not impervious to +heavy shot, but can be made so, and is capable of resisting any +ordinary projectile that could be brought to bear on her from the +decks of a ship of war. Her decks will be made torpedo and +shot-proof, and several arrangements will be applied, now that it +is known that the torpedo system is a success. Such a vessel as the +<i>Nina</i>, attacking an enemy's squadron on our coast some dark +night, or entering an enemy's port, could destroy half the vessels +in the harbor, and easily escape as few vessels could overtake her. +Such a vessel could, for instance, enter the harbor of Havana, and +destroy every vessel of war in the port, under cover of darkness. A +squadron supplied with such boats to be used to attack, after the +fight began, and the ships were enveloped in smoke, would have a +most decided advantage against an enemy not thus armed for torpedo +warfare. It is reported that our torpedo navy will consist of +twenty vessels, none of which will have a less speed than twelve +knots, and the fastest of them will go seventeen knots."</p> + +<hr> +<p><a name="3"></a></p> + +<h2>SUGAR MAKING IN LOUISIANA.</h2> + +<p>The New Orleans <i>Times</i> contains, in a late number, an +account of the manufacture of sugar as conducted on the Poychas +estate, from which we extract portions containing the essential +particulars of cane sugar making as conducted in the southern +portions of the United States.</p> + +<p>"Reaching the Cane shed, the crop, dumped into piles, is +received by a crowd of feeders, who place it (eight or ten stalks +at a time) on the cane carrier. This is an elevator, on an endless +band of wood and iron, which carries them to the second story, +where the stalks drop between the rollers. An immense iron tank +below, called a juice box, receives the liquid portion, and another +elevator bears the bruised and broken fragments to the opposite +side of the building, where they are dropped into the bagasse +burner.</p> + +<p>"This invention, at its introduction, caused more scientific +inquiry and dispute, probably, than any other of the age, and +settled beyond question the possibility of combustion, without the +use of atmospheric air. The process consists in dropping the wet, +spongy mass into a fire of wood or coal, and closing the furnace +doors. The steam arising from the drying matter passes to a chamber +in the rear, where, by the intense heat, it is decomposed. Oxygen +and hydrogen (both strong combustibles) unite with the carbon, +reaching there in the form of smoke, and a white heat is the +result.</p> + +<p>"Cane juice, as it escapes from the mill, could scarcely be +considered inviting to either palate or vision. The sweet, slimy +mass of fluid, covered with foam, and filled with sticks, has more +the appearance of the water in a brewer's vat than anything which +now suggests itself. A small furnace, containing a quantity of +burning sulphur, sends through a tube a volume of its stifling +fumes, and these, caught by jets of steam, thoroughly impregnate +the contents of the juice box. Having received its first lesson in +cleanliness, the liquid now rises through a tube to the series of +clarifiers on the second floor. They are heated by a chain of steam +pipes running along the bottom, and being filled, the juice slowly +simmers Much of the foreign substance rises in a scum to the +surface and is skimmed off by the sugar maker. It is further +purified by the addition of Thomaston or what is called sugar lime. +At one half a peck is considered sufficient for seven hundred and +fifty gallons of juice, but much depends upon the quantity of +saccharine matter it contains. Another set of pipes now permit the +liquor to run into the evaporators, in the boiling room below. +These are also heated by circles of steam pipes, and the liquid is +first gently simmered, to enable any additional foreign substance +to rise to the surface and be skimmed off.</p> + +<p>"After that the steam is turned on fully, and the juice boils +until it reaches the solidity of twenty-five degrees, as measured +by the saccharometer. This point attained, more pipes conduct it to +a series of square iron tanks called filterers. Each is provided +with a false bottom, covered with thick woolen blankets, and +through these the juice slowly drips into an immense iron vessel +called a sirup tank.</p> + +<p>"The process of cleaning has now been completed, and the sirup +is pumped into the covered vessel previously alluded to, called the +vacuum pan.</p> + +<p>"This is also heated by layers of steam pipes, and here the +liquor boils until the process of crystallization is completed. +This end achieved, another conductor permits the substance to +slowly descend to a large square iron tank, called a strike-pan. +The process of emptying the vacuum pan is technically called a +"strike." We now find a reddish brown substance, having somewhat +the appearance of soft mortar.</p> + +<p>"Men are at hand with square wooden boxes, and while the sugar +is still warm, it is placed in rotary cylinders, protected on the +inside by wire guards, called centrifugals.</p> + +<p>"Placed on a horizontal, they revolve with a velocity which +frequently reaches 1200 a minute. The damp, dingy looking pile +instantly spreads, a broad circle of yellow is first visible on the +inner rim of the machine, and this slowly whitening finally becomes +a shining ring of snowy sugar. To effect this result requires the +aid of nine steam boilers, three steam engines, a vacuum pan, three +large evaporators, five clarifiers, five filters, an immense sirup +tank, the juice box, mill, bagasse furnace, and fifteen +coolers.</p> + +<p>"With the engineers, sugar makers, firemen, and laborers, +thirty-eight persons are constantly on duty in this +sugar-house.</p> + +<p>"Doubling this number, to give each the necessary rest, swells +the gathering to seventy-six souls, who, during the grinding +season, find employment at the sugar-house alone. This of course +does not include the laborers employed in gathering and bringing in +the crop, and the great number occupied in odd jobs and the +extensive repairs which are constantly going on."</p> + +<hr> +<p><a name="4"></a></p> + +<h2>Sticking, or Court Plaster.</h2> + +<p>This plaster is well known from its general use and its healing +properties. It is merely a kind of varnished silk, and its +manufacture is very easy.</p> + +<p>Bruise a sufficient quantity of isinglass, and let it soak in a +little warm water for four-and-twenty hours; expose it to heat over +the fire till the greater part of the water is dissipated, and +supply its place by proof spirits of wine, which will combine with +the isinglass. Strain the whole through a piece of open linen, +taking care that the consistence of the mixture shall be such that, +when cool, it may form a trembling jelly.</p> + +<p>Extend the piece of black silk, of which you propose making your +plaster, on a wooden frame, and fix it in that position by means of +tacks or pack-thread. Then apply the isinglass (after it has been +rendered liquid by a gentle heat) to the silk with a brush of fine +hair (badgers' is the best). As soon as this first coating is +dried, which will not be long, apply a second; and afterwards, if +you wish the article to be very superior, a third. When the whole +is dry, cover it with two or three coatings of the balsam of +Peru.</p> + +<p>This is the genuine court plaster. It is pliable, and never +breaks, which is far from being the case with many of the spurious +articles which are sold under that name. Indeed, this commodity is +very frequently adulterated. A kind of plaster, with a very thick +and brittle covering, is often sold for it. The manufacturers of +this, instead of isinglass, use common glue, which is much cheaper; +and cover the whole with spirit varnish, instead of balsam of Peru. +This plaster cracks, and has none of the balsamic smell by which +the genuine court plaster is distinguished. Another method of +detecting the adulteration is to moisten it with your tongue <i>on +the side opposite to that which is varnished</i>; and, if the +plaster be genuine, it will adhere exceedingly well. The +adulterated plaster is too hard for this; it will not stick, unless +you moisten it on the varnished side.--<i>The Painter, Gilder, and +Varnisher's Companion</i>.</p> + +<hr> +<p><a name="5"></a></p> + +<h2>AN IMPROVED HOISTING PULLEY WANTED.</h2> + +<p>A gentleman of this city has sent us the accompanying diagram of +an improved hoisting pulley, for which he say she would be willing +to pay any reasonable price provided he knew where to obtain +it--the wheel, not the price. It is a pulley within a pulley, the +friction of the outer one upon the inner one--the latter being held +by a ratchet and pawl-acting as a brake in lowering weights, while +both would turn together in elevating weights. The idea is rather +an ingenious one, but we are confident our inventors can attain a +like object by simpler means.</p> + +<p class="ctr"><img src="images/2a.png" alt=""></p> + +<hr> +<p>THE VACUUM METHOD OF MAKING ICE.--An ice and cold producing +machine has been invented by Herr Franz Windhausen, Brunswick. The +action of the machine is based on the principle of producing cold +by the expansion of atmospheric air, which is accomplished by means +of mechanical power. The machines require no chemicals, nothing +being used in them but water and atmospheric air. They may be +wrought by steam, water, or wind, and they produce from 100 to +1,000 lbs. of ice per hour, according to size, at a cost of from +2d. to 5d. per 100 lbs., this difference resulting from the varying +prices of fuel and the mode of working chosen. One of their uses is +to cool rooms, cellars, theaters, hospitals, compartments of ships, +etc.--<i>Builder</i>.</p> + +<hr> +<p><a name="6"></a></p> + +<h2>FERDINAND DE LESSEPS--CHIEF PROMOTER OF THE SUEZ CANAL.</h2> + +<h3>[From the Phrenological Journal.]</h3> + +<p>The scheme of re-opening the canal of the Pharaohs between the +Mediterranean and Red seas, and thus connecting by a short cut +across the Isthmus of Suez the commerce of Europe and Asia, though +long entertained by the first Napoleon, may fairly be claimed for +M. de Lesseps. His attention was doubtless first drawn to it by +reading the memorable report of M. la Pére, who was employed +by Bonaparte to make a survey in 1798. The credit of designing and +executing the great work belongs alike to him. With the general +plan, progress, and purpose of the Canal, the American reader has, +during the past few months, been made tolerably familiar.</p> + +<p>He is the son of Jean Baptiste Barthelemi, Baron de Lesseps, who +was born at Cette, a French port on the Mediterranean, in 1765. +Jean Baptiste was for five years French Vice-Consul at St. +Petersburg. In 1785 he accompanied La Perouse on a voyage to +Kamtchatka, whence he brought by land the papers containing a +description of the expedition. In 1788 he was Consul at Kronstadt +and St. Petersburg. From St. Petersburg he was called, in 1812, by +the Emperor Napoleon, to Moscow, as <i>intendant</i>. From the +latter city, in 1814, he proceeded to Lisbon, and was stationed +there as Consul until 1823. He died at Paris, May 6, 1834.</p> + +<p>Ferdinand, the subject of this sketch, was born at Versailles in +1805, and is consequently in his sixty-fourth year, though his +appearance is that of a man little past the meridian of life. Early +in life he evinced peculiar aptitude for the diplomatic career in +which he has since distinguished himself--a career as varied and +romantic as it is brilliant. In 1825 he was appointed +<i>attaché</i> to the French Consulate at Lisbon. Two years +later found him engaged in the Commercial Department of the +Minister of Foreign Affairs. During the latter part of 1828 he was +<i>attaché</i> to the Consul-General at Tunis; and in 1831 +he was dispatched by his Government as Consul to Alexandria. Hard +work and rapid promotion for <i>le jeune diplomat!</i> But the most +eventful period of his long and wonderfully active career lay yet +before him.</p> + +<p>Seven years subsequent to his appointment at Alexandria, and +consequently when he was in his thirty-fifth year, he was sent as +Consul to Rotterdam. From Rotterdam he proceeded to Malaga in 1839, +to negotiate in behalf of French commerce with the Spanish +Government. In the latter part of the same year he was transferred +to the Consulate at Barcelona, where during the two subsequent +years he was especially active, and signally distinguished himself +against the reign of Espartero. In 1844 we again find him in +Alexandria, whither he was sent to take the place of Lavalette. But +the time for the development of his great project had not yet come. +He did not long remain in the Egyptian capital. Returning to his +former position in Barcelona he was witness to some of the scenes +of the revolution of February. In 1848 he was appointed French +Minister at the court of Madrid. Remaining in the Spanish capital +about a year, he returned to Paris immediately after the revolution +of '48, and in May of the following year was dispatched as Envoy of +the French Republic to the Republican Government of Mazzini at +Rome, where he took a leading part in the abortive negotiations +which preceded the restoration of the Pope by a French army.</p> + +<p class="ctr"><img src="images/2b.png" alt=""></p> + +<p>In 1854 he received a commission from the <i>Sociéte +d'études du Canal de Suez</i> at Paris to negotiate with +Säid Pacha for the construction of the canal projected in +1816. Accordingly, toward the close of that year, we again find him +on the Isthmus, preparing for his great work. This time he came to +conquer. His mission was crowned with success, and the necessary +concession made in November of that year. A palace and a retinue of +servants were assigned to his use, and he was treated, as a guest +of the Viceroy, with the utmost respect. Great opposition followed, +especially from England; and it was not till January, 1856, that +the second and fuller concession was granted by Säid Pacha, +and a <i>Compagnie International</i> fully organized.</p> + +<p>In 1858 M. Lesseps succeeded in raising two hundred millions of +francs in France, and in 1859 he proceeded to Egypt and planted the +Egyptian flag in the harbor of the ancient Pelusium, the great +sea-port of Egypt thirty centuries ago, where Port Säid now +stands. He laid, at the same time, the foundation of a lighthouse, +and proudly proclaimed the work commenced. Fresh +difficulties--chiefly of a political nature--interposed, but the +indefatigable Lesseps never despaired. In 1859 he had the +satisfaction of seeing his company and work placed upon a firm +footing, though the final decision of the French Emperor was not +given till July, 1864. From that time to the present hour the Canal +has steadily progressed toward completion.</p> + +<p>The personal appearance of M. de Lesseps is very striking. +Though long past middle age, he has a fresh and even youthful +appearance. Both face and figure are well preserved; his slightly +curling gray hair sets off in pleasing contrast his bronzed yet +clear complexion, his bright eye, and genial smile. He is somewhat +over the medium stature, possessed of a compact and well-knit +frame, carries his head erect, and moves about with a buoyancy and +animation perfectly marvelous in one of his years and experience. +His address is that of the well-bred, well-educated French +gentleman that he is. His manner is winning, his voice clear and +under most excellent control, as all those who have listened to his +admirable lectures on the Canal at the late Paris Exposition cannot +fail to remember. What is perhaps most remarkable in a man so bred +and constituted, is that with great gentleness of speech and +suavity of manner he combines a strength of will and fixity of +purpose worthy of Napoleon or Caesar himself. Beneath that calm +exterior lay a power which needed but the stimulus of a great idea +to develop.</p> + +<p>Though beset by difficulties, laughed at, and maligned, he has +never for a moment swerved from his purpose or relaxed his efforts +to accomplish it. Neither the sneers of Stevenson and his associate +engineers, the heavy broadside of the "Thunderer," or the squibs of +<i>Punch</i>, ever made any visible impression on the purpose or +action of Lesseps.--"My purpose from the commencement was to have +confidence," said he.</p> + +<p>How bravely he has maintained his principle and redeemed his +pledge let the ceremonies which marked the completion and +inauguration of his great work tell--when sea sent greeting to sea; +and let the keels of richly laden argosies from Cathay and from +Ind, which plow the waters of the Canal, declare.</p> + +<hr> +<p><a name="7"></a></p> + +<h2>AN INGENIOUS VENT PEG.</h2> + +<p>The engraving illustrates an English invention of value in that +it provides a means of giving vent to casks from which liquids are +to be drawn, at the same time excluding the air when the drawing is +discontinued, and thus preventing deterioration in the liquid by +undue exposure to air.</p> + +<p class="ctr"><img src="images/2c.png" alt=""></p> + +<p>The principle on which it operates is that of admitting just so +much air as may be required to fill the vacant space produced by +the withdrawal of the liquor from time to time, and affording this +air no egress, thus hermetically sealing the barrel. This is +effected by means of a valve opening inward, at the upper portion +of the peg, so long as the density of the exterior air is in excess +of that within. This action takes place at the very instant of the +flow of the liquid, and ceases with it; for at that instant all +further supply is shut off, there being no further pressure.</p> + +<hr> +<p>THE LARGE TREES OF TEXAS.--The large court-house of Navarro +county is said to have been covered with shingles made from a +single cedar tree. The oaks, pecans, and cedars of that section of +the country attain an immense size. A pecan tree in Navarro county, +on the banks of the Trinity, measured twenty-three feet in +circumference. The cedars are often more than 100 feet high.</p> + +<hr> +<p>ELECTRIC MESSAGES.--Although it may require an hour, or two or +three hours, to transmit a telegraphic message to a distant city, +yet it is the mechanical adjustment by the sender and receiver +which really absorbs this time; the actual transit is practically +instantaneous, and so it would be from here to China, so far as the +current itself is concerned.</p> + +<hr> +<p><a name="8"></a></p> + +<h2>A New English Patent Pulley Block.</h2> + +<p>The following description of a new pulley block, which we take +from the <i>Ironmonger</i>, does not give as clear an idea of the +invention as could be desired, but it shows that invention in this +field has not yet exhausted itself:</p> + +<p class="ctr"><img src="images/3a.png" alt=""></p> + +<p>"The block is made on the differential principle. The lifting +chain is passed over two sheaves, each of which is geared +internally, the one having one or more teeth in excess of the +other. Revolving around these internal teeth is a pinion, actuated +by an eccentric, which is keyed on to a shaft passing through the +center of the block, with a bearing at each end in the outside +frame of the block. At one end of this shaft is a wheel with an +endless hand chain passing over it; this gives the motion to the +eccentric shaft. The teeth of the internal pinion are broad enough +to gear into the teeth of both the sheaves, but as there is more +teeth in one than in the other, they (the teeth) are not exactly +opposite each other, and therefore will not admit the teeth of the +revolving pinion without moving; but the tooth of the pinion, +acting as a wedge, and entering with great power, pushes the one +tooth forward and the other tooth back; and this continually +occurring, a continual rotary motion is given to the sheaves, in +opposite directions, with a power which is proportioned to the +number of the teeth, the throw of eccentric, and the leverage +gained by the diameter of the hand wheel. The lifting chain is +passed over the one sheave, then down, and up over the other, the +two ends being attached to a powerful cross bar, to which is +connected the lifting hook. By this means the weight is distributed +over the two sheaves and the two parts of the chain, increasing the +safety and diminishing the friction of the block.</p> + +<p>"The blocks are very simple in construction, and are not at all +liable to get out of order; the construction being such that the +weight cannot run down, though the men lifting let go the chain. +They hang quite plumb when in action, and the men are able to stand +clear away from under the load, as the hand-wheel chain can be +worked at any angle."</p> + +<hr> +<p><a name="9"></a></p> + +<h2>Plants In Sleeping Rooms.</h2> + +<p>The following from the able pen of Dr. J.C. Draper, in the +January number of the <i>Galaxy</i>, will answer some inquiries +lately received on the subject, and is a brief, but clear +exposition of the injurious effects of plants in sleeping +apartments:</p> + +<p>"Though the air is dependent for the renewal of its oxygen on +the action of the green leaves of plants, it must not be forgotten +that it is only in the presence and under the stimulus of light +that these organisms decompose carbonic acid. All plants, +irrespective of their kind or nature, absorb oxygen and exhale +carbonic acid in the dark. The quantity of noxious gas thus +eliminated is, however, exceedingly small when compared with the +oxygen thrown out during the day. When they are flowering, plants +exhale carbonic acid in considerable quantity, and at the same time +evolve heat. In this condition, therefore, they resemble animals as +regards their relation to the air; and a number of plants placed in +a room would, under these circumstances, tend to vitiate the +air.</p> + +<p>"While the phanerogamia, or flowering plants, depend on the air +almost entirely for their supply of carbon, and are busy during the +day in restoring to it the oxygen that has been removed by animals, +many of the inferior cryptogamia, as the fungi and parasitic +plants, obtain their nourishment from material that has already +been organized. They do not absorb carbonic acid, but, on the +contrary, they act like animals, absorbing oxygen and exhaling +carbonic acid at all times. It is, therefore, evident that their +presence in a room cannot be productive of good results.</p> + +<p>"Aside from the highly deleterious action that plants may exert +on the atmosphere of a sleeping room, by increasing the proportion +of carbonic acid during the night, there is another and more +important objection to be urged against their presence in such +apartments. Like animals, they exhale peculiar volatile organic +principles, which in many instances render the air unfit for the +purposes of respiration. Even in the days of Andronicus this fact +was recognized, for he says, in speaking of Arabia Felix, that 'by +reason of myrrh, frankincense, and hot spices there growing, the +air was so obnoxious to their brains, that the very inhabitants at +some times cannot avoid its influence.' What the influence on the +brains of the inhabitants may have been does not at present +interest us: we have only quoted the statement to show that long +ago the emanations from plants were regarded as having an influence +on the condition of the air; and, in view of our present ignorance, +it would be wise to banish them from our sleeping apartments, at +least until we are better informed regarding their true +properties."</p> + +<hr> +<p>PATENT OFFICE ILLUSTRATIONS.--We are indebted to Messrs. Jewett +& Chandler, of Buffalo, N.Y., for advance sheets of the +illustrations designed to accompany the Report of the Commissioner +of Patents for the year 1868. We have frequently had occasion to +commend the skill and fidelity of these illustrations. They are +most admirably done, and the value of our Patent Office Reports is +much enhanced thereby. In fact without these illustrations the +reports would be of little value.</p> + +<hr> +<p><a name="10"></a></p> + +<h2>Improved Treadle Motion.</h2> + +<p>It is well known that the ordinary means employed to propel +light machinery by the foot are fatiguing in the extreme and +although the best of these is the rock shaft with foot pieces, +employed almost universally in modern sewing machines, this +requires the operator to sit bolt upright, a position very trying +to the back, and one which has been shown to be productive of +weakness and even permanent disease.</p> + +<p>The device shown in the engraving employs only the swinging +motion of the leg to generate the required power.</p> + +<p class="ctr"><img src="images/3b.png" alt= +"GOODES' IMPROVED TREADLE MOTION."></p> + +<p class="ctr">GOODES' IMPROVED TREADLE MOTION.</p> + +<p>A pendulum, A, is pivoted to the underside of the table and +carries a heavy disk, B. To the central pivot of B is attached a +foot piece, C. The bottom of B is slotted, and through the slot +passes a stationary rod, D, which holds the bottom of the disk from +vibrating while it causes the upper part to reciprocate with the +swinging of A.</p> + +<p>To the upper part of B is pivoted a pitman which actuates the +crank as shown.</p> + +<p>In operation the foot is placed upon the foot piece, and a +swinging motion is imparted by it to the pendulum, which is +ultimately converted into rotary motion by the crank as described. +The heavy disk, B, gives steadiness to the motion, and acts in +concert with the fly wheel on the crank shaft for this purpose; but +it is not essential that this part of the device should be a disk; +any equivalent may be substituted for the same purpose.</p> + +<p>Patented, through the Scientific American Patent Agency, Oct, +26, 1869, by E. A. Goodes For further information address +Philadelphia Patent and Novelty Co., 717 Spring Garden street, +Philadelphia, Pa.</p> + +<hr> +<p><a name="11"></a></p> + +<h2>Improved Method of Catching Curculios.</h2> + +<p>This is a novel and curious invention, made by Dr. Hull, of +Alton, Ill., for the purpose of jarring off and catching the +curculio from trees infested by this destructive insect. It is a +barrow, with arms and braces covered with cloth, and having on one +side a slot, which admits the stem of the tree. The curculio +catcher, or machine, is run against the tree three or four times, +with sufficient force to impart a jarring motion to all its parts. +The operator then backs far enough to bring the machine to the +center of the space between the rows, turns round, and in like +manner butts the tree in the opposite row. In this way a man may +operate on three hundred trees per hour.</p> + +<p>A bag and a broom are carried by the operator by which the +insects are swept from the cloth and consigned to destruction.</p> + +<p class="ctr"><img src="images/3c.png" alt= +"CURCULIO CATCHER."></p> + +<p class="ctr">CURCULIO CATCHER.</p> + +<hr> +<p><a name="12"></a></p> + +<h2>Remains of a Megatherium in Ohio.</h2> + +<p>The Columbus <i>State Journal</i>, of Dec. 6, says "there is now +on exhibition at the rooms of the State Board of Agriculture, or +headquarters of the Geological Corps, a section of the femur or +thigh bone of an animal of the mastodon species, the fossilized +remains of which were recently discovered in Union county. These +remains were found in a drift formation about three feet below the +surface, and are similar to the remains of the Megatherium found in +other parts of the State. Arrangements were made by Mr. Klippart, +of the Geological Corps, to have the skeleton or the parts thereof +removed with proper care. Before excavations had proceeded far bad +weather set in, and work has been abandoned. The section of the +femur, upper part, with socket ball, is about twenty inches in +length, or about half the length of the thigh bone. This would make +the aggregate length of the bones of the leg about ten feet. The +ball is twenty-two inches in circumference, and the bone lower +down, of course, much larger. From the part of the skeleton +secured, it is estimated that the hight of the animal was twelve +and a half feet, and the skeleton entire much larger than the +specimen now in the British Museum. As this particular species, or +remains thereof, have been found only in Ohio, this specimen has +been named the <i>Megatharium Ohioensis</i>. The animals lived, it +is supposed, in the period immediately preceding the human period, +and were after the elephant type.</p> + +<p>Exhuming operations will be resumed in the spring, and if the +skeleton is removed in good shape or a good state of preservation, +it will be set up in the Echo room at the Capitol, where the +fossils collected by the Geological Corps are now being arranged +and stored.</p> + +<hr> +<p><a name="13"></a></p> + +<h2>Artificial Ivory.</h2> + +<p>A process for producing artificial ivory has been published in a +German journal. The inventor makes a solution of india-rubber in +chloroform and passes chlorine gas through it. After this, he heats +the solution to drive off any excess of chlorine, and also the +solvent, whereupon he has left behind a pasty mass with which it is +only necessary to incorporate sufficient precipitated carbonate of +lime or sulphate of lead, or, indeed, any other dense white powder, +to obtain a material which may be pressed into molds to form +whatever articles may be desired. The details of this process are +obviously incomplete, and the success of it may be doubted. Only +good and well masticated rubber could be employed, and even then a +dilute solution must be made, and any earthy impurities allowed to +deposit. In the next place, we are doubtful of the bleaching action +of chlorine on rubber, and, moreover, chloroform is, under some +circumstances, decomposed by chlorine. Lastly, it is clear that, to +obtain a hard material at all resembling ivory, it would be +necessary to make a "hard cure," for which a considerable +proportion of sulphur would be required. The simple purification of +india-rubber by means of chloroform, would, however, furnish a mass +of a very fair color.</p> + +<hr> +<p>An iron car made of cylindrical form is now used on the Bengal +Railway, for the carriage of cotton and other produce. It is much +lighter and safer than the ordinary car. We believe in iron +cars.</p> + +<hr> +<p>ONE HUNDRED THOUSAND.--At the rate old subscribers are renewing, +and new ones coming in, there is a prospect that our ambition to +increase the circulation of this paper to one hundred thousand will +be gratified.</p> + +<hr> +<p><a name="14"></a></p> + +<h2>AMERICAN AND ENGLISH RAILWAY PRACTICE CONTRASTED.</h2> + +<p>A paper on "American Locomotives and Rolling Stock," read before +the Institution of Civil Engineers, in England, with an abstract on +the discussion thereon, has been forwarded to us by the publishers, +William Clowes and Sons, Stamford street and Charing Cross, +London.</p> + +<p>We have seldom met with a pamphlet of greater interest and +value. The whole subject of American as contrasted with English +railroad practice is reviewed, and the differences which exist, +with the necessities for such differences ably discussed. Mr. +Colburn shows these differences to be external rather than +fundamental, and traces many of the peculiarities of American +construction to the "initiative of English engineers." The cause +for the adoption and retention of these peculiarities he attributes +to "the necessities of a new country and the comparative scarcity +of capital," and thinks that but for these causes" American +railways and their rolling stock would have doubtless been +constructed, as in other countries, upon English models, and +worked, in most respects, upon English principles of +management.</p> + +<p>He reviews the origin and introduction of American features of +railway practice, and points out as the distinguishing feature of +American locomotives and rolling stock the bogie, or swiveling +truck. "Keeping in mind the distinguishing merits of the bogie, the +other differences between English and American locomotives are +differences more of costume and of toilet than of vital principles +of construction."</p> + +<p>The author attributes the origin of the greater subdivision of +rolling weight and consequent coupling of wheels on American roads +to the comparatively weak and imperfect permanent way, estimating +the maximum weight per wheel as being for many years four English +tuns, while three tuns he considers, as more than the average for +each coupled wheel of American locomotives.</p> + +<p>To follow the author through the whole of his able paper, and +the discussion which it elicited, would occupy more of our space +than we can spare for the purpose. We will, however, give in the +author's own language, an account of an experiment conducted by him +in 1855 on the Erie Railroad.</p> + +<p>"In the autumn of 1855, the author, at the request of Mr. (now +General) M'Callum, the manager of the Erie Railroad, took charge of +an experimental train, which he ran over the whole length of the +line and back, a total distance of nearly 900 miles. The same +engine was employed throughout the run, occupying in all nearly +three weeks, making an average for each week day of about 50 miles. +The line is divided into four divisions, varying considerably in +respect of gradients, and the utmost load the engine could draw was +taken in both directions over each division. The maximum +inclinations were 1 in 88. The results of the experiments were so +voluminous, that it will be sufficient to detail the particulars of +what may be termed crucial tests of adhesion and resistance to +traction.</p> + +<p>"The engine had four coupled wheels and a bogie, the total +weight in working trim being 29½ tuns, of which 17-7/8 tuns +rested on the coupled wheels available for adhesion. The coupled +wheels were 5 feet in diameter; the outside cylinders were 17 +inches in diameter, and the stroke 24 inches. The safety valves +were set to blow off at 130 lbs., and the steam, as observed by a +Bourdon gage, was seldom allowed to exceed that limit. No indicator +diagrams were taken, nor was any measure taken of the wood burnt, +all that could be consumed by the engine, in maintaining the +requisite steam, being supplied. The tender, loaded, weighed 181 +tuns. The train drawn consisted of eight-wheel wagons fully loaded +with deals. The average weight of each wagon was 5 tuns 8 cwt. 3 +qrs., and of each wagon with its load 15 tuns 5 cwt. 3 qrs. nearly. +The wagons had cast-iron chilled wheels, each 2 feet 6 inches in +diameter, with inside journals 3 7/8 inches in diameter, and 8 +inches long. All the wagons had been put in complete order, and the +journals, fitted with oil-tight boxes, were kept well oiled. The +gage of the line was 6 feet. The weather was most favorable, clear +and dry, with the exception of a single day of heavy rain.</p> + +<p>"Upon about one hundred miles of the line, forming a portion of +the Susquehanna division, a train of one hundred wagons, weighing, +with engine and tender, 1,572 tuns was taken. The train was a few +feet more than half a mile in length.</p> + +<p>"At one point it was stopped where the line commenced an ascent +of 24 feet in four miles, averaging 1 in 880 up for the whole +distance. There were also long and easy curves upon this portion. +The train was taken up and purposely stopped on the second mile, to +be sure of starting again with no aid from momentum. The average +speed was 5 miles an hour, and neither was the pressure of steam +increased nor sand used except in starting from the stops purposely +made. The engine, even were its full boiler pressure of 130 lbs. +maintained as effective pressure upon the pistons throughout the +whole length of their stroke, could not have exerted a tractive +force greater than (17 x 17 x 130 lbs. x 2 ft.)/ 5 ft = 15,028 +lbs.; nor is it at all probable that the effective cylinder +pressure could have approached this limit by from 10 lbs. to 15 +lbs. per square inch. Supposing, however, for the sake of a +reductio ad absurdum, that the full boiler pressure had been +maintained upon the pistons for the whole length of their strokes, +the adhesion of the coupled driving wheels, not deducting the +internal resistances of the engine, would have been 15028/40050 3/8 +of the weight upon them. In any case there was a resistance of +4,011 lbs. due to gravity, and if even 120 lbs. mean effective +cylinder pressure be assumed, corresponding to a total tractive +force of 13,872 lbs., the quotient representing the rolling and +other resistances, exclusive of gravity, would be but 6.27 lbs. per +tun of the entire train; a resistance including all the internal +resistances of the engine, the resistance of the curves, easy +although they were, and the loss in accelerating and retarding the +train in starting and stopping. This estimate of resistance would +correspond, at the observed speed of 5 miles an hour (upwards of +¾ of an hour having been consumed on the 4 miles), to 185 +indicated H.P., which, with the driving wheels, making but 28 +revolutions per minute, would be the utmost that an engine with but +1,038 square feet of heating surface could be expected to exert. +This was the highest result observed during the three weeks' trial, +but one or two others are worthy of mention. On the Delaware +division of the same line, the train, of 1,572 tuns' weight, was +run over 5 consecutive miles of absolutely level line, at a mean +rate of 9.23 miles an hour, and during the same day, over 5 other +consecutive miles of level at a mean rate of 9.7 miles per hour. On +both levels there were 14½ chain curves of good length, and +the speed, from 9 to 12 miles an hour, at which the train entered +the respective levels, was not quite regularly maintained +throughout the half hour expended in running over them. But if even +7 lbs. per tun of the total weight be taken as the resistance at +these speeds, the tractive force will be 11,004 lbs., which is more +than one fourth the adhesion weight of 40,050 lbs. On the next day, +the same engine drew 30 wagons weighing 466½ tuns, or, +including engine and tender, 514 tuns nearly, up a gradient of 1 in +117½, three miles long, at a mean speed of 10¼ miles +an hour. The resistance due to gravity was 9,814 lbs., and +supposing the other resistance to traction to amount to no more +than 7 lbs. per tun, the total resistance would be 13,412 lbs., +corresponding to a mean effective cylinder pressure of 117 lbs. per +square inch, and to a co-efficient of adhesion of almost exactly +one third.</p> + +<p>"It is needless to repeat instances of much the same kind, as +occurring during the experiment referred to. The author is bound to +say that they were, no doubt, influenced by the favorable +circumstances of weather, and something is to be allowed also for +the great length of train drawn, very long trains having a less +tractive resistance per tun on a level than short ones, and +something, possibly more than is commonly supposed, may have been +due to the use of oil-tight axle boxes, the saponaceous compound +known as 'railway grease' being nowhere in use on railways in the +States. It could not possibly be used, except in a congealed form, +in the severe American winters; and Messrs. Guebhard and +Dieudonné's experiments (<i>vide</i> "De la +résistance des trains et de la puissance des machines." 8vo. +Paris, 1868, p. 36) made in 1867, on the Eastern Railway of France, +showed a very considerable diminution in the resistance of +oil-boxed rolling stock as compared with that fitted with grease +boxes. But, weighed upon the other hand, are the facts, first, that +the line was of 6-feet gage, and, <i>pro tanto</i>, so much the +worse for traction; secondly, that the wheels were comparatively +small, and the inside journals of comparatively large diameter, the +ratio of the former to the latter being as 7¾ to 1, instead +of 12 to 1 as on English lines. It is difficult to believe that the +length and steadiness of the double bogie goods wagons, scarcely +liable as they are to lateral vibrations, had not something to do +with the result, which is in some respects unique in the history of +railway traction. The result, although not absolutely showing the +real resistance to traction, nor the real adhesion of the engine, +presents this alternative; namely, that the resistance must have +been unusually small, or the adhesion unusually large."</p> + +<p>In the discussion which followed some doubts were expressed as +to the accuracy of Mr. Colburn's conclusions, drawn from the +experiments described; but it was conceded by some who took part in +the discussion that some of the features of our practice might be +advantageously copied in England. For the most part, however, the +opinion prevailed that the features of our system, which are here +regarded as almost indispensable, could not be introduced into +English practice with advantage.</p> + +<hr> +<p><a name="15"></a></p> + +<h2>BOILER COVERING.</h2> + +<h3>BY C.M. O'HARA, C.E.</h3> + +<p>At the regular weekly meeting of the Polytechnic Association of +the American Institute, held on Thursday evening, the 25th ult., +the subject of boiler clothing was discussed at some length, but +without any decisive conclusion being arrived at respecting the +most serviceable and economical material for that purpose. It +appeared from the testimony adduced, that though there is a variety +of substances in use, even those which are practically acknowledged +as being the most efficient are far from coming up to the required +standard of utility, and are characterized by defects which are at +once forced upon us by a little close examination. Felt is an +admirable non-conductor of heat, but owing to its combustible +nature it is quite unreliable when subject to the heat of a high +pressure of steam. A large fragment of this material which had been +taken off the boiler of a North River steamboat was exhibited at +the meeting, scorched and charred as if it had been exposed to the +direct action of fire. For these reasons felt covering is, +generally speaking, confined to boilers in which a comparatively +low pressure of steam is maintained. But even under the most +favorable circumstances of actual wear its durability is limited to +a short period.</p> + +<p>Powdered charcoal possesses the elements of efficiency as a +non-conductor in an eminent degree; but its susceptibility of +taking fire militates strongly against its adoption as a boiler +covering.</p> + +<p>Besides the materials above mentioned, there are some which come +under the denomination of cements; but the use of such is somewhat +at variance with what a dull world would call "facts." Employing +them as a clothing for a vessel in which it is necessary to retain +heat is certainly the wrong way of doing a light thing, if the +evidence of distinguished experimenters be worth anything.</p> + +<p>The researches of most well-informed physical philosophers go to +prove that the conducting properties of bodies are augmented by +cohesion, and that heat is conveyed profusely and energetically +through all solid and ponderable substances. Thus gold, silver, and +others of the most solid metals are the best conductors. Next to +the pure metals in conducting powers are rocks, flints, porcelain, +earthenware, and the denser liquids as the solutions of the acids +and alkalies. As a further evidence to prove that the passage of +heat through all substances is increased by cohesion, even some of +those which are known to be among the best conductors are deprived +of this property by a division or disintegration of their +particles. Pure silica in the state of hard, rock crystal is a +better conductor than bismuth or lead; but if the rock crystal be +pulverized, the diffusion of heat through its powder is very slow +and feeble. Heat is conducted swiftly and copiously through +transparent rock salt, but pulverization converts the solid mass +into a good non-conductor. Caloric has for the same reason a +stronger affinity for pure metals than for their oxides.</p> + +<p>Again, wood is known to be a better non-conductor when reduced +to shavings or sawdust than when in the solid state. It is probably +on this account that trees are protected by bark, which is not +nearly so dense and hard a body as the wood. Wool, silk, and cotton +are much diminished in conducting qualities when spun and woven, +for the reason that their fibers are brought closer together.</p> + +<p>Count Rumford discovered that hot water, at a given temperature, +when placed in a vessel jacketed with a clothing of twisted silk, +and plunged into a freezing mixture, cooled down to 185° Fah. +in 917 seconds. But when the same vessel was clothed with an equal +thickness of raw silk, water at the same heat and under the same +process required 1,264 seconds before it reached the same decrease +of temperature. It was also found by Sir Humphry Davy that even +metals became non-conductors when their cohesion was destroyed by +reducing them to the gaseous state.</p> + +<p>It is now generally admitted that, heat being motion, anything, +which, by the cohesion of particles, preserves the continuity of +the molecular chain along which the motion is conveyed, must +augment calorific transmission. On the other hand, when there is a +division or disintegration of atoms, such as exists in sawdust, +powdered charcoal, furs, and felt, the particles composing such +bodies are separated from each other by spaces of air, which the +instructed among us well know are good non-conductors of heat. The +motion has, therefore, to pass from each particle of matter to the +air, and again from the air to the particle adjacent to it. Hence, +it will be readily seen, that in substances composed of separate or +divided particles, the thermal bridge, so to speak, is broken, and +the passage of heat is obstructed by innumerable barriers of +confined air. The correctness of these assumptions has been so +abundantly proved by experimental demonstrations, that every mind +that is tolerably informed on the subject must be relieved of every +shade of doubt respecting the greatly superior non-conducting +powers which bodies consisting of separate atoms possess over those +of a solid concrete nature.</p> + +<p>The next matter of interest connected with the subject under +notice is its relation to the philosophy of radiation. It has long +been known that the emission of heat from a polished metallic +surface is very slight, but from a surface of porcelain, paper, or +charcoal, heat is discharged profusely. Even many of the best +non-conductors are powerful radiators, and throw off heat with a +repellent energy difficult to conceive.</p> + +<p>"If two equal balls of thin, bright silver," says Sir John +Leslie, "one of them entirely uncovered and the other sheathed in a +case of cambric, be filled with water slightly warmed and then +suspended in a close room, the former will lose only eleven parts +in the same time that the latter will dissipate twenty parts." The +superior heat-retaining capacity which a clean tin kettle possesses +over one that has been allowed to collect smoke and soot, lies +within the compass of the most ordinary observation.</p> + +<p>The experiments of the eminent philosopher just mentioned +furnish a variety of suggestions on the radiation from heated +surfaces. He found that, while the radiating power of clean lead +was only 19, it rose to 45 when tarnished by oxidation, that the +radiating power of plumbago was 75, and that of red lead 80. He +also discovered that, while the radiating power of gold, silver, +and polished tin was only 12, that of paper was 98, and lamp black +no less than 100. He further says: "A silver pot will emit scarcely +half as much heat as one of porcelain. The addition of a flannel, +though indeed a slow conductor, far from checking the dissipation +of heat, has directly a contrary tendency, for it presents to the +atmosphere a surface of much greater propulsive energy, which would +require a thickness of no less than three folds to +counterbalance."</p> + +<p>It is safe to infer from this analogy that the felt covering of +boilers should not only be of considerable thickness, but should be +protected by an external jacketing of some sort; for, though felt +is a good non-conductor, it is a powerful absorber and radiator, +more especially when it has been allowed to contract soot and +dust.</p> + +<p>Various experiments have lead to the general conclusion that the +power of absorption is always in the same proportion as the power +of radiation. It must be so. Were any substance a powerful radiator +and at the same time a bad absorber, it would necessarily radiate +faster than it would absorb, and its reduction of temperature would +continue without limit. It has, furthermore, been proved that the +absorptive property of substances increases as their reflecting +qualities diminish. Hence, the radiating power of a surface is +inversely as its reflecting power. It is for this reason that the +polished metallic sheathing on the cylinders of locomotive engines, +and on the boilers of steam fire engines, is not only ornamental +but essentially useful. Decisive tests have also established the +fact that radiation is effected more or less by color. "A black +porcelain tea pot," observes Dr. Lardner, "is the worst conceivable +material for that vessel, for both its material and color are good +radiators of heat, and the liquid contained in it cools with the +greatest possible rapidity; a polished silver or brass tea urn is +much better adapted to retain the heat of the water than one of a +dull brown, such as is most commonly used."</p> + +<p>A few facts like those above stated afford more decisive +information regarding the nature of heat than columns of theory or +speculation. Yet it is rather strange that when so many learned and +reliable men have, experimented so much and commented with such +persuasiveness upon the subtile agency of heat and the vast amount +of waste that must accrue by injudicious management, comparatively +few have availed themselves of the united labors of these +indefatigable pyrologists; manufacturing owners and corporations +still persisting in having their steam boilers painted black or +dull red and leaving them exposed to the atmosphere. Some persons, +who pass themselves off very satisfactorily as clever engineers, +affect a contempt for the higher branches of science, and assert, +in a very positive and self-sufficient manner that experiments made +in a study or laboratory are on too trifling and small a scale to +be practically relied upon; that a tin kettle or a saucepan is a +very different thing to the boiler of a steam engine.</p> + +<p>This may be so in one sense, but the same chemical forces which +operate upon the one will be just as active in a proportionate +degree in their action upon the other. It was said by Aristotle +that the laws of the universe are best observed in the most +insignificant objects; for the same physical causes which hold +together the stupendous frame of the universe may be recognized +even in a drop of rain. The same observation may be applied to the +laws of heat in all their ramifications; for, after all, our +experiments are, in many instances but defective copies of what is +continually going on in the great workshop of nature.</p> + +<p>It would be needless to insist on the wasteful and destructive +effects produced by the exposure of boiler surfaces to the open +atmosphere. Such a practice can be neither supported by experience +nor justified by analogy; and it is to be hoped that it may before +long be consigned to the limbo of antiquated absurdities and be +satisfactorily forgotten. Seeing that it cannot with any show of +reason be affirmed that the boiler covering materials in present +use possess the requirements necessary to recommend them; the +question arises as to what is the best means of achieving the +object required. This is an inquiry which it is the office of time +alone to answer. As the problem is obviously one of primary +importance, and well worthy of the attention of inventors, it is +hazarding nothing to predict its satisfactory solution at no +distant date.</p> + +<p>The plain truth is, boilers have of late become gigantic foes to +human life. Explosions have increased, are increasing, and should +be diminished; and they are, in many instances, caused by boilers +being strained and weakened by sudden contraction from having their +surfaces exposed when the fire has been withdrawn from them. +Boilers are also materially injured by the excessive furnace heat +which it is necessary to maintain to compensate for the large +amount of caloric which is dissipated from their surfaces, not only +by radiation but from absorption by the surrounding atmosphere.</p> + +<p>As the views here laid down are drawn exclusively from the +region of fact and experiment, it is to be hoped that an +enlightened sense of self-interest may prompt those whom the +subject may concern, to give it that special attention which its +importance demands.</p> + +<hr> +<p><a name="16"></a></p> + +<h2>Attachment of Saws to Swing-Frames.</h2> + +<p>To insure the efficiency of mill-saws, it is highly important to +have them firmly secured in the frames by which they are +reciprocated. Swing-frames for carrying saws are ordinarily of +wrought iron or steel, and made up of several pieces mortised and +tenoned together in the form of a rectangular frame or +parallelogram, of which the longest sides are termed verticals and +the shortest crossheads or crossrails. In the case of deal frames, +the swing frame differs somewhat from that of a timber frame, in +having two extra verticals, which separate it into two equal +divisions. These are necessary in order that two deals may be +operated upon simultaneously, each division being devoted to a +separate deal, and likewise to enable the connecting-rod which +works the frame to pass up the center and oscillate on a pin near +the top, thereby avoiding the deep excavations and costly +foundations required where the rod is engaged with the pin at the +bottom. The rack that advances the deals to the saws passes through +a "bow" in the connecting-rod and the middle of the frame, the +deals are placed on either side of it, on rollers purposely +provided. In sawing hard deals, the saws require to be sharpened +about every tenth run or journey, and every twentieth for soft. +Fifty runs, or one hundred deals, are reckoned an average day's +work; this is inclusive of the time required for changing the saws, +returning the rack for another run, and other exigencies. For +attachment to swing-frames the saws have buckles riveted to them; +these are by various modes connected to the crossheads. Each top +buckle is passed through the crosshead and is pierced with a +mortise for the reception of a thin steel wedge or key, by whose +agency the blade is strained and tightened. The edge of the +crosshead upon which the keys bed is steeled to lessen the wear +invariably ensuing from frequently driving up the keys. The +distances between the blades are adjusted by interposing strips of +wood, or packing pieces, as they are termed, of equal thickness +with the required boards or leaves; the whole is then pressed +together and held in position by packing screws. The saws +themselves are subsequently tightened by forcing home the keys +until a certain amount of tension has been attained, this is +ascertained only by the peculiar sound which emanates from the +blade on being drawn considerably tight and tense. Great experience +is required to accustom the ear to the correct intonation, as in +general the tensile strain on the saws approximates so closely to +the breaking point that one or two extra taps on the keys are quite +sufficient to rupture them.</p> + +<p>Mr. Brunel, in the government saw-mills at Woolwich, adopted a +method of hanging saws by means of a weighted lever, like a Roman +steelyard. A cross-shaft affixed above the saws to the cornice of +the main frame carried a lever, weighted at one end and provided +with a hook or shackle at the other for engagement with the saw +buckle. In using this apparatus the blades were strained one at a +time by linking the lever to the buckle and then adjusting the +movable weight until the desired tension was acquired, after which +the key was inserted into the mortise and the lever released. This +arrangement is not now in common use on account of the trouble +attending its employment, and at present the saws are merely +strained by hammering up the keys. The saw blades had usually a +tensile strain of upwards of one tun per inch of breadth of blade. +It is to be further observed that the cutting edges of the saws are +not quite perpendicular, but have a little lead, or their upper +ends overhang the lower about three eighths of an inch or one half +of an inch, according to the nature of the material to be sawn. The +object of this is that the saws may be withdrawn from the cuts in +the ascending or back stroke, and allow the sawdust free escape. +The eccentric actuating the mechanism for advancing the timber to +the saws is generally set in such a manner that the feed commences +just at the moment when the frame has attained half its ascending +stroke, and continues until the entire stroke has been completed. +By this regulation the saws are not liable to be suddenly choked, +but come smoothly and softly into their work.--<i>Worssam's +Mechanical Saws</i>.</p> + +<hr> +<p><a name="17"></a></p> + +<h2>PATENT DECISION.</h2> + +<p><i>In the matter of the application of William N. Bartholomew, +assignor to J. Reckendorfer, for letters patent for a design for +Rubber Eraser</i>--Letters patent for designs have increased in +importance within the past few years. Formerly but few were +granted, now many are issued. To this day they have made so little +figure in litigation that but three reported cases are known in +which design patents have come into controversy. With their +increase, questions have arisen concerning their scope and +character, which have given rise to dispute and to inquiry as to +the correctness of the current practice of the office in this +branch of invention. While on the one hand, it is insisted that the +practice has always been uniform, and is therefore now fixed and +definite; on the other, it is asserted, that there has never been, +and is not now, any well-defined or uniform practice, either in the +granting or refusal of design patents.</p> + +<p>The act of 1836 made no provision for the patenting of designs. +The earliest legislation upon this subject is found in the act of +August 29, 1842, section 3; and the only legislation upon the +subject is found in this section and in section 11, of the act of +March 2, 1861. The definition of the subject matter, or, in other +words, of a "design," is the same in both acts. It is is +follows:</p> + +<p>"That any citizen, etc., who, by his, her, or their own +industry, genius, efforts, and expense, may have invented or +produced any new and original design for a manufacture, whether of +metal or other material or materials, any original design for a +bust, statue, bas-relief, or composition in alto or basso-relievo, +or any new and original impression being formed in marble or other +material, or any new and useful pattern, or print, or picture, to +be either worked into or worked on, or printed, or painted, or +cast, or otherwise fixed on any article of manufacture, or any new +and original shape or configuration of any article of manufacture +not known or used by others, etc."</p> + +<p>This definition embraces five particulars.</p> + +<p>1. A new and original design for a manufacture.</p> + +<p>2. An original design for a bust, statue, etc.</p> + +<p>3. A new and original impression or ornament to be placed on any +article of manufacture.</p> + +<p>4. A new and useful pattern, print, or picture to be worked into +or worked on, or printed, or painted, or cast, or otherwise fixed +on any article of manufacture.</p> + +<p>5. A new and original shape or configuration of any article of +manufacture.</p> + +<p>The first three of these classes would seem to refer to ornament +only; the fourth to ornament, combined with utility, as in the case +of trade marks; and the fifth to new shapes or forms of +manufactured articles, which, for some reason, were preferable to +those previously adopted.</p> + +<p>The disputed questions which have thus far arisen under these +definitions are:</p> + +<p>1. What variations may be claimed or covered by the patent +consistently with unity of design.</p> + +<p>2. Is a new shape of an article of manufacture, whereby utility +is secured, a subject of protection under this act; and</p> + +<p>3. Is mechanical function of any kind covered by it.</p> + +<p>As to the first of these questions, it seems to have been +assumed that the design spoken of in all parts of the sections +referred to covered a fixed, unchangeable figure, that the +protection of letters patent did not extend to any variation, +however slight, but that such variation constituted a new design, +might be covered by a new patent, and might safely be used without +infringement of the first. This, it is said, is the correct theory +of the law, and has been the uniform adjudication of the +Office.</p> + +<p>Neither of these statements is absolutely correct. The law by no +means defines a design with such strictness. The language is, "new +and original design for a manufacture," "new and original +impression or ornament," "new and original shape or configuration." +It would seem to be too plain for argument, that the new design, or +impression, or shape, might be so generic in its character as to +admit of many variations, which should embody the substantial +characteristics and be entirely consistent with a substantial +identity of form. Thus, if the invention were of a design for an +ornamental button, the face of which was grooved with radial rays, +it would seem that the first designer of such a button might +properly describe a button of five rays, and, having stated that a +greater number of rays might be used, might claim a design +consisting generally of radial rays, or of "five or more" rays, +and, that it could not be necessary for him to take out a patent +for each additional ray that could be cut upon his button. So, if +the design were the ornamentation of long combs by a chain of +pearls, it would seem that a claim for such a design might be +maintained against one who arranged the pearls, either in curved or +straight lines, or who used half pearls only, and that such +modifications if they had occurred to the designer, might properly +have been enumerated in his specification as possible and +equivalent variations. In short, I can see no reason, under the +law, why designs may not be generic, why what are called "broad +claims," may not be made to them, and why the doctrine of artistic +or aesthetic equivalents may not be applied to them.</p> + +<p>This has been recognized to a greater or less extent in the +adjudications of the courts and in the practice of the Office.</p> + +<p>One of the reported cases is that of Booth <i>vs</i>. Garelly 1, +Blatch 247. The design is described as consisting of "radially +formed ornaments on the face of the molds or blocks of which the +button is formed, combined with the mode of winding the covering on +the same, substantially as set forth, whether the covering be of +one or more colors." The specification, in "substantially" setting +forth the design, contained this language: "It will be obvious from +the foregoing that the figures can be changed at pleasure by giving +the desired form to the face of the mold by depressions and +elevations which radiate from a point, whether in the center of the +mold or eccentric thereto."</p> + +<p>In the consideration of the case by the Court no objection was +made to this statement or claim. In the case of Root <i>vs</i>. +Ball, 4 McLean 180, the learned judge instructed the jury that "if +they should find that the defendants had infringed the plaintiff's +patent by using substantially the same device as ornamental on the +same part of the stove they would, of course, find the defendant +guilty. To infringe a patent right it is not necessary that the +thing patented should be adopted in every particular; but if, as in +the present case, the design and figures were substantially adopted +by the defendants, they have infringed the plaintiff's right. If +they adopt the same principle the defendants are guilty. The +principle of a machine is that combination of mechanical powers +which produce a certain result. And in a case like the present, +where ornaments are used for a stove, it is an infringement to +adopt the design so as to produce substantially the same +appearance."</p> + +<p>It has been the constant practice to grant patents for designs +for fonts of type, for sets of silver plate, for a series of +printers' flourishes, and the like. This class of cases has always +passed without objection.</p> + +<p>Two other cases which have arisen within the Office deserve +notive. The first was for a series of miniature shoulder straps, +with emblems denoting rank, provided with a pin, to be worn under +an officer's coat, upon his vest, or as a lady's breastpin. The +drawing shows eight of these pins with emblems of rank, varying +from that of second lieutenant to major-general, specification +describing the brooch for a second lieutenant goes on to say: "I +propose to introduce, on some of them, the different ornaments +showing the respective ranks of the army, from a major-generalship +to a second lieutenancy. See Figs. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8."</p> + +<p>The second case was that of an application for a monogram +visiting card, on which the name was to be inscribed or printed in +the form of a monogram. The applicant filed a drawing, showing a +card upon which was a monogram of his own name. In his +specification he gives certain rules for forming such monograms, +and then says: "It is manifest that the form of the letters as well +as the letters themselves can be changed as required by +circumstances or the taste of the individual for whom the monogram +is designed; and that the general form and outline of the monogram +may be varied; and indeed, must vary to be adapted to the +particular name it is required to represent."</p> + +<p>The claim was for "a monogram, visiting card, or visiting card +upon which the name is inscribed or printed in the form of a +monogram, substantially as herein specified."</p> + +<p>This application was rejected by the Examiner and Board of +Examiners-in-Chief, but was allowed by the Commissioner upon +appeal.</p> + +<p>It is true that, before and since this patent was issued, many +patents have been refused for what I have called generic designs. +One man having designed a tack head, ornamented with radial lines, +was compelled to take out one patent for his tack with six radial +lines, and another for the same tack with eight. There are other +instances of like character, but they only serve to show that the +practice of the Office has not been uniform, and that the true +practice is still to be adopted and followed.</p> + +<p>I have no hesitation in saying, in view of the premises, that a +valid patent may be granted for a new genus or class of ornaments +as well as for specific ornaments, though I do not doubt that, +under the statute, every species, variety, and individual having +distinct characteristics under such a genus might also be patented, +the patent being subordinate and tributary to that which covered +the class. From the nature of this subject-matter there must always +be more latitude in the issue of patents for trifling changes, or +form, or outline, since it is only necessary that such changes +should constitute a new "design" to entitle them to a patent of +this class.</p> + +<p>The second question relates to the elements of utility in +patents for designs.</p> + +<p>Upon this point, it is said by my predecessor, in Jason Crane +<i>ex parte</i> Commissioners, December-May, 1869, p. 1, that the +construction which has been given to the act of 1842, by the +Office, ever since its passage, is that it relates to designs for +ornament merely; something of an artistic character as +contradistinguished to those of convenience or utility.</p> + +<p>The Board of Examiners-in-Chief, in the present case, say "The +practice of the Office has been uniform from the beginning, and has +always excluded cases like the present from the benefit of the laws +relating to designs." And, again, "The general understanding has +always been that the acts of 1842 and 1861 were intended to cover +articles making pretensions to artistic excellence +exclusively."</p> + +<p>In thus denying that a new "shape or configuration" of an +article, whereby utility or convenience is promoted, is the proper +subject of a patent under the acts referred to, the Office would +seem to have involved itself in the absurdity that if a design is +useless it may be patented; whereas, if it be useful, it is +entitled to no protection.</p> + +<p>Fortunately no such "uniform practice" has existed, and the +Office is relieved from so grievous an imputation. The practice +seems to have been taken for granted by the appellate tribunals, +and, so far from being as stated, is, as nearly as possible, the +reverse of it. Articles have been, and are being, constantly +patented as designs which possess no element of the artistic or +ornamental, but are valuable solely because, by a new shape or +configuration, they possess more utility than the prior forms of +like articles Of this character are designs for ax heads, for +reflectors, for lamp shades, for the soles of boots and shoes, +which have been heretofore patented as designs, and to this class +might be added, with great propriety, that class of so-called +"mechanical" patents, granted for mere changes of form, such as +plowshares, fan blowers, propeller blades, and others of like +character.</p> + +<p>When, therefore, my learned predecessor in Crane's case added to +this number a box so designed as to hold with convenience a set of +furs, he did but confirm and not alter the practice of the Office, +so far as it can be gleaned from the patented cases. I am of +opinion that the class of cases named in the act as arising from +"new shape or configuration" includes within it all those mere +changes of form which involve increase of utility. This I take to +be the spirit of the decision in Wooster <i>vs</i>. Crane, 2 Fisher +583. The design was of a reel in the shape of a rhombus. The +learned Judge says "In this case, the reel itself, as an article of +manufacture, is conceded to be old and not the subject of a patent. +The shape applied to it by the complainant is also an old, +well-known mathematical figure. Now although it does not appear +that any person ever before applied this particular shape to this +particular article, I cannot think that the act quoted above was +intended to secure to the complainant an exclusive right to use +this well known figure in the manufacture of reels. The act, +although it does not require utility in order to secure the benefit +of its provisions, does require that the shape produced shall be +the result of industry, effort genius, or expense, and must also, I +think, be held to require that the shape or configuration sought to +be secured shall, at least, be new and original as applied to +articles of manufacture. But here the shape is a common one in many +articles of manufacture, and its application to a reel cannot +fairly be said to be the result of industry, genius, effort, and +expense. No advantage whatever is pretended to be derived from the +adoption of the form selected by the complainant, except the +incidental one of using it as a trademark. Its selection can hardly +be said to be the result of effort even; it was simply an arbitrary +chance selection of one of many well-known shapes, all equally well +adapted to the purpose. To hold that such an application of a +common form can be secured by letters patent, would be giving the +act of 1861 a construction broader than I am willing to give +it"</p> + +<p>It would seem from this language that if there had been +"advantage," that is, utility in the adoption of the form of the +rhombus, that it would have found more favor in the eyes of the +Court.</p> + +<p>This subject has been well discussed in the opinion of +Commissioner Foote in Crane <i>ex parte</i>. I concur in that +opinion, except as to the recital of the former practice of the +Office, which a careful examination has shown to be erroneous.</p> + +<p>The third question may be readily disposed of. Modes of +operation or construction, principles of action, combinations to +secure novelty or utility of movement, or compositions of matter, +can hardly be said to be "shapes, configurations, or designs," but +where the sole utility of the new device arises from its new shape +or configuration, I think it may fairly be included among the +subjects which the act of 1842 was designed to protect.</p> + +<p>The present case may, in view of the foregoing consideration, be +disposed of without difficulty. Letters patent are asked, by +applicant, for a new design for a rubber eraser, which consists in +giving to the eraser a cylindrical body, with ends beveled to an +edge. The claim is for the "cylindrical rubber eraser provided with +a wrapper or case, as herein shown and described"</p> + +<p>In the body of the specification the applicant describes the +mode of making the eraser, and he also enumerates its advantages +over erasers of the ordinary forms.</p> + +<p>The Examiner does not object to the application because of the +utility of the eraser, although the Board of Examiners in Chief +seem to base their decision upon that point alone, but he +pronounces the form already old in its application to artists' +stumps, and he insists that the mode of composition or construction +can form no element, for the claim for a design patent.</p> + +<p>In the latter statement he is undoubtedly right. These patents +are granted solely for new shapes or forms, and the form being new +it is immaterial by what process that form is attained. The +composition of matter or the mode of construction is neither +"design," "shape," nor "configuration," and must be protected, if +at all, under a patent of another kind. I cannot say that the +presence of such matter in the specification would be objectionable +if description merely, but it could in no way be allowed to enter +into, or to modify the claim.</p> + +<p>As to the first ground of rejection, I think the Examiner is in +error. This purports to be a new form or shape of a distinct +article of manufacture, to wit: rubber erasers. If it be new, as +thus applied, it is immaterial whether pencils, or stumps, or pen +holders, or anything else may or may not have been made +cylindrical. If they are not substantially the same article of +manufacture as erasers, the old form applied to this new article is +unquestionably entitled to protection.</p> + +<p>The applicant has not defined his invention with entire +accuracy. He should strike from his claim the words "provided with +a wrapper or case," as those relate to construction and not +configuration, and he should insert the words "having the ends +beveled to an edge" in lieu of the phrase erased, or he should +adopt the usual form of claim for designs, viz: "The design for a +rubber eraser, as shown and described."</p> + +<p>As the claim stands, it ought not to be allowed, and the +decision must be affirmed, but the applicant will be allowed to +amend as suggested.</p> + +<p>(Signed) S.S. FISHER.</p> + +<p>Commissioner of Patents</p> + +<hr> +<p><a name="18"></a></p> + +<h2>Inventions Patented In England by Americans.</h2> + +<h3>[Compiled from the "Journal of the Commissioners of +Patents."]</h3> + +<h3>PROVISIONAL PROTECTION FOR SIX MONTHS.</h3> + +<p>3,201.--SEWING MACHINE.--H.A. House, Bridgeport, Conn. November +4, 1869.</p> + +<p>3,211.--BORING TOOL.--Alexander Allen, New York city. November 5 +1869.</p> + +<p>3,215.--MODE OF AND DEVICES FOE SECURING STAIR RODS.--H. Uhry, +New York city. November 6, 1869.</p> + +<p>3,229.--TRANSPORTATION OF LETTERS, PARCELS, AND OTHER FREIGHT BY +ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE, AND IN APPARATUS CONNECTED THEREWITH.--A. E. +Beach, Stratford, Conn. November 9, 1869.</p> + +<p>3,303.--RELOADING CARTRIDGE SHELL.--R.J. Gatling, Indianapolis, +Ind. November 16, 1869.</p> + +<p>3,342.--WOODEN PAVEMENT.--I. Hayward and J.F. Paul, Boston, +Mass. November 20, 1869.</p> + +<p>3,358.--MACHINERY FOR DISTRIBUTING TYPE.--O.L. Brown, Boston, +Mass. November 20,1869.</p> + +<p>3,219.--WEIGHING MACHINE.--M. Kennedy, New York city. November +10, 1869.</p> + +<p>3,260.--BRAN DUSTER.--W. Huntley and A. Babcock, Silver Creek, +N.Y. November 12, 1869.</p> + +<p>3,339.--RAILWAY CARRIAGE.--E. Robbins, Cincinnati, Ohio. +November 19, 1869.</p> + +<p>3,341.--REVOLVING BATTERY GUN.--R.J. Gatling, Indianapolis, Ind. +Nov. 19, 1869.</p> + +<p>3,360.--SASH FASTENER.--S.L. Loomis, South Byron, N.Y. November +20, 1869.</p> + +<p>3,363.--MAGNETIC MACHINES AND MAGNETS.--J. Burroughs, Jr., +Newark N.J. November 20, 1869.</p> + +<hr> +<p><a name="19"></a></p> + +<h2>Russ' Improved Wood Molding Machine.</h2> + +<p>A comprehensive description of this excellent machine was given +upon page 230, Vol. XVIII., of the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN. We now +present our readers with an engraving of it and a summary of its +important features, which doubtless render it equal if not superior +to any machine of the kind in market. The frame in which the feed +rollers are arranged is so hung to the frame-work of the molding +machine, that it can be raised or lowered at pleasure, in order to +properly adjust the feed rollers for action upon the "stuff," and +it is also so constructed as to permit the feed rollers to yield in +case of variations in the thickness of the "stuff" passing under +them. The spindle of the side cutter-heads is hung in a vertical +frame arranged to be moved up and down, and laterally, to adjust +the cutter-head for action, and is provided at its upper end with a +box or bearing, whereby the bearing of the box is always kept upon +the spindle instead of at different points of the same as in other +machines, and this without interfering with the adjustability of +the side cutter-head. Thus uneven wear is avoided.</p> + +<p class="ctr"><a href="images/6a.png"> +<img src="images/6a_th.jpg" alt="RUSS' MONITOR MOLDING MACHINE."> +</a></p> + +<p class="ctr">RUSS' MONITOR MOLDING MACHINE.</p> + +<p>The bed of the machine is formed with a series of slots or +openings provided with bridge bars so that the cutters may act upon +the edges of the stuff without danger of injury from striking the +bed. The presser shoe is also made adjustable for different +thicknesses of the "stuff" and self-yielding to variations in +thickness, by a peculiar method of hanging the bar, which carries +the presser shoe, to the framework of the machine.</p> + +<p>The clamp which holds the press block which acts upon the +"stuff" after it has passed through the cutter, is of novel +construction, and the spindle of the side cutter-heads is so +arranged in connection with a loose pulley and the pulley-drums, +that both cutter-heads are driven by one belt and in the same +direction.</p> + +<p>The bed plate is provided with springs through which the side +cutter-heads are arranged, to move laterally or transversely with a +bridge-plate or plates, susceptible of adjustment independent of +the cutter-heads, whereby an adjustable support to the "stuff" is +given as it passes over the line of the openings in the bed.</p> + +<p>Most machines have weighted pressure feed, but this having steel +springs adjustable by a screw and hand wheel, a heavy or light +pressure can be applied according to the work done or size of +molding. The cutter-heads are square and slotted so that any style +of molding can be stuck by putting cutters on all sides of the +head, thus equalizing the cost and lessening the power. The +pressure shoe is arranged to hold the "stuff" at the very point of +contact with the cutters, and, as we have shown, is readily +adjusted to a long or short cutter, so that a small molding can be +made as smooth as a large one, and so as not to require any +finishing with sandpaper or a hand tool.</p> + +<p>The machine has also a bevel track very useful for picture frame +molding, and a patent cap of great value for the cutters, and +readily applied to any slotted head or common head. The wrenches +that go with the machine, and the common malleable iron caps for +the top cylinder, are shown in detail. These machines are now +running in Worcester, Boston, and Fitchburg, Mass.; Chicago, Ill.: +Philadelphia, Pa.; Brattleboro, Vt.; Whitesboro, N. Y.; Charleston, +S. C., and other places, and, it is claimed, are capable of doing +better work and more of it than any machine now in use.</p> + +<p>This machine is covered by several patents taken through the +Scientific American Patent Agency. It is manufactured by R. Ball +& Co., of Worcester, Mass, to whom write for further +information.</p> + +<hr> +<p><a name="20"></a></p> + +<h2>A Lost Civilization.</h2> + +<p>At the last regular meeting of the American Geographical and +Statistical Society at its rooms in the Cooper Institute, Professor +Newberry, of Columbia College, delivered an address on the subject +of his explorations in Utah and Arizona Territories. The speaker +commenced by giving a short history of the circumstances under +which the two government expeditions to which he was attached were +organized. He then confined his remarks to the subject of the +latter expedition, no account of which has yet been published. Its +aim was principally to explore the region embraced by what is known +as the old Spanish trail from Santa Fe to California. After giving +an interesting account of the topography of the region traversed, +he proceeded to speak of the traces which were found on every hand +of a former occupancy by a numerous population now extinct. These +were most numerous near the course of the San Juan river. There +were found ruins of immense structures, a view of one of which he +exhibited, built regularly of bricks, a foot in thickness, and +about eighteen inches in length, with the joints properly broken, +and as regularly laid and as smooth as any in a Fifth Avenue +mansion. This structure he said was as large as the Croton +reservoir. Inside were rooms nicely plastered as the walls of a +modern house. There were also traces of extensive canals, which had +been constructed to bring water to these towns, which were received +into large cisterns. The lecturer also exhibited pieces of pottery +which he said abounded everywhere, showing that in a former age all +this vast region had been inhabited. He gave it as his opinion that +the depopulation of this region was attributable to the fact that +both to the north and the south were warlike hordes, and from the +incursions of one and the other of these, the peaceable Aztecs, who +had been the former denizens of the country, had been gradually +wiped out. The only people left here now were the Mokies, who lived +in towns inclosed within high, thick walls, and who were almost +inaccessible. These people were visited, and the explorers were +received by them with great hospitality. The speaker concluded by +giving a short account of the manners of the people and their +customs, as far as an opportunity was had to observe them.</p> + +<hr> +<p><a name="21"></a></p> + +<h2>GIRARD'S "PALIER GLISSANT."</h2> + +<p>The term "<i>palier glissant</i>," which does not admit of being +very happily translated into an English term of equal brevity, is +the name given by the inventor, Mr. Girard, to a frictionless +support, or socket, designed to sustain the axes of heavy wheels in +machinery. Since it is a contrivance deriving its efficacy from +hydraulic pressure, it may, without impropriety, be considered +here. The friction of axles in their supports is the occasion of a +considerable loss of power in every machine.</p> + +<p class="ctr"><img src="images/6b.png" alt=""></p> + +<p>The loss of power itself, though a real disadvantage, is +nevertheless a matter of secondary consequence compared with the +attendant elevation of temperature, which, were not means carefully +provided for reducing friction to the lowest point possible, might +soon be so great as to arrest the operation of the machine itself. +It was stated in a public lecture delivered in May, 1867, before +the Scientific Association of France, that, in a certain instance +within the lecturer's knowledge, the screw shaft of a French naval +propeller became absolutely welded to its support, though +surrounded by the water of the sea, in consequence of the great +heat developed by its revolution.</p> + +<p>The ordinary means of reducing friction is to apply oil, or some +other unctuous substance, to the parts which move upon each other. +Some disadvantages attend this expedient, but till a better is +suggested they have to be endured. The cost of the oil expended in +maintaining in proper condition the axles of the machinery in a +foundery, or of the rolling stock of a railroad, amounts to a large +sum annually; while the want of neatness which its use makes, to a +certain extent, inevitable, and the labor which must be constantly +employed to prevent this want of neatness from becoming much +greater than it is, are serious items to be set off against its +positive usefulness.</p> + +<p>The object of Mr. Girard is to get rid of all these drawbacks by +the simple expedient of substituting water for oil. It would not +avail to apply water precisely as oil is applied. Though any one's +experience may tell him that two smooth pieces of metal will slide +more smoothly on each other when they are wet than when they are +dry, yet every one knows also that oil facilitates the movement +much more perceptibly than water; and also, that in the case of oil +there is no difficulty in maintaining the lubricating film, whereas +water easily evaporates, and in case of the accident of even a +moderate elevation of temperature, it would be expelled from the +joint entirely. Mr. Girard proposes, therefore, to employ the water +to act, first, by its pressure, to lift the Journal to be +lubricated; and secondly, by its fluidity, to form a liquid bed or +cushion between the journal and its box, on which the journal may +rest in its revolution, without touching the metal of the box at +all.</p> + +<p>The construction will be understood by referring to the figure. +One of the journals is represented as removed, and in the +cylindrical surface of the socket are seen grooves occupying a +considerable part of the area exposed. These grooves communicate, +by an aperture in the middle, with a tube which is represented +externally, and which sends a branch to the other journal, through +which water under a heavy pressure is introduced into the box +beneath the journal. The effect of the hydraulic pressure is to +lift the axle, opening a passage for the escape of the compressed +water, which at the same time, because of its release from +compression, loses the power to sustain the weight. If, therefore, +by the first impulse, the axle is thrown upward to any sensible +distance, it will immediately fall back again, once more confining +more or less completely the water. After one or two oscillations, +therefore, the axle will settle itself at length in a position in +which, while the water will escape, it will escape but as a film of +inappreciable thickness. In this condition the journal turns upon a +liquid bed, and the resistance to its revolution is so excessively +small that a slow rotation given by hand to a wheel sustained by it +will be maintained for many minutes without perceptible +retardation. In fact, the most striking illustration which can be +given of the immense superiority of the <i>palier glissant</i> over +a support lubricated in in any other way, is furnished by placing +two precisely similar wheels or disks side by side, weighing five +or six pounds each, with a diameter of seven or eight inches, and +journals of half an inch in diameter; one of them furnished with +<i>paliers glissants</i>, and the other with boxes lubricated with +fine oil. Give each of them a velocity of rotation of about one +revolution in a second; the one lubricated with oil will come to +rest before the other begins to give evidence of any sensible +retardation; but if at any moment the stop-cock which supplies the +water to the second be turned, this one will also stop, and its +stopping will be instantaneous.</p> + +<p>It might be supposed that a journal supported in the manner +above described would be unsteady and liable to injurious +vibrations. This is not the case, and it is easy to see why not. +When the journal is truly in the middle of the socket, that is to +say when there is an equal distance between it and the wall of the +socket on either side, it will be equally pressed from both sides. +But if it is in the least displaced laterally, the pressure on the +side toward which it moves will instantly increase, while that on +the other side will correspondingly diminish: both causes +transpiring to resist the displacement, and to maintain the journal +in the position of true equilibrium.</p> + +<p>The water pressure by which these "slippery supports" are +supplied must be created by a force pump worked by the machine +itself. The reservoir need not be large as the expenditure of water +is very minute in volume. To the objection which may naturally be +made, that the working of the pump must be a tax on the motive +power without return, a reply at once simple and satisfactory is +found in the experience of Mr. Girard, that the working of the pump +does not consume so much as half, and sometimes not more than one +one quarter, of the power which is lost in friction when the +ordinary modes of lubrication are employed; so that by the adoption +of this expedient the available power of the machine is very +sensibly increased after deducting all that is expended in the +performance of this additional work.</p> + +<hr> +<p>BEES BENEFICIAL TO FRUIT.--Dr. A. Packard, editor of the +<i>American Naturalist</i>, replies to a query in regard to the +effects produced upon fruit by the agency of honey bees, that all +the evidence given by botanists and zoologists who have specially +studied the subject, shows that bees improve the quality and tend +to increase the quantity of fruit. They aid in the fertilization of +flowers, thus preventing the occurrence of sterile flowers, and, by +more thoroughly fertilizing flowers already perfect, render the +production of sound and well developed fruit more sure. Many +botanists think if it were not for bees, and other insects, many +plants would not bear fruit at all.</p> + +<hr> +<p>Steamboats on the American plan are to be introduced on Lake +Geneva, Switzerland. This will add very greatly to the comfort and +pleasure of tourists on that beautiful lake.</p> + +<hr> +<h2>SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN</h2> + +<h3>MUNN & COMPANY, Editors and Proprietors.</h3> + +<p>PUBLISHED WEEKLY AT NO. 37 PARK ROW (PARK BUILDING), NEW +YORK.</p> + +<p>O.D. MUNN. S.H. WALES. A.E. BEACH.</p> + +<hr> +<p>"The American News Company," Agents, 121 Nassau street, New +York</p> + +<p>"The New York News Company," 8 Spruce street</p> + +<hr> +<p>VOL. XVII., No. 1....[NEW SERIES.]....<i>Twenty-fifth +Year</i>.</p> + +<p>NEW YORK, SATURDAY, JANUARY, 1, 1870.</p> + +<hr> +<p><a name="22"></a></p> + +<h2>A HAPPY NEW YEAR!</h2> + +<p>Is the heartfelt wish conveyed in this beautiful and unusually +large number, to each and all of our friends and readers This +holiday number is worthy of note not only on account of its size, +its rich table of contents, and profuse illustrations, but because +we publish this week the largest edition ever sent out from this +office.</p> + +<p>Our readers may be surprised at our publishing the title page of +the volume again this week but they will please observe it is the +title page of Vol XXII, which we are now commencing The title pages +will hereafter be published with the first instead of the last +number of each volume, so as to bring it in its proper place for +binding.</p> + +<p>Subscriptions are pouring in from all parts of the country in +the most encouraging manner. Many have already secured the prize +engraving, by sending in the requisite number of names-but we feel +obliged to confess that there is now a considerable want of +vitality in the competition for the cash prizes. We expect however, +that as soon as the new year's greetings are fairly exchanged, that +this opportunity to receive some purse money will attract the +attention of our enterprising readers The times may be a little +close just now, but we are confident that the spring will open +joyously, and we are quite sure that the people will still want to +know what is going on in the GREAT WORLD OF INDUSTRY, which, it +will be our duty to chronicle.</p> + +<p>All lists intended to compete for the cash premium must be +marked "Cash prize list."</p> + +<p>Once more we say a "Happy New Year" to all.</p> + +<hr> +<p><a name="23"></a></p> + +<h2>THE SUEZ CANAL NOT YET A FAILURE.</h2> + +<p>The daily press is giving currency to a great many facts in +regard to the present incomplete condition of the Suez Canal, and +some journals are arguing therefrom that it is a failure. As yet, +ships of heavy draft are unable to get through it. Some disasters +to shipping have occurred in the Red Sea after the canal has been +passed, and it is not at all improbable that more troubles will +arise before everything goes smoothly.</p> + +<p>The Red Sea is comparatively unknown to navigators. It contains +hidden rocks which must be charted and buoyed before its navigation +can be rendered safe. Surely this ought not to take the world by +surprise. As to the canal itself, we are only surprised that it has +reached its present state of perfection and we advise those who now +make haste to prophesy ignominious defeat for one of the greatest +enterprises of the century, to suspend judgment for a time. New +York journalists might certainly call to mind with profit, the +annual troubles attending the opening of the canals in this State. +Frosts heave and rats undermine, and banks annually give way, yet +these things are not regarded as surprising. But upon the opening +of a work, to which all the minor canals in the world are like the +rods of the magicians to Aaron's rod which swallowed them up, it is +expected that everything shall move without difficulty, and that no +oversight will have been committed. Truly this would be to +attribute a power of prevision to M. Lesseps beyond what is human. +The world can afford to wait a little till this huge machine gets +oiled. Great enterprises move slow at the outset. We have yet +unshaken faith in the ultimate success of the Suez Canal.</p> + +<hr> +<p><a name="24"></a></p> + +<h2>TUBULAR BOILERS AND BOILER EXPLOSIONS.</h2> + +<p>In our description of the novel steam boiler, published on page +209, last volume, we made a quotation from several eminent writers +and experimenters on the subjects of heat and steam, to the effect +that the tubular system in steam boilers was wrong in theory and +unsafe in practice, and although this system has hitherto been +extensively used on account of some advantages which it secures, it +has long been a serious question with thinking men whether these +advantages were not obtained at too dear a rate.</p> + +<p>While not prepared to admit all the force of the objections made +to the tubular system, there are arguments against it that it will +not do to treat lightly and which seem to us more and more forcible +the more we candidly reflect upon the subject. One of the most +forcible of these which occurs to us is, that in the tubular system +the disruptive force of unequal expansion is far more likely to +become a cause of danger than in the plain cylinder boiler. In such +boilers the tension of expanded tubes is transmitted to the shell, +which are greatly strained without doubt, often nearly to the verge +of rupture. When this occurs it is evident an unusual strain, +caused by sudden generation of steam, would act in concert with the +expansion of the tubes, and we have no doubt these causes combined +have given rise to many an explosion when the steam, acting singly, +could never have produced rupture.</p> + +<p>But while we give due weight to this argument, there is one +often referred to by our correspondents, and which we often see +stated in newspapers, as ridiculous as the one we have noticed is +forcible. It is that when, in such boilers, water, by carelessness +or otherwise, is allowed to fall below any of the tubes, the steam +which surrounds them is decomposed, and becomes an explosive +mixture of hydrogen and oxygen gases, ready to explode with +terrible violence whenever the temperature of the tubes shall have +reached the proper point.</p> + +<p>This argument is ridiculous, because it rests on no experimental +basis. It is a flimsy theory, entirely unsupported by any facts. +Never has it been proved that hot iron, at any temperature likely +to be obtained in steam boiler tubes, decomposes steam except by +itself appropriating the oxygen of the steam, and leaving the +hydrogen, by itself no more explosive than any other heated +gas.</p> + +<p>The sole object of the tubular boiler is to increase the heating +surface, without corresponding increase in other particulars. That +it is not the only means whereby this object can be secured has +already been demonstrated and we believe will hereafter be shown in +divers ways. We have no more doubt that the next fifty years will +witness the total abandonment of the tubular system, than we have +that the world will last that length of time.</p> + +<hr> +<p><a name="29"></a></p> + +<h2>AMERICAN RAILWAY MANAGEMENT.</h2> + +<p>There seems a growing opinion among railway managers that the +sole end and purpose of a railroad is to line the 6 pockets of, if +not its stockholders, at least its directors. In fact we not long +since saw a statement in a widely-circulated journal, that, as the +sole purpose of railroads is that the companies who own them should +make money, it is absurd to suppose they would be content to manage +them in any way whereby such a result would not be most likely to +accrue.</p> + +<p>The journal referred to, in making this statement a basis for an +argument in favor of railway consolidation, entirely ignored the +rights of the public from which railway corporations have obtained +their charters. In these charters certain privileges were granted, +not out of pure generosity, but with the understanding that certain +benefits were to accrue to the public. Its safety and convenience +were to be considered as well as the profits to the owners.</p> + +<p>Every charter granted to these roads involves a contract on +their part to do the public a certain service, and in a large +majority of cases these contracts are to-day unfulfilled. Day after +day sees the power to control more and more centered in a few +unscrupulous wily managers, and the comfort and safety of +passengers more and more disregarded; yet still the people +submit.</p> + +<p>But they do not submit without complaint. Now and then a +newspaper correspondent grumbles, and the news of smashes that may +be almost daily seen in the papers gives a text for an occasional +editorial blast, as little heeded by the delinquent companies, as a +zephyr is felt by an oak.</p> + +<p>Thus the New York <i>Times</i>, on the occasion of a recent +railway disaster, gives vent to a little mild denunciation. It +says:</p> + +<p>"The general rule in this country (to which there are indeed +exceptions) in regard to the purchase of railway materials is +simply this: buy the cheapest. First cost is the controlling and +often the only question entertained. The nature of the materials +and processes to be used in the manufacture of rails, for instance, +are not mentioned. The buyers for some of our roads, especially new +roads, never make the slightest allusion to quality, and never +specify tests and inspections, but simply go about among the mills, +comparing and beating down prices, and accepting the very lowest. +More than one of our rail makers are to-day rolling, under protest, +rails upon which they decline to put their trade-mark--rails made +from the very cheapest materials, in the very meanest manner--for +all that is required is that they shall stick together till they +are laid. And if American makers will not roll them, Welsh makers +will. The late report of the State Engineer of New York says: +'American railway managers, instead of offering anything like a +reasonable price for good iron rails, have made themselves +notorious by establishing as standard, a brand of rails known all +over the world as "American rails," which are confessedly bought +and sold as the weakest, most impure, least worked, least durable, +and cheapest rails that can be produced.' The State Engineer +refers, in confirmation of this opinion, to the statement of Mr. +A.S. Hewitt, United States Commissioner to the Paris Exposition, a +statement not yet controverted; and to a statement of Mr. Sandberg, +an English engineer of note, in the London <i>Times</i>. A leading +American railway president and reformer has publicly said: 'There +is a fear on my part that railway companies will themselves tempt +steel makers to send a poor article by buying the cheapest--first +cost only considered--<i>as they did with the +ironmasters</i>.'"</p> + +<p>This certainly is a blessed state of affairs. We have given +privileges to giant corporations, which they have improved so +profitably, that they now can defeat, in our Legislatures, any +attempt to revoke them, and can laugh at any demand for better +management.</p> + +<p>Disguise it how we may, the railroads have got the upper hand of +the people, and they seem likely to keep it, unless, indeed, their +rapacity shall react against themselves.</p> + +<p>At the moment of this writing accounts reach us of the officers +of a prominent railway line intrenching themselves against the +officers of the law, and employing force to resist the service of +precepts calling them to account for alleged frauds upon the +stockholders.</p> + +<p>That the Legislature of this State has the power to put a stop +to these disgraceful proceedings, is certain; what it will do +remains to be demonstrated.</p> + +<hr> +<p><a name="27"></a></p> + +<h2>THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE PRIZES AWARDED TO STEAM ENGINES.</h2> + +<p>If there is anybody satisfied with the action of the managers of +the American Institute, in the matter of awarding prizes to the +competing engines exhibited at the recent fair, we have yet to meet +that complacent individual. Neither the exhibitors nor the general +public could be expected to accept with equanimity such a report as +the managers have made, because it is inadequate to give any real +idea of the relative merits of the engines tested. The exhibitors, +at a large expense, took their engines to the hall of exhibition, +placed them in position, and with them drove the machinery +exhibited there; and now, when in return they had a right to expect +a decided, manly course on the part of the managers, the oyster is +swallowed and the contestants are each politely handed a shell.</p> + +<p>The conditions on which the general test was to be made +contained, among other specifications, these: that "the water +supplied to and evaporated in the boiler will be measured by means +of a meter, and the coal burned may also be weighed."</p> + +<p>Only one of the conditions quoted was properly complied with. +The coal was weighed, but though a meter was used to measure the +water, tests made, we are informed, <i>after the trial of the +engines</i>, showed that the meter was so inaccurate as to +completely invalidate any calculation based upon its record of the +water supplied. Nevertheless this has, we are credibly informed, +been made the basis of calculation; and the amount of coal consumed +during each trial has been rejected either as a basis of +calculation or a check on the inaccuracy of the meter.</p> + +<p>Other prescribed regulations were observed with great care. The +engines were indicated in a masterly manner by a gentleman of great +experience, as the cards--tracings of which we have seen--bear +ample testimony. The temperature of the feedwater was 47 degrees; +it should, in our opinion, have been heated, but we waive this +point. The state of the barometer and temperatures of engine room +and fire-room were observed; but we respectfully submit, that with +coal consumption left out of the calculation, and the water +consumption an unascertained quantity, the question of relative +economy, the vital point to be settled, is as uncertain today as it +was before the test.</p> + +<p>In the <i>Tribune</i> of December 20, appeared a statement of +the test to ascertain the accuracy of the meter used, which showed +that in an aggregate of twelve tests it varied nearly three per +cent in its record from the actual quantity delivered, while at +times it was so erratic that it varied in one instance over <i>ten +per cent</i>.</p> + +<p>Truly, considered in connection with this fundamental error, +temperatures of engine and boiler rooms, and states of barometer, +will not count for much with engineers.</p> + +<p>An oversight like this would, however, never have been laid at +the door of the managers, however it might invalidate the test; but +when the utterly absurd decision announced in the papers, after a +tedious delay had led the public to expect an exhaustive statement, +gave rise to general disappointment and excited the utmost +dissatisfaction, it became manifest that a manly, straightforward +course on their part was not to be hoped for, and that any protest +against the consummation of the farce would be vain.</p> + +<p>It is not for us to decide on the merits of the engines +submitted to test. It was for the judges to do this. We maintain +that nothing that the public will accept as a decision has been +reached, and on behalf of the public we protest that the managers +have not only placed themselves in a very unenviable position by +their action in the premises, but have done a lasting injury to the +American Institute, the results of which will be disastrously felt +in future exhibitions.</p> + +<p>The studied ambiguity of the report which awards two first +prizes to the competing engines, is no less apparent than the +desire to shun responsibility.</p> + +<hr> +<p><a name="28"></a></p> + +<h2>A PROTEST AGAINST THE CANADIAN PATENT LAW.</h2> + +<p>In July, 1869, the New Dominion Patent Law went into operation, +but it has not yet been approved by the Queen, and if rejected the +Canadian Parliament will perhaps try its hand again. Although +Canadians may freely go to all parts of the world and take out +patents for their inventions, they have always manifested a mean +spirit and adopted a narrow policy, in reference to inventors of +other nations. Their present patent laws are so framed as +practically to debar all persons except Canadians from taking +patents; and the result is that American and English inventions are +pirated and patented in the Dominion, without so much as a "thank +you, sir," to the <i>bona fide</i> originators.</p> + +<p>A protest has been presented to her Majesty's Secretary of State +for the Colonies, asking that the new law may be rejected, on the +ground that it deprives the subjects of the Crown of their equal +rights throughout the empire. There is force in this objection, and +Lord Granville has promised that it shall be duly considered before +the Queen is advised to sign the law.</p> + +<p>The probable result will be a revision of the Dominion patent +code so as to let in Englishmen but exclude the Yankees, from whom +the Canadians derive whatever of improvement, progress, and energy +they possess.</p> + +<hr> +<p><a name="26"></a></p> + +<h2>THE BRIGHTER SIDE.</h2> + +<p>Ingratitude seldom enters into the composition of a true +inventor, and nothing in our business career has afforded us more +pleasure than the frequent letters addressed to us by those who +have, during more than twenty years, employed the Scientific +American Patent Agency. We cannot find room for all the pleasant +missives that come to us from our extensive list of clients, but we +may give a few as samples of the many.</p> + +<p>Mr. Daniel J. Gale, of Sheboygan, Wis., has recently secured +through our Agency Letters Patent for a "Perpetual and Lunar +Calendar Clock." In the fullness of his satisfaction he thus +writes: "The fact is, I shall never be able to thank you +sufficiently for what you have done for me. I sent you a copy of +the paper printed here, which favorably notices my improvement and +your great Agency. The fees charged me for my patent have been low +enough. Already, by one of my own townsmen, I have been offered +$4,000 for my interest in the patent. But I must not take up too +much of your I time. Please allow me to add that I regularly +receive your valuable paper, the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, and that you +may number me as one of its stanch friends."</p> + +<p>Mr. Edwin Norton, of Brooklyn, N.Y., in a recent note, says: +"Allow me to express my thanks for the promptness and efficiency +with which the business of obtaining a patent for my 'Cinder and +Dust Arrester' has been conducted through your Agency--and not only +in this case but in several previous ones. This is the +<i>fourth</i> patent obtained by me through four Agency within nine +months. It gives me pleasure to add my testimony to that of many +others, with respect to the very satisfactory manner in which your +Patent Agency is conducted."</p> + +<p>Mr. E. J. Marstens says, in reference to his improved "Field +Press"--"I find everything correct. You certainly accomplished more +than I expected after the first examination by the Primary +Examiner. I hope soon to be able to give you another case."</p> + +<p>Mr. S. P. Williams, an old client, writes as follows: "I +received the patent on my 'Trace Lock for Whiffletrees,' and I am +truly pleased with the prompt manner in which you have done the +business. It is only a few weeks since I made the application, and +I expected that it would be as many months before the patent could +be granted."</p> + +<hr> +<p><a name="25"></a></p> + +<h2>PROFESSOR FISKE'S LECTURES AT HARVARD.</h2> + +<p>It certainly argues well for the intellectual character of the +readers of the New York <i>World</i> that during the prevalent +taste for sensational journalism, it has found the publication of a +series of philosophical lectures acceptable. We thank our neighbor +for thus making these lectures available to the general public. +Their ability is unquestionable; and the calmness and candor which +Professor Fiske brings to the treatment of the subject is such as +to add greatly to the force of his logic.</p> + +<p>The "positive philosophy" has been shown by Professor Fiske to +be much misunderstood, misapprehension not being confined solely to +the ranks of its opponents.</p> + +<p>His exposition of some of the misconceptions on which Professor +Huxley has based some criticisms upon the writings of Comte, +strikes us as especially forcible; and the whole course of lectures +proves Professor Fiske to be one of the clearest and most able of +American thinkers.</p> + +<p>These lectures are followed as they appear, with great interest, +and their publication in the World we regard as a real and +permanent benefit to the public.</p> + +<hr> +<p><a name="30"></a></p> + +<h2>SCIENTIFIC LECTURES BEFORE THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE.</h2> + +<p>The announcement of these lectures came to hand too late for our +last issue, and the first has already been delivered. The course is +as follows: Friday, Dec. 17, The Battle Fields of Science, by +Andrew D. White, President of the Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y. +Friday, Dec. 24, How Animals Move, by Professor E. S. Morse, of the +Peabody Academy of Science, Salem, Mass. Friday, Dec. 31, The +Correlation of Vital and Physical Forces, by Professor G. F. +Barker, of Yale College, New Haven. Friday, Jan. 7, The Air and +Respiration, by Professor J. C. Draper, of the College of the City +of New York. Friday, Jan. 14, The Connection of Natural Science and +Mental Philosophy, by Professor J. Bascom, of Williams College, +Williamstown, Mass. Friday, Jan. 21, The Constitution of the Sun, +by Dr. B. A. Gould, of Cambridge, Mass. Friday, Jan. 28, The +Colorado Plateau, its Canons and Ruined Cities, by Professor J. S. +Newberry, of Columbia College, New York.</p> + +<p>The course is a good one, and ought to be, and doubtless will +be, well attended. Abstracts of the lectures will appear as +delivered, in the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN.</p> + +<hr> +<p><a name="31"></a></p> + +<h2>THE BATTLE FIELDS OF SCIENCE.</h2> + +<h3>LECTURE BY PROFESSOR WHITE, BEFORE THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE.</h3> + +<p>This lecture did not disappoint the expectations of those +familiar with the subject of the discourse, which, considering the +difficulty of restating familiar historical facts in such a manner +as to clothe them in a garb of originality, is high praise. Many, +however, found great difficulty in hearing the speaker at the back +part of the hall, and some left the room on that account. This was +unfortunate, as the lecture will scarcely be exceeded in interest +by any subsequent one of the course. The speaker said that "In all +modern history, interference with science in the supposed interest +of religion--no matter how conscientious such interference may have +been--has resulted in the direst evils both to religion and +science, and <i>invariably</i>. And on the other hand all +untrammeled scientific investigation, no matter how dangerous to +religion some of its stages may have seemed, temporarily, to be, +has invariably resulted in the highest good of religion and +science. I say <i>invariably</i>--I mean exactly that. It is a rule +to which history shows not one exception. It would seem, logically, +that this statement could not be gainsaid. God's truth must agree, +whether discovered by looking within upon the soul or without upon +the world. A truth written upon the human heart to-day in its full +play of emotions or passions, cannot be at any real variance even +with a truth written upon a fossil whose poor life was gone +millions of years ago. And this being so, it would also seem a +truth irrefragable; that the search for each of these kind of +truths must be followed out in its own lines, by its own methods, +to its own results, without any interference from investigators +along other lines by other methods. And it would also seem +logically that we might work on in absolute confidence that +whatever, at any moment, might seem to be the relative positions of +the two different bands of workers, they must at last come +together, for truth is one. But logic is not history. History is +full of interferences which have cost the earth dear. Strangest of +all, some of the most direful of them have been made by the best of +men, actuated by the purest motives, seeking the noblest results. +These interferences and the struggle against them make up the +warfare of science. One statement more to clear the ground. You +will not understand me at all to say that religion has done nothing +for science. It has done much for it. The work of Christianity has +been mighty indeed. Through these 2,000 years it has undermined +servitude, mitigated tyranny, given hope to the hopeless, comfort +to the afflicted, light to the blind, bread to the starving, life +to the dying, and all this work continues. And its work for +science, too, has been great. It has fostered science often and +developed it. It has given great minds to it, and but for the fears +of the timid its record in this respect would have been as great as +in the other. Unfortunately, religious men started centuries ago +with the idea that purely scientific investigation is unsafe--that +theology must intervene. So began this great modern war."</p> + +<p>Professor White next reviewed the battle between science and +theology on the subjects of the "earth's shape, surface, and +relations," "the position of the earth among the heavenly bodies," +in which Copernicus and Galileo struggled so bravely and +successfully for truth.</p> + +<p>The lecturer said:</p> + +<p>"The principal weapons in the combat are worth examining. They +are very easily examined; you may pick them up on any of the +battle-fields of science; but on that field they were used with +more effect than on almost any other. These weapons were two +epithets--the epithets 'Infidel' and 'Atheist.' These can hardly be +classed with civilized weapons; they are burning arrows; they set +fire to great masses of popular prejudices. Smoke rises to obscure +the real questions. Fire bursts out at times to destroy the +attacked party. They are poisoned weapons. They go to the heart of +loving women; they alienate dear children; they injure the man +after life is ended, for they leave poisoned wounds in the hearts +of those who loved him best--fears for his eternal happiness, dread +of the Divine displeasure. The battle-fields of science are thickly +strewn with these. They have been used against almost every man who +has ever done anything for his fellow-men. The list of those who +have been denounced as Infidel and Atheist includes almost all +great men of science--general scholars, inventors, philanthropists. +The deepest Christian life, the most noble Christian character has +not availed to shield combatants. Christians like Isaac Newton and +Pascal, and John Locke and John Howard, have had these weapons +hurled against them. Nay, in these very times we have seen a noted +champion hurl these weapons against John Milton, and with it +another missile which often appears on these battle-fields--the +epithets of 'blasphemer' and 'hater of the Lord.' Of course, in +these days these weapons though often effective in disturbing the +ease of good men and though often powerful in scaring women, are +somewhat blunted. Indeed, they do not infrequently injure +assailants more than assailed. So it was not in the days of +Galileo. These weapons were then in all their sharpness and venom. +The first champion who appears against him is Bellarmine, one of +the greatest of theologians and one of the poorest of scientists. +He was earnest, sincere, learned, but made the fearful mistake for +the world of applying direct literal interpretation of Scripture to +science. The consequences were sad, indeed. Could he with his vast +powers have taken a different course, humanity would have been +spared the long and fearful war which ensued, and religion would +have saved to herself thousands on thousands of the best and +brightest men in after ages. The weapons, which men of Bellarmine's +stamp used, were theological. They held up before the world the +dreadful consequences which must result to Christian theology were +the doctrine to prevail that the heavenly bodies revolve about the +sun, and not about the earth.</p> + +<p>"The next great series of battles were fought on those great +fields occupied by such sciences as <i>Chemistry and Natural +Philosophy</i>. Even before these sciences were out of their +childhood--while yet they were tottering mainly towards, childish +objects and by childish steps--the champions of that same old +mistaken conception of rigid Scriptural interpretation began the +war. The catalogue of chemists and physicists persecuted or +thwarted would fill volumes."</p> + +<p>After alluding to many other battle-fields of science which +might not for want of time be dwelt upon at length the lecturer +reviewed the battle grounds of medicine and anatomy on which some +of the severest warfare has been waged.</p> + +<p>The speaker here remarked that "perhaps the most unfortunate +thing that has ever been done for Christianity is the tying it to +forms of science and systems of education, which are doomed and +gradually sinking. Just as in the time of Roger Bacon excellent but +mistaken men devoted all their energies to binding Christianity to +Aristotle. Just as in the time of Reuchlin and Erasmus they +insisted on binding Christianity to Thomas Aquinas, so in the time +of Vesalius such men gave all efforts to linking Christianity to +Galen. The cry has been the same in all ages. It is the same which +we hear in this age against scientific studies--the cry for what is +called '<i>sound learning</i>.' Whether standing for Aristotle +against Bacon, or Aquinas against Erasmus, or Galen against +Vesalius, or making mechanical Greek verses at Eton, instead of +studying the handiwork of the Almighty, or reading Euripides with +translations instead of Leasing and Goethe in the original, the cry +always is for 'sound learning.' The idea always is that these +studies are <i>safe</i>."</p> + +<p>The speaker next proceeded to show that not alone in Catholic +countries, has such warfare been waged, and that even now in +Protestant America the fight is going on.</p> + +<p>One of the fields on which the severest warfare had raged in +Protestant countries was that of Geology. "From the first lispings +of investigators in this science there was war. The early sound +doctrine was that fossil remains were <i>lusus naturae</i>--freaks +of nature--and in 1517 Fracastor was violently attacked because he +thought them something more. No less a man than Bernard Palissy +followed up the contest, on the right side, in France, but it +required 150 years to carry the day fairly against this single +preposterous theory. The champion who dealt it the deadly blow was +Scilla, and his weapons were facts obtained by examination of the +fossils of Calabria, (1670). But the advocates of tampering with +scientific reasoning soon retired to a now position. It was strong, +for it was apparently based upon Scripture--though, as the whole +world now knows, an utterly exploded interpretation of Scripture. +The new position was that the fossils were produced by the deluge +of Noah. In vain had it been shown by such devoted Christians as +Bernard Palissy that this theory was utterly untenable; in vain did +good men protest against the injury sure to result to religion by +tying it to a scientific theory sure to be exploded--the doctrine +that the fossils were remains of animals drowned at the flood +continued to be upheld by the great majority as '<i>sound</i>' +doctrine. It took 120 year for the searchers of God's truth, as +revealed in nature--such men as Buffon, Linnaeus, Woodward, and +Whitehurst--to run under these mighty fabrics of error, and by +statements which could not be resisted, to explode them.</p> + +<p>"Strange as it may at first seem, the war on geology was waged +more fiercely in Protestant countries than Catholic, and of all +countries England furnished the most bitter opponents. You have +noted already that there are generally two sorts of attacks on a +new science. First, there is the attack by pitting against science +some great doctrine in theology. You saw this in astronomy, when +Bellarmine and others insisted that the doctrine of the earth's +revolving about the sun is contrary to the doctrine of the +Incarnation. So now against geology it was urged that the +scientific doctrine that the fossils represented animals which died +before Adam was contrary to the doctrine of Adam's fall, and that +death entered the world by sin. Then there is the attack by the +literal interpretation of texts, which serves a better purpose +generally in arousing prejudice. It is difficult to realize it now, +but within the memory of the majority of those before me, the +battle was raging most fiercely in England, and both these kinds of +artillery were in full play and filling the civilized world with +their roar. Less than thirty years ago, the Rev. J. Mellor Brown +was hurling at all geologists alike, and especially at such +Christian divines as Dr. Burkland, Dean Conybeare, and Pye Smith, +and such religious scholars as Professor Sedgwick, the epithets of +'Infidel,' 'Impugner of the Sacred Record,' and 'Assailant of the +Volume of God.' His favorite weapon was the charge that these men +were 'attacking the Truth of God,' forgetting that they were simply +opposing the mistaken interpretations of J. Mellor Brown. He +declared geology 'not a subject of lawful inquiry;' he speaks of it +as 'a dark art,' as 'dangerous and disreputable,' as a 'forbidden +province.' This attempt to scare men from science having failed, +various other means were taken.</p> + +<p>"To say nothing about England, it is humiliating to human nature +to remember the trials to which the pettiest and narrowest of men +subjected such Christian scholars in our country as Benjamin +Silliman and Edward Hitchcock. But it is a duty and a pleasure to +state here that one great Christian scholar did honor to religion +and to himself by standing up for the claims of science despite all +these clamors. That man was Nicholas Wiseman, better known +afterward as Cardinal Wiseman. The conduct of this pillar of the +Roman Catholic Church contrasts nobly with that of timid +Protestants who were filling England with shrieks and +denunciations. Perhaps the most singular attempt against geology +was that made by a fine specimen of the English Don, Dean Cockburn +of York, to <i>abuse</i> its champions out of the field. Without +apparently the simplest elementary knowledge of geology, he opened +a battery of abuse. He gives it to the world at large by pulpit and +press; he even inflicts it upon leading statesmen by private +letters. But these weapons did not succeed. They were like Chinese +gongs and dragon lanterns against rifled cannon. Buckland, Pye +Smith, Lyell, Silliman, Hitchcock, Murchison, Agassiz, Dana, and a +host of of noble champions besides, pressed on the battle for truth +was won. And was it won merely for men of science? The whole +civilized world declares that it was won for religion; that thereby +has infinitely increased the knowledge of the power and goodness of +God."</p> + +<p>The lecturer classed the present opposition of the Catholics to +the Free School system in this country among the long list of +battles between science and theology and concluded his lecture as +follows:</p> + +<p>"But, my friends, I will not weary you with so recent a chapter +in the history of the great warfare extending through the +centuries. There are cheering omens. The greatest and best men in +the churches--the men standing at centers of thought--are insisting +with power, more and more, that religion shall no longer be tied to +so injurious a policy--that searchers for truth, whether in +Theology or Natural Science, shall work on as friends, sure that, +no matter how much at variance they may at times seem to be, the +truths they reach shall finally be fused into each other. No one +need fear the result. No matter whether science shall complete her +demonstration that man has been on the earth six thousand years or +six hundred thousand. No matter whether she reveal new ideas of the +Creator or startling relations between his creatures--the result, +when fully thought out, will serve and strengthen religion not less +than science. The very finger of the Almighty has written on +history that science must be studied by means proper to itself, and +in no other way. That history is before us all. No one can gainsay +it. It is decisive, for it is this: There has never been a +scientific theory framed for the use of Scriptural texts, which has +been made to stand. This fact alone shows that our wonderful volume +of sacred literature was not given for any such purpose as that to +which so many earnest men have endeavored to wrest it. The power of +that volume has been mighty indeed. It has inspired the best deeds +our world has known. Despite the crusts which men have formed about +it--despite the fetters which they have placed upon +it--Christianity has blessed age after age of the past, and will go +on as a blessing through age after age of the future. Let the +Warfare of Science, then, be changed. Let it be a warfare in which +religion and science shall stand together as allies, not against +each other as enemies. Let the fight be for truth of every kind +against falsehood of every kind--for justice against injustice--for +right against wrong--for beauty against deformity--for goodness +against vice--and the great warfare which has brought so many +sufferings, shall bring to the earth God's richest blessings."</p> + +<hr> +<p><a name="32"></a></p> + +<h2>HOW FRENCH BANK NOTES ARE MADE.</h2> + +<p>When a new batch of French notes is to be printed, an equivalent +number of the choicely prepared and preserved sheets of paper is +handed over to the superintendent of the printing office. This +office is among the inner buildings of the Bank of France, and is +governed by very rigorous rules in all things. The operatives are +all picked men, skillful, active, and silent. The sheets, the ink, +and the matrixes of the plates are kept securely under lock and key +until actually wanted. The printing is effected by steam-worked +presses. The ink is blue, and its composition known only to a few +of the authorities. An inspector goes his rounds during the +continuance of the operations, watching every press, every workman, +every process. A beautiful machine, distinct from the press, is +employed to print the variable numbers on the note; fed with sheets +of paper, it will number a thousand of them in succession, changing +the digits each time, and scarcely requiring to be touched +meanwhile; even the removal of one note and the placing of another +are effected by automatic agency. At every successive stage the +note is examined. So complete is the registration of everything +that a record is always at hand of the number of sheets rejected +ever since the Bank of France was established, be its defects in +the paper, the printing, or the numbering. When the master-printer +has delivered up his packets of printed and numbered sheets, each +note is stamped with the signature of the Secretary-General and the +Comptroller. This completes the <i>creation</i> of notes. The notes +so created are kept in a strong box, of which the Secretary-General +and the Comptroller have keys, and are retained until the day of +<i>issue</i>. The chief cashier tells the Governor that he wants a +new supply of a particular denomination of notes, the Governor +tells the council, the council tell the secretary-general and the +comptroller, and these two functionaries open their strong box, and +hand over the notes demanded. The notes at this time are not really +money; they do not become so until the chief cashier has put his +signature to each, and registered its number in a book.</p> + +<p>The life of a French bank note is said to average two or three +years, and does not terminate until the condition is very shaky +indeed--crimpled, pierced with pinholes, corner creases torn, soft, +tarnished, decrepit while yet young. Some have been half-burned; +one has been found half-digested in the stomach of a goat, and one +boiled in a waistcoat-pocket by a laundress. No matter; the cashier +at the bank will do his best to decipher it; he will indeed take an +infinity of trouble to put together the ashes of a burned note, and +will give the owner a new note or the value in coin, if satisfied +of the integrity of the old one. The bank authorities preserve +specimens of this kind as curiosities, minute fragments gummed in +their proper position on a sheet of paper. Very few of the notes +are actually and irrevocably lost. During the last sixty-seven +years 24,000 bank notes of 1,000 francs each have been issued, and +of this number 23,958 had been returned to the bank by the month of +January 1869, leaving only 42 unaccounted for. Whether these 42 are +still in existence, or have seen burned into uncollected ashes, or +are at the bottom of the sea, or elsewhere, is not known. Of +500-franc notes, 24,935 have been returned out of 25,000. The bank +holds itself morally and financially responsible for the small +number of notes unreturned, ready to cash them if at any time +presented.</p> + +<p>The bank sends the old notes again and again into circulation, +if verified and usable; but they are examined first, and any that +are found too defective are canceled by stamping a hole in them. +These canceled notes pass from one official to another, and are +grouped in classified bundles; the book that records the birth of +each note now receives a notification of its civil death, and after +three years incarceration in a great oak chest, a grand +conflagration takes place. A huge fire is kindled in an open court; +the defunct notes are thrown into a sort of revolving wire-cage +over the fire; the cage is kept rotating; and the minute fragments +of ash, whirled out of the cage through the meshes, take their +flight into infinite space--no one knows whither. The Bank of +France prints a certain number of notes per day, and destroys a +smaller number, so as to have always in reserve a sufficient supply +of new notes to meet any emergency; but the actual burning, the +grand flare-up takes place only about once a month, when perhaps +150,000 will be burned at once. The French go down to lower +denominations than the Rank of England, having notes of 100 francs +and 50 francs, equivalent to £4 and £2. There must be a +great deal of printing always going on in the Bank of France, +seeing that in 1868 they issued 2,711 000 notes, of an aggregate +value of 904,750,000 francs (averaging about £13 each), and +burned 1,927,192, value 768,854,900 francs.</p> + +<p>It <i>sounds</i> a very dreadful thing for 30,000,000 sterling +in bank notes to be willfully burned in one year. But there is +always a phoenix to rise from its ashes; the bank can regenerate as +fast as it kills. The Bank of France, in 1846, put in circulation a +beautiful crimson printed note for 5,000 francs; but the French +people did not like notes of so high a denomination, and all but a +very few of this kind have been returned and canceled. On one +occasion, a superb individual, wishing to pay a dowry in handsome +style, obtained twelve notes of 5,000 francs each for the purpose; +but they were returned the very next day by the banker, who much +preferred smaller notes for his general purposes. The notes now +regularly kept in circulation in France are those of 1,000, 500, +100, and 50 francs.</p> + +<hr> +<p><a name="33"></a></p> + +<h2>WHAT THE NEWSPAPERS SAY.</h2> + +<p>A VALUABLE PAPER.--Of all the journals published in the United +States, for the mechanic and scientific man, there is nothing that +will in any way compare with the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, published by +Munn & Co., of 37 Park Row, New York. Whether as a work of +reference, a record of current scientific development, or as an +organ and exponent of our inventors, it stands alone for the +general ability of its conduct, the voluminousness and variety of +its contents, the exactitude and extent of its knowledge, and the +correctness of its information. The SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN is a credit +at once to the press and our country, and the small price of a +yearly subscription ($3), purchases, it is quite safe to say, the +largest amount of solid value to be procured for a like expenditure +in the world. With our more intelligent mechanics it has long been +a great favorite, while to the inventor it is absolutely +indispensable. It has had many imitators and competitors in its +day, but they have nearly all died the natural death of a feeble +inferiority.--<i>Argus</i> (Brooklyn, N. Y.)</p> + +<hr> +<p>THE GREAT JOURNAL OF ARTS AND SCIENCE.--There is a place in the +periodical literature of America which is occupied by only one +journal; namely, the well-known SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN.</p> + +<p>It is almost indispensable to a well-balanced intelligence, that +a certain proportion of its reading should be devoted to the +industrial arts and sciences, those natural manifestations of the +high mental development of the age. Every number of the journal has +sixteen imperial pages, embellished with engravings, as +illustrations, which are gems of art in themselves. It is most ably +edited, and its usefulness is not impaired by technical terms nor +dry details.--<i>Milwaukee Sentinel.</i></p> + +<hr> +<p>THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN.--This paper is the oldest in its +peculiar province in the United States, and was, for many years, +the only one. More recently others have arisen, and are following +in its footsteps; but the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN still maintains its +position as the best American journal of the inventive arts. Its +Patent Office department alone is invaluable to inventors, while +its editorial articles, illustrations, etc., give not only +information, but a constant stimulus to the productive +faculty.--<i>Mobile Register</i>.</p> + +<hr> +<p>Among the papers which we could not very well do without is the +SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, issued from the well-known office of Munn +& Co., 37 Park Row, New York. Carefully edited, nicely printed, +well illustrated, it is not only a complete record of the progress +of useful inventions, but a trustworthy guide to many of the +scientific topics that enlist attention at the present day. No one +can be a reader of this most valuable journal, without being kept +well informed as to current matters of scientific +discovery.--<i>Congregationalist</i> (Boston).</p> + +<hr> +<p>THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN.--In another column we publish the +prospectus of this great paper, and would direct our readers to it. +It should be on the work bench of every mechanic, and particularly +the young men of our country, upon whose intelligence and +mechanical skill depends the future dignity of labor and prosperity +of American arts and sciences.--<i>Monitor</i> (Huntington, +Pa.)</p> + +<hr> +<p>We could fill our pages with similar notices, but will close +with the following from our cotemporary <i>De Hope</i>, published +at Holland, Mich., which we doubt not will be read with +interest:</p> + +<p>Wij plaatsen in dit Nummer het prospectus van den SCIENTIFIC +AMERICAN. Het is een zeer schoon blad, dat vooral behoort gelezen +te worden door Handwerkslieden. Nieuwe uitvindingen, verbeteringen +op het terrein van werktuigkunde, enz, worden daar steeds in +vermeld en beschreven. De prijs is zeer matig voor zulk cen blad; +drie dollars per jaar. Dat belangstellenden de advertentie +lezen.</p> + +<hr> +<p><a name="34"></a></p> + +<h2>CHINESE METHODS OF PRESERVING EGGS.</h2> + +<p>As much has been said of late about the mode of preserving eggs, +it may not be uninteresting to say a few words about the Chinese +methods, as related by a French chemist, M. Paul Champion, who has +lately visited that country, and published a very interesting book +on the ancient and modern industries of that curious people. A very +common method is to place the eggs in a mixture of clay and water; +the clay hardens around the eggs, and is said to preserve them good +for a considerable time. But another and much more elaborate method +is also commonly practiced. An infusion of three pounds of tea is +made in boiling water, and to this are added three pounds of +quicklime (or seven pounds when the operation is performed in +winter), nine pounds of sea-salt, and seven pounds of ashes of +burnt oak finely powdered. This is all well mixed together into a +smooth paste by means of a wooden spatula, and then each egg is +covered with it by hand, gloves being worn to prevent the corrosive +action of the lime on the hands. When the eggs are all covered with +the mixture, they are rolled in a mass of straw ashes, and then +placed in baskets with balls of rice--boiled, we presume--to keep +the eggs from touching each other. About 100 to 150 eggs are placed +in one basket. In about three months the whole becomes hardened +into a crust, and then the eggs are sent to market; the retail +price of such eggs is generally less than a penny each. These eggs +are highly esteemed in China, and always served in good houses; but +they have undergone a strange transformation, which certainly would +not recommend them to English palates; the yolk has assumed a +decidedly green tinge, and the white is set. When broken, they emit +that unpleasant sulphurous smell which would certainly cause their +instant banishment from our breakfast-tables. However, the Chinese +are admitted, even by Frenchmen, to be great <i>gourmets</i>; and +we can only say, therefore, that in questions of eating there is +certainly no disputing about tastes.</p> + +<hr> +<p><a name="35"></a></p> + +<h2>STEAM BOILER INSPECTION.</h2> + +<p>Mr. Alfred Guthrie, U.S. Inspector, informs us that the +following resolution was recently adopted by the Board of +Supervising Inspectors:</p> + +<p>Resolved, That a special committee be appointed, to whom shall +be referred the subject-matter of steam boiler explosions, who +shall be requested to take up the subject in all its varied +complications, and present the result of their inquiries, with +their opinions of the real causes of such explosions, accompanied +by such information as may be of practical benefit and general +interest, to be reported at the next annual meeting of the board +for its consideration.</p> + +<p>Mr. Guthrie, whose address will be at Washington, D.C. until +January 10, desires to receive suggestions from practical engineers +upon the subject of boiler explosions.</p> + +<hr> +<p><a name="36"></a></p> + +<h2>EDITORIAL SUMMARY.</h2> + +<p>Darkness of complexion has been attributed to the sun's power +from the age of Solomon to this day. "Look not upon me because I am +black, because the sun hath looked upon me." And there cannot be a +doubt that, to a certain degree, the opinion is well founded--the +invisible rays in the solar beams, which change vegetable color, +and have been employed with such remarkable effect on the +daguerreotype, act upon every substance on which they fall, +producing mysterious and wonderful changes in their molecular +state, man not excepted.</p> + +<hr> +<p>The three companies under whose protection Chinese are brought +into California, keep an accurate account of the condition and +employment of the persons they import. From these books it appears +that 138,000 Chinese have been brought into California. Of these, +10,426 have died, 57,323 have returned to China, and about 91,000 +still remain on the Pacific coast. But only 41,000 live in +California. Of these 41,000, 9,300 are women, children, old and +decrepit, or criminals confined in the jails. The California +authorities have at length decided to admit Chinese testimony in +the courts.</p> + +<hr> +<p>One of our subscribers residing in Maine has read our article +"How to Spend the Winter Evenings," and writes to us that up in his +section they have no trouble on that score. As soon as the day's +work is over the inhabitants commence the job of trying to get +their rooms warm, and as soon as a comfortable temperature is +reached it is time to go to bed.</p> + +<hr> +<p>DESIGN PATENT DECISION.--We publish elsewhere a recent elaborate +decision of Commissioner Fisher, in which he reviews the laws and +former practice of the office in regard to applications for patents +for designs, with the view to the establishment of a uniformity of +practice in regard to design patents. The decision is one of much +interest to inventors and agents, and fully warrants its +publication.</p> + +<hr> +<p>OIL PAPER HANGINGS.--A kind of oil paper hangings called "Oleo +Charta" is now made in England, which, it is asserted, is +impervious to wet, may be placed on new or damp walls without risk +of damage or discoloration, may be washed with soap and water as +often as required, and will last twenty years. The process of +manufacture is not explained.</p> + +<hr> +<p><a name="37"></a></p> + +<h2>THE STEVENS BREECH-LOADING RIFLE.</h2> + +<p>This new arm, a patent on which, was obtained through the +Scientific American Patent Agency, June 11, 1867, is destined, in +our opinion, to become a formidable rival to the breech-loading +rifles which have already attained popularity. It is one of the +most simple and effective guns we have yet seen. Only three motions +are required to load, discharge the piece, and throw out the shell +of the cartridge. The breech-block is side-hinged, and it is opened +and the shell is thrown out by simply bringing the gun to half +cock. The gun may, however, be cocked without opening the breech by +pressing the trigger while cocking.</p> + +<p>The gun, when held in position, may be fired at the rate of +forty shots per minute. All the movements of the parts are directly +backward and forward; in our opinion the best that can be employed +for this purpose, and the least liable to get out of order. In +short, the gun possesses all the essentials of a first class rifle, +and has advantages which we think are not ordinarily met with in +arms of this character.</p> + +<hr> +<p><a name="38"></a></p> + +<h2>A NOVEL FRENCH HAND VISE.</h2> + +<p>In using ordinary hand vises several inconveniences are met +with. For instance, if it is desired to work a piece of metal of a +certain length, it must necessarily be presented obliquely on the +side of the jaw of the vise, because of its screw, which is +horizontal and forms a knob in the axis of the vise. The +consequences are, first, that on tightening the nut of the +horizontal screw vise the pressure is only exerted on the side, and +greatly tries the vise itself while obtaining an irregular +pressure; secondly, that as the piece to be worked is held +obliquely, however skilled the workman may be, he always finds +himself cramped in the execution of his work, particularly if of a +delicate nature.</p> + +<p>To avoid these inconveniences a Parisian mechanic has designed +and lately patented in England the neat form of hand vise of which +we annex illustrations, Fig. 1 being an elevation and Fig. 2 a +longitudinal section. In these views, A, is a wooden or metal +handle pierced throughout its length; this handle of metal may be +made in one piece, with the nut, and the conical ferrule. B is the +ring or ferrule of the handle; and C are the jaws of the vise +worked by the adjusting screw, D, and the springs, r r. E is a +conical ferrule or shoulder, fixed or movable, and serving to open +or close the jaws of the vise accordingly as the handle is turned +right or left; this conical shoulder is protected from wear by a +tempered steel washer, v. G is a nut with collar carrying the +conical ferrule or shoulder, E, and the steel washer, v, while H H +are the joints of the jaws of the vise held by a screw, I, which +serves as a support to the adjusting screw.</p> + +<p class="ctr"><img src="images/10a.png" alt= +"FIG. 1. FIG. 2."></p> + +<p class="ctr">FIG. 1. FIG. 2.</p> + +<p>This hand vise may be applied to a number of uses, and among +others it may be readily converted into a haft or handle for any +kind of tailed or shanked tool, such as files, wrenches, olive +bits, chisels, or screwdrivers, and may also serve as pincers or +nippers. It is of very simple construction.</p> + +<hr> +<p><a name="39"></a></p> + +<h2>THE MOUND-BUILDERS IN COLORADO.</h2> + +<p>New evidence of the existence of the Mound-Builders in the +mountain ranges of Colorado, similar to those in Montana, Utah, and +Nevada, have recently been discovered by Mr. C.A. Deane, of Denver. +He found upon the extreme summit of the snow-range structures of +stone, evidently of ancient origin, and hitherto unknown or +unmolested. Opposite to and almost north of the South Boulder +Creek, and the summit of the range, Dr. Deane observed large +numbers of granite rocks, and many of them as large as two men +could lift, in a position that could not have been the result of +chance. They had evidently been placed upright in a line conforming +to a general contour of the dividing ridge, and frequently +extending in an unbroken line for one or two hundred yards. The +walls and the mounds are situated three thousand feet above the +timber line. It is, therefore, hardly supposable that they were +built for altars of sacrifice. They were not large enough for +shelter or defense. The more probable supposition is that, like the +large mounds in Montana and elsewhere, they were places of +sepulture.</p> + +<hr> +<p><a name="40"></a></p> + +<h2>THE WOVEN-WIRE MATTRESS.</h2> + +<p>Most of our readers who attended the last Fair of the American +Institute, will recall an article in the furniture department, +which attracted much attention on account of its novelty and +utility. We refer to the wire mattress, or bed, manufactured by the +Woven Wire Mattress Company, of Hartford, Conn. To the ordinary +mind a new invention is interesting or not, in proportion to the +probability of its coming into every-day use, and many a good +housewife lingers in admiration over an improved sewing machine or +cooking stove, to whom a new steam engine has no attraction. For +this reason it was that the wire mattress was sat on and lain on by +the numerous visitors at the Fair.</p> + +<p class="ctr"><img src="images/10b.png" alt=""></p> + +<p>The engraving presented herewith will give the reader, who has +not seen the article, a good idea of its appearance. It consists of +a fabric represented below, half an inch thick, composed of fine +wire springs, each one the length of the bed; all the three hundred +spirals, being so woven and braided together, in a double "weave," +by machinery, that a sort of wire cloth is produced. It differs +from any other material hitherto made, in that it has great +strength and elasticity. There is, in fact, no other device, except +the air or water bed, which can compare with it in its elastic +properties.</p> + +<p class="ctr"><img src="images/10c.png" alt=""></p> + +<p>We are informed that nine hundred pounds of dead weight of wire +were placed on it for nearly five days, without injurious effects. +This fabric is stretched on a frame, as seen in the first +engraving, the proper tension is secured to suit the fancy, and the +mattress is ready for use. It is then set into the bedstead, like +the ordinary spring bed, except that only two slats are used to +support it. Thus, with a slight covering in summer, and a thin hair +mattress for warmth in winter, a most perfect sleeping arrangement +is secured.</p> + +<p>The first adaptation of the wire mattresses was for private +houses, but they have been found to have special advantages for +hospital use. They have been largely introduced into the Hartford +Hospital, the Bellevue Hospital, New York, and the Marine Hospital, +Brooklyn, and have proved to be, after months of the severest use, +with all classes of patients, a very great success for such +purposes. The elastic flexible mattresses yield to every motion and +part of the body, much to the relief of the suffering patient.</p> + +<p>Another very great advantage is, that when carefully painted +they are always clean.</p> + +<p>Pillows of the same materials are made soft and pliable by using +a fine wire and small coil. They are always cool, and afford the +opportunity of placing bags of ice under the head in case of +sickness.</p> + +<p>One of these mattresses and a bedstead and pillows complete--all +of which the Company make--furnish, with the addition of a folded +blanket or comfortable, a perfect outfit for hospital use.</p> + +<p>They are particularly useful for ships' berths, as they dispense +with the ordinary bottom, and the sacking and thick mattress. +Shippers know this.</p> + +<p>We are assured that a coating of paint, carefully applied to the +well-tinned wires will protect them from rust.</p> + +<p>There can be no question but that these beds, with a light +covering--scarcely more than a sheet--are especially adapted for +hot climates. The Company have already orders for them for the +Brazilian market, and they have been introduced into many of the +Southern States.</p> + +<p>This wire fabric is adapted to other articles of furniture, and +is used in place of the ordinary springs in chairs, sofas, etc. For +out-door settees, lounges, car seats, and other like purposes, it +is well adapted.</p> + +<p>Three patents have been issued to the Company on the wire +mattress, through the Scientific American Patent Agency. [See +advertisement of the Woven Wire Mattress Company on another +page.]</p> + +<hr> +<p><a name="41"></a></p> + +<h2>Flouring Mill Hazards.</h2> + +<p>A correspondent, in discussing the causes of fires in flour +mills, gives the following facts and queries:</p> + +<p>"F. Bertchey's mill, at Milwaukee, burned in September last. The +fire originated from a candle held near a bran or feed spout, +reaching from the upper to a lower floor. The ignition was instant, +and attained different points of the building at about the same +moment.</p> + +<p>"On November 20, 1868, Schmidt & Co's mill, at St. Louis, +burned in a similar manner, the light in this case being in a globe +lamp, but the conflagration was, nevertheless, quite as sudden and +general as in the first case cited. Other instances of like +character have occurred quite recently. And now the query is, What +caused the disaster? Whence the combustion?</p> + +<p>"It has been conjectured that the bran-dust, or fine and dry +powder, passing down or up these conductors, may be the kindling +cause of the fire in these cases; but bran is not over combustible +in itself, nor do we know why it should become so when thus reduced +to an impalpable powder.</p> + +<p>"Another theory is that a gas arises from the transmuting grain, +which, excluded from surrounding atmosphere in these close +conduits, becomes inflammable, and hence the results, as recited +above, whenever a lighted flame is brought in contact +therewith.</p> + +<p>"Be the cause gas or dust, the disaster is the same: and is it +not a phenomenon worth studying and remedying, so far as within the +province and control of those most interested?"</p> + +<p>Some similar instances came under our personal observation while +adjuster for the Aetna at its western branch. The Star Mills at +Mascoutah, Ill., burned about the year 1864. They were grinding +middlings. About three o'clock in the morning the miller in charge +went up to the chamber (a large box extending through several +stories), as he had often done before, to jar the middlings down, +they having clogged. He carried a small, open oil lamp, which he +placed on a beam, just behind and above his head. He then opened a +slide and thrust in a shovel, which started the middlings down with +a thump, raising a great dust. As this dust issued in a thin cloud +from the slide, it approached and touched the lamp, when instantly, +as if it had been coal gas, it flashed, burning the miller's hair +and beard, and filling the middlings box with a sheet of flame, +which spread with great rapidity and destroyed the mill.</p> + +<p>A mill at Dover, Ky., had accumulated a large quantity of +middlings in an upper story, when the weight caused some sagging, +and a man was sent up with a shovel to "even" the bin. His pressure +was the "last straw," and the floor under the man broke through, +pouring out a cascade of middlings, which flowed down from story to +story, filling the mill with its dust. In a very few minutes it +reached the boiler room, and the instant it touched the fire it +ignited with a flash, and the mills was in flames instantly. It was +totally destroyed.</p> + +<p>In this last named case the gas theory will not apply. The dust +was not confined in a spout, but was floating free in the air +throughout the mill. The phenomenon was like the others mentioned, +and seems to indicate that the fine dust itself, when floating in +the air, is the fatal incendiary.</p> + +<p>The subject is worthy of a scientific analysis, such as we have +never seen bestowed upon it. The facts are well authenticated, but +the philosophy of such ignition is not generally +understood.--<i>Insurance Monitor</i>.</p> + +<hr> +<p><a name="42"></a></p> + +<h2>Fire-Proof Buildings.</h2> + +<p>"It has long been a vexed problem with architects and builders, +how to make a building completely fire-proof without the enormous +expense of iron beams and girders, and even this has sometimes +failed to prove a complete protection. In the building of the +National State Bank, the architect estimated that it could not be +made fire-proof in the ordinary style for less than $6,000, and +while hesitating as to the expense and seeking to provide some +remedy against the dampness incident to iron beams, Mr. Fowler +learned from the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN that Edwin May, of +Indianapolis, the well-known architect of our county jail, had +taken letters patent on a fire-proof lath for ceilings and inside +partition walls, together with a concrete floor for the protection +of the upper edge of the joist which by actual test had been +demonstrated to be fire-proof. After a critical examination of the +invention upon its merits, it was adopted, and the workmen are now +engaged in putting it in. Our citizens engaged in, or contemplating +building, will be interested in an examination of the work while in +progress."</p> + +<p>[We copy the above from the <i>Lafayette</i> (Indiana) +<i>Courier</i>, and in this connection we make the following +extract from a letter just received by us from Mr. May, the +inventor:</p> + +<p>"You will see by the above notice one result of my advertisement +in the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN. This is only a <i>mite</i>. I have more +than I can do, and I would say to inventors who are not realizing +what they expected from their patents, that one <i>illustrated +advertisement</i> in the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN will effect more than +a notice in all the newspapers in the United States. This is saying +a good deal but such is my belief."</p> + +<hr> +<p><a name="43"></a></p> + +<h2>The Decline of American Shipping.</h2> + +<p>At a meeting of the New York Chamber of Commerce, held December +16, to consider means for reviving American commerce, the following +resolutions were adopted:</p> + +<p>Resolved, That this Chamber recommend to the Congress of the +United States, about to assemble, the modification of existing +laws, so that</p> + +<p>I. Foreign-built steamers may be imported free of duty, and +privileged to carry the American flag, provided they are American +owned and not to be employed in our coastwise trade.</p> + +<p>II. That iron plates and such other material for the +construction of steamers as may be deemed advisable, be admitted +free of duty.</p> + +<p>III. That on all ship stores procurable in bond, drawback be +returned, as upon goods shipped for sale to foreign lands; and</p> + +<p>Finally, That ample subsidies be granted to lines of steamers +built in American yards, to the end that competition with powerful +foreign organizations may be successfully inaugurated and +sustained.</p> + +<p>The Chamber ordered the resolutions engrossed, accompanied by a +memorial forwarded to Congress.</p> + +<p>These resolutions, in our opinion, embody the solution of the +question under consideration, and we trust they may be speedily and +favorably acted upon by Congress.</p> + +<hr> +<p>Young men out of employment can easily obtain enough subscribers +for the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN to receive a cash prize of sufficient +magnitude to insure them a good salary for six weeks' work. Send +for prospectus and circulars.</p> + +<hr> +<h2>CORRESPONDENCE.</h2> + +<p><i>The Editors are not responsible for the Opinions expressed by +their Correspondents</i>.</p> + +<hr> +<p><a name="44"></a></p> + +<h2>Aerial Navigation--A Suggestion.</h2> + +<p>Messrs. Editors:--As a constant reader of your invaluable paper, +many subjects of deep interest come under my observation, and +doubtless no journal throughout the land contains more instructive +reading--that which tends to accelerate the progress of scientific +investigation, and promote the general interest of the people--than +the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN. The series of articles under the head of +"Aerial Navigation," commenced on page 309, volume XXI., has, +perhaps, been read with as much pleasure and interest as anything +published in your valuable journal. I say with pleasure--because it +is really gratifying to mark the advancing steps which inventors +are making in this branch of science; and with interest--because +every new idea set forth, calculated to further the success of +aerial navigation, should be, and no doubt will be, regarded as of +great importance by every one. And, as the more suggestions placed +before the minds of those working for the improvement of any +invention, the greater number will they have from which to choose +or experiment upon, I would like to make one suggestion here, which +may be of some importance in the construction and operation of the +"Aeroport," under the supervision of Mr. Porter, of your city, a +description of which is given on pages 346-7, volume XXI., of your +paper.</p> + +<p>I suggest that the propelling wheels be placed in some other +position than that given in the said description. From what little +knowledge I possess of aerial navigation, I am persuaded that it +would take less power to propel the "Aeroport" at a given speed, if +the wheels were placed at the rear or front portion of the flying +ship. My reason for being thus persuaded is, that as the forward +and aft halves of the float are cone-shaped--the center being the +base, and the front and rear ends being the vertexes--there must be +an increased velocity of the atmosphere from front to aft as the +aeroport advances. Consequently the driving wheels being placed +under the center or largest diameter of the float, they must +evidently revolve with greater rapidity in the current of air +passing between the float and the saloon, going in opposite +direction to that in which the aeroport is flying at a given speed, +than they would were they placed in front or behind where the +atmosphere is comparatively at rest. I take this view from the fact +that steamboats and other vessels proceed with greater speed, with +a given power, <i>down</i> stream than they do <i>up</i> stream, +mostly on account of the paddles striking against the current +flowing in the same direction in which the vessel is rowing. The +propelling wheels placed either at the front or rear may have the +axle extended through the end of the float to the center, and the +cog-wheel, for the chain, placed on the inner end of the axle, and +the chain descending through the bottom of the float, and connected +to the engine in the same manner as given in your paper. The chain +should be inclosed from the float to the saloon below, with a pipe +of the same material as the float, and sufficiently large to insure +the free action of the chain, and the axle of the propellers should +be made tight with suitable packing to prevent the escape of gas. +However there may be different arrangements employed for connecting +the engine to the wheels. A shaft extending directly under the +float, and reaching from the center to the axle supporting the +propellers, and connected therewith by means of side cog-wheels, +might be used; and as the shaft would necessarily diverge from a +straight line with the said axle, the shaft having the chain-wheel +on the end directly over the engine and connected therewith in the +manner proposed by Mr. Porter, I would suggest further that it +would, perhaps, be preferable to place the wheels at the front end, +that the rudder might remain in its original position, and the +aeroport could swing behind the propellers on encountering side +currents of air, and could thus be more easily guided. I firmly +believe that Mr. Porter has taken "the right step in the right +direction" to accomplish that which has been so long sought, and +which evidently will be accomplished at some future time. The air +will yet be navigated by numerous flying ships, going from one city +to another like those that now cover the broad bosom of our +oceans.</p> + +<p>HIRAM VAN METER.</p> + +<p>Macomb, Ill.</p> + +<hr> +<p><a name="45"></a></p> + +<h2>Puttying Floors of Jewelers Shops and Otherwise.</h2> + +<p>Messrs. Editors:--I am a reader of your valuable paper and find +in it much to interest, and many practical hints that are useful in +my vocation; I would not be without it for any consideration and I +think every mechanic in the land should take it, read it, and +profit by the reading.</p> + +<p>I notice, in Vol. XXI, page 371, a communication headed, "Watch +Repairers' Shop," in which directions are given to fill the chinks +in the floor around the work-bench with soft pine and putty, etc., +etc.; this is all well enough, but will not prevent the breaking of +pivots should a balance wheel be dropped, neither will it prevent +the wheel being stepped upon and so rendered useless, as often +happens.</p> + +<p>I am a watch-maker and jeweler, and I never drop a wheel or part +of a watch on the floor. I have an apron about one yard wide, and +in the corners of it are eyelet-holes, so that I can pin it to the +bench when I am working; I have strings to it, but do not generally +tie them around me, but let it be loose in my lap as I have to jump +up, to attend to customers in the shop. In the shop where I learned +my trade (in London, England), every workman was <i>compelled</i> +to wear an apron, and so much waste of property and valuable time +was saved; the saving of <i>time</i> in <i>one week</i> will more +than pay the cost of the aprons.</p> + +<p>Sidney Plains, N. Y,</p> + +<p>GEO. C.L. KENT.</p> + +<hr> +<p><a name="46"></a></p> + +<h2>Western Demand for Agricultural Implements.</h2> + +<p>Messrs. Editors:--I often think, on perusing your very valuable +journal of science, and the numerous mechanical and scientific +problems it unfolds, that the tendency of the age is to supersede +all manual labor by machinery. Whether such a thing is possible is +not the question for me to consider; I only know that the tendency +of universal human genius seems directed to that end.</p> + +<p>I make the above observation casually, in order to introduce a +few ideas on the subject of improvement in agricultural +implements--the great <i>desideratum</i> of the West at this +moment. Here nature has opened her stores so munificently, that all +the husbandman has to do is to plow, sow, and garner the fruits of +his labor. But two great improvements are needed to enable the +western farmer to keep pace with improvements in the mechanic arts +and other kindred employment. Indeed, we at the West, particularly, +need a good, cheap, steam plow that can be made practicable for at +least the better grade of farmers. The English plan of moldboards, +that overcome all possible traction and necessitate the duplex +stationary engines, with the cumbrous "artillery of attachments," +may do for sluggish people but will never meet the wants of the +Yankee nation.</p> + +<p>The steam plow suited to the genius of our people, must, to use +a vulgarism, "get up and go." It must possess sufficient power of +propulsion and traction to pulverize the ground better, deeper, and +more rapidly than the "old way." Such is the want of the great West +in reference to preparing the soil for crops. I do not know of such +a machine in use, nor do I believe in the theory of Dr. Brainard, +that the moldboard is the only plan for properly pulverizing the +soil; for I am satisfied that such plan is wholly inadmissible in +steam plowing in this country, for want of sufficient traction for +self-propulsion, and observation has taught me that a +self-propelling plow is the only steam plow our people will +tolerate.</p> + +<p>I have lately examined the drawings of a steam plow invented by +a gentleman of this city (which I am not at liberty to explain in +detail) that seems to meet the great want I have spoken of. The +invention consists in a very simple device, by which the whole +force of pulverizing the ground is applied to propel the machine, +and if this be not sufficient, an independent force may be applied, +so arranged as to govern the speed of the machine at the will of +the operator. You will, no doubt, in due time hear more of this +machine, which seems to me to meet the great want so long +experienced in Western cultivation.</p> + +<p>The next great want of the West is a practical grain binder, +that shall securely bind the grain as cut. The scarcity and high +price of labor renders such a machine an absolute necessity. The +efforts to supply this great want have been numerous, but with no +flattering success so far as I am able to learn, except the machine +invented by a citizen of this place, which has already made its +mark by demonstrating that automatic machinery can and does bind +the grain as fast as cut. The machine I speak of is yet in a +chrysalis state, so to speak, but it has been worked two years in +the field, the last season without missing a bundle, though not +without the usual difficulties of all new machines in respect to +the workings of some parts--too weak, etc. It is believed that the +coming harvest will witness its triumphant success. If so, the +production of our staple cereal will be greatly cheapened. I shall +be glad to renew "old acquaintance," by a more detailed statement +hereafter.</p> + +<p>I send enclosed the pay for another year of the SCIENTIFIC +AMERICAN, which I can no more do without than my accustomed +dinner.</p> + +<p>C.</p> + +<p>Madison, Wis.</p> + +<hr> +<p><a name="47"></a></p> + +<h2>Economical Steam Engine.</h2> + +<p>Messrs. Editors:--Permit me now to make a few remarks in regard +to an article on page 844, last volume of the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, +entitled "Which is the Most Economical Steam Engine?" The +principles laid down in that article, I think are correct.</p> + +<p>I run a saw-mill with an engine which fills those conditions +nearer than I ever saw, and I would like to give your readers a +brief description of it. The cylinder is 10-inch bore, and 14-inch +stroke; steam chest extends enough beyond the ends of the cylinder +so that the steam travels only 2½ inches, the shortest +distance possible, after leaving the valve before it reaches the +piston-head, and the space between the piston-head and +cylinder-head is only one-fourth of an inch, the bolt heads being +counter-sunk until even. Other things about this engine are in +proportion. With this engine attached to a direct acting circular +mill, I can saw 2,000 feet of hard-wood inch boards in one +hour.</p> + +<p>If any of your readers can beat this, I would like to hear from +them.</p> + +<p>JOHN CARNES.</p> + +<hr> +<p><a name="48"></a></p> + +<h2>Friction and Percussion.</h2> + +<p>Messrs. Editors:--In reply to "Spectrum," page 358, of last +volume, I will be brief. In his third paragraph he claims that he +has merely <i>suggested</i> that friction and percussion may often +be one and the same thing; and immediately claims that in the case +of the polished button rubbing a planed pine board, the force which +overcomes and levels the undulations of the wood, is percussion, +and that percussion is also the cause of the heat; the microscopic +hills and hollows on the shining brass button skipping and jumping +along the pine, produces little infinitesimal bumpings, and so +pound out the heat. This <i>little</i> theory should be known to +the homeopaths--they could illustrate infinitesimal quantities by +it!</p> + +<p>"Spectrum" treats my hammered horsenail illustration shabbily. +After indirectly acknowledging that there is a point where +hammering will no longer produce heat, he puts it on the +grindstone, subjects it to friction, and when it burns his fingers, +throws his hat in the air and shouts "Hurrah for +<i>percussion!</i>" We agree perfectly, except that he calls +hammering, <i>condensation</i>; calls friction, <i>percussion</i>; +and drops friction from the mechanical dictionary altogether.</p> + +<p>A railway car axle often heats and sets fire to the packing, +when the journal is smooth as polished glass; but I never heard of +those parts of the car which are constantly undergoing percussion, +even getting uncomfortably warm. The natives of the South Pacific +produce fire by rubbing pieces of dry wood together, but I never +heard of their rapping sticks for the same purpose. I have seen a +new, sharp knife made hot enough to raise a blister, whittling a +clean dry stick of pine, and I would like to have "Spectrum" tell +us, if in all the above cases percussion is the cause of the +evolution of of heat, and what is friction doing in the mean +time.</p> + +<p>New Albany, Ind.</p> + +<p>C.C.H.</p> + +<hr> +<p><a name="49"></a></p> + +<h2>Oiling a Preservative of Brown Stone.</h2> + +<p>Messrs. Editors:--I have read the article entitled, "What is to +Become of our Brown Stone Fronts," and have waited to see what +others have to say. But with so much at stake, no body seems to +know what to do or say. Being a practical painter, it has been my +lot to oil some of the best fronts in New York, namely corner of +23d Street and 5th Avenue, No. 2, West 23rd Street, also No. 1, +West 30th Street; also the residence of E.S. Higgins, the carpet +manufacturer, done by other journeymen.</p> + +<p>They were very dark in color for a few weeks, but now after two +years, they are bleached almost as light as they were at first.</p> + +<p>These fronts were cleaned whenever necessary, and then oiled +with fresh raw linseed oil from the press, put on pretty much as +carefully as in ordinary varnish work. No second coat or lapping +over of the oil. All was put on at once that it would take without +running down in streams.</p> + +<p>The result: the oil penetrates into good dry stone probably +1½ inches, making the stone hard and flinty, as any stone +cutter will soon find out if he tries to trim it.</p> + +<p>It keeps the damp and therefore the frost out of the stone, as +will be seen any foggy day, the damp running down in streams on the +oiled stone, and the unoiled stone absorbing the dampness. It is +therefore necessary to oil during dry weather.</p> + +<p>The oil is especially beneficial to balustrades and carvings, as +they are generally got out of soft stone. It is also beneficial +underneath balconies and porches, as the sun never has a chance to +dry the stone in such situations before the frost flakes it.</p> + +<p>This I send in part payment for the great deal I have learned +from your paper.</p> + +<p>T.H. Rilley</p> + +<p>New York City.</p> + +<hr> +<p><a name="50"></a></p> + +<h2>Interesting Correspondence from China.</h2> + +<p>Messrs. Editors:--Your paper seems to increase in interest. I +brought the back volumes from Madras to Pekin, and am glad to refer +to them here where I must depend upon myself.</p> + +<p>I have been building and repairing premises since I came here +last year. I find the carpenters and masons are very much delighted +with our tools, especially our saws, planes, borers, vise, and +hammers. Our lathe is a wonder. They use only the ancient spindle +turned backwards and forwards by a treadle or by the left hand +while the right guides the chisel or turning-tool, which cuts only +half the time. They use only the turning saw, which often fails +them because it cannot be used in splitting wide boards in the +middle, and in many other places. They are great sawyers, however. +They stand heavy pine spars on end, if rather short, say 8 feet, +the common length of many intended for making coffins, and cut them +up into three-eighths or half-inch stuff with great patience. A +longer one they will lean over and prop up, raising it towards the +perpendicular as they advance. They must have some hard jobs. I +have just measured a poplar plank in front of a coffin manufactory, +which I found to be 5 ft. 3 in. at the butt, 3 ft. 10 in. at the +top, 8 feet long, and about 8 inches thick. For a crosscut saw they +rig one like our wood-saw. I am sure it would deeply interest you +to make a visit to Pekin and see how this ancient, patient, and +industrious people do their work. It is truly painful to see how +much time they spend in making the simplest tool for want of at +least a few labor-saving appliances. Doubtless you have their tools +on show in New York. They are to me an interesting study, though I +have been long familiar with the rude tools of the Hindoos. It is +constantly suggested to me that we must have got many hints from +the Chinese, or else indeed they have taken hints from the West; or +again, which is perhaps the true solution, implements like words +have a common origin. I should think from what I have observed in a +short time, that the Chinese resemble the Europeans in their tools +more than the Hindoos--a thing I did not at all anticipate. A +clever man could write you an interesting chapter on the ways of +the Pekinese, the Chinese Manchus, Mongols, and the rest mixed +together, though the Chinese are confessedly the workers in wood, +iron, and everything else. The Manchus are mostly hangers on of the +government, living mainly upon a miserable monthly stipend.</p> + +<p>The reading of your unequaled journal makes me interested in you +as if you were personal friends, and so I have run away with these +pointless remarks. I am sure you will excuse me, and not wonder +that one wishes to breathe now and then.</p> + +<p>I was an old subscriber in Madras, and hope to be till I can +read no longer. My son, who perished at Andersonville, was a +subscriber to the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN till the day of his capture +by Mosby.</p> + +<p>Pekin, China.</p> + +<p>P.R. Hunt.</p> + +<hr> +<p><a name="51"></a></p> + +<h2>Communication Between Deaf and Blind Mutes.</h2> + +<p>Messrs. Editors:--In a recent number of the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN +I notice an ingenious method of teaching deaf and dumb persons to +converse in the dark, which is also applicable to blind mutes, and +it brings to my recollection a method which was in use among the +"telegraph boys" some years ago when I was one of them. Sometimes +when we were visiting and asked to communicate to a "brother chip," +anything that it was not advisable for the persons around us to +know, a slight tap-tapping on the table or chair would draw the +attention of the party we asked to talk to, and then by his +watching the forefinger of the writer, if across the room, or if +near enough, by placing the hand of the writer carelessly on the +shoulder of the party we desired to communicate with, the +communication was written out in the telegraph alphabet or by +taking hold of his hand and writing upon the finger.</p> + +<p>I think this method will be found much less complicated, if not +quite as rapid, as the method with both hands, and much more +convenient, as it is only necessary to have hold of one hand of the +person communicated with, and is more rapid than writing with a +pen.</p> + +<p>For the benefit of those not acquainted with the telegraph +alphabet, I give it:</p> + +<pre> + A B C D E F G H I + .- -... ... -.. . .-. --. .... .. +<br> + J K L M N O P Q + -.-. -.- --- -- -. . . ..... ..-. +<br> + R S T U V W X Y + . .. ... - ..- ...- .-- ..-. .. .. +<br> + Z + ... . +</pre> + +<p>The uninitiated will observe that O differs from I in the +distance between the dots, made thus: I by two quick strokes of the +forefinger; O by one quick stroke, slight pause, and another quick +stroke; the dashes are made by holding the finger down for a short +space: thus SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN would be written:</p> + +<pre> + S C I E N T I F I C + ... .. . .. . -. - .. .-. .. .. . +<br> + A M E R I C A N + .- -- . . .. .. .. . .- -. +</pre> + +<p>In a very short time any one can learn to read by the sight or +by the touch. Anything which can add to the pleasure or comfort of +these unfortunates is of importance.</p> + +<p>MAGNET</p> + +<p>[Nothing can compensate for want of rapidity in a language +designed for colloquy. Although our correspondent found the Morse +telegraph alphabet a resource on occasion, he would scarcely be +content to use it, and it only for life, even if emancipation from +it involved months of labor. The motions required to spell +SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN by the telegraph alphabet are thirty-nine, but +as the short dashes occupy the time of two dots for each dash, and +there are eight of these, eight more ought to be counted in a +comparison of it with an alphabet composed wholly of dots, this +would make forty-seven. To spell the same words in full by the mute +alphabet referred to would require only twenty-three motions. A +still greater disparity in rate would, we think, be found in an +entire colloquial sentence. Thus the sentence "Hand me an apple" +would require, by the mute alphabet, the time of fourteen dots, +while with the telegraph alphabet it would require the time of +thirty-nine.--Eds.</p> + +<hr> +<p><a name="52"></a></p> + +<h2>Cheap Cotton Press Wanted.</h2> + +<p>Messrs. Munn & Co.:--Please give us any information of cheap +cotton-presses, such as small neighborhoods, or single planters, in +the South could own. In particular, a press that will put 40 pounds +cotton into each cubic foot. We want cotton better handled, and to +that end may want small bales, say 150 pounds each. But these must +be put into three or four cubic feet, or they will cost too much +for covering, ties, etc. Perhaps you can furnish us with a wood-cut +of some, or several, presses worked by hand, or by horse-power, +that will do good service, not cost too much, be simple in +operation, not require too much power, and be effective as above. +It may be for the interest of some of your clients or +correspondents to give us the facts, as we shall put them into a +report for circulation amongst the entire cotton interest of the +country.</p> + +<p>Yours very truly,</p> + +<p>WALTER WELLS, <i>Sec'y</i>.</p> + +<p>National Association of Cotton Manufacturers and Planters, No. +11, Pemberton Square, Boston, Mass.</p> + +<hr> +<p><a name="53"></a></p> + +<h2>A Singular Freak of a Magnet.</h2> + +<p>Messrs. Editors:--In my library hangs a powerful horseshoe +magnet which has a keeper and a weight attached of about three +ounces. This weight is sustained firmly by the attracting power of +the magnet, and is not easily shaken off by any oscillating motion, +yet through some (to me) unknown cause during each of the last ten +nights the magnet has lost its power, and the keeper and weight lie +in the morning on the bottom of the case where the magnet has hung +for many years without a like occurrence, except once on the +occasion of a severe shock of an earthquake which took place +December 17, 1867.</p> + +<p>There is no possible way for this magnet to be disturbed except +by the electric current; then why should its power thus return +without the aid of a battery or keeper? Will some one explain?</p> + +<p>FLOYD HAMBLIN.</p> + +<p>Madrid Springs, N.Y.</p> + +<hr> +<p>Speaking makes the ready man, writing the correct man, and +reading the full man.</p> + +<hr> +<p><a name="54"></a></p> + +<h2>PRESERVATION OF IRON.</h2> + +<h3>BY PROF. HENRY E. COLTON.</h3> + +<p>"What is wanted is something equally applicable to large or +small pieces of iron, and which will answer to ward off the attacks +not only of the common atmospheric oxygen, but also remain +unaffected by acids or salt waters."</p> + +<p>The above from a late number of the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN states +not only the writer's ideas but also one of the greatest wants of +the age. Iron is daily being put to more and more varied uses. On +land the great question is what will prevent rust; on water, what +will prevent rust and fouling of bottoms of iron vessels. We will +briefly summarize the many patents granted for this purpose.</p> + +<p>Eight are for sheathing of various kinds put on in varied modes. +The most practicable of these is a system prepared by Daft. Most +iron vessels are now constructed by every other plate lapping the +edges of the one between. He proposes, instead of having the plates +all the same width, to have one wide and one very narrow plate. +This would leave a trough between the two wide plates of the depth +of the thickness of the plates. He proposes to force into this +trough very tightly pieces of teak, and to the teak, thus embedded, +he nails a sheathing of zinc. The zinc is kept clean by slowly +wearing away of its surface from action by contact with the iron +and salt water.</p> + +<p>There are four patents, in which various, so-called, +non-conducting coats are put on the iron, and copper pigment in +some form put on over them. These have been specially condemned in +England, as no matter how good the non-conducting substance--and +many are so only in name--it will become rubbed off at some points, +and there the bottom will be eaten both by salt water and action of +copper.</p> + +<p>Coal tar and asphaltum are the subjects of patents in various +forms.</p> + +<p>One patent claims rubber or gutta-percha dissolved in linseed +oil as a vehicle in which to grind the pigment; another the same +dissolved in naphtha or bisulphide of carbon as a pigment; another +hard rubber, ground.</p> + +<p>Enameling with different materials is proposed by some, while +one proposes to glaze the bottoms so that barnacles and grass would +find a slippery foothold.</p> + +<p>Combinations of tallow, resin, and tar--mineral and pine--are +patented mostly to use over other paints.</p> + +<p>Coal tar, sulphur, lime, and tallow, are the subject of one +patent; guano, red lead, and oil of another; while sulphur and +silica are claimed by a third.</p> + +<p>Paints containing mercury, arsenic, and even strychnine, are the +subjects of several patents. A mixture of coal tar and mercurial +ointment of one.</p> + +<p>Galvanism is proposed to be used in various ways--strips of +copper and zinc, or by galvanizing the plates before use. Black +lead finds a place in many compositions.</p> + +<p>One patent, by a complicated process, effects a union of +metallic zinc and iron; this, granulated and ground fine, then +mixed with red lead and oil, makes the paint. It is said to be the +best of all the patented stuffs.</p> + +<p>It is astonishing how many use oils derived from coal, peat, or +resin, and tars of the same.</p> + +<p>There are about fifty patents for this object and with all of +them before their eyes, the British Society for the Advancement of +Art still hold the $5,000 reward for a pigment or covering which +will perfectly protect from rust and fouling. However they may puff +their products for selling, no one has the temerity to claim that +they deserve the reward.</p> + +<p>We think it would be difficult to find so many expedients ever +before adopted for the accomplishment of any one object. These are +all English patents, England having necessarily been obliged to use +iron for vessels from its cheapness as well as its consequent first +introduction there. In the United States no patents worth +mentioning have been granted.</p> + +<p>The first requisites for a pigment or coating for iron are, that +it should not contain any copper--the corrosive action of that +metal on iron being intense. Then if for work exposed to air it +should form such a coating as to be impervious to that gaseous +fluid, and be so constituted chemically as not to be oxidizable by +it; if under water--especially sea water--to be impermeable to +moisture, so elastic as not to crack, so insoluble as not to +chloridize; to form a perfect, apparently hard, coating: and yet +wear just enough to keep off incrustation, barnacles, or growth of +grass. In fact, this slow wearing away is the only preventive of +fouling in iron vessels. Wooden bottoms may be poisoned by +solutions of copper--and that metal has no superior for such uses, +especially when it is combined in mixture with mineral or resinous +tars and spirits--these compounds, however, are not only useless on +iron bottoms, but also injurious. What then is <i>the</i> +substance: 1st. One of the oxides of lead (red lead). 2d. The +purest oxide of iron to be found. If properly made these articles +can be carried to no higher state of oxidation, and respectively, +as to order named, they have no superiors for body and durability. +By preference, 1st, red lead, either out of or under water; 2d, +Prince's oxide of iron only, out of water. The color of these +paints--the first red, the latter brown, may be hidden by a coat of +white or tinted color. If there were to be had in combination as a +white paint, an oxide of lead and an oxide of zinc, it would be +immensely superior to either, but that such has not been produced +is rather the fault of carelessness than of possibility. Zinc +protects iron with great effect, but it is too rapidly worn in the +effort to be of lasting value. Hence the great desideratum, the yet +to be, the coming pigment is a white oxide of lead or a combined +white oxide of lead and white oxide of zinc, without sulphates or +chlorides.</p> + +<p>Those materials answer very well for work exposed to atmospheric +air, and perhaps nothing will ever be found better; but a different +need is that for salt water. No mere protector of the iron from +rust can be found superior to pure red lead and linseed oil. We +have seen a natural combination of zinc, lead, and iron, which, in +our experience, ranks next; but the zinc is acted on by the +chloride of sodium, and wears away too much of the material. Red +lead, however, while covering the iron perfectly and effectually +preventing rust, and also having but little disposition to +chloridize, when it does, will foul both with grass and barnacles. +Hence, the first desideratum being obtained, how shall we +accomplish the other. The prevention of fouling may be accomplished +in two ways: First, cover the vessel's bottom with two or even +three coats of red lead, and give each time to dry hard. Then melt +in an iron pot a mixture of two parts beeswax, two parts tallow, +and one part pine resin; mix thoroughly, and apply hot one or two +coats. This mixture may be tinted with vermilion or chrome green. +It is not necessary to use any poisonous substance, as it is only +by its softness and gradual wear that it is kept clean. Second, mix +red lead and granular metallic zinc, ground fine, or such a mineral +as we have mentioned--crystalline and granular in its character. +Put on two or three coats, and allow each to set--they will never +dry hard. The zinc will slowly wear off, keeping the whole surface +clean, while there will be left enough coating of the lead to +preserve the iron from rust. The oil I would urge for these +pigments is linseed--as little boiled as possible, to be thinned +with spirits of turpentine. There seems to have been a mania for +mixtures of tar and resins, their spirits and oils; my experience +fails to show me any advantage for them on an iron bottom. They +have neither elasticity nor durability, while linseed oil has both +in a pre-eminent degree, and is no more likely to foul than they, +when in a combination that does not dry hard. Besides they are +difficult to grind, inconvenient to transport, and offensive to +use.</p> + +<p>Perhaps we have not, in the opinion of some, answered the want +expressed in the first paragraph. No pigment with the requisites of +durability and cheapness will resist the attacks of strong acids on +iron. The first we have mentioned will--all such as may float in +our air from factories or chemical works. Chemically it is +converted by nitric acid and chlorine into an insoluble +substance--plumbic acid or the cyanide of lead. An experience of +more than three years, with almost unlimited means at our command +for experiment, demonstrates to us that we have indicated the means +of filling the other requisites asked for. It may be that something +new will be discovered, but we doubt it. Let any one tread the road +we have trod, investigate and experiment where and as much as we +have, and, if that place is, where we have not, and their +experience will be the same as ours.</p> + +<hr> +<p><a name="55"></a></p> + +<h2>THE BANANAS AND PLANTAINS OF THE TROPICS.</h2> + +<h3>[For the Scientific American.]</h3> + +<p>Poets have celebrated the banana plant for its beauty, its +luxuriance, the majesty of its leaves, and the delicacy of its +fruit; but never have they sufficiently praised the utility of this +tropical product. Those who have never lived in southern countries +are unable to fully appreciate its value. Some look even with +indifference upon the gigantic clusters of this fruit, as they are +unloaded from the steamers and sailing vessels; and yet they +deserve special attention and admiration, for they are to the +inhabitants of the torrid zone, what bread and potatoes are to +those of the north temperate zone.</p> + +<p>The banana tree is one of the most striking illustrations of +tropical fertility and exuberance. A plant, which in a northern +climate, would require many years to gain strength and size, is +there the production of ten or twelve months. The native of the +South plants a few grains, taken from an old tree, in a moist and +sandy soil, along some river or lake; they develop with the +greatest rapidity, and at the end of ten months the first crop may +be gathered, though the cluster and bananas are yet small; but the +following year one cluster alone will weigh some sixty or more +pounds. Even in the South they are always cut down when green, as +they lose much of their flavor when left to ripen or soften on the +tree.</p> + +<p>The trunk of the tree, if it may be so called, and which grows +to a hight of some fifteen feet, is formed only by the fleshy part +of the large leaves, some of which attain a length of eighteen +feet, and are two and a half feet in width. While from an upper +sprout you perceive the large yellow flowers, or already formed +fruits, you see underneath a cluster, which is bending the tree by +its weight.</p> + +<p>The plantain tree is much the same as the banana, with the +difference, however, that its fruit cannot be eaten raw, like the +banana's, and that it is much larger in size. Almost every portion +of the banana tree is useful. First of all, the nutritious fruit. +The plantains when green and hard, are boiled in water or with meat +like our potatoes, or they are cut in slices and fried in fat, when +they are soft and ripe. There is a singularity about the boiled +plaintain, worthy of being mentioned. Pork especially, and other +meats are so exceedingly fat in the tropics that they would be most +disgusting or even impossible to eat with either bread or potatoes, +but the plaintain seems to neutralize or absorb all the greasy +substance, and the fattest meat is thus eaten by natives and +foreigners without the least inconvenience.</p> + +<p>Ripe bananas are mashed into a paste, of which the natives bake +a sort of bread, which is very nourishing, though somewhat heavy. +This paste, which contains much starch, can be dried, and thus kept +for a length of time, which is often of great service to mariners. +The young sprouts are used and prepared like vegetables, and the +fibrous parts of the stalks of the majestic leaves are used like +manilla for ropes and coarse cloth.</p> + +<p>The utility of the leaves is a theme rich enough to fill a +volume; they are used to cover the huts, for table-cloths and +napkins, or wrapping paper. The dough of bread, instead of being +put in a pan, into the oven, is spread on a piece of plantain leaf; +it will neither crisp nor adhere to the bread when taken out. The +Indians of America carry all their products, such as maize, sugar, +coffee, etc., in bags made of this leaf, which they know how to +arrange so well, that they transport an "arroba," or twenty-five +pounds any distance without a single grain escaping, and without +any appliance other than a liana or creeper to tie it up with. As +to the medicinal qualities of the leaves, they are numerous. +Indeed, a book has been written upon them. I speak, however, from +my own experience. The young, yet unrolled leaves are superior to +any salve or ointment. If applied to an inflamed part of the body, +the effect is soothing and cooling, or if applied to a wound or +ulcer, they excite a proper healthy action, and afterwards +completely heal the wound. Decoctions made of the leaves are used +among the natives for various diseases.</p> + +<p>Since the beginning of the world this plant has ranked among the +first in the Flora of Asia. The Christians of the orient look upon +it as the tree of Paradise which bore the forbidden fruit, and they +think its leaves furnished the first covering to our original +parents. According to other historians, the Adam's fig was the +plant, which the messengers brought from the promised land to +Moses, who had sent them out to reconnoitre. "It is under the shade +of the <i>musa sapientium</i>, that," as recorded by Pliny, "the +learned Indians seated themselves to meditate over the vicissitudes +of life, and to talk over different philosophic subjects, and the +fruit of this tree was their only food." The Oriental Christians, +up to the present date, regard the banana almost with reverence; +their active fancy beholds in its center, if a cut is made +transverse, the image of the cross, and they consider it a crime to +use a knife in cutting the fruit.</p> + +<p>In the holy language of the Hindoo, the Sanscrit, the Adam's fig +is called "modsha," whence doubtless, the word "musa" is derived. +It is generally believed that the plant came from India to Egypt in +the seventh century; it still forms a most important article of +commerce in the markets of Cairo and Alexandria. In the year 1516, +the banana was brought to the West Indian Islands by a monk, since +which time it has rapidly spread over the tropics of America, and +is found to the twenty-fifth degree north and south of the equator. +It is equally indispensable and is appreciated by the immigrant and +by the native as a beautifier of the landscape; affording shelter +from the sun and rain, and giving bread to the children; for if +every other crop should fail, the hungry native looks up to the +banana tree, like a merchant to his well-filled storehouse.</p> + +<hr> +<p><a name="56"></a></p> + +<h2>PUTTING UP STOVES.</h2> + +<h3>BY MARK TWAIN.</h3> + +<p>We do not remember the exact date of the invention of stoves, +but it was some years ago. Since then mankind have been tormented +once a year, by the difficulties that beset the task of putting +them up, and getting the pipes fixed. With all our Yankee ingenuity +no American has ever invented any method by which the labor of +putting up stoves can be lessened. The job is as severe and +vexatious as humanity can possibly endure, and gets more so every +year.</p> + +<p>Men always put their stoves up on a rainy day. Why, we know not; +but we never heard of any exception to this rule. The first step to +be taken is to put on a very old and ragged coat, under the +impression that when he gets his mouth full of plaster it will keep +the shirt bosom clean. Next, the operator gets his hand inside the +place where the pipe ought to go, and blacks his fingers, and then +he carefully makes a black mark down the side of his nose. It is +impossible to make any headway, in doing this work, until this mark +is made down the side of the nose. Having got his face properly +marked, the victim is ready to begin the ceremony.</p> + +<p>The head of the family--who is the big goose of the +sacrifice--grasps one side of the bottom of the stove, and his wife +and the hired girl take hold of the other side. In this way the +load is started from the woodshed toward the parlor. Going through +the door, the head of the family will carefully swing his side of +the stove around and jam his thumb nail against the door post. This +part of the ceremony is never omitted. Having got the family +comfort in place, the next thing is to find the legs. Two of these +are left inside the stove since the spring before. The other two +must be hunted after, for twenty-five minutes. They are usually +found under the coal. Then the head of the family holds up one side +of the stove while his wife puts two of the legs in place, and next +he holds up the other while the other two are fixed, and one of the +first two falls out. By the time the stove is on its legs he gets +reckless, and takes off his old coat, regardless of his linen.</p> + +<p>Then he goes for the pipe and gets two cinders in his eye. It +don't make any difference how well the pipe was put up last year it +will always be found a little too short or a little too long. The +head of the family jams his hat over his eyes and taking a pipe +under each arm goes to the tin shop to have it fixed. When he gets +back, he steps upon one of the best parlor chairs to see if the +pipe fits, and his wife makes him get down for fear he will scratch +the varnish off from the chairs with the nails in his boot heel. In +getting down he will surely step on the cat, and may thank his +stars that it is not the baby. Then he gets an old chair and climbs +up to the chimney again, to find that in cutting the pipe off, the +end has been left too big for the hole in the chimney. So he goes +to the woodshed and splits one side of the end of the pipe with an +old axe, and squeezes it in his hands to make it smaller.</p> + +<p>Finally he gets the pipe in shape, and finds the stove does not +stand true. Then himself and wife and the hired girl move the stove +to the left, and the legs fall out again. Next it is to move to the +right. More difficulty now with the legs. Move to the front a +little. Elbow not even with the hole in the chimney, and the head +of the family goes again to the woodshed after some little blocks. +While putting the blocks under the legs, the pipe comes out of the +chimney. That remedied, the elbow keeps tipping over, to the great +alarm of the wife. Head of the family gets the dinner table out, +puts the old chair on it, gets his wife to hold the chair, and +balances himself on it to drive some nails into the ceiling. Drops +the hammer on wife's head. At last he gets the nails driven, takes +a wire swing to hold the pipe, hammers a little here, pulls a +little there, takes a long breath, and announces the ceremony +concluded.</p> + +<p>Job never put up any stoves. It would have ruined his reputation +if he had. The above programme, with unimportant variations, will +be carried out in many respectable families during the next six +weeks.</p> + +<hr> +<p><a name="57"></a></p> + +<h2>THE MAGIC LANTERN.</h2> + +<p>The invention of the magic lantern dates back to 1650, and is +attributed to Professor Kircher, a German philosopher of rare +talents and extensive reputation. The instrument is simple and +familiar. It is a form of the microscope. The shadows cast by the +object are, by means of lenses, focussed upon something capable of +reflection, such as a wall or screen. No essential changes in the +principles of construction have been made since the time of +Kircher; but the modern improvements in lenses, lights, and +pictures, have raised the character of the instrument from that of +a mere toy to an apparatus of the highest utility. By its +employment the most wonderful forms of creation, invisible, +perhaps, to the eye, are not only revealed but reproduced in +gigantic proportions, with all the marvelous truth of nature +itself. The success of some of the most celebrated demonstrations +of Faraday, Tyndall, Doremus, Morton, and others, was due to the +skillful use of the magic lantern. As an educator, the employment +of this instrument is rapidly extending. No school apparatus is +complete without it; and now that transparencies are so readily +multiplied by photography upon glass, and upon mica, or gelatin, by +the printing press or the pen, it is destined to find a place in +every household; for in it are combined the attractive qualities of +beauty, amusement, and instruction.</p> + +<p>The electric light affords, probably, the strongest and best +illumination for the magic lantern; then comes the magnesium light; +but their use is a little troublesome and rather expensive; next to +these in illuminating power is the oxy-hydrogen or Drummond light. +The preparation of the gases and the use of the calcium points +involve considerable skill.</p> + +<p>Need has long been felt for some form of the magic lantern, +having a strong light, but more easily produced than any of those +just mentioned; and this has at last been accomplished, after +several years' study and experiment, by Prof. L.J. Marcy, 632 Arch +St., Philadelphia, Pa.</p> + +<p>The "Sciopticon," is the name of his new instrument, and from +actual trial we find that it possesses many superior qualities. Its +lenses are excellent, and in illuminating power its light ranks +next to the oxy-hydrogen. The sciopticon light is produced from +ordinary coal oil by an ingenious arrangement of double flames, +intensifying the heat and resulting in a pencil of strong white +light. Prof. Marcy's instrument is the perfection of convenience, +simplicity, and safety. Any one may successfully work it and +produce the most brilliant pictures upon the screen. It is +peculiarly adapted for school purposes and home entertainment. +Those who wish to do a good thing for young people should provide +one of these instruments. Photographic transparencies of remarkable +places, persons, and objects, may now be purchased at small cost; +while there is no end to the variety of pictures which may be drawn +by hand at home upon mica, glass or gelatin, and then reproduced +upon the screen by the sciopticon.</p> + +<hr> +<p><a name="58"></a></p> + +<h2>The Largest Well in the World--Capacity 1,000,000 Gallons of +Water per Day.</h2> + +<p>One of the grand necessities of the Prospect Park, Brooklyn, +N.Y., that of providing for a continual supply of water for all the +purposes of the Park developed itself, as the Commissioners +progressed with their stupendous undertaking. Mr. Stranahan, the +President of the Board, after carefully weighing the cost, the +practicability, and importance of having an independent water +supply for the Park, advised the Commissioners of the plan which +had suggested itself, and the calculations which had been made by +the engineers relative to the project, and the work was commenced, +the first idea being to secure at least a partial supply of water +by means of a well constructed in the Park. The subject was thus +treated in the last annual report of Mr. C.C. Martin, the engineer +in charge:</p> + +<p>"This well has been located on the south side of Lookout Hill, +near the lake, and work was commenced upon it late in the season. +After a careful consideration of various methods for sinking the +well, it was decided to build the wall and then to excavate the +material from within, trusting to the weight of the wall to force +it down. Sixteen feet of the wall were laid securely bolted +together, before the excavation was commenced. A derrick with a +boom fifty-five feet in length was set up near the wall, so that +the sweep of the boom commanded the interior of it. Iron buckets +containing fourteen cubic feet each were obtained, and a six-horse +power hoisting engine purchased. With these appliances the +excavation was commenced, and carried on with slight interruption +until the work was suspended on account of the frost."</p> + +<p>The well is now completed, and is one of the most important +features of the Park. It is worthy to rank as a feat of engineering +skill with, any of the great works of modern times. The +Commissioners decided to put its powers to the test yesterday +afternoon, but owing to the unpropitious weather of the forenoon +the trial was postponed. Nevertheless, Commissioners Stranahan, +Fiske, and Haynes, with Mr. Martin, engineer in charge, and Mr. +John Y. Culyer, his assistant, were at the well. During the last +summer some difficulties were encountered in the sinking of the +wall, which were set down by superficial observers as the utter +failure of the enterprise. Mr. Stranahan received but little +encouragement from his fellow Commissioners, some of whom had never +seen greater works of engineering than the construction of street +sewers. He assumed the responsibility of seeing the work through, +feeling that the whole thing depended entirely upon the ability of +the engineers, in which he had abundant faith. All obstacles were +surmounted; the work proceeded and the well is now finished, and so +far as is known, is understood to be the largest one in the +world.</p> + +<p>The outer wall is fifty feet in diameter, two feet thick, and +fifty-four feet high. The inner curb, or wall, is thirty-five feet +in diameter and two feet thick, having a depth of ten feet. The +masonry, as seen from the top of the structure, is a marvel of +neatness and solidity. The water surface in the well is thirteen +feet above high-tide level, and the depth of water in the well is +fourteen feet. The pump foundations are entirely independent of the +walls. This plan was adopted so as to obviate any possible +difficulty which might arise from displacement. The pump is the +Worthington patent, and, with a pressure of forty pounds, is +capable of raising one million gallons of water every twenty-four +hours a height of 176 feet, and is competent to a lift of 180 +feet.</p> + +<p>The boiler house is a neat, pressed-brick structure trimmed with +Ohio stone, standing on the surface near the mouth of the well. The +interior of the well is reached by a spiral stairway built in the +wall, and commencing in the boiler house. In this way the engineer +is able to reach the pump. It is a fact worthy of notice in +connection with the construction of the wall, or rather the sinking +of it, that the outer wall rests upon four feet of wooden cribwork, +two feet thick, and having an iron shield. The inner wall is built +upon a similar crib only two feet deep, also shielded with +iron.</p> + +<p>The Commissioners were led to the construction of this well in +presence of the danger at any time of some accident taking place in +connection with the Brooklyn Water Works which would render it +necessary for the Water Board to cut off the Park supply so as to +secure the citizens from suffering. This well has more than the +necessary capacity to supply the Park abundantly with water, +yielding most when most is needed. This is established by the +discovery that the time of drought from which the well is, or may +be, likely to suffer, occurs in the Fall. Besides these facts, it +further appears that in order to furnish the supply of water to the +Park the Water Board would have to go through the process of +pumping their water twice to convey it to the required elevation, +equal to 225 feet from its original level.</p> + +<p>The work of the well will be to supply the pools at an elevation +of 133 feet. From the pools the water is conducted to the lake. +Besides this, there is an independent connection with the lake by +which, as necessity may suggest, the water can be directed to the +lake, a lift of only seventy feet. The lake, when completed, will +occupy an area of fifty acres, which will be kept continually +supplied with fresh water, the arrangements being such, or to be +such, as will insure a permanent change of water, and prevent any +of the evils that may arise from stagnancy. The well is fed from +the earth, consisting of a circuit of two miles, with a fall of +five feet to the mile. For this reason it does not appear easy to +exhaust the supply, as when the water is pumped out to four or five +feet from the surface of the well it is replaced at a rate equal to +the demand. Every allowance has been made for evaporation from the +lake and pools, and the supply is regarded as inexhaustible. +Another important fact here suggests itself; that is, that +sufficient rain falls during the season in the area of two miles +around the well to make the supply perennial. The Prospect Park +well is a credit to Brooklyn.--<i>New York Times</i>.</p> + +<hr> +<p><a name="59"></a></p> + +<h2>PAPER FOR BUILDING.</h2> + +<p>Our readers will find in another column an advertisement of this +new building material which is now attracting much attention in the +West, and of which we have received very favorable reports. It has +been recently tested in Chicago with the result we are informed of +fully establishing its utility. It is said that a house twenty-two +feet long, sixteen wide, and fourteen high, can be covered on the +outside for less than $9; and a house thirty-six feet by +twenty-two, and twenty feet high, for $20. The building can be done +at any season, and can be finished with great speed, and there are +said to be numerous other advantages connected with the use of the +paper. It differs from ordinary paper in consistency, compactness +and solidity. In the manufacture it is subjected to a pressure of +hundreds of tuns, which squeezes out the liquid matter, leaving a +substance of the right thickness. It is said to be proof against +damp and gnawing of vermin, and it being an excellent non-conductor +of heat, must make a warm dwelling in winter and a cool one in +summer. It is used in the place of plastering for inside walls.</p> + +<hr> +<p>The Prussian Government has military maps of every foot of its +territory so complete that every hill, ravine, brooklet, field, and +forest is delineated with perfect accuracy. It is a common boast of +Prussian military men, that within the space of eight days 848,000 +men can be concentrated to the defense of any single point within +the kingdom, and every man of them will be a trained and +well-equipped soldier.</p> + +<hr> +<p><a name="60"></a></p> + +<h2>Improved Muzzle-Pivoting Gun.</h2> + +<p>We are indebted for the following able description and criticism +of this Prussian gun to our able contemporary, <i>The +Engineer</i>.</p> + +<p>Viewed as a piece of mechanism, nothing can well be more +beautiful in mutual adaptation of parts to the fulfillment of given +and rather recondite movements, and in point of execution, than +this muzzle-pivoting arrangement of Herr Gruson's; but having said +this we are compelled to add, as impartial engineering critics, +that it is nothing more.</p> + +<p class="ctr"><a href="images/14a.png"> +<img src="images/14a_th.jpg" alt= +"GRUSON'S SYSTEM OF MUZZLE-PIVOTING APPLIED TO MONITORS."></a></p> + +<p class="ctr">GRUSON'S SYSTEM OF MUZZLE-PIVOTING APPLIED TO +MONITORS.</p> + +<p>A very few words of description, aided by the very clear +engraving annexed, will suffice to make the arrangement plain to +every mechanical reader. The entire structure is metallic, chiefly +of cast iron or of steel. Upon the platform of the casemate, or +deck of the ship, or turret, is laid the heavy bed or traverse +plate, cast hollow in iron, holding the vertical pivot at its +forward end, on which the gun slide traverses in azimuth, and at +its rear end the segment plate, bolted down and separately +adjustable as to position upon the bedplate. The slide is also a +ponderous hollow casting, the upper surfaces of which, on which the +gun carriage runs forward or recoils, are curvilinear in a vertical +plane, so that the inclination to the horizon is greatest at the +rear end. At the rear end of the slide it traverses upon two heavy +cast-iron turned conical rollers, which are geared together and +actuated by the winch handle and spur gear, seen in our engraving; +by these the slide is practically held fast in any position on the +bedplate. The gun itself--in the model, a steel breech-loader, on +the Prussian regulation system, very slightly modified--is +sustained between two high and ponderous cheek plates of cast iron, +which constitute the sides of the carriage, and which are connected +together strongly at the lower edges by a heavy base or bottom +plate, and at the top by two light cross distance bolts. The muzzle +and breech extremities of the piece project well beyond those +cheeks. Along the bottom of the trough of the carriage, directly +under the gun, lies a nearly horizontal hydraulic press cylinder, +the pump and handle actuating which are seen in the figures to the +proper left of the gun, and the supply of water for which is +contained in the hollow bottom of the carriage. On each side cheek +of the carriage is formed, by curved planing, a circular segmental +race, opening inward or toward each other, rectangular in cross +section and into each of which is fitted a segmental block just +filling it up, and occupying a portion of its length so as to slide +easily up or downward through the whole range of the arc or +segment.</p> + +<p>The center point of the length of each of those blocks carries +one side of the gun, which is connected also with the two heavy +radius bars seen outside the cheeks, and pivoted close to the +segment races on the outside, and with a system of link work +between the gun itself and the crosshead of the ram of the +hydraulic cylinder, which gives motion to the gun in elevation or +depression, through a vertical arc, the imaginary center of which, +and of the segments of the side cheeks, is situated in the +horizontal diameter across the muzzle of the gun. This is in brief +the muzzle-pivoting part of the arrangement, of which, were it +worth while to go into its details, we should need some further +diagrams to make it quite clear. Nor is it worth while to go into +the description of various minor points of refinement about the gun +mounting, such as the very exposed long tangent scale seen in the +figure, by which the elevation or depression is read off, nor the +still more exposed and rather ricketty arrangement by which the +rear sight is arranged to rise and fall with the gun, and allowance +for dispart avoided. The recoil of the gun is resisted through and +by the segment blocks in the side cheeks, and by the heavy radius +bars, etc., and thus transferred to the carriage itself. This moves +upon four eccentro-concentric rollers, in all respects identical +with those brought before the Ordnance Select Committee of Woolwich +by Mr. Mallet, in 1858--then rejected, after some time adopted, and +brought into use in our own service, where they are now universal, +and from which they have been adopted into every artillery in the +world, and, we understand, without the slightest recognition of the +inventor's rights. On the axle of each of these rollers is keyed a +circular eccentric cam plate, those at the same side being +connected together by a linking bar so as to move in concert. +Adjustable tripping plates attached to the sides of the slide, are +so arranged that when the loaded gun has been run forward its +carriage base rests hard down, with its full weight upon the top +faces of the slide, and thus the recoil is made under the full +resistance due to the friction of the entire load. Arrived at the +highest point, it rests there until loaded. The cam plates being +then given a slight motion of rotation by the help of socket +levers--the rectangular projections to be received by which are +seen on the top edges of the cam plates in the figure--the +carriage, by its own commenced descent, gets again upon its +rollers, and runs forward upon these at once into firing position. +The two elevated horns which are seen standing up at the rear part +of the slide above the roller frame are designed to receive the +thump of the two short buffer-blocks--seen at the rear part of each +carriage cheek--in the event of the recoil not being wholly +expended in raising the weight of gun and carriage, etc., along the +curved racers of the slide. These buffer-blocks bear against plugs +of vulcanized india-rubber secured in the bottoms of the buffer +cylinders.</p> + +<p>We have thus, though very briefly, described the whole of this +mounting. As a carefully thought out and elaborated piece of +elegant mechanical complication Herr Gruson's muzzle-pivoting +carriage attracted much attention at Paris, in 1867, and its merits +were regarded as great by those whose thoughts went little further +perhaps. We should have been glad had it been in our power to have +joined in its praise. We are, however, obliged honestly to say +that, however highly creditable to its designer as an ingenious and +capable mechanism, it shows that he has never realized to himself +as a practical artillerist the primary, most absolute, and +indispensable conditions of construction for a serviceable +muzzle-pivoting gun for either land or sea service.</p> + +<p>As to the general merits, or general conditions, of +muzzle-pivoting, however, once in doubt at first, these are +admitted now by all; and the latter resolve themselves almost into +this--that system of muzzle-pivoting must be best which, while +preserving the essential point of leaving the muzzle of the gun +free of any direct attachment, i.e., with an imaginary, not an +actual, pivot of vertical arc motion, shall be <i>the simplest +possible</i> in its parts, have the least details, the fewest parts +capable of being struck by splinters or shot, and all its parts of +such materials and character as to receive the smallest amount of +injury if so struck. In every one of these aspects Herr Gruson's +mounting is at fault. With parts and movements far more ingeniously +adapted than those of the crude and unskillfully designed +muzzle-pivoting carriages of Captain Heathorn, also exhibited at +Paris, and much exhibited and exposed since, the Gruson mounting is +even more complicated, expensive, and liable to injury of every +sort to which a gun carriage can be conceived liable. We may even +venture to affirm that ponderous as was the mass of cast iron, +etc., in the Paris model carrying only a 12-pounder gun, were it +all enlarged in such ratio as might appear to suit for a 10-inch +25-tun rifled gun of the British type, the almost proverbial +relations, between weight, velocity of impulse, and brittleness of +cast iron, would show themselves, in the whole machine going to +pieces within a very few rounds.</p> + +<hr> +<p><a name="61"></a></p> + +<h2>Stock Feeding by Clock Work.</h2> + +<p>Mr. F. B. Robinson, of North Haven, Conn., has invented a very +neat arrangement, whereby horses or stock can be fed at any time +required with certainty and without personal attention at the time +of feeding. His invention consists of a hopper with a drop bottom +in which the provender is placed. A latch secures the drop bottom, +the latch engaging with a spring catch. A simple arrangement of +clock work on the principle of the alarm clock, may be set to +release the spring at any hour or minute desired, when the drop +falls and the provender falls through a chute into the feeding +trough. This invention may be adapted to feeding any number of +horses or cattle, only one clock being required. We regard the +invention as one of much value. By its use much neglect of careless +attendants may be obviated, and a farmer without help, might leave +home for an evening's entertainment, or absent himself on business, +without fear that his stock would suffer. Besides being so +convenient the cost of the apparatus is a mere bagatelle.</p> + +<hr> +<p><a name="62"></a></p> + +<h2>Milk, and What Comes of It.</h2> + +<p>Orange County has long been a laud flowing with milk +and--butter. Three or four of these most beautiful autumn days were +spent by us, says a writer in <i>Harper's Weekly</i>, among the +farmers which are supposed to butter our New York city bread, and +qualify our tea and coffee. Recent mechanical improvements have +taken away much of the traditional romance of the farm, but, on the +whole, the loss is more than made up by the gain of perfect system +and wonderful adaptation. Instead of four or five cows, known by +such names as Brindle, Bess, and Sukey, milked by rosy-cheeked +maidens, we have now droves of fifty or a hundred, milked by men, +who know them only as "good" or "poor milkers."</p> + +<p>In some fine farms a large and luxuriant pasture, with running +brooks and border of woodlands, affords, with the herd feeding in +it, a beautiful picture; and the substantial barns constructed to +keep the cattle comfortably cool in summer and warm in winter, with +ample drinking troughs and stalls for fastening up at night, are +indicative of the good shelter at hand when winter storms drive the +cows indoors. To the farmyards the cows are brought night and +morning, in summer, to be milked. The strained milk is put into +large cans holding forty quarts, such as the milkmen use in +distributing it through the city. These cans are then put into +tanks made in some cool running stream, where the water comes +nearly to the top of the can. Frequent stirring is necessary until +the animal heat is quite gone. The milk is then fit to be sent to +the cars. This process can never safely be omitted for, paradoxical +though it may seem, milk is "fresher" and sweeter when it reaches +the consumer if it is delayed at the farm for at least twelve +hours. Even in hot weather, it is more certain to keep sweet when +twenty-four or thirty-six hours elapse between the milking and the +using in the city.</p> + +<p>There has been much discussion as to the best means of cooling +milk for market, and patent pails have been tried in which the milk +passes directly from the cow through small, coiled tubes surrounded +by ice. But this rapid cooling does not work well, and practical +experience indicates that the old simple process is the best. Every +well-appointed farm must have, therefore, a cool and unfailing +stream of water. There are two such streams in one of the farms we +visited. One passes through the barn, furnishing drinking troughs +for the cattle, and a tank for cooling milk in winter. The other, +running through the pasture, supplies a trout-breeding pond, and +furnishes a tank for summer use. In a little hut under the trees, +the milk cans are kept in a stream, which even the severe drought +of last summer did not dry, nor the heat raise to a temperature of +60°.</p> + +<p>We are assured most positively that none of the spring water +finds its way over the mouth of the can into the milk. Its +dilution, of which there is so much just complaint, must be done, +if at all, in the city, for the wholesale buyer is said to have +such means of testing the milk as effectually protects him against +the farmer. May the man be busy at work who is to give each family +such a protection. We have heard it said that one end of a small +piece of common tape placed in a pan of milk will carry from it all +the water into another vessel in which the other end of the tape +should be placed; but we have never found this a safe test.</p> + +<p>Strange to say, no butter is made on these large milk farms. The +supply for the family is obtained from market, or, more rarely, +from a neighbor who churns all his milk for the accommodation of +those who send all theirs to the city. Our notions of the way to +make butter were decidedly overturned on going to such a dairy. No +setting of the milk in shallow pans for cream to rise; no skimming +and putting away in jars until "churning day," when the thick cream +was agitated by a strong arm until the butter came, then worked and +salted. Instead, there is a daily pouring of the unskimmed soured +milk into a common churn, perhaps somewhat larger than ordinary. +The dasher is fastened to a shaft, which is moved by a crank. The +crank is turned by means of a nearly horizontal wheel some eight or +ten feet in diameter, which is kept in motion by a dog, sheep, or +calf standing on it, something after the manner of the old +tread-mill.</p> + +<p>When taken from the churn, the butter is worked by hand as of +old. The farmer with whom we have talked said he was about +determined to send his milk to the creamery, since butter-making +made it so hard for the women. Surely woman is less a drudge than +she used to be. If, after being relieved from the labor of +churning, the remaining working of the butter is considered too +hard for the farmer's wife, the day of a woman's redemption must be +near at hand.</p> + +<p>Only one butter farm, have we been able to find, and not enough +is made there to supply the immediate neighborhood. Where, then, +does all the Orange county butter come from? Mostly from the West. +Farmers buy from the vicinity of the Alleghenies, and even further +west, large quantities, which they sell in the original packages or +repack in pails. Since railroads have become so numerous, New York +drinks up all the milk in Orange county, and must butter her bread +elsewhere.</p> + +<p>The largest institution for the disposition of milk is the +Creamery, which is, in other words, a cheese factory. Here is +brought the milk which the farmers themselves are unable properly +to prepare for market, for want of cool springs or sufficient help. +Received here, it is placed in deep but narrow tin pails holding +twelve or fourteen quartz. These are floated in large tanks of +water. From these pails the cream is carefully taken and sent to +market. The skimmed milk is then placed in a large vat and heated, +by means of steam pipes to about 80°. Then the rennet is put +in. From twenty to thirty minutes suffices for curdling, and the +mass is then stirred to separate the curd from the whey. After +which it is heated still more; and then the whey, passing off +through a strainer, goes to feed hogs, while the curd remains in +the vat, to be salted and worked before putting into the presses. +In two or three hours the curds become hard enough for the canvas +to be put upon them ready for the shelves. Very carefully they must +then be watched, lest the fly lying in wait for them makes in them +a snug house for her family. Greasing and turning must be a daily +labor, and some weeks must pass before they are sufficiently cured +for market.</p> + +<p>For the benefit of city consumers, who are paying ten and twelve +cents a quart for milk, from a tenth to a quarter of which is not +infrequently pure Croton, we may add that the highest price the +farmer ever gets for his milk is seven cents a quart; and he +sometimes sells it for as low as two cents and a half. Our friends, +the milkmen, have, therefore, it will be seen, a pretty good margin +for freight and profit.</p> + +<hr> +<p><a name="63"></a></p> + +<h2>Improved Hay Elevator.</h2> + +<p>The method most generally used for elevating hay is evidently +not the most economical application of the power of horses for the +accomplishment of the purpose desired. The tackle involves a great +deal of friction, and as the quantity which can be thus raised at +once is, probably, on the average, not more than from 150 to 200 +lbs, much more time is employed in re-adjusting the fork, than +would be the case if a larger quantity were elevated.</p> + +<p>The invention under consideration supplies a means whereby it is +claimed hay may be unloaded with far greater facility than +heretofore, with less labor to the team and with fewer hands than +are at present employed.</p> + +<p>A primary gear wheel is propelled horizontally by a lever worked +by a horse. The primary gear impels a pinion keyed to the shaft of +a windlass, upon which is wound the elevating rope, whenever the +clutch, A, is made to operate through the cord and lever, B. This +cord runs over a pulley on the under side the wood framework at C, +and its further end may be held in the hand of the workman on the +hay load, who, when he has properly adjusted the fork, pulls the +cord which operates the clutch, and the "fork-full" of hay is at +once elevated. The cylinder of the windlass, not being keyed to the +shaft, only operates when the clutch is closed by the cord.</p> + +<p>The horse, or horses which furnish power to the machine, may, +therefore, keep on traveling in the same direction, and no time is +lost in stopping and backing, as in the method in general use.</p> + +<p class="ctr"><img src="images/15a.png" alt= +"DERR'S CAPSTSTAN FOR ELEVATING HAY FORKS."></p> + +<p class="ctr">DERR'S CAPSTSTAN FOR ELEVATING HAY FORKS.</p> + +<p>There is no doubt but that this is a cheap, durable, and +desirable machine, and one that can be used to great advantage, not +only for the elevation of hay, but for many other purposes. We +think it would be found a decided improvement in discharging +cargoes of coal from barges, and for handling coal in storage +yards.</p> + +<p>The inventor claims that twice as much hay can be raised in a +given time by its use, as can be done by the old method; and it +dispenses with one hand at the barn or stack.</p> + +<p>A coupling at D, enables attachments to be made, which extend +the usefulness of the machine very much. It may be used as a power +for driving wood saws, cutting fuel, thrashing, and other work +where a simple horse power is desirable.</p> + +<p>Address for further information, Wm. Derr, Tiffin, Ohio.</p> + +<hr> +<p>COMPETITORS FOR PRIZES.--The interest that our friends have +taken in obtaining additional names to send with their own +subscriptions to the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN for the coming year, is +without a parallel. The clubs sent by competitors for the cash +prizes are not so many or so large as we expected, but the number +of applicants for the steel plate engraving exceeds our +expectation.</p> + +<hr> +<p>The Emperor of France is said to be interested in the art of +flying and to have given money to fledge some inventions.</p> + +<hr> +<p><a name="64"></a></p> + +<h2>IMPROVEMENT IN LAMP WICKS.</h2> + +<p>Our engravings show a novel substitute for the cotton lamp wick. +The wick, two forms of which are shown in Figs. 1 and 2, are made +of glass, and are filled preferably with pulverized gypsum, +although any finely-ground stone, mineral, or metal may be +employed. The bottom of the glass tube is closed by wire gauze, or +other suitable strainer, through which the fluid flows; and is +carried by the capillary attraction of the pounded material to the +top of the wick.</p> + +<p>Thus a permanent wick is obtained, which may be employed with +any form of lamp, and will last for an indefinite time. It may also +be used in connection with an open cup, which the inventor terms a +poor man's lamp. A perforated card is laid upon the top of the cup +or tumbler as a support to the wick.</p> + +<p class="ctr"><img src="images/15b.png" alt=""></p> + +<p>It may be used either with or without a chimney, and it is +claimed that with good kerosene oil it is perfectly safe, and +consumes less of it, while it may be also used as a candle.</p> + +<p>Patented through the Scientific American Patent Agency, +September 14, 1869, by Edward D. Boyd, of Helena, Ark.</p> + +<p>Address for rights, etc., the patentee, as above, or Jos. P. +Branch, 277 Fulton street, Brooklyn, N.Y.</p> + +<hr> +<p><a name="65"></a></p> + +<h2>Great Transformation.</h2> + +<p>Seven years ago, says the Port Said correspondence of the London +<i>News</i>, there was nothing to distinguish Ismailla or the +smiling lake before you from the rest of the desert, and all was +sand. It is the canal which has raised up the numerous handsome +villas and fine gardens. Fresh water is all that is needed to turn +the arid desert into a fruitful soil; and the supply of this is +provided by the subsidary canal which the company has formed side +by side with that broad salt one which now unites two worlds. +Wonderful stories are told of the productiveness of the gardens, +and a walk through any of those belonging to the leading officials +stationed at Ismailla is to verify them all. Vines with large +bunches of grapes pendent from their branches; orange trees with +green fruit just showing a golden tint; ivy, roses, geraniums from +England, and an endless variety of rich tropical plants are all +flourishing. In the centre of the town is a square with trees and a +building clothed with rich creepers in its midst. Everything here +looks French. A handsome boulevard runs down to the point of +embarkation, the streets and squares are on the true Parisian +model, and there are <i>cafes</i>, billiard rooms, and <i>cafe +chantants</i> which might easily belong to Nantes or Lyons. There +are of course huge gaps where the houses and shops will be; the +roads are, many of them, still of sand; camels draw carts, and +generally pervade the place in long strings; but with all this you +are kept in a state of wonder during your stay at Ismailla at the +marvelous conversion which has taken, place under your eyes.</p> + +<hr> +<p>American agricultural implements are highly praised in newspaper +reports of the Metropolitan Cattle Show, held recently in +London.</p> + +<hr> +<h2>Moore's Rural New Yorker</h2> + +<p>For Dec. 25 contains a splendid full page Engraving of the PRIZE +FOWLS at the recent State Poultry Show--the Best Poultry Picture +ever given in an American newspaper.--Also, a magnificent CHRISTMAS +PICTURE, and other fine Illustrations. For sale by all Newsdealers; +price 8 cents. See advertisement of RURAL in this paper.</p> + +<hr> +<h2>BUSINESS AND PERSONAL.</h2> + +<p><i>The Charge for Insertion under this head is One Dollar a +Line. If the Notices exceed Four Lines, One Dollar and a Half per +line will be charged.</i></p> + +<hr> +<p>To ascertain where there will be a demand for new machinery or +manufacturers' supplies read Boston Commercial Bulletin's +manufacturing news of the United States. Terms, $4.00 a year.</p> + +<p>Ties, timber, and lumber seasoned by steam, without a building. +Costs $2, worth $20 per M. Stops eramacausis. H.G. Bulkley, +N.Y.</p> + +<p>Wanted--Light Machinery or Articles to Manufacture. Work done in +a neat, prompt manner. Address W.E. Bradner & Co., 13 Mulberry +st., Newark, N.J.</p> + +<p>Pyrites wanted--Containing Gold, Silver, or Copper. Address A.G. +Hunter, Jackson, Mich.</p> + +<p>Those wishing articles of metal or light machinery manufactured, +will find it for their interest to address J.B. Heald, Milford, +N.H.</p> + +<p>One horizontal stationary steam engine, with variable cut-off, +60-H.P.; one plain do., 25-H.P.; one do., 20-H.P.; one Portable +12-H.P., on hand and for sale low. Albertson & Douglass Machine +Co., New London, Conn.</p> + +<p>For sale cheap--Good 2d-hand plate iron. 50 plates 3-8 thick, 42 +inches wide, 120 inches long. Been used 3 months for a floor. Price +3 cents per lb. Address box 1352, Norwich, Conn.</p> + +<p>The head draftsman of a locomotive works, just closed, desires +another engagement. Familiar with stationary, marine, or locomotive +machinery. Unexceptionable references. Watkins, 13 Dutch st., +N.Y.</p> + +<p>Wanted--Iron Planer about 4 ft., describe same and price, Geo. +S. Grier, Milford, Del.</p> + +<p>Wanted--Best Water Filter for Household purposes. Frank +Alexander, Box 3769, New York.</p> + +<p>A Brick Machine wanted. Address A. Hansen, Sumter, S.C.</p> + +<p>For Sale for want of use--A 3-Horse portable steam engine and +boiler, in perfect running order. Address B.S. Nichols & Co., +Burlington, Vt.</p> + +<p>Patent Rights bought and sold by R.T. Bradley & Co., 131 +Fourth st., Cincinnati, Ohio.</p> + +<p>Peck's patent drop press. For circulars, address the sole +manufacturers, Milo Peck & Co, New Haven, Ct.</p> + +<p>Every wheelwright and blacksmith should have one of Dinsmore's +Tire Shrinkers. Send for circular to R.H. Allen & Co., +Postoffice Box 376, New York.</p> + +<p>For Small Engine Lathes, with foot-power, Hand Lathes, Bolt or +Terret Cutters, Planers, etc., address W.E. Bradner & Co., +Newark, N.J</p> + +<p>Aneroid Barometers made to order, repaired, rated, for sale and +exchange, by C. Grieshaber, 107 Clinton St., New York.</p> + +<p>Foundery and Machine Business.--Experience with some capital, +wants an engagement. South or West preferred. Address Box E.E., +Catskill, N.Y.</p> + +<p>Foreman in a Machine Shop--A person having ten years experience +in that capacity is desirous of forming a new engagement. Address, +with particulars, Postoffice Box 119, La Crosse, Wis.</p> + +<p>Makers of Pipe Cutting and Tapping and Screwing Machines send +circulars, without delay, to Forest City Pipe works, Cleveland, +O.</p> + +<p>For Best Spring-bed Bottoms address S.C. Jennings, Wautoma, +Wis.</p> + +<p>Parties having patents or patent goods to sell, send for The +National, Buffalo, N.Y., $1 per year, 10c. single copy.</p> + +<p>Back Nos., Vols., and Sets of Scientific American for sale. +Address Theo. Tusch, No. 37 Park Row, New York.</p> + +<p>Mineral Collections--50 selected specimens, including gold and +silver ores, $15. Orders executed on receipt of the amount. L. +& J Feuchtwanger, Chemists, 55 Cedar st., New York.</p> + +<p>The Babcock & Wilcox Steam Engine received the First Premium +for the Most Perfect Automatic Expansion Valve Gear, at the late +Exhibition of the American Institute. Babcock, Wilcox & Co., 44 +Cortlandt st., New York.</p> + +<p>For best quality Gray Iron Small Castings, plain and fancy Apply +to the Whitneyville Foundery, near New Haven, Conn.</p> + +<p>Keuffel & Esser, 71 Nassau st., N.Y., the best place to get +1st-class Drawing Materials, Swiss Instruments, and Rubber +Triangles and Curves.</p> + +<p>Foot Lathes--E.P. Ryder's improved--220 Center st., N.Y.</p> + +<p>Those wanting latest improved Hub and Spoke Machinery, address +Kettenring, Strong & Lauster, Defiance, Ohio.</p> + +<p>For tinmans' tools, presses, etc., apply to Mays & Bliss, +Brooklyn, N.Y.</p> + +<p>Mill-stone dressing diamond machine, simple, effective, durable. +Also, Glazier's diamonds. John Dickinson, 64 Nassau st., New +York.</p> + +<p>Send 3-cent stamp for a circular on the uses of Soluble Glass, +or Silicates of Soda and Potash. Manufactured by L. & J.W. +Feuchtwanger, Chemists and Drug Importers, 55 Cedar st., New +York.</p> + +<p>Glynn's Anti-Incrustator for Steam Boiler--The only reliable +preventative. No foaming, and does not attack metals of boiler. +Liberal terms to Agents. C.D. Fredricks, 587 Broadway, New +York.</p> + +<p>Cold Rolled--Shafting, piston rods, pump rods, Collins pat. +double compression couplings, manufactured by Jones & +Laughlins, Pittsburgh, Pa.</p> + +<p>For solid wrought-iron beams, etc., see advertisement. Address +Union Iron Mille, Pittsburgh, Pa., for lithograph, etc.</p> + +<p>Machinists, boiler makers, tinners, and workers of sheet metals +read advertisement of the Parker Power Presses.</p> + +<p>Diamond carbon, formed into wedge or other shapes for pointing +and edging tools or cutters for drilling and working stone, etc. +Send stamp for circular. John Dickinson, 64 Nassau st., New +York.</p> + +<p>The paper that meets the eye of manufacturers throughout the +United States--Boston Bulletin, $4.00 a year. Advertisements 17c. a +line.</p> + +<p>Winans' boiler powder, 11 Wall st., N.Y., removes Incrustations +without injury or foaming; 12 years in use. Beware of +Imitations.</p> + +<hr> +<p><a name="66"></a></p> + +<h2>ANSWERS TO CORRESPONDENTS.</h2> + +<p><i>Correspondents who expect to receive answers to their letters +must, in all cases, sign their names. We have a right to know those +who seek information from us; besides, as sometimes happens we may +prefer to address correspondents by mail.</i></p> + +<p><i>SPECIAL NOTE.--This column is designed for the general +interest and instruction of our readers, not for gratuitous replies +to questions of a purely business or personal nature. We will +publish such inquiries, however, when paid for as advertisemets at +$1.00 a line, under the head of "Business and Personal."</i></p> + +<p><i>All reference to back numbers should be by volume and +page.</i></p> + +<hr> +<p>C.H.G., of N.Y.--To make pure nitrate of silver, dissolve pure +silver in pure nitric acid, evaporate the solution to dryness, or, +if crystals are preferred, evaporate until the solution is +sufficiently concentrated to form crystals. If you can not get pure +silver, you may purify it by dissolving coin in nitric acid, +filtering the solution and precipitating the silver in the form of +a chloride by hydrochloric acid. Next wash the precipitate with hot +water until the washings cease to redden litmus paper. Next mix the +pure chloride of silver while yet moist with its own weight of pure +crystallized carbonate of soda, place the mixture in a covered +porcelain crucible and heat very gradually until the fusing point +of silver is reached. The reduced silver will be pure and may be +removed by breaking the crucible. Wash the button thoroughly with +hot water to remove the flux. In dissolving the pure silver thus +obtained in nitric acid, it is better to use an excess of acid; the +excess will be driven off by heat in evaporation.</p> + +<p>G.B., of Iowa.--Nominal horse power is merely a conventional +expression for diameter of cylinder and length of stroke, and does +not apply to the actual power of the engine. It is found by +multiplying the cube root of the stroke in feet by the square of +the diameter in inches and dividing the product by 47. This rule is +based upon the postulate established by Watt, that the speed of a +piston with two feet stroke is 160 feet per minute, and that for +longer strokes the speed varies as the cube roots of the length of +the stroke. It is needless to say this rule is not observed in +modern practice, yet the expression, nominal horse power, is like +many other relics of past time still retained. The above rule does +not apply to high pressure engines. For such engines Bourne has +given the following rule: Multiply the square of the diameter of +the cylinder in inches by the cube root of the stroke in feet, and +divide by 15.6. The real power of an engine is estimated from the +mean effective pressure in the cylinder--not the boiler--and the +speed of the piston. Your data are insufficient to determine the +horse power of your boiler. The horse power of boilers is estimated +from the extent of heating surface when the grate and all other +things are correctly proportioned, but with them as with engines, +only actual test will positively determine it. The pipe you mention +ought to be enlarged as proposed.</p> + +<p>W.H.R., of Mass.--Pressure acts independently of the mode of +application. A tun laid upon the head of a wedge would produce the +same effect as though it were applied through toggles. When, +however, a weight is dropped its effect increases as the square of +its velocity.</p> + +<p>J.B., of N.Y.--We recommend you to get "Appleton's Dictionary of +Mechanics." Also send for descriptive catalogue to Henry Carey +Baird, Philadelphia, from which you will be able to judge for +yourself what works are suited to your requirements.</p> + +<p>T.D.H., of Mass.--Ammonia, in a weak solution, may be used to +cleanse the scalp, but is not recommended for the purpose. Borax in +solution is better. The supposed preservation of the color of the +hair by its use is a mistake.</p> + +<p>F.B.H., of Ill.--So far as we know, nothing better than the flax +seed bag has been discovered for packing the lower end of tubes in +artesian wells. We have never heard of any trouble arising from the +method and think you will have none.</p> + +<p>L.G. of Mass.--Express the decimal ratio of the diameter of a +circle to the circumference to which you refer, as a mixed vulgar +fraction, and you will have what you ask for, if we understand your +query.</p> + +<p>A.H.S., of Sandwich Islands.--We know of no substance that in +our opinion, could be used advantageously to paint the interior of +sheet-iron evaporating pans for concentrating cane juice.</p> + +<p>L.B., of Wis.--We would be glad to assist you but the data you +furnish are not sufficient. The accurate solution of such a problem +involves the higher mathematics.</p> + +<p>A.H.M.--All animal and mineral oils are destructive to rubber. +Linseed oil will not dissolve it. Oils should not be allowed to get +on rubber belting.</p> + +<p>T.W.J., of Pa.--For your rollers try some emery mixed in a +solution of gum shellac in good alcohol.</p> + +<p>E.B., of Mass.--The patent can be corrected by reissue.</p> + +<p>J.M.T., of Ind.--To find the proper area for a safety valve +port, when the evaporating surface is properly proportioned to the +engine power, multiply the square of the diameter of the piston in +inches by the speed in feet of the piston per minute, and divide +the product by 375 times the pressure on the boiler per square +inch. Having decided upon the length of the lever, the distance of +the valve stem from the fulcrum, and the point from which the +weight will be suspended, the weight necessary will be found by +multiplying the area of the valve port in inches into the pressure +per square inch in the boiler in pounds, and this product into the +distance of the center of the valve stem from the fulcrum in +inches, and dividing the product thus obtained by the distance from +the fulcrum to the point of suspension of the weight in inches. The +quotient will give the weight in pounds.</p> + +<p>A.K.S., of Ohio.--The inclination of the poles of a planet to +the plane of its orbit, determines its zones and also its seasons. +The inclination of the earth's axis is twenty-three and one half +degrees. This places the tropics the same distance each side of the +equator, and the polar circles the same distance from the poles. +The torrid zone is therefore forty-seven degrees wide, and the +temperate zones each forty-three degrees wide. As the planets vary +in their inclination of their axis to the planes of their orbits, +it follows that their zones and seasons differ from those of the +earth.</p> + +<p>W.H.C., of Texas.--The teeth of a circular wood saw to be driven +by foot-power, should be not larger than those of the ordinary hand +crosscut. The fly-wheel ought to have a rim weighing from eighty to +one hundred pounds, and it should be, for a 12-inch saw, not less +than a foot in diameter. It should be placed on the saw arbor. The +belt should not run on the fly-wheel, but on a special pulley, and +the treadle and crank motion should be so adjusted that the foot +will move through an arc of from 10 to 12 inches.</p> + +<p>A.H.B., of Pa.--We advise you to use a battery in coating the +small gray castings, of which you write, with copper. It will be +all the more satisfactory in the end. The best polishing material +to put in with them in the tumbler we think would be leather +cuttings and sweepings. They will not need returning to the tumbler +after being coppered. We recommend you to get "Byrne's Practical +Metalworkers Assistant," published by Henry Carey Baird, +Philadelphia.</p> + +<p>J.H.G., of Tenn.--Don't put oil in your boiler to prevent +incrustation. It will not probably do any good, and it will cause +much foaming, while besides that it is a waste of heat, it is +injurious to engines.</p> + +<p>S.S.R., of Tenn.--No ammoniacal engines are, so far as we are +aware, running in this country.</p> + +<p>C.E.C., of Ohio.--The varnish for patterns is common shellac +varnish. It is sometimes made black by lampblack.</p> + +<hr> +<p><a name="67"></a></p> + +<h2>RECENT AMERICAN AND FOREIGN PATENTS.</h2> + +<p><i>Under this heading we shall publish weekly notes of some of +the more prominent home and foreign patents</i>.</p> + +<hr> +<p>MOP.--Philip Cook, Jr., Sioux City, Iowa.--This invention +relates to a new and useful improvement in mops, whereby they are +so arranged that they may be wrung or freed from water when in use +by moving the slides connected with the handle and head of the +mop.</p> + +<p>VENTILATING HORSE COVER.--Charles P. Eager, Boston., Mass.--This +invention relates to a new horse cover, which is so arranged that +it will be entirely waterproof, and nevertheless permit a free +escape of air from the body of the animal.</p> + +<p>CAR COUPLING.--S.O. Campbell, Tipton, Mo.--This invention +relates to a new car coupling, which is so arranged that it will be +self-coupling and retain the coupling pin ready to lock as long as +the link is not inserted.</p> + +<p>GAS STOVE.--Wm. J. Hays, New York city.--This invention has for +its object to construct a gas stove, with an extender radiating +surface, and with proper air channels, so that with a comparatively +small amount of heat, the air in an ordinary-sized room can be +properly warmed.</p> + +<p>SCRIBE HOOK FOR WEATHER BOARDING.--John Nester, Portland, +Oregon.--This invention relates to a new scribe hook for +weather-boards, which will be generally useful and adaptable to the +purposes for which it is intended and to provide an adjustable spur +and marker.</p> + +<p>RAILROAD SMOKE CONVEYER.--Lemuel Powell, Milford, Conn.--The +object of this invention is to prevent the smoke and ashes, issuing +from the smoke stack of a locomotive, from entering the cars of the +train and from thereby preventing the proper ventilation of the +cars.</p> + +<p>DRILL FOR BORING POLYGONAL HOLES.--J.C. Broadley, Franklin, +N.J.--This invention relates to a new implement for boring +polygonal, oval, star-shaped, or holes of other suitable form, in +metal, wood, or other material. The invention consists chiefly in +arranging the pattern, which regulates the shape of the hole to be +bored, on the upper part of the drill shank, and in having the bit +shanks, which are pivoted to the lower part of the drill shank, +held by means of springs against the inner edges of the inverted +cup-shaped pattern.</p> + +<p>ROOFING.--H.G. Noble, Selma, Ala.--This invention relates to +improvements in roofing, and consists in covering roofs with sheet +metal, laid on the rafters and nailed down at the edges, so as to +be considerably concaved between them, the joints on the rafters +being covered by inverted caps or troughs. The concave form of the +sheet is designed to prevent the sheet metal from cracking, to +which it is subject by expansion and contraction when laid on +flat.</p> + +<p>WASHING MACHINE.--John J. Kimball Naperville, Ill.--This +invention relates to improvements in washing machines, and consists +in an improved arrangement of operating mechanism for revolving a +vertically suspended shaft with a crank at the top, and carrying +within the tub a corrugated or roughened rubber, for action on the +clothes. The invention also comprises an improved arrangement of +the rubber, whereby it is made capable of sliding up or down on the +shaft, according to the amount of clothes to be acted on.</p> + +<p>BOLT CUTTER.--O.E. Butler and S.P. Dunham Marshalltown, +Iowa.--This invention relates to improvements in hand instruments +for cutting bolts, and consists in the combination with the handles +of an instrument, such as patented to the inventors, January 19, +1869, as an improved instrument for sharpening horseshoes, of a +cutting pin of peculiar construction, whereby the said tool is +adapted, when this cutter is applied in substitution of the cutter +and jaw, is used for sharpening horseshoes, to cut off the ends of +bolts with great facility.</p> + +<p>SHAFT TUG LUGS FOR HARNESS.--T.J. Magruder, Marion, Ohio.--This +invention relates to improvements in the construction and +application of shaft tug lugs for harness, and consists in forming +the said lugs with broad and long plates, properly curved to suit +the curve of the pad, and connecting the latter to the under sides +of the skirts and to the pads in a way to stiffen the skirt and to +hold the stud securely from breaking loose, the said lugs being +made solid with a screw nut at the end to confine the bearing +straps, or hollow, with female screw threads near the base, and +bolts screwing into the said female threads to secure the bearing +straps and to admit of readily applying or removing the straps so +that the harness may be adapted for use either as single or double +harness.</p> + +<p>HARNESS BUCKLE.--J.W. Burch, Fayette, Miss.--The object of this +invention is to provide buckles for harness and other uses, with +tongues constructed in the form of leather punches, whereby they +may be used at any time required for punching holes.</p> + +<p>HUMMING-WHEEL TOY.--A.F. Able, New Orleans, La.--This invention +relates to improvements in humming wheel toys, having for its +object to provide an improved holding apparatus for supporting and +maintaining the proper tension on the cords, and designed to +support the cords of two or more wheels at the same time.</p> + +<p>COMBINED CLOTHES IRONING TABLE AND CLOTHES DRYER.--William P. +Adams, Brooklyn, N.Y.--This invention relates to a new and useful +improvement in an article for the laundry, and consists in an +adjustable ironing table, and in combination therewith a clothes +dryer.</p> + +<p>SEED AND GRAIN STRIPPER.--J.F. King and H.A. Rice, Louisiana, +Mo.--The object of this invention is to provide a seed and grain +stripper, with light and strong fingers, capable of adjustment as +to hight, and arranged in a way to vary the spaces between the +teeth at the point of stripping the heads for straw of different +sizes.</p> + +<p>CLOTHES WRINGER.--M.M. Follett, Lake City, Minn.--This invention +relates to a new apparatus for applying pressure to the rollers of +a wringer with an object of obtaining equal and adjustable power +without any danger to the rubber of the rollers or to the articles +to be dried.</p> + +<p>AUGER HANDLE.--James Swan, Seymour, Conn.--The object of this +invention is to provide a cheap, simple, and durable handle for +augurs for boring in wood, one which shall require no fitting +except to make the augur enter the socket, and which shall be of +such size and shape that the shanks of ordinary augurs shall enter +without any fitting at all.</p> + +<p>CANDLESTICK.--H. Zahn, San Francisco, Cal.--This invention +relates to a new and useful improvement in candlesticks, and +consists in the use of a thumb screw in combination with the +candlestick tube, whereby the candle is kept steady, and in a +perpendicular position in the stick, and firmly held without the +use of springs or other attachment.</p> + +<p>WASHING MACHINE.--J.S. Merchant, Hopedale, Ohio.--This invention +relates to new and useful improvements in machines for washing +clothes.</p> + +<p>PACKING CASES FOR OIL CANS.--John McLeod Murphy, New York +city.--This invention consists of an arrangement especially adapted +for use with cans provided with an improved cut off nozzle, which +is the subject of an application for a patent, made by the same +inventor and bearing even date herewith, which said improvement +comprises the application to the ordinary vertical nozzles of a +lateral spout connected to the side, and arranged to open an escape +passage for the contents when the said spout is turned with the +right position, which position is that best adapted for pouring +from the can into another vessel, and in which the said spout +projects through a slot in the side of the packing case in closing +it, the said case being provided with an opening and a door for +closing the same adapted for it.</p> + +<p>WASHING MACHINE.--Edward Heim, Pittsburgh, Pa.--This invention +relates to a new machine for washing clothes, and consists in the +introduction of several improvements whereby the machine is adapted +to thoroughly clean coarse as well as fine articles without injury +to the same, and in a comparatively short time.</p> + +<p>PADLOCK--John S. Rankin, Ann Arbor, Mich.--The object of this +invention is to provide a simple, cheap, and efficient construction +and arrangement of the locking and operating parts of padlocks. The +invention consists in an improved and simple compound tumbler bolt +and relative arrangement thereof with the bow and bow spring.</p> + +<p>GRAIN DRILL.--Jacob F. Gibson, Chestnut Level, Pa.--This +invention relates to a seed tube pivoted in its drag bars, in such +manner that it may yield to an immovable obstruction.</p> + +<p>PROPELLING MACHINERY OF COTTON GINS.--Wm. L. May, Linwood, +Ala.--This invention has for its object to effect such arrangement +of machinery as will enable a cotton gin to be run at a materially +reduced expense.</p> + +<p>SNOW PLOW.--Thomas L. Shaw, Omaha, Nebraska.--This invention +relates to a snow plow, for a locomotive engine, which takes up a +load of snow, is then borne back out of the cut by the engine, and +dumps its load when arrived at a clear space.</p> + +<p>BEEHIVE.--W.T. Kirkpatrick, Tamarva, Ill.--This invention +relates to improvements in beehives, and consists in the +combination with beehives in a peculiar way, of a moth box, and +moth passage thereto, calculated to entice the moths away from the +bee passage and prevent them from entering thereat.</p> + +<p>SEEDING MACHINE.--M.F. Lowth and T.J. Howe, Owatonna, +Minn.--This invention relates to that class of seeders which employ +a revolving cylinder, having pockets in its periphery, and placed +at the bottom of the hopper which contains the seed, the function +of the pockets being to receive seed, when right side up, and drop +it when inverted.</p> + +<p>UPRIGHT PIANO.--Geo. C. Manner, New York city.--This invention +consists in placing the strings of an upright piano in an inclined +position in the frame instead of a perpendicular one, as +heretofore, for the purpose of enabling the hammer handle to be +pivoted so near the strings that when the hammer head is driven up +against them, it shall necessarily fall back again by its own +weight.</p> + +<p>CARPET CLEANER.--Alexander Stevenson, New York city.--This +invention relates to new and useful improvements in carpet cleaning +devices, having for its object to provide a simple and efficient +apparatus consisting of a yielding bed, brushing rollers, moving +rollers, and a beating apparatus, whereby the carpet, being bound +upon a roller, or rollers, may be moved along, from time to time, +over the said yielding bed and brushing rollers, and be beaten and +brushed.</p> + +<p>COTTON CULTIVATOR.--I.W. Burch, Fayette, Miss.--This invention +comprises a pair of plows suspended from the frame of a truck so as +to work on both sides of the row, for "barring off" or scraping the +weeds and earth away from the row, also, a pair of rotary cutters +having oblique blades for throwing away from the plants, and +designed, also, to work on both sides of the rows, and closer to +the plants than the plows, both sets of devices having vertical +vibration.</p> + +<p>WATER WHEEL--Geo. W. Cressman and Burt Pfleger, Barren Hill, +Pa., and Nice Keely Roxborough, Pa.--This invention relates to +improvements in turbine wheels designed to produce an arrangement +of the gates within the bucket rim (the water being secured from +below, and the wheel being made hollow, for the reception of the +water, and to provide space for the said gate), in a manner +calculated to relieve the wheel of pressure from the water, either +in an upward or downward direction.</p> + +<p>ATTACHING FLY AND MOSQUITO BARS TO WINDOWS, DOORS, ETC.--James +Hebron, Buffalo, N.Y.--This invention relates to improvements in +attaching fly and mosquito bars to window sashes or frames, doors, +or other light frames to be used in combination with window frames +or doors, and consists in attaching one edge of the cloth to a +round or other shaped bar or rod of wood or metal, by binding +thereon and sewing, passing the thread spirally around the bar or +rod, and then securing the rod to the sill or frame, either on the +surface thereof, or in a groove formed therein, then stretching the +cloth across the window and securing it by clamping another rod +down upon it by staples, either in a groove or not, and, in some +cases, securing the ends in a similar way. It is also proposed to +stretch the cloth over or under these rods.</p> + +<p>ADJUSTABLE STOVEPIPE THIMBLE.--H.N. Bill, Willimantic, +Conn.--This invention relates to improvements in thimbles for the +passage of stovepipes through the walls into flues, and consists in +providing a vertically-sliding thimble plate in a metallic frame, +having a long opening, and adapted for insertion in an opening +through the wall, so as to support the thin plate at or about the +line of the face of the flue wall, so that the plate may be drawn +up or down to vary the hight of the thimble for pipes of different +vertical lengths. The invention, also, comprises an improved mode +of attaching the thimbles to this plate by means of radial studs at +the rim, separated from the main part of the rim and bent inward so +as to pass through slots in the thimble plate around the hole, to +engage behind the edge of the plate by turning the thimbles on +their axes a short distance after being passed through the slots, +while the main part of the rims of the said thimbles bear against +the front face of the thimble plate and cover the slots when so +turned.</p> + +<p>COMBINED HAY RAKE AND TEDDER.--John C. Mills, Palmyra, +N.Y.--This invention relates to a new and useful improvement in +combining two important agricultural machines in one (or combining +a tedder with a hay rake), and it consists in the construction of +the tedder and the arrangement of the same in combination with the +rake. Patented Dec. 7, 1869.</p> + +<p>POST-HOLE AUGER.--Geo. Seeger and Chas H. Shaffer, Clark's Hill, +Ind.--This invention relates to a post hole boring apparatus, +mounted upon a wheelbarrow, and the invention consists in providing +the barrow with legs that may be either turned up out of the way or +adjusted at any required angle so as to keep the barrow level when +on uneven ground.</p> + +<p>SELF-DROPPER FOR REAPERS.--T.F. Lippencott, Conemaugh, Pa.--This +invention has for its object to furnish an improved self-dropper +for reapers, which shall be so constructed as to operate +automatically, to fall and deposit the grain and to rise to receive +another supply, making the gavels all of about the same size.</p> + +<p>PLOWING MACHINE.--Albert Bondeli, Philadelphia, Mo.--This +invention has for its object to furnish an improved machine for +preparing the ground to receive seed, and which shall be so +constructed and arranged as to prepare the ground more thoroughly +and put it in better condition to receive seed, and which shall be +so constructed and arranged as to prepare the ground more +thoroughly and put it in better condition to receive the seed than +when the ordinary plows are used.</p> + +<p>EXPANDING TRIPLE SHOVEL PLOWS.--Edward Wiard, Louisville, +Ky.--This invention has for its object to furnish an improved +triple shovel plow, which shall be so constructed and arranged that +the shovels may be conveniently expanded and contracted, or set at +any desired pitch, and, at the same time, in such a way as to be +securely held in any desired position.</p> + +<p>SEWING MACHINE.--L.W. Lathrop, Nyack, N.Y.--This invention +relates to improvements in sewing machines, and consists in certain +improvements in mechanism for forming the loop, and for conveying +the binding thread through the same, in a manner to prevent the +contact of the binding thread spool, or its carrier, with the +thread of the needle, and thereby to avoid wearing the same, and to +produce more easily operating parts; also, a secure, permanent, and +reliable arrangement of apparatus, and calculated also to be more +certain to form the stitch.</p> + +<p>POETABLE DERRICK.--J.R. Hammond, Sedalia, Mo.--This invention +has for its object to furnish an improved derrick, simple in +construction, effective in operation, and easily moved from place +to place, designed especially for use in connection with the +improved rake, thrasher, loader, and stacker, patented by the same +inventor Nov. 30, 1869, but equally applicable for other uses.</p> + +<p>WAGON SEAT FASTENER.--Charles Collins, Vernon Centre, N.Y.--This +invention relates to improvements in means for holding detachable +wagon or sleigh seats to the boxes, and consists in the application +to the seat risers of hooks with spring stops, adapted for engaging +staples in the boxes below the said hooks, and for being held in +such engagement by the spring stops, until disengaged by the +operator for removing the seats.</p> + +<p>VELOCIPEDE.--William Volk, Buffalo, N.Y.--This invention relates +to a new three-wheeled velocipede, which is so arranged that the +driving wheels, although mounted on separate axles, will make equal +numbers of revolutions, as long as the machine is to be kept in a +straight direction, while they can be disconnected when the device +is to be turned in a circle.</p> + +<p>COFFIN HANDLES.--Clark Strong, Winsted, Conn.--This invention +relates to new and useful improvements in coffin handles, and +consists in the construction, arrangement, and combination of +parts.</p> + +<p>LOOM.--Lyman Stone, Nelson, N.H.--This invention relates to +improvements in power looms, and has for its principal object to +provide an arrangement and construction of the same, calculated to +furnish looms of equal or greater efficiency than those now in use, +but occupying very much less space, so as to economize materially +in room, where large numbers are used on a floor, as is the case in +factories; not only in respect of the space occupied by the loom +itself, but also in respect of the space required for the passages +or aisles between the rows of looms. The invention also comprises +improved let-off and take-up mechanisms, also, an improvement in +cloth beams; also, an improved picker motion, inducing a novel +adjusting arrangement for the picker operating cams, also, an +improved construction of treadle cams, whereby an equal capacity of +throw is obtained with less size and friction, and with less power, +and whereby they are guarded to prevent accidents to the attendant +while cleaning when the loom is in operation.</p> + +<p>PAPER FILE.--C.W. West, Shiloh, N.J.--This invention relates to +a new paper file, which is a compound of two bars that can be tied +together so that the paper will be securely clasped between them; +the strings for tying them being arranged in a peculiar manner to +draw them firmly together.</p> + +<p>ROLLING BLOTTER.--C.A. Gale, Demopolis, Ala.--This invention has +for its object to provide an improved rolling blotter, which shall +be so constructed and arranged that the blotting pads maybe +conveniently removed when required, and replaced with new ones.</p> + +<p>DUMP WAGON.--Daniel Willson, Ishpeming, Mich.--This invention +has for its object to furnish a simple, strong, and convenient dump +wagon, which shall be so constructed and arranged that it maybe +dumped when required, by backing the team.</p> + +<p>SEWING MACHINE SOAP HOLDER.--Mary Dewey, New Albany, Ind.--This +invention relates to a new device for soaping the cloth that is fed +under the needle of a sewing machine, and consists in the +attachment of a tubular soap holder to the presser foot of a sewing +machine.</p> + +<p>MONKEY WRENCH.--Samuel Zarley, Niantic, Ill.--This invention has +for its object to furnish an improved monkey wrench, which shall be +simple in construction, strong, durable, and easily and quickly +adjusted to the nut to be unscrewed.</p> + +<p>ANIMAL TRAP.--Adam Brown, Bridgeport, Oregon.--This invention +relates to improvements in traps for rats, squirrels, and other +animals, and consists in the application through an opening in the +side of a box, of a detachable chute extending some distance into +the box, forming a passage thereinto the walls of which are armed +with spring points arranged in the usual way to permit ingress and +prevent egress; the floor of the passage is elevated to form a +chamber below for inclosing the bait, so that it cannot all be +readily devoured. The invention also comprises in connection with +the above, the application to the side walls of the box, which is +open at the top, of projecting sheets of metal to prevent the +animals from climbing out; also the application to the top of +tilting shelves for discharging any animals that may climb up the +outside of the box, and on to the same.</p> + +<p>SHINGLE PACKER.--Robert Taylor, West Pensaukie, Wis.--This +invention relates to improvements in apparatus for pressing and +holding the bunches of shingles for binding them, and consists of +the arrangement on a suitable bench, having end walls for gaging +the piling of the shingles at the thick ends, of a pair of +vertically sliding bars, a transverse passing bar, and a set of +gear wheels, shaft, and hand lever, the said wheels gearing with +the vertically sliding bars which are toothed for the purpose in +such a way that the hand lever may be used to force the transverse +bar, which is connected to the upper end of the sliding bar down +upon the bundle of shingles across the center, pressing and holding +the bundle till fastened.</p> + +<p>REGISTERING APPARATUS FOR VEHICLES.--Thomas Ollis, Netherfield +road, South Liverpool, England.--This invention consists in the +application of apparatus similar to that used for stamping or +indorsing purposes for registering or indicating the number of +passengers that have traveled by an omnibus or other vehicle.</p> + +<p>STEAM AND CALORIC ENGINES.--Alexander Hendry, Victoria, British +Columbia.--This invention consists in an improved arrangement of +jacketed cylinders, and jacketed furnace, constituting a water +space, for generating steam by the radiating heat of the furnace, +and arranged to envelope the cylinders with water to prevent injury +by the gases and heat; also an improved arrangement of chambered +pistons, for keeping the same filled with water to counteract the +action of the heat upon the same, also, certain improvements in +chambered valves, and valve operating devices, the said chambered +valves and rods being supplied with water, also to prevent injury +by the heat and the gases, and the invention also comprises an +arrangement of the furnace calculated to separate and distribute +the gases and effect the most perfect combustion.</p> + +<p>COTTON BASKETS.--R.S. Myers, Washington, N.C.--This invention +relates to improvements in baskets for carrying cotton, especially +when ginned and consists in providing the cotton baskets of the +ordinary form and construction with large holes through the center +of the bottom, whereby in emptying the said baskets the operator +may insert his hand and push the cotton out by one effort in a +mass, whereas, by the present arrangement it must be pulled out +from the mouth, which takes much more time, as in this way it only +comes out in small quantities.</p> + +<p>NOTE CASE.--Alphonzo Button, Dunkirk, N.Y.--This invention +relates to improvements in note or paper cases or files for +inclosing notes, papers, bills, etc., in a simple, cheap, and +convenient portable package for the use of bankers and other +business men. It consists of a cylindrical case of leather or other +light suitable material having an opening from end to end covered +by a flap, a central revolving spool, and a web of flexible +substance connected to and wound on the spool so as to be drawn out +through the opening and wound up again, on which web any suitable +arrangement of narrow flaps folding over from the edges and +connected by elastic bands, in a way to secure papers, notes, etc., +in different and separate sections, may be arranged as now arranged +in pocket books.</p> + +<p>PUMP.--A.C. Judson, Grand Rapids, Ohio.--This invention consists +in the arrangement of two dish shaped metal disks with a diaphragm +of leather between them, and another leather diaphragm above, +adapted for the better support of the water in lifting; it also +consists of an arrangement for operating the pump rod without +lateral vibration, so that it may be packed tightly in the tube to +prevent foul matter and vermin from getting in.</p> + +<p>PANELING, MOLDING, AND CARVING MACHINE.--A.S. Gear, New Haven, +Conn.--This machine performs all of the work of the well known +Variety Molding Machine, and in addition molds and carves any +desired pattern of panel work, and simultaneously dovetails both +mortise and tenon. The wood to be carved is fastened firmly to the +bed of the machine by movable clamps adjustable to suit any +required size of wood, and the cutters are fastened to a spindle +moved by a universal joint in any direction upon the bed of the +machine. The cutter is guided by hand, the guide resting against +the pattern. The carving can be gaged to any required depth, and +made to conform to any required pattern. A fan blows away chips as +fast as they are produced, leaving the work constantly in view of +the operator. The same tool which cuts the mortise also cuts the +tenon, the two pieces of work to be dovetailed being clamped +together to the end of the table. Every kind of finish hitherto +made upon the edges of lumber, and which has heretofore been +mitered and glued upon the face to create a finish, is planed, +beaded, and molded upon the piece itself by this machine.</p> + +<p>WASHING BOILERS.--John P. Sherwood, Fort Edward, N.Y.--This +invention has for its object to improve the construction of that +class of washing boilers in which the clothes are washed by the +water as it boils being projected down upon the clothes to +percolate through them, and thus remove the dirt. And it consists +in the construction and combination of the various parts.</p> + +<p>TOY VELOCIPEDE.--H.C. Alexander, New York city.--This invention +has for its object to furnish an improved toy velocipede.</p> + +<p>BRICK MACHINE.--Thomas Smurfit, Davisville, Mich.--This +invention has for its object to furnish an improved brick machine, +which shall be strong, durable, simple in construction, and +effective in operation, making the bricks rapidly and well.</p> + +<p>TRUNKS, ETC.--Thomas B. Peddie, Newark, N.J.--This invention has +for its object to improve the construction of trunks, valises, +portmanteaus, pellesiers, traveling bags, etc., so as to adapt them +to receive and carry a portfolio in such a way that while carrying +it safely, it may be conveniently removed when required for +use.</p> + +<p>SEED PLANTER.--David C. Woods, Waxahatchie, Texas.--This +invention has for its object the construction of a seed planter, +which will deposit the seeds in the requisite quantities and the +proper distances apart, and which will cover and mark the hills, so +that a plowman will not be at a loss where to start at the +commencement of a new row, and after having passed around tree +stumps or other obstructions, as he can always see the marks on the +preceding rows.</p> + +<p>WASHING MACHINE.--Joseph Balsley, Bedford, Ind.--This invention +has for its object to improve the construction of the machine known +as the "Egyptian Washing Machine," so as to make it more convenient +in use and more effective in operation.</p> + +<p>DENTAL IMPRESSION CUP FOR LOWER JAW.--Robert V. Jenks, Paterson, +N.J.--This invention has for its object to furnish an improved +impression cup for use in taking a cast of the lower jaw, to form a +model of said jaw to fit the plate upon, which shall be so +constructed as to enable the dentist to take a more perfect cast +than is possible with impression cups constructed in the ordinary +manner.</p> + +<p>SHOW CARD SUSPENSION RING.--H.S. Griffiths, New York city.--This +invention has for its object to furnish an improved suspension ring +for suspending show cards, which shall be simple in construction +and easily attached to the cards, and which shall, at the same +time, be so formed as to take a firm hold upon the card, and not be +liable to tear out.</p> + +<p>REFRIGERATOR.--Samuel Ayres, Danville, Ky.--This invention +relates to improvements in refrigerators, and consists in certain +improvements in the construction and arrangement for excluding the +external atmosphere, distributing the cold by means of the ice, and +also the water resulting therefrom; for economizing space, and for +providing convenient access to all the different parts.</p> + +<p>CINDER AND DUST ARRESTER FOR CAR WINDOWS.--Edwin Norton, +Brooklyn, N.Y.--This invention relates to improvements in apparatus +for preventing the cinders and dust from being blown into the cars, +when in motion, through the open windows, and consists in the +application to the cars at the sides of the windows, on the +exterior, by hinging thereto or by other equivalent connection, +small guard plates of wood or other substance to project outwardly +in a right or other suitable or preferred angle, at the side of the +window, to arrest the cinder and dust moving rearward alongside of +the car, and conduct it below the windows, the said guard plates +being arranged so that those on the side of the windows in the +direction of the movement of the train may be adjusted to the +operating position while the others are folded back against the +side of the car.</p> + +<p>HOSE COUPLING.--William J. Osbourne, New York city.--This +invention relates to a new and useful improvement in couplings for +hose pipe, whereby the parts of a hose are united in a more perfect +manner than by the ordinary hose coupling.</p> + +<p>SAW GUIDE.--John Trunick, Muscatine, Iowa.--This invention +relates to a new and useful improvement in means for guiding +circular saws and keeping them to the true saw line.</p> + +<p>SQUARE, GAGE, AND LEVEL.--Josiah Potts, Milwaukee, Wis.--This +invention relates to a new and useful improvement in a tool for +mechanics' use and consists in combining with a try square, a +spirit level and a surface gage.</p> + +<p>EXTENSION MUFF BLOCK.--C.F. Butterworth, Troy, N.Y.--This +invention relates to a new and useful improvement in blocks for +forming and stretching muffs in the process of manufacturing that +article.</p> + +<p>HAY AND GRAIN ELEVATOR.--John Dennis, Oswego, N.Y.--This +invention has for its object to furnish an improved device, to be +used in connection with the improved hay and grain elevator, +patented by the same inventor, September 21, 1869, and numbered +95,006, for the purpose of moving the whole load of hay or grain +when elevated to any desired part of the barn before unloading +it.</p> + +<p>MILLER TRAP FOR BEEHIVES.--T.L. Gray, Thomasville, Tenn.--This +invention relates to a device for catching millers, or other +insects, in their attempts to gain entrance into beehives.</p> + +<p>VALVE GEAR.--Thomas E. Evans, William R. Thomas, and Joshua +Hunt, Catasauqua, Pa.--This invention relates to a new and useful +improvement in the mode of operating valves of steam engines, more +especially designed for pumping engines, but applicable to other +purposes or to valves of steam and water engines generally.</p> + +<p>WATER WHEEL.--Henry W. McAuley, De Soto, Wis.--This invention +consists in certain improvements in the form and arrangements of +the buckets and in chutes for delivering the water thereto.</p> + +<p>SELF-LOADING HAY WAGON.--James Capen, Charlton, Mass.--This +invention relates to improvements in hay loaders, and consists in +the application to the rear end of a hay wagon of an endless +elevator case and rake, the latter having spring teeth, and +arranged for adjustment by means of a hand lever at the front and +suitable connecting devices; and the elevator is connected with one +or both of the hind wheels of the wagon by machine chains or belts +for operation.</p> + +<p>ELEVATOR.--Francis Stein and Henry Haering, New York city.--This +invention consists in the application to a pair of vertical ports +or ways with toothed racks, of a carriage or platform having a +shaft provided with a gear wheel at or near each end, and gearing +into the toothed rack; also, having in suitable cases sliding on +the posts a set of hoisting gears, gearing with the toothed racks +and operated by hand cranks, and provided with ratchet wheels, +holding pawls, and friction apparatus, arranged in a peculiar way +for elevating the platform, holding it in any desired position or +governing its descent.</p> + +<p>FOLDING AND EXTENSION TABLE.--C. Mayer, Sullivan, Ill.--This +invention relates to improvements in tables, and consists in +arranging the side rails of the top of the frame, which are +enlarged at the center and hinged to the posts for folding against +the cross rails, when the top, which is detachably connected, is +removed, for economy of space and convenience, in packing for +transportation or storage; also in arranging the legs for folding +up against the under edge of the cross rails; also in an improved +arrangement of the side rails for extension.</p> + +<p>MANUFACTURE OF SCOOPS.--S. Geo. Knapp, Woodhaven, N.Y.--This +invention relates to an improved mode of manufacturing sheet-metal +flour, grain, and other scoops, and consists in forming the bowls +in one piece of metal, without seams or joints, by stamping up +sheets of metal into the form of a trough, with a flange around the +top, and cutting the same transversely in the center, with blanks +for the bowls of two scoops, to be finished by trimming or shaping +the cut ends, turning down the flange at the top, for stiffening +either over wire or not and attaching the handle; the object being +to produce scoops with bowls formed in one piece, and shaped at the +base or in the part where the handles are connected, and to +smoothly effect an economy of labor by stamping two blanks at one +blow of the drop press, and also to control the metal under the +action of the drop better in shaping the deep curved part of the +base so as to upset and stiffen the blanks thereat.</p> + +<p>BORING MACHINE.--E.C. Barton, Bloomsburg, Pa.--This invention +relates to improvements in wood-boring machines, whereby it is +designed to provide a simple and efficient arrangement of frame +operating devices and feeding table for boring light articles to be +presented to the machine by hand.</p> + +<p>HASP LOCK.--E.R. Culver, New London, Conn.--This invention +relates to improvements in that class of locks where the locking +devices are incased within a hasp, and a hook is used in connection +with the hasp for locking, or independently for fastening the door +without locking.</p> + +<p>WATER WHEELS.--W.J. Thompson, Springfield, Mo.--This invention +relates to improvements in that class of horizontally running +wheels, which receive the water from above or below on curved +buckets taking the water at one side and discharging it at the +other, and it consists of an improved arrangement of vertically +oscillating gates, which, when open, form chutes for the water; it +also consists of an improved means for working the gates.</p> + +<p>PIPE COUPLING.--J.D. Ware, Savannah, Ga.--This invention relates +to improvements in pipe couplings, and consists in forming a +dovetailed groove across the end of one part, with an annular +recess in the bottom around the bore for a packing ring, and +fitting on the other part a dovetailed projection for engaging in +the groove, and in arranging on one of the parts an eccentric ring +to work against the head of the projection and force it tightly +into the groove.</p> + +<p>FIRE GRATES.--G.W. Everhart, Louisville, Ky.--This invention +relates to improvements in that class of fire grates used for +heating rooms, and consists in so arranging them as to provide a +clear air space between the basket and the walls of the fire-place, +both at the back and ends, for the admission of air more directly +at these parts, for the better combustion of the coal and the gases +arising therefrom; it also consists in providing a recess in the +hearth or bottom of the fire-place under the grate, for the +reception of ash pans of greater capacity than can be contained on +the top of the hearth, whereby a much larger quantity of cinders +and ashes may be received and retained, so that less frequent +removals of the same will be required.</p> + +<p>APPARATUS FOR SEWING SADDLERY AND OTHER LEATHER, OR STRONG +MATERIALS.--Auguste Jacques Hurtu and Victor Joseph Hautin, Paris +France.--This invention relates to apparatus more especially +applicable for sewing leather, saddlery, harness, and other similar +work with waxed thread, and consists first, in the improved +apparatus of this invention, two needles are employed, the one +sewing as an awl, and the other carrying the thread; the two +needles have at the same time a vertical movement and also an +adjustable horizontal movement. The needles are operated +alternately, so that the needle may pass the thread through the +hole made just previously by the awl, before the leather has been +moved forward. By this means the sewing may be carried on with +great regularity, and the material be turned in any direction in +order to execute small designs. Secondly, the invention relates to +improvements in the arrangement of the shuttle, whereby it is +caused to pass through the loops formed by the waxed thread without +touching it.</p> + +<p>PACKING AND ATOMIZING CAN.--F.L. Palmer, Sr., New York +city.--This invention relates to improvements in cans for packing +insect powder and other like finely powdered substances which, in +use, require to be delivered in atomic jets for penetrating +crevices where insects secrete themselves, and it consists in +providing such cans with stoppers having nozzles, through which +stoppers or nozzles the passages are temporarily closed in a way to +be readily opened for use; also, in providing the cans with nozzles +at or near the bottom temporarily plugged in which tubes may be +connected so that the powder may, when required for use, be readily +blown out in atomic jets, whereby the said cans are made to +subserve the uses of packing cans and discharging atomizing cans, +with but trifling additional expense, whereas, at the present time, +users of such powders are compelled to buy expensive atomizing +cans, to which the powder must be transferred from the packing +cans, before it can be properly used, or in the absence of such +cans the powder is scattered in an ineffectual and wasteful way in +or about the resorts of the insects.</p> + +<p>REMEDY TOR RHEUMATISM.--H.H. Munroe, Louisville, Ky.--This +invention relates to a new and useful improvement in a remedy for +rheumatism.</p> + +<hr> +<p><a name="68"></a></p> + +<h2>NEW BOOKS AND PUBLICATIONS.</h2> + +<p> </p> + +<p>ELOCUTION AND ORATORY. Giving a Thorough Treatise on the Art of +Speaking and Reading. With numerous Selections of Didactic, +Humorous, and Dramatic Styles.</p> + +<p>The author of this valuable treatise is Prof. Charles A. Wiley, +of Fort Plain, N.Y. The instructions are valuable and the +selections admirable; and we can very cordially recommend it to all +who would improve either in speaking or reading. Such a book is +worthy a place in every family.</p> + +<p> </p> + +<p>SPECIMENS OF FANCY TURNING EXECUTED ON THE HAND OR FOOT LATHE. +With Geometric, Oval, and Eccentric Chucks, and Elliptical Cutting +Frame. By an Amateur. Illustrated by Thirty exquisite Photographs. +Philadelphia: Henry Carey Baird, Industrial Publisher, 406 Walnut +Street.</p> + +<p>The beauty of these photographs is indescribable; they must be +seen to be appreciated. The designs from which they were taken were +executed by a gentleman well known to us, and who is undoubtedly +one of the most expert turners on this continent. The price of the +work by mail, free of postage, is $3.00.</p> + +<p> </p> + +<p>THE NATIONAL WAGES TABLES, Showing at a glance the Amount of +Wages, from Half an Hour to Sixty Hours at $1 to $37 per Week, also +from One Quarter of a Day to Four Weeks, at $1 to $37 per Week. By +Nelson Row, Publisher, No 149 Fulton street, New York.</p> + +<p>This little work, which our readers will find advertised in +another column, must prove an almost indispensable help in the +counting rooms of establishments employing large numbers of workmen +at varying rates of wages. It is one of the best things of the kind +we have ever seen, and we give it earnest commendation.</p> + +<p> </p> + +<p>DIRECTIONS FOR COOKING. By Miss Leslie. Price, by mail, +$1.50.</p> + +<p>Henry Carey Baird, of Philadelphia, has just published a new +edition of Miss Leslie's "Old Standard and Renowned Cookery," being +the sixtieth edition of a book which has stood the test of time and +practice, and is a valuable aid in every household.</p> + +<p> </p> + +<p>BENNY.</p> + +<p>S.R. Wells, of this city, has published in pretty form "Benny," +a Christmas ballad, by Annie Chambers Ketchum, a poem which has +already appeared in the <i>Phrenological Journal</i>.</p> + +<p> </p> + +<p>The prospectus of EVERY SATURDAY, for 1870, by Fields, Osgood +& Co. of Boston, promises to give us that excellent journal in +a new and enlarged form, with the additional attraction of +illustrations, engraved from designs by leading European artists. +This publication will therefore hereafter present weekly, not only +the cream of European literature, but the cream of European art. +The high character of the publishers of this journal is an ample +guarantee that this promise will be fulfilled in the most +satisfactory manner.</p> + +<p> </p> + +<p>LIPPINCOTT'S MAGAZINE, for January, also presents a varied and +select bill of fare, containing among other things, Part XIII. of +Robert Dale Owen's novel "Beyond the Breakers," "The Fairy and the +Ghost," a Christmas tale, with six amusing illustrations; a curious +and interesting article on "Literary Lunatics," by Wirt Sikes, "Our +Capital," by William R. Hooper, and very much more excellent matter +in the way of stories poems, and essays.</p> + +<p> </p> + +<p>The "Mobile Weekly Register," the oldest Democratic paper in the +South, is said to have reached a larger circulation than was ever +attained by any journal South of Mason and Dixon's line. It is full +of interesting varied matter, having an able agricultural +department, presided over by the veteran editor and successful +agriculturist, Hon. C.C. Langdon. Its general literature, poetry, +stories, etc., make it highly acceptable to the ladies. The year +will open with a new continued story, of deep interest, by one of +the most distinguished writers of the day. The price was recently +reduced to $3.00 per year, which, for so large a paper (12 pages), +is extremely cheap.</p> + +<p> </p> + +<p>We have received the January number of "Demorest's Mirror of +Fashions," a work that interests the ladies. Also "Demorest's Young +America," a fine magazine for boys and girls. Both these serials +are well published by Mr. and Madame Demorest of this city.</p> + +<hr> +<h2>U.S. Patent Office</h2> + +<h2>How to Obtain Letters Patent for New Inventions.</h2> + +<h3>Information about Caveats, Extensions, Interferences Designs, +Trade Marks; also, Foreign Patents.</h3> + +<p>For a period of nearly twenty-five years, MUNN & CO. have +occupied the position of leading Solicitors of American and +European Patents, and during this extended experience of nearly a +quarter of a century, they have examined not less than fifty +thousand alleged new inventions, and have prosecuted upward of +thirty thousand applications for patents, and, in addition to this, +they have made, at the Patent Office, over twenty thousand +preliminary examinations into the novelty of inventions, with a +careful report on the same.</p> + +<p>The important advantages of MUNN & CO.'S Agency are, that +their practice has been ten-fold greater than that of any other +Agency in existence, with the additional advantage of having the +assistance of the best professional skill in every department, and +a Branch Office at Washington, which watches and supervises, when +necessary, cases as they pass through official examination.</p> + +<h3>CONSULTATIONS AND OPINIONS FREE.</h3> + +<p>Those who have made inventions and desire a consultation are +cordially invited to advise with MUNN & CO. who will be happy +to see them in person at the office, or to advise them by letter. +In all cases, they may expect an HONEST OPINION. For such +consultations, opinion, and advice, NO CHARGE is made. A +pen-and-ink sketch and a description of the invention should be +sent.</p> + +<h3>TO APPLY FOR A PATENT,</h3> + +<p>a model must be furnished, not over a foot in any dimension. +Send model to MUNN & CO., 37 Park Row, New York, by express, +charges paid, also, a description of the improvement, and remit $16 +to cover first Government fee, and revenue and postage stamps.</p> + +<p>The model should be neatly made, of any suitable materials, +strongly fastened, without glue, and neatly painted. The name of +the inventor should be engraved or painted upon it. When the +invention consists of an improvement upon some other machine, a +full working model of the whole machine will not be necessary. But +the model must be sufficiently perfect to show with clearness the +nature and operation of the improvement.</p> + +<h3>PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION</h3> + +<p>is made into the patentability of an invention by personal +search at the Patent Office, among the models of the patents +pertaining to the class to which the improvement relates. For this +special search, and a report in writing, a fee of $5 is charged. +This search is made by a corps of examiner of long experience.</p> + +<p>Inventors who employ us are not required to incur the cost of a +preliminary examination. But it is advised in doubtful cases.</p> + +<h3>COST OF APPLICATIONS.</h3> + +<p>When the model is received, and first Government fee paid, the +drawings and specification are carefully prepared and forwarded to +the applicant for his signature and oath, at which time the agency +fee is called for. This fee is generally not over $25. The cases +are exceptionally complex if a higher fee than $25 is called for, +and, upon the return of the papers, they are filed at the Patent +Office to await Official examination. If the case should be +rejected for any cause, or objections made to a claim, the reasons +are inquired into and communicated to the applicant, with sketches +and explanations of the references; and should it appear that the +reasons given are insufficient, the claims are prosecuted +immediately, and the rejection set aside, and usually <b>Without +Extra Charge to the Applicant.</b></p> + +<p>MUNN & CO. are determined to place within the reach of those +who confide to them their business, the best facilities and the +highest professional skill and experience.</p> + +<p>The only cases of this character, in which MUNN & CO. expect +an extra fee, are those wherein appeals are taken from the decision +of the Examiner after a second rejection; and MUNN & CO. wish +to state very distinctly, that they have but few cases which can +not be settled without the necessity of an appeal; and before an +appeal is taken, in any case, the applicant is fully advised of all +facts and charges, and no proceedings are had without his sanction; +so that all inventors who employ MUNN & CO. know in advance +what their applications and patents are to cost.</p> + +<p>MUNN & CO. make no charge for prosecuting the rejected +claims of their own clients before the Examiners and when their +patents are granted, the invention is noticed editorially in the +SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN.</p> + +<h3>REJECTED CASES.</h3> + +<p>MUNN & CO. give very special attention to the examination +and prosecution of rejected cases filed by inventors and other +attorneys. In such cases a fee of $5 is required for special +examination and report, and in case of probable success by further +prosecution, and the papers are found tolerably well prepared, MUNN +& Co. will take up the case and endeavor to get it through for +a reasonable fee, to be agreed upon in advance of prosecution.</p> + +<h3>CAVEATS</h3> + +<p>Are desirable if an inventor is not fully prepared to apply for +a Patent. A Caveat affords protection, for one year, against the +issue of a patent to another for the same invention. Caveat papers +should be carefully prepared. The Government fee on filing a Caveat +is $10, and MUNN & Co.'s charges for preparing the necessary +papers are usually from $10 to $12.</p> + +<h3>REISSUES.</h3> + +<p>A patent when discovered to be defective, may be reissued by the +surrender of the original patent, and the filing of amended papers. +This proceeding should be taken with great care.</p> + +<h3>DESIGNS, TRADE MARKS, AND COMPOSITIONS</h3> + +<p>can be patented for a term of years, also, new medicines or +medical compounds, and useful mixtures of all kinds. When the +invention consists of a medicine or compound, or a new article of +manufacture, or a new composition, samples of the article must be +furnished, neatly put up. Also, send a full statement of the +ingredients, proportions, mode of preparation, uses, and +merits.</p> + +<h3>PATENTS CAN BE EXTENDED.</h3> + +<p>All patents issued prior to 1861, and now in force, may be +extended for a period of seven years upon the presentation of +proper testimony. The extended term of a patent is frequently of +much greater value than the first term; but an application for an +extension, to be successful, must be carefully prepared. MUNN & +Co. have had a large experience in obtaining extensions, and are +prepared to give reliable advice.</p> + +<h3>INTERFERENCES</h3> + +<p>Between pending applications before the Commissioners are +managed and testimony taken; also, Assignments, Agreements, and +Licenses prepared. In fact, there is no branch of the Patent +Business which MUNN & Co. are not fully prepared to undertake +and manage with fidelity and dispatch.</p> + +<h3>FOREIGN PATENTS.</h3> + +<p>American inventors should bear in mind that five +Patents--American, English, French, Belgian, and Prussian--will +secure an inventor exclusive monopoly to his discovery among ONE +HUNDRED AND THIRTY MILLIONS of the most intelligent people in the +world. The facilities of business and steam communication are such, +that patents can be obtained abroad by our citizens almost as +easily as at home. MUNN & Co. have prepared and taken a larger +number of European Patents than any other American Agency. They +have Agents of great experience in London, Paris, Berlin, and other +Capitals.</p> + +<p>A Pamphlet, containing a synopsis of the Foreign Patent Laws, +sent free. Address</p> + +<p>MUNN & CO., 37 Park Row, New York.</p> + +<hr> +<p><a name="69"></a></p> + +<h2>Official List of Patents.</h2> + +<h3>Issued by the United States Patent Office</h3> + +<h3>FOR THE WEEK ENDING DEC. 14, 1869.</h3> + +<h3><i>Reported Officially for the Scientific American</i></h3> + +<p>SCHEDULE OF PATENT OFFICE FEES:</p> + +<pre> + On each caveat $10 + On filing each application for a Patent (seventeen years) $15 + On issuing each original Patent $20 + On appeal to Commissioner of Patents $20 + On application for Reissue $30 + On application for Extension of Patent $50 + On granting the Extension $50 + On filing a Disclaimer $10 + On an application for Design (three and a half years) $10 + On an application for Design (seven years) $15 + On an application for Design (fourteen years) $30 +</pre> + +<p>In addition to which there are some small revenue-stamp taxes. +Residents of Canada and Nova Scotia pay $500 on application.</p> + +<p><i>For copy of Claim of any Patent issued within 30 years</i> +<b>$1</b></p> + +<p><i>A sketch from the model or drawing, relating to such portion +of a machine as the Claim covers, from</i> <b>$1</b> <i>upward, but +usually at the price above-named</i>.</p> + +<p><i>The full Specification of any patent issued since Nov. +20,1866, at which time the Patent Office commenced printing +them</i> <b>$1.25</b></p> + +<p><i>Official Copies of Drawings of any patent issued since 1836, +we can supply at a reasonable cost, the price depending upon the +amount of labor involved and the number of views.</i></p> + +<p><i>Full information, as to price of drawings, in each case, may +be had by addressing</i></p> + +<p><b>MUNN & CO.,</b></p> + +<p>Patent Solicitors, No. <b>37</b> Park Row, New York.</p> + +<hr> +<p>97,751.--FLUTING MACHINE.--Henry B. Adams, New York city.</p> + +<p>97,752.--ELASTIC WASHER FOR CARRIAGES, ETC.--George W. Billings, +Chicago, Ill. Antedated December 4, 1869.</p> + +<p>97,753.--ADJUSTABLE WAGON BOTTOM AND CHUTE.--Abraham Bitner, +Jr., Lancaster, Pa.</p> + +<p>97,754.--MODE OF TREATING CONGLOMERATES OF CAST IRON.--Thomas +Schoenberger Blair, Pittsburgh, Pa.</p> + +<p>97,755.--ANIMAL TRAP.--John Blume, Mount Pleasant, Md.</p> + +<p>97,756.--ELECTRO-MAGNETIC ADVERTISING FRAME.--Joshua Brooks, +(assignor to himself and Benjamin E. Corlew), Boston, Mass., +Antedated December 1, 1869.</p> + +<p>97,757.--LAMP EXTINGUISHER.--Wm.I.Bunker, Yankton, Dakota +Territory.</p> + +<p>97,758.--MACHINE FOR POLISHING THE EDGES OF BOOT AND SHOE +SOLES.--Robert F. Burns, Albany, N.Y.</p> + +<p>97,759.--BEEHIVE.--Peter Campbell, Carrolltown, Pa.</p> + +<p>97,760.--RAILWAY GATE.--Peter Campbell, Carrolltown, Pa.</p> + +<p>97,761.--REDUCING ORES.--Thomas J. Chubb, Williamsburg, N.Y. +Antedated June 14, 1869.</p> + +<p>97,762.--MACHINE FOR BENDING AND FOLDING SHEET METAL.--James B. +Clark and Lucas C. Clark, Plantsville, Conn.</p> + +<p>97,763.--SAW SWAGE.--Joseph S. Clark, New York city.</p> + +<p>97,764.--SASH HOLDER.--Nelson C. Cole (assignor to himself and +Leverett H. Marvin), Beaver Dam, Wis.</p> + +<p>97,765.--MACHINE FOR CRIMPING AND FORMING THE FRONT OF +BOOTS.--Christopher Day, Mineral Point, Wis. Antedated November 30, +1869.</p> + +<p>97,766.--WATER HEATER FOR CULINARY PURPOSES.--Royal E. Deane, +Brooklyn, N.Y.</p> + +<p>97,767.--PUMP.--Joseph W. Douglas, Middletown, Conn., assignor +to W.& B. Douglas.</p> + +<p>97,768.--DEPURATOR.--S. C. Frink and L. D. Harlan, Indianapolis, +Ind.</p> + +<p>97,769.--SHUTTER FASTENER.--Charles B. Goodrich, Jr., Boston, +Mass.</p> + +<p>97,770.--Suspended.</p> + +<p>97,771.--MANUFACTURE OF GLUE.--George Guenther, Chicago, Ill., +assignor to himself and E. H. Heymann, New York city.</p> + +<p>97,772.--SHADE RINGS FOR LAMP BURNERS.--Hiram W. Hayden +(assignor to Holmes, Booth & Haydens), Waterbury, Conn.</p> + +<p>97,773.--LAMP.--Hiram W. Hayden (assignor to Holmes, Booth & +Haydens), Waterbury, Conn.</p> + +<p>97,774.--FLUTING MACHINE.--Frederick Hewitt, Bloomfield, +N.J.</p> + +<p>97,775.--WAGON BRAKE.--Abram C. Jaques, Levenworth, Kansas.</p> + +<p>97,776.--WICK-TRIMMER FOR LAMPS.--E.C.Jenkins, Jr., Worcester, +Mass. Antedated December 11, 1869.</p> + +<p>97,777.--LUMBER DRYER.--Jesse.B. Johnson and Thomas E. Johnson, +Indianapolis, Ind.</p> + +<p>97,778.--TURBINE WATER WHEEL.--Julius H. Jones, Charlton, +Mass.</p> + +<p>97,779.--HYDRAULIC ENGINE.--Henry J. King and Benton L. Beebe, +Middletown, N. Y.</p> + +<p>97,780.--BREECH-LOADING REVOLVING FIREARMS.--Francois Alexandre +Le Mat, New Orleans, La., assignor to Charles Pietroni, London, +England.</p> + +<p>97,781.--COMPOSITION FOR COVERING STEAM BOILERS AND FOR OTHER +PURPOSES.--Ferdinand Leroy (Ferdinand Leroy, administrator), of +Commercial Road, London, England, assignor to himself and P. A. +Victor Le Luoez, England.</p> + +<p>97,782.--WINE AND CIDER MILL.--Edward C. Lewis, Benton Harbor, +Mich.</p> + +<p>97,783.--EXCAVATOR.--John R. Lewis, Piper City, Ill.</p> + +<p>97,784.--BAND TIGHTENER.--Francis M. Lottridge, Portland, Ind., +assignor to himself, James M. Templer, and James C. Jay. Antedated +December 14, 1869.</p> + +<p>97,785.--CLOD FENDER.--Francis M. Lowden and John D. Lowden, +Lawrence, Ind.</p> + +<p>97,786.--SHAFT TUG LUG FOR HARNESS.--T.J.Magruder, Marion, +Ohio.</p> + +<p>97,787.--SHIPS OR VESSELS FOR CARRYING LIQUID CARGO.--John W. +Marshall, Gilman Joslin, and Nelson Curtis, Boston, and Oliver +Edwards, Brookline, Mass.</p> + +<p>97,788.--FASTENING FOR CORSETS.--Frank W. Marston, Boston, Mass. +Antedated November 30, 1869.</p> + +<p>97,789.--CART SADDLE.--W.B.McClure, Alexandria, Va.</p> + +<p>97,790.--POTATO DIGGER.--Philip C. McManus, Troy, N.Y. Antedated +December 7, 1869.</p> + +<p>97,791.--WASHING MACHINE.--J.S.Merchant, Hopedale, Ohio.</p> + +<p>97,792.--RAILWAY RAIL.--James Montgomery, Croton Landing, +N.Y.</p> + +<p>97,793.--WASHING MACHINE.--Wm. Morgan, Middlebrook, Va.</p> + +<p>97,794.--COMPOUND FOR TREATING RHEUMATISM.--H.H.Munroe, +Louisville, Ky.</p> + +<p>97,795.--SCRIBE HOOK.--John Nester, Portland, Oregon.</p> + +<p>97,796.--ROOFING.--H.G.Noble, Selma, Ala.</p> + +<p>97,797.--DEVICE FOR FASTENING PISTONS TO PISTON RODS.--Anthony +T. Norgan, Palo Alto, Pa. Antedated December 7, 1869.</p> + +<p>97,798.--ATTACHABLE AND REMOVABLE CALKS FOR HORSESHOES.--G.S. +Norris, Baltimore, Md.</p> + +<p>97,799.--HARNESS FOR HORSES.--John Palen, Lockport, assignor to +Nathan T. Healy, Medina, N.Y.</p> + +<p>97,800.--RAILWAY CAR BRAKE.--Thomas Payne, Detroit, Mich.</p> + +<p>97,801.--SAW MILL.--A. Perin, Paris, France.</p> + +<p>97,802.--SPOKE SHAVE.--Joseph A. Perley (assignor to himself and +Wm. H. Perley), Lynn. Mass.</p> + +<p>97,803.--ORGAN BELLOWS.--J.R.Perry, Wilkesbarre, Pa.</p> + +<p>97,804.--APPARATUS FOR SETTING CATS IN METALLIC +CARTRIDGES.--William C. Pickersgill (assignor to Providence Tool +Company), Providence, R.I.</p> + +<p>97,805.--CAP-EXTRACTOR FOR CARTRIDGES.--William C. Pickersgill +(assignor to Providence Tool Company), Providence, R.I.</p> + +<p>97,806.--APPARATUS FOR SETTING BULLETS IN CARTRIDGES.--William +C. Pickersgill (assignor to Providence Tool Company), Providence, +R.I.</p> + +<p>97,807.--SMOKE AND SPARK CONVEYER FOR RAILROAD TRAINS.--Lemuel +Powell, Milford, Conn.</p> + +<p>97,808.--CONVERTIBLE END-BOARD AND PLATFORM FOR WAGONS.--Thomas +T. Powell and John F. Burroughs, Lawn Ridge, Ill.</p> + +<p>97,809.--MACHINE FOR MAKING FLY NETS.--A. Prutzmann, Canton, +Ohio.</p> + +<p>97,810.--BURGLAR PROOF SAFE.--George W. Putnam, Boston, Mass. +Antedated November 27, 1869.</p> + +<p>97,811.--HORSESHOE BEVELER.--Ephraim Quinby, Comstock, Mich. +Antedated Dec. 1, 1869.</p> + +<p>97,812.--PADLOCK.--J.S.Rankin, Ann Arbor, Mich.</p> + +<p>97,813.--SHIP WINDLASS.--Elisha R. Ritch, South Boston, Mass. +97,814.--REIN-GUIDE FOR HARNESS.--Lemuel Richmond, Derby, Vt.</p> + +<p>97,815.--CHURN.--Stacy Risler, Locktown, N. J.</p> + +<p>97,816.--PAPER-CUTTING MACHINE.--T. C. Robinson, Boston, Mass., +assignor to G. H. Sandborn, New York city.</p> + +<p>97,817.--STONE-POLISHING MACHINE.--Henry Schofield (assignor to +himself and C. D. Clarke). Philadelphia.</p> + +<p>97,818.--TWIST DRILL.--Socrates Scholfield, Providence, R. +I.</p> + +<p>97,819.--SMOKE-CONSUMING FIRE BOXES.--G. H. Smith, Galesburg, +Ill.</p> + +<p>97,820.--CHURN.--Samuel Smith, Yohogany, Pa.</p> + +<p>97,821.--REPEATING FIRE-ARM.--William Sidney Smoot, Washington, +D.C.</p> + +<p>97,822.--PNEUMATIC ENGINE.--Robert Spear, New Haven, Conn.</p> + +<p>97,823.--MACHINE FOR POLISHING WOOD.--W. F. Spear, Worcester, +Mass.</p> + +<p>97,824.--CARPET BEATER AND CLEANER.--Alexander Stevenson, New +York City.</p> + +<p>97,825.--MODE OF FORMING "BURNER CONES" OF LAMPS.--C. St. John +and C. E. Marston, Charlestown, Mass.</p> + +<p>97,826.--LOOM.--Lyman Stone, Nelson, N. H.</p> + +<p>97,827.--COFFIN HANDLE.--Clark Strong, Winsted, Conn.</p> + +<p>97,828.--PLOW.--Z. W. Sturtevant, Dunstable, Mass.</p> + +<p>97,829.--SAFE.--T. J. Sullivan, Albany, N. Y.</p> + +<p>97,830.--AUGER HANDLE.--James Swan, Seymour, Conn.</p> + +<p>97,831.--STOVE SHELF.--Gr. L. Swett, Leominster, Mass.</p> + +<p>97,832.--RAILWAY RAIL.--J. F. Tallant, Burlington, Iowa.</p> + +<p>97,833.--TOOL FOR CABINET MAKERS.--R. W. Tanner (assignor to +himself and Samuel J. Davenport), Albany, N. Y. Antedated Dec. +11,1869.</p> + +<p>97,834.--TICKET BOX FOR RAILROAD PASSENGER TRAINS.--Asahel Todd, +Jr., Pultneyville, N. Y.</p> + +<p>97,835.--HYDRANT.--T. Van Kannel, Cincinnati, Ohio.</p> + +<p>97,836.--RETICULE WICKER BASKET.--Joseph Venet, New York +city.</p> + +<p>97,837.--VELOCIPEDE.--Wm. Volk, Buffalo, N. Y.</p> + +<p>97,838.--SILVERING GLASS, AND PROTECTING THE SAME.--H. B. +Walker, New York city.</p> + +<p>97,839.--STEELYARD.--P. H. Walker (assignor to himself and J. L. +Trowbridge), Boston, Mass.</p> + +<p>97,840.--BARREL.--D. H. Waters, Grand Rapids, Mich.</p> + +<p>97,841.--BARREL.--D. H. Waters, Grand Rapids, Mich.</p> + +<p>97,842.--CAR SPRING.--Cyrenus Wheeler, Jr., Auburn, N. Y.</p> + +<p>97,843.--METALLIC CARTRIDGE.--Rollin White, Lowell, Mass.</p> + +<p>97,844.--APPARATUS FOR PURIFYING IRON.--S. M. Wickersham, +Allegheny, Pa.</p> + +<p>97,845.--MAKING PIANO LEGS.--Henry Willoghs, New York city.</p> + +<p>97,846.--DUMPING WAGON.--Daniel Willson, Ishpeming, Mich.</p> + +<p>97,847.--HARVESTER KNIFE GRINDER.--Edwin L. Yancey, Batavia, N. +Y.</p> + +<p>97,848.--CANDLESTICK.--H. Zahn, San Francisco, Cal.</p> + +<p>97,849.--MONKEY WRENCH.--Samuel Zarley, Niantic, Ill.</p> + +<p>97,850.--HUMMING-WHEEL TOY.--A. F. Able, New Orleans, La., +assignor to himself and A. D. Finley.</p> + +<p>97,851.--IRONING TABLE AND CLOTHES DRYER.--W. P. Adams, +Brooklyn, N. Y.</p> + +<p>97,852.--SAWSET.--Daniel Agnew, Vincennes, Ind.</p> + +<p>97,853.--MODE OF PROTECTING THE ENDS OF VULCANIZED RUBBER +HOSE.--H. A. Alden, Matteawan, N. Y.</p> + +<p>97,854.--LAMP BURNER.--Joseph Bell Alexander, Washington, +D.C.</p> + +<p>97,855.--GATE FOR SWINGING BRIDGES.--Lauritz Anderson, Chicago, +Ill.</p> + +<p>97,856.--BUTTONHOLING ATTACHMENT FOR SEWING MACHINES.--S. J. +Baird, Staunton, Va.</p> + +<p>97,857.--OIL BLACKING FOR LEATHER.--J. L. Baumer, Columbus, +Ohio.</p> + +<p>97,858.--HEAD BLOCK FOR SAW MILLS.--C. B. Beall, Hamilton, +Ohio.</p> + +<p>97,859.--CHURN DASHER.--A. Belt, Newton, Iowa.</p> + +<p>97,860.--COMBINED SHOVEL AND SIFTER.--F. S. Bidwell, Mystic +Bridge, Conn.</p> + +<p>97,861.--STOVEPIPE THIMBLE.--Horatio N. Bill, Willimantic, +Conn.</p> + +<p>97,862.--DIVING BELL.--H. C. Billings, Brooklyn, N. Y.</p> + +<p>97,863.--HOE.--Lewis Billings, Gallipolis, Ohio.</p> + +<p>97,864.--STEAM GENERATOR.--Edward Bourne, Pittsburgh, Pa.</p> + +<p>97,865.--STEAM GENERATOR.--Edward Bourne, Pittsburgh, Pa.</p> + +<p>97,866.--RIVETS AND WASHERS.--Edward Bourne, Pittsburgh, Pa.</p> + +<p>97,867.--WAGON BRAKE.--William H. Bradt, New Scotland, N.Y.</p> + +<p>97,868.--DRILL FOR BORING POLYGONAL HOLES.--J.C. Broadley +(assignor to himself and Jas. Stout), Franklin, N. J.</p> + +<p>97,869.--WATER WHEEL.--J. D. Bryson and J. H. Hartsuff, +Newcastle, Pa.</p> + +<p>97,870.--COTTON CULTIVATOR.--I. W. Burch, Fayette, Miss.</p> + +<p>97,871.--BUCKLE.--I. W. Burch, Fayette, Miss.</p> + +<p>97,872.--CLAMP.--Mathias Burkhardt, Cincinnati, Ohio.</p> + +<p>97,873.--DINNER PAIL.--N. C. Burnap, Argusville, N. Y.</p> + +<p>97,874.--BOLT CUTTER.--O. E. Butler and S. P. Dunham, +Marshalltown, Iowa.</p> + +<p>97,875.--PADLOCK.--S. G. Cabell (assignor to F. B. Cabell), +Quincy, Ill.</p> + +<p>97,876.--RAILWAY CAR COUPLING.--S. 0. Campbell, Tipton, Mo.</p> + +<p>97,877.--WRENCH AND SAW SET COMBINED.--G. J. Capewell, West +Cheshire, Conn.</p> + +<p>97,878.--MACHINE FOR DRESSING MILLSTONES.--J. S. Carr, Alliance, +Ohio.</p> + +<p>97,879.--CAR TANK COVER.--L. C. Cattell, Cleveland, Ohio.</p> + +<p>97,880.--MANUFACTURE OF RUBBER SPONGE.--Edwin Chesterman, +Tremont, N. Y. Antedated Nov. 17, 1869.</p> + +<p>97,881.--VALVE FOR WATER ENGINES.--Abraham Coates (assignor for +one half, to James Martin Hunt), Watertown, N. Y.</p> + +<p>97,882.--SHUTTLE FOR LOOMS.--John H. Coburn, Lowell, Mass.</p> + +<p>97,883.--WAGON SEAT FASTENING.--Charles Collins, Vernon Centre, +N. Y.</p> + +<p>97,884.--HARVESTER.--Robert Conarroe (assignor to himself, H. +Young, and A. C. Stauffer), Camden, Ohio.</p> + +<p>97,885.--MOP.--Philip Cook, Jr., Sioux City, Iowa. Antedated +Dec. 10, 1869.</p> + +<p>97,888.--RAILWAY SWITCH.--J. B. Cox, James O'Connor, and Michael +Cahalan, Columbus, Ga.</p> + +<p>97,887.--SLIDE VALVE.--Isaac Craft (assignor to himself, T. J. +Williams, and C. M. Greve), Cincinnati, Ohio.</p> + +<p>97,888.--WATER WHEEL.--G.W. Cressman, and Bert Pfleger, Barren +Hill, and Nice Keely, Roxborough, Pa.</p> + +<p>97,889.--TREATING WHISKY AND OTHER ALCOHOLIC SPIRITS.--J. C. +Crossman and Obadiah Marland, Boston, Mass., assignors t themselves +and A. E. Tilton, New York city.</p> + +<p>97,890.--DISINTEGRATING MILL.--G. B. Davids (assignor to himself +and Talbot Denmead), Baltimore, Md,</p> + +<p>97,891.--MACHINE FOR COMPOSING AND DISTRIBUTING TYPE.--Isidore +Delcambre, Paris, France.</p> + +<p>97,892.--SOAP-HOLDING ATTACHMENT FOR SEWING MACHINES. Mary +Dewey, New Albany, Ind. Antedated Dec. 10, 1869.</p> + +<p>97,893.--CONCRETE FOR PAVING AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES.--J. E. +Dotch, Washington, D. C. Antedated Oct. 14, 1869</p> + +<p>97,894.--APPARATUS FOR EXTINGUISHING FIRES BY MEANS OF CHEMICAL +AGENTS.--J. W. Douglas (assignor to W. Douglas and B. Douglas), +Middletown, Conn.</p> + +<p>97,895.--LOOM TEMPLE.--Warren W. Dutcher (assignor to Dutcher +Temple Co.), Hopedale, Mass.</p> + +<p>97,896.--VENTILATING HORSE COVER.--C. P. Eager (assignor to P. +B. Eager), Boston, Mass.</p> + +<p>97,897.--MANUFACTURE OF IRON AND STEEL.--Wm. Ennis, +Philadelphia, Pa.</p> + +<p>97,898.--SEEDING MACHINE.--James Finlayson, Albany, Oregon.</p> + +<p>97,899.--CLOTHES WRINGER.--M. M. Follett, Lake City, Minn.</p> + +<p>97,900.--BLOTTING PAD.--C. A. Gale, Demopolis, Ala.</p> + +<p>97,901.--MANUFACTURE OF NUTS.--J. W. Gaskill and Jas. Christie, +Phillipsburg, N. J.</p> + +<p>97,902.--FIRE PLACE.--E. H. Gibbs, New York city.</p> + +<p>97,903.--GRAIN DRILL.--Jacob F. Gibson, Chestnut Level, Pa.</p> + +<p>97,904.--CARTRIDGE MACHINE.--Jabez H. Gill, Philadelphia, +Pa.</p> + +<p>97,905.--FIELD ROLLER.--Robert Glover, Tonawanda, N. Y.</p> + +<p>97,905.--CORN PLANTER.--Henry Gortner, Nashport, Ohio.</p> + +<p>97,907.--HINGE.--D. R. Gould (assignor to himself and O. H. +Green), Chestertown, N. Y.</p> + +<p>97,908.--RADIAL DRILLING MACHINE.--G. A. Gray, Jr., Cincinnati, +Ohio.</p> + +<p>97,909.--BUCKLE.--F. F. Greenwood, Horsney, England. Patented in +England, Sept. 16, 1868.</p> + +<p>97,910.--TOOL FOR CARVING WOOD.--L. L. Gunther, Chicago, +Ill.</p> + +<p>97,911.--PORTABLE DERRICK.--James R. Hammond, Sedalia, Mo.</p> + +<p>97,912.--COAL STOVE.--B. R. Hawlev, Normal, Ill.</p> + +<p>97,913.--GAS STOVE.--W. J. Hays, New York city.</p> + +<p>97,914.--CONDENSING COLUMN FOR STILLS.--A. Hazzard, St. Louis, +Mo.</p> + +<p>97,915.--STOVEPIPE DRUM.--W. Hearle, Beamsville, Canada, +assignor to C. L. Spencer, trustee, assignor to Wm. Hearle and A. +B. Johnson.</p> + +<p>97,916.--MEANS FOR ATTACHING MUSQUITO BARS TO WINDOW BLINDS, +DOORS, ETC.--James Hebron, Buffalo, N. Y.</p> + +<p>97,917.--WASHING MACHINE.--Edward Heim, Pittsburgh, Pa.</p> + +<p>97,918.--RAILWAY CAR COUPLING.--Noah Hill, Leavenworth City, +Kansas.</p> + +<p>97,919.--FIFTH WHEEL FOR CARRIAGES.--Richard Hoadly, Toulon, +Ill.</p> + +<p>97,920.--FRUIT JAR.--D. I. Holcomb, Henry county, Iowa.</p> + +<p>97,921.--CORN CULTIVATOR.--J. C. Holmes, Wyoming, Pa.</p> + +<p>97,922.--FRUIT JAR.--Thos. Houghton and H. H. Houghton, +Philadelphia, Pa.</p> + +<p>97,923.--CONDENSER.--John Houpt, Springtown, Pa.</p> + +<p>97,924.--PROPELLING APPARATUS.--Robert Hunter, New York +city.</p> + +<p>97,925.--HEDGE TRIMMER.--A. H. Hussey, Mount Pleasant, Ohio.</p> + +<p>97,926.--FENCE.--Daniel Johnson, Cranberry, Ohio.</p> + +<p>97,927.--SAW SET.--J. M. Jones, Commerce, Mo.</p> + +<p>97,928.--RUBBER SPRING FOR USE IN SHIPS, CARS, AND FOR OTHER +PURPOSES.--J. A. Joyner, New York city.</p> + +<p>97,929.--CARPET STRETCHER AND TACK HOLDER.--F. W. Judd, New +Britain, assignor to himself and E. M. Judd, New Haven, Conn. +Antedated Dec. 9,1889.</p> + +<p>97,930.--PUBLIC URINAL.--William M. Kepler, Cincinnati, +Ohio.</p> + +<p>97,931.--WASHING MACHINE.--John J. Kimball, Naperville, Ill.</p> + +<p>97,932.--GRAIN STRIPPER.--J. O. King and Hiram A. Rice, +Louisiana, Mo.</p> + +<p>97,933.--BEEHIVE.--W. T. Kirkpatrick, Tamarva, Ill.</p> + +<p>97,934.--LATCH.--G. W. Large, Yellow Springs, Ohio.</p> + +<p>97,935.--SEWING MACHINE.--L. W. Lathrop, Nyack, N. Y.</p> + +<p>97,936.--MANUFACTURE OF DRY WHITE LEAD.--G. T. Lewis, +Philadelphia, and E. O. Bartlett, Birmingham, Pa.</p> + +<p>77,937.--CHURN.--F. A. Lindal, Stockton, N. Y.</p> + +<p>97,938.--SEEDING MACHINE.--M. F. Lowth and T. J. Howe, Owatonna, +Minn.</p> + +<p>97,939.--FERTILIZER OR GUANO.--Orazio Lugo, Baltimore, Md.</p> + +<p>97.940.--FURNACE FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF ULTRAMARINE.--H. A. +Ludwig. New York city.</p> + +<p>97,941.--MANUFACTURE OF ULTRAMARINE.--H. A. Ludwig, New York +city.</p> + +<p>97,942.--WARDROBE.--A. G. Mack (assignor to himself and George +Shelton), Rochester, N. Y.</p> + +<p>97,943.--UPRIGHT PIANO.--G. C. Manner, New York city.</p> + +<p>97,944.--BOOT CRIMPER.--F. P. Marcy, Keokuk, Iowa. Antedated +Dec. 4, 1869.</p> + +<p>97,945.--MECHANISM FOR DRIVING COTTON GINS.--Wm. L. May, +Linwood, Ala., assignor to W. J. May.</p> + +<p>97,946.--MEAT CHOPPER.--Arthur McCarter, Salem, Ohio.</p> + +<p>97,947.--GATE.--F. H. McGeorge, Corning, N. Y.</p> + +<p>97,948.--CONSTRUCTION OF BUILDINGS.--Alexander McPherson, Santa +Cruz, Cal.</p> + +<p>97,949.--GALVANIC BATTERY.--J. R. McPherson, Beloit, Wis.</p> + +<p>97,950.--GAGE FOR CIRCULAR SAW TABLE.--R. N. Meriam, Worcester, +Mass.</p> + +<p>97,951.--SEWING MACHINE FOR SEWING BOOTS AND SHOES.--Daniel +Mills, New York city, assignor to Charles Goodyear, Jr., Ne +Rochelle, N. Y.</p> + +<p>97,952.--PROPELLER.--S. B. Morey, San Francisco, Cal.</p> + +<p>97,953.--CAST-STEEL TUBE OR INGOT.--C. B. Morse, Rhinebeck, N. +Y. Antedated Dec. 8,1869.</p> + +<p>97,954.--PACKING CASE FOR OIL CANS.--J. McLeod Murphy (assignor +to J. L. Graham), New York city.</p> + +<p>97,955.--TIGHTENING AND GUIDING BELT.--C. K. Myers (assignor, +for one half, to Peter Weybrich), Pekin, Ill.</p> + +<p>97,956.--FIRE-PLACE FUEL MAGAZINE STOVE.--J. J. Myers, (assignor +to B. C. Bibb), Baltimore, Md.</p> + +<p>97,957.--CORN PLANTER.--J. B. Parker, Knob Noster, Mo.</p> + +<p>97,958.--SAWING MACHINE.--Archibald Perry (assignor to himself +and Jacob Fisher), Richland, Ind. Antedated Dec. 3,1869.</p> + +<p>97,959.--MECHANICAL MOVEMENT.--Osgood Plummer, Worcester, +Mass.</p> + +<p>97,960.--TEACHERS' REGISTER.--W. S. Poulson and W. N. Poulson, +Cadiz, Ohio.</p> + +<p>97,961.--SIDE-SADDLE TREE.--J. H. Preston, Jefferson City, +Mo.</p> + +<p>97,962.--PROCESS OF PREPARING PLANTS TO BE USED IN CIGAKS, +SNUFF, ETC.--P. V. Ramel, Paris, France.</p> + +<p>97,963.--PIPE COUPLING.--L. W. Reed, East Cambridge, Mass.</p> + +<p>97,964.--FRUIT JAR.--S. B. Rowley, Philadelphia, Pa.</p> + +<p>97,965.--CLOTHES WRINGER.--E. P. Russell, Manlius, N. Y.</p> + +<p>97,966.--COAL STOVE.--Watson Sanford, New York city. Antedated +Sept. 3, 1869.</p> + +<p>97,967.--BASE BURNING STOVE.--Watson Sanford, New York city. +Antedated Sept. 15, 1869.</p> + +<p>97,968.--JOURNAL BOX.--A. H. Sassaman, Scranton, Pa.</p> + +<p>97,969.--HOOK AND LADDER TRUCK.--Jacob Schmidlapp, New York +city.</p> + +<p>97,970.--Suspended.</p> + +<p>97,971.--SNOW PLOW FOR RAILWAYS.--T. L. Shaw, Omaha, +Nebraska.</p> + +<p>97,972.--COMPOSITION METAL FOR TUBING, PIPES, AND SHEETING.--W. +A. Shaw (assignor to Peter Naylor), New York city.</p> + +<p>97,973.--PRUNING SHEARS.--J. H. Shehan, Lima, Ind., assignor to +himself, G. W. Edgecomb, and T. J. Bull.</p> + +<p>97,974.--PRICE-CALCULATING DEVICE.--Albert Sinclair, West +Waterville, Me.</p> + +<p>97,975.--CONSTRUCTION OF BRIDGES.--C. S. Smith, C. H. Latrobe, +and F. H. Smith, Baltimore, Md.</p> + +<p>97,976.--CHURN.--Simon Smith, Clarksburg, N. Y.</p> + +<p>97,977.--COTTON BALE TIES.--W. M. Smith, Augnsta, Ga.</p> + +<p>97,978.--GRAIN MEASURING ATTACHMENT TO THRASHING MACHINES.--W. +A. Workman, Fairfleld, Iowa.</p> + +<p>97,979.--SCAFFOLD FOR GATHERING FRUIT, AND FOR OTHER +PURPOSES.--A. J. Wright, Cleveland, Ohio.</p> + +<p>97,980.--REVOLVING CUPBOARD.--Wendell Wright, Bloomfield, N. +J.</p> + +<p>97,981.--BARRACK OR HOSPITAL BEDSTEAD.--Chas. S. Snead, +Louisville, Ky.</p> + +<p>97,982.--PIANO FORTE.--C. F. Th. Steinway, New York city.</p> + +<p>97,983.--WATER-PROOFING FABRICS.--John Stenhouse, 17 Rodney +street, Pentonville, London, England, assignor to Arthur Cheney and +Alonzo Milliken, Boston, Mass. Patented in England, Jan. 8, +1862.</p> + +<p>97,984.--RAILS FOR ORNAMENTAL FENCE.--Elizabeth Mary Stigale, +Philadelphia, Pa.</p> + +<p>97,985.--LATCH FOR DOUBLE DOORS.--J. W. Still, San Francisco, +Cal.</p> + +<p>97,986.--LATHE FASTENING.--J. G. Stowe, Providence, R. I.</p> + +<p>97,987.--VINEGAR APPARATUS.--A. D. Strong, Ashtabula Ohio.</p> + +<p>97,988.--WRENCH.--G.C.Taft, Worcester, Mass.</p> + +<p>97,989.--BARK MILL.--William Tansley, Salisbury Centre, assignor +to "Starbuck Brothers," Troy, N.Y.</p> + +<p>97,990.--CLEVIS FOR PLOWS.--J.H. Tarpley, Greensborough, +N.C.</p> + +<p>97,991.--HANDLE FOR KNIVES.--A.L. Taylor, Springfield, Vt.</p> + +<p>97,992.--MAKING BRICKS, TILES, ETC.--Daniel Thackara, Woodbury, +N.J.</p> + +<p>97,993.--FOOT AND KNEELING STOOL FOR CHURCHES.--J.P. Tibbits, +New York city.</p> + +<p>97,994.--RAILWAY CARRIAGE WHEEL AND AXLE.--C.D. Tisdale +(assignor to himself and J.H. Clapp), Boston, Mass.</p> + +<p>97,995.--SUSPENDERS.--C. Van Hoesen, Catskill, assignor to +himself, J.H. Burtis, Brooklyn, and M.W. Staples, Catskill, +N.Y.</p> + +<p>97,996--BUTTONHOLE CUTTER.--F.H. Walker, Boston, Mass.</p> + +<p>97,997.--BED BOTTOM.--C.E. Walkes, Elyria, Ohio.</p> + +<p>97,998.--STILL FOR OIL, ETC.--John Warner, Flushing, N.Y.</p> + +<p>97,999.--PAPER FILE.--C.W. West, Shiloh, assignor to himself and +O.A. Douglas, Bridgeton, N.J.</p> + +<p>98,000.--HOISTING APPARATUS.--T.A. Weston, Ridgewood, N.J., +assignor to William Sellers and John Sellers, Jr., Philadelphia, +Pa. Patented in England, Aug. 28, 1868.</p> + +<p>98,001.--COKE WAGON.--Corydon Wheat and Alfred Catchpole, +Geneva, N.Y.</p> + +<p>98,002.--MACHINE FOR MAKING CARRIAGE CLIPS.--Darius Wilcox and +R. McChesney (assignors to D.M. Basset and Darius Wilcox), Derby, +Conn.</p> + +<p>98,003.--DOOR FOR FIRE-PLACE STOVE.--W.E. Wood, Baltimore, +Md.</p> + +<p>98,004.--INTERCHANGEABLE BOOT AND SHOE HEEL.--J.C. Woodhead, +Pittsburgh, Pa.</p> + +<p>98,005.--CAMEL FOR RAISING VESSELS.--Samuel Woolston, +Vincentown, N.J.</p> + +<hr> +<h2>REISSUES.</h2> + +<p>60,192.--STEAM ENGINE GOVERNOR.--Dated Dec. 4,1866; reissue</p> + +<p>3,759.--R.K. Huntoon,for himself and J.A. Lynch, assignee, by +mesne assignments, of R.K. Huntoon. Boston, Mass.</p> + +<p>72,114.--VARIABLE CRANK FOR BORING MACHINES.--Dated Dec. +10,1867; reissue 3,760.--Theodore Mace, New York city, assignee of +G.C. Taft.</p> + +<p>68,782.--SLIDE FOR EXTENSION TABLE.--Dated Sept. 10,1867; +reissue 3,761.--H. Olds, Syracuse, N.Y.</p> + +<p>89,167.--NOZZLE FOR CANS.--Dated April 20,1869; reissue</p> + +<p>3,762.--Charles Pratt, New York city.</p> + +<p>84,766.--HORSE POWER.--Dated Dec. 8, 1868; reissue 3,763.--Cyrus +Roberts and J.A. Throp, Three Rivers, Mich.</p> + +<p>44,117.--COMPOSITION FOR CONCRETE PAVEMENTS.--Dated Sept. +6,1864; reissue 3,764.--Edward Seeley, Scranton, Pa.</p> + +<p>49,207.--CARPET BAG LOCK.--Dated Aug. 1, 1865; reissue</p> + +<p>3,765.--Bernard Steinmetz, Paris, France.</p> + +<p>91,800.--STEAM GENERATOR FURNACES.--Dated June 22, 1866; reissue +3,766.--A.J. Warren and D.W. Wilson, assignors to themselves and +Noah Shaw, West Eau Claire, Wis., and U.M. Stone, Augusta, Wis.</p> + +<hr> +<h2>DESIGNS.</h2> + +<p>3,784.--STOVE.--D.P. Beckwith, Dowagiac, Mich.</p> + +<p>3,785.--PLOW CLEVIS.--Geo. Johnson, administrator of the estate +of G.P. Darrow, deceased, (assignor to J.L. Haven & Co.), +Cincinnati, Ohio.</p> + +<p>3,786.--STOVE.--S.S. Jewett and F.H. Root, Buffalo, N.Y.</p> + +<p>3,787.--MASONIC ORNAMENT.--Daniel Keefer, Attica, Ind.</p> + +<p>3,788.--PAPER COLLAR.--W.F. Mosely, Brooklyn, N.Y.</p> + +<p>3,789.--FLOWER STAND.--C.H. Waters, Groton, Mass.</p> + +<hr> +<h2>EXTENSIONS.</h2> + +<p>CLOTH-STRETCHING ROLLERS.--Seth Simmons, of Providence, R.I., +administrator of Nathan Simmons, deceased.--Letters Patent No. +13,888; dated Dec. 4, 1855. BUCKLE.--S.E. Booth, of Orange, Conn., +administrator of S.S. Hartshorn, deceased.--Letters Patent No. +13,907; dated Dec. 11, 1855</p> + +<hr> +<h2>PATENTS ISSUED FOR THE WEEK ENDING DEC. 21, 1869.</h2> + +<p>98,006.--MANUFACTURE OF THE METALLIC PARTS OF FIRE ARMS.--Isaac +Adams, Jr.. Boston, Mass, assignor to United Nicke Company.</p> + +<p>98,007.--TOY VELOCIPEDE.--H.C. Alexander, New York city.</p> + +<p>98,008.--MACHINE FOR MAKING WROUGHT NAILS.--Daniel Armstrong, +Chicago, Ill.</p> + +<p>98,009.--WASH BOILER.--James Armstrong, Bucyrus, Ohio.</p> + +<p>98,010.--REFRIGERATOR.--Samuel Ayers, Danville, Ky.</p> + +<p>98,011.--HYDRANT.--G.C. Bailey, Pittsburgh, Pa.</p> + +<p>98,012.--WASHING MACHINE.--Joseph Balsley, Bedford, Ind.</p> + +<p>98,013.--SAW MILL.--A.P. Barlow, Kalamazoo, Mich.</p> + +<p>98,014.--BORING MACHINE.--E.C. Barton, Bloomsburg, Pa.</p> + +<p>98,015.--PADLOCK.--Thomas Bernhard, Hartford, Conn.</p> + +<p>98,016.--FENCE.--Inmon Blackaby, Civer, Ill.</p> + +<p>98,017.--PLOWING MACHINE.--Albert Bondeli, Philadelphia, Mo.</p> + +<p>98,018.--CARRIAGE BRAKE.--A.S. Boyer, Bernville, Pa.</p> + +<p>98,019.--LOW-WATER INDICATOR.--William A. Bradford, Cincinnati, +Ohio, assignor to C.G. Pease, trustee for Malone Safety-Valve +Company.</p> + +<p>98,020.--MACHINE FOR MAKING FERRULES.--Robert Briggs, +Philadelphia, Pa.</p> + +<p>98,021.--STEAM GENERATOR.--M.S. Bringier, Ascension parish, +La.</p> + +<p>98,022.--FIRE AND WATER-PROOF PAINT.--Theodor Brinkmann, +Greeneville, Tenn.</p> + +<p>98,023.--ANIMAL TRAP.--Adam Brown, Bridgeport, Oregon.</p> + +<p>98,024.--HAIR-SPRING ADJUSTMENT FOR WATCHES.--Augustus Brown, +Dryden, N.Y.</p> + +<p>98,025.--EXPANDING MUFF BLOCK.--C.F. Butterworth, Troy, N.Y.</p> + +<p>98,026.--SAP SPOUT.--G.L. Cady, Lowell, Mass.</p> + +<p>98,027.--HAY LOADER.--James Capen, Charlton, Mass.</p> + +<p>98,028.--GRINDING MACHINE.--George T. Chattaway, Brooklyn, E.D., +and John Dickinson, New York city, assignors to G.S. Chattaway.</p> + +<p>98,029.--COOPERS' TOOL.--John Christy, Clyde, Ohio.</p> + +<p>98,030.--NAIL AND PEG DRIVER.--F.0. Claflin, New York city. +Antedated Dec. 18,1869.</p> + +<p>98,031.--SELF-CANCELING POSTAL AND REVENUE STAMP.--S.M. Clark, +Washington, D.C.</p> + +<p>98,032.--CAPSTAN WINDLASS.--D.N.B. Coffin, Jr., Newton, assignor +to himself and I.D. Spaulding:, Boston, Mass.</p> + +<p>98,033.--METAL-CLAD ARTIFICIAL STONE.--François Coignet, +Paris, France.</p> + +<p>98,034.--MAKING ARTIFICIAL STONE AND CONCRETE.--François +Coignet, Paris, France.</p> + +<p>98,035.--MALAXATOR FOR THE PREPARATION OF PLASTIC MATERIALS FOR +ARTIFICIAL STONE, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES.--François Coignet, +Paris, France.</p> + +<p>93,036.--HASP LOCK.--E.R. Colver, New London, Conn.</p> + +<p>98,037.--DEVICE FOR CONVEYING SAWDUST FROM SAWS.--W.S. Colwell, +Pittsburg, Pa.</p> + +<p>98,038.--COMBINATION OF PIANOFORTE AND CABINET.--Edward Cotter, +Boston, Mass.</p> + +<p>98,039.--CURTAIN FIXTURE.--J.P. Crawford, Carmichaels, Pa.</p> + +<p>98,040.--VISE.--Edwin Crawley and T.L. Baylies, Richmond, +Ind.</p> + +<p>98,041.--CLOD FENDER.--W.L. Dearth and G.P. Rondebush, +Jefferson, Ind.</p> + +<p>98,042.--HAY AND GRAIN ELEVATOR.--John Dennis. Oswego, N.Y.</p> + +<p>98,043.--DYNAMOMETER.--J. Emerson, Lowell, Mass.</p> + +<p>98,044.--DUMPING WAGON.--John Esch, Milwaukee, Wis.</p> + +<p>98,045.--FIREPLACE GRATE.--George W. Everhart, Louisville, +Ky.</p> + +<p>98,046.--VAPORIZING PETROLEUM, ETC.--H.R. Foote, Boston, +Mass.</p> + +<p>98,047.--TOY GUN.--C.T. Ford and E. Trask, Salem, Mass. +Antedated Dec. 7, 1869.</p> + +<p>98,048.--SHIFTING RAIL FOR BUGGY.--Harlow French and Robert +Meyer, Buffalo, N.Y.</p> + +<p>98,049.--RAILWAY-CAR TRUCK.--Perry G. Gardiner, New York +city.</p> + +<p>98,050.--CAR SPRING.--P.G. Gardiner, New York city.</p> + +<p>98,051.--RAILWAY SWITCH.--M. J. Gaskill, Wm. Yost, and John +Ferris, Pleasant Plain, Ohio.</p> + +<p>98,052.--MILLER TRAP FOR BEEHIVES.--T. L. Gray, Thomasville, +Tenn.</p> + +<p>98,053.--STUFFING Box.--Chas. Green, Philadelphia, Pa.</p> + +<p>98,054.--SUSPENSION CLIP.--H. S. Griffiths and J. C. Gary, New +York city.</p> + +<p>98,055.--TOY SAFE OR BANK.--John Hall, Watertown, Mass. +Antedated Dec. 7,1869.</p> + +<p>98,056.--LOUNGE AND BEDSTEAD.--A. R. Harper and C. B. Dake, +Hobart, Ind.</p> + +<p>98,057.--MACHINE FOR UPSETTING TIRE.--A. S. Hart, San Francisco, +Cal.</p> + +<p>98,058.--RAILWAY CAR COUPLING.--A. S. Hart, San Francisco, +Cal.</p> + +<p>98,059.--STOVE GRATE.--David Hathaway, Troy, N. Y.</p> + +<p>98,060.--HOLDING DEVICE FOR LAMP CHIMNEYS.--John F Hechtle, +Waterbury, Conn.</p> + +<p>98,061.--STEAM AND CALORIC ENGINE.--Alexander Hendry, Victoria, +British Columbia.</p> + +<p>98,062.--REIN HOLDER.--Davis Kurd, Lockport, N. Y.</p> + +<p>98,063.--SPRING SEAT FOR WAGONS.--A. L. Hurtt, Monticello, +Ind.</p> + +<p>98,063.--SEWING MACHINE.--A. J. Hurtu and V. J. Hautin, Paris, +France.</p> + +<p>98,065.--ROOFING COMPOUND.--C. B. Hutchins, Ann Arbor, Mich.</p> + +<p>98,066.--DENTAL IMPRESSION CUP.--R. V. Jenks, Paterson. N. +J.</p> + +<p>98,067.--PUMP.--A. C. Judson (assignor to himself and E. O. +Judson), Grand Rapids, Mich.</p> + +<p>98,068.--LEATHER-SPLITTING MACHINE.--Charles Keniston, +Somerville, Mass.</p> + +<p>98,069.--SPRING BED BOTTOM.--E. S. Kimball, Springfield, +Mass.</p> + +<p>98,070.--WHIP SOCKET.--C. P. Kimball, Portland, Me.</p> + +<p>98,071.--FLOOD GATE.--A. L. King, Farmersville, Ohio.</p> + +<p>98,072.--MANUFACTURE OF SCOOPS.--J. Geo. Knapp, Woodhaven, N.Y., +assignor to the Lalance & Grosjean Manufacturing Co., New York +city.</p> + +<p>98,073.--DRIVE WELL TUBES.--D. R. Knight, Akron, Ohio. +98,074.--DEVICE FOR PREVENTING LEAKAGE ABOUT CHIMNEYS.--Abraham +Lang, Buffalo, N. Y.</p> + +<p>98,075.--HARVESTER DROPPER.--T. F. Lippencott, Conemaugh, +Pa.</p> + +<p>98,076.--CAR COUPLING.--Joseph Long, Mechanicsburg, Pa.</p> + +<p>98,077.--HEAD REST.--C. B. Loveless, Syracuse, N. Y.</p> + +<p>98,078.--BURGLAR ALARM.--Moses Lunt, Cambridgeport, Mass.</p> + +<p>98,079.--FOLDING AND EXTENSION TABLE.--G. Mayer, Sullivan, +Ill.</p> + +<p>98,080.--LANTERN.--I. C. Mayo, Gloucester, Mass.</p> + +<p>98,081.--WATER WHEEL.--H. W. McAuley, De Soto, Wis.</p> + +<p>98,082.--LET-OFF MECHANISM FOR LOOMS.--Ephriam McDaniel, Lowell, +Mass.</p> + +<p>98,083.--LAMP.--J. K. Mentzer, New Holland, Pa.</p> + +<p>98,084.--SURVEYOR'S MARK.--C. C. P. Meyer, Yankton, Dakota +Territory.</p> + +<p>98,085.--TAILOR'S CRAYON SHARPENER--R. R. Miles, Wabash, +Ind.</p> + +<p>98,086.--COOKING STOVE.--J. H. Mitchell and T. S. Mitchell, +Pittsburgh, Pa.</p> + +<p>98,087.--PRINTING PRESS.--Charles Montague (assignor to C. C. +Child), Boston, Mass.</p> + +<p>98,088.--PRINTING PRESS.--Chas. Montague (assignor to C. C. +Child), Boston, Mass.</p> + +<p>98,089.--STEAM GENERATOR.--Jas. Montgomery, Sing Sing, N. Y. +Antedated Dec. 17,1869.</p> + +<p>98,090.--HARVESTER DROPPER.--Ephraim Myers, Creagerstown, Md. +Antedated Dec. 4,1869.</p> + +<p>98,091.--COTTON BASKET.--R. L. Myers, Washington, N.C.</p> + +<p>98,092.--VELOCIPEDE.--Robert Neale, Brooklyn, N. Y. Antedated +Dec. 4,1869.</p> + +<p>98,093.--STOVEPIPE THIMBLE.--Thomas Newell, Oskaloosa, Iowa.</p> + +<p>98,094.--CURTAIN AND SHAWL STRETCHER.--James Nicklin, Cleveland, +Ohio.</p> + +<p>98,095.--RAILROAD CAR VENTILATOR.--E. Norton, Brooklyn, N. +Y.</p> + +<p>98,096.--ILLUMINATING STOVE.--Benjamin Nott. Albany, N. Y.</p> + +<p>98,097.--HAY ELEVATOR,--J. W. Odaniel, Cloverdale, Ind.</p> + +<p>98,098.--PASSENGER REGISTER FOR VEHICLES.--Thos. Ollis, +Netherfleld Road South, Liverpool, England. Patented in England, +March 31,1868.</p> + +<p>98,099.--RAILWAY CAR WHEEL.--J. T. Owen, Philadelphia, Pa.</p> + +<p>98,100.--HARROW.--George Paddington, Springville, Iowa.</p> + +<p>98,101.--PACKING AND ATOMIZING CAN FOR INSECT POWDER.--F.L. +Palmer, Sr., New York city.</p> + +<p>98,102.--COMBINED OYSTER KNIFE AND ICE PICK.--Wm. Pattberger, +Philadelphia, Pa.</p> + +<p>98,103.--Suspended.</p> + +<p>98,104.--TRUNK.--T. B. Peddie, Newark, N. J.</p> + +<p>98,105.--BOLT CLAMP.--Charles E. Phillips, South Deerfield, +Mass.</p> + +<p>98,106.--COMBINED SQUARE AND CALIPER.--Josiah Potts, Milwaukee, +Wis.</p> + +<p>98,107.--METAL ALLOY FOR HARNESS TRIMMINGS, ETC.--A.A. Randall, +South Braintree, assignor to himself and C. F. Whitcomb, Boston, +Mass.</p> + +<p>98,108.--CARPENTER'S PLOW.--Royal B. Rice, Williamsburgh, +Mass.</p> + +<p>98,109.--CUT-NAIL MACHINE.--Levi Richards (assignor, by mesne +assignments, to himself, O. A. Washburn, G. S. Perkins, and F. S +Roscoe), Providence, R. I.</p> + +<p>98,110.--ELECTRO-PLATING WITH BRASS AND OTHER ALLOYS.--Samuel +Rust, Jr., Cincinnati, Ohio.</p> + +<p>98,111.--INDICATOR FOR SAW MILL HEAD BLOCKS.--George Selden, +Erie, Pa.</p> + +<p>98,112.--CULTIVATOR.--J. B. Skinner, Rockford, Ill.</p> + +<p>98,113.--HARVESTER.--A. L. Smith, Bristol Centre, N. Y.</p> + +<p>98,114.--ELECTRO-MAGNETIC LOCK.--J. C. Smith, Brooklyn, N. +Y.</p> + +<p>98,115.--BRICK MACHINE.--Thomas Smurfit, Davisville, Mich.</p> + +<p>98,116.--FLOOR CLAMP.--Joseph B. Spencer, Norwich, Conn. +Antedated Dec. 17,1869.</p> + +<p>98,117.--CHURN DASHER.--Aurelius Sperry, Tremont, Ill.</p> + +<p>98,118.--GAS GENERATOR AND CARBURETER.--Amos Stevens (assignor +to E. A. Whitney), Fitchburg, Mass.</p> + +<p>98,119.--ROCKING AND EASY CHAIR.--A. W. Stewart, Boston, +Mass.</p> + +<p>98,120.--PLOW.--R. E. Strait, Galesburg, Mich.</p> + +<p>98,121.--MACHINE FOR SCOURING, SETTING-CUT, AND FINISHING HIDES +OK SKINS.--John Taggart, Melrose, assignor to himself and W. N. +Brink, Boston, Mass.</p> + +<p>98,122.--VARIABLE CUT-OFF FOR STEAM ENGINES.--M. C Taylor, Grass +Valley, Cal. Antedated Dec. 17,1869.</p> + +<p>98,123.--SHINGLE PACKER.--R. B. Taylor, Pensaukie, Wis.</p> + +<p>98,124.--CUTTER-HEAD.--Hiram Thompson (assignor to R. Ball & +Co.), Worcester, Mass.</p> + +<p>98,125.--WATER-WHEEL.--W. J. Thompson, Springfield, Mo.</p> + +<p>98,126.--WHEEL FOR STEAM CARRIAGE--R. W. Thomson, Edinburgh, +Great Britain. Patented in England, April 21, 1868.</p> + +<p>98,127.--CIRCULAR SAW MILL.--John Trunick, Muscatine, Iowa</p> + +<p>98,128.--CLOD FENDER.--J. W. Tull, Zionsville, Ind.</p> + +<p>98,129.--NECKTIE AND COLLAR COMBINED.--James Varley, Hudson, +assignor to himself and D. M. Smyth, Orange, N. J.</p> + +<p>98,130.--EYE FOR RAILWAY CAR BELL-ROPE.--W. M. Walton (assignor +to J. J. Walton), Newark, N. J.</p> + +<p>98,131.--PIPE COUPLING.--J. D. Ware, Savannah, Ga.</p> + +<p>98,132.--GAGE COCKS.--G. L. Watson, Nesquehoning, Pa.</p> + +<p>98,133.--LUBRICATOR FOR THE BOLSTERS OF VERTICAL +SHAFTS.--J.W.Watties, Canton, Mass.</p> + +<p>98,134.--BRICK KILN, ETC.--E.V. Wingard, Williamsport, Pa.</p> + +<p>98,135.--MACHINE FOR SPINNING AND CURLING HAIR.--Philip Wisdom, +Brooklyn, N. Y., assignor to John Sickles, trustee, and John +Sickles, trustee, assignor to John Wisdom and J. H. Wilcox, New +York city.</p> + +<p>98,136.--SEED PLANTER.--D.C. Woods, Waxahatchie, Texas</p> + +<p>98,137.--HARROW.--George Workman, Rochester, N. Y.</p> + +<p>98,138.--RAILROAD SWITCH.--Edmund Yardley, Pittsburgh, Pa.</p> + +<p>98,139.--APPARATUS FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF IRON AND +STEEL.--Charles Adams (assignor to himself and Charles Sharpe), +Philadelphia, Pa.</p> + +<p>98,140.--RAILWAY CAR SPRING.--William Barry and George Franklin, +Philadelphia, Pa.</p> + +<p>98,141.--FOLDING CHAIR.--Burroughs Beach, Meriden, assignor to +himself and E.I. Pyle, Bridgeport, Conn.</p> + +<p>98,142.--HAIR RESTORATIVE.--Ann K. Benson, Allegheny City, +Pa.</p> + +<p>98,143.--MACHINE FOR LAYING OUT SASH.--Alpheus Bigony, +Winchester, Ohio.</p> + +<p>98,144.--DEVICE FOR SECURING PULLEYS TO SHAFTS.--J. H. Buckman +(assignor to himself and P. W. Reinshagen), Cincinnati, Ohio.</p> + +<p>98,145.--POCKET BOOK.--Alphonzo Button, Dunkirk, N. Y., assignor +to M. O. Wilber for one half of said patent.</p> + +<p>98,146.--SPRING BED BOTTOM.--J. P. Chamberlin, Abington, +Mass.</p> + +<p>98,147.--SAFETY HARNESS BUCKLE.--John Chestnut, Jr., Hustontown, +Pa.</p> + +<p>98,148.--WASHING MACHINE.--A. P. Cindel and Martin Vogel, +Jacksonville, Ill.</p> + +<p>98,149.--OPERATING DEVICE FOR WATER CLOSETS.--B. R. Cole, +Buffalo, N. Y.</p> + +<p>98,150.--TURBINE WATER-WHEEL.--E. F. Cooper, Mount Gilead, +Ohio.</p> + +<p>98,151.--SEWING MACHINE FOR SEWING BOOTS AND SHOES.--C. O. +Crosby. New Haven, Conn.</p> + +<p>98,152.--CHURN DASHER.--Theophilus Crutcher, Edgefield, +Tenn.</p> + +<p>98,153.--WATER CLOSET VALVE.--J. N. Deck (assignor to himself, +B. R. Cole, and G. F. Deck), Buffalo, N. Y.</p> + +<p>98,154.--CARD HOLDER.--C. R. Doane, Brooklyn, E. D., N. Y.</p> + +<p>98,155.--PROCESS OF TREATING WINES, BEER, AND LIQUORS.--J. O. +Donner, Jersey City, N. J.</p> + +<p>98,156.--VALVE GEAR.--T. E. Evans, W. R. Thomas, and Joshua +Hunt, Catasauqua, Pa.</p> + +<p>98,157.--CORN PLANTER.--D. Fitzpatrick and John Knull, St. +Paris, Ohio.</p> + +<p>98,158.--PAINT BRUSH.--F. P. Furnald, Jr., R. W. Champion, and +I. N. Davies, New York city.</p> + +<p>98,159.--GRUB HOOK.--J. W. Goodall, Eldred, Pa.</p> + +<p>98,160.--WASH BOARD.--B. F. Gott, Brooklyn, E. D., N. Y.</p> + +<p>98,161.--CHURN.--G. H. Gregory, North Wilton, Conn.</p> + +<p>98,162.--HYDRO-PNEUMATIC GOVERNOR.--Andrew Harris, Philadelphia, +Pa.</p> + +<p>98,163--MUSICAL INSTRUMENT.--C. F. Hill, New York city.</p> + +<p>98,164.--SECURING THE LASH IN FLY-NETS.--J. S. Huston, +Mechanicsburg, Pa.</p> + +<p>98,165.--PROCESS OF PURIFYING AND DECOLORING ALBUMEN FROM +BLOOD.--Pierre Jacques, Paris, France.</p> + +<p>98,166.--WIRE HANDLE FORMER.--W. C. Jones, Quincy, Ill.</p> + +<p>98,167.--MECHANISM FOR RAISING AND LOWERING BOARDS.--Cheney +Kilburn and Artemas Kilburn (assignors to Hale, Goodman, & +Co.), Philadelphia, Pa.</p> + +<p>98,168.--EGG BEATER.--Linn Laurie, Washington, D. C.</p> + +<p>98,169.--WIRE BALE FASTENING.--E. S. Lennox, New Brighton, N. +Y.</p> + +<p>98,170.--INSOLE FOR BOOTS AND SHOES.--Calvin A. Leonard, +Rochester, N. Y.</p> + +<p>98,171.--GLOBE VALVE.--Hippolite Levasseur, Brooklyn, N. Y.</p> + +<p>98,172.--LUBRICATING SLEEVE.--G.A. Lloyd, San Francisco, Cal., +assignor to himself and Anthony Rosenfield.</p> + +<p>98,173.--COMPOSITION FOR PREVENTING INCRUSTATION IN STEAM +BOILERS.--G.W. Lord, Philadelphia, Pa.</p> + +<p>98,174.--GAS GENERATOR AND BURNER.--C.B. Loveless, Syracuse, +N.Y.</p> + +<p>98,175.--EXTINGUISHING FIRE IN BUILDINGS.--Orozi Lugo, +Baltimore, Md.</p> + +<p>98,176.--APPARATUS FOR DISPENSING SODA-WATER SIRUPS.--John +Matthews, Jr., New York city.</p> + +<p>98,177.--SIRUP-DISPENSING APPARATUS.--John Matthews, Jr., New +York city.</p> + +<p>98,178.--SIRUP RESERVOIR FOR SODA-FOUNTAINS.--John Matthews, +Jr., New York city.</p> + +<p>98,179.--SOAP.--C.P. McGimsey, Memphis, Tenn.</p> + +<p>98,180.--METHOD OF HEADING SCREWS.--Daniel T. Munger (assignor +to himself and Rufus E. Hitchcock), Waterbury, Conn.</p> + +<p>98,181.--BRICK MOLD.--Matthew Newlove (assignor to himself and +Samuel Gilbert) Burlington, Iowa.</p> + +<p>98,182.--HARVESTER CUTTER.--Theodore Neys, Menomonee, Wis., +assignor to himself and Alexis I. Brunell.</p> + +<p>98,183.--COTTON SEED PLANTER.--A. E. Nixon, Memphis, Tenn.</p> + +<p>98,184.--HOSE COUPLING.--William J. Osbourne (assignor to +himself, Gideon B. Massey, and William F. Shaffer), New York +city.</p> + +<p>98,185.--FARM GATE.--Christopher Ostrander, Lodi, Wis.</p> + +<p>98,186.--RAILWAY RAIL CHAIR.--S.N. Park, Bloomsbury, N.J.</p> + +<p>98,187.--NUT LOCK.--Morgan Payne, Cardington, Ohio.</p> + +<p>98,188.--SHUTTLE-CHECK FOR LOOMS.--David Pickman (assignor to +himself and Stuart Bishop), Lowell, Mass.</p> + +<p>98,189.--SAW GUIDE.--C. Purdy, Bedford, Ohio.</p> + +<p>98,190.--GRAIN BIN.--Fitch Raymond and August Miller, Cleveland, +Ohio.</p> + +<p>98,191.--BOOKBINDING.--Ira Reynolds (assignor to "Reynolds & +Reynolds"), Dayton, Ohio.</p> + +<p>98,192.--VAPOR BURNER.--Wm.H. Rudolph, St. Louis, Mo.</p> + +<p>98,193.--CORN PLANTER.--C.B. Ruth, Doylestown, Pa. Antedated +December 11, 1869.</p> + +<p>98,194.--GATE.--Charles Saxton, Fredonia, Ohio.</p> + +<p>98,195.--FARM GATE.--Samuel Scott, Yane, Ohio.</p> + +<p>98,196.--POST AUGER.--George Seeger and Charles H. Shaffer, +Clark's Hill, Ind. Antedated December 11,1869.</p> + +<p>98,197.--PAYING BLOCK.--Reuben Shaler, Madison, Conn.</p> + +<p>98,198.--CARTRIDGE FEEDER FOR GUN HAMMER.--Thomas Shaw, +Philadelphia, Pa.</p> + +<p>98,199.--WASH BOILER.--John P. Sherwood (assignor to himself and +Benjamin S. Burnham), Fort Edward, N. Y.</p> + +<p>98,200.--BOOKBINDING.--David Shive, Philadelphia, Pa.</p> + +<p>98,201.--RAILROAD CAR VENTILATOR.--Oliver Slagle, London, +assignor to himself and Thomas H. Foulds, Cincinnati, Ohio.</p> + +<p>98,202.--CULTIVATOR.--S.T. Spaulding, North Cohocton, N.Y.</p> + +<p>98,203.--ELEVATOR.--Francis Stein and Henry Haering--New York +city.</p> + +<p>98,204.--TIRE COOLER.--Edward Stodtmeister, Cape Girardeau, +Mo.</p> + +<p>98,205.--DYNAMOMETERS.--John W. Sutton, Portland, Oregon.</p> + +<p>98,206.--MACHINE FOR SAWING AND SPLITTING WOOD--John A. Taplin, +Carthage Landing, Fishkill, N.Y.</p> + +<p>98,207.--CARRIAGE SPRING.--George W. Tew, Kansas City, Mo.</p> + +<p>98,208.--SELF--VENTILATING SAFETY CANS FOR FILLING AND +DISCHARGING HYDROCARBON APPARATUS.--Lovias D. Towsley Newark, N. +J.</p> + +<p>98,209.--CORD-TIGHTENER FOR CURTAIN FIXTURES.--Elisha Turner, +Wolcottville, Conn.</p> + +<p>98,210.--MANUFACTURE OF PAPER PULP FROM WOOD.--George Vining, +Pittsfield, Mass.</p> + +<p>98,211.--COMPOUND FOR MIXING PAINT.--Peter M. Wallower, Smith's +Ferry, Pa.</p> + +<p>98,212.--HASP LOCK.--Cornelius Walsh, James F. Connelly, and +Alfred Bratt, Newark, N. J., assignors to Cornelius Walsh.</p> + +<p>98,213.--SEED DRILL.--Orrin A. Wheeler, Doniphan, Kansas.</p> + +<p>98,214.--EXPANDING TRIPLE SHOVEL PLOW.--Edward Wiard (assignor +to B. F. Avery), Louisville, Ky.</p> + +<p>98,215.--HEAD-BLOCK OF SAW MILLS.--Franklin J. Staley (assignor +to himself, George W. Joseph, Isaac S. Long, and George H. Carter), +Indianapolis, Ind.</p> + +<hr> +<h2>REISSUES.</h2> + +<p>97,293.--MACHINE FOR CLIPPING HORSES' HAIR.--Dated June 30, +1868; patented in England, April 24, 1867; reissue 3,767.--Patrick +Adie, of the Stand, London, England.</p> + +<p>23,033.--HOSE COUPLING.--Dated February 22,1859; reissue +3,768.--William H. Bliss, Newport, R. I., assignee of himself and +Robert B. Lawton.</p> + +<p>52,135.--SEEDING MACHINE.--Dated January 23, 1866; reissue +3,769.--Henry Bundel, Dayton, Ohio.</p> + +<p>26,475.--BREECH-LOADING FIREARM.--Dated December 20, 1859; +reissue 3,770.--Bethel Burton, Brooklyn, N. Y., and Wm. C. Ward, +New York city, assignees of Bethel Burton.</p> + +<p>94,486.--EXTENSION SLIDE FOR TABLES.--Dated September 7, 1869; +reissue 3,771.--S. J. Genung. Waterloo, N. Y.</p> + +<p>71,624.--ELECTRIC CLOCK.--Dated December 3, 1867; reissue +3,772.--The Kennedy Electric Clock Company, New York city, +assignees of Samuel A. Kennedy, S. W. Holt, and Joseph Gerlach.</p> + +<p>82,705.--SCRUBBING BRUSH.--Dated October 6, 1868; reissue +3,773.--B.F. Koller, Shrewsbury, Pa., assignee of Samuel +Gibson.</p> + +<p>42,617.--PUMP.--Dated May 3, 1864; reissue 3,774.--Henry R. +Sensenig and Moses W. Martin. Earl township, Pa., assignees, by +mesne assignments, of Martin W. Zimmerman and John Zimmerman.</p> + +<p>88,208.--MANUFACTURE OF IRON AND STEEL.--Dated March 23, 1869; +reissue 3,775.--John Ralston, Abraham L. Thomas, and William +Parkinson, for themselves, and William A. Shoemaker, Schuylkill +county, and George E. Buckley, Philadelphia, Pa., assignees of said +Ralston, Thomas, and Parkinson.</p> + +<hr> +<h2>DESIGNS.</h2> + +<p>3,790 and 3,791.--TACK HEAD.--Orrin L. Bassett (assignor to the +Taunton Tack Company), Taunton, Mass. Two patents.</p> + +<p>3,792.--COFFEE OR TEA FILTER.--George M. Bull, New Baltimore, +N.Y.</p> + +<p>3,793.--CARPET PATTERN.--Robert R. Campbell (assignor to Lowell +Manufacturing Company), Lowell, Mass.</p> + +<p>3,794.--CAR VENTILATOR.--Robert Hitchcock, Springfield, +Mass.</p> + +<p>3,795 to 3,797.--WARDROBE HOOK.--Morton Judd, New Haven, Conn. +Three patents.</p> + +<p>3,798 to 3,802.--CARPET PATTERN.--Elemir J. Ney, Dracut, +assignors to Lowell Manufacturing Company, Lowell, Mass. Five +patents.</p> + +<p>3,803.--TRADE MARK.--Charles Perkes, Philadelphia, Pa. 3,804 and +3,805.--WATCH PLATE.--George P. Reed, Boston, Mass. Two +patents.</p> + +<p>3,806.--FRUIT JAR COYER.--Henry E. Shaffer, Rochester, N.Y.</p> + +<hr> +<p>SUBSCRIBERS--who wish to have their volumes bound, can send them +to this office. The charge for binding is $1.50 per volume. The +amount should be remitted in advance, and the volumes will be sent +as soon as they are bound.</p> + +<hr> +<p>ADVERTISEMENTS</p> + +<p><i>The value of the</i> SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN <i>as an advertising +medium cannot be over-estimated. Its circulation is ten times +greater than that of any similar journal now published. It goes +into all the States and Territories, and is read in all the +principal libraries and reading-rooms of the world. We invite the +attention of those who wish to make their business known to the +annexed rates. A business man wants something more than to see his +advertisement in a printed newspaper. He wants circulation. If it +is worth 25 cents per line to advertise in a paper of three +thousand circulation, it is worth $2.50 per line to advertise in +one of thirty thousand.</i></p> + +<p>RATES OF ADVERTISING.</p> + +<pre> + Back Page $1.00 a line. + Inside Page 75 cents a line. +</pre> + +<p><i>Engravings may head advertisements at the same rate per line, +by measurement, as the letter-press</i>.</p> + +<hr> +<p>FOR SALE--A 9-ft. Planer, 4 Lathes, 2 Shapers, Gear Cutter, +Drill Press, Fanblower, Anvils, Vises, etc., at L. DUVINAGE'S, 209 +Center st., New York.</p> + +<hr> +<p>TOSELLI'S Ice Machines, Simple in operation, makking transparent +ice without steam power. Address G. B. NEWMAN,33 Maiden Lane, New +York.</p> + +<hr> +<p>GALVANO PLASTIC IRON--For Bank Note Printing, Books, Engravings, +etc. Patent Rights for sale by C. M. CLAY & CO., No. 45 Liberty +st. Box 4950.</p> + +<hr> +<p><b>Cancers, Scrofula</b>, and all <b>Cutaneous Diseases</b> +cured by using the</p> + +<p><b>SHELDON SPRING WATER.</b></p> + +<p>Book of thirty pages, with certificates, sent free. Addres J. W. +BEALS, Treasurer, Boston, Mass.</p> + +<hr> +<p>AGENTS WANTED IN EVERY COUNTY of the four following +States:--Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, and Wisconsin, to sell B. F. +Alexander's Patent Horse Hay Fork. For particulars address HOMER +DUBREE, Glen Hope, Clearfleld Co., Pa.</p> + +<hr> +<p><b><i>Iron & Woodworking</i></b></p> + +<p>Machinery Depot. New and Second-hand. GEORGE L. CUMMTNGS, 140 +Center st., New York.</p> + +<hr> +<p>FOR SALE</p> + +<p><b><i>AT A BARGAIN</i>,</b></p> + +<p>A BABCOCK & WILCOX ENGINE, 16-in. cylinder, 42 in. stroke, +NEARLY NEW. This Engine is to be taken out by Wm. A. Harris, and +replaced by a Corliss Engine, built by him. Address</p> + +<p>WILLIAM A. HARRIS,</p> + +<p>Providence, R.I., or 49 Murray st., New York.</p> + +<hr> +<p>HUNTER'S GUIDE--Revised, Enlarged, New Secrets Added. 24,000 +already sold. Twenty-seventh edition of 5,000 copies Now Ready, +enlarged, twenty new tanning secrets added (three cost $5 each). +THE HUNTER'S GUIDE AND TRAPPER'S COMPANION tells how to hunt and +trap all animals, from mink to bear, to make traps, boats, etc. How +to tan and dress all hides, etc., etc., to color furs and skins. +New secrets just added. The secret recipes in this book would cost +$30 anywhere else. Tells how to hunt, fish, has hunting narratives, +etc., etc. A New Book, well printed and bound, 64 pp. Price (not +$1) but 25c.; six for $1; mailed free. Beware of "Recipes," +"10-cent papers," and swindlers. Sold by all dealers. All wholesale +news dealers sell it. Send for one. Worth $10 to any farmer, +hunter, or boy. Only a "QUARTER." Address</p> + +<p>HUNTER & CO., Publishers, Hinsdale, N.H.</p> + +<hr> +<p>COLLEGIATE & Commercial Institute (Gen. Russell's School), +New Haven, Conn. Winter term begins Jan.11</p> + +<hr> +<p>FOR SALE--A splendid set of Sub-marine Diving Apparatus, but +little used, cheap. Address Box 1582, Norwich, Conn.</p> + +<hr> +<p>We rarely open a more readable magazine than "The Galaxy." There +is not a dull page between its covers.--<i>N.Y. Times</i>.</p> + +<p>Well sustains its reputation for vigorous and racy +writing.--<i>N. Y. Tribune</i>.</p> + +<p>A model periodical; a credit to American periodical +literature.--<i>Press, Philadelphia</i>.</p> + +<p><b>THE GALAXY FOR 1870</b>.</p> + +<p>GREAT ATTRACTIONS.</p> + +<p>ARTICLES SECURED FROM</p> + +<p>CHARLES READE, MRS. EDWARDS, RICHARD GRANT WHITE, ANTHONY +TROLLOPE, JUSTIN McCARTHY, PARK GODWIN, DR. J. C. DALTON, DR. +DRAPER.</p> + +<p><b>And All the Leading Writers of the Day</b>.</p> + +<p><b>FIRST</b>.</p> + +<p>PUT YOURSELF IN HIS PLACE.--Charles Reade's Great Story will +continue to delight the readers of the Galaxy the greater part of +the year 1870. Part First is is now ready in book form, and will be +sent free with the Galaxy for 1870 on receipt of $4, the regular +subscription price.</p> + +<p><b>SECOND</b>.</p> + +<p>A NEW STORY BY MRS. EDWARDS, author of "Susan Fielding," "Steven +Lawrence, Yeoman," etc. Mrs. Edwards is one of the very best female +novelists now writing in the English language.</p> + +<p><b>THIRD</b>.</p> + +<p>ANTHONY TROLLOPE will furnish a series of "Editors' Tales," in +which he will work an entirely new vein.</p> + +<p><b>FOURTH</b>.</p> + +<p>PARK GODWIN, one of the ablest American writers, will furnish a +series of noteworthy articles on Historical subjects.</p> + +<p><b>FIFTH</b>.</p> + +<p>RICHARD GRANT WHITE will continue his critical and social +essays.</p> + +<p><b>SIXTH</b>.</p> + +<p>JUSTIN MCCARTHY, whose skill as an efficient magazine writer is +almost unequaled, has been engaged on the Editorial Staff, and will +contribute regularly to the Galaxy.</p> + +<p><b>SEVENTH</b>.</p> + +<p>TEN YEARS IN ROME, giving an inside view of the Roman Catholic +Church, by a late Ecclesiastic, will be a noteworthy series of +articles.</p> + +<p><b>EIGHTH</b>.</p> + +<p>THE SCIENTIFIC ARTICLES will be prepared by Drs. Dalton and +Draper, both eminent Physiologists.</p> + +<p><b>NINTH</b>.</p> + +<p>THE EDITORIAL STAFF of the Galaxy is now very large, and has on +it the best talent engaged on American periodical literature.</p> + +<p>We have arranged for very liberal clubbing terms with the other +leading periodicals.</p> + +<p>A sample copy will be sent on receipt of 25 cents.</p> + +<p>Price, 35 cents per number; $4 per year.</p> + +<p><b>NOW IS THE TIME TO SUBSCRIBE.</b></p> + +<p>THE GALAXY IS THE BEST OF AMERICAN MAGAZINES.</p> + +<p>SHELDON & COMPANY,</p> + +<p>498 & 500 Broadway, New York.</p> + +<hr> +<p>FOUND AT LAST.--Watches Superseded. The Dollar Time Keeper.--A +Perfect Gem.--Elegantly cased in Oriode of Gold, Superior Compass +attachment, Enameled Dial, Silver and Brass Works, glass crystal, +size of Ladies' Watch. Will denote correct time, warranted five +years, superb and showy case, entirely of metal. This is no wood +Compass. Is entirely new, patented. 6500 sold in three weeks. Only +$1 each, three for $2, in neat case, mailed free. Trade supplied. +Address the sole manufacturers, MAGNETIC WATCH CO>, Hinsdale, N. +H.</p> + +<hr> +<p>STOCKS, DIES, AND SCREW PLATES Horton's and other Chucks. JOHN +ASHCKOFT, 50 John st., New York. 16 tf</p> + +<hr> +<p>THE NOVELTY IRON WORKS--Foot E. 12th st., and 77 and 83 Liberty +st., New York Manufacture the most approved Stationary Steam +Engine, with Variable Cut-off, now in use.</p> + +<hr> +<p>ROBERT McCALVEY, Manufacturer of HOISTING MACHINES AND DUMB +WAITERS. 602 Cherry st., Philadelphia, Pa.</p> + +<hr> +<p><b>STATEMENT.</b></p> + +<p>ORDINARY FURNACE, from 15th to 20th April, produced 23,195 lbs. +of Muck Bar, and 295 lbs. Scrap Bar, worked double turn. Day turn +started at 3 A.M., and was done by 1 P.M. Night turn went on at 2 +P.M., and was done by 11 P.M., worked 5 heats to each turn. +Consumed 350 bushels of coal. Furnace was lighted on Sunday out of +coal. The Stevenson Furnace, from 15th to 20th April, produced +29,160 lbs. of Muck Bar, and 515 lbs. of Scrap Bar, worked double +turn. Day turn started at 3 A.M., and was done by 10 A.M. Night +turn started at 11 A.M., and was done by 6 P.M., worked 6 heats to +each turn. Consumed 300 bushels of coal. Furnace was lighted on +Sunday out of coal. The same weight of heats of Pig and Scrap were +weighed to each Furnace. On Stevenson Furnace, 3,963 lbs. more Muck +Bar, and 220 lbs. more Scrap Bar were made, with 50 bushels less +coal than were used in other furnace. The saving in ore (fix) in +former over latter during the week, was 450 lbs., by actual weight. +A very important feature is the great saving accomplished in brick +and brick-laying. The first Stevenson Furnace, put up three months, +has not had any repair put upon it, and is, to-day, in good working +order, while the ordinary furnaces are generally repaired about +every two weeks. The cost, over ordinary furnace, is about seventy +dollars.</p> + +<p>We cheerfully bear witness to the truth of the above statements +of Mr. Stevenson. They are rather under than over the mark. The +quality of iron made in his furnaces is the same as made by +ordinary kind. We think it a valuable improvement, and intend to +introduce it as fast as possible in our forge. J. PAINTER & +SONS.</p> + +<p>WILLIAM STEVENSON,</p> + +<p>West Pittsburgh, Pa.</p> + +<hr> +<p>FOR SALE.--The entire State Rights (except Georgia and Texas), +of the Self-supporting Gate. Every farmer wants it, and will give +from three to ten dollars for the right to make it for his own use. +Address JOHN R. DAVIS, Covington, Ca., stating what you will +give.</p> + +<p class="ctr"><img src="images/20a.png" alt=""></p> + +<hr> +<p>LARGEST-BEST-CHEAPEST!</p> + +<p>MOORE'S RURAL NEW-YORKER.</p> + +<p>THE GREAT ILLUSTRATED</p> + +<p>Rural, Literary, and Family Weekly.</p> + +<p>MOORE'S RURAL Excels in CONTENTS, Size, Style, ILLUSTRATIONS, +etc. Sixteen Double-Quarto Pages of Five Columns Each. Ably Edited, +Beautifully Illustrated, Neatly Printed, and adapted to both Town +and Country. The RURAL is Profusely and Splendidly Illustrated--the +vol. just closed containing OVER EIGHT HUNDRED ENGRAVINGS!</p> + +<p>The Rural for 1870</p> + +<p>Will be the Largest, Best, and Cheapest ILLUSTRATED JOURNAL OF +ITS CLASS in the World! Only $3 a Year,--$2 50 in Clubs. All who +form Clubs will get</p> + +<p>"GOOD PAY FOR DOING GOOD!"</p> + +<p>A choice of OVER ONE HUNDRED VALUABLE PREMIUMS! Specimens, +Premium Lists, Posters, etc., sent free.</p> + +<p>D. D. T. MOOME, 41 Park Row, N. Y,</p> + +<hr> +<p>2d-Hand Machinery.</p> + +<p>22x48; 16x36; 10x24; 9x12; 8x24, Stationary; and 2 Portable +Engines, in good order; Boilers of all sizes; Lathes; Wood and Iron +Planers; Fay's Molding Machine; Machinery bought, sold, and +exchanged.</p> + +<p>W. WILLARD,</p> + +<p>47 Dey st., New York.</p> + +<hr> +<p>THE GEM NOVELTY Combines a Superior Battonhole Cutter, Yard +Measure, Scissors Snarpener, Knife Sharpener, Pencil Sharpener, +Emery Cushion, Seam Ripper, Spool Stand,Thread Cutter, Scale, and +Rule. A standard, popular, and rich article for agents, very +ornamental and useful. Rapid sales guaranteed. Price prepaid by +mail $1. For sample and liberal terms. Address J. H. MARTIN, +Hartford, N. Y.</p> + +<hr> +<p>AN Experienced Civil and Mechanical Engineer is open for +engagement as Manager. Would undertake Contract Work. Address +"Engineer," care of Philip S. Justice Philadelphia, Pa.</p> + +<hr> +<p>McCHESNEY'S IMP'VD GIG OR SCROLL</p> + +<p>Saw.--First Medal and Diploma, Fair of the American Institute, +N. Y., Sept. and Oct., 1869. Superior to any for either light or +heavy work. For description and price address</p> + +<p>T.L. CORNELL, Birmingham, Conn.</p> + +<hr> +<p>NATIONAL WAGES TABLES--</p> + +<p>Showing at a glance any wages from $1 to $37, by hour, day, or +week, from half an hour to four weeks. Half bound, 50 cents; cloth, +75 cents; in Morocco, $1. Sent by mail on receipt of Price. +Address</p> + +<p>NELSON ROW, Publisher,</p> + +<p>149 Fulton st., New York.</p> + +<hr> +<p>BAIRD'S CATALOGUE OF PRACTICAL & SCIENTIFIC BOOKS.</p> + +<p>Sent free of postage to any one who will furnish his address +to</p> + +<p>HENRY CAREY BAIRD,</p> + +<p>Industrial Publisher, 406 Walnut St.,</p> + +<p>PHILADELPHIA.</p> + +<hr> +<p>NOW READY.</p> + +<p>Charles Reade's Great Story,</p> + +<p>PUT YOURSELF IN HIS PLACE.</p> + +<p>PART FIRST.</p> + +<p>One volume, octavo, elegantly illustrated. Price, $1. Containing +all published in the "Galaxy" up to the January Number.</p> + +<p>This great story will be continued in the "Galaxy" most of the +year 1870.</p> + +<p>PUT YOURSELF IN His PLACE will be sent with the "Galaxy," for +1870, on receipt of $4. which is the regular subscription price of +the "Galaxy."</p> + +<p>THE GALAXY NOW STANDS AT THE HEAD OF AMERICAN MAGAZINES.</p> + +<p>RECENTLY PUBLISHED.</p> + +<p>SUSAN FIELDING.</p> + +<p>A NOVEL, BY MRS. EDWARDS.</p> + +<p>Author of "Archie Lovell" and "Steven Lawrence, Yeoman."</p> + +<p>One vol., octavo. Elegantly Illustrated. Cloth, $2. Paper, $1 +25.</p> + +<p>Also, A New Edition of</p> + +<p>ARCHIE LOVELL.</p> + +<p>A NOVEL, BY MRS. EDWARDS.</p> + +<p>One volume, octavo. Illustrated. Cloth. $1 75. Paper, $1.</p> + +<p>STEVEN LAWRENCE, YEOMAK</p> + +<p>A NOVEL, BY MRS. EDWARDS.</p> + +<p>One volume, octavo. Illustrated. Cloth, $2; paper, $1 25</p> + +<p>SHELDON & COMPANY, Publishers,</p> + +<p>NEW YORK.</p> + +<hr> +<p>"It Still Waves."</p> + +<p>The old favorite, the "STAR SPANGLED BANNER." The Jan. No. just +out, Now is the Time to Subscribe Every No. contains 40 long +columns, 8 pages, Ledger size 480 long columns of splendid reading +during 1870. Four columns of "swindling exposures" in every No. In +fact the whole paper is brimming with Wit, Humor, Fun Sense & +Nonsense, Wit, Wisdom, & Wind, Fun, Fact, & Fancy. It is +Rich, Rare, & Racy; Smart, Spicy, & Sparkling. It exposed +100 swindlers last year, and is bound to "show up" rascality +without fear or favor. You Need it. There is nothing Like it. It +will instruct, amuse, and will Save You Money. We give the superb +steel plate, 1½x2 feet in size, entitled "Evangeline," mount +it on roller, and send it Gratis, and the paper till 1871, all for +only 75c. Engraving alone sells for $2. It is not a "sell." Has +been published regular since 1863. Largest circulation in New +Hampshire. If you try it one year you will come again. You have +often thought of subscribing--Now is Just the Time. We will refund +your money if you are not Perfectly Satisfied it Will Pay. You run +no risk. Buy a copy of any newsman, or send six cents and receive +one by mail. Remember you get the elegant parlor engraving, +"Evangeline," (richly worth $2), and the paper a whole year; all +for only 75c. Satisfaction Guaranteed, or will return your cash. +Address</p> + +<p>"STAR SPANGLED BANNER," Hinsdale, N. H,</p> + +<hr> +<p>S. CRAIGE'S PATENT SPUR FOR SALE</p> + +<p>at the Philadelphia Riding School, Nos 3,334 to 42 Market st., +Philadelphia. This spur possesses advantages over every other spur. +Is easily put on, and solid when on. Will last a life-time. +Suitable for Ladies or Gentlemen. Send size of heel.</p> + +<hr> +<p>PRACTICAL DRAFTSMAN'S BOOK OF</p> + +<p>INDUSTRIAL DESIGN</p> + +<p>AND MACHINISTS' & ENGINEERS'</p> + +<p>DRAWING COMPANION.</p> + +<p>Forming a Complete Course of Mechanical, Engineering, and +Architectural Drawing. From the French of M. Armengaud the elder, +Prof. of Design in Conservatoire of Arts and Industry, Paris, and +MM. Armengaud the younger, and Amoroux, Civil Engineers. Rewritten +and arranged with additional matter and plates, selections from and +examples of the most useful and generally employed mechanism of the +day. By WILLIAM JOHNSON, Assoc. Inst., C.E. Illustrated by fifty +folio steel plates, and fifty wood cuts. A new edition, +4to.............$10</p> + +<p>Among the contents are:--Linear Drawing, Definitions, and +Problems. Sweeps, Sections, and Moldings, Elementary Gothic Forms +and Rosettes. Ovals, Ellipses, Parabolas, and Volutes, Rules, and +Practical Data. Study of Projections, Elementary Principles. Of +Prisms and other Solids. Rules and Practical Data. On Coloring +Sections, with applications--Conventional Colors, Composition or +Mixture of Colors. Continuation of the Study of Projections--Use of +Sections--details of machinery. Simple applications--spindles, +shafts, couplings, wooden patterns. Method of constructing a wooden +model or pattern of a coupling. Elementary applications. Rules and +Practical Data.</p> + +<p>THE INTERSECTION AND DEVELOPMENT OF SURFACES WITH +APPLICATIONS.--The Intersection of Cylinders and Cones. The +Delineation and Development of Helices, Screws, and Serpentines. +Application of the helix--the construction of a staircase. The +Intersection of Surfaces--applications to stop cocks. Rules and +Practical Data</p> + +<p>THE STUDY AND CONSTRUCTION OF TOOTHED GEAR.--Involute, cycloid, +and epicyloid. Involute. Cycloid External epicycloid, described by +a circle rolling about a fixed circle inside of it. Internal +epicycloid. Delineation of a lack and pinion in gear. Gearing of a +worm with a worm wheel. Cylindrical or Spur Gearing. Practical +delineation of a couple of Spur wheels. The Delineation and +Construction of Wooden Patterns for Toothed Wheels. Rules and +Practical Data.</p> + +<p>CONTINUATION OF THE STUDY OF TOOTHED GEAR.--Design for a pair of +bevel wheels in gear. Construction of wooden patterns for a pair of +beveled wheels. Involute and Helical Teeth. Contrivances for +obtaining differential Movements. Rules and Practical Data.</p> + +<p>ELEMENTARY PRINCIPLES OF SHADOWS.--Shadows of Prisms, Pyramids, +and Cylinders. Principles of Shading. Continuation of the Study of +Shadows. Tuscan Order. Rules and Practical Data.</p> + +<p>APPLICATION OF SHADOWS TO TOOTHED GEAR.--Application of Shadows +to Screws. Application of Shadow to a Boiler and its Furnace. +Shading in Black--Shading in Colors.</p> + +<p>THE CUTTING AND SHAPING OF MASONRY.--Rules and Practical Data. +Remarks on Machine Tools.</p> + +<p>THE STUDY OF MACHINERY AND SKETCHING.--Various applications and +combinations: The Sketching of Machinery. Drilling Machines; Motive +Machines; Water-wheels. Construction and Setting up of water +wheels, Delineation of water wheels, Design of a water wheel, +Sketch of a water wheel; Overshot Water wheels, Water Pumps; Steam +Motors; High-pressure expansive steam engine. Details of +Construction; Movements of the Distribution and Expansion Valves; +Rules and Practical Data.</p> + +<p>OBLIQUE PROJECTIONS. PARALLEL PERSPECTIVE.</p> + +<p>TRUE PERSPECTIVE.--Elementary principles. Applications--flour +mill driven by belts. Description of the mill. Representation of +the mill in perspective.</p> + +<p>EXAMPLES OF FINISHED DRAWINGS OF MACHINERY.</p> + +<p>The above or any of my Books sent by mail, free of postage, at +the publication prices. My new revised and enlarged CATALOGUE OF +PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC BOOKS, 74 pp. 8vo, now ready, complete to +Nov. 1. 1869, will be sent, free of postage, to any one who will +favor me with his address.</p> + +<p>HENRY CAREY BAIRD</p> + +<p>Industrial Publisher,</p> + +<p>406 Walnut st..Philadelphia, Pa.</p> + +<hr> +<p>"A BLAZE OF BEAUTY." FOR 1870.</p> + +<p>THE JANUARY DOUBLE NUMBER OF THE PICTORIAL PHRENOLOGICAL JOURNAL +appears in bright array. A new form, new types, numerous rich +illustrations, with sound and sensible reading matter, render this +the best ever issued. Among the contents are the following:</p> + +<p>Ferdinand De Lesseps, the chief promoter of the Suez Canal with +a portrait and sketch of his life. Hon. S. S. Fisher, United States +Commissioner of Patents, with portrait and biographical sketch, and +a glimpse of the workings of the Patent Office. Carlos Manuel +Cespedes, the President of the Cuban Republic. George Peabody, the +successful merchant, banker, and philanthropist. Dr Tischendorff, +the eminent Biblical discoverer and critic--his life, travels, and +writings, with portrait.</p> + +<p>The Kaffir Race--Physically and mentally considered: with +engravings, from life, of young and old natives. Northwestern +Australians--Appearance, customs, and peculiarities, dress, +ornaments, food, weapons, etc.</p> + +<p>The Progress of Science-Steam, electricity, invention, +scientific discovery, anatomy, physiology, medicine, +phrenology.</p> + +<p>Brain Waves--Progression of thought how thought and sentiment +are transmitted. What Can I do Best?--Or, the requirements of the +teacher. Who believes Phrenology?--Are there among its followers +persons of eminence and influence? Faces We Meet--What they tell us +and how they affect us. An Afternoon at "389"--A glimpse at the +specimens in our cabinet. Small cautiousness--"Just for Fun," or +trifling with death.</p> + +<p>Confessions of a Smoker; what he suffered in consequence of the +habit; how he reformed and the happy results. The Wasp Waist--its +metaphysics and physiology. Application--the necessity for its +culture.</p> + +<p>Our Country's Agricultural Resources--A survey of our +productions during the past fifty years with tables.</p> + +<p>Facts in Natural History--Will a horsehair become a snake? The +Hedge hog--What it is, how it lives, and where it is found. +Illustrated. The Sponge--Its origin, growth, and uses. Educational +Matters-Cornell, Harvard, Yale, Michigan. Cathedral of Rheims-The +Coronation place of the old French Kings; Joan of Arc.</p> + +<p>This favorite JOURNAL has now reached its fiftieth volume, and +appears in the usual magazine form. We think it will prove even +more popular than ever before. Terms, only $30 a year. Thirty cents +a No. Newsmen have it. Now is the time to subscribe for 1870. +Premium list sent on application. Address</p> + +<p>S.R. WELLS, 389 Broadway, N.Y.</p> + +<hr> +<p>R. BALL & CO., Worcester, Mass., Manufacturers of +Woodworth's, Daniel's, and Dimension Planers; Molding, Matching, +Tenoning, Mortising Shaping, and Boring Machines; Scroll Saws, +Re-Sawing, Sand Boring, Wood turning Lathes and a variety of other +Machines for Working Wood. Also, the best Patent Door, Hub, and +Rail Car Mortising Machines in the world. Send for our Illustrated +Catalogue.</p> + +<p>RICHARD BALL.</p> + +<p>E.P. HALSTED</p> + +<hr> +<p>DO NOT BE SWINDLED.--READ STARSPANGLED BANNER</p> + +<hr> +<p>VINEGAR.--How Made from Cider, Wine, Molasses, or Sorghum in 10 +hours, without using jugs. For circulars, address F I. SAGE, +Vinegar Maker, Cromwell Conn.</p> + +<hr> +<p>FOR SALE LOW--A No. 6 Taft's Pat. Power Shears. In use but a few +days.</p> + +<p>H. McMURTRIE & CO,</p> + +<p>80 Milk st., Boston, Mass.</p> + +<hr> +<p>ATTENTION INVENTORS!</p> + +<p>Having lately made several important negotiations, thereby +leaving vacancies in our regular schedule, we are now prepared to +receive applications from patentees who wish to contract with us +for the sale of their inventions. Enough will be selected to fill +our list, and negotiations for their sale immediately commenced. +Comunications by mail promptly noticed. Commissions reasonable.</p> + +<p>E. E. ROBERTS & CO., Consulting Engineers,</p> + +<p>15 Wall st., New York.</p> + +<hr> +<p>HINKLEY KNITTING MACHINE</p> + +<p>For Family Use--simple, cheap, reliable. Knits everything. +AGENTS WANTED. Circular and sample stocking FREE. Address HINKLEY +KNITTING MACHINE CO., Bath, Me., or 176 Broadway, N.Y.</p> + +<hr> +<p>CAST STEEL Name Punches, Letters, and Figures--all sizes and +styles, and for all purposes, made by</p> + +<p>ROBERT ROGEKS, Letter Cutter, 26 Spruce st., S.E. cor. William +st., New York.</p> + +<hr> +<p>PARKER POWER PRESSES.</p> + +<p class="ctr"><img src="images/21a.png" alt=""></p> + +<p>Are what are universally known as the</p> + +<p>"FOWLER PRESS,"</p> + +<p>improved, and <i>are without a rival</i> as regards strength and +durability, combined with delicacy of adjustment of the Punch. +NOTICE is hereby given that the</p> + +<p>STILES POWER PRESS</p> + +<p>is a direct INFRINGEMENT OF OUR PATENT dated April 17, 1855, and +reissued Aug. 24, 1869, and ALL PARTIES are hereby CAUTIONED +against BUYING OR USING said presses WITHOUT OUR PERMISSION.</p> + +<p>PARKER BROTHERS,</p> + +<p>West Meriden, Conn.</p> + +<p>New York office with CHAS. PARKER, 27 Beekman st.</p> + +<hr> +<p>THE BEST PUNCHING PRESSES ARE</p> + +<p>made by the Inventor and Patentee of the famous Eccentric +Adjustment. Infringements upon said Patent will be severely dealt +with.</p> + +<p>N.C. STILES,</p> + +<p>Middletown, Conn.</p> + +<hr> +<p>WROUGHT-Iron Pipe for Steam, Gas, and Water; Brass Globe Valves +and Stop Cocks, Iron Fittings, etc. JOHN ASHCROFT, 50 John St., +N.Y.</p> + +<hr> +<p>RICHARDSON, MERIAM & CO.,</p> + +<p>Manufacturers of the latest improved Patent Daniels' and +Woodworth Planing Machines, Matching, Sash and molding, Tenoning, +Mortising, Boring, Shaping Vertical and Circular Re-sawing +Machines, Saw Mills, Saw Arbors, Scroll Saws, Railway, Cut-off, and +Rip-saw Machines, Spoke and Wood Turning Lathes, and various other +kinds of Wood-working Machinery. Catalogues and price lists sent on +application. Manufactory, Worcester, Mass. Warehouse, 107 Liberty +st., New York. 17</p> + +<hr> +<p>CINCINNATI BRASS WORKS.--Engineers' and Steam Fitters' Brass +Work. Best Quality at very Low Prices.</p> + +<p>F. LUNKENHEIMER, Prop'r,</p> + +<p>Cincinnati, Ohio.</p> + +<hr> +<p>L.W. Pond's New Tools.</p> + +<p>NEW AND IMPROVED PATTERNS--</p> + +<p>Lathes, Planers, Drills, Milling Machines, Boring Mills, Gear +and Bolt Cutters Punches and Shears for iron. Dealer in</p> + +<p>IRON & WOOD WORKING MACHINERY</p> + +<p>Works at Worcester, Mass. Office, 98 Liberty st., N.Y.</p> + +<p>S.N. HARTWELL, General Agent.</p> + +<hr> +<p>S.S.B "SO SAID BILL." The STAR SPANGLED BANNER saved me from +sending $10 to a swindler.</p> + +<hr> +<p>WANTED--Iron Planers, Engine Lathes, Boring and Shaping +Machines, one set of Boiler Tools, Cupola, etc.; must be modern +tools, and as good as new. Address, with catalogue and lowest cash +prices,</p> + +<p>JOHN COOPER & CO., Mount Vernon, Ohio.</p> + +<hr> +<p><i>Niagara Steam Pump</i>.</p> + +<p>CHAS. B. HARDICK,</p> + +<p>No. 9 Adams st., Brooklyn, N.Y.</p> + +<hr> +<p>OTIS' SAFETY HOISTING</p> + +<p><i>Machinery.</i></p> + +<p>OTIS BROTHERS & CO.</p> + +<p>NO. 309 BROADWAY, NEW YORK.</p> + +<hr> +<p>Do your own Printing</p> + +<p>WITH A NOVELTY JOB PRINTING PRESS</p> + +<p>The only Low-Priced Press ever invented, that will do good +printing. Printing can be done as well and as rapidly on this press +as on the best that printers use; and for printing offices where +artificial power is not used, or for business men, apothecaries, +grocers, country traders, and others who desire to do their own +printing, it is entirely without a rival. The Best Holiday Gift for +Boys. Price of Presses--$15, $30, $32, and $50. Send for full +descriptive illustrated circulars, with testimonials from all parts +of the country, and specimens of plain and color printing done on +the press, & specimen sheets of types, borders, cuts, rules, +etc., to</p> + +<p>BENJ. O. WOODS, Proprietor,</p> + +<p>351 Federal st., Boston, Mass.</p> + +<p class="ctr"><img src="images/21b.png" alt=""></p> + +<hr> +<p>IRON STEAMERS, HULLS, & LIGHTERS.</p> + +<p>Estimates & Specifications furnished on application. HENRY +J. DAVISON, 77 Liberty st., New York, Agent for Pusey, Jones & +Co. 21 tf</p> + +<hr> +<p>HAIR, WOOL, AND COTTON DUCK FELT, for sale by the Square foot,or +boilers covered by Contract. RUSSIAN FELT, of every description, a +SPECIALTY, by HENRY J. DAVISON</p> + +<p>77 Liberty st., N.Y.</p> + +<hr> +<p>WAGON AXLES, COMMON, CONCORD, IRON HUB, and SOLID COLLAR, of +superior quality & finish. Also, Manufacturers of Machinery, +Pat. Steam and Belt Forge Hammers, Power Shears, Car Axles, +Windlass Necks Truss Shapes, Crowbars, Boiler Fronts, Cast Iron +Jack Screws, Patent Swage Blocks, Tire Benders. Forgings & +Castings. Address, for Price List, LYMAN KINSLEY & CO., +Cambridgeport, Mass.</p> + +<hr> +<p>TO THE WORKING CLASS.--We are now prepared to furnish all +classes with constant employment at home, the whole of the time or +for the spare moments. Business new, light and profitable. Persons +of either sex easily earn from 5oc. to $5 per evening, and a +proportional sum by devoting their whole time to the business. Boys +and girls earn nearly as much as men. That all who see this notice +may send their address, and test the business, we make this +unparalleled offer: To such as are not well satisfied, we will send +$1 to pay for the trouble of writing. Full particulars, a valuable +sample, which will do to commence work on, and a copy of <i>The +People's Literary Companion</i>--one of the largest and best family +newspapers published--all sent free by mail. Reader, if you want +permanent, profitable work, address E.C. ALLEN & CO., Augusta, +Maine.</p> + +<hr> +<p>INVENTORS, AGENTS, MERCHANTS, and all Dealers in Patents or +Patented Goods, should subscribe for the PATENT STAR, devoted to +their Interests. Terms 5oc. per year. Send stamp for sample to</p> + +<p>BENT, GOODNOW & CO., Boston, Mass.</p> + +<hr> +<p>WROUCHT IRON BEAMS & GIRDERS</p> + +<p>The Union Iron Mills, Pittsburgh, Pa. The attention of Engineers +and Architects is called to our improved Wrought-iron Beams and +Girders (patented), in which the compound welds between the stem +and flanges, which have proved so objectionable in the old mode of +manufacturing, are entirely avoided, we are prepared to furnish all +sizes at terms as favorable as can be obtained elsewhere. For +descriptive lithograph address the Union Iron Mills. Pittsburgh, +Pa.</p> + +<hr> +<p>ASHCROFT'S LOW-WATER DETECTOR will insure your Boiler against +explosion. JOHN ASHCROFT, 50 John st.. New York. 16 tf</p> + +<hr> +<p>POWER LOOMS.</p> + +<p>Impreved Drop Box. Spooling, Winding, Beaming, Dyeing, and +Sizing Machines Self-Actmg, Wool-Scouring Machines, Hydra +Extractors Also, Shafting, Pulleys, and Sen-Oiling Adjusable +Han...ers [Transcribers note: word illegible], manuf'd by THOS. +WOOD, 2106 Wood st., Philad'a. Pa</p> + +<hr> +<p>WOODBURY'S PATENT</p> + +<p>Planing and Matching</p> + +<p>and Molding Machmes, Gray & Wood's Planers, Self-oiling Saw +Arbors, and other wood working machinery.</p> + +<pre> + S. A. WOODS, / 91 Liberty street, N. Y.; + Send for Circulars. \ 67 Sudbury street, Boston. +</pre> + +<hr> +<p>BOILER FELTING SAVES TWENTY-FIVE PER CENT OF FUEL.</p> + +<p>JOHN ASHCROFT,</p> + +<p>50 John st. New York.</p> + +<p>16 tf</p> + +<hr> +<p>WATCH SWINDLES.--Humbug Music</p> + +<p>Boxes. Bogus Money. Four columns of "Ventilations" in the "STAR +SPANGLED BANNER."</p> + +<hr> +<p>BUERK'S WATCHMAN'S TIME DETECTOR.--Important for all large +Corporation and Manufacturing concerns--capable of controlling with +the utmost accuracy the motion of a watchman or patrolman, as the +same reaches different stations of his beat, Send for a +Circular.</p> + +<p>J.E.BUEBK,</p> + +<p>P.O.Box 1,057, Boston, Mass.</p> + +<p>N.B.--This detector is covered by two U. S. patents. Parties +using or selling these instruments without authority from me will +be dealt with according to law.</p> + +<hr> +<p>LATHE CHUCKS--HORTON'S PATENT--from 4 to 36 inches. Also for car +wheels. Address</p> + +<p>E. HORTON & SON, Windsor Locks, Conn.</p> + +<hr> +<p>CATALOGUES 10 CENTS EACH, SENT BY MAIL.</p> + +<p><i>MATHEMATICAL INSTRUMENTS</i>, 112 pages. <i>OPTICAL +INSTRUMENTS</i>, 72 pages. <i>MAGIC LANTERNS and STEREOPTICONS</i>, +100pp. <i>PHILOSOPHICAL INSTRUMENTS</i>, 84 pages. JAMES W. QUEEN +& CO., 924 Chestnut st..Philadelphia Pa</p> + +<hr> +<p>COTTON AND WOOL</p> + +<p>SHODDY PICKERS</p> + +<p>Of the most approved English pattern, built by RICHABD +KITSON</p> + +<p>Lowell, Mass.</p> + +<hr> +<p>Excelsior Lubricator</p> + +<p>For Cylinders of Engines. The most durable and best oil cup, +manufactured by B. E. LEHMAN, Lehigh Valley Brass Works. Bethlehem, +Pa. Send for desc'ive circular</p> + +<hr> +<p>MODELS, PATTERNS, EXPERIMENTAL,</p> + +<p>and other machinery. Models for the Patent Office built to order +by HOLSKE MACHINE CO., Nos. 528, 530 and 532 Water st., near +Jefferson. Refer to SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN office. 14 tf</p> + +<hr> +<p>MACHINERY FOR SALE--</p> + +<p>Consisting of steam engines, boilers, machinists' tools, planers +from two to five feet wide, lathes from 1½ to 7-ft. swing, +and one boring, turning, and slotting mill, of 8-ft. swing, trip +hammer, blacksmith's tools, fire proof safes, portable mills, fan +blowers, water wheels, pulleys, shafting, belting, platform scales, +etc., etc.; all at prices that will insure a rapid sale. Send for +schedule. Engines, water wheels, and machinery made to order.</p> + +<p>GEOBGE T. McLAUTHLIN & CO.,</p> + +<p>120 Fulton st., Boston, Mass.</p> + +<hr> +<p>M. N. FORNEY, Mechanical Engineer, 64 B'dway (Room 48), N.Y. +Designs, Plans, Estimates and Working Drawings of Machinery. etc., +promptly and accurately made. Instruction given in Mechanical +Drawing to a limited number of pupils.</p> + +<hr> +<p>NEW SCROLL SAW (Moyer's Pat.), with--out Post or Gate; uniform +Tension; no jarring or noise; executes better and faster than any +other. Send for a circular.</p> + +<p>HAMPSON & COPELAND,</p> + +<p>42 Cortlandt st., New York.</p> + +<hr> +<p>PERFECTLY RELIABLE.--Established 1863. Satisfaction Guaranteed. +"Star Spangled Banner." 75 cents a year.</p> + +<hr> +<p>THE WOODWARD STEAM-PUMP MANUFACTUBING COMPANY, Manufacturers of +the Woodward Pat. Improved Safety Steam Pump and Fire Engine, +Steam, Water, and Gas Fittings of all kinds. Also, Dealers in +Wrought-iron Pipe, Boiler Tubes, etc. Hotels, Churches, Factories, +& Public Buildings, Heated by Steam, Low Pressure. Woodward +Building, 76 and 78 Center st., cor. of Worth st. (formerly of 77 +Beekman st.), N.Y. All parties are hereby cautioned against +infringing the Pat. Bight of the above Pump. G. M. WOODWABD, +Pres't.</p> + +<hr> +<p>CAMDEN</p> + +<p>Tool and Tube Works,</p> + +<p>Camden, N. J. Manufacturers of Wrought Iron Tube. Brass Work and +Fittings, and all the most improved TOOLS for Screwing, Cutting, +and Fitting Pipe. Screwing Machines for Pipe, of five different +sizes. Pipe Tongs, Common and Adjustable; Pipe Cutters, Pipe Vises, +Taps, Bearners, Drills, Screwing Stocks, and Solid Dies. Peace's +Patent Screwing Stocks, with dies. No. I Screws ¾, 3/8, +½, ¾, Pipe. Price complete, $10. No. 2 Screws, 1, +1¼, 1½, 2 Pipe, $20. No. 3 both screws and cuts off, +2½, 3, 3½, 4, $65.</p> + +<hr> +<p>TODD & RAFFERTY, Manufacturers and DEALERS IN MACHINERY.</p> + +<p>Works, Paterson, N. J.; Warerooms, 10 Barclay St., N. Y Boilers, +Steam Pumps, Machinists' Tools. Also, Flax, Hemp, Rope, and Oakum +Machinery, Snow's and Judson's Governors, Wright's pat. Variable +Cut-off & other engines.</p> + +<hr> +<p>To Electro-Platers.</p> + +<p>BATTERIES, CHEMICALS, AND MATERIALS, in sets or single, with +books of instruction, manufactured and sold by THOMAS HALL, +Manufacturing Electrician, 19 Bromfleld st., Boston, Mass. +Illustrated catalogue sent free on application.</p> + +<hr> +<p>PORTABLE STEAM ENGINES, combining the maximum of efficiency, +durability and economy, with the minimum of weight and price. They +are widely and favorably known, more than 750 being in use. All +warranted satisfactory or no sale. Descriptive circulars sent on +application. Address</p> + +<p>J C HOADLEY & CO Lawrence, Mass</p> + +<hr> +<p>BLIND-SLAT TENON MACHINE.--We have recently patented one of the +above Machines, which we GUARANTEE SUPERIOR to any machine of the +kind in use. Shall be pleased to furnish cuts and prices of this +and any other Wood-working Machinery. Address STEPTOE, McFABLAN +& CO., Cincinnati, Ohio.</p> + +<hr> +<p>FOR CUTS AND PRICES of Machinists' Tools, address STEPTOE, +McFARLAN & CO.,</p> + +<p>Cincinnati, Ohio,</p> + +<hr> +<p>STEAM AND WATER GAGES, STEAM Whistles, Gage Cocks, and +Engineers' Supplies. 16 tf</p> + +<p>JOHN ASHCROFT, 50 John St., New York.</p> + +<hr> +<p>H. BOARDMAN, Lancaster, Pa.--Superior Patent Cork-cutting +Machinery, Hard-laid Twine Cord, and Rope Machinery, with Pat. Stop +& Condenser</p> + +<hr> +<p>WOODWORTH PLANERS a SPECIALTY--From new patterns of the most +approved style and workmanship. Wood-working Machinery generally. +Nos. 24 and 26 Central, corner Union street, Worcester, Mass. +Warerooms. 42 Cortlandt street, New York.</p> + +<p>WITHERBY, RUGG & RICHARDSON.</p> + +<hr> +<p>SILICATE OF SODA, IN ITS VARIOUS forms, manufactured as a +specialty, by Philadelphia Quartz Co., 783 South 2d St., +Philadelpnia, Pa.</p> + +<hr> +<p>11-2 by 2 FEET IS THE superb new plate "Evangeline," given free +to all who send 75 cents for the "STAR SPANGLED BANNER," for +1870.</p> + +<hr> +<p><i>Pevey's Cupola</i>,</p> + +<p>WARRANTED to Melt, with, one tun of Coal, 2000 lbs. of Iron MORE +than any other Cupola now in use.</p> + +<p>ABIEL PEVEY,</p> + +<p>Patentee and Proprietor, Lowell, Mass. Van Tuyl & Co. No. +273 Cherry st,. New York, Agents.</p> + +<hr> +<p>MERRICK & SONS</p> + +<p>Southwark Foundery,</p> + +<p>430 Washington Ave., Philadelphia, Pa.,</p> + +<p>MANUFACTURE NASMYTH & DAVY</p> + +<p>STEAM HAMMERS, CORNISH PUMPING, BLAST, HORIZONTAL, VERTICAL, AND +OSCILLATING ENGINES.</p> + +<p>Gas Machinery of all descriptions.</p> + +<p>Sugar Refineries fitted up complete, with all modern +apparatus.</p> + +<p>New York office</p> + +<p>62 Broadway.</p> + +<hr> +<p>LECOUNT'S PATENT HOLLOW LATHE DOGS AND CLAMPS.--A set of 8 Dogs +from 3/8 to 2-in., inclusive, $8. A set of 12 from 3/8 to 4-in., +$17.30. Five sizes Machinists' Clamps, from 2 to 6-in., inclusive, +$11. Send for Circular.</p> + +<p>C.W. LECOUNT.</p> + +<p>South Norwalk,</p> + +<p>Conn.</p> + +<p class="ctr"><img src="images/21c.png" alt=""></p> + +<p class="ctr"><img src="images/21d.png" alt=""></p> + +<hr> +<p>MASON'S PAT'T FRICTION CLUTCHES are Manufactured by Volney W. +Mason & Co., Providence, R.I. Agents, R. BROOKS & CO., 123 +Ave. D, New York. TAPLIN RICE & CO. Akron, Ohio 16 tfeow</p> + +<hr> +<p>Molding Machinery.</p> + +<p>THE MOST VALUABLE MACHINE FOR Planing Irregular and Straight +Work in all branches of Wood-Working, is the Combination Molding +and Planing Machine Co.'s "Variety Molding and Planing Machine." +Our improved guards make it safe to operate; our combination +collars save one hundred per cent; and for planing, molding, and +cutting irregular forms, our Machine is unsurpassed. The right to +make and vend these Machines is owned solely by us, and we will +defend Purchasers in case litigation is forced upon them by any +parties pretending to own Patent on any part of our Variety +Machine. COMBINATION MOLDING AND PLANING MACHINE CO., 424 East 23d +st., or Postoffice Box 3230 New York City. Silas M. Hamilton, +Baltimore Samuel Leggert, New York. 19 tfeow</p> + +<hr> +<p>Gear's Variety Moulding Machine,</p> + +<p>WARRANTED THE BEST in THE WORLD FOR Moulding and Cutting +Irregular Forms, with Patent Improvements for Combination Cutters, +and Patent Guard to protect operator and material. Secured by six +Patents. Deeds of Right to use furnished with every Machine sold, +to protect parties in using them. Before purchasing Combination +Moulding and Planing Machine Co.'s or Grosvenor's Mongrel +Infringing Machines, (which they and their agents, in behalf of the +Singer Sewing Machine Co., and the Central Pacific R.R. Co., and +others to whom they had sold Machines to be used out of the State +of New York, have been made to pay us for using) or Ball's or Fay's +infringing Machines, which users have had to pay us for right to +use. Address for particulars and Machines, Sole Owners and Lawful +Manufacturers for all the United States, except New York</p> + +<p>A.S.& J. GEAR & CO.,</p> + +<p>NEW HAVEN, CONN., or 91 Liberty Street, New York.</p> + +<hr> +<p>MACHINERY.--S.C. HILLS, No.12 Platt st., New York, dealer in all +kinds of Machinery and Machinists' supplies. 2 tf a</p> + +<hr> +<p>PLATINUM. H.M. RAYNOR 57 Bond st., N.Y.</p> + +<hr> +<p>AGENTS wanted everywhere. Brown's Pat. Double Cone Ventilating +Damper gives the most heat with the least fuel. Send tor +Circulars.</p> + +<p>O.R. BRIGGS & CO., 184 Washington st., N.Y</p> + +<hr> +<p>AMERICAN TINNED SHEET IRON.</p> + +<p>Coating uniformly over the entire sheet, by an entirely new and +patented process. All sizes and gages on hand and made to +order.</p> + +<p>H. W. BUTTERWORTH & SON,</p> + +<p>29 and 31 Haydock st., Philadelphia, Pa.</p> + +<p>25 eow tt</p> + +<hr> +<p>Independent Steam</p> + +<p>BOILER SUPPLY, OR <i>Feed Pump</i>.</p> + +<p>RELIABLE FOR HOT OR COLD WATER.</p> + +<p class="ctr"><img src="images/21e.png" alt=""></p> + +<p>Circulars sent free.</p> + +<p>COPE & CO.,</p> + +<p>No. 118 East 2d st., Cincinnati, Ohio</p> + +<hr> +<p>BREECH-LOADING GUN.--</p> + +<p>Probably superior to any in the market. Patent for sale. +Address</p> + +<p>T.L.,</p> + +<p>Box 728 Postoffice, Derby, Conn,</p> + +<hr> +<p>CIRCULAR SAW MILLS, PLANERS Matchers, etc. Prices Low. S. HEALD +& SONS Barre, Mass., make the Largest and Best Planer to be +found for the money. Send for circulars.</p> + +<hr> +<p>SHINGLE AND HEADING MACHINE--Trevor & Co.'s Improved. The +Simplest and Best in use. Also, Shingle, Heading, and Stave +Jointers, Stave Cutters, Equalizers. Heading Turners, Planers, etc. +Address TREVOR & CO, Lockport, N. Y.</p> + +<hr> +<p>THE INVENTOR'S AND MECHANIC'S GUIDE.--A valuable book upon +Mechanics, Patents, and New Inventions. Containing the U. S. Patent +Laws, Rules and Directions for doing business at the Patent Office; +112 diagrams of the best mechanical movements, with descriptions; +the Condensing Steam Engine, with engraving and description; How to +Invent; How to Obtain Patents; Hints upon the Value of Patents; How +to sell Patents; Forms for Assignments; Information upon the Rights +of Inventors, Assignees and Joint Owners; Instructions as to +Interferences, Reissues, Extensions Caveats, together with a great +variety of useful information in regard to patents, new inventions, +and scientific subjects, with scientific tables, and many +illustrations 108 pages. This is a most valuable work. Price only +25 cents. Address MUNN & CO., 37 Park Row, N.Y.</p> + +<hr> +<p>BALL, BLACK & CO.</p> + +<p>Nos. 565 and 567 BROADWAY,</p> + +<p>Offer an Unequaled Assortment of</p> + +<p>JURGENSEN, NARDINE, JACOT, SALTZMAH, NICOUD, GERARD, FRODSHAM, +PEARDON, GORDING, RUGENSTEIN, HARRISON, TAYLOR.</p> + +<p>ALSO, A FULL LINE OF AMERICAN WATCHES,</p> + +<p>At the Lowest Price.</p> + +<hr> +<p>ROPER Carloric Engine Co., 49 Cortlandt st. New Style Upright +Engines. Send for Circular.</p> + +<hr> +<p>Perpetual Brick Kiln.</p> + +<p>SAVES 2-3 IN FUEL. Address WEDEKIND & DUEBERG, 55 N. Calvert +st., Baltimore, Md.</p> + +<hr> +<p>WANTED-To correspond with an extensive manufacturing firm of +1st-class reliability, to make and sell, on royalty, Dodge's 2-way +cock or pump attachment. Exclusive control of territory given. +100,000 doz wanted in U.S. Address Hedden & Dodge, Lowville, +N.Y.</p> + +<hr> +<p>WANTED.--</p> + +<p>In an Extensive Agricultural Implement Works in Ohio, an +Experienced and Capable Superintendent. None but a Through +Machinist, who can give high reference as to Character, etc., need +apply. Address</p> + +<p>Thrashing Machine Works, Drawer 5947, Chicago, Ill.</p> + +<hr> +<p>RIGGS' BELMONTYLE OIL</p> + +<p>PREVENTS</p> + +<p>Rust, Tarnish, etc. Send for circular to</p> + +<p>H.B. Riggs,</p> + +<p>150 Front Street, Hew York.</p> + +<hr> +<p>The Mother's Journal.</p> + +<p>THE BEST HOME MAGAZINE IN THE WORLD.</p> + +<p>Beautifully illustrated; 600 double-column pages; $2 per year. +Specimens sent free. Now is the time. Address</p> + +<p>MOTHERS' JOURNAL, Chicago, 111.</p> + +<hr> +<p>DECISION ON STEAM ENGINES.--Wm. A. HARRIS, builder of the +Corliss Steam Engine, was awarded the 1st Premium at the National +Fair of the American Institute, New York,1869, for its superiority +in economy in fuel, regularity in speed, perfect construction, +accessibility of all its parts. Send for a circular. One 80-H.P. +Engine, ready for delivery; one 40-H.P. Engine, ready for delivery; +three 30-H.P. Engines, ready for delivery. WM. A. HARRIS Providence +R.I. New York Office 49 Murray st. Send for a circular.</p> + +<hr> +<p>Manufacturers' Depot.</p> + +<p>SPOKES, HUBS, WHEELS,</p> + +<p>And a general assortment of Carriage and Wagon Wood work. The +above goods are of our own manufacture, which enables us to offer +better inducements than any other House in the city.</p> + +<p>N.G. OLDS & SON,</p> + +<p>51 Murray st., New York.</p> + +<hr> +<p>ROOT'S WROUGHT IRON SECTIONAL</p> + +<p>Safety Boiler.</p> + +<p>Composed of best Wrought Iron Tubes, tested to 500 pounds; no +large sheet iron, shell or thin cast iron to explode. Absolutely +safe, economical, durable, and efficient. Send for pamphlet. Also, +Steam Engines, Steam Pumps, etc.</p> + +<p>ROOT STEAM ENGINE CO.,</p> + +<p>95 and 97 Liberty St., New York.</p> + +<hr> +<p>FOR SALE--A 60-H.P. Root's Sectional Safety Boiler, at Atlantic +Sugar Refinery. Brooklyn. Apply to LABATT & CO., 111 Front st., +New York.</p> + +<hr> +<p>POWER PLEDGED</p> + +<p>Equal to any overshot, with</p> + +<p>N.F. BURNHAM'S</p> + +<p>New Turbine</p> + +<p>Water Wheel.</p> + +<p>Illustrated Pamphlet, for 1870, "with Reduced Price List," sent +free by N.F. BURNHAM, "Patentee," York, Pa., or S.N. Hartwell, +"Ag't," 98 Liberty st., N.Y.</p> + +<p class="ctr"><img src="images/22a.png" alt=""></p> + +<hr> +<p>The Woven Wire Mattress Co.</p> + +<p>OF</p> + +<p>HARTFORD, CONN.,</p> + +<p>Call attention to the fact, that they have established AN AGENCY +in the City of NEW YORK, at 82 E. Ninth St., opposite the store of +A. T. Stewart & Co., for the sale of the</p> + +<p>Woven Wire Mattress.</p> + +<p>All who are interested in the article in this No. of the +Scientific American, all who admired its qualities at the American +Institute Fair, and all who desire A PERFECT BED, are requested to +call at the Agency and examine it. The Mattresses are for sale by +many of the Furniture Dealers in the city, and also throughout New +England. If your furniture dealer does NOT keep them, order one +through him, at the Agency in New York, or directly from the Co. +Send for circulars, rights, or any information desired, to GEO. C. +PERKINS, Sup't, Hartford, Ct.</p> + +<hr> +<p>STEREOSCOPES</p> + +<p>WITH ENDLESS CHAIN--To hold from 3 to 50 doz. pictures, in great +variety, at the Patentee's manufactory. ALX BECKER, 560 Broadway, +N.Y.</p> + +<hr> +<p>TO INVENTORS AND MANUFACTURERS IN THE UNITED STATES--</p> + +<p>Mr. George Wood, Wood's Museum and Menagerie, respectfully and +earnestly invites the attention of Inventors and Manufacturers to +the fact that, at a large expense, he has arranged a hall in the +Museum Building, for the purpose of exhibiting to the public +Models, Machines, and all the products of inventive genius in +active working operation. The space allotted for this purpose +embraces 6,000 square feet, supplied with Steam-power, Gas, and all +the requirements of the Workshop, the Factory, and the Laboratory, +which will be kept open every day and evening, and form a perpetual +MECHANICS' FAIR, affording an opportunity to Inventors and +Mechanics to place their products before thousands of daily +visitors at a nominal tariff. Inventors and Mechanics are earnestly +invited to co-operate in this laudable and advantageous enterprise, +and are requested to call on or address MR. WALTER P. NEWHALL, +Superintendent of Machinery and Models. GEO. WOOD, Proprietor. +Office at Wood's Museum, corner Broadway and 30th st.</p> + +<hr> +<p>FRENCH BAND SAW MACHINES, SAWS, Taper Files, etc., Machines for +Scroll, Re-sawing, and Log; Mongin & Co.'s Band Saw Blades, all +Sizes, on hand and made to order.</p> + +<p>All Styles of Band Saw Machines in operation at Mahogany Mill, +10th st., E.R.</p> + +<p>GEORGE GUEUTAL,</p> + +<p>Sole Agent for the U.S., 39 West 4th st., N.Y.</p> + +<hr> +<p><i>Horsford's Bread Preparation</i>.</p> + +<p>The only "baking powder" recommended by Scientific Men. Made +under personal supervision of Prof. Horsford, of Harvard +University. Restores to fine flour the Phosphates. Refer to S.H. +Wales, Scientific American; Dr. Fordyce Barker; Dr. John H. +Griscom; Dr. Wm.A. Hammorid (late Surgeon Gen. U.S. Army), Prof. +R.O. Doremus, all of New York; Prof. J.C. Booth, Prof. S.H. +Dickson, Philadelphia, etc. Liebig & Horsiord's Essay on Bread +Making sent free.</p> + +<p>WILSON, LOCKWOOD, EVERETT & CO.,</p> + +<p>201 Fulton st., New York, General Agents.</p> + +<hr> +<p>STURDEVANT'S FAN BLOWERS,</p> + +<p><i>Pressure Blowers</i>,</p> + +<p>THE BEST FOR ALL PURPOSES.</p> + +<p><i>Judson's Governors</i>.</p> + +<p>THE ONLY RELIABLE.</p> + +<p>JAS.L. HAVEN & CO., Cincinnati, Ohio,</p> + +<p>Agents for the above standard, articles.</p> + +<hr> +<p><i>Oak Leather Belting</i>.</p> + +<p>Manufactured Dy CHAS. A. SCHIEREN, 92 Gold st., N.Y.</p> + +<hr> +<p>SCHLENKER'S PATENT</p> + +<p>BOLT CUTTER</p> + +<p>NEW INVENTION.</p> + +<p>ADDRESS.</p> + +<p>HOWARD IRON WORKS. BUFFALO. N.Y.</p> + +<hr> +<p class="ctr"><img src="images/22b.png" alt=""></p> + +<p>Reynolds'</p> + +<p>Turbine Water Wheels.</p> + +<p>No Complex, Duplex, or Triplex complications. All such are +costly, perishable, easily clogged, inaccessible. Mill Gearing, +Shafting, and Pulleys. Send for Illustrated Pamphlet.</p> + +<p>GEORGE TALLCOT,</p> + +<p>96 Liberty st., New York.</p> + +<hr> +<p>STEAM ENGINES & BOILERS</p> + +<p>From 4 to 500-H.P., including celebrated Corliss Patent Variable +Cut-off Engines, Slide Valve Stationary Engines, Portable Engines, +etc. Also, Circular Mulay, & Gang Saw Mills Sugar Cane Mills, +Shafting, Pulleys, etc. Wheat and Corn Mills, Circular Saws, +Belting, etc. Send for Circular and Price List.</p> + +<p>WOOD & MANN</p> + +<p>STEAM ENGINE CO.,</p> + +<p>Utica, N.Y.</p> + +<hr> +<p>IRON PLANERS, ENGINE LATHES, Drills, and other Machinists' +Tools, of Superior Quality, on hand and finishing. For sale Low. +For Description and Price, address NEW HAVEN MANUFACTURING CO., New +Haven, Conn. 5 tf os</p> + +<hr> +<p>Free.--Our New Catalogue of Improved STENCIL DIES. More than +$200 A MONTH is being made with them S.M. SPENCER & CO., +Brattleboro Vt.</p> + +<hr> +<p class="ctr"><img src="images/22d.png" alt=""></p> + +<p class="ctr">EMERSON'S PATENT<br> +<br> +PERFORATED<br> +<br> +CIRCULAR & LONGSAWS<br> +<br> +REQUIRE NO GUMMING<br> +<br> +FOR DESCRIPTIVE PAMPHLET<br> +<br> +ADDRESS<br> +<br> +AMERICAN SAW CO. N.Y.</p> + +<p>Factory, Trenton, N.J.... Office. No. 2 Jacob st., N.Y.</p> + +<p>Branch Office for Pacific Coast, No. 606 Front st. San +Francisco, Cal.</p> + +<hr> +<p>HOWLAND'S PAT. KNIFE SHARPENER.</p> + +<p class="ctr"><img src="images/22c.png" alt=""></p> + +<p>The best and most durable thing of the kind ever invented. +Agents wanted from all parts of the country. Sure sale. Every +family wants one. Sample of Porcelain sent on receipt of 75c.</p> + +<p>F. TRAVER & CO.,</p> + +<p>Agents,</p> + +<p>14 Park Place,</p> + +<p>New York.</p> + +<hr> +<p>Pratt's "Astral" Oil.</p> + +<p>UNLIKE MANY OTHER ILLUMINATING OILS, the Astral Oil is perfectly +pure and free from all adulterations of any kind. It emits no +offensive smell while burning, gives a soft and brillant light, and +can be used with as little danger as gas. Chemists pronounce it the +best and safest Illuminating Oil ever offered to the public; and +insurance companies indorse and urge upon consumers the use of the +"Astral" Oil in preference to any other. Thousands are now burning +it, and in no instance has any accident occurred from its use. A +lamp filled with it upset and broken will not explode or take fire. +To prevent adulteration, the Astral Oil is packed only in the +Guaranty Patent Cans, of 1 gallon and 5 gallons each, and each can +is sealed in a manner that cannot be counterfeited Every package, +with uncut seal, we warrant. The universal testimony of consumers +is that the "Astral" Oil is perfect; a single trial serves to +establish it in the family.</p> + +<p>For sale by all dealers, and by wholesale and retail by the +proprietors</p> + +<p>Oil House of CHARLES PRATT.</p> + +<p>P.O. Box, 3,050.</p> + +<p>108 Fulton Street, New York.</p> + +<p>Send for Circulars with testimonials and price list.</p> + +<hr> +<p>Building Paper.</p> + +<p>This is a hard, compact paper, like an ordinary book cover, and +is saturated with tar and used on the outside of frame buildings, +under the clapboards, also under shingles and floors, to keep out +damp and cold. It is also used on the inside, not saturated, +<i>instead of Plastering</i>, and makes a warm and cheap wall. It +costs only from $8 to $30 (according to size) to cover houses on +the outside. Samples and descriptive circulars sent free.</p> + +<p>Address, ROCK RIVER PAPER CO., Chicago,</p> + +<p>Or B.E. HALE, 22 & 24 Frankfort Street, N.Y.,</p> + +<p>Agent for the Eastern States.</p> + +<hr> +<p>CAUTION TO</p> + +<p>BRASS COOK</p> + +<p>MAKERS.</p> + +<p>PLUMBERS, STEAM AND GAS FITTERS,</p> + +<p>ARCHITECTS, BUILDERS, DEALERS IN BRASS GOODS,</p> + +<p>And <i>ALL OTHERS</i> against <i>MAKING, BUYING, SELLING</i>, or +<i>USING</i> any INFRINGEMENT of our <b>"Patent Right"</b> for +COMPRESSION BIBBS, FAUCET, COCKS, or on any thing to which our +Patent is applied.</p> + +<p>We have already commenced LEGAL proceedings with the firm +determination to prosecute all and every violation of our rights to +the fullest extent of the law.</p> + +<p>MESSRS. HAYDEN, GERE, & CO.,</p> + +<p>84 Beekman st.</p> + +<p>NEW YORK,</p> + +<p>--AND--</p> + +<p>DALTON & INGERSOLL, 19 Union st.</p> + +<p>BOSTON,</p> + +<p>Are our ONLY Authorized Selling Agents.</p> + +<p><i>E. STEBBINS</i></p> + +<p><i>Manufacturing Co.</i>,</p> + +<p>SPRINGFIELD, MASS.</p> + +<hr> +<p><i>Ahearn's Patents</i>.</p> + +<p>PURCHASERS wanted for every State and County not yet sold. $1000 +AND EXPENSES can be made monthly on every $200 invested. For +particulars, address</p> + +<p>J. AHEARN,</p> + +<p>5 P.O. Avenue, Baltimore, Md.</p> + +<hr> +<p>PATTERN LETTERS</p> + +<p>TO PUT ON PATTERNS FOR CASTINGS--.&.C.</p> + +<p>KNIGHT BROS.</p> + +<p>SENECA FALLS N.Y.</p> + +<hr> +<p>$20 A DAY TO MALE AND FEMALE Agents to introduce the BUCKEYE $20 +SHUTTLE SEWING MACHINES. Stitch alike on both sides, and is the +only <i>LICENSED SHUTTLE MACHINE</i> sold in the United states for +less than $40. All others are infringements, and the seller and +user are liable to prosecution and imprisonment. Outfit free. +Address</p> + +<p><i>W.A. HENDERSON & CO., Cleveland, Ohio.</i></p> + +<hr> +<p>2d-Hand Machinery</p> + +<p>FOR SALE--viz:--</p> + +<p>50 Milling Machines, Index and Universal Milling Machines, +Horizontal Milling and Drilling Machines, Drill Presses. Hand and +Power Lathes, Edging Machines, Drops and Punch Presses, Screw +Machines, etc., etc., 1000 feet of 1-3/16 Shafting, with Hangers +and Pulleys, etc., etc., by</p> + +<p>O.F. WINCHESTER,</p> + +<p>New Haven, Conn.</p> + +<hr> +<p>SENT FREE!</p> + +<p>M. O'KEEFE, SON & CO.'S</p> + +<p>SEED CATALOGUE AND GUIDE TO THE FLOWER AND VEGETABLE GARDEN, FOR +1870.</p> + +<p>Published in January. Every lover of flowers wishing this new +and valuable work, free of charge, should address immediately M. +O'KEEFE, SON & CO., Ellwanger & Barry's Block, Rochester, +N.Y.</p> + +<hr> +<p>London</p> + +<p>48 Cannon street.</p> + +<p>H. KOHNSTAMM,</p> + +<p>Manufacturer of ULTRAMARINE,</p> + +<p>And Importer of English, French, and German Colors, Paints, and +Artists' Materials, Bronzes, and Metals. No. 3 Tryon Row, New York, +opposite City Hall</p> + +<hr> +<p><i>WIRE HOPE</i>.</p> + +<p>Manufactured by</p> + +<p>JOHN A. ROEBLING'S SONS,</p> + +<p>Trenton N.J.</p> + +<p>FOR Inclined Planes, Standing Ship Rigging Bridges, Ferries, +Stays or Guys on Derricks & Cranes Tiller Ropes, Sash Cords of +Copper and Iron, Lightning Conductors of Copper. Special attention +given to hoisting rope of all kinds for Mines and Elevators. Apply +for circular, giving price and other information. Send for pamphlet +on Transmission of Power by Wire Ropes.</p> + +<hr> +<p>THE</p> + +<p><i>Tanite Emery Wheel</i>.</p> + +<p>Does not Glaze, Gum, Heat, or Smell. Address</p> + +<p>THE TANITE CO.,</p> + +<p>Stroudsburg, Monroe Co., Pa.</p> + +<hr> +<p>GETTY'S PATENT PIPE CUTTER.</p> + +<pre> + No. 1 cuts from 1 inch to 1/8........................Price $8 + No. 2 cuts from 2 inches to ½........................Price $10 +<br> + GETTY'S PATENT PROVING PUMP AND GAGE. + Pump and Gage.......................................Price $25 + Gage alone..........................................Price $13 +</pre> + +<p>Address</p> + +<p>McNAB & HARLIN,</p> + +<p>MANUFACTURERS OF BRASS GOODS AND IRON FITTINGS,</p> + +<p>86 John st., New York.</p> + +<hr> +<p>REPEATING FIRE-ARMS</p> + +<p>FOR SALE, viz:--</p> + +<pre> + 5,000 Winchester Repeating Muskets. + 5,000 " " Carbines. + 5,000 " " Sporting Rifles. + 2,000 Spencer " Muskets. + 30,000 " " Carbines. + 500 " " Sporting Rifles. + 2,000 Joslyn Single Breech-loading Carbines. +</pre> + +<p>Metallic Cartridges of all sizes, by</p> + +<p>WINCHESTER REPEATING ARMS CO.,</p> + +<p>New Haven, Conn.</p> + +<hr> +<p>PAT. SOLID EMERY WHEELS AND OIL STONES, for Brass and Iron Work, +Saw Mills, and Edge Tools. Northampton Emery Wheel Co., Leeds. +Mass.</p> + +<hr> +<p>KIDDER'S PASTILES--A Sure Relief for Asthma. STOWELL & CO., +Charlestown, Mass.</p> + +<hr> +<p>WELBY & McCAULEY,</p> + +<p>PRACTICAL MECHANICS.--Mechanical Commission Depot No. 5, +Harrison st., Baltimore, Md., Buy and Sell, on Commission, Improved +Machinery, etc., etc. Negotiate Patent Rights, introduce New +Inventions, practically. Agents for manufacturers generally.</p> + +<hr> +<p><i>The American Builder</i></p> + +<p>AND JOURNAL OF ART.--Terms $3.00 a year. Sent four months to +trial Subscribers on receipt of one dollar. Address</p> + +<p>CHARLES D. LAKEY</p> + +<p>Chicago, Ill.</p> + +<hr> +<p><i>Cotton Seed Oil Mills</i>.</p> + +<p>Built by Contractor otherwise. For Estimates and Machinery apply +to Oil Machinery Manufacturing Co. of N.Y. city, 96 Liberty st. +P.O. Box 1183</p> + +<hr> +<p>HARRISON</p> + +<p>SAFETY</p> + +<p>BOILER</p> + +<p>First-Class Medal World's Fair, London, 1862.</p> + +<p>First-Class Medal, American Institute Fair, New York, October, +1869, for safety, economy of space, and economy of fuel.</p> + +<p>400-H.P. AT A.T. STEWART'S.</p> + +<p>437-H.P. AT JERSEY CITY SUGAR REFINERY, and over 1,000 boilers +in other places.</p> + +<p>Harrison Boiler Works, Philadelphia.</p> + +<p><i>John A. Coleman, Ag't</i>,</p> + +<p>49 Murray St., N. Y., and 36 Kilby St., Boston.</p> + +<hr> +<p><i>30-H. Corliss Engine</i>.</p> + +<p>Also, Six Engines, from 15 to 30-Horse. Have been in use, but +are in good order. Cheap for cash. Address</p> + +<p>CHAS. H. SMITH,</p> + +<p>135 North 3d st., Philadelphia, Pa.</p> + +<hr> +<p><i>Drawing Materials</i>.</p> + +<p>WHATMAN'S PAPERS.--White and Yellow Roll Drawing Paper, 40 and +54 inches wide Tracing Muslin, Tracing Paper. Muslin-backed Drawing +Paper, 40 and 53 inches wide. Winsor & Newton's Colors India +Ink. Faber's Drawing Pencils, etc., etc. Priced catalogues 10 cents +each.</p> + +<p>JAS. W. QUEEN & CO.,</p> + +<p>924 Chestnut st. Philadelphia.</p> + +<hr> +<p>SAWS. EVERY DESCIPTION</p> + +<p>Guaranteed under a forfeiture of $1000, to cut the most lumber +with the least expense.</p> + +<p><i>Henry Disston & Son</i>,</p> + +<p>PHILADELPHIA. Special attention paid to our new style Circular, +Belt, Cross-cut, Mill and Hack Saws. Orders received from England, +Ireland, and the Continent.</p> + +<hr> +<h2>THE Scientific American FOR 1870</h2> + +<h2>Cash Prize and Premium List</h2> + +<h4>This Illustrated Weekly Journal of Practical Information, Art, +Science, Mechanics, Invention, Chemistry, and Manufactures--Entered +its Twenty-fifth Year on the 1st of January.</h4> + +<p>The SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN stands at the head of Industrial +Journals of the world in point of Circulation and Influence.</p> + +<p>Every number has Sixteen Imperial pages, embellished with +Engravings of New Inventions, Machinery, Tools for the Workshop, +House, and Farm, also Public Buildings, Dwelling Houses, and +Engineering Works.</p> + +<p>The Illustrated Department of the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN is a very +striking feature, and has elicited the praise of the Press and all +articles appearing in its columns are written in a popular and +instructive style.</p> + +<p>To Inventors and Mechanics the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN has special +value and interest, from the fact that it furnishes an Official +List of Patents issued, with copious notes of the principal +American and European Patents.</p> + +<p>The Publishers offer the following</p> + +<h3>SCHEDULE OF CASH PRIZES.</h3> + +<p>For the fifteen largest lists of names sent in before February +10, 1870, the following Cash Prizes will be given:</p> + +<pre> + $300 FOR THE FIRST LIST. + 250 " SECOND LIST. + 200 " THIRD LIST. + 150 " FOURTH LIST. + 100 " FIFTH LIST. + 90 " SIXTH LIST. + 80 " SEVENTH LIST + 70 " EIGHTH LIST. + 60 " NINTH LIST. + 50 " TENTH LIST. + 40 " ELEVENTH LIST. + 35 " TWELFTH LIST. + 30 " THIRTEENTH LIST. + 25 " FOURTEENTH LIST. + 20 " FIFTEENTH LIST. +</pre> + +<p>Competitors sending names should be particular to mark "Prize +List" on their orders, and remit the amount of subscription, as per +terms. All Clubs of 10 names and upward, will be taken at the rate +of $2.50 per annum.</p> + +<p>To those who do not compete for the Cash Prizes the publishers +offer the Splendid Steel Engraving, in size 22x36, entitled "MEN OF +PROGRESS-AMERICAN INVENTORS." It contains the following group of +illustrious inventors, namely: Prof. Morse, Prof. Henry Thomas +Blanchard, Dr. Nott, Isaiah Jennings, Charles Goodyear, Jos. +Saxton, Dr. W. T. Morton, Erastus Bigelow, Henry Burden, Capt. John +Ericsson, Elias Howe, Jr., Col. Samuel Colt, Col. R. M. Hoe, Peter +Cooper, Jordan L. Mott, C. H. McCormick, James Bogardus, and +Frederick E. Sickles. The likenesses are all excellent, and Mr. +Sartain, who stands at the head of our American Engravers on Steel, +in a letter addressed to us, says "that it would cost $4,000 to +engrave the plate now," which is a sufficient guarantee of the very +high character of the Engraving as a work of art. Price of the +Engraving, $10 for single copy. To enable all to possess this +beautiful work of art, at, a very reduced rate, the SCIENTIFIC +AMERICAN will be sent one year, together with a copy of the +picture, on receipt of $10</p> + +<pre> + Any one sending + 10 Names for 1 year, and $30, will receive one picture + 20 " " 50, " " " + 30 " " 75, " two pictures + 40 " " 100, " three " + 50 " " 125, " four " +</pre> + +<p>Competitors for the above prizes can send in names at any time +on or before February 10th, and from any postoffice. For full +particulars and sample copies of the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, address +the Publishers.</p> + +<p>Terms of the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN: Single copy one year, $3.00; +six months, $1.50; and one dollar four months. 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