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diff --git a/87-0.txt b/87-0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b14a0bb --- /dev/null +++ b/87-0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,83565 @@ +*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 87 *** + + + + +This is a preliminary edition. The final first edition should be on +file around midnight, October 31, 1993. + +As usual, the margination in these reports may be rough, and another +edition should appear, somewhat neater in appearance, as a Gutenberg +volunteer will probably start work on this shortly. + +This file has been edited in such a manner as to delete redundancies +[some, not all] and extra spaces [some, not all], enough that a file +from Project Gutenberg should be enough smaller that storarge/search +requirements should be reduced by 15 to 20%. + +To search for information on a specific country from the list below, +search for *country: *Afganistan, for example. You can also search +directly for one of the categories of that country as follows: + +*Afghanistan, Geography +*Afghanistan, People +*Afghanistan, Government +*Afghanistan, Economy +*Afghanistan, Communications +*Afghanistan, Defense Forces + + +*The Project Gutenberg Edition of the 1993 CIA World Factbook* + + + +Central Intelligence Agency + +The World Factbook 1993 + +Notes, Definitions, and Abbreviations +A +Afghanistan +Albania +Algeria +American Samoa +Andorra +Angola +Anguilla +Antarctica +Antigua and Barbuda +Arctic Ocean +Argentina +Armenia +Aruba +Ashmore and Cartier Islands +Atlantic Ocean +Australia +Austria +Azerbaijan + +B +Bahamas, The +Bahrain +Baker Island +Bangladesh +Barbados +Bassas da India +Belarus +Belgium +Belize +Benin +Bermuda +Bhutan +Bolivia +Bosnia and Herzegovina +Botswana +Bouvet Island +Brazil +British Indian Ocean Territory +British Virgin Islands +Brunei +Bulgaria +Burkina +Burma +Burundi + +C +Cambodia +Cameroon +Canada +Cape Verde +Cayman Islands +Central African Republic +Chad +Chile +China (also see separate Taiwan entry) +Christmas Island +Clipperton Island +Cocos (Keeling) Islands +Colombia +Comoros +Congo +Cook Islands +Coral Sea Islands +Costa Rica +Cote d'Ivoire +Croatia +Cuba +Cyprus +Czech Republic + +D +Denmark +Djibouti +Dominica +Dominican Republic + +E +Ecuador +Egypt +El Salvador +Equatorial Guinea +Eritrea +Estonia +Ethiopia +Europa Island + +F +Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) +Faroe Islands +Fiji +Finland +France +French Guiana +French Polynesia +French Southern and Antarctic Lands + +G +Gabon +Gambia, The +Gaza Strip +Georgia +Germany +Ghana +Gibraltar +Glorioso Islands +Greece +Greenland +Grenada +Guadeloupe +Guam +Guatemala +Guernsey +Guinea +Guinea-Bissau +Guyana + +H +Haiti +Heard Island and McDonald Islands +Holy See (Vatican City) +Honduras +Hong Kong +Howland Island +Hungary + +I +Iceland +India +Indian Ocean +Indonesia +Iran +Iraq +Ireland +Israel (also see separate Gaza Strip and West Bank +entries) +Italy + +J +Jamaica +Jan Mayen +Japan +Jarvis Island +Jersey +Johnston Atoll +Jordan (also see separate West Bank entry) +Juan de Nova Island + +K +Kazakhstan +Kenya +Kingman Reef +Kiribati +Korea, North +Korea, South +Kuwait +Kyrgyzstan + +L +Laos +Latvia +Lebanon +Lesotho +Liberia +Libya +Liechtenstein +Lithuania +Luxembourg + +M +Macau +Macedonia +Madagascar +Malawi +Malaysia +Maldives +Mali +Malta +Man, Isle of +Marshall Islands +Martinique +Mauritania +Mauritius +Mayotte +Mexico +Micronesia, Federated States of +Midway Islands +Moldova +Monaco +Mongolia +Montserrat +Morocco +Mozambique + +N +Namibia +Nauru +Navassa Island +Nepal +Netherlands +Netherlands Antilles +New Caledonia +New Zealand +Nicaragua +Niger +Nigeria +Niue +Norfolk Island +Northern Mariana Islands +Norway + +O +Oman + +P +Pacific Islands (Palau), Trust Territory of the +Pacific Ocean 2 +Pakistan +Palmyra Atoll +Panama +Papua New Guinea +Paracel Islands +Paraguay +Peru +Philippines +Pitcairn Islands +Poland +Portugal +Puerto Rico + +Q +Qatar + +R +Reunion +Romania +Russia +Rwanda + +S +Saint Helena +Saint Kitts and Nevis +Saint Lucia +Saint Pierre and Miquelon +Saint Vincent and the Grenadines +San Marino +Sao Tome and Principe +Saudi Arabia +Senegal +Serbia and Montenegro +Seychelles +Sierra Leone +Singapore +Slovakia +Slovenia +Solomon Islands +Somalia +South Africa +South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands +Spain +Spratly Islands +Sri Lanka +Sudan +Suriname +Svalbard +Swaziland +Sweden +Switzerland +Syria + +T +Taiwan entry follows Zimbabwe +Tajikistan +Tanzania +Thailand +Togo +Tokelau +Tonga +Trinidad and Tobago +Tromelin Island +Tunisia +Turkey +Turkmenistan +Turks and Caicos Islands +Tuvalu + +U +Uganda +Ukraine +United Arab Emirates +United Kingdom +United States +Uruguay +Uzbekistan + +V +Vanuatu +Venezuela +Vietnam +Virgin Islands + +W +Wake Island +Wallis and Futuna +West Bank +Western Sahara +Western Samoa +World + +Y +Yemen + +Z +Zaire +Zambia +Zimbabwe +Taiwan + +Appendixes +A: The United Nations System +B: Abbreviations for International Organizations and Groups +C: International Organizations and Groups +D: Weights and Measures +E: Cross-Reference List of Geographic Names + +Reference Maps +The World +North America +Central America and the +Caribbean +South America +Europe +Ethnic Groups in Eastern +Europe +Middle East +Africa +Asia +Commonwealth of Independent States-- +European States +Commonwealth of Independent States--Central Asian States +Southeast Asia +Oceania +Arctic Region +Antarctic Region +Standard Time Zones of the World + +There have been some significant changes in this edition. Czechoslovakia has +been superseded by the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Eritrea gained independence +from Ethiopia. The name of the Ivory Coast has been changed to Cote d'Ivoire and +the Vatican City became the Holy See. New entries include Location, Map +references, Abbreviation (often substituted for the country name), and Digraph +(two-letter country code). Names is a new entry which includes long and short +forms of both conventional and local names of countries as well as any former +names. Most diacritical marks have been omitted. The electronic files used to +produce the Factbook have been restructured into a database. As a result, the +formats of some entries in this edition have been changed. Additional changes +will occur in the 1994 Factbook. Irrigated land is a new entry with the data +separate from the Land use entry. The Disputes entry is now International +disputes. The GNP/GDP entry was renamed National Product and the per capita and +real growth rate data placed in separate entries. Similar changes were made in +the Population and Diplomatic Representation entries. + +Abbreviations: (see Appendix B for international organizations and groups) + +avdp. +avoirdupois + +c.i.f. +cost, insurance, and freight + +CY +calendar year + +DWT +deadweight ton + +est. +estimate + +Ex-Im +Export-Import Bank of the United States + +f.o.b. +free on board + +FRG +Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany); used for information dated before 3 +October 1990 or CY91 + +FY +fiscal year + +GDP +gross domestic product + +GDR +German Democratic Republic (East Germany); used for information dated before 3 +October 1990 or CY91 + +GNP +gross national product + +GRT +gross register ton + +GWP +gross world product + +km +kilometer + +km2 +square kilometer + +kW +kilowatt + +kWh +kilowatt hour + +m +meter + +NA +not available + +NEGL +negligible + +nm +nautical mile + +NZ +New Zealand + +ODA +official development assistance + +OOF +other official flows + +PDRY +People's Democratic Republic of Yemen [Yemen (Aden) or South Yemen]; used for +information dated before 22 May 1990 or CY91 + +UAE +United Arab Emirates + +UK +United Kingdom + +US +United States + +USSR +Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (Soviet Union); used for information dated +before 25 December 1991 + +YAR +Yemen Arab Republic [Yemen (Sanaa) or North Yemen]; used +for information dated before 22 May 1990 or CY91 + +Administrative divisions: The numbers, designatory terms, and first-order +administrative divisions are generally those approved by the US Board on +Geographic Names (BGN). Changes that have been reported but not yet acted on by +BGN are noted. + +Area: Total area is the sum of all land and water areas delimited by +international boundaries and/or coastlines. Land area is the aggregate of all +surfaces delimited by international boundaries and/or coastlines, excluding +inland water bodies (lakes, reservoirs, rivers). Comparative areas are based on +total area equivalents. Most entities are compared with the entire US or one of +the 50 states. The smaller entities are compared with Washington, DC (178 km2, +69 miles 2) or The Mall in Washington, DC (0.59 km2, 0.23 miles 2,146 acres). + +Birth rate: The average annual number of births during a year per 1,000 +population at midyear; also known as crude birth rate. + +Dates of information: In general, information available as of 1 January 1993 was +used in the preparation of this edition. Population figures are estimates for 1 +July 1993, with population growth rates estimated for calendar year 1993. Major +political events have been updated through June 1993. + +Death rate: The average annual number of deaths during a year per l,000 +population at midyear; also known as crude death rate. + +Digraphs: The digraph is a two-letter "country code'' that precisely identifies +every entity without overlap, duplication, or omission. AF, for example, is the +digraph for Afghanistan. It is a standardized geopolitical data element +promulgated in the Federal Information Processing Standards Publication (FIPS) +10-3 by the National Bureau of Standards (US Department of Commerce) and +maintained by the Office of the Geographer (US Department of State). The digraph +is used to eliminate confusion and incompatibility in the collection, +processing, and dissemination of area-specific data and is particularly useful +for interchanging data between databases. + +Diplomatic representation: The US Government has diplomatic relations with 180 +nations. The US has diplomatic relations with 174 of the 182 UN members +(excluding the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia whose status in the UN +is unclear)--the exceptions are Angola, Bhutan, Cuba, Iran, Iraq, Macedonia, +North Korea, and Vietnam. In addition, the US has diplomatic relations with 7 +nations that are not in the UN-Andorra, Holy See, Kiribati, Nauru, Switzerland, +Tonga, and Tuvalu. + +Economic aid: This entry refers to bilateral commitments of official development +assistance (ODA), which is defined as government grants that are administered +with the promotion of economic development and welfare of LDCs as their main +objective and are concessional in character and contain a grant element of at +least 25%, and other official flows (OOF) or transactions by the official sector +whose main objective is other than development motivated or whose grant element +is below the 25% threshold for ODA. OOF transactions include official export +credits (such as Ex-Im Bank credits), official equity and portfolio investment, +and debt reorganization by the official sector that does not meet concessional +terms. Aid is considered to have been committed when agreements are initialed by +the parties involved and constitute a formal declaration of intent. + +Entities: Some of the nations, dependent areas, areas of special sovereignty, +and governments included in this publication are not independent, and others are +not officially recognized by the US Government. "Nation'' refers to a people +politically organized into a sovereign state with a definite territory. +"Dependent area" refers to a broad category of political entities that are +associated in some way with a nation. Names used for page headings are usually +the short-form names as approved by the US Board on Geographic Names. There are +266 entities in The World Factbook that may be categorized as follows: + +NATIONS + +182 +UN members (excluding the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia whose status +in the UN is unclear) + +8 +nations that are not members of the UN--Andorra, Holy See, Kiribati, Nauru, +Serbia and Montenegro, Switzerland, Tonga, Tuvalu + +OTHER + +1 +Taiwan + +DEPENDENT AREAS + +6 +Australia--Ashmore and Cartier Islands, Christmas Island, Cocos (Keeling) +Islands, Coral Sea Islands, Heard Island and McDonald Islands, Norfolk Island + +2 +Denmark--Faroe Islands, Greenland + +16 +France--Bassas da India, Clipperton Island, Europa Island, French Guiana, French +Polynesia, French Southern and Antarctic Lands, Glorioso Islands, Guadeloupe, +Juan de Nova Island, Martinique, Mayotte, New Caledonia, Reunion, Saint Pierre +and Miquelon, Tromelin Island, Wallis and Futuna + +2 +Netherlands--Aruba, Netherlands Antilles + +3 +New Zealand--Cook Islands, Niue, Tokelau + +3 +Norway--Bouvet Island, Jan Mayen, Svalbard + +1 +Portugal--Macau + +16 +United Kingdom--Anguilla, Bermuda, British Indian Ocean Territory, British +Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Falkland Islands, Gibraltar, Guernsey, Hong +Kong, Jersey, Isle of Man, Montserrat, Pitcairn Islands, Saint Helena, South +Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, Turks and Caicos Islands + +15 +United States--American Samoa, Baker Island, Guam, Howland Island, Jarvis +Island, Johnston Atoll, Kingman Reef, Midway Islands, Navassa Island, Northern +Mariana Islands, Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands (Palau), Palmyra Atoll, +Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands, Wake Island + +MISCELLANEOUS + +6 +Antarctica, Gaza Strip, Paracel Islands, Spratly Islands, West Bank, Western +Sahara + +OTHER ENTITIES + +4 +oceans--Arctic Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, Pacific Ocean + +1 +World + +266 +total + +note: The US Government does not recognize the four so-called independent +homelands of Bophuthatswana, Ciskei, Transkei, and Venda in South Africa. +Exchange rate: The value of a nation's monetary unit at a given date or over a +given period of time, as expressed in units of local currency per US dollar and +as determined by international market forces or official fiat. + +Gross domestic product (GDP): The value of all goods and services produced +domestically in a given year. + +Gross national product (GNP): The value of all goods and services produced +domestically in a given year, plus income earned abroad, minus income earned by +foreigners from domestic production. + +Gross world product (GWP): The aggregate value of all goods and services +produced worldwide in a given year. + +GNP/GDP methodology: In the "Economy'' section, GNP/GDP dollar estimates for the +OECD countries, the former Soviet republics, and the East European countries are +derived from purchasing power parity (PPP) calculations rather than from +conversions at official currency exchange rates. The PPP method normally +involves the use of international dollar price weights, which are applied to the +quantities of goods and services produced in a given economy. In addition to the +lack of reliable data from the majority of countries, the statistician faces a +major difficulty in specifying, identifying, and allowing for the quality of +goods and services. The division of a PPP GNP/GDP estimate in dollars by the +corresponding estimate in the local currency gives the PPP conversion rate. One +thousand dollars will buy the same market basket of goods in the US as one +thousand dollars--converted to the local currency at the PPP conversion rate-- +will buy in the other country. GNP/GDP estimates for the LDCs, on the other +hand, are based on the conversion of GNP/GDP estimates in local currencies to +dollars at the official currency exchange rates. Because currency exchange rates +depend on a variety of international and domestic financial forces that often +have little relation to domestic output, use of these rates is less satisfactory +for calculating GNP/GDP than the PPP method. Furthermore, exchange rates may +suddenly go up or down by 10% or more because of market forces or official fiat +whereas real output has remained unchanged. One additional caution: the +proportion of, say, defense expenditures as a percent of GNP/GDP in local +currency accounts may differ substantially from the proportion when GNP/GDP +accounts are expressed in PPP terms, as, for example, when an observer estimates +the dollar level of Russian or Japanese military expenditures; similar problems +exist when components are expressed in dollars under currency exchange rate +procedures. Finally, as academic research moves forward on the PPP method, we +hope to convert all GNP/GDP estimates to this method in future editions of The +World Factbook. + +Growth rate (population): The annual percent change in the population, resulting +from a surplus (or deficit) of births over deaths and the balance of migrants +entering and leaving a country. The rate may be positive or negative. + +Illicit drugs: There are five categories of illicit drugs--narcotics, +stimulants, depressants (sedatives), hallucinogens, and cannabis. These +categories include many drugs legally produced and prescribed by doctors as well +as those illegally produced and sold outside medical channels. + +Cannabis (Cannabis sativa) is the common hemp plant, which provides +hallucinogens with some sedative properties, and includes marijuana (pot, +Acapulco gold, grass, reefer), tetrahydrocannabinol (THC, Marinol), hashish +(hash), and hashish oil (hash oil). + +Coca (Erythroxylon coca) is a bush, and the leaves contain the stimulant +cocaine. Coca is not to be confused with cocoa, which comes from cacao seeds and +is used in making chocolate, cocoa, and cocoa butter. + +Cocaine is a stimulant derived from the leaves of the coca bush. + +Depressants (sedatives) are drugs that reduce tension and anxiety and include +chloral hydrate, barbiturates (Amytal, Nembutal, Seconal, phenobarbital), +benzodiazepines (Librium, Valium), methaqualone (Quaalude), glutethimide +(Doriden), and others (Equanil, Placidyl, Valmid). + +Drugs are any chemical substances that effect a physical, mental, emotional, or +behavioral change in an individual. + +Drug abuse is the use of any licit or illicit chemical substance that results in +physical, +mental, emotional, or behavioral impairment in an individual. + +Hallucinogens are drugs that affect sensation, thinking, self-awareness, and +emotion. Hallucinogens include LSD (acid, microdot), mescaline and peyote (mexc, +buttons, cactus), amphetamine variants (PMA, STP, DOB), phencyclidine (PCP, +angel dust, hog), phencyclidine analogues (PCE, PCPy, TCP), and others +(psilocybin, psilocyn). + +Hashish is the resinous exudate of the cannabis or hemp plant (Cannabis sativa). + +Heroin is a semisynthetic derivative of morphine. + +Marijuana is the dried leaves of the cannabis or hemp plant (Cannabis sativa). + +Narcotics are drugs that relieve pain, often induce sleep, and refer to opium, +opium derivatives, and synthetic substitutes. Natural narcotics include opium +(paregoric, parepectolin), morphine (MS-Contin, Roxanol), codeine (Tylenol +w/codeine, Empirin w/codeine, Robitussan AC), and thebaine. Semisynthetic +narcotics include heroin (horse, smack), and hydromorphone (Dilaudid). Synthetic +narcotics include meperidine or Pethidine (Demerol, Mepergan), methadone +(Dolophine, Methadose), and others (Darvon, Lomotil). + +Opium is the milky exudate of the incised, unripe seedpod of the opium poppy. + +Opium poppy (Papaver somniferum) is the source for many natural and +semisynthetic narcotics. + +Poppy straw concentrate is the alkaloid derived from the mature dried opium +poppy. + +Qat (kat, khat) is a stimulant from the buds or leaves of Catha edulis that is +chewed or drunk as tea. + +Stimulants are drugs that relieve mild depression, increase energy and activity, +and include cocaine (coke, snow, crack), amphetamines (Desoxyn, Dexedrine), +phenmetrazine (Preludin), methylphenidate (Ritalin), and others (Cylert, +Sanorex, Tenuate). + +Infant mortality rate: The number of deaths to infants under one year old in a +given year per l,000 live births occurring in the same year. + +International disputes: This category includes a wide variety of situations that +range from traditional bilateral boundary disputes to unilateral claims of one +sort or another. Information regarding disputes over international boundaries +and maritime boundaries has been reviewed by the Department of State. References +to other situations may also be included that are border or frontier relevant, +such as resource disputes, geopolitical questions, or irredentist issues. +However, inclusion does not necessarily constitute official acceptance or +recognition by the US Government. + +Irrigated land: The figure refers to the number of km 2 that is artifically +supplied with water. + +Land use: Human use of the land surface is categorized as arable land--land +cultivated for crops that are replanted after each harvest (wheat, maize, rice); +permanent crops--land cultivated for crops that are not replanted after each +harvest (citrus, coffee, rubber); meadows and pastures--land permanently used +for herbaceous forage crops; forest and woodland land--under dense or open +stands of trees; and other--any land type not specifically mentioned above +(urban areas, roads, desert). + +Leaders: The chief of state is the titular leader of the country who represents +the state at official and ceremonial funcions but is not involved with the day- +to-day activities of the government. The head of government is the +administrative leader who manages the day-to-day activities of the government. +In the UK, the monarch is the chief of state, and the Prime Minister is the head +of government. In the US, the President is both the chief of state and the head +of government. + +Life expectancy at birth: The average number of years to be lived by a group of +people all born in the same year, if mortality at each age remains constant in +the future. + +Literacy: There are no universal definitions and standards of literacy. Unless +otherwise noted, all rates are based on the most common definition--the ability +to read and write at a specified age. Detailing the standards that individual +countries use to assess the ability to read and write is beyond the scope of +this publication. + +Maps: All maps will be available only in the printed version of The World +Factbook for the foreseeable future. + +Maritime claims: The proximity of neighboring states may prevent some national +claims from being extended the full distance. + +Merchant marine: All ships engaged in the carriage of goods. All commercial +vessels (as opposed to all nonmilitary ships), which excludes tugs, fishing +vessels, offshore oil rigs, etc.; also, a grouping of merchant ships by +nationality or register. + +Captive register--A register of ships maintained by a territory, possession, or +colony primarily or exclusively for the use of ships owned in the parent +country; also referred to as an offshore register, the offshore equivalent of an +internal register. Ships on a captive register will fly the same flag as the +parent country, or a local variant of it, but will be subject to the maritime +laws and taxation rules of the offshore territory. Although the nature of a +captive register makes it especially desirable for ships owned in the parent +country, just as in the internal register, the ships may also be owned abroad. +The captive register then acts as a flag of convenience register, except that it +is not the register of an independent state. + +Flag of convenience register--A national register offering registration to a +merchant ship not owned in the flag state. The major flags of convenience (FOC) +attract ships to their register by virtue of low fees, low or nonexistent +taxation of profits, and liberal manning requirements. True FOC registers are +characterized by having relatively few of the ships registered actually owned in +the flag state. Thus, while virtually any flag can be used for ships under a +given set of circumstances, an FOC register is one where the majority of the +merchant fleet is owned abroad. It is also referred to as an open register. + +Flag state--The nation in which a ship is registered and which holds legal +jurisdiction over operation of the ship, whether at home or abroad. Differences +in flag state maritime legislation determine how a ship is manned and taxed and +whether a foreign-owned ship may be placed on the register. + +Internal register--A register of ships maintained as a subset of a national +register. Ships on the internal register fly the national flag and have that +nationality but are subject to a separate set of maritime rules from those on +the main national register. These differences usually include lower taxation of +profits, manning by foreign nationals, and, usually, ownership outside the flag +state (when it functions as an FOC register). The Norwegian International Ship +Register and Danish International Ship Register are the most notable examples of +an internal register. Both have been instrumental in stemming flight from the +national flag to flags of convenience and in attracting foreignowned ships to +the Norwegian and Danish flags. + +Merchant ship--A vessel that carries goods against payment of freight; commonly +used to denote any nonmilitary ship but accurately restricted to commercial +vessels only. + +Register--The record of a ship's ownership and nationality as listed with the +maritime authorities of a country; also, the compendium of such individual +ships' registrations. Registration of a ship provides it with a nationality and +makes it subject to the laws of the country in which registered (the flag state) +regardless of the nationality of the ship's ultimate owner. + +Money figures: All are expressed in contemporaneous US dollars unless otherwise +indicated. + +National product: The total output of goods and services in a country in a given +year. See Gross domestic product (GDP), Gross national product (GNP), and +GNP/GDP methodology. + +Net migration rate: The balance between the number of persons entering and +leaving a country during the year per 1,000 persons (based on midyear +population). An excess of persons entering the country is referred to as net +immigration (3.56 migrants/1,000 population); an excess of persons leaving the +country as net emigration (-9.26 migrants/1,000 population). + +Population: Figures are estimates from the Bureau of the Census based on +statistics from population censuses, vital registration systems, or sample +surveys pertaining to the recent past, and on assumptions about future trends. + +Total fertility rate: The average number of children that would be born per +woman if all women lived to the end of their childbearing years and bore +children according to a given fertility rate at each age. + +Years: All year references are for the calendar year (CY) unless indicated as +fiscal year (FY). + +*** + +THE WORLD FACTBOOK 1993 + +*Afghanistan, Geography + +Location: + South Asia, between Iran and Pakistan +Map references: + Asia, Middle East, Standard Time Zones of the World +Area: + total area: + 647,500 km2 + land area: + 647,500 km2 + comparative area: + slightly smaller than Texas +Land boundaries: + total 5,529 km, China 76 km, Iran 936 km, Pakistan 2,430 km, Tajikistan + 1,206 km, Turkmenistan 744 km, Uzbekistan 137 km +Coastline: + 0 km (landlocked) +Maritime claims: + none; landlocked +International disputes: + periodic disputes with Iran over Helmand water rights; Iran supports clients + in country, private Pakistani and Saudi sources may also be active; power + struggles among various groups for control of Kabul, regional rivalries + among emerging warlords, traditional tribal disputes continue; support to + Islamic fighters in Tajikistan's civil war; border dispute with Pakistan + (Durand Line) +Climate: + arid to semiarid; cold winters and hot summers +Terrain: + mostly rugged mountains; plains in north and southwest +Natural resources: + natural gas, petroleum, coal, copper, talc, barites, sulphur, lead, zinc, + iron ore, salt, precious and semiprecious stones +Land use: + arable land: + 12% + permanent crops: + 0% + meadows and pastures: + 46% + forest and woodland: + 3% + other: + 39% +Irrigated land: + 26,600 km2 (1989 est.) +Environment: + damaging earthquakes occur in Hindu Kush mountains; soil degradation, + desertification, overgrazing, deforestation, pollution, flooding +Note: + landlocked + +*Afghanistan, People + +Population: + 16,494,145 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 2.45% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 43.83 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 19.33 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 158.9 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 44.41 years + male: + 45.09 years + female: + 43.71 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 6.34 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Afghan(s) + adjective: + Afghan +Ethnic divisions: + Pashtun 38%, Tajik 25%, Uzbek 6%, Hazara 19%, minor ethnic groups (Chahar + Aimaks, Turkmen, Baloch, and others) +Religions: + Sunni Muslim 84%, Shi'a Muslim 15%, other 1% +Languages: + Pashtu 35%, Afghan Persian (Dari) 50%, Turkic languages (primarily Uzbek and + Turkmen) 11%, 30 minor languages (primarily Balochi and Pashai) 4%, much + bilingualism +Literacy: + age 15 and over can read and write (1990) + total population: + 29% + male: + 44% + female: + 14% +Labor force: + 4.98 million + by occupation: + agriculture and animal husbandry 67.8%, industry 10.2%, construction 6.3%, + commerce 5.0%, services and other 10.7% (1980 est.) + +*Afghanistan, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Islamic State of Afghanistan + conventional short form: + Afghanistan + former: + Republic of Afghanistan +Digraph: + AF +Type: + transitional government +Capital: + Kabul +Administrative divisions: + 30 provinces (velayat, singular - velayat); Badakhshan, Badghis, Baghlan, + Balkh, Bamian, Farah, Faryab, Ghazni, Ghowr, Helmand, Herat, Jowzjan, Kabol, + Kandahar, Kapisa, Konar, Kondoz, Laghman, Lowgar, Nangarhar, Nimruz, + Oruzgan, Paktia, Paktika, Parvan, Samangan, Sar-e Pol, Takhar, Vardak, Zabol + note: + there may be a new province of Nurestan (Nuristan) +Independence: + 19 August 1919 (from UK) +Constitution: + the old Communist-era constitution has been suspended; a new Islamic + constitution has yet to be ratified +Legal system: + a new legal system has not been adopted but the transitional government has + declared it will follow Islamic law (Shari'a) +National holiday: + Victory of the Muslim Nation, 28 April; Remembrance Day for Martyrs and + Disabled, 4 May; Independence Day, 19 August +Political parties and leaders: + current political organizations include Jamiat-i-Islami (Islamic Society), + Burhanuddin RABBANI, Ahmad Shah MASOOD; Hizbi Islami-Gulbuddin (Islamic + Party), Gulbuddin HIKMATYAR faction; Hizbi Islami-Khalis (Islamic Party) + Yunis KHALIS faction; Ittihad-i-Islami Barai Azadi Afghanistan (Islamic + Union for the Liberation of Afghanistan), Abdul Rasul SAYYAF; + Harakat-Inqilab-i-Islami (Islamic Revolutionary Movement), Mohammad Nabi + MOHAMMADI; Jabha-i-Najat-i-Milli Afghanistan (Afghanistan National + Liberation Front), Sibghatullah MOJADDEDI; Mahaz-i-Milli-Islami (National + Islamic Front), Sayed Ahamad GAILANI; Hizbi Wahdat (Islamic Unity Party), + Abdul Ali MAZARI; Harakat-i-Islami (Islamic Movement), Mohammed Asif + MOHSENI; a new northern organization consisting of resistance and former + regional figures is Jonbesh-i-Milli Islami (National Islamic Movement), + Rashid DOSTUM + note: + the former ruling Watan Party has been disbanded +Other political or pressure groups: + the former resistance commanders are the major power brokers in the + countryside; shuras (councils) of commanders are now administering most + cities outside Kabul; ulema (religious scholars); tribal elders +Suffrage: + undetermined; previously universal, male ages 15-50 +Elections: + President: last held NA December 1992 (next to be held NA December 1994); results - + Burhanuddin RABBANI was elected to a two-year term by a national shura + +*Afghanistan, Government + +Executive branch: + president, prime minister; Afghan leaders are still in the process of + choosing a cabinet (May 1993) +Legislative branch: + a unicameral parliament consisting of 205 members was chosen by the shura in + January 1993; non-functioning as of June 1993 +Judicial branch: + an interim Chief Justice of the Supreme Court has been appointed, but a new + court system has not yet been organized +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Burhanuddin RABBANI (since 2 January 1993); First Vice President + Mohammad NABI Mohammadi (since NA); First Vice President Mohammad SHAH Fazli + (since NA) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister-designate Gulbaddin HIKMATYAR (since NA); Deputy Prime + Minister Sulayman GAILANI (since NA); Deputy Prime Minister Din MOHAMMAD + (since NA); Deputy Prime Minister Ahmad SHAH Ahmadzai (since NA) +Member of: + AsDB (has previously been a member of), CP, ECO, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IAEA, + IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, + OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation in US: + chief of mission: + (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Abdul RAHIM + chancery: + 2341 Wyoming Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 + telephone: + (202) 234-3770 or 3771 +US diplomatic representation: + chief of mission: + (vacant) + embassy: + Ansari Wat, Wazir Akbar Khan Mina, Kabul + mailing address: + use embassy street address + telephone: + 62230 through 62235 or 62436 + note: + US Embassy in Kabul was closed in January 1989 +Flag: + a new flag of unknown description reportedly has been adopted; previous flag + consisted of three equal horizontal bands of black (top), red, and green, + with the national coat of arms superimposed on the hoist side of the black + and red bands; similar to the flag of Malawi, which is shorter and bears a + radiant, rising red sun centered in the black band + +*Afghanistan, Economy + +Overview: + Fundamentally, Afghanistan is an extremely poor, landlocked country, highly + dependent on farming (wheat especially) and livestock raising (sheep and + goats). Economic considerations have played second fiddle to political and + military upheavals during more than 13 years of war, including the nearly + 10-year Soviet military occupation (which ended 15 February 1989). Over the + past decade, one-third of the population fled the country, with Pakistan + sheltering more than 3 million refugees and Iran about 1.3 million. Another + 1 million probably moved into and around urban areas within Afghanistan. + Although reliable data are unavailable, gross domestic product is lower than + 12 years ago because of the loss of labor and capital and the disruption of + trade and transport. +National product: + GDP - exchange rate conversion - $3 billion (1989 est.) +National product real growth rate: + NA% +National product per capita: + $200 (1989 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + over 90% (1991 est.) +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA +Exports: + $236 million (f.o.b., FY91 est.) + commodities: + natural gas 55%, fruits and nuts 24%, handwoven carpets, wool, cotton, + hides, and pelts + partners: + former USSR, Pakistan +Imports: + $874 million (c.i.f., FY91 est.) + commodities: + food and petroleum products + partners: + former USSR, Pakistan +External debt: + $2.3 billion (March 1991 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 2.3% (FY91 est.); accounts for about 25% of GDP +Electricity: + 480,000 kW capacity; 1,000 million kWh produced, 60 kWh per capita (1992) +Industries: + small-scale production of textiles, soap, furniture, shoes, fertilizer, and + cement; handwoven carpets; natural gas, oil, coal, copper +Agriculture: + largely subsistence farming and nomadic animal husbandry; cash products - + wheat, fruits, nuts, karakul pelts, wool, mutton +Illicit drugs: + an illicit producer of opium poppy and cannabis for the international drug + trade; world's second-largest opium producer (after Burma) and a major + source of hashish +Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $380 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $510 million; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $57 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $4.1 + billion; net official Western disbursements (1985-89), $270 million + +*Afghanistan, Economy + +Currency: + 1 afghani (AF) = 100 puls +Exchange rates: + afghanis (Af) per US$1 - 1,019 (March 1993), 900 (November 1991), 850 + (1991), 700 (1989-90), 220 (1988-89); note - these rates reflect the free + market exchange rates rather than the official exchange rates +Fiscal year: + 21 March - 20 March + +*Afghanistan, Communications + +Railroads: + 9.6 km (single track) 1.524-meter gauge from Kushka (Turkmenistan) to + Towraghondi and 15.0 km from Termez (Uzbekistan) to Kheyrabad transshipment + point on south bank of Amu Darya +Highways: + 21,000 km total (1984); 2,800 km hard surface, 1,650 km bituminous-treated + gravel and improved earth, 16,550 km unimproved earth and tracks +Inland waterways: + total navigability 1,200 km; chiefly Amu Darya, which handles vessels up to + about 500 metric tons +Pipelines: + petroleum products - Uzbekistan to Bagram and Turkmenistan to Shindand; + natural gas 180 km +Ports: + Shir Khan and Kheyrabad (river ports) +Airports: + total: + 41 + usable: + 36 + with permanent-surface runways: + 9 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 11 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 16 +Telecommunications: + limited telephone, telegraph, and radiobroadcast services; television + introduced in 1980; 31,200 telephones; broadcast stations - 5 AM, no FM, 1 + TV; 1 satellite earth station + +*Afghanistan, Defense Forces + +Branches: + the military still does not yet exist on a national scale; some elements of + the former Army, Air and Air Defense Forces, National Guard, Border Guard + Forces, National Police Force (Sarandoi), and tribal militias remain intact +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 4,094,481; fit for military service 2,196,136; reach + military age (22) annually 153,333 (1993 est.) +Defense expenditures: + the new government has not yet adopted a defense budget + +*Albania, Geography + +Location: + Southeastern Europe, on the Balkan Peninsula between Serbia and Montenegro + and Greece +Map references: + Africa, Ethnic Groups in Eastern Europe, Europe, Standard Time Zones of the + World +Area: + total area: + 28,750 km2 + land area: + 27,400 km2 + comparative area: + slightly larger than Maryland +Land boundaries: + total 720 km, Greece 282 km, Macedonia 151 km, Serbia and Montenegro 287 km + (114 km with Serbia, 173 km with Montenegro) +Coastline: + 362 km +Maritime claims: + continental shelf: + not specified + territorial sea: + 12 nm +International disputes: + Kosovo question with Serbia and Montenegro; Northern Epirus question with + Greece +Climate: + mild temperate; cool, cloudy, wet winters; hot, clear, dry summers; interior + is cooler and wetter +Terrain: + mostly mountains and hills; small plains along coast +Natural resources: + petroleum, natural gas, coal, chromium, copper, timber, nickel +Land use: + arable land: + 21% + permanent crops: + 4% + meadows and pastures: 15% + forest and woodland: + 38% + other: + 22% +Irrigated land: + 4,230 km2 (1989) +Environment: + subject to destructive earthquakes; tsunami occur along southwestern coast +Note: + strategic location along Strait of Otranto (links Adriatic Sea to Ionian Sea + and Mediterranean Sea) + +*Albania, People + +Population: + 3,333,839 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 1.21% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 23.24 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 5.45 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + -5.67 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 31.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 73 years + male: + 70.01 years + female: + 76.21 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 2.85 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Albanian(s) + adjective: + Albanian +Ethnic divisions: + Albanian 90%, Greeks 8%, other 2% (Vlachs, Gypsies, Serbs, and Bulgarians) + (1989 est.) +Religions: + Muslim 70%, Greek Orthodox 20%, Roman Catholic 10% + note: + all mosques and churches were closed in 1967 and religious observances + prohibited; in November 1990, Albania began allowing private religious + practice +Languages: + Albanian (Tosk is the official dialect), Greek +Literacy: + age 9 and over can read and write (1955) + total population: + 72% + male: + 80% + female: + 63% +Labor force: + 1.5 million (1987) + by occupation: + agriculture 60%, industry and commerce 40% (1986) + +*Albania, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Republic of Albania + conventional short form: + Albania + local long form: + Republika e Shqiperise + local short form: + Shqiperia + former: + People's Socialist Republic of Albania +Digraph: + AL +Type: + nascent democracy +Capital: + Tirane +Administrative divisions: + 26 districts (rrethe, singular - rreth); Berat, Dibre, Durres, Elbasan, + Fier, Gjirokaster, Gramsh, Kolonje, Korce, Kruje, Kukes, Lezhe, Librazhd, + Lushnje, Mat, Mirdite, Permet, Pogradec, Puke, Sarande, Shkoder, Skrapar, + Tepelene, Tirane, Tropoje, Vlore +Independence: + 28 November 1912 (from Ottoman Empire) +Constitution: + an interim basic law was approved by the People's Assembly on 29 April 1991; + a new constitution was to be drafted for adoption in 1992, but is still in + process +Legal system: + has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + Liberation Day, 29 November (1944) +Political parties and leaders: + there are at least 18 political parties; most prominent are the Albanian + Socialist Party (ASP; formerly the Albania Workers Party), Fatos NANO, first + secretary; Democratic Party (DP), Eduard SELAMI, chairman; Albanian + Republican Party (RP), Sabri GODO; Omonia (Greek minority party), leader NA + (ran in 1992 election as Unity for Human Rights Party (UHP)); Social + Democratic Party (SDP), Skender GJINUSHI; Democratic Alliance Party (DAP), + Spartak NGJELA, chairman +Suffrage: + 18 years of age, universal and compulsory +Elections: + People's Assembly: + last held 22 March 1992; results - DP 62.29%, ASP 25.57%, SDP 4.33%, RP + 3.15%, UHP 2.92%, other 1.74%; seats - (140 total) DP 92, ASP 38, SDP 7, RP + 1, UHP 2 +Executive branch: + president, prime minister of the Council of Ministers, two deputy prime + ministers of the Council of Ministers +Legislative branch: + unicameral People's Assembly (Kuvendi Popullor) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President of the Republic Sali BERISHA (since 9 April 1992) + +*Albania, Government + + Head of Government: + Prime Minister of the Council of Ministers Aleksander Gabriel MEKSI (since + 10 April 1992) +Member of: + BSEC, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IMF, INTERPOL, + IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, LORCS, NACC, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, + UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO +Diplomatic representation in US: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Roland BIMO + chancery: + 1511 K Street, NW, Washington, DC + telephone: + (202) 223-4942 + FAX: + (202) 223-4950 +US diplomatic representation: + chief of mission: + Ambassador William E. RYERSON + embassy: + Rruga Labinoti 103, room 2921, Tirane + mailing address: + PSC 59, Box 100 (A), APO AE 09624 + telephone: + 355-42-32875, 33520 + FAX: + 355-42-32222 +Flag: + red with a black two-headed eagle in the center + +*Albania, Economy + +Overview: + The Albanian economy, already providing the lowest standard of living in + Europe, contracted sharply in 1991, with most industries producing at only a + fraction of past levels and an unemployment rate estimated at 40%. For over + 40 years, the Stalinist-type economy operated on the principle of central + planning and state ownership of the means of production. Fitful economic + reforms begun during 1991, including the liberalization of prices and trade, + the privatization of shops and transport, and land reform, were crippled by + widespread civil disorder. Following its overwhelming victory in the 22 + March 1992 elections, the new Democratic government announced a program of + shock therapy to stabilize the economy and establish a market economy. In an + effort to expand international ties, Tirane has reestablished diplomatic + relations with the major republics of the former Soviet Union and the US and + has joined the IMF and the World Bank. The Albanians have also passed + legislation allowing foreign investment, but not foreign ownership of real + estate. Albania possesses considerable mineral resources and, until 1990, + was largely self-sufficient in food; however, the breakup of cooperative + farms in 1991 and general economic decline forced Albania to rely on foreign + aid to maintain adequate supplies. In 1992 the government tightened + budgetary contols leading to another drop in domestic output. The + agricultural sector is steadily gaining from the privatization process. Low + domestic output is supplemented by remittances from the 200,000 Albanians + working abroad. +National product: + GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $2.5 billion (1992 est.) +National product real growth rate: + -10% (1992 est.) +National product per capita: + $760 (1992 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 210% (1992 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 40% (1992 est.) +Budget: + revenues $1.1 billion; expenditures $1.4 billion, including capital + expenditures of $70 million (1991 est.) +Exports: + $45 million (f.o.b., 1992 est.) + commodities: + asphalt, metals and metallic ores, electricity, crude oil, vegetables, + fruits, tobacco + partners: + Italy, Macedonia, Germany, Greece, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Romania, + Bulgaria, Hungary +Imports: + $120 million (f.o.b., 1992 est.) + commodities: + machinery, consumer goods, grains + partners: + Italy, Macedonia, Germany, Czechoslovakia, Romania, Poland, Hungary, + Bulgaria, Greece +External debt: + $500 million (1992 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate -55% (1991 est.) +Electricity: 1,690,000 kW capacity; 5,000 million kWh produced, 1,520 kWh per capita + (1992) + +*Albania, Economy + +Industries: + food processing, textiles and clothing, lumber, oil, cement, chemicals, + mining, basic metals, hydropower +Agriculture: + arable land per capita among lowest in Europe; over 60% of arable land now + in private hands; one-half of work force engaged in farming; wide range of + temperate-zone crops and livestock +Illicit drugs: + transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin transiting the Balkan route +Economic aid: + recipient - $190 million humanitarian aid, $94 million in + loans/guarantees/credits +Currency: + 1 lek (L) = 100 qintars +Exchange rates: + leke (L) per US$1 - 97 (January 1993), 50 (January 1992), 25 (September + 1991) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +*Albania, Communications + +Railroads: + 543 km total; 509 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, single track and 34 km + narrow gauge, single track (1990); line connecting Titograd (Serbia and + Montenegro) and Shkoder (Albania) completed August 1986 +Highways: + 16,700 km total; 6,700 km highways, 10,000 km forest and agricultural cart + roads (1990) +Inland waterways: + 43 km plus Albanian sections of Lake Scutari, Lake Ohrid, and Lake Prespa + (1990) +Pipelines: + crude oil 145 km; petroleum products 55 km; natural gas 64 km (1991) +Ports: + Durres, Sarande, Vlore +Merchant marine: + 11 cargo ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 52,967 GRT/76,887 DWT +Airports: + total: + 12 + usable: + 10 + with permanent-surface runways: + 3 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 6 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 4 +Telecommunications: + inadequate service; 15,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 13 AM, 1 TV; + 514,000 radios, 255,000 TVs (1987 est.) + +*Albania, Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy, Air and Air Defense Forces, Interior Ministry Troops +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 896,613; fit for military service 739,359; reach military + age (19) annually 32,740 (1993 est.) +Defense expenditures: + 215 million leke, NA% of GNP (1993 est.); note - conversion of defense + expenditures into US dollars using the current exchange rate could produce + misleading results + +*Algeria, Geography + +Location: + Northern Africa, along the Mediterranean Sea, between Morocco and Tunisia +Map references: + Africa, Europe +Area: + total area: + 2,381,740 km2 + land area: + 2,381,740 km2 + comparative area: + slightly less than 3.5 times the size of Texas +Land boundaries: + total 6,343 km, Libya 982 km, Mali 1,376 km, Mauritania 463 km, Morocco + 1,559 km, Niger 956 km, Tunisia 965 km, Western Sahara 42 km +Coastline: + 998 km +Maritime claims: + territorial sea: + 12 nm +International disputes: + Libya claims part of southeastern Algeria; land boundary disputes with + Tunisia under discussion +Climate: + arid to semiarid; mild, wet winters with hot, dry summers along coast; drier + with cold winters and hot summers on high plateau; sirocco is a hot, + dust/sand-laden wind especially common in summer +Terrain: + mostly high plateau and desert; some mountains; narrow, discontinuous + coastal plain +Natural resources: petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, phosphates, uranium, lead, zinc +Land use: + arable land: + 3% + permanent crops: + 0% + meadows and pastures: + 13% + forest and woodland: + 2% + other: + 82% +Irrigated land: + 3,360 km2 (1989 est.) +Environment: + mountainous areas subject to severe earthquakes; desertification +Note: + second-largest country in Africa (after Sudan) + +*Algeria, People + +Population: + 27,256,252 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 2.34% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 30.38 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 6.41 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + -0.53 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 54 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 67.35 years + male: + 66.32 years + female: + 68.41 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 3.96 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Algerian(s) + adjective: + Algerian +Ethnic divisions: + Arab-Berber 99%, European less than 1% +Religions: + Sunni Muslim (state religion) 99%, Christian and Jewish 1% +Languages: + Arabic (official), French, Berber dialects +Literacy: + age 15 and over can read and write (1990) + total population: 57% + male: + 70% + female: + 46% +Labor force: + 6.2 million (1992 est.) + by occupation: + government 29.5%, agriculture 22%, construction and public works 16.2%, + industry 13.6%, commerce and services 13.5%, transportation and + communication 5.2% (1989) + +*Algeria, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Democratic and Popular Republic of Algeria + conventional short form: + Algeria + local long form: + Al Jumhuriyah al Jaza'iriyah ad Dimuqratiyah ash Shabiyah + local short form: + Al Jaza'ir +Digraph: + AG +Type: + republic +Capital: + Algiers +Administrative divisions: + 48 provinces (wilayast, singular - wilaya); Adrar, Ain Defla, Ain + Temouchent, Alger, Annaba, Batna, Bechar, Bejaia, Biskra, Blida, Bordj Bou + Arreridj, Bouira, Boumerdes, Chlef, Constantine, Djelfa, El Bayadh, El Oued, + El Tarf, Ghardaia, Guelma, Illizi, Jijel, Khenchela, Laghouat, Mascara, + Medea, Mila, Mostaganem, M'Sila, Naama, Oran, Ouargla, Oum el Bouaghi, + Relizane, Saida, Setif, Sidi Bel Abbes, Skikda, Souk Ahras, Tamanghasset, + Tebessa, Tiaret, Tindouf, Tipaza, Tissemsilt, Tizi Ouzou, Tlemcen +Independence: + 5 July 1962 (from France) +Constitution: + 19 November 1976, effective 22 November 1976; revised February 1989 +Legal system: + socialist, based on French and Islamic law; judicial review of legislative + acts in ad hoc Constitutional Council composed of various public officials, + including several Supreme Court justices; has not accepted compulsory ICJ + jurisdiction +National holiday: + Anniversary of the Revolution, 1 November (1954) +Political parties and leaders: + Islamic Salvation Front (FIS), Ali BELHADJ, Dr. Abassi MADANI, Abdelkader + HACHANI (all under arrest), Rabeh KEBIR; National Liberation Front (FLN), + Abdelhamid MEHRI, Secretary General; Socialist Forces Front (FFS), Hocine + Ait AHMED, Secretary General + note: the government established a multiparty system in September 1989 and, as of + 31 December 1990, over 30 legal parties existed +Suffrage: + 18 years of age; universal +Elections: + National People's Assembly: + first round held on 26 December 1991 (second round canceled by the military + after President BENDJEDID resigned 11 January 1992); results - percent of + vote by party NA; seats - (281 total); the fundamentalist FIS won 188 of the + 231 seats contested in the first round; note - elections (municipal and + wilaya) were held in June 1990, the first in Algerian history; results - FIS + 55%, FLN 27.5%, other 17.5%, with 65% of the voters participating + President of the High State Committee: + next election to be held December 1993 +Executive branch: + President of the High State Committee, prime minister, Council of Ministers + (cabinet) +Legislative branch: + unicameral National People's Assembly (Al-Majlis Ech-Chaabi Al-Watani) + +*Algeria, Government + +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court (Cour Supreme) +Leaders: + Chief of State: + High State Committee President Ali KAFI (since 2 July 1992) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Belaid ABDESSELAM (since 8 July 1992) +Member of: + ABEDA, AfDB, AFESD, AL, AMF, AMU, CCC, ECA, FAO, G-15, G-19, G-24, G-77, + IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, + INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAPEC, OAS (observer), OAU, OIC, OPEC, + UN, UNAVEM II, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNTAC, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, + WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation in US: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Mohamed ZARHOUNI + chancery: + 2118 Kalorama Road NW, Washington, DC 20008 + telephone: + (202) 265-2800 +US diplomatic representation: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Mary Ann CASEY + embassy: + 4 Chemin Cheikh Bachir El-Ibrahimi, Algiers + mailing address: + B. P. Box 549, Alger-Gare, 16000 Algiers + telephone: + [213] (2) 601-425 or 255, 186 + FAX: + [213] (2) 603979 + consulate: Oran +Flag: + two equal vertical bands of green (hoist side) and white with a red + five-pointed star within a red crescent; the crescent, star, and color green + are traditional symbols of Islam (the state religion) + +*Algeria, Economy + +Overview: + The oil and natural gas sector forms the backbone of the economy, + hydrocarbons accounting for nearly all export receipts, about 30% of + government revenues, and nearly 25% of GDP. In 1973-74 the sharp increase in + oil prices led to a booming economy and helped to finance an ambitious + program of industrialization. Plunging oil and gas prices, combined with the + mismanagement of Algeria's highly centralized economy, has brought the + nation to its most serious social and economic crisis since full + independence in 1988. The current government has put reform, including + privatization of some public sector companies and an overhaul of the banking + and financial system, on hold, but has continued efforts to admit private + enterprise to the hydrocarbon industry. +National product: + GDP - exchange rate conversion - $42 billion (1992 est.) +National product real growth rate: + 2.8% (1992 est.) +National product per capita: + $1,570 (1992 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 55% (1992 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 35% (1992 est.) +Budget: + revenues $14.4 billion; expenditures $14.6 billion, including capital + expenditures of $3.5 billion (1992 est.) +Exports: + $11.6 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.) + commodities: + petroleum and natural gas 97% + partners: + Italy, France, US, Germany, Spain +Imports: + $8.2 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.) + commodities: + capital goods 39.7%, food and beverages 21.7%, consumer goods 11.8% (1990) + partners: + France, Italy, Germany, US, Spain +External debt: + $26 billion (1992 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate NA% +Electricity: + 6,380,000 kW capacity; 16,834 million kWh produced, 630 kWh per capita + (1992) +Industries: + petroleum, light industries, natural gas, mining, electrical, petrochemical, + food processing +Agriculture: + accounts for 10.8% of GDP (1991) and employs 22% of labor force; products- + wheat, barley, oats, grapes, olives, citrus, fruits, sheep, cattle; net + importer of food - grain, vegetable oil, sugar +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-85), $1.4 billion; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $925 million; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $1.8 billion; Communist countries (1970-89), $2.7 + billion; net official disbursements (1985-89), -$375 million +Currency: + 1 Algerian dinar (DA) = 100 centimes + +*Algeria, Economy + +Exchange rates: + Algerian dinars (DA) per US$1 - 22.787 (January 1993), 21.836 (1992), 18.473 + (1991), 8.958 (1990), 7.6086 (1989), 5.9148 (1988) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +*Algeria, Communications + +Railroads: + 4,060 km total; 2,616 km standard gauge (1.435 m), 1,188 km 1.055-meter + gauge, 256 km 1.000-meter gauge; 300 km electrified; 215 km double track +Highways: + 90,031 km total; 58,868 km concrete or bituminous, 31,163 km gravel, crushed + stone, unimproved earth (1990) +Pipelines: + crude oil 6,612 km; petroleum products 298 km; natural gas 2,948 km +Ports: + Algiers, Annaba, Arzew, Bejaia, Djendjene, Ghazaouet, Jijel, Mers el Kebir, + Mostaganem, Oran, Skikda +Merchant marine: + 75 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 903,179 GRT/1,064,211 DWT; includes 5 + short-sea passenger, 27 cargo, 12 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 5 oil tanker, 9 + liquefied gas, 7 chemical tanker, 9 bulk, 1 specialized tanker +Airports: + total: + 141 + usable: + 124 + with permanent-surface runways: + 53 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 2 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 32 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 65 +Telecommunications: excellent domestic and international service in the north, sparse in the + south; 822,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 26 AM, no FM, 18 TV; + 1,600,000 TV sets; 5,200,000 radios; 5 submarine cables; microwave radio + relay to Italy, France, Spain, Morocco, and Tunisia; coaxial cable to + Morocco and Tunisia; satellite earth stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 1 + Indian Ocean INTELSAT, 1 Intersputnik, l ARABSAT, and 12 domestic; 20 + additional satellite earth stations are planned + +*Algeria, Defense Forces + +Branches: + National Popular Army, Navy, Air Force, Territorial Air Defense +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 6,610,342; fit for military service 4,063,261; reach + military age (19) annually 291,685 (1993 est.) +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $1.36 billion, 2.5% of GDP (1993 est.) + +*American Samoa, Header + +Affiliation: + (territory of the US) + +*American Samoa, Geography + +Location: + in the South Pacific Ocean, 3,700 km south-southwest of Honolulu, about + halfway between Hawaii and New Zealand +Map references: + Oceania +Area: + total area: + 199 km2 + land area: + 199 km2 + comparative area: + slightly larger than Washington, DC + note: + includes Rose Island and Swains Island +Land boundaries: + 0 km +Coastline: + 116 km +Maritime claims: + contiguous zone: + 24 nm + continental shelf: + 200 m or depth of exploitation + exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + territorial sea: + 12 nm +International disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical marine, moderated by southeast trade winds; annual rainfall + averages 124 inches; rainy season from November to April, dry season from + May to October; little seasonal temperature variation +Terrain: + five volcanic islands with rugged peaks and limited coastal plains, two + coral atolls (Rose Island, Swains Island) +Natural resources: + pumice, pumicite +Land use: + arable land: + 10% + permanent crops: + 5% + meadows and pastures: + 0% + forest and woodland: + 75% + other: + 10% +Irrigated land: + NA km2 +Environment: + typhoons common from December to March +Note: + Pago Pago has one of the best natural deepwater harbors in the South Pacific + Ocean, sheltered by shape from rough seas and protected by peripheral + mountains from high winds; strategic location in the South Pacific Ocean + +*American Samoa, People + +Population: + 53,139 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 3.9% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 37 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 4 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + 6 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 19 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 73 years + male: + 71 years + female: + 75 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 4.41 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + American Samoan(s) + adjective: + American Samoan +Ethnic divisions: + Samoan (Polynesian) 89%, Caucasian 2%, Tongan 4%, other 5% +Religions: + Christian Congregationalist 50%, Roman Catholic 20%, Protestant + denominations and other 30% +Languages: + Samoan (closely related to Hawaiian and other Polynesian languages), + English; most people are bilingual +Literacy: + age 15 and over can read and write (1980) + total population: + 97% + male: + 97% + female: + 97% +Labor force: + 14,400 (1990) + by occupation: + government 33%, tuna canneries 34%, other 33% (1990) + +*American Samoa, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Territory of American Samoa + conventional short form: + American Samoa +Abbreviation: + AS +Digraph: + AQ +Type: + unincorporated and unorganized territory of the US; administered by the US + Department of Interior, Office of Territorial and International Affairs +Capital: + Pago Pago +Administrative divisions: + none (territory of the US) +Independence: + none (territory of the US) +Constitution: + ratified 1966, in effect 1967 +Legal system: + NA +National holiday: + Territorial Flag Day, 17 April (1900) +Political parties and leaders: + NA +Suffrage: + 18 years of age; universal +Elections: + Governor: + last held 3 November 1992 (next to be held NA November 1996); results - A. + P. LUTALI was elected (percent of vote NA) + House of Representatives: + last held 3 November 1992 (next to be held NA November 1994); results - + representatives popularly elected from 17 house districts; seats - (21 + total, 20 elected, and 1 nonvoting delegate from Swains Island) + Senate: + last held 3 November 1992 (next to be held NA November 1996); results - + senators elected by village chiefs from 12 senate districts; seats - (18 + total) number of seats by party NA + US House of Representatives: + last held 3 November 1992 (next to be held NA November 1994); results - Eni + R. F. H. FALEOMAVAEGA reelected as delegate +Executive branch: + popularly elected governor and lieutenant governor +Legislative branch: + bicameral Legislative Assembly (Fono) consists of an upper house or Senate + (appointed by county village chiefs) and a lower house or House of + Representatives (elected) +Judicial branch: + High Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President William Jefferson CLINTON (since 20 January 1993); Vice President + Albert GORE, Jr. (since 20 January 1993) + Head of Government: + Governor A. P. LUTALI (since 3 January 1993); Lieutenant Governor Tauese P. + SUNIA (since 3 January 1993) + +*American Samoa, Government + +Member of: + ESCAP (associate), INTERPOL (subbureau), IOC, SPC +Diplomatic representation in US: + none (territory of the US) +Flag: + blue with a white triangle edged in red that is based on the fly side and + extends to the hoist side; a brown and white American bald eagle flying + toward the hoist side is carrying two traditional Samoan symbols of + authority, a staff and a war club + +*American Samoa, Economy + +Overview: + Economic activity is strongly linked to the US, with which American Samoa + does 80-90% of its foreign trade. Tuna fishing and tuna processing plants + are the backbone of the private sector, with canned tuna the primary export. + The tuna canneries and the government are by far the two largest employers. + Other economic activities include a slowly developing tourist industry. + Transfers from the US government add substantially to American Samoa's + economic well-being. +National product: + GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $128 million (1991) +National product real growth rate: + NA% +National product per capita: + $2,600 (1991) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 7% (1990) +Unemployment rate: + 12% (1991) +Budget: + revenues $97,000,000 (includes $43,000,000 in local revenue and $54,000,000 + in grant revenue); including capital expenditures of $NA (FY91) +Exports: + $306 million (f.o.b., 1989) + commodities: + canned tuna 93% + partners: + US 99.6% +Imports: + $360.3 million (c.i.f., 1989) + commodities: + materials for canneries 56%, food 8%, petroleum products 7%, machinery and + parts 6% + partners: + US 62%, Japan 9%, NZ 7%, Australia 11%, Fiji 4%, other 7% +External debt: + $NA +Industrial production: + growth rate NA% +Electricity: + 42,000 kW capacity; 100 million kWh produced, 2,020 kWh per capita (1990) +Industries: + tuna canneries (largely dependent on foreign fishing vessels), meat canning, + handicrafts +Agriculture: + bananas, coconuts, vegetables, taro, breadfruit, yams, copra, pineapples, + papayas, dairy farming +Economic aid: + $21,042,650 in operational funds and $1,227,000 in construction funds for + capital improvement projects from the US Department of Interior (1991) +Currency: + US currency is used +Fiscal year: + 1 October - 30 September + +*American Samoa, Communications + +Railroads: none +Highways: + 350 km total; 150 km paved, 200 km unpaved +Ports: + Pago Pago, Ta'u, Ofu, Auasi, Aanu'u (new construction), Faleosao +Airports: + total: + 3 + usable: + 3 + with permanent-surface runways: + 3 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 2,440 to 3,659 m : + 1 (international airport at Tafuna) + with runways 1,200 to 2,439 m: + 0 + note: + small airstrips on Fituita and Ofu +Telecommunications: + 8,399 telephones; broadcast stations - 1 AM, 1 FM, 1 TV; good telex, + telegraph, and facsimile services; 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth station, 1 + COMSAT earth station + +*American Samoa, Defense Forces + +Note: + defense is the responsibility of the US + +*Andorra, Geography + +Location: + Western Europe, between France and Spain +Map references: + Europe, Standard Time Zones of the World +Area: + total area: + 450 km2 + land area: + 450 km2 + comparative area: + slightly more than 2.5 times the size of Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + total 125 km, France 60 km, Spain 65 km +Coastline: + 0 km (landlocked) +Maritime claims: + none; landlocked +International disputes: + none +Climate: temperate; snowy, cold winters and cool, dry summers +Terrain: + rugged mountains dissected by narrow valleys +Natural resources: + hydropower, mineral water, timber, iron ore, lead +Land use: + arable land: + 2% + permanent crops: + 0% + meadows and pastures: + 56% + forest and woodland: + 22% + other: + 20% +Irrigated land: + NA km2 +Environment: + deforestation, overgrazing +Note: + landlocked + +*Andorra, People + +Population: + 61,962 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 3.27% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 13.78 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 6.99 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + 25.92 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 8.1 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 78.22 years + male: + 75.35 years + female: + 81.34 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 1.73 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Andorran(s) + adjective: + Andorran +Ethnic divisions: + Spanish 61%, Andorran 30%, French 6%, other 3% +Religions: Roman Catholic (predominant) +Languages: + Catalan (official), French, Castilian +Literacy: + total population: + NA% + male: + NA% + female: + NA% +Labor force: + NA + +*Andorra, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Principality of Andorra + conventional short form: + Andorra + local long form: + Principat d'Andorra + local short form: + Andorra +Digraph: + AN +Type: + parliamentary coprincipality under formal sovereignty of president of France + and Spanish bishop of Seo de Urgel, who are represented locally by officials + called veguers; to be changed to a parliamentary form of government +Capital: + Andorra la Vella +Administrative divisions: + 7 parishes (parroquies, singular - parroquia); Andorra, Canillo, Encamp, La + Massana, Les Escaldes, Ordino, Sant Julia de Loria +Independence: + 1278 +Constitution: + Andorra's first written constitution was drafted in 1991; adopted 14 March + 1993; to take effect within 15 days +Legal system: + based on French and Spanish civil codes; no judicial review of legislative + acts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + Mare de Deu de Meritxell, 8 September +Political parties and leaders: + political parties not yet legally recognized; traditionally no political + parties but partisans for particular independent candidates for the General + Council on the basis of competence, personality, and orientation toward + Spain or France; various small pressure groups developed in 1972; first + formal political party, Andorran Democratic Association, was formed in 1976 + and reorganized in 1979 as Andorran Democratic Party +Suffrage: + 18 years of age, universal +Elections: + General Council of the Valleys: + last held 12 April 1992 (next to be held April 1996); results - percent of + vote by party NA; seats - (28 total) number of seats by party NA +Executive branch: + two co-princes (president of France, bishop of Seo de Urgel in Spain), two + designated representatives (French veguer, Episcopal veguer), two permanent + delegates (French prefect for the department of Pyrenees-Orientales, Spanish + vicar general for the Seo de Urgel diocese), president of government, + Executive Council +Legislative branch: + unicameral General Council of the Valleys (Consell General de las Valls) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court of Andorra at Perpignan (France) for civil cases, the + Ecclesiastical Court of the bishop of Seo de Urgel (Spain) for civil cases, + Tribunal of the Courts (Tribunal des Cortes) for criminal cases + +*Andorra, Government + +Leaders: + Chiefs of State: + French Co-Prince Francois MITTERRAND (since 21 May 1981), represented by + Veguer de Franca Jean Pierre COURTOIS (since NA); Spanish Episcopal + Co-Prince Mgr. Juan MARTI Alanis (since 31 January 1971), represented by + Veguer Episcopal Francesc BADIA Bata + Head of Government: + Executive Council President Oscar RIBAS Reig (since 10 Decmber 1989) +Member of: + INTERPOL, IOC +Diplomatic representation in US: + Andorra has no mission in the US +US diplomatic representation: + Andorra is included within the Barcelona (Spain) Consular District, and the + US Consul General visits Andorra periodically +Flag: + three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, and red with the + national coat of arms centered in the yellow band; the coat of arms features + a quartered shield; similar to the flags of Chad and Romania that do not + have a national coat of arms in the center + +*Andorra, Economy + +Overview: + The mainstay of Andorra's economy is tourism. An estimated 13 million + tourists visit annually, attracted by Andorra's duty-free status and by its + summer and winter resorts. The banking sector, with its "tax haven" status, + also contributes significantly to the economy. Agricultural production is + limited by a scarcity of arable land, and most food has to be imported. The + principal livestock activity is sheep raising. Manufacturing consists mainly + of cigarettes, cigars, and furniture. Although it is a member of the EC + customs union, it is unclear what effect the European Single Market will + have on the advantages Andorra obtains from its duty-free status. +National product: + GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $760 million (1992 est.) +National product real growth rate: + NA% (1992 est.) +National product per capita: + $14,000 (1992 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + NA% +Unemployment rate: + 0% +Budget: + revenues $119.4 million; expenditures $190 million, including capital + expenditures of $NA (1990) +Exports: + $23 million (f.o.b., 1989) + commodities: + electricity, tobacco products, furniture + partners: + France, Spain +Imports: + $888.7 million (f.o.b., 1989) + commodities: + consumer goods, food + partners: + France, Spain +External debt: + $NA +Industrial production: + growth rate NA% +Electricity: + 35,000 kW capacity; 140 million kWh produced, 2,570 kWh per capita (1992) +Industries: + tourism (particularly skiing), sheep, timber, tobacco, banking +Agriculture: + sheep raising; small quantities of tobacco, rye, wheat, barley, oats, and + some vegetables +Economic aid: + none +Currency: + the French and Spanish currencies are used +Exchange rates: + French francs (F) per US$1 - 5.4812 (January 1993), 5.2938 (1992), 5.6421 + (1991), 5.4453 (1990), 6.3801 (1989), 5.9569 (1988); Spanish pesetas (Ptas) + per US$1 - 114.59 (January 1993), 102.38 (1992), 103.91 (1991), 101.93 + (1990), 118.38 (1989), 116.49 (1988) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +*Andorra, Communications + +Highways: + 96 km +Telecommunications: + international digital microwave network; international landline circuits to + France and Spain; broadcast stations - 1 AM, no FM, no TV; 17,700 telephones + +*Andorra, Defense Forces + +Note: + defense is the responsibility of France and Spain + +*Angola, Geography + +Location: + Southern Africa, bordering the South Atlantic Ocean between Namibia and + Zaire +Map references: + Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World +Area: + total area: + 1,246,700 km2 + land area: + 1,246,700 km2 + comparative area: + slightly less than twice the size of Texas +Land boundaries: + total 5,198 km, Congo 201 km, Namibia 1,376 km, Zaire 2,511 km, Zambia 1,110 + km +Coastline: + 1,600 km +Maritime claims: + exclusive fishing zone: + 200 nm + territorial sea: + 20 nm +International disputes: + civil war since independence on 11 November 1975; a ceasefire held from 31 + May 1991 until October 1992, when the insurgent National Union for the Total + Independence of Angola refused to accept its defeat in internationally + monitored elections; fighting has since resumed across the countryside +Climate: + semiarid in south and along coast to Luanda; north has cool, dry season (May + to October) and hot, rainy season (November to April) +Terrain: + narrow coastal plain rises abruptly to vast interior plateau +Natural resources: + petroleum, diamonds, iron ore, phosphates, copper, feldspar, gold, bauxite, + uranium +Land use: + arable land: + 2% + permanent crops: + 0% + meadows and pastures: + 23% + forest and woodland: 43% + other: + 32% +Irrigated land: + NA km2 +Environment: + locally heavy rainfall causes periodic flooding on plateau; desertification +Note: + Cabinda is separated from rest of country by Zaire + +*Angola, People + +Population: + 9,545,235 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 2.67% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 45.8 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 18.96 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + -0.15 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 148.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 45.26 years + male: + 43.26 years + female: + 47.35 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 6.54 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Angolan(s) + adjective: + Angolan +Ethnic divisions: + Ovimbundu 37%, Kimbundu 25%, Bakongo 13%, Mestico 2%, European 1%, other 22% +Religions: + indigenous beliefs 47%, Roman Catholic 38%, Protestant 15% (est.) +Languages: + Portuguese (official), Bantu dialects +Literacy: + age 15 and over can read and write (1990) + total population: + 42% + male: + 56% + female: + 28% +Labor force: + 2.783 million economically active + by occupation: + agriculture 85%, industry 15% (1985 est.) + +*Angola, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Republic of Angola + conventional short form: + Angola + local long form: + Republic de Angola + local short form: + Angola + former: + People's Republic of Angola +Digraph: + AO +Type: + transitional government nominally a multiparty democracy with a strong + presidential system +Capital: + Luanda +Administrative divisions: + 18 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia); Bengo, Benguela, Bie, + Cabinda, Cuando Cubango, Cuanza Norte, Cuanza Sul, Cunene, Huambo, Huila, + Luanda, Lunda Norte, Lunda Sul, Malanje, Moxico, Namibe, Uige, Zaire +Independence: + 11 November 1975 (from Portugal) +Constitution: + 11 November 1975; revised 7 January 1978, 11 August 1980, and 6 March 1991 +Legal system: + based on Portuguese civil law system and customary law; recently modified to + accommodate political pluralism and increased use of free markets +National holiday: + Independence Day, 11 November (1975) +Political parties and leaders: + Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA), led by Jose EDUARDO + DOS SANTOS, is the ruling party and has been in power since 1975; National + Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA), led by Jonas SAVIMBI, + remains a legal party despite its returned to armed resistance to the + government; five minor parties have small numbers of seats in the National + Assembly +Other political or pressure groups: + Cabindan State Liberation Front (FLEC), NZZIA Tiago, leader + note: + FLEC is waging a small-scale, highly factionalized, armed struggle for the + independence of Cabinda Province +Suffrage: + 18 years of age; universal +Elections: + first nationwide, multiparty elections were held in late September 1992 with + disputed results; further elections are being discussed +Executive branch: president, prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet) +Legislative branch: + unicameral National Assembly (Assembleia Nacional) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court (Tribunal da Relacrao) +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Jose Eduardo dos SANTOS (since 21 September 1979) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Marcolino Jose Carlos MOCO (since 2 December 1992) + +*Angola, Government + +Member of: + ACP, AfDB, CCC, CEEAC (observer), ECA, FAO, FLS, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, + IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ITU, LORCS, NAM, + OAU, SADC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation in US: + none + representation: + Jose PATRICIO, Permanent Observer to the Organization of American States + address: + Permanent Observer to the Organization of American States, 1899 L Street, + NW, 5th floor, Washington, DC 20038 + telephone: + (202) 785-1156 + FAX: + (202) 785-1258 +US diplomatic representation: + director: + Edmund DE JARNETTE + liaison office: + Rua Major Kanhangolo, Nes 132/138, Luanda + mailing address: + CP6484, Luanda, Angola (mail international); USLO Luanda, Department of + State, Washington, D.C. 20521-2550 (pouch) + telephone: + [244] (2) 34-54-81 + FAX: + [244] (2) 39-05-15 + note: + the US maintains a liaison office in Luanda accredited to the Joint + Political Military Commission that oversees implementation of the Angola + Peace Accords; this office does not perform any commercial or consular + services; the US does not maintain diplomatic relations with the Government + of the Republic of Angola +Flag: + two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and black with a centered yellow + emblem consisting of a five-pointed star within half a cogwheel crossed by a + machete (in the style of a hammer and sickle) + +*Angola, Economy + +Overview: + Subsistence agriculture provides the main livelihood for 80-90% of the + population, but accounts for less than 15% of GDP. Oil production is vital + to the economy, contributing about 60% to GDP. Bitter internal fighting + continues to severely affect the nonoil economy, and food needs to be + imported. For the long run, Angola has the advantage of rich natural + resources in addition to oil, notably gold, diamonds, and arable land. To + realize its economic potential Angola not only must secure domestic peace + but also must reform government policies that have led to distortions and + imbalances throughout the economy. +National product: + GDP - exchange rate conversion - $5.1 billion (1991 est.) +National product real growth rate: + 1.7% (1991 est.) +National product per capita: + $950 (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 1,000% (1992 est.) +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $2.1 billion; expenditures $3.6 billion, including capital + expenditures of $963 million (1991 est.) +Exports: + $3.7 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.) + commodities: + oil, liquefied petroleum gas, diamonds, coffee, sisal, fish and fish + products, timber, cotton + partners: + US, France, Germany, Netherlands, Brazil +Imports: + $1.5 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.) + commodities: + capital equipment (machinery and electrical equipment), food, vehicles and + spare parts, textiles and clothing, medicines; substantial military + deliveries + partners: + Portugal, Brazil, US, France, Spain +External debt: + $8 billion (1991) +Industrial production: + growth rate NA%; accounts for about 60% of GDP, including petroleum output +Electricity: + 510,000 kW capacity; 800 million kWh produced, 84 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + petroleum; mining diamonds, iron ore, phosphates, feldspar, bauxite, + uranium, and gold;, fish processing; food processing; brewing; tobacco; + sugar; textiles; cement; basic metal products +Agriculture: + cash crops - coffee, sisal, corn, cotton, sugar cane, manioc, tobacco; food + crops - cassava, corn, vegetables, plantains, bananas; livestock production + accounts for 20%, fishing 4%, forestry 2% of total agricultural output; + disruptions caused by civil war and marketing deficiencies require food + imports +Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $265 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1,105 million; + Communist countries (1970-89), $1.3 billion; net official disbursements + (1985-89), $750 million + +*Angola, Economy + +Currency: + 1 kwanza (Kz) = 100 kwei +Exchange rates: + kwanza (Kz) per US$1 -4,000 (black market rate was 17,000 on 30 April 1993) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +*Angola, Communications + +Railroads: + 3,189 km total; 2,879 km 1.067-meter gauge, 310 km 0.600-meter gauge; + limited trackage in use because of landmines still in place from the civil + war; majority of the Benguela Railroad also closed because of civil war +Highways: + 73,828 km total; 8,577 km bituminous-surface treatment, 29,350 km crushed + stone, gravel, or improved earth, remainder unimproved earth +Inland waterways: + 1,295 km navigable +Pipelines: + crude oil 179 km +Ports: + Luanda, Lobito, Namibe, Cabinda +Merchant marine: + 12 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 66,348 GRT/102,825 DWT; includes 11 + cargo, 1 oil tanker +Airports: + total: + 302 + usable: + 173 + with permanent-surface runways: + 32 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 2 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 17 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 57 +Telecommunications: + limited system of wire, microwave radio relay, and troposcatter routes; high + frequency radio used extensively for military links; 40,300 telephones; + broadcast stations - 17 AM, 13 FM, 6 TV; 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth + stations + +*Angola, Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy, Air Force/Air Defense, People's Defense Organization and + Territorial Troops, Frontier Guard +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 2,204,155; fit for military service 1,109,292; reach + military age (18) annually 94,919 (1993 est.) +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP + +*Anguilla, Header + +Affiliation: + (dependent territory of the UK) + +*Anguilla, Geography + +Location: + in the eastern Caribbean Sea, about 270 km east of Puerto Rico +Map references: + Central America and the Caribbean +Area: + total area: + 91 km2 + land area: + 91 km2 + comparative area: + about half the size of Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + 0 km +Coastline: + 61 km +Maritime claims: + exclusive fishing zone: + 200 nm + territorial sea: + 3 nm +International disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical; moderated by northeast trade winds +Terrain: + flat and low-lying island of coral and limestone +Natural resources: + negligible; salt, fish, lobster +Land use: + arable land: + NA% + permanent crops: + NA% + meadows and pastures: + NA% + forest and woodland: + NA% + other: + NA% (mostly rock with sparse scrub oak, few trees, some commercial salt + ponds) +Irrigated land: + NA km2 +Environment: + frequent hurricanes, other tropical storms (July to October) + +*Anguilla, People + +Population: + 7,006 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 0.64% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 24.26 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 8.28 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + -9.56 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 17.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 73.89 years + male: + 71.1 years + female: + 76.7 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 3.09 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Anguillan(s) + adjective: + Anguillan +Ethnic divisions: + black African +Religions: + Anglican 40%, Methodist 33%, Seventh-Day Adventist 7%, Baptist 5%, Roman + Catholic 3%, other 12% +Languages: + English (official) +Literacy: + age 12 and over can read and write (1984) + total population: + 95% + male: + 95% + female: 95% +Labor force: + 2,780 (1984) + by occupation: + NA + +*Anguilla, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + none + conventional short form: + Anguilla +Digraph: + AV +Type: + dependent territory of the UK +Capital: + The Valley +Administrative divisions: + none (dependent territory of the UK) +Independence: + none (dependent territory of the UK) +Constitution: + 1 April 1982 +Legal system: + based on English common law +National holiday: + Anguilla Day, 30 May +Political parties and leaders: + Anguilla National Alliance (ANA), Emile GUMBS; Anguilla United Party (AUP), + Hubert HUGHES; Anguilla Democratic Party (ADP), Victor BANKS +Suffrage: + 18 years of age; universal +Elections: + House of Assembly: + last held 27 February 1989 (next to be held February 1994); results - + percent of vote by party NA; seats - (11 total, 7 elected) ANA 3, AUP 2, ADP + 1, independent 1 +Executive branch: + British monarch, governor, chief minister, Executive Council (cabinet) +Legislative branch: + unicameral House of Assembly +Judicial branch: + High Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor Alan W. + SHARE (since August 1992) + Head of Government: + Chief Minister Emile GUMBS (since NA March 1984, served previously from + February 1977 to May 1980) +Member of: + CARICOM (observer), CDB +Diplomatic representation in US: + none (dependent territory of the UK) +Flag: + two horizontal bands of white (top, almost triple width) and light blue with + three orange dolphins in an interlocking circular design centered in the + white band; a new flag may have been in use since 30 May 1990 + +*Anguilla, Economy + +Overview: + Anguilla has few natural resources, and the economy depends heavily on + lobster fishing, offshore banking, tourism, and remittances from emigrants. + In recent years the economy has benefited from a boom in tourism. + Development plans center around the improvement of the infrastructure, + particularly transport and tourist facilities, and also light industry. +National product: + GDP - exchange rate conversion - $47.4 million (1991 est.) +National product real growth rate: + 6.5% (1991 est.) +National product per capita: + $6,800 (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 4.6% (1991 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 5% (1988 est.) +Budget: + revenues $13.8 million; expenditures $15.2 million, including capital + expenditures of $2.4 million (1992 est.) +Exports: + $1.4 million (f.o.b., 1987) + commodities: + lobster and salt + partners: + NA +Imports: + $10.3 million (f.o.b., 1987) + commodities: + NA + partners: + NA +External debt: + $NA +Industrial production: + growth rate NA% +Electricity: + 2,000 kW capacity; 6 million kWh produced, 862 kWh per capita (1992) +Industries: + tourism, boat building, salt +Agriculture: + pigeon peas, corn, sweet potatoes, sheep, goats, pigs, cattle, poultry, + fishing (including lobster) +Economic aid: + Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $38 + million +Currency: + 1 EC dollar (EC$) = 100 cents +Exchange rates: + East Caribbean dollars (EC$) per US$1 - 2.70 (fixed rate since 1976) +Fiscal year: + NA + +*Anguilla, Communications + +Highways: + 60 km surfaced +Ports: + Road Bay, Blowing Point +Airports: + total: + 3 + usable: + 2 + with permanent-surface runways: + 1 (1,000 m at Wallblake Airport) + with runways over 3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 0 +Telecommunications: + modern internal telephone system; 890 telephones; broadcast stations - 3 AM, + 1 FM, no TV; radio relay microwave link to island of Saint Martin + +*Anguilla, Defense Forces + +Note: + defense is the responsibility of the UK + +*Antarctica, Geography + +Location: + continent mostly south of the Antarctic Circle +Map references: + Antarctic Region +Area: + total area: + 14 million km2 (est.) + land area: + 14 million km2 (est.) + comparative area: + slightly less than 1.5 times the size of the US + note: + second-smallest continent (after Australia) +Land boundaries: + none, but see entry on International disputes +Coastline: + 17,968 km +Maritime claims: + none, but see entry on International Disputes +International disputes: + Antarctic Treaty defers claims (see Antarctic Treaty Summary below); + sections (some overlapping) claimed by Argentina, Australia, Chile, France + (Adelie Land), New Zealand (Ross Dependency), Norway (Queen Maud Land), and + UK; the US and most other nations do not recognize the territorial claims of + other nations and have made no claims themselves (the US and Russia reserve + the right to do so); no formal claims have been made in the sector between + 90 degrees west and 150 degrees west, where, because of floating ice, + Antarctica is unapproachable from the sea +Climate: + severe low temperatures vary with latitude, elevation, and distance from the + ocean; East Antarctica is colder than West Antarctica because of its higher + elevation; Antarctic Peninsula has the most moderate climate; higher + temperatures occur in January along the coast and average slightly below + freezing +Terrain: + about 98% thick continental ice sheet and 2% barren rock, with average + elevations between 2,000 and 4,000 meters; mountain ranges up to 4,897 + meters high; ice-free coastal areas include parts of southern Victoria Land, + Wilkes Land, the Antarctic Peninsula area, and parts of Ross Island on + McMurdo Sound; glaciers form ice shelves along about half of the coastline, + and floating ice shelves constitute 11% of the area of the continent +Natural resources: + none presently exploited; iron ore, chromium, copper, gold, nickel, platinum + and other minerals, and coal and hydrocarbons have been found in small, + uncommercial quantities +Land use: + arable land: + 0% + permanent crops: + 0% + meadows and pastures: + 0% + forest and woodland: + 0% + other: + 100% (ice 98%, barren rock 2%) +Irrigated land: + 0 km2 + +*Antarctica, Geography + +Environment: + mostly uninhabitable; katabatic (gravity-driven) winds blow coastward from + the high interior; frequent blizzards form near the foot of the plateau; a + circumpolar ocean current flows clockwise along the coast as do cyclonic + storms that form over the ocean; during summer more solar radiation reaches + the surface at the South Pole than is received at the Equator in an + equivalent period; in October 1991 it was reported that the ozone shield, + which protects the Earth's surface from harmful ultraviolet radiation, had + dwindled to the lowest level ever recorded over Antarctica; active volcanism + on Deception Island and isolated areas of West Antarctica; other seismic + activity rare and weak +Note: + the coldest, windiest, highest, and driest continent + +*Antarctica, People + +Population: + no indigenous inhabitants; note - there are seasonally staffed research + stations + Summer (January) population: + over 4,115 total; Argentina 207, Australia 268, Belgium 13, Brazil 80, Chile + 256, China NA, Ecuador NA, Finland 11, France 78, Germany 32, Greenpeace 12, + India 60, Italy 210, Japan 59, South Korea 14, Netherlands 10, NZ 264, + Norway 23, Peru 39, Poland NA, South Africa 79, Spain 43, Sweden 10, UK 116, + Uruguay NA, US 1,666, former USSR 565 (1989-90) + Winter (July) population: + over 1,046 total; Argentina 150, Australia 71, Brazil 12, Chile 73, China + NA, France 33, Germany 19, Greenpeace 5, India 1, Japan 38, South Korea 14, + NZ 11, Poland NA, South Africa 12, UK 69, Uruguay NA, US 225, former USSR + 313 (1989-90) + Year-round stations: + 42 total; Argentina 6, Australia 3, Brazil 1, Chile 3, China 2, Finland 1, + France 1, Germany 1, India 1, Japan 2, South Korea 1, NZ 1, Poland 1, South + Africa 3, UK 5, Uruguay 1, US 3, former USSR 6 (1990-91) + Summer only stations: + over 38 total; Argentina 7, Australia 3, Chile 5, Germany 3, India 1, + Italy 1, Japan 4, NZ 2, Norway 1, Peru 1, South Africa 1, Spain 1, Sweden 2, + UK 1, US numerous, former USSR 5 (1989-90); note - the disintegration of the + former USSR has placed the status and future of its Antarctic facilities in + doubt; stations may be subject to closings at any time because of ongoing + economic difficulties + +*Antarctica, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + none + conventional short form: + Antarctica +Digraph: + AY +Type: + Antarctic Treaty Summary: + The Antarctic Treaty, signed on 1 December 1959 and entered into force on 23 + June 1961, establishes the legal framework for the management of Antarctica. + Administration is carried out through consultative member meetings--the 17th + Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting was in Venice in November 1992. + Currently, there are 41 treaty member nations: 26 consultative and 15 + acceding. Consultative (voting) members include the seven nations that claim + portions of Antarctica as national territory (some claims overlap) and 19 + nonclaimant nations. The US and some other nations that have made no claims + have reserved the right to do so. The US does not recognize the claims of + others. The year in parentheses indicates when an acceding nation was voted + to full consultative (voting) status, while no date indicates the country + was an original 1959 treaty signatory. Claimant nations are--Argentina, + Australia, Chile, France, New Zealand, Norway, and the UK. Nonclaimant + consultative nations are--Belgium, Brazil (1983), China (1985), Ecuador + (1990), Finland (1989), Germany (1981), India (1983), Italy (1987), Japan, + South Korea (1989), Netherlands (1990), Peru (1989), Poland (1977), South + Africa, Spain (1988), Sweden (1988), Uruguay (1985), the US, and Russia. + Acceding (nonvoting) members, with year of accession in parentheses, + are--Austria (1987), Bulgaria (1978), Canada (1988), Colombia (1988), Cuba + (1984), Czechoslovakia (1962), Denmark (1965), Greece (1987), Guatemala + (1991), Hungary (1984), North Korea (1987), Papua New Guinea (1981), Romania + (1971), Switzerland (1990), and Ukraine (1992). + Article 1: + area to be used for peaceful purposes only; military activity, such as + weapons testing, is prohibited, but military personnel and equipment may be + used for scientific research or any other peaceful purpose + Article 2: + freedom of scientific investigation and cooperation shall continue + Article 3: + free exchange of information and personnel in cooperation with the UN and + other international agencies + Article 4: + does not recognize, dispute, or establish territorial claims and no new + claims shall be asserted while the treaty is in force + Article 5: + prohibits nuclear explosions or disposal of radioactive wastes + Article 6: + includes under the treaty all land and ice shelves south of 60 degrees 00 + minutes south + Article 7: + treaty-state observers have free access, including aerial observation, to + any area and may inspect all stations, installations, and equipment; advance + notice of all activities and of the introduction of military personnel must + be given + Article 8: + allows for jurisdiction over observers and scientists by their own states + Article 9: + frequent consultative meetings take place among member nations + +*Antarctica, Government + + Article 10: + treaty states will discourage activities by any country in Antarctica that + are contrary to the treaty + Article 11: + disputes to be settled peacefully by the parties concerned or, ultimately, + by the ICJ + Article 12, 13, 14: + deal with upholding, interpreting, and amending the treaty among involved + nations + Other agreements: + more than 170 recommendations adopted at treaty consultative meetings and + ratified by governments include - Agreed Measures for the Conservation of + Antarctic Fauna and Flora (1964); Convention for the Conservation of + Antarctic Seals (1972); Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine + Living Resources (1980); a mineral resources agreement was signed in 1988 + but was subsequently rejected; in 1991 the Protocol on Environmental + Protection to the Antarctic Treaty was signed and awaits ratification; this + agreement provides for the protection of the Antarctic environment through + five specific annexes on marine pollution, fauna, and flora, environmental + impact assessments, waste management, and protected areas; it also prohibits + all activities relating to mineral resources except scientific research; + four parties have ratified Protocol as of June 1993 +Legal system: + US law, including certain criminal offenses by or against US nationals, such + as murder, may apply to areas not under jurisdiction of other countries. + Some US laws directly apply to Antarctica. For example, the Antarctic + Conservation Act, 16 U.S.C. section 2401 et seq., provides civil and + criminal penalties for the following activities, unless authorized by + regulation of statute: The taking of native mammals or birds; the + introduction of nonindigenous plants and animals; entry into specially + protected or scientific areas; the discharge or disposal of pollutants; and + the importation into the US of certain items from Antarctica. Violation of + the Antarctic Conservation Act carries penalties of up to $10,000 in fines + and 1 year in prison. The Departments of Treasury, Commerce, Transportation, + and Interior share enforcement responsibilities. Public Law 95-541, the US + Antarctic Conservation Act of 1978, requires expeditions from the US to + Antarctica to notify, in advance, the Office of Oceans and Polar Affairs, + Room 5801, Department of State, Washington, DC 20520, which reports such + plans to other nations as required by the Antarctic Treaty. For more + information contact Permit Office, Office of Polar Programs, National + Science Foundation, Washington, DC 20550. + +*Antarctica, Economy + +Overview: + No economic activity at present except for fishing off the coast and + small-scale tourism, both based abroad. + +*Antarctica, Communications + +Ports: + none; offshore anchorage only at most coastal stations +Airports: + 42 landing facilities at different locations operated by 15 national + governments party to the Treaty; one additional air facility operated by + commercial (nongovernmental) tourist organization; helicopter pads at 28 of + these locations; runways at 10 locations are gravel, sea ice, glacier ice, + or compacted snow surface suitable for wheeled fixed-wing aircraft; no paved + runways; 16 locations have snow-surface skiways limited to use by + ski-equipped planes--11 runways/skiways 1,000 to 3,000 m, 3 runways/skiways + less than 1,000 m, 5 runways/skiways greater than 3,000 m, and 7 of + unspecified or variable length; airports generally subject to severe + restrictions and limitations resulting from extreme seasonal and geographic + conditions; airports do not meet ICAO standards; advance approval from + governments required for landing + +*Antarctica, Defense Forces + +Note: + the Antarctic Treaty prohibits any measures of a military nature, such as + the establishment of military bases and fortifications, the carrying out of + military maneuvers, or the testing of any type of weapon; it permits the use + of military personnel or equipment for scientific research or for any other + peaceful purposes + +*Antigua and Barbuda, Geography + +Location: + in the eastern Caribbean Sea, about 420 km east-southeast of Puerto Rico +Map references: + Central America and the Caribbean, Standard Time Zones of the World +Area: + total area: + 440 km2 + land area: + 440 km2 + comparative area: + slightly less than 2.5 times the size of Washington, DC + note: + includes Redonda +Land boundaries: + 0 km +Coastline: + 153 km +Maritime claims: + contiguous zone: + 24 nm + exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + territorial sea: + 12 nm +International disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical marine; little seasonal temperature variation +Terrain: + mostly low-lying limestone and coral islands with some higher volcanic areas +Natural resources: + negligible; pleasant climate fosters tourism +Land use: + arable land: + 18% permanent crops: + 0% + meadows and pastures: + 7% + forest and woodland: + 16% + other: + 59% +Irrigated land: + NA km2 +Environment: + subject to hurricanes and tropical storms (July to October); insufficient + freshwater resources; deeply indented coastline provides many natural + harbors + +*Antigua and Barbuda, People + +Population: + 64,406 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 0.51% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 17.51 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 5.5 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + -6.96 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 19.2 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 72.83 years + male: + 70.81 years + female: + 74.95 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 1.67 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Antiguan(s), Barbudan(s) + adjective: + Antiguan, Barbudan +Ethnic divisions: + black African, British, Portuguese, Lebanese, Syrian +Religions: + Anglican (predominant), other Protestant sects, some Roman Catholic +Languages: + English (official), local dialects +Literacy: + age 15 and over having completed 5 or more years of schooling (1960) + total population: + 89% + male: 90% + female: + 88% +Labor force: + 30,000 + by occupation: + commerce and services 82%, agriculture 11%, industry 7% (1983) + +*Antigua and Barbuda, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + none + conventional short form: + Antigua and Barbuda +Digraph: + AC +Type: + parliamentary democracy +Capital: + Saint John's +Administrative divisions: + 6 parishes and 2 dependencies*; Barbuda*, Redonda*, Saint George, Saint, John, Saint Mary, Saint +Paul, Saint Peter, Saint Philip +Independence: + 1 November 1981 (from UK) +Constitution: + 1 November 1981 +Legal system: + based on English common law +National holiday: + Independence Day, 1 November (1981) +Political parties and leaders: + Antigua Labor Party (ALP), Vere Cornwall BIRD, Sr., Lester BIRD; United + Progressive Party (UPP), Baldwin SPENCER +Other political or pressure groups: + United Progressive Party (UPP), headed by Baldwin SPENCER, a coalition of + three opposition political parties - the United National Democratic Party + (UNDP); the Antigua Caribbean Liberation Movement (ACLM); and the + Progressive Labor Movement (PLM); Antigua Trades and Labor Union (ATLU), + headed by Noel THOMAS +Suffrage: + 18 years of age; universal +Elections: + House of Representatives: + last held 9 March 1989 (next to be held NA 1994); results - percent of vote + by party NA; seats - (17 total) ALP 15, UPP 1, independent 1 +Executive branch: + British monarch, governor general, prime minister, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + bicameral Parliament consists of an upper house or Senate and a lower house + or House of Representatives +Judicial branch: + Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General + Sir Wilfred Ebenezer JACOBS (since 1 November 1981, previously Governor + since 1976) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Vere Cornwall BIRD, Sr. (since NA 1976); Deputy Prime + Minister Lester BIRD (since NA) +Member of: + ACP, C, CARICOM, CDB, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IFAD, IFC, + ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, NAM (observer), OAS, OECS, OPANAL, UN, + UNCTAD, UNESCO, WCL, WHO, WMO +Diplomatic representation in US: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Patrick Albert LEWIS + +*Antigua and Barbuda, Government + + chancery: + Suite 2H, 3400 International Drive NW, Washington, DC 20008 + telephone: + (202) 362-5211 or 5166, 5122, 5225 + consulate: + Miami +US diplomatic representation: + chief of mission: + the US Ambassador to Barbados is accredited to Antigua and Barbuda, and, in + his absence, the Embassy is headed by Charge d'Affaires Bryant J. SALTER + embassy: + Queen Elizabeth Highway, Saint John's + mailing address: + FPO AA 34054-0001 + telephone: + (809) 462-3505 or 3506 + FAX: + (809) 462-3516 +Flag: + red with an inverted isosceles triangle based on the top edge of the flag; + the triangle contains three horizontal bands of black (top), light blue, and + white with a yellow rising sun in the black band + +*Antigua and Barbuda, Economy + +Overview: + The economy is primarily service oriented, with tourism the most important + determinant of economic performance. During the period 1987-90, real GDP + expanded at an annual average rate of about 6%. Tourism makes a direct + contribution to GDP of about 13% and also affects growth in other sectors - + particularly in construction, communications, and public utilities. Although + Antigua and Barbuda is one of the few areas in the Caribbean experiencing a + labor shortage in some sectors of the economy, it has been hurt in 1991-92 + by a downturn in tourism caused by the Persian Gulf war and the US + recession. +National product: + GDP - exchange rate conversion - $424 million (1991 est.) +National product real growth rate: + 1.4% (1991 est.) +National product per capita: + $6,600 (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 6.5% (1991 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 5% (1988 est.) +Budget: + revenues $105 million; expenditures $161 million, including capital + expenditures of $56 million (1992) +Exports: + $32 million (f.o.b., 1991) + commodities: + petroleum products 48%, manufactures 23%, food and live animals 4%, + machinery and transport equipment 17% + partners: + OECS 26%, Barbados 15%, Guyana 4%, Trinidad and Tobago 2%, US 0.3% +Imports: + $317.5 million (c.i.f., 1991) + commodities: + food and live animals, machinery and transport equipment, manufactures, + chemicals, oil + partners: + US 27%, UK 16%, Canada 4%, OECS 3%, other 50% +External debt: + $250 million (1990 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 3% (1989 est.); accounts for 5% of GDP +Electricity: + 52,100 kW capacity; 95 million kWh produced, 1,482 kWh per capita (1992) +Industries: + tourism, construction, light manufacturing (clothing, alcohol, household + appliances) +Agriculture: + accounts for 4% of GDP; expanding output of cotton, fruits, vegetables, and + livestock; other crops - bananas, coconuts, cucumbers, mangoes, sugarcane; + not self-sufficient in food +Economic aid: + US commitments, $10 million (1985-88); Western (non-US) countries, ODA and + OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $50 million +Currency: + 1 EC dollar (EC$) = 100 cents +Exchange rates: + East Caribbean dollars (EC$) per US$1 - 2.70 (fixed rate since 1976) +Fiscal year: + 1 April - 31 March + +*Antigua and Barbuda, Communications + +Railroads: 64 km 0.760-meter narrow gauge and 13 km 0.610-meter gauge used almost + exclusively for handling sugarcane +Highways: + 240 km +Ports: + Saint John's +Merchant marine: + 149 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 529,202 GRT/778,506 DWT; includes 96 + cargo, 3 refrigerated cargo, 21 container, 5 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 1 + multifunction large-load carrier, 2 oil tanker, 19 chemical tanker, 2 bulk; + note - a flag of convenience registry +Airports: + total: + 3 + usable: + 3 + with permanent-surface runways: + 2 + with runways 3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 1 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 0 +Telecommunications: + good automatic telephone system; 6,700 telephones; tropospheric scatter + links with Saba and Guadeloupe; broadcast stations - 4 AM, 2 FM, 2 TV, 2 + shortwave; 1 coaxial submarine cable; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth + station + +*Antigua and Barbuda, Defense Forces + +Branches: + Royal Antigua and Barbuda Defense Force, Royal Antigua and Barbuda Police + Force (including the Coast Guard) +Manpower availability: + NA +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $1.4 million, 1% of GDP (FY90/91) + +*Arctic Ocean, Geography + +Location: + body of water mostly north of the Arctic Circle +Map references: + Arctic Region, Asia, North America, Standard Time Zones of the World +Area: + total area: + 14.056 million km2 + comparative area: + slightly more than 1.5 times the size of the US; smallest of the world's + four oceans (after Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, and Indian Ocean) + note: + includes Baffin Bay, Barents Sea, Beaufort Sea, Chukchi Sea, East Siberian + Sea, Greenland Sea, Hudson Bay, Hudson Strait, Kara Sea, Laptev Sea, and + other tributary water bodies +Coastline: + 45,389 km +International disputes: + some maritime disputes (see littoral states); Svalbard is the focus of a + maritime boundary dispute between Norway and Russia +Climate: + polar climate characterized by persistent cold and relatively narrow annual + temperature ranges; winters characterized by continuous darkness, cold and + stable weather conditions, and clear skies; summers characterized by + continuous daylight, damp and foggy weather, and weak cyclones with rain or + snow +Terrain: + central surface covered by a perennial drifting polar icepack that averages + about 3 meters in thickness, although pressure ridges may be three times + that size; clockwise drift pattern in the Beaufort Gyral Stream, but nearly + straight line movement from the New Siberian Islands (Russia) to Denmark + Strait (between Greenland and Iceland); the ice pack is surrounded by open + seas during the summer, but more than doubles in size during the winter and + extends to the encircling land masses; the ocean floor is about 50% + continental shelf (highest percentage of any ocean) with the remainder a + central basin interrupted by three submarine ridges (Alpha Cordillera, + Nansen Cordillera, and Lomonsov Ridge); maximum depth is 4,665 meters in the + Fram Basin +Natural resources: + sand and gravel aggregates, placer deposits, polymetallic nodules, oil and + gas fields, fish, marine mammals (seals and whales) +Environment: + endangered marine species include walruses and whales; ice islands + occasionally break away from northern Ellesmere Island; icebergs calved from + glaciers in western Greenland and extreme northeastern Canada; maximum snow + cover in March or April about 20 to 50 centimeters over the frozen ocean and + lasts about 10 months; permafrost in islands; virtually icelocked from + October to June; fragile ecosystem slow to change and slow to recover from + disruptions or damage +Note: + major chokepoint is the southern Chukchi Sea (northern access to the Pacific + Ocean via the Bering Strait); ships subject to superstructure icing from + October to May; strategic location between North America and Russia; + shortest marine link between the extremes of eastern and western Russia, + floating research stations operated by the US and Russia + +*Arctic Ocean, Government + +Digraph: + XQ + +*Arctic Ocean, Economy + +Overview: + Economic activity is limited to the exploitation of natural resources, + including petroleum, natural gas, fish, and seals. + +*Arctic Ocean, Communications + +Ports: + Churchill (Canada), Murmansk (Russia), Prudhoe Bay (US) +Telecommunications: + no submarine cables +Note: + sparse network of air, ocean, river, and land routes; the Northwest Passage + (North America) and Northern Sea Route (Eurasia) are important seasonal + waterways + +*Argentina, Geography + +Location: + Eastern South America, bordering the South Atlantic Ocean between Chile and + Uruguay +Map references: + South America, Standard Time Zones of the World +Area: + total area: + 2,766,890 km2 + land area: + 2,736,690 km2 + comparative area: + slightly less than three-tenths the size of the US +Land boundaries: + total 9,665 km, Bolivia 832 km, Brazil 1,224 km, Chile 5,150 km, Paraguay + 1,880 km, Uruguay 579 km +Coastline: + 4,989 km +Maritime claims: + contiguous zone: + 24 nm + continental shelf: + 200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation + exclusive economic zone: + not specified + territorial sea: + 200 nm; overflight and navigation permitted beyond 12 nm +International disputes: + short section of the boundary with Uruguay is in dispute; short section of + the boundary with Chile is indefinite; claims British-administered Falkland + Islands (Islas Malvinas); claims British-administered South Georgia and the + South Sandwich Islands; territorial claim in Antarctica +Climate: + mostly temperate; arid in southeast; subantarctic in southwest +Terrain: + rich plains of the Pampas in northern half, flat to rolling plateau of + Patagonia in south, rugged Andes along western border +Natural resources: + fertile plains of the pampas, lead, zinc, tin, copper, iron ore, manganese, + petroleum, uranium +Land use: + arable land: + 9% + permanent crops: + 4% + meadows and pastures: + 52% + forest and woodland: + 22% + other: + 13% +Irrigated land: + 17,600 km2 (1989 est.) +Environment: + Tucuman and Mendoza areas in Andes subject to earthquakes; pamperos are + violent windstorms that can strike Pampas and northeast; irrigated soil + degradation; desertification; air and water pollution in Buenos Aires + +*Argentina, Geography + +Note: + second-largest country in South America (after Brazil); strategic location + relative to sea lanes between South Atlantic and South Pacific Oceans + (Strait of Magellan, Beagle Channel, Drake Passage) + +*Argentina, People + +Population: + 33,533,256 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 1.13% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 19.75 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 8.64 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + 0.22 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 30 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 71.19 years + male: + 67.91 years + female: + 74.65 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 2.72 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Argentine(s) + adjective: + Argentine +Ethnic divisions: + white 85%, mestizo, Indian, or other nonwhite groups 15% +Religions: + nominally Roman Catholic 90% (less than 20% practicing), Protestant 2%, + Jewish 2%, other 6% +Languages: + Spanish (official), English, Italian, German, French +Literacy: + age 15 and over can read and write (1990) + total population: + 95% + male: + 96% + female: + 95% +Labor force: + 10.9 million + by occupation: + agriculture 12%, industry 31%, services 57% (1985 est.) + +*Argentina, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Argentine Republic + conventional short form: + Argentina + local long form: + Republica Argentina + local short form: + Argentina +Digraph: + AR +Type: + republic +Capital: + Buenos Aires +Administrative divisions: + 23 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia), and 1 federal district*, (distrito federal); +Buenos Aires, Catamarca, Chaco, Chubut, Cordoba, + Corrientes, Distrito Federal*, Entre Rios, Formosa, Jujuy, La Pampa, La, Rioja, Mendoza, +Misiones, Neuquen, Rio Negro, Salta, San Juan, San Luis, + Santa Cruz, Santa Fe, Santiago del Estero, Tierra del Fuego (Territorio + Nacional de la Tierra del Fuego, Antartida e Islas del Atlantico Sur), + Tucuman + note: + the national territory is in the process of becoming a province; the US does + not recognize claims to Antarctica +Independence: 9 July 1816 (from Spain) +Constitution: + 1 May 1853 +Legal system: + mixture of US and West European legal systems; has not accepted compulsory + ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + Revolution Day, 25 May (1810) +Political parties and leaders: + Justicialist Party (JP), Carlos Saul MENEM, Peronist umbrella political + organization; Radical Civic Union (UCR), Mario LOSADA, moderately + left-of-center party; Union of the Democratic Center (UCD), Jorge AGUADO, + conservative party; Intransigent Party (PI), Dr. Oscar ALENDE, leftist + party; Dignity and Independence Political Party (MODIN), Aldo RICO, + right-wing party; several provincial parties +Other political or pressure groups: + Peronist-dominated labor movement; General Confederation of Labor (CGT; + Peronist-leaning umbrella labor organization); Argentine Industrial Union + (manufacturers' association); Argentine Rural Society (large landowners' + association); business organizations; students; the Roman Catholic Church; + the Armed Forces +Suffrage: + 18 years of age; universal +Elections: + Chamber of Deputies: + last held in three phases during late 1991 for half of 254 seats; seats (254 + total) - JP 122, UCR 85, UCD 10, other 37 (1993) + President: + last held 14 May 1989 (next to be held NA May 1995); results - Carlos Saul + MENEM was elected + +*Argentina, Government + + Senate: + last held May 1989, but provincial elections in late 1991 set the stage for + indirect elections by provincial senators for one-third of 46 seats in the + national senate in May 1992; seats (46 total) - JP 27, UCR 14, others 5 +Executive branch: + president, vice president, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + bicameral National Congress (Congreso Nacional) consists of an upper chamber + or Senate (Senado) and a lower chamber or Chamber of Deputies (Camara de + Diputados) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court (Corte Suprema) +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + President Carlos Saul MENEM (since 8 July 1989); Vice President (position + vacant) +Member of: + AG (observer), Australian Group, CCC, ECLAC, FAO, G-6, G-11, G-15, G-19, + G-24, AfDB, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, + ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LAES, LAIA, + LORCS, MERCOSUR, MINURSO, OAS, PCA, RG, UN, UNAVEM II, UNCTAD, UNESCO, + UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNOMOZ, UNPROFOR, UNTAC, UNTSO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, + WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation in US: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Carlos ORTIZ DE ROZAS + chancery: + 1600 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20009 + telephone: + (202) 939-6400 through 6403 + consulates general: + Houston, Miami, New Orleans, New York, San Francisco, and San Juan (Puerto + Rico) + consulates: + Baltimore, Chicago, and Los Angeles +US diplomatic representation: + chief of mission: + Ambassador James CHEEK (since 28 May 1993) + embassy: + 4300 Colombia, 1425 Buenos Aires + mailing address: + APO AA 34034 + telephone: + [54] (1) 774-7611 or 8811, 9911 + FAX: + [54] (1) 775-4205 +Flag: + three equal horizontal bands of light blue (top), white, and light blue; + centered in the white band is a radiant yellow sun with a human face known + as the Sun of May + +*Argentina, Economy + +Overview: + Argentina is rich in natural resources and has a highly literate population, + an export-oriented agricultural sector, and a diversified industrial base. + Nevertheless, following decades of mismanagement and statist policies, the + economy in the late 1980s was plagued with huge external debts and recurring + bouts of hyperinflation. Elected in 1989, in the depths of recession, + President MENEM has implemented a comprehensive economic restructuring + program that shows signs of putting Argentina on a path of stable, + sustainable growth. Argentina's currency has traded at par with the US + dollar since April 1991, and inflation has fallen to its lowest level in 20 + years. Argentines have responded to the relative price stability by + repatriating flight capital and investing in domestic industry. Much remains + to be done in the 1990s in dismantling the old statist barriers to growth + and in solidifying the recent economic gains. +National product: + GDP - exchange rate conversion - $112 billion (1992 est.) +National product real growth rate: + 7% (1992 est.) +National product per capita: + $3,400 (1992 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 17.7% (1992) +Unemployment rate: + 6.9% (1992) +Budget: + revenues $33.1 billion; expenditures $35.8 billion, including capital + expenditures of $3.5 billion (1992) +Exports: + $12.3 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.) + commodities: + meat, wheat, corn, oilseed, hides, wool + partners: + US 12%, Brazil, Italy, Japan, Netherlands +Imports: + $14.0 billion (c.i.f., 1992 est.) + commodities: + machinery and equipment, chemicals, metals, fuels and lubricants, + agricultural products + partners: + US 22%, Brazil, Germany, Bolivia, Japan, Italy, Netherlands +External debt: + $54 billion (June 1992) +Industrial production: + growth rate 10% (1992 est.); accounts for 26% of GDP +Electricity: + 17,911,000 kW capacity; 51,305 million kWh produced, 1,559 kWh per capita + (1992) +Industries: + food processing, motor vehicles, consumer durables, textiles, chemicals and + petrochemicals, printing, metallurgy, steel +Agriculture: + accounts for 8% of GDP (including fishing); produces abundant food for both + domestic consumption and exports; among world's top five exporters of grain + and beef; principal crops - wheat, corn, sorghum, soybeans, sugar beets +Illicit drugs: + increasing use as a transshipment country for cocaine headed for the US and + Europe + +*Argentina, Economy + +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $1.0 billion; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $4.4 billion; + Communist countries (1970-89), $718 million +Currency: + 1 peso = 100 centavos +Exchange rates: + pesos per US$1 - 0.99000 (January1993), 0.99064 (1992), 0.95355 (1991), + 0.48759 (1990), 0.04233 (1989), 0.00088 (1988) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +*Argentina, Communications + +Railroads: + 34,172 km total (includes 209 km electrified); includes a mixture of + 1.435-meter standard gauge, 1.676-meter broad gauge, 1.000-meter narrow + gauge, and 0.750-meter narrow gauge +Highways: + 208,350 km total; 47,550 km paved, 39,500 km gravel, 101,000 km improved + earth, 20,300 km unimproved earth +Inland waterways: + 11,000 km navigable +Pipelines: + crude oil 4,090 km; petroleum products 2,900 km; natural gas 9,918 km +Ports: + Bahia Blanca, Buenos Aires, Comodoro Rivadavia, La Plata, Rosario, Santa Fe +Merchant marine: + 60 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,695,420 GRT/1,073,904 DWT; includes + 30 cargo, 5 refrigerated cargo, 4 container, 1 railcar carrier, 14 oil + tanker, 1 chemical tanker, 4 bulk, 1 roll-on/roll-off +Airports: + total: + 1,700 + usable: + 1,451 + with permanet-surface runways: + 137 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 1 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 31 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 326 +Telecommunications: + extensive modern system; 2,650,000 telephones (12,000 public telephones); + microwave widely used; broadcast stations - 171 AM, no FM, 231 TV, 13 + shortwave; 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth stations; domestic satellite + network has 40 earth stations + +*Argentina, Defense Forces + +Branches: + Argentine Army, Navy of the Argentine Republic, Argentine Air Force, + National Gendarmerie, Argentine Naval Prefecture (Coast Guard only), + National Aeronautical Police Force +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 8,267,316; fit for military service 6,702,303; reach + military age (20) annually 284,641 (1993 est.) +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP + +*Armenia, Geography + +Location: + Southeastern Europe, between Turkey and Azerbaijan +Map references: + Africa, Asia, Commonwealth of Independent States - European States, Middle + East, Standard Time Zones of the World +Area: + total area: + 29,800 km2 + land area: + 28,400 km2 + comparative area: + slightly larger than Maryland +Land boundaries: + total 1,254 km, Azerbaijan (east) 566 km, Azerbaijan (south) 221 km, Georgia + 164 km, Iran 35 km, Turkey 268 km +Coastline: + 0 km (landlocked) +Maritime claims: + none; landlocked +International disputes: + violent and longstanding dispute with Azerbaijan over ethnically Armenian + exclave of Nagorno-Karabakh; some irredentism by Armenians living in + southern Georgia; traditional demands on former Armenian lands in Turkey + have greatly subsided +Climate: + continental, hot, and subject to drought +Terrain: + high Armenian Plateau with mountains; little forest land; fast flowing + rivers; good soil in Aras River valley +Natural resources: + small deposits of gold, copper, molybdenum, zinc, alumina +Land use: + arable land: + 29% + permanent crops: + 0% + meadows and pastures: + 15% + forest and woodland: + 0% + other: + 56% +Irrigated land: + 3,050 km2 (1990) +Environment: + pollution of Razdan and Aras Rivers; air pollution in Yerevan; energy + blockade has led to deforestation as citizens scavenge for firewood, use of + Lake Sevan water for hydropower has lowered lake level, threatened fish + population +Note: + landlocked + +*Armenia, People + +Population: + 3,481,207 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 1.23% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 25.79 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 6.77 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + -6.76 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 28.2 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 71.77 years + male: + 68.36 years + female: + 75.36 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 3.31 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Armenian(s) + adjective: + Armenian +Ethnic divisions: + Armenian 93%, Azeri 3%, Russian 2%, other 2% +Religions: + Armenian Orthodox 94% +Languages: + Armenian 96%, Russian 2%, other 2% +Literacy: + age 9-49 can read and write (1970) + total population: + 100% + male: + 100% + female: + 100% +Labor force: + 1.63 million + by occupation: + industry and construction 42%, agriculture and forestry 18%, other 40% + (1990) + +*Armenia, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Republic of Armenia + conventional short form: + Armenia + local long form: + Hayastani Hanrapetut'yun + local short form: Hayastan + former: + Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic; Armenian Republic +Digraph: + AM +Type: + republic +Capital: + Yerevan +Administrative divisions: + none (all rayons are under direct republic jurisdiction) +Independence: + 23 September 1991 (from Soviet Union) +Constitution: + adopted NA April 1978; post-Soviet constitution not yet adopted +Legal system: + based on civil law system +National holiday: + NA +Political parties and leaders: + Armenian National Movement, Husik LAZARYAN, chairman; National Democratic + Union; National Self-Determination Association; Armenian Democratic Liberal + Organization, Ramkavar AZATAKAN, chairman; Dashnatktsutyan Party (Armenian + Revolutionary Federation, ARF), Rouben MIRZAKHANIN; Chairman of + Parliamentary opposition - Mekhak GABRIYELYAN; Christian Democratic Union; + Constitutional Rights Union; Republican Party +Suffrage: + 18 years of age; universal +Elections: + President: + last held 16 October 1991 (next to be held NA); results - Levon Akopovich + TER-PETROSYAN 86%; radical nationalists about 7%; note - Levon TER-PETROSYAN + was elected Chairman of the Armenian Supreme Soviet 4 August 1990 + Supreme Soviet: + last held 20 May 1990 (next to be held NA); results - percent of vote by + party NA; seats - (240 total) non-aligned 149, Armenian National Movement + 52, Armenian Democratic Liberal Organization 14, Dashnatktsutyan 12, + National Democratic Union 9, Christian Democratic Union 1, Constitutional + Rights Union 1, National Self-Determination Association 1, Republican Party + 1 +Executive branch: + president, council of ministers, prime minister +Legislative branch: + unicameral Supreme Soviet +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Levon Akopovich TER-PETROSYAN (since 16 October 1991), Vice + President Gagik ARUTYUNYAN (since 16 October 1991) + +*Armenia, Government + + Head of Government: Prime Minister Hrant BAGRATYAN (since NA February 1993); Supreme Soviet + Chairman Babken ARARKTSYAN (since NA 1990) +Member of: + BSEC, CIS, CSCE, EBRD, IBRD, ICAO, IMF, NACC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, + UPU, WHO +Diplomatic representation in US: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Rouben SHUGARIAN + chancery: + 122 C Street NW, Suite 360, Washington, DC 20001 + telephone: + (202) 628-5766 +US diplomatic representation: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Designate Harry GILMORE + embassy: + 18 Gen Bagramian, Yerevan + mailing address: + use embassy street address + telephone: + (7) (885) 215-1122, 215-1144 + FAX: + (7) (885) 215-1122 +Flag: + three equal horizontal bands of red (top), blue, and gold + +*Armenia, Economy + +Overview: + Armenia under the old centrally planned Soviet system had built up textile, + machine-building, and other industries and had become a key supplier to + sister republics. In turn, Armenia had depended on supplies of raw materials + and energy from the other republics. Most of these supplies enter the + republic by rail through Azerbaijan (85%) and Georgia (15%). The economy has + been severely hurt by ethnic strife with Azerbaijan over control of the + Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast, a mostly Armenian-populated enclave + within the national boundaries of Azerbaijan. In addition to outright + warfare, the strife has included interdiction of Armenian imports on the + Azerbaijani railroads and expensive airlifts of supplies to beleaguered + Armenians in Nagorno-Karabakh. An earthquake in December 1988 destroyed + about one-tenth of industrial capacity and housing, the repair of which has + not been possible because the supply of funds and real resources has been + disrupted by the reorganization and subsequent dismantling of the central + USSR administrative apparatus. Among facilities made unserviceable by the + earthquake are the Yerevan nuclear power plant, which had supplied 40% of + Armenia's needs for electric power and a plant that produced one-quarter of + the output of elevators in the former USSR. Armenia has some deposits of + nonferrous metal ores (bauxite, copper, zinc, and molybdenum) that are + largely unexploited. For the mid-term, Armenia's economic prospects seem + particularly bleak because of ethnic strife and the unusually high + dependence on outside areas, themselves in a chaotic state of + transformation. The dramatic drop in output in 1992 is attributable largely + to the cumulative impact of the blockade; of particular importance was the + shutting off in the summer of 1992 of rail and road links to Russia through + Georgia due to civil strife in the latter republic. +National product: + GDP $NA +National product real growth rate: + -34% (1992) +National product per capita: + $NA +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 20% per month (first quarter 1993) +Unemployment rate: + 2% of officially registered unemployed but large numbers of underemployed +Budget: + revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA +Exports: + $30 million to outside the successor states of the former USSR (f.o.b., + 1992) + commodities: + machinery and transport equipment, light industrial products, processed food + items (1991) + partners: + NA +Imports: + $300 million from outside the successor statees of the former USSR (c.i.f., + 1992) + commodities: + machinery, energy, consumer goods (1991) + partners: + NA +External debt: + $650 million (December 1991 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate -50% (1992 est.) + +*Armenia, Economy + +Electricity: + 2,875,000 kW capacity; 9,000 million kWh produced, 2,585 kWh per capita + (1992) +Industries: + diverse, including (in percent of output of former USSR) metalcutting + machine tools (5.5%), forging-pressing machines (1.9%), electric motors + (9%), tires (1.5%), knitted wear (4.4%), hosiery (3.0%), shoes (2.2%), silk + fabric (0.8%), washing machines (2.0%), chemicals, trucks, watches, + instruments, and microelectronics (1990) +Agriculture: + accounts for about 20% of GDP; only 29% of land area is arable; employs 18% + of labor force; citrus, cotton, and dairy farming; vineyards near Yerevan + are famous for brandy and other liqueurs +Illicit drugs: + illicit producer of cannabis mostly for domestic consumption; used as a + transshipment point for illicit drugs to Western Europe +Economic aid: + wheat from US, Turkey +Currency: retaining Russian ruble as currency (January 1993) +Exchange rates: + rubles per US$1 - 415 (24 December 1992) but subject to wide fluctuations +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +*Armenia, Communications + +Railroads: + 840 km; does not include industrial lines (1990) +Highways: + 11,300 km total; 10,500 km hard surfaced, 800 km earth (1990) +Inland waterways: + NA km +Pipelines: + natural gas 900 km (1991) +Ports: + none; landlocked +Airports: + total: + 12 + useable: + 10 + with permanent-surface runways: + 6 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 1 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 4 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 3 +Telecommunications: + progress on installation of fiber optic cable and construction of facilities + for mobile cellular phone service remains in the negotiation phase for joint + venture agreement; Armenia has about 260,000 telephones, of which about + 110,000 are in Yerevan; average telephone density is 8 per 100 persons; + international connections to other former republics of the USSR are by + landline or microwave and to other countries by satellite and by leased + connection through the Moscow international gateway switch; broadcast + stations - 100% of population receives Armenian and Russian TV programs; + satellite earth station - INTELSAT + +*Armenia, Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Air Force, National Guard, Security Forces (internal and border + troops) +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 848,223; fit for military service 681,058; reach military + age (18) annually 28,101 (1993 est.) +Defense expenditures: + 250 million rubles, NA% of GDP (1992 est.); note - conversion of the + military budget into US dollars using the current exchange rate could + produce misleading results + +*Aruba, Header + +Affiliation: + (part of the Dutch realm) + +*Aruba, Geography + +Location: + in the southern Caribbean Sea, 28 km north of Venezuela and 125 km east of + Colombia +Map references: + Central America and the Caribbean +Area: + total area: + 193 km2 + land area: + 193 km2 + comparative area: + slightly larger than Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + 0 km +Coastline: + 68.5 km +Maritime claims: + exclusive fishing zone: + 12 nm + territorial sea: + 12 nm +International disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical marine; little seasonal temperature variation +Terrain: + flat with a few hills; scant vegetation +Natural resources: + negligible; white sandy beaches +Land use: + arable land: + 0% + permanent crops: + 0% + meadows and pastures: + 0% + forest and woodland: + 0% + other: + 100% +Irrigated land: + NA km2 +Environment: + lies outside the Caribbean hurricane belt + +*Aruba, People + +Population: + 65,117 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 0.66% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 15.33 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 6.05 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + -2.72 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 8.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 76.3 years + male: + 72.65 years + female: + 80.13 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 1.83 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Aruban(s) + adjective: + Aruban +Ethnic divisions: + mixed European/Caribbean Indian 80% +Religions: + Roman Catholic 82%, Protestant 8%, Hindu, Muslim, Confucian, Jewish +Languages: + Dutch (official), Papiamento (a Spanish, Portuguese, Dutch, English + dialect), English (widely spoken), Spanish +Literacy: + total population: + NA% + male: + NA% + female: + NA% +Labor force: + NA + by occupation: + most employment is in the tourist industry (1986) + +*Aruba, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + none + conventional short form: + Aruba +Digraph: + AA +Type: + part of the Dutch realm; full autonomy in internal affairs obtained in 1986 + upon separation from the Netherlands Antilles +Capital: + Oranjestad +Administrative divisions: + none (self-governing part of the Netherlands) +Independence: + none (part of the Dutch realm; in 1990, Aruba requested and received from + the Netherlands cancellation of the agreement to automatically give + independence to the island in 1996) +Constitution: + 1 January 1986 +Legal system: + based on Dutch civil law system, with some English common law influence +National holiday: + Flag Day, 18 March +Political parties and leaders: + Electoral Movement Party (MEP), Nelson ODUBER; Aruban People's Party (AVP), + Henny EMAN; National Democratic Action (ADN), Pedro Charro KELLY; New + Patriotic Party (PPN), Eddy WERLEMEN; Aruban Patriotic Party (PPA), Benny + NISBET; Aruban Democratic Party (PDA), Leo BERLINSKI; Democratic Action '86 + (AD '86), Arturo ODUBER; Organization for Aruban Liberty (OLA), Glenbert + CROES + note: + governing coalition includes the MEP, PPA, and ADN +Suffrage: + 18 years of age; universal +Elections: + Legislature: + last held 8 January 1993 (next to be held by NA January 1997); results - + percent of vote by party NA; seats - (21 total) MEP 9, AVP 8, ADN 1, PPA 1, + OLA 1, other 1 +Executive branch: + Dutch monarch, governor, prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet) +Legislative branch: + unicameral legislature (Staten) +Judicial branch: + Joint High Court of Justice +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Queen BEATRIX Wilhelmina Armgard (since 30 April 1980), represented by + Governor General Olindo KOOLMAN (since NA) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Nelson ODUBER (since NA February 1989) +Member of: + ECLAC (associate), INTERPOL, IOC, UNESCO (associate), WCL, WTO (associate) +Diplomatic representation in US: + none (self-governing part of the Netherlands) +Flag: + blue with two narrow horizontal yellow stripes across the lower portion and + a red, four-pointed star outlined in white in the upper hoist-side corner + +*Aruba, Economy + +Overview: + Tourism is the mainstay of the economy, although offshore banking and oil + refining and storage are also important. Hotel capacity expanded rapidly + between 1985 and 1989 and nearly doubled in 1990 alone. Unemployment has + steadily declined from about 20% in 1986 to about 3% in 1991. The reopening + of the local oil refinery, once a major source of employment and foreign + exchange earnings, promises to give the economy an additional boost. +National product: + GDP - exchange rate conversion - $900 million (1991 est.) +National product real growth rate: + 6% (1991 est.) +National product per capita: + $14,000 (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 5.6% (1991) +Unemployment rate: + 3% (1991 est.) +Budget: + revenues $145 million; expenditures $185 million, including capital + expenditures of $42 million (1988) +Exports: + $902.4 million, including oil re-exports (f.o.b., 1991) + commodities: + mostly petroleum products + partners: + US 64%, EC +Imports: + $1,311.3 million, including oil for processing and re-export (f.o.b., 1991) + commodities: + food, consumer goods, manufactures, petroleum products + partners: + US 8%, EC +External debt: + $81 million (1987) +Industrial production: + growth rate NA% +Electricity: + 310,000 kW capacity; 945 million kWh produced, 14,610 kWh per capita (1992) +Industries: + tourism, transshipment facilities, oil refining +Agriculture: + poor quality soils and low rainfall limit agricultural activity to the + cultivation of aloes, some livestock, and fishing +Illicit drugs: + drug money laundering center +Economic aid: + Western (non-US) countries ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1980-89), $220 + million +Currency: + 1 Aruban florin (Af.) = 100 cents +Exchange rates: + Aruban florins (Af.) per US$1 - 1.7900 (fixed rate since 1986) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +*Aruba, Communications + +Highways: + NA km all-weather highways +Ports: + Oranjestad, Sint Nicolaas +Airports: + total: + 2 + usable: + 2 + with permanent-surface runways: + 2 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 1 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 0 + note: + government-owned airport east of Oranjestad accepts transatlantic flights +Telecommunications: + generally adequate; extensive interisland microwave radio relay links; + 72,168 telephones; broadcast stations - 4 AM, 4 FM, 1 TV; 1 submarine cable + to Sint Maarten + +*Aruba, Defense Forces + +Note: + defense is the responsibility of the Netherlands + +*Ashmore and Cartier Islands, Header + +Affiliation: + (territory of Australia) + +*Ashmore and Cartier Islands, Geography + +Location: + in the Indian Ocean, 320 km off the northwest coast of Australia, between + Australia and Indonesia +Map references: + Oceania, Southeast Asia +Area: + total area: + 5 km2 + land area: + 5 km2 + comparative area: + about 8.5 times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC + note: + includes Ashmore Reef (West, Middle, and East Islets) and Cartier Island +Land boundaries: + 0 km +Coastline: + 74.1 km +Maritime claims: + contiguous zone: + 12 nm + continental shelf: + 200 m (depth) or to depth of exploration + exclusive fishing zone: + 200 nm + territorial sea: + 3 nm +International disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical +Terrain: + low with sand and coral +Natural resources: + fish +Land use: + arable land: + 0% + permanent crops: + 0% + meadows and pastures: + 0% + forest and woodland: + 0% + other: + 100% (all grass and sand) +Irrigated land: + 0 km2 +Environment: + surrounded by shoals and reefs; Ashmore Reef National Nature Reserve + established in August 1983 + +*Ashmore and Cartier Islands, People + +Population: + no indigenous inhabitants; note - there are only seasonal caretakers + +*Ashmore and Cartier Islands, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Territory of Ashmore and Cartier Islands + conventional short form: + Ashmore and Cartier Islands +Digraph: + AT +Type: + territory of Australia administered by the Australian Ministry for Arts, + Sports, the Environment, Tourism, and Territories +Capital: + none; administered from Canberra, Australia +Administrative divisions: + none (territory of Australia) +Independence: + none (territory of Australia) +Legal system: + relevant laws of the Northern Territory of Australia +Diplomatic representation in US: + none (territory of Australia) +US diplomatic representation: + none (territory of Australia) + +*Ashmore and Cartier Islands, Economy + +Overview: + no economic activity + +*Ashmore and Cartier Islands, Communications + +Ports: + none; offshore anchorage only + +*Ashmore and Cartier Islands, Defense Forces + +Note: + defense is the responsibility of Australia; periodic visits by the Royal + Australian Navy and Royal Australian Air Force + +*Atlantic Ocean, Geography + +Location: + body of water between the Western Hemisphere and Europe/Africa +Map references: Africa, Antarctic Region, Arctic Region, Central America and the Caribbean, + Europe, North America, South America, Standard Time Zones of the World +Area: + total area: + 82.217 million km2 + comparative area: + slightly less than nine times the size of the US; second-largest of the + world's four oceans (after the Pacific Ocean, but larger than Indian Ocean + or Arctic Ocean) + note: + includes Baltic Sea, Black Sea, Caribbean Sea, Davis Strait, Denmark Strait, + Drake Passage, Gulf of Mexico, Mediterranean Sea, North Sea, Norwegian Sea, + Weddell Sea, and other tributary water bodies +Coastline: + 111,866 km +International disputes: + some maritime disputes (see littoral states) +Climate: + tropical cyclones (hurricanes) develop off the coast of Africa near Cape + Verde and move westward into the Caribbean Sea; hurricanes can occur from + May to December, but are most frequent from August to November +Terrain: + surface usually covered with sea ice in Labrador Sea, Denmark Strait, and + Baltic Sea from October to June; clockwise warm water gyre (broad, circular + system of currents) in the north Atlantic, counterclockwise warm water gyre + in the south Atlantic; the ocean floor is dominated by the Mid-Atlantic + Ridge, a rugged north-south centerline for the entire Atlantic basin; + maximum depth is 8,605 meters in the Puerto Rico Trench +Natural resources: + oil and gas fields, fish, marine mammals (seals and whales), sand and gravel + aggregates, placer deposits, polymetallic nodules, precious stones +Environment: + endangered marine species include the manatee, seals, sea lions, turtles, + and whales; municipal sludge pollution off eastern US, southern Brazil, and + eastern Argentina; oil pollution in Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, Lake + Maracaibo, Mediterranean Sea, and North Sea; industrial waste and municipal + sewage pollution in Baltic Sea, North Sea, and Mediterranean Sea; icebergs + common in Davis Strait, Denmark Strait, and the northwestern Atlantic from + February to August and have been spotted as far south as Bermuda and the + Madeira Islands; icebergs from Antarctica occur in the extreme southern + Atlantic +Note: + ships subject to superstructure icing in extreme north Atlantic from October + to May and extreme south Atlantic from May to October; persistent fog can be + a hazard to shipping from May to September; major choke points include the + Dardanelles, Strait of Gibraltar, access to the Panama and Suez Canals; + strategic straits include the Dover Strait, Straits of Florida, Mona + Passage, The Sound (Oresund), and Windward Passage; north Atlantic shipping + lanes subject to icebergs from February to August; the Equator divides the + Atlantic Ocean into the North Atlantic Ocean and South Atlantic Ocean + +*Atlantic Ocean, Government + +Digraph: ZH + +*Atlantic Ocean, Economy + +Overview: + Economic activity is limited to exploitation of natural resources, + especially fish, dredging aragonite sands (The Bahamas), and crude oil and + natural gas production (Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, and North Sea). + +*Atlantic Ocean, Communications + +Ports: + Alexandria (Egypt), Algiers (Algeria), Antwerp (Belgium), Barcelona (Spain), + Buenos Aires (Argentina), Casablanca (Morocco), Colon (Panama), Copenhagen + (Denmark), Dakar (Senegal), Gdansk (Poland), Hamburg (Germany), Helsinki + (Finland), Las Palmas (Canary Islands, Spain), Le Havre (France), Lisbon + (Portugal), London (UK), Marseille (France), Montevideo (Uruguay), Montreal + (Canada), Naples (Italy), New Orleans (US), New York (US), Oran (Algeria), + Oslo (Norway), Piraeus (Greece), Rio de Janeiro (Brazil), Rotterdam + (Netherlands), Saint Petersburg (formerly Leningrad; Russia), Stockholm + (Sweden) +Telecommunications: + numerous submarine cables with most between continental Europe and the UK, + North America and the UK, and in the Mediterranean; numerous direct links + across Atlantic via INTELSAT satellite network +Note: + Kiel Canal and Saint Lawrence Seaway are two important waterways + +*Australia, Geography + +Location: + Oceania, between Indonesia and New Zealand +Map references: + Southeast Asia, Oceania, Antarctic Region, Standard Time Zones of the World +Area: + total area: + 7,686,850 km2 + land area: + 7,617,930 km2 + comparative area: + slightly smaller than the US + note: + includes Macquarie Island +Land boundaries: + 0 km +Coastline: + 25,760 km +Maritime claims: + contiguous zone: + 12 nm + continental shelf: + 200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation + exclusive fishing zone: + 200 nm + territorial sea: + 12 nm +International disputes: + territorial claim in Antarctica (Australian Antarctic Territory) +Climate: + generally arid to semiarid; temperate in south and east; tropical in north +Terrain: + mostly low plateau with deserts; fertile plain in southeast +Natural resources: + bauxite, coal, iron ore, copper, tin, silver, uranium, nickel, tungsten, + mineral sands, lead, zinc, diamonds, natural gas, petroleum +Land use: + arable land: + 6% + permanent crops: + 0% + meadows and pastures: + 58% + forest and woodland: + 14% + other: + 22% +Irrigated land: + 18,800 km2 (1989 est.) +Environment: + subject to severe droughts and floods; cyclones along coast; limited + freshwater availability; irrigated soil degradation; regular, tropical, + invigorating, sea breeze known as "the Doctor" occurs along west coast in + summer; desertification +Note: + world's smallest continent but sixth-largest country + +*Australia, People + +Population: + 17,827,204 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 1.41% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 14.43 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 7.38 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + 7.01 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 7.4 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 77.36 years + male: 74.24 years + female: + 80.63 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 1.83 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Australian(s) + adjective: + Australian +Ethnic divisions: + Caucasian 95%, Asian 4%, Aboriginal and other 1% +Religions: + Anglican 26.1%, Roman Catholic 26%, other Christian 24.3% +Languages: + English, native languages +Literacy: + age 15 and over can read and write (1980) + total population: + 100% + male: + 100% + female: + 100% +Labor force: + 8.63 million (September 1991) + by occupation: + finance and services 33.8%, public and community services 22.3%, wholesale + and retail trade 20.1%, manufacturing and industry 16.2%, agriculture 6.1% + (1987) + +*Australia, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Commonwealth of Australia + conventional short form: + Australia +Digraph: + AS +Type: + federal parliamentary state +Capital: + Canberra +Administrative divisions: + 6 states and 2 territories*; Australian Capital Territory*, New South Wales,, Northern +Territory*, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria,, Western Australia +Dependent areas: + Ashmore and Cartier Islands, Christmas Island, Cocos (Keeling) Islands, + Coral Sea Islands, Heard Island and McDonald Islands, Norfolk Island +Independence: + 1 January 1901 (federation of UK colonies) +Constitution: 9 July 1900, effective 1 January 1901 +Legal system: + based on English common law; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with + reservations +National holiday: + Australia Day, 26 January +Political parties and leaders: + government: + Australian Labor Party, Paul John KEATING + opposition: + Liberal Party, John HEWSON; National Party, Timothy FISCHER; Australian + Democratic Party, John COULTER +Other political or pressure groups: + Australian Democratic Labor Party (anti-Communist Labor Party splinter + group); Peace and Nuclear Disarmament Action (Nuclear Disarmament Party + splinter group) +Suffrage: + 18 years of age; universal and compulsory +Elections: + House of Representatives: + last held 13 March 1993 (next to be held by NA May 1996); results - percent + of vote by party NA; seats - (147 total) Labor 80, Liberal-National 65, + independent 2 + Senate: + last held 13 March 1993 (next to be held by NA May 1999); results - percent + of vote by party NA; seats - (76 total) Liberal-National 36, Labor 30, + Australian Democrats 7, Greens 2, independents 1 +Executive branch: + British monarch, governor general, prime minister, deputy prime minister, + Cabinet +Legislative branch: + bicameral Federal Parliament consists of an upper house or Senate and a + lower house or House of Representatives +Judicial branch: + High Court + +*Australia, Government + +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General + William George HAYDEN (since 16 February 1989) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Paul John KEATING (since 20 December 1991); Deputy Prime + Minister Brian HOWE (since 4 June 1991) +Member of: + AfDB, AG (observer), ANZUS, APEC, AsDB, Australia Group, BIS, C, CCC, COCOM, + CP, EBRD, ESCAP, FAO, GATT, G-8, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IEA, + IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, + LORCS, MINURSO, MTCR, NAM (guest), NEA, NSG, OECD, PCA, SPARTECA, SPC, SPF, + UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNOSOM, UNTAC, UNTSO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, + WIPO, WMO, ZC +Diplomatic representation in US: + chief of mission: Ambassador Michael J. COOK + chancery: + 1601 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036 + telephone: + (202) 797-3000 + consulates general: + Chicago, Honolulu, Houston, Los Angeles, New York, Pago Pago (American + Samoa), and San Francisco +US diplomatic representation: + chief of mission: + (vacant) + embassy: + Moonah Place, Yarralumla, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2600 + mailing address: + APO AP 96549 + telephone: + [61] (6) 270-5000 + FAX: + [61] (6) 270-5970 + consulates general: + Melbourne, Perth, and Sydney + consulate: + Brisbane +Flag: + blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and a large + seven-pointed star in the lower hoist-side quadrant; the remaining half is a + representation of the Southern Cross constellation in white with one small + five-pointed star and four, larger, seven-pointed stars + +*Australia, Economy + +Overview: + Australia has a prosperous Western-style capitalist economy, with a per + capita GDP comparable to levels in industrialized West European countries. + Rich in natural resources, Australia is a major exporter of agricultural + products, minerals, metals, and fossil fuels. Of the top 25 exports, 21 are + primary products, so that, as happened during 1983-84, a downturn in world + commodity prices can have a big impact on the economy. The government is + pushing for increased exports of manufactured goods, but competition in + international markets continues to be severe. +National product: + GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $293.5 billion (1992) +National product real growth rate: + 2.5% (1992) +National product per capita: + $16,700 (1992) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 0.8% (September 1992) +Unemployment rate: + 11.3% (December 1992) +Budget: + revenues $68.5 billion; expenditures $78.0 billion, including capital + expenditures of $NA (FY93) +Exports: $41.7 billion (f.o.b., FY91) + commodities: + coal, gold, meat, wool, alumina, wheat, machinery and transport equipment + partners: + Japan 26%, US 11%, NZ 6%, South Korea 4%, Singapore 4%, UK, Taiwan, Hong + Kong +Imports: + $37.8 billion (f.o.b., FY91) + commodities: + machinery and transport equipment, computers and office machines, crude oil + and petroleum products + partners: + US 24%, Japan 19%, UK 6%, FRG 7%, NZ 4% (1990) +External debt: + $130.4 billion (June 1991) +Industrial production: + growth rate NA%; accounts for 32% of GDP +Electricity: + 40,000,000 kW capacity; 150,000 million kWh produced, 8,475 kWh per capita + (1992) +Industries: + mining, industrial and transportation equipment, food processing, chemicals, + steel +Agriculture: + accounts for 5% of GDP and 37% of export revenues; world's largest exporter + of beef and wool, second-largest for mutton, and among top wheat exporters; + major crops - wheat, barley, sugarcane, fruit; livestock - cattle, sheep, + poultry +Illicit drugs: + Tasmania is one of the world's major suppliers of licit opiate products; + government maintains strict controls over areas of opium poppy cultivation + and output of poppy straw concentrate +Economic aid: + donor - ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $10.4 billion +Currency: + 1 Australian dollar ($A) = 100 cents + +*Australia, Economy + +Exchange rates: + Australian dollars ($A) per US$1 - 1.4837 (January 1993), 1.3600 (1992), + 1.2836 (1991), 1.2799 (1990), 1.2618 (1989), 1.2752 (1988) +Fiscal year: + 1 July - 30 June + +*Australia, Communications + +Railroads: + 40,478 km total; 7,970 km 1.600-meter gauge, 16,201 km 1.435-meter standard + gauge, 16,307 km 1.067-meter gauge; 183 km dual gauge; 1,130 km electrified; + government owned (except for a few hundred kilometers of privately owned + track) (1985) +Highways: + 837,872 km total; 243,750 km paved, 228,396 km gravel, crushed stone, or + stabilized soil surface, 365,726 km unimproved earth +Inland waterways: + 8,368 km; mainly by small, shallow-draft craft +Pipelines: + crude oil 2,500 km; petroleum products 500 km; natural gas 5,600 km +Ports: + Adelaide, Brisbane, Cairns, Darwin, Devonport, Fremantle, Geelong, Hobart, + Launceston, Mackay, Melbourne, Sydney, Townsville +Merchant marine: + 82 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,347,271 GRT/3,534,926 DWT; includes + 2 short-sea passenger, 8 cargo, 7 container, 8 roll-on/roll-off, 1 vehicle + carrier, 17 oil tanker, 3 chemical tanker, 4 liquefied gas, 30 bulk, 2 + combination bulk +Airports: + total: + 481 + usable: + 439 + with permanent-surface runways: + 243 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 1 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 20 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 268 +Telecommunications: + good international and domestic service; 8.7 million telephones; broadcast + stations - 258 AM, 67 FM, 134 TV; submarine cables to New Zealand, Papua New + Guinea, and Indonesia; domestic satellite service; satellite stations - 4 + Indian Ocean INTELSAT, 6 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth stations + +*Australia, Defense Forces + +Branches: + Australian Army, Royal Australian Navy, Royal Australian Air Force +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 4,830,068; fit for military service 4,198,622; reach + military age (17) annually 135,591 (1993 est.) +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $7.1 billion, 2.4% of GDP (FY92/93) + +*Austria, Geography + +Location: + Central Europe, between Germany and Hungary +Map references: + Africa, Arctic Region, Europe, Standard Time Zones of the World +Area: + total area: 83,850 km2 + land area: + 82,730 km2 + comparative area: + slightly smaller than Maine +Land boundaries: + total 2,496 km, Czech Republic 362 km, Germany 784 km, Hungary 366 km, Italy + 430 km, Liechtenstein 37 km, Slovakia 91 km, Slovenia 262 km, Switzerland + 164 km +Coastline: + 0 km (landlocked) +Maritime claims: + none; landlocked +International disputes: + none +Climate: + temperate; continental, cloudy; cold winters with frequent rain in lowlands + and snow in mountains; cool summers with occasional showers +Terrain: + in the west and south mostly mountains (Alps); along the eastern and + northern margins mostly flat or gently sloping +Natural resources: + iron ore, petroleum, timber, magnesite, aluminum, lead, coal, lignite, + copper, hydropower +Land use: + arable land: + 17% + permanent crops: + 1% + meadows and pastures: + 24% + forest and woodland: + 39% + other: + 19% +Irrigated land: + 40 km2 (1989) +Environment: + population is concentrated on eastern lowlands because of steep slopes, poor + soils, and low temperatures elsewhere +Note: + landlocked; strategic location at the crossroads of central Europe with many + easily traversable Alpine passes and valleys; major river is the Danube + +*Austria, People + +Population: + 7,915,145 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 0.55% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 11.54 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 10.42 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + 4.42 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 7.3 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 76.4 years + male: + 73.18 years + female: + 79.8 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 1.47 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Austrian(s) + adjective: + Austrian +Ethnic divisions: + German 99.4%, Croatian 0.3%, Slovene 0.2%, other 0.1% +Religions: + Roman Catholic 85%, Protestant 6%, other 9% +Languages: + German +Literacy: + age 15 and over can read and write (1974) + total population: + 99% + male: + NA% + female: + NA% +Labor force: + 3.47 million (1989) + by occupation: + services 56.4%, industry and crafts 35.4%, agriculture and forestry 8.1% + note: + an estimated 200,000 Austrians are employed in other European countries; + foreign laborers in Austria number 177,840, about 6% of labor force (1988) + +*Austria, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Republic of Austria + conventional short form: + Austria + local long form: + Republik Oesterreich + local short form: + Oesterreich +Digraph: + AU +Type: federal republic +Capital: + Vienna +Administrative divisions: + 9 states (bundeslander, singular - bundesland); Burgenland, Karnten, + Niederosterreich, Oberosterreich, Salzburg, Steiermark, Tirol, Vorarlberg, + Wien +Independence: + 12 November 1918 (from Austro-Hungarian Empire) +Constitution: + 1920; revised 1929 (reinstated 1945) +Legal system: + civil law system with Roman law origin; judicial review of legislative acts + by a Constitutional Court; separate administrative and civil/penal supreme + courts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + National Day, 26 October (1955) +Political parties and leaders: + Social Democratic Party of Austria (SPO), Franz VRANITZKY, chairman; + Austrian People's Party (OVP), Erhard BUSEK, chairman; Freedom Party of + Austria (FPO), Jorg HAIDER, chairman; Communist Party (KPO), Walter + SILBERMAYER, chairman; Green Alternative List (GAL), Johannes VOGGENHUBER, + chairman +Other political or pressure groups: + Federal Chamber of Commerce and Industry; Austrian Trade Union Federation + (primarily Socialist); three composite leagues of the Austrian People's + Party (OVP) representing business, labor, and farmers; OVP-oriented League + of Austrian Industrialists; Roman Catholic Church, including its chief lay + organization, Catholic Action +Suffrage: + 19 years of age, universal; compulsory for presidential elections +Elections: + President: + last held 24 May 1992 (next to be held 1996); results of second ballot - + Thomas KLESTIL 57%, Rudolf STREICHER 43% + National Council: + last held 7 October 1990 (next to be held October 1994); results - SPO 43%, + OVP 32.1%, FPO 16.6%, GAL 4.5%, KPO 0.7%, other 0.32%; seats - (183 total) + SPO 80, OVP 60, FPO 33, GAL 10 +Executive branch: + president, chancellor, vice chancellor, Council of Ministers (cabinet) +Legislative branch: + bicameral Federal Assembly (Bundesversammlung) consists of an upper council + or Federal Council (Bundesrat) and a lower council or National Council + (Nationalrat) + +*Austria, Government + +Judicial branch: + Supreme Judicial Court (Oberster Gerichtshof) for civil and criminal cases, + Administrative Court (Verwaltungsgerichtshof) for bureaucratic cases, + Constitutional Court (Verfassungsgerichtshof) for constitutional cases +Leaders: + Chief of State: President Thomas KLESTIL (since 8 July 1992) + Head of Government: + Chancellor Franz VRANITZKY (since 16 June 1986); Vice Chancellor Erhard + BUSEK (since 2 July 1991) +Member of: + AfDB, AG (observer), AsDB, Australia Group, BIS, CCC, CE, CEI, CERN, COCOM + (cooperating country), CSCE, EBRD, ECE, EFTA, ESA, FAO, G-9, GATT, IADB, + IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, + INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LORCS, MINURSO, MTCR, NAM (guest), NEA, NSG, + OAS (observer), OECD, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNDOF, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNIDO, + UNIKOM, UNOSOM, UNTAC, UNTSO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC +Diplomatic representation in US: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Friedrich HOESS + chancery: + 3524 International Court NW, Washington, DC 20008-3035 + telephone: + (202) 895-6700 + FAX: + (202) 895-6750 + consulates general: + Chicago, Los Angeles, and New York +US diplomatic representation: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Roy Michael HUFFINGTON + chancery: + Boltzmanngasse 16, A-1091, Unit 27937, Vienna + mailing address: + APO AE 09222 + telephone: + [43] (1) 31-339 + FAX: + [43] (1) 310-0682 + consulate general: + Salzburg +Flag: + three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and red + +*Austria, Economy + +Overview: + Austria boasts a prosperous and stable socialist market economy with a + sizable proportion of nationalized industry and extensive welfare benefits. + Thanks to an excellent raw material endowment, a technically skilled labor + force, and strong links to German industrial firms, Austria occupies + specialized niches in European industry and services (tourism, banking) and + produces almost enough food to feed itself with only 8% of the labor force + in agriculture. Increased export sales resulting from German unification, + continued to boost Austria's economy through 1991. However, Germany's + economic difficulties in 1992 slowed Austria's GDP growth to 2% from the 3% + of 1991. Austria's economy, moreover, is not expected to grow by more than + 1% in 1993, and inflation is forecast to remain about 4%. Unemployment will + likely remain at current levels at least until 1994. Living standards in + Austria are comparable with the large industrial countries of Western + Europe. Problems for the l990s include an aging population, the high level + of subsidies, and the struggle to keep welfare benefits within budgetary + capabilities. The continued opening of Eastern European markets, however, + will increase demand for Austrian exports. Austria, a member of the European + Free Trade Association (EFTA), in 1992 ratified the European Economic Area + Treaty, which will extend European Community rules on the free movement of + people, goods, capital and services to the EFTA countries, and Austrians + plan to hold a national referendum within the next two years to vote on EC + membership. +National product: + GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $141.3 billion (1992) +National product real growth rate: + 1.8% (1992) +National product per capita: + $18,000 (1992) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 4% (1992 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 6.4% (1992 est.) +Budget: + revenues $47.8 billion; expenditures $53.0 billion, including capital + expenditures of $NA (1992 est.) +Exports: + $43.5 billion (1992 est.) + commodities: + machinery and equipment, iron and steel, lumber, textiles, paper products, + chemicals + partners: + EC 65.8% (Germany 39%), EFTA 9.1%, Eastern Europe/former USSR 9.0%, Japan + 1.7%, US 2.8% (1991) +Imports: + $50.7 billion (1992 est.) + commodities: + petroleum, foodstuffs, machinery and equipment, vehicles, chemicals, + textiles and clothing, pharmaceuticals + partners: + EC 67.8% (Germany 43.0%), EFTA 6.9%, Eastern Europe/former USSR 6.0%, Japan + 4.8%, US 3.9% (1991) +External debt: + $11.8 billion (1990 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 2.0% (1991) +Electricity: + 17,600,000 kW capacity; 49,500 million kWh produced, 6,300 kWh per capita + (1992) + +*Austria, Economy + +Industries: + foods, iron and steel, machines, textiles, chemicals, electrical, paper and + pulp, tourism, mining, motor vehicles +Agriculture: + accounts for 3.2% of GDP (including forestry); principal crops and animals - + grains, fruit, potatoes, sugar beets, sawn wood, cattle, pigs, poultry; + 80-90% self-sufficient in food +Illicit drugs: + transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin transiting the Balkan route +Economic aid: + donor - ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $2.4 billion +Currency: + 1 Austrian schilling (S) = 100 groschen +Exchange rates: + Austrian schillings (S) per US$1 - 11.363 (January 1993), 10.989 (1992), + 11.676 (1991), 11.370 (1990), 13.231 (1989), 12.348 (1988) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +*Austria, Communications + +Railroads: + 5,749 km total; 5,652 km government owned and 97 km privately owned (0.760-, + 1.435- and 1.000-meter gauge); 5,394 km 1.435-meter standard gauge of which + 3,154 km is electrified and 1,520 km is double tracked; 339 km 0.760-meter + narrow gauge of which 84 km is electrified +Highways: + 95,412 km total; 34,612 km are the primary network (including 1,012 km of + autobahn, 10,400 km of federal, and 23,200 km of provincial roads); of this + number, 21,812 km are paved and 12,800 km are unpaved; in addition, there + are 60,800 km of communal roads (mostly gravel, crushed stone, earth) +Inland waterways: + 446 km +Pipelines: + crude oil 554 km; natural gas 2,611 km; petroleum products 171 km +Ports: + Vienna, Linz (Danube river ports) +Merchant marine: + 29 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 154,159 GRT/256,765 DWT; includes 23 + cargo, 1 refrigerated cargo, 1 oil tanker, 1 chemical tanker, 3 bulk +Airports: + total: + 55 + usable: + 55 + with permanent-surface runways: + 20 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 6 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 4 +Telecommunications: + highly developed and efficient; 4,014,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 6 + AM, 21 (545 repeaters) FM, 47 (870 repeaters) TV; satellite ground stations + for Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, Indian Ocean INTELSAT, and EUTELSAT systems + +*Austria, Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army (including Flying Division) +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 2,016,464; fit for military service 1,694,140; reach + military age (19) annually 50,259 (1993 est.) +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $1.7 billion, 0.9% of GDP (1993 est.) + +*Azerbaijan, Geography + +Location: + Southeastern Europe, between Armenia and Turkmenistan, bordering the Caspian + Sea +Map references: + Africa, Asia, Commonwealth of Independent States - Central Asian States, + Commonwealth of Independent States - European States, Middle East, Standard + Time Zones of the World +Area: + total area: + 86,600 km2 + land area: + 86,100 km2 + comparative area: + slightly larger than Maine + note: + includes the Nakhichevan' Autonomous Republic and the Nagorno-Karabakh + Autonomous Oblast; region's autonomy was abolished by Azerbaijan Supreme + Soviet on 26 November 1991 +Land boundaries: + total 2,013 km, Armenia (west) 566 km, Armenia (southwest) 221 km, Georgia + 322 km, Iran (south) 432 km, Iran (southwest) 179 km, Russia 284 km, Turkey + 9 km +Coastline: + 0 km (landlocked) + note: + Azerbaijan does border the Caspian Sea (800 km, est.) +Maritime claims: + NA + note: + Azerbaijani claims in Caspian Sea unknown; 10 nm fishing zone provided for + in 1940 treaty regarding trade and navigation between Soviet Union and Iran +International disputes: + violent and longstanding dispute with Armenia over status of + Nagorno-Karabakh, lesser dispute concerns Nakhichevan; some Azerbaijanis + desire absorption of and/or unification with the ethnically Azeri portion of + Iran; minor irredentist disputes along Georgia border +Climate: + dry, semiarid steppe; subject to drought +Terrain: + large, flat Kura-Aras Lowland (much of it below sea level) with Great + Caucasus Mountains to the north, Karabakh Upland in west; Baku lies on + Aspheson Peninsula that juts into Caspian Sea +Natural resources: + petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, nonferrous metals, alumina +Land use: + arable land: + 18% + permanent crops: + 0% + meadows and pastures: + 25% + forest and woodland: + 0% + other: + 57% +Irrigated land: + 14,010 km2 (1990) + +*Azerbaijan, Geography + +Environment: + local scientists consider Apsheron Peninsula, including Baku and Sumgait, + and the Caspian Sea to be "most ecologically devastated area in the world" + because of severe air and water pollution +Note: + landlocked + +*Azerbaijan, People + +Population: + 7,573,435 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 1.5% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 24.09 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 6.61 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + -2.45 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 35.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 70.6 years + male: + 66.77 years + female: + 74.63 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 2.76 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Azerbaijani(s) + adjective: Azerbaijani +Ethnic divisions: + Azeri 82.7%, Russian 5.6%, Armenian 5.6%, Daghestanis 3.2%, other 2.9%, note + - Armenian share may be less than 5.6% because many Armenians have fled the + ethnic violence since 1989 census +Religions: + Moslem 87%, Russian Orthodox 5.6%, Armenian Orthodox 5.6%, other 1.8% +Languages: + Azeri 82%, Russian 7%, Armenian 5%, other 6% +Literacy: + age 9-49 can read and write (1970) + total population: + 100% + male: + 100% + female: + 100% +Labor force: + 2.789 million + by occupation: + agriculture and forestry 32%, industry and construction 26%, other 42% + (1990) + +*Azerbaijan, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Republic of Azerbaijan + conventional short form: + Azerbaijan + local long form: + Azarbaijchan Respublikasy + local short form: + none + former: + Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic +Digraph: + AJ +Type: + republic +Capital: + Baku (Baky) +Administrative divisions: + 1 autonomous republic (avtomnaya respublika); Nakhichevan (administrative + center at Nakhichevan) + note: + all rayons except for the exclave of Nakhichevan are under direct republic + jurisdiction; 1 autonomous oblast, Nagorno-Karabakh (officially abolished by + Azerbaijani Supreme Soviet on 26 November 1991) has declared itself + Nagorno-Karabakh Republic +Independence: + 30 August 1991 (from Soviet Union) +Constitution: + adopted NA April 1978; writing a new constitution mid-1993 +Legal system: + based on civil law system +National holiday: + NA +Political parties and leaders: + New Azerbaijan Party, ALIYEV; Musavat Party (Azerbaijan Popular Front - + APF), Isa GAMBAROV; National Independence Party (main opposition party), + Etibar MAMEDOV; Social Democratic Party (SDP), Zardusht Ali ZADE; Party of + Revolutionary Revival (successor to the Communist Party), Sayad Afes OGLV, + general secretary; Party of Independent Azerbaijan, SOVLEYMANOV +Other political or pressure groups: + self-proclaimed Armenian Nagorno-Karabakh Republic +Suffrage: + 18 years of age; universal +Elections: + President: + last held 8 June 1992 (next to be held NA); results - Abdulfaz Ali ELCHIBEY, + won 60% of vote + National Council: + last held 30 September and 14 October 1990 for the Supreme Soviet (next + expected to be held late 1993 for the National Council); seats for Supreme + Soviet - (360 total) Communists 280, Democratic Bloc 45 (grouping of + opposition parties), other 15, vacant 20; note - on 19 May 1992 the Supreme + Soviet was disbanded in favor of a Popular Front-dominated National Council; + seats - (50 total) 25 Popular Front, 25 opposition elements +Executive branch: + president, council of ministers +Legislative branch: + National Parliament (National Assembly or Milli Mejlis) + +*Azerbaijan, Government + +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Ebulfez ELCHIBEY (since 7 June 1992) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Penah HUSEYNOV (since 29 April 1993; resigned 7 June 1993; + likely replacement - E'tibar MAMEDOV); National Parliament Chairman Isa + GAMBAROV (since 19 May 1992; resigned 13 June 1993; likely replacement + Geydar ALIYEV) +Member of: + BSEC, CSCE, EBRD, ECO, ESCAP, IBRD, IDB, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, ITU, NACC, OIC, + UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO +Diplomatic representation in US: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Hafiz PASHAYEV + chancery: + 1615 L Street NW, Washington, DC 20036 + telephone: + NA +US diplomatic representation: + chief of mission: Ambassador Richard MILES + embassy: + Hotel Intourist, Baku + mailing address: + APO AE 09862 + telephone: + 7-8922-91-79-56 +Flag: + three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), red, and green; a crescent and + eight-pointed star in white are centered in red band + +*Azerbaijan, Economy + +Overview: + Azerbaijan is less developed industrially than either Armenia or Georgia, + the other Transcaucasian states. It resembles the Central Asian states in + its majority Muslim population, high structural unemployment, and low + standard of living. The economy's most prominent products are cotton, oil, + and gas. Production from the Caspian oil and gas field has been in decline + for several years. With foreign assistance, the oil industry might generate + the funds needed to spur industrial development. However, civil unrest, + marked by armed conflict in the Nagorno-Karabakh region between Muslim + Azeris and Christian Armenians, makes foreign investors wary. Azerbaijan + accounted for 1.5% to 2% of the capital stock and output of the former + Soviet Union. Azerbaijan shares all the formidable problems of the ex-Soviet + republics in making the transition from a command to a market economy, but + its considerable energy resources brighten its propects somewhat. Old + economic ties and structures have yet to be replaced. A particularly galling + constraint on economic revival is the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, said to + consume 25% of Azerbaijan's economic resources. +National product: + GDP $NA +National product real growth rate: + -25% (1992) +National product per capita: + $NA +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 20% per month (1992 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 0.2% includes officially registered unemployed; also large numbers of + underemployed workers +Budget: + revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA (1992) +Exports: + $821 million to outside the successor states of the former USSR (f.o.b., + 1992 est.) + commodities: + oil and gas, chemicals, oilfield equipment, textiles, cotton (1991) + partners: + mostly CIS and European countries +Imports: + $300 million from outside the successor states of the former USSR (c.i.f., + 1992 est.) + commodities: machinery and parts, consumer durables, foodstuffs, textiles (1991) + partners: + European countries +External debt: + $1.3 billion (1991 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate -27% (1992) +Electricity: + 6,025,000 kW capacity; 22,300 million kWh produced, 2,990 kWh per capita + (1992) +Industries: + petroleum and natural gas, petroleum products, oilfield equipment; steel, + iron ore, cement; chemicals and petrochemicals; textiles +Agriculture: + cotton, grain, rice, grapes, fruit, vegetables, tea, tobacco; cattle, pigs, + sheep and goats + +*Azerbaijan, Economy + +Illicit drugs: + illicit producer of cannabis and opium; mostly for CIS consumption; limited + government eradication program; used as transshipment points for illicit + drugs to Western Europe +Economic aid: + wheat from Turkey +Currency: + 1 manat (abbreviation NA) = 10 Russian rubles; ruble still used +Exchange rates: + NA +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +*Azerbaijan, Communications + +Railroads: + 2,090 km; does not include industrial lines (1990) +Highways: + 36,700 km total (1990); 31,800 km hard surfaced; 4,900 km earth +Pipelines: + crude oil 1,130 km, petroleum products 630 km, natural gas 1,240 km +Ports: + inland - Baku (Baky) +Airports: + total: + 65 + useable: + 33 + with permanent-surface runways: + 26 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 8 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 23 +Telecommunications: + domestic telephone service is of poor quality and inadequate; 644,000 + domestic telephone lines (density - 9 lines per 100 persons (1991)), 202,000 + persons waiting for telephone installations (January 1991); connections to + other former USSR republics by cable and microwave and to other countries + via the Moscow international gateway switch; INTELSAT earth station + installed in late 1992 in Baku with Turkish financial assistance with access + to 200 countries through Turkey; domestic and Russian TV programs are + received locally and Turkish and Iranian TV is received from an INTELSAT + satellite through a receive-only earth station + +*Azerbaijan, Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Air Force, Navy, National Guard, Security Forces (internal and border + troops) +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 1,842,917; fit for military service 1,497,640; reach + military age (18) annually 66,928 (1993 est.) +Defense expenditures: + 2,848 million rubles, NA% of GDP (1992 est.); note - conversion of the + military budget into US dollars using the current exchange rate could + produce misleading results + +*The Bahamas, Geography + +Location: + in the western North Atlantic Ocean, southeast of Florida and northwest of + Cuba +Map references: + Central America and the Caribbean, North America, Standard Time Zones of the + World +Area: + total area: + 13,940 km2 + land area: + 10,070 km2 + comparative area: + slightly larger than Connecticut +Land boundaries: + 0 km +Coastline: + 3,542 km +Maritime claims: + continental shelf: + 200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation + exclusive fishing zone: + 200 nm + territorial sea: 3 nm +International disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical marine; moderated by warm waters of Gulf Stream +Terrain: + long, flat coral formations with some low rounded hills +Natural resources: + salt, aragonite, timber +Land use: + arable land: + 1% + permanent crops: + 0% + meadows and pastures: + 0% + forest and woodland: + 32% + other: + 67% +Irrigated land: + NA km2 +Environment: + subject to hurricanes and other tropical storms that cause extensive flood + damage +Note: + strategic location adjacent to US and Cuba; extensive island chain + +*The Bahamas, People + +Population: + 268,726 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 1.62% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 18.97 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 5.15 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + 2.42 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 31.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 72.02 years + male: + 68.19 years + female: + 75.96 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 1.9 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Bahamian(s) adjective: + Bahamian +Ethnic divisions: + black 85%, white 15% +Religions: + Baptist 32%, Anglican 20%, Roman Catholic 19%, Methodist 6%, Church of God + 6%, other Protestant 12%, none or unknown 3%, other 2% +Languages: + English, Creole, among Haitian immigrants +Literacy: + age 15 and over but definition of literacy not available (1963) + total population: + 90% + male: + 90% + female: + 89% +Labor force: + 127,400 + by occupation: + government 30%, hotels and restaurants 25%, business services 10%, + agriculture 5% (1989) + +*The Bahamas, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + The Commonwealth of The Bahamas + conventional short form: + The Bahamas +Digraph: + BF +Type: + commonwealth +Capital: + Nassau +Administrative divisions: + 21 districts; Acklins and Crooked Islands, Bimini, Cat Island, Exuma, + Freeport, Fresh Creek, Governor's Harbour, Green Turtle Cay, Harbour Island, + High Rock, Inagua, Kemps Bay, Long Island, Marsh Harbour, Mayaguana, New + Providence, Nichollstown and Berry Islands, Ragged Island, Rock Sound, Sandy + Point, San Salvador and Rum Cay +Independence: + 10 July 1973 (from UK) +Constitution: + 10 July 1973 +Legal system: + based on English common law +National holiday: + National Day, 10 July (1973) +Political parties and leaders: + Progressive Liberal Party (PLP), Sir Lynden O. PINDLING; Free National + Movement (FNM), Hubert Alexander INGRAHAM; Vanguard Nationalist and + Socialist Party (VNPS), Lionel CAREY, chairman; People's Democratic Force + (PDF), Fred MITCHELL +Other political or pressure groups: + Vanguard Nationalist and Socialist Party (VNSP), a small leftist party + headed by Lionel CAREY; Trade Union Congress (TUC), headed by Arlington + MILLER +Suffrage: + 18 years of age; universal +Elections: + House of Assembly: + last held 19 August 1992 (next to be held by August 1997); results - percent + of vote by party NA; seats - (49 total) FNM 32, PLP 17 +Executive branch: + British monarch, governor general, prime minister, deputy prime minister, + Cabinet +Legislative branch: + bicameral Parliament consists of an appointed upper house or Senate and a + directly elected lower house or House of Assembly +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General + Sir Clifford DARLING (since 2 January 1992) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Hubert INGRAHAM (since 19 August 1992) +Member of: + ACP, C, CCC, CARICOM, CDB, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, IADB, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IFC, + ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, UN, + UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO + +*The Bahamas, Government + +Diplomatic representation in US: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Timothy Baswell DONALDSON + chancery: + 2220 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 + telephone: + (202) 319-2660 + consulates general: + Miami and New York +US diplomatic representation: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Chic HECHT + embassy: + Mosmar Building, Queen Street, Nassau + mailing address: + P. O. Box N-8197, Nassau + telephone: + (809) 322-1181 or 328-2206 + FAX: + (809) 328-7838 +Flag: + three equal horizontal bands of aquamarine (top), gold, and aquamarine with + a black equilateral triangle based on the hoist side + +*The Bahamas, Economy + +Overview: + The Bahamas is a stable, middle-income, developing nation whose economy is + based primarily on tourism and offshore banking. Tourism alone provides + about 50% of GDP and directly or indirectly employs about 50,000 people or + 40% of the local work force. The economy has slackened in recent years, as + the annual increase in the number of tourists slowed. Nonetheless, per + capita GDP is one of the highest in the region. +National product: + GDP - exchange rate conversion - $2.6 billion (1991 est.) +National product real growth rate: + 3% (1991) +National product per capita: + $10,200 (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 7.2% (1991) +Unemployment rate: + 16% (1991 est.) +Budget: + revenues $627.5 million; expenditures $727.5 million, including capital + expenditures of $100 million (1992 est.) +Exports: + $306 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.) + commodities: + pharmaceuticals, cement, rum, crawfish + partners: + US 41%, Norway 30%, Denmark 4% +Imports: + $1.14 billion (c.i.f., 1991 est.) + commodities: + foodstuffs, manufactured goods, mineral fuels, crude oil + partners: + US 35%, Nigeria 21%, Japan 13%, Angola 11% +External debt: + $1.2 billion (December 1990) +Industrial production: + growth rate 3% (1990); accounts for 15% of GDP +Electricity: + 424,000 kW capacity; 929 million kWh produced, 3,599 kWh per capita (1992) +Industries: + tourism, banking, cement, oil refining and transshipment, salt production, + rum, aragonite, pharmaceuticals, spiral welded steel pipe +Agriculture: + accounts for 5% of GDP; dominated by small-scale producers; principal + products-citrus fruit, vegetables, poultry; large net importer of food +Illicit drugs: + transshipment point for cocaine +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY85-89), $1.0 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $345 million +Currency: 1 Bahamian dollar (B$) = 100 cents +Exchange rates: + Bahamian dollar (B$) per US$1-1.00 (fixed rate) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +*The Bahamas, Communications + +Highways: + 2,400 km total; 1,350 km paved, 1,050 km gravel +Ports: + Freeport, Nassau +Merchant marine: + 853 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 20,136,078 GRT/33,119,750 DWT; + includes 53 passenger, 18 short-sea passenger, 159 cargo, 40 + roll-on/roll-off cargo, 48 container, 6 vehicle carrier, 181 oil tanker, 14 + liquefied gas, 22 combination ore/oil, 43 chemical tanker, 1 specialized + tanker, 159 bulk, 7 combination bulk, 102 refrigerated cargo; note-a flag of + convenience registry +Airports: + total: + 60 + usable: + 55 + with permanent-surface runways: + 31 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 2,440-3, 659 m: + 3 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 26 +Telecommunications: + highly developed; 99,000 telephones in totally automatic system; + tropospheric scatter and submarine cable links to Florida; broadcast + stations-3 AM, 2 FM, 1 TV; 3 coaxial submarine cables; 1 Atlantic Ocean + INTELSAT earth station + +*The Bahamas, Defense Forces + +Branches: + Royal Bahamas Defense Force (Coast Guard only), Royal Bahamas Police Force +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 68,020; fit for military service NA (1993 est.) +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion-$65 million, 2.7% of GDP (1990) + +*Bahrain, Geography + +Location: Middle East, in the central Persian Gulf, between Saudi Arabia and Qatar +Map references: + Africa, Middle East, Standard Time Zones of the World +Area: + total area: + 620 km2 + land area: + 620 km2 + comparative area: + slightly less than 3.5 times the size of Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + 0 km +Coastline: + 161 km +Maritime claims: + contiguous zone: + 24 nm + continental shelf: + not specified + territorial sea: + 12 nm +International disputes: + territorial dispute with Qatar over the Hawar Islands; maritime boundary + with Qatar +Climate: + arid; mild, pleasant winters; very hot, humid summers +Terrain: + mostly low desert plain rising gently to low central escarpment +Natural resources: + oil, associated and nonassociated natural gas, fish +Land use: + arable land: + 2% + permanent crops: + 2% + meadows and pastures: + 6% + forest and woodland: + 0% + other: + 90% +Irrigated land: + 10 km2 (1989 est.) +Environment: + subsurface water sources being rapidly depleted (requires development of + desalination facilities); dust storms; desertification +Note: + close to primary Middle Eastern petroleum sources; strategic location in + Persian Gulf through which much of Western world's petroleum must transit to + reach open ocean + +*Bahrain, People + +Population: 568,471 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 3.01% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 26.89 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 3.87 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + 7.04 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 20.1 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 73.12 years + male: + 70.72 years + female: + 75.63 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 3.99 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Bahraini(s) + adjective: + Bahraini +Ethnic divisions: + Bahraini 63%, Asian 13%, other Arab 10%, Iranian 8%, other 6% +Religions: + Shi'a Muslim 70%, Sunni Muslim 30% +Languages: + Arabic, English, Farsi, Urdu +Literacy: + age 15 and over can read and write (1990) + total population: + 77% + male: + 82% + female: + 69% +Labor force: + 140,000 + by occupation: + industry and commerce 85%, agriculture 5%, services 5%, government 3% (1982) + note: + 42% of labor force is Bahraini + +*Bahrain, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + State of Bahrain + conventional short form: + Bahrain + local long form: Dawlat al Bahrayn + local short form: + Al Bahrayn +Digraph: + BA +Type: + traditional monarchy +Capital: + Manama +Administrative divisions: + 12 districts (manatiq, singular - mintaqah); Al Hadd, Al Manamah, Al + Mintaqah al Gharbiyah, Al Mintaqah al Wusta, Al Mintaqah ash Shamaliyah, Al + Muharraq, Ar Rifa'wa al Mintaqah al Janubiyah, Jidd Hafs, Madinat Hamad, + Madinat 'Isa, Mintaqat Juzur Hawar, Sitrah +Independence: + 15 August 1971 (from UK) +Constitution: + 26 May 1973, effective 6 December 1973 +Legal system: + based on Islamic law and English common law +National holiday: + Independence Day, 16 December +Political parties and leaders: + political parties prohibited; several small, clandestine leftist and Islamic + fundamentalist groups are active +Suffrage: + none +Elections: + none +Executive branch: + amir, crown prince and heir apparent, prime minister, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + unicameral National Assembly was dissolved 26 August 1975 and legislative + powers were assumed by the Cabinet; appointed Advisory Council established + 16 December 1992 +Judicial branch: + High Civil Appeals Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Amir 'ISA bin Salman Al Khalifa (since 2 November 1961); Heir Apparent HAMAD + bin 'Isa Al Khalifa (son of Amir; born 28 January 1950) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister KHALIFA bin Salman Al Khalifa (since 19 January 1970) +Member of: + ABEDA, AFESD, AL, AMF, ESCWA, FAO, G-77, GCC, IBRD, ICAO, IDB, ILO, IMF, + IMO, INMARSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO (correspondent), ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAPEC, + OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO +Diplomatic representation in US: + chief of mission: + Ambassador 'Abd al-Rahman Faris Al KHALIFA + chancery: + 3502 International Drive NW, Washington, DC 20008 + +*Bahrain, Government + + telephone: + (202) 342-0741 or 342-0742 + consulate general: + New York +US diplomatic representation: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Dr. Charles W. HOSTLER + embassy: + Road No. 3119 (next to Alahli Sports Club), Zinj District, Manama + mailing address: + P. O. 26431, Manama, or FPO AE 09834-6210 + telephone: + [973] 273-300 + FAX: + (973) 272-594 +Flag: + red with a white serrated band (eight white points) on the hoist side + +*Bahrain, Economy + +Overview: + Petroleum production and processing account for about 80% of export + receipts, 60% of government revenues, and 31% of GDP. Economic conditions + have fluctuated with the changing fortunes of oil since 1985, for example, + during the Gulf crisis of 1990-91. Bahrain with its highly developed + communication and transport facilities is home to numerous multinational + firms with business in the Gulf. A large share of exports consists of + petroleum products made from imported crude. +National product: + GDP - exchange rate conversion - $4.3 billion (1992 est.) +National product real growth rate: + 3% (1992 est.) +National product per capita: + $7,800 (1992 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 2% (1992 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 8%-10% (1989) +Budget: + revenues $1.2 billion; expenditures $1.32 billion, including capital + expenditures of $NA (1989) +Exports: + $3.5 billion (f.o.b., 1991) + commodities: + petroleum and petroleum products 80%, aluminum 7% + partners: + Japan 13%, UAE 12%, India 10%, Pakistan 8% +Imports: + $3.7 billion (f.o.b., 1991) + commodities: + nonoil 59%, crude oil 41% + partners: + Saudi Arabia 41%, US 14%, UK 7%, Japan 5% +External debt: + $1.8 billion (1991 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 3.8% (1988); accounts for 44% of GDP +Electricity: + 1,600,000 kW capacity; 4,700 million kWh produced, 8,500 kWh per capita + (1992 est.) +Industries: + petroleum processing and refining, aluminum smelting, offshore banking, ship + repairing +Agriculture: + including fishing, accounts for less than 2% of GDP; not self-sufficient in + food production; heavily subsidized sector produces fruit, vegetables, + poultry, dairy products, shrimp, fish; fish catch 9,000 metric tons in 1987 +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-79), $24 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $45 million; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $9.8 billion +Currency: + 1 Bahraini dinar (BD) = 1,000 fils +Exchange rates: + Bahraini dinars (BD) per US$1 - 0.3760 (fixed rate) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +*Bahrain, Communications + +Highways: + 200 km bituminous surfaced, including 25 km bridge-causeway to Saudi Arabia + opened in November 1986; NA km natural surface tracks +Pipelines: + crude oil 56 km; petroleum products 16 km; natural gas 32 km +Ports: + Mina' Salman, Manama, Sitrah +Merchant marine: + 9 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 186,331 GRT/249,490 DWT; includes 5 + cargo, 2 container, 1 liquefied gas, 1 bulk +Airports: + total: + 3 + usable: + 3 + with permanent-surface runways: + 2 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 2 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 1 +Telecommunications: + modern system; good domestic services; 98,000 telephones (1 for every 6 + persons); excellent international connections; tropospheric scatter to + Qatar, UAE; microwave radio relay to Saudi Arabia; submarine cable to Qatar, + UAE, and Saudi Arabia; satellite earth stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, + 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT, 1 ARABSAT; broadcast stations - 2 AM, 3 FM, 2 TV + +*Bahrain, Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy, Air Force, Air Defense, Police Force +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 194,770; fit for military service 107,696; reach military + age (15) annually 5,043 (1993 est.) +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $245 million, 6% of GDP (1990) + +*Baker Island, Header + +Affiliation: + (territory of the US) + +*Baker Island, Geography + +Location: + in the North Pacific Ocean, just north of the Equator, 2,575 km southwest of + Honolulu, about halfway between Hawaii and Australia +Map references: + Oceania +Area: + total area: + 1.4 km2 + land area: + 1.4 km2 + comparative area: + about 2.3 times the size of the Mall in Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + 0 km +Coastline: + 4.8 km +Maritime claims: + contiguous zone: + 12 nm + continental shelf: + 200 m or depth of exploitation + exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + territorial sea: + 12 nm +International disputes: + none +Climate: + equatorial; scant rainfall, constant wind, burning sun +Terrain: low, nearly level coral island surrounded by a narrow fringing reef +Natural resources: + guano (deposits worked until 1891) +Land use: + arable land: + 0% + permanent crops: + 0% + meadows and pastures: + 0% + forest and woodland: + 0% + other: + 100% +Irrigated land: + 0 km2 +Environment: + treeless, sparse, and scattered vegetation consisting of grasses, prostrate + vines, and low growing shrubs; lacks fresh water; primarily a nesting, + roosting, and foraging habitat for seabirds, shorebirds, and marine wildlife + +*Baker Island, People + +Population: + uninhabited; note - American civilians evacuated in 1942 after Japanese air + and naval attacks during World War II; occupied by US military during World + War II, but abandoned after the war; public entry is by special-use permit + only and generally restricted to scientists and educators; a cemetery and + cemetery ruinsare located near the middle of the west coast + +*Baker Island, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + none + conventional short form: + Baker Island +Digraph: + FQ +Type: + unincorporated territory of the US administered by the Fish and Wildlife + Service of the US Department of the Interior as part of the National + Wildlife Refuge system +Capital: + none; administered from Washington, DC + +*Baker Island, Economy + +Overview: + no economic activity + +*Baker Island, Communications + +Ports: + none; offshore anchorage only, one boat landing area along the middle of the + west coast +Airports: + 1 abandoned World War II runway of 1,665 m +Note: + there is a day beacon near the middle of the west coast + +*Baker Island, Defense Forces + + defense is the responsibility of the US; visited annually by the US Coast + Guard + +*Bangladesh, Geography + +Location: + South Asia, at the head of the Bay of Bengal, almost completely surrounded + by India +Map references: + Asia, Standard Time Zones of the World +Area: + total area: + 144,000 km2 + land area: + 133,910 km2 + comparative area: + slightly smaller than Wisconsin +Land boundaries: + total 4,246 km, Burma 193 km, India 4,053 km +Coastline: + 580 km +Maritime claims: + contiguous zone: + 18 nm + continental shelf: + up to outer limits of continental margin + exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + territorial sea: + 12 nm +International disputes: + a portion of the boundary with India is in dispute; water-sharing problems + with upstream riparian India over the Ganges +Climate: + tropical; cool, dry winter (October to March); hot, humid summer (March to + June); cool, rainy monsoon (June to October) +Terrain: mostly flat alluvial plain; hilly in southeast +Natural resources: + natural gas, arable land, timber +Land use: + arable land: + 67% + permanent crops: + 2% + meadows and pastures: + 4% + forest and woodland: + 16% + other: + 11% +Irrigated land: + 27,380 km2 (1989) +Environment: + vulnerable to droughts; much of country routinely flooded during summer + monsoon season; overpopulation; deforestation + +*Bangladesh, People + +Population: + 122,254,849 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 2.35% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 35.41 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 11.94 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 109.2 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 54.7 years + male: + 55 years + female: + 54.38 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 4.55 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Bangladeshi(s) + adjective: + Bangladesh +Ethnic divisions: + Bengali 98%, Biharis 250,000, tribals less than 1 million +Religions: + Muslim 83%, Hindu 16%, Buddhist, Christian, other +Languages: + Bangla (official), English +Literacy: + age 15 and over can read and write (1990) + total population: + 35% + male: + 47% + female: + 22% +Labor force: + 35.1 million + by occupation: + agriculture 74%, services 15%, industry and commerce 11% (FY86) + note: + extensive export of labor to Saudi Arabia, UAE, and Oman (1991) + +*Bangladesh, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + People's Republic of Bangladesh + conventional short form: + Bangladesh + former: + East Pakistan +Digraph: + BG +Type: + republic +Capital: + Dhaka +Administrative divisions: + 64 districts (zillagulo, singular - zilla); Bagerhat, Bandarban, Barguna, + Barisal, Bhola, Bogra, Brahmanbaria, Chandpur, Chapai Nawabganj, Chattagram, + Chuadanga, Comilla, Cox's Bazar, Dhaka, Dinajpur, Faridpur, Feni, Gaibandha, + Gazipur, Gopalganj, Habiganj, Jaipurhat, Jamalpur, Jessore, Jhalakati, + Jhenaidah, Khagrachari, Khulna, Kishorganj, Kurigram, Kushtia, Laksmipur, + Lalmonirhat, Madaripur, Magura, Manikganj, Meherpur, Moulavibazar, + Munshiganj, Mymensingh, Naogaon, Narail, Narayanganj, Narsingdi, Nator, + Netrakona, Nilphamari, Noakhali, Pabna, Panchagar, Parbattya Chattagram, + Patuakhali, Pirojpur, Rajbari, Rajshahi, Rangpur, Satkhira, Shariyatpur, + Sherpur, Sirajganj, Sunamganj, Sylhet, Tangail, Thakurgaon +Independence: + 16 December 1971 (from Pakistan) +Constitution: + 4 November 1972, effective 16 December 1972, suspended following coup of 24 + March 1982, restored 10 November 1986, amended NA March 1991 +Legal system: + based on English common law +National holiday: + Independence Day, 26 March (1971) +Political parties and leaders: + Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP), Khaleda ZIAur Rahman; Awami League (AL), + Sheikh Hasina WAJED; Jatiyo Party (JP), Hussain Mohammad ERSHAD (in jail); + Jamaat-E-Islami (JI), Ali KHAN; Bangladesh Communist Party (BCP), Saifuddin + Ahmed MANIK; National Awami Party (Muzaffar); Workers Party, leader NA; + Jatiyo Samajtantik Dal (JSD), Serajul ALAM KHAN; Ganotantri Party, leader + NA; Islami Oikya Jote, leader NA; National Democratic Party (NDP), leader + NA; Muslim League, Khan A. SABUR; Democratic League, Khondakar MUSHTAQUE + Ahmed; Democratic League, Khondakar MUSHTAQUE Ahmed; United People's Party, + Kazi ZAFAR Ahmed +Suffrage: + 18 years of age; universal +Elections: + National Parliament: + last held 27 February 1991 (next to be held NA February 1996); results - + percent of vote by party NA; seats - (330 total, 300 elected and 30 seats + reserved for women) BNP 168, AL 93, JP 35, JI 20, BCP 5, National Awami + Party (Muzaffar) 1, Workers Party 1, JSD 1, Ganotantri Party 1, Islami Oikya + Jote 1, NDP 1, independents 3 + President: + last held 8 October 1991 (next to be held by NA October 1996); results - + Abdur Rahman BISWAS received 52.1% of parliamentary vote +Executive branch: + president, prime minister, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + unicameral National Parliament (Jatiya Sangsad) + +*Bangladesh, Government + +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Abdur Rahman BISWAS (since 8 October 1991) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Khaleda ZIAur Rahman (since 20 March 1991) +Member of: + AsDB, C, CCC, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IDB, + IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LORCS, + MINURSO, NAM, OIC, SAARC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNOMOZ, UNOSOM, + UNTAC, UNPROFOR, UPU, WHO, WFTU, WIPO, WCL, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation in US: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Abul AHSAN + chancery: + 2201 Wisconsin Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20007 + telephone: + (202) 342-8372 through 8376 + consulate general: + New York +US diplomatic representation: + chief of mission: + Ambassador William B. MILAM + embassy: + Diplomatic Enclave, Madani Avenue, Baridhara, Dhaka + mailing address: + G. P. O. Box 323, Dhaka 1212 + telephone: [880] (2) 884700-22 + FAX: + [880] (2) 883648 +Flag: + green with a large red disk slightly to the hoist side of center; green is + the traditional color of Islam + +*Bangladesh, Economy + +Overview: + Bangladesh is one of the world's poorest, most densely populated, and least + developed nations. Its economy is overwhelmingly agricultural. Major + impediments to growth include frequent cyclones and floods, government + interference with the economy, a rapidly growing labor force that cannot be + absorbed by agriculture, a low level of industrialization, failure to fully + exploit energy resources (natural gas), and inefficient and inadequate power + supplies. An excellent rice crop and expansion of the export garment + industry helped growth in FY91/92. Policy reforms intended to reduce + government regulation of private industry and promote public-sector + efficiency have been announced but are being implemented only slowly. +National product: + GDP - exchange rate conversion - $23.8 billion (FY92) +National product real growth rate: + 3.8% (FY92) +National product per capita: + $200 (FY92) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 5.09% (FY92) +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $2.5 billion; expenditures $3.7 billion, including capital + expenditures of $NA (FY92) +Exports: + $2.0 billion (FY92) + commodities: + garments, jute and jute goods, leather, shrimp + partners: + US 28%, Western Europe 39% (FY91) +Imports: + $3.4 billion (FY91/92) + commodities: + capital goods, petroleum, food, textiles + partners: + Japan 10.0%, Western Europe 17%, US 5.0% (FY91) +External debt: + $11.8 billion (FY92 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 4.0% (FY92 est.); accounts for less than 10% of GDP +Electricity: + 2,400,000 kW capacity; 9,000 million kWh produced, 75 kWh per capita (1992) +Industries: + jute manufacturing, cotton textiles, food processing, steel, fertilizer +Agriculture: accounts for about 40% of GDP, 60% of employment, and one-fifth of exports; + imports 10% of food grain requirements; world's largest exporter of jute; + commercial products - jute, rice, wheat, tea, sugarcane, potatoes, beef, + milk, poultry; shortages include wheat, vegetable oils, cotton; fish catch + 778,000 metric tons in 1986 +Illicit drugs: + transit country for illegal drugs produced in neighboring countries +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $3.4 billion; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1980-89), $11.65 million; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $6.52 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $1.5 + billion +Currency: + 1 taka (Tk) = 100 paise + +*Bangladesh, Economy + +Exchange rates: + taka (Tk) per US$1 - 39.000 (January 1993), 38.951 (1992), 36.596 (1991), + 34.569 (1990), 32.270 (1989), 31.733 (1988) +Fiscal year: + 1 July - 30 June + +*Bangladesh, Communications + +Railroads: + 2,892 km total (1986); 1,914 km 1.000 meter gauge, 978 km 1.676 meter broad + gauge +Highways: + 7,240 km total (1985); 3,840 km paved, 3,400 km unpaved +Inland waterways: + 5,150-8,046 km navigable waterways (includes 2,575-3,058 km main cargo + routes) +Pipelines: + natural gas 1,220 km +Ports: + Chittagong, Chalna +Merchant marine: + 42 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 314,228 GRT/461,607 DWT; includes 34 + cargo, 2 oil tanker, 3 refrigerated cargo, 3 bulk +Airports: + total: + 16 + usable: + 12 + with permanent-surface runways: + 12 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 4 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 6 +Telecommunications: + adequate international radio communications and landline service; fair + domestic wire and microwave service; fair broadcast service; 241,250 + telephones; broadcast stations - 9 AM, 6 FM, 11 TV; 2 Indian Ocean INTELSAT + satellite earth stations + +*Bangladesh, Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy, Air Force + paramilitary forces: + Bangladesh Rifles, Bangladesh Ansars, Armed Police Reserve, Defense Parties, + National Cadet Corps +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 30,909,597; fit for military service 18,348,702 (1993 est.) +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $355 million, 1.5% of GDP (FY92/93) + +*Barbados, Geography + +Location: + in the extreme eastern Caribbean Sea, about 375 km northeast of Venezuela +Map references: + Central America and the Caribbean, South America, Standard Time Zones of the + World +Area: + total area: + 430 km2 + land area: + 430 km2 + comparative area: + slightly less than 2.5 times the size of Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + 0 km +Coastline: + 97 km +Maritime claims: + exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + territorial sea: + 12 nm +International disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical; rainy season (June to October) +Terrain: + relatively flat; rises gently to central highland region +Natural resources: + petroleum, fishing, natural gas +Land use: + arable land: 77% + permanent crops: + 0% + meadows and pastures: + 9% + forest and woodland: + 0% + other: + 14% +Irrigated land: + NA km2 +Environment: + subject to hurricanes (especially June to October) +Note: + easternmost Caribbean island + +*Barbados, People + +Population: + 255,338 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 0.18% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 15.78 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 8.53 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + -5.49 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 21.3 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 73.49 years + male: + 70.75 years + female: + 76.46 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 1.77 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Barbadian(s) + adjective: + Barbadian +Ethnic divisions: + African 80%, mixed 16%, European 4% +Religions: + Protestant 67% (Anglican 40%, Pentecostal 8%, Methodist 7%, other 12%), + Roman Catholic 4%, none 17%, unknown 3%, other 9% (1980) +Languages: + English +Literacy: + age 15 and over having ever attended school (1970) + total population: 99% + male: + 99% + female: + 99% +Labor force: + 120,900 (1991) + by occupation: + services and government 37%, commerce 22%, manufacturing and construction + 22%, transportation, storage, communications, and financial institutions 9%, + agriculture 8%, utilities 2% (1985 est.) + +*Barbados, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + none + conventional short form: + Barbados +Digraph: + BB +Type: + parliamentary democracy +Capital: + Bridgetown +Administrative divisions: + 11 parishes; Christ Church, Saint Andrew, Saint George, Saint James, Saint + John, Saint Joseph, Saint Lucy, Saint Michael, Saint Peter, Saint Philip, + Saint Thomas + note: + the new city of Bridgetown may be given parish status +Independence: + 30 November 1966 (from UK) +Constitution: + 30 November 1966 +Legal system: + English common law; no judicial review of legislative acts +National holiday: + Independence Day, 30 November (1966) +Political parties and leaders: + Democratic Labor Party (DLP), Erskine SANDIFORD; Barbados Labor Party (BLP), + Henry FORDE; National Democratic Party (NDP), Richie HAYNES +Other political or pressure groups: + Barbados Workers Union, Leroy TROTMAN; People's Progressive Movement, Eric + SEALY; Workers' Party of Barbados, Dr. George BELLE; Clement Payne Labor + Union, David COMMISSIONG +Suffrage: + 18 years of age; universal +Elections: + House of Assembly: + last held 22 January 1991 (next to be held by January 1996); results - DLP + 49.8%; seats - (28 total) DLP 18, BLP 10 +Executive branch: + British monarch, governor general, prime minister, deputy prime minister, + Cabinet +Legislative branch: + bicameral Parliament consists of an upper house or Senate and a lower house + or House of Assembly +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court of Judicature +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General + Dame Nita BARROW (since 6 June 1990) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Lloyd Erskine SANDIFORD (since 2 June 1987) +Member of: + ACP, C, CARICOM, CDB, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IFAD, + IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO (correspondent), ITU, LAES, + LORCS, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO +Diplomatic representation in US: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Dr. Rudi WEBSTER + +*Barbados, Government + + chancery: + 2144 Wyoming Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 + telephone: + (202) 939-9200 through 9202 + consulate general: + New York + consulate: + Los Angeles +US diplomatic representation: + chief of mission: + Ambassador G. Philip HUGHES + embassy: + Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce Building, Broad Street, Bridgetown + mailing address: + P. O. Box 302, Box B, FPO AA 34054 + telephone: + (809) 436-4950 through 4957 + FAX: + (809) 429-5246 +Flag: + three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, and blue with the + head of a black trident centered on the gold band; the trident head + represents independence and a break with the past (the colonial coat of arms + contained a complete trident) + +*Barbados, Economy + +Overview: + A per capita income of $7,000 gives Barbados one of the highest standards of + living of all the small island states of the eastern Caribbean. + Historically, the economy was based on the cultivation of sugarcane and + related activities. In recent years, however, the economy has diversified + into manufacturing and tourism. The tourist industry is now a major employer + of the labor force and a primary source of foreign exchange. The economy + slowed in 1990-91, however, and Bridgetown's declining hard currency + reserves and inability to finance its deficits have caused it to adopt an + austere economic reform program. +National product: + GDP - exchange rate conversion - $1.8 billion ( 1991) +National product real growth rate: + -4% (1991) +National product per capita: + $7,000 (1991) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 8.1% (1991) +Unemployment rate: + 23% (1992) +Budget: + revenues $547 million; expenditures $620 million (FY92-93), including + capital expenditures of $60 million +Exports: + $205.8 million (f.o.b., 1991) + commodities: + sugar and molasses, chemicals, electrical components, clothing, rum, + machinery and transport equipment + partners: + CARICOM 31%, US 16%, UK 13% +Imports: + $697 million (c.i.f., 1991) + commodities: + foodstuffs, consumer durables, raw materials, machinery, crude oil, + construction materials, chemicals + partners: + US 34%, CARICOM 16%, UK 11%, Canada 6% +External debt: + $750 million (1991 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate -1.3% (1991); accounts for 10% of GDP +Electricity: + 152,100 kW capacity; 540 million kWh produced, 2,118 kWh per capita (1992) +Industries: + tourism, sugar, light manufacturing, component assembly for export, + petroleum +Agriculture: + accounts for 8% of GDP; major cash crop is sugarcane; other crops - + vegetables, cotton; not self-sufficient in food +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $15 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $171 million +Currency: + 1 Barbadian dollar (Bds$) = 100 cents +Exchange rates: + Barbadian dollars (Bds$) per US$1 - 2.0113 (fixed rate) +Fiscal year: + 1 April - 31 March + +*Barbados, Communications + +Highways: + 1,570 km total; 1,475 km paved, 95 km gravel and earth +Ports: + Bridgetown +Merchant marine: + 3 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 48,710 GRT79,263 DWT; includes 1 cargo, + 2 oil tanker +Airports: + total: + 1 + usable: + 1 + with permanent-surface runways: + 1 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 1 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 0 +Telecommunications: + islandwide automatic telephone system with 89,000 telephones; tropospheric + scatter link to Trinidad and Saint Lucia; broadcast stations - 3 AM, 2 FM, 2 + (1 is pay) TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station + +*Barbados, Defense Forces + +Branches: + Royal Barbados Defense Force, including the Ground Forces and Coast Guard, + Royal Barbados Police Force +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 70,254; fit for military service 49,096 (1993 est.); no + conscription +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $10 million, 0.7% of GDP (1989) + +*Bassas da India, Header + +Affiliation: + (possession of France) + +*Bassas da India, Geography + +Location: + Southern Africa, in the southern Mozambique Channel about halfway between + Madagascar and Mozambique +Map references: + Africa +Area: + total area: + NA km2 + land area: + NA km2 + comparative area: + NA +Land boundaries: + 0 km +Coastline: + 35.2 km +Maritime claims: + contiguous zone: + 24 nm + continental shelf: + 200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation + exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + territorial sea: + 12 nm +International disputes: + claimed by Madagascar +Climate: + tropical +Terrain: + a volcanic rock 2.4 meters high +Natural resources: + none +Land use: + arable land: + 0% + permanent crops: + 0% + meadows and pastures: + 0% + forest and woodland: + 0% + other: + 100% (all rock) +Irrigated land: + 0 km2 +Environment: + surrounded by reefs; subject to periodic cyclones +Note: + navigational hazard since it is usually under water during high tide + +*Bassas da India, People + +Population: + uninhabited + +*Bassas da India, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + none + conventional short form: + Bassas da India +Digraph: + BS +Type: + French possession administered by Commissioner of the Republic Jacques + DEWATRE (since July 1991), resident in Reunion +Capital: + none; administered by France from Reunion +Independence: + none (possession of France) + +*Bassas da India, Economy + +Overview: + no economic activity + +*Bassas da India, Communications + +Ports: + none; offshore anchorage only + +*Bassas da India, Defense Forces + +Note: + defense is the responsibility of France + +*Belarus, Geography + +Location: + Eastern Europe, between Poland and Russia +Map references: + Asia, Commonwealth of Independent States - European States, Europe, Standard + Time Zones of the World +Area: + total area: + 207,600 km2 + land area: + 207,600 km2 + comparative area: + slightly smaller than Kansas +Land boundaries: total 3,098 km, Latvia 141 km, Lithuania 502 km, Poland 605 km, Russia 959 + km, Ukraine 891 km +Coastline: + 0 km (landlocked) +Maritime claims: + none; landlocked +International disputes: + none +Climate: + mild and moist; transitional between continental and maritime +Terrain: + generally flat and contains much marshland +Natural resources: + forest land, peat deposits +Land use: + arable land: + 29% + permanent crops: + 0% + meadows and pastures: + 15% + forest and woodland: + 0% + other: + 56% +Irrigated land: + 1,490 km2 (1990) +Environment: + southern part of Belarus highly contaminated with fallout from 1986 nuclear + reactor accident at Chornobyl' +Note: + landlocked + +*Belarus, People + +Population: + 10,370,269 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 0.34% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 13.28 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 11.1 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + 1.26 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 19.2 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 70.73 years + male: + 66.04 years + female: + 75.66 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 1.89 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Belarusian(s) + adjective: + Belarusian +Ethnic divisions: + Belarusian 77.9%, Russian 13.2%, Polish 4.1%, Ukrainian 2.9%, other 1.9% +Religions: + Eastern Orthodox NA%, other NA% +Languages: + Byelorussian, Russian, other +Literacy: + age 9-49 can read and write (1970) + total population: + 100% + male: + 100% + female: + 100% +Labor force: + 5.418 million + by occupation: + industry and construction 42%, agriculture and forestry 20%, other 38% + (1990) + +*Belarus, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Republic of Belarus + conventional short form: + Belarus + local long form: + Respublika Belarus + local short form: + none + former: + Belorussian (Byelorussian) Soviet Socialist Republic +Digraph: + BO +Type: + republic +Capital: + Minsk +Administrative divisions: + 6 oblasts (voblastsi, singular - voblasts') and one municipality* (harady,, singular - horad); +Brestskaya, Homyel'skaya, Minsk*, Hrodzyenskaya,, Mahilyowskaya, Minskaya, Vitsyebskaya + note: + each voblasts' has the same name as its administrative center +Independence: + 25 August 1991 (from Soviet Union) +Constitution: + adopted NA April 1978 +Legal system: + based on civil law system +National holiday: + 24 August (1991) +Political parties and leaders: + Belarusian Popular Front (BPF), Zenon PAZNYAK, chairman; United Democratic + Party of Belarus (UDPB), Aleksandr DOBROVOLSKIY, chairman; Social Democratic + Party of Belarus (SDBP), Mikhail TKACHEV, chairman; Belarus Workers Union, + Mikhail SOBOL, Chairman; Belarus Peasants Party; Party of People's Unity, + Gennadiy KARPENKO; Communist Party of Belarus +Suffrage: + 18 years of age; universal +Elections: + Supreme Soviet: + last held 4 April 1990 (next to be held NA); results - Communists 87%; seats + - (360 total) number of seats by party NA; note - 50 seats are for public + bodies; the Communist Party obtained an overwhelming majority +Executive branch: + chairman of the Supreme Soviet, chairman of the Council of Ministers; note - + Belarus has approved a directly elected presidency but so far no elections + have been scheduled +Legislative branch: + unicameral Supreme Soviet +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Chairman of the Supreme Soviet Stanislav S. SHUSHKEVICH (since 18 September + 1991) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Vyacheslav F. KEBICH (since NA April 1990), First Deputy + Prime Minister Mikhail MYASNIKOVICH (since NA 1991) + +*Belarus, Government + +Member of: + CBSS (observer), CIS, CSCE, ECE, IAEA, IBRD, ILO, IMF, INMARSAT, IOC, ITU, + NACC, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO +Diplomatic representation in US: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Designate Sergey Nikolayevich MARTYNOV + chancery: + 1511 K Street NW, Suite 619, Washington, DC 20036 + telephone: + (202) 638-2954 +US diplomatic representation: + chief of mission: + Ambassador David H. SWARTZ + embassy: + Starovilenskaya #46, Minsk + mailing address: + APO AE 09862 telephone: + 7-0172-34-65-37 +Flag: + three horizontal bands of white (top), red, and white + +*Belarus, Economy + +Overview: + In many ways Belarus resembles the three Baltic states, for example, in its + industrial competence, its higher-than-average standard of living, and its + critical dependence on the other former Soviet states for fuels and raw + materials. Belarus ranks fourth in gross output among the former Soviet + republics, having produced 4% of the total GDP and employing 4% of the labor + force in the old USSR. Once a mainly agricultural area, it now supplies + important producer and consumer goods - sometimes as the sole producer - to + the other states. Belarus had a significant share of the machine-building + capacity of the former USSR. It is especially noted for production of + tractors, large trucks, machine tools, and automation equipment. The soil in + Belarus is not as fertile as the black earth of Ukraine, but by emphasizing + favorable crops and livestock (especially pigs and chickens), Belarus has + become a net exporter to the other former republics of meat, milk, eggs, + flour, and potatoes. Belarus produces only small amounts of oil and gas and + receives most of its fuel from Russia through the Druzhba oil pipeline and + the Northern Lights gas pipeline. These pipelines transit Belarus en route + to Eastern Europe. Belarus produces petrochemicals, plastics, synthetic + fibers (nearly 30% of former Soviet output), and fertilizer (20% of former + Soviet output). Raw material resources are limited to potash and peat + deposits. The peat (more than one-third of the total for the former Soviet + Union) is used in domestic heating, as boiler fuel for electric power + stations, and in the production of chemicals. The potash supports fertilizer + production. In 1992 GDP fell an estimated 13%, largely because the country + is highly dependent on the ailing Russian economy for raw materials and + parts. +National product: + GDP $NA +National product real growth rate: + -13% (1992 est.) +National product per capita: + $NA +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 30% per month (first quarter 1993) +Unemployment rate: + 0.5% of officially registered unemployed; large numbers of underemployed + workers +Budget: + revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA +Exports: + $1.1 billion to outside of the successor states of the former USSR (f.o.b., + 1992) + commodities: + machinery and transport equipment, chemicals, foodstuffs + partners: + NA +Imports: $751 million from outside the successor states of the former USSR (c.i.f., + 1992) + commodities: + machinery, chemicals, textiles + partners: + NA +External debt: + $2.6 billion (end of 1991) +Industrial production: + growth rate -9.6%; accounts for about 50% of GDP (1992) + +*Belarus, Economy + +Electricity: + 8,025,000 kW capacity; 37,600 million kWh produced, 3,626 kWh per capita + (1992) +Industries: + employ about 27% of labor force and produce a wide variety of products + essential to the other states; products include (in percent share of total + output of former Soviet Union): tractors (12%); metal-cutting machine tools + (11%); off-highway dump trucks up to 110-metric-ton load capacity (100%); + wheel-type earthmovers for construction and mining (100%); eight- + wheel-drive, high-flotation trucks with cargo capacity of 25 metric tons for + use in tundra and roadless areas (100%); equipment for animal husbandry and + livestock feeding (25%); motorcycles (21.3%); television sets (11%); + chemical fibers (28%); fertilizer (18%); linen fabric (11%); wool fabric + (7%); radios; refrigerators; and other consumer goods +Agriculture: + accounts for almost 25% of GDP and 5.7% of total agricultural output of + former Soviet Union; employs 20% of the labor force; in 1988 produced the + following (in percent of total Soviet production): grain (3.6%), potatoes + (12.2%), vegetables (3.0%), meat (6.0%), milk (7.0%); net exporter of meat, + milk, eggs, flour, potatoes +Illicit drugs: + illicit producer of opium and cannabis; mostly for the domestic market; + transshipment point for illicit drugs to Western Europe +Economic aid: + NA +Currency: + 1 rubel (abbreviation NA) = 10 Russian rubles + note: + the rubel circulates with the Russian ruble; certain purchase are made only + with rubels; government has established a different, and varying, exchange + rate for trade between Belarus and Russia +Exchange rates: + NA +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +*Belarus, Communications + +Railroads: 5,570 km; does not include industrial lines (1990) +Highways: + 98,200 km total; 66,100 km hard surfaced, 32,100 km earth (1990) +Inland waterways: + NA km +Pipelines: + crude oil 1,470 km, refined products 1,100 km, natural gas 1,980 km (1992) +Ports: + none; landlocked +Merchant marine: + claims 5% of former Soviet fleet +Airports: + total: + 124 + useable: + 55 + with permanent-surface runways: + 31 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 1 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 28 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 20 +Telecommunications: + construction of NMT-450 analog cellular network proceeding in Minsk, in + addition to installation of some 300 km of fiber optic cable in the city + network; telephone network has 1.7 million lines, 15% of which are switched + automatically; Minsk has 450,000 lines; telephone density is approximately + 17 per 100 persons; as of 1 December 1991, 721,000 applications from + households for telephones were still unsatisfied; international connections + to other former Soviet republics are by landline or microwave and to other + countries by leased connection through the Moscow international gateway + switch; Belarus has not constructed ground stations for international + telecommunications via satellite to date + +*Belarus, Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Air Forces, Air Defense Forces, Security Forces (internal and border + troops) +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 2,491,039; fit for military service 1,964,577; reach + military age (18) annually 71,875 (1993 est.) +Defense expenditures: + 56.5 billion rubles, NA% of GDP (1993 est.); note - conversion of the + military budget into US dollars using the current exchange rate could + produce misleading results + +*Belgium, Geography + +Location: Western Europe, bordering on the North Sea, between France and the + Netherlands +Map references: + Arctic Region, Europe, Standard Time Zones of the World +Area: + total area: + 30,510 km2 + land area: + 30,230 km2 + comparative area: + slightly larger than Maryland +Land boundaries: + total 1,385 km, France 620 km, Germany 167 km, Luxembourg 148 km, + Netherlands 450 km +Coastline: + 64 km +Maritime claims: + continental shelf: + equidistant line with neighbors + exclusive fishing zone: + equidistant line with neighbors (extends about 68 km from coast) + territorial sea: + 12 nm +International disputes: + none +Climate: + temperate; mild winters, cool summers; rainy, humid, cloudy +Terrain: + flat coastal plains in northwest, central rolling hills, rugged mountains of + Ardennes Forest in southeast +Natural resources: + coal, natural gas +Land use: + arable land: + 24% + permanent crops: + 1% + meadows and pastures: + 20% + forest and woodland: + 21% + other: + 34% +Irrigated land: + 10 km2 (1989 est.) +Environment: + air and water pollution +Note: + crossroads of Western Europe; majority of West European capitals within + 1,000 km of Brussels which is the seat of the EC + +*Belgium, People + +Population: 10,040,939 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 0.23% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 11.94 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 10.32 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + 0.7 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 7.4 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 76.72 years + male: + 73.41 years + female: + 80.21 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 1.62 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Belgian(s) + adjective: + Belgian +Ethnic divisions: + Fleming 55%, Walloon 33%, mixed or other 12% +Religions: + Roman Catholic 75%, Protestant or other 25% +Languages: + Flemish (Dutch) 56%, French 32%, German 1%, legally bilingual 11% divided + along ethnic lines +Literacy: + age 15 and over can read and write (1980) + total population: + 99% + male: + NA% + female: + NA% +Labor force: + 4.126 million + by occupation: + services 63.6%, industry 28%, construction 6.1%, agriculture 2.3% (1988) + +*Belgium, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Kingdom of Belgium + conventional short form: + Belgium + local long form: + Royaume de Belgique local short form: + Belgique +Digraph: + BE +Type: + constitutional monarchy +Capital: + Brussels +Administrative divisions: + 9 provinces (French: provinces, singular - province; Flemish: provincien, + singular - provincie); Antwerpen, Brabant, Hainaut, Liege, Limburg, + Luxembourg, Namur, Oost-Vlaanderen, West-Vlaanderen +Independence: + 4 October 1830 (from the Netherlands) +Constitution: + 7 February 1831, last revised 8-9 August 1980; the government is in the + process of revising the Constitution with the aim of federalizing the + Belgian state +Legal system: + civil law system influenced by English constitutional theory; judicial + review of legislative acts; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with + reservations +National holiday: + National Day, 21 July (ascension of King Leopold to the throne in 1831) +Political parties and leaders: + Flemish Social Christian (CVP), Herman VAN ROMPUY, president; Walloon Social + Christian (PSC) , Melchior WATHELET, president; Flemish Socialist (SP), + Frank VANDENBROUCKE, president; Walloon Socialist (PS), Guy SPITAELS; + Flemish Liberals and Democrats (VLD), Guy VERHOFSTADT, president; Walloon + Liberal (PRL), Antoine DUQUESNE, president; Francophone Democratic Front + (FDF), Georges CLERFAYT, president; Volksunie (VU), Jaak GABRIELS, + president; Communist Party (PCB), Louis VAN GEYT, president; Vlaams Blok + (VB), Karel VAN DILLEN, chairman; ROSSEM, Jean Pierre VAN ROSSEM; National + Front (FN), Werner van STEEN; Live Differently (AGALEV; Flemish Green + party), Leo COX; Ecologist (ECOLO; Francophone Green party), NA; other minor + parties +Other political or pressure groups: + Christian and Socialist Trade Unions; Federation of Belgian Industries; + numerous other associations representing bankers, manufacturers, + middle-class artisans, and the legal and medical professions; various + organizations represent the cultural interests of Flanders and Wallonia; + various peace groups such as the Flemish Action Committee Against Nuclear + Weapons and Pax Christi +Suffrage: + 18 years of age, universal and compulsory +Elections: + Senate: + last held 24 November 1991 (next to be held by November 1996); results - + percent of vote by party NA; seats - (184 total; of which 106 are directly + elected) CVP 20, SP 14, PVV (now VLD) 13, VU 5, AGALEV 5, VB 5, ROSSEN 1, PS + 18, PRL 9, PSC 9, ECOLO 6, FDF 1 + +*Belgium, Government + + Chamber of Representatives: + last held 24 November 1991 (next to be held by November 1996); results - CVP + 16.7%, PS 13.6%, SP 12.0%, PVV (now VLD) 11.9%, PRL 8.2%, PSC 7.8%, VB 6.6%, + VU 5.9%, ECOLO 5.1%, AGALEV 4.9%, FDF 2.6%, ROSSEM 3.2%, FN 1.5%; seats - + (212 total) CVP 39, PS 35, SP 28, PVV (now VLD) 26, PRL 20, PSC 18, FB 12, + VU 10, ECOLO 10, AGALEV 7, FDF 3, ROSSEM 3, FN 1 +Executive branch: + monarch, prime minister, three deputy prime ministers, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + bicameral Parliament consists of an upper chamber or Senate (Flemish - + Senaat, French - Senat) and a lower chamber or Chamber of Representatives + (Flemish - Kamer van Volksvertegenwoordigers, French - Chambre des + Representants) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court of Justice (Flemish - Hof van Cassatie, French - Cour de + Cassation) +Leaders: + Chief of State: + King BAUDOUIN I (since 17 July 1951); Heir Apparent Prince ALBERT of Liege + (brother of the King; born 6 June 1934) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Jean-Luc DEHAENE (since 6 March 1992) +Member of: + AG (observer), ACCT, AfDB, AsDB, Australian Group, Benelux, BIS, CCC, CE, + CERN, COCOM, CSCE, EBRD, EC, ECE, EIB, ESA, FAO, G-9, G-10, GATT, IADB, + IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, + INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LORCS, MTCR, NACC, NATO, NEA, NSG, + OAS (observer), OECD, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMOGIP, + UNOSOM, UNPROFOR, UNRWA, UNTAC, UNTSO, UPU, WCL, WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, + ZC +Diplomatic representation in US: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Juan CASSIERS + chancery: + 3330 Garfield Street NW, Washington, DC 20008 + telephone: + (202) 333-6900 + FAX: + (202) 333-3079 + consulates general: + Atlanta, Chicago, Los Angeles, and New York +US diplomatic representation: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Bruce S. GELB + embassy: + 27 Boulevard du Regent, Brussels + mailing address: + B-1000 Brussels, PSC 82, Box 002, APO AE 09724 + telephone: + [32] (2) 513-3830 + FAX: + [32] (2) 511-2725 +Flag: + three equal vertical bands of black (hoist side), yellow, and red; the + design was based on the flag of France + +*Belgium, Economy + +Overview: + This small private enterprise economy has capitalized on its central + geographic location, highly developed transport network, and diversified + industrial and commercial base. Industry is concentrated mainly in the + populous Flemish area in the north, although the government is encouraging + reinvestment in the southern region of Walloon. With few natural resources + Belgium must import essential raw materials, making its economy closely + dependent on the state of world markets. Over 70% of trade is with other EC + countries. The economy grew at a strong 4% pace during the period 1988-90, + but economic growth slowed to a 1% pace in 1991-92. The economy is expected + to turn in another sluggish 1% performance in 1993. Belgium's public debt + remains high at 120% of GDP and the government is trying to control its + expenditures to bring the figure more into line with other industrialized + countries. +National product: + GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $177.9 billion (1992) +National product real growth rate: + 0.8% (1992) +National product per capita: + $17,800 (1992) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 2.6% (1992 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 9.8% (end 1992) +Budget: + revenues $97.8 billion; expenditures $109.3 billion, including capital + expenditures of $NA (1989) +Exports: + $118 billion (f.o.b., 1991) Belgium-Luxembourg Economic Union + commodities: + iron and steel, transportation equipment, tractors, diamonds, petroleum + products + partners: + EC 75.5%, US 3.7%, former Communist countries 1.4% (1991) +Imports: + $121 billion (c.i.f., 1991) Belgium-Luxembourg Economic Union + commodities: + fuels, grains, chemicals, foodstuffs + partners: + EC 73%, US 4.8%, oil-exporting less developed countries 4%, former Communist + countries 1.8% (1991) +External debt: + $31.3 billion (1992 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 1.6% (1992 est.) +Electricity: + 17,500,000 kW capacity; 68,000 million kWh produced, 6,790 kWh per capita + (1992) +Industries: + engineering and metal products, motor vehicle assembly, processed food and + beverages, chemicals, basic metals, textiles, glass, petroleum, coal +Agriculture: accounts for 2.3% of GDP; emphasis on livestock production - beef, veal, + pork, milk; major crops are sugar beets, fresh vegetables, fruits, grain, + tobacco; net importer of farm products +Illicit drugs: + source of precursor chemicals for South American cocaine processors; + increasingly important gateway country for cocaine entering the European + market + +*Belgium, Economy + +Economic aid: + donor - ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $5.8 billion +Currency: + 1 Belgian franc (BF) = 100 centimes +Exchange rates: + Belgian francs (BF) per US$1 - 33.256 (January 1993), 32.150 (1992), 34.148 + (1991), 33.418 (1990), 39.404 (1989), 36.768 (1988) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +*Belgium, Communications + +Railroads: + Belgian National Railways (SNCB) operates 3,568 km 1.435-meter standard + gauge, government owned; 2,563 km double track; 2,207 km electrified +Highways: + 103,396 km total; 1,317 km limited access, divided autoroute; 11,717 km + national highway; 1,362 km provincial road; about 38,000 km paved and 51,000 + km unpaved rural roads +Inland waterways: + 2,043 km (1,528 km in regular commercial use) +Pipelines: + petroleum products 1,167 km; crude oil 161 km; natural gas 3,300 km +Ports: + Antwerp, Brugge, Gent, Oostende, Zeebrugge +Merchant marine: + 23 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 96,949 GRT/133,658 DWT; includes 10 + cargo, 5 oil tanker, 2 liquefied gas, 5 chemical tanker, 1 bulk +Airports: + total: + 42 + usable: + 42 + with permanent-surface runways: + 24 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 14 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 3 +Telecommunications: highly developed, technologically advanced, and completely automated + domestic and international telephone and telegraph facilities; extensive + cable network; limited microwave radio relay network; 4,720,000 telephones; + broadcast stations - 3 AM, 39 FM, 32 TV; 5 submarine cables; 2 satellite + earth stations - Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and EUTELSAT systems; nationwide + mobile phone system + +*Belgium, Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy, Air Force, National Gendarmerie +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 2,556,189; fit for military service 2,133,051; reach + military age (19) annually 63,532 (1993 est.) +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $4 billion, 2% of GDP (1992) + +*Belize, Geography + +Location: + Central America, bordering the Caribbean Sea between Guatemala and Mexico +Map references: + Central America and the Caribbean, North America, Standard Time Zones of the + World +Area: + total area: + 22,960 km2 + land area: + 22,800 km2 + comparative area: + slightly larger than Massachusetts +Land boundaries: + total 516 km, Guatemala 266 km, Mexico 250 km +Coastline: + 386 km +Maritime claims: + territorial sea: + 12 nm in the north, 3 nm in the south + note: + from the mouth of the Sarstoon River to Ranguana Caye, Belize's territorial + sea is 3 miles; according to Belize's Maritime Areas Act, 1992, the purpose + of this limitation is to provide a framework for + the negotiation of a definitive agreement on territorial differences with + Guatemala +International disputes: + border with Guatemala in dispute; negotiations to resolve the dispute have + begun +Climate: + tropical; very hot and humid; rainy season (May to February) +Terrain: + flat, swampy coastal plain; low mountains in south +Natural resources: arable land potential, timber, fish +Land use: + arable land: + 2% + permanent crops: + 0% + meadows and pastures: + 2% + forest and woodland: + 44% + other: + 52% +Irrigated land: + 20 km2 (1989 est.) +Environment: + frequent devastating hurricanes (September to December) and coastal flooding + (especially in south); deforestation +Note: + national capital moved 80 km inland from Belize City to Belmopan because of + hurricanes; only country in Central America without a coastline on the North + Pacific Ocean + +*Belize, People + +Population: + 203,957 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 2.42% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 35.75 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 6.15 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + -5.44 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 36.5 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 67.85 years + male: + 65.91 years + female: + 69.88 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 4.53 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Belizean(s) + adjective: + Belizean +Ethnic divisions: + Mestizo 44%, Creole 30%, Maya 11%, Garifuna 7%, other 8% +Religions: + Roman Catholic 62%, Protestant 30% (Anglican 12%, Methodist 6%, Mennonite + 4%, Seventh-Day Adventist 3%, Pentecostal 2%, Jehovah's Witnesses 1%, other + 2%), none 2%, other 6% (1980) +Languages: + English (official), Spanish, Maya, Garifuna (Carib) +Literacy: + age 15 and over having ever attended school (1970) + total population: + 91% + male: + 91% + female: + 91% +Labor force: + 51,500 + by occupation: + agriculture 30%, services 16%, government 15.4%, commerce 11.2%, + manufacturing 10.3% + note: + shortage of skilled labor and all types of technical personnel (1985) + +*Belize, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + none + conventional short form: + Belize + former: + British Honduras +Digraph: + BH +Type: + parliamentary democracy +Capital: + Belmopan +Administrative divisions: + 6 districts; Belize, Cayo, Corozal, Orange Walk, Stann Creek, Toledo +Independence: + 21 September 1981 (from UK) +Constitution: + 21 September 1981 +Legal system: + English law +National holiday: + Independence Day, 21 September +Political parties and leaders: + People's United Party (PUP), George PRICE, Florencio MARIN, Said MUSA; + United Democratic Party (UDP), Manuel ESQUIVEL, Dean LINDO, Dean BARROW; + National Alliance for Belizean Rights, leader NA +Other political or pressure groups: + Society for the Promotion of Education and Research (SPEAR), Assad SHOMAN; + United Workers Front, leader NA +Suffrage: + 18 years of age; universal +Elections: + National Assembly: + last held 4 September 1989 (next to be held September 1994); results - + percent of vote by party NA; seats - (28 total) PUP 15, UDP 13; note - in + January 1990 one member expelled from UDP joined PUP, making the seat count + PUP 16, UDP 12 +Executive branch: + British monarch, governor general, prime minister, deputy prime minister, + Cabinet +Legislative branch: + bicameral National Assembly consists of an upper house or Senate and a lower + house or House of Representatives +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General + Dame Minita Elmira GORDON (since 21 September 1981) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister George Cadle PRICE (since 4 September 1989) +Member of: + ACP, C, CARICOM, CDB, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, + ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAS, UN, + UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WMO +Diplomatic representation in US: + chief of mission: + Ambassador James V. HYDE + +*Belize, Government + + chancery: + 2535 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 + telephone: + (202) 332-9636 +US diplomatic representation: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Eugene L. SCASSA + embassy: + Gabourel Lane and Hutson Street, Belize City + mailing address: + P. O. Box 286, Belize City + telephone: + [501] (2) 77161 through 77163 + FAX: + [501] (2) 30802 +Flag: + blue with a narrow red stripe along the top and the bottom edges; centered + is a large white disk bearing the coat of arms; the coat of arms features a + shield flanked by two workers in front of a mahogany tree with the related + motto SUB UMBRA FLOREO (I Flourish in the Shade) on a scroll at the bottom, + all encircled by a green garland + +*Belize, Economy + +Overview: + The economy is based primarily on agriculture, agro-based industry, and + merchandising, with tourism and construction assuming increasing importance. + Agriculture accounts for about 30% of GDP and provides 75% of export + earnings, while sugar, the chief crop, accounts for almost 40% of hard + currency earnings. The US, Belize's main trading partner, is assisting in + efforts to reduce dependency on sugar with an agricultural diversification + program. +National product: + GDP - exchange rate conversion - $373 million (1990 est.) +National product real growth rate: + 10% (1990) +National product per capita: + $1,635 (1990 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 5.5% (1991) +Unemployment rate: + 12% (1991 est.) +Budget: + revenues $126.8 million; expenditures $123.1 million, including capital + expenditures of $44.8 million (FY91 est.) +Exports: + $95.6 million (f.o.b., 1991) + commodities: + sugar, citrus, clothing, bananas, fish products, molasses + partners: + US 49%, UK, EC, Mexico (1991) +Imports: + $194 million (c.i.f., 1991 est.) + commodities: + machinery and transportation equipment, food, manufactured goods, fuels, + chemicals, pharmaceuticals + partners: + US 60%, UK, EC, Mexico (1991) +External debt: + $143.7 million (1991) +Industrial production: + growth rate 3.7% (1990); accounts for 12% of GDP +Electricity: + 34,532 kW capacity; 90 million kWh produced, 393 kWh per capita (1992) +Industries: + garment production, citrus concentrates, sugar refining, rum, beverages, + tourism +Agriculture: + accounts for 22% of GDP (including fish and forestry); commercial crops + include sugarcane, bananas, coca, citrus fruits; expanding output of lumber + and cultured shrimp; net importer of basic foods +Illicit drugs: + an illicit producer of cannabis for the international drug trade; + eradication program cut marijuana production from 200 metric tons in 1987 to + about 50 metric tons in 1991; transshipment point for cocaine +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $104 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $215 million +Currency: + 1 Belizean dollar (Bz$) = 100 cents +Exchange rates: + Belizean dollars (Bz$) per US$1 - 2.00 (fixed rate) + +*Belize, Economy + +Fiscal year: + 1 April - 31 March + +*Belize, Communications + +Highways: + 2,710 km total; 500 km paved, 1,600 km gravel, 300 km improved earth, and + 310 km unimproved earth +Inland waterways: + 825 km river network used by shallow-draft craft; seasonally navigable +Ports: + Belize City; additional ports for shallow draught craft include Corozol, + Punta Gorda, Big Creek +Merchant marine: + 4 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 9,768 GRT/12,721 DWT; includes 3 cargo, + 1 roll-on/roll-off +Airports: + total: + 42 + usable: + 32 + with permanent-surface runways: + 3 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 1 + with runways 1,229-2,439 mr: + 2 +Telecommunications: + 8,650 telephones; above-average system based on microwave radio relay; + broadcast stations - 6 AM, 5 FM, 1 TV, 1 shortwave; 1 Atlantic Ocean + INTELSAT earth station + +*Belize, Defense Forces + +Branches: + British Forces Belize, Belize Defense Force (including Army, Navy, Air + Force, and Volunteer Guard), Belize National Police +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 47,135; fit for military service 28,070; reach military age + (18) annually 2,066 (1993 est.) +Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $5.4 million, 2% of GDP (1992) + +*Benin, Geography + +Location: + Western Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean between Nigeria and Togo +Map references: + Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World +Area: + total area: + 112,620 km2 + land area: + 110,620 km2 + comparative area: + slightly smaller than Pennsylvania +Land boundaries: + total 1,989 km, Burkina 306 km, Niger 266 km, Nigeria 773 km, Togo 644 km +Coastline: + 121 km +Maritime claims: + territorial sea: + 200 nm +International disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical; hot, humid in south; semiarid in north +Terrain: + mostly flat to undulating plain; some hills and low mountains +Natural resources: + small offshore oil deposits, limestone, marble, timber +Land use: + arable land: + 12% + permanent crops: + 4% + meadows and pastures: + 4% + forest and woodland: + 35% + other: + 45% +Irrigated land: + 60 km2 (1989 est.) +Environment: + hot, dry, dusty harmattan wind may affect north in winter; deforestation; + desertification +Note: + recent droughts have severely affected marginal agriculture in north; no + natural harbors + +*Benin, People + +Population: + 5,166,735 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 3.33% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 48.09 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 14.8 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 112.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 51.31 years + male: + 49.51 years + female: + 53.16 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 6.86 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Beninese (singular and plural) + adjective: + Beninese +Ethnic divisions: + African 99% (42 ethnic groups, most important being Fon, Adja, Yoruba, + Bariba), Europeans 5,500 +Religions: + indigenous beliefs 70%, Muslim 15%, Christian 15% +Languages: + French (official), Fon and Yoruba (most common vernaculars in south), tribal + languages (at least six major ones in north) +Literacy: + age 15 and over can read and write (1990) + total population: + 23% + male: + 32% + female: + 16% +Labor force: + 1.9 million (1987) + by occupation: + agriculture 60%, transport, commerce, and public services 38%, industry less + than 2% + note: + 49% of population of working age (1985) + +*Benin, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: Republic of Benin + conventional short form: + Benin + local long form: + Republique Populaire du Benin + local short form: + Benin + former: + Dahomey +Digraph: + BN +Type: + republic under multiparty democratic rule dropped Marxism-Leninism December + 1989; democratic reforms adopted February 1990; transition to multiparty + system completed 4 April 1991 +Capital: + Porto-Novo +Administrative divisions: + 6 provinces; Atakora, Atlantique, Borgou, Mono, Oueme, Zou +Independence: + 1 August 1960 (from France) +Constitution: + 2 December 1990 +Legal system: + based on French civil law and customary law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ + jurisdiction +National holiday: + National Day, 1 August (1990) +Political parties and leaders: + Alliance of the Democratic Union for the Forces of Progress (UDFP), Timothee + ADANLIN; Movement for Democracy and Social Progress (MDPS), Jean-Roger + AHOYO; Union for Liberty and Development (ULD), Marcellin DEGBE; Alliance of + the National Party for Democracy and Development (PNDD) and the Democratic + Renewal Party (PRD), Pascal Chabi KAO; Alliance of the Social Democratic + Party (PSD) and the National Union for Solidarity and Progress (UNSP), Bruno + AMOUSSOU; Our Common Cause (NCC), Albert TEVOEDJRE; National Rally for + Democracy (RND), Joseph KEKE; Alliance of the National Movement for + Democracy and Development (MNDD), leader NA; Movement for Solidarity, Union, + and Progress (MSUP), Adebo ADENIYI; Union for Democracy and National + Reconstruction (UDRN), Azaria FAKOREDE; Union for Democracy and National + Solidarity (UDS), Mama Amadou N'DIAYE; Assembly of Liberal Democrats for + National Reconstruction (RDL), Severin ADJOVI; Alliance of the Alliance for + Social Democracy (ASD), Robert DOSSOU; Bloc for Social Democracy (BSD), + Michel MAGNIDE; Alliance of the Alliance for Democracy and Progress (ADP), + Akindes ADEKPEDJOU; Democratic Union for Social Renewal (UDRS), Bio Gado + Seko N'GOYE; National Union for Democracy and Progress (UNDP), Robert + TAGNON; Party for Progress and Democracy, Theophile NATA; numerous other + small parties +Suffrage: + 18 years of age; universal +Elections: + National Assembly: + last held 10 and 24 March 1991; results - percent of vote by party NA; seats + - (64 total) UDFP-MDPS-ULD 12, PNDD/PRD 9, PSD/UNSP 8, NCC 7, RND 7, + MNDD/MSUP/UDRN 6, UDS 5, RDL 4, ASD/BSD 3, ADP/UDRS 2, UNDP 1 + +*Benin, Government + + President: + last held 10 and 24 March 1991; results - Nicephore SOGLO 68%, Mathieu + KEREKOU 32% +Executive branch: + president, cabinet +Legislative branch: + unicameral National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court (Cour Supreme) +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + President Nicephore SOGLO (since 4 April 1991) +Member of: + ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CEAO, ECA, ECOWAS, Entente, FAO, FZ, G-77, GATT, IBRD, + ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, + LORCS, NAM, OAU, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WADB, WCL, WHO, WIPO, + WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation in US: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Candide AHOUANSOU + chancery: + 2737 Cathedral Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 + telephone: + (202) 232-6656 +US diplomatic representation: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Ruth A. DAVIS + embassy: + Rue Caporal Anani Bernard, Cotonou + mailing address: + B. P. 2012, Cotonou + telephone: + [229] 30-06-50, 30-05-13, 30-17-92 + FAX: + [229] 30-14-39 and 30-19-74 +Flag: + two equal horizontal bands of yellow (top) and red with a vertical green + band on the hoist side + +*Benin, Economy + +Overview: + Benin is one of the least developed countries in the world because of + limited natural resources and a poorly developed infrastructure. Agriculture + accounts for about 35% of GDP, employs about 60% of the labor force, and + generates a major share of foreign exchange earnings. The industrial sector + contributes only about 15% to GDP and employs 2% of the work force. Low + prices in recent years have kept down hard currency earnings from Benin's + major exports of agricultural products and crude oil. +National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $2 billion (1991) +National product real growth rate: + 3% (1991) +National product per capita: + $410 (1991) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 3.4% (1990) +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $194 million; expenditures $390 million, including capital + expenditures of $104 million (1990 est.) +Exports: + $263.3 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.) + commodities: + crude oil, cotton, palm products, cocoa + partners: + FRG 36%, France 16%, Spain 14%, Italy 8%, UK 4% +Imports: + $428 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.) + commodities: + foodstuffs, beverages, tobacco, petroleum products, intermediate goods, + capital goods, light consumer goods + partners: + France 34%, Netherlands 10%, Japan 7%, Italy 6%, US 4% +External debt: + $1 billion (December 1990 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate -0.7% (1988); accounts for 15% of GDP +Electricity: + 30,000 kW capacity; 25 million kWh produced, 5 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + textiles, cigarettes, construction materials, beverages, food production, + petroleum +Agriculture: + accounts for 35% of GDP; small farms produce 90% of agricultural output; + production is dominated by food crops - corn, sorghum, cassava, beans, rice; + cash crops include cotton, palm oil, peanuts; poultry and livestock output + has not kept up with consumption +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $46 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1,300 million; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $19 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $101 + million +Currency: + 1 CFA franc (CFAF) = 100 centimes +Exchange rates: + Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF) per US$1 - 274.06 (January + 1993), 264.69 (1992), 282.11 (1991), 272.26 (1990), 319.01 (1989), 297.85 + (1988) + +*Benin, Economy + +Fiscal year: calendar year + +*Benin, Communications + +Railroads: + 578 km, all 1.000-meter gauge, single track +Highways: + 5,050 km total; 920 km paved, 2,600 laterite, 1,530 km improved earth +Inland waterways: + navigable along small sections, important only locally +Ports: + Cotonou +Airports: + total: + 7 + usable: + 5 + with permanent-surface runways: + 1 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 2,439-3,659 m: + 1 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 2 +Telecommunications: + fair system of open wire, submarine cable, and radio relay microwave; + broadcast stations - 2 AM, 2 FM, 2 TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth + station + +*Benin, Defense Forces + +Branches: + Armed Forces (including Army, Navy, Air Force), National Gendarmerie +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 1,075,053; females age 15-49 1,170,693; males fit for + military service 550,645; females fit for military service 591,506; males + reach military age (18) annually 56,872; females reach military age (18) + annually 55,141 (1993 est.); both sexes are liable for military service +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $29 million, 1.7% of GDP (1988 est.) + +*Bermuda, Header + +Affiliation: + (dependent territory of the UK) + +*Bermuda, Geography + +Location: + in the western North Atlantic Ocean, 1,050 km east of North Carolina +Map references: + North America +Area: + total area: + 50 km2 + land area: + 50 km2 + comparative area: + about 0.3 times the size of Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + 0 km +Coastline: + 103 km +Maritime claims: + exclusive fishing zone: + 200 nm + territorial sea: + 12 nm +International disputes: + none +Climate: + subtropical; mild, humid; gales, strong winds common in winter +Terrain: + low hills separated by fertile depressions +Natural resources: + limestone, pleasant climate fostering tourism +Land use: + arable land: + 0% + permanent crops: + 0% + meadows and pastures: + 0% + forest and woodland: + 20% + other: + 80% +Irrigated land: + NA km2 +Environment: + ample rainfall, but no rivers or freshwater lakes; consists of about 360 + small coral islands +Note: + some reclaimed land leased by US Government + +*Bermuda, People + +Population: + 60,686 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 0.78% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 15.21 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 7.3 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + -0.13 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 13.16 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 75.03 years + male: + 73.36 years + female: + 76.97 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 1.82 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Bermudian(s) + adjective: + Bermudian +Ethnic divisions: + black 61%, white and other 39% +Religions: + Anglican 37%, Roman Catholic 14%, African Methodist Episcopal (Zion) 10%, + Methodist 6%, Seventh-Day Adventist 5%, other 28% +Languages: + English +Literacy: + age 15 and over can read and write (1970) + total population: + 98% + male: + 98% + female: + 99% +Labor force: + 32,000 + by occupation: + clerical 25%, services 22%, laborers 21%, professional and technical 13%, + administrative and managerial 10%, sales 7%, agriculture and fishing 2% + (1984) + +*Bermuda, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + none + conventional short form: + Bermuda +Digraph: + BD +Type: dependent territory of the UK +Capital: + Hamilton +Administrative divisions: + 9 parishes and 2 municipalities*; Devonshire, Hamilton, Hamilton*, Paget,, Pembroke, Saint +George*, Saint Georges, Sandys, Smiths, Southampton, Warwick, Independence: + none (dependent territory of the UK) +Constitution: + 8 June 1968 +Legal system: + English law +National holiday: + Bermuda Day, 22 May +Political parties and leaders: + United Bermuda Party (UBP), John W. D. SWAN; Progressive Labor Party (PLP), + Frederick WADE; National Liberal Party (NLP), Gilbert DARRELL +Other political or pressure groups: + Bermuda Industrial Union (BIU), Ottiwell SIMMONS +Suffrage: + 21 years of age; universal +Elections: + House of Assembly: + last held 9 February 1989 (next to be held by February 1994); results - + percent of vote by party NA; seats - (40 total) UBP 23, PLP 15, NLP 1, other + 1 +Executive branch: + British monarch, governor, deputy governor, premier, deputy premier, + Executive Council (cabinet) +Legislative branch: + bicameral Parliament consists of an upper house or Senate and a lower house + or House of Assembly +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor Lord + David WADDINGTON (since NA) + Head of Government: + Premier John William David SWAN (since NA January 1982) +Member of: + CARICOM (observer), CCC, ICFTU, INTERPOL (subbureau), IOC +Diplomatic representation in US: + as a dependent territory of the UK, Bermuda's interests in the US are + represented by the UK +US diplomatic representation: + chief of mission: + Consul General L. Ebersole GAINES + consulate general: + Crown Hill, 16 Middle Road, Devonshire, Hamilton + +*Bermuda, Government + + mailing address: P. O. Box HM325, Hamilton HMBX; PSC 1002, FPO AE 09727-1002 + telephone: + (809) 295-1342 + FAX: + (809) 295-1592 +Flag: + red with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the + Bermudian coat of arms (white and blue shield with a red lion holding a + scrolled shield showing the sinking of the ship Sea Venture off Bermuda in + 1609) centered on the outer half of the flag + +*Bermuda, Economy + +Overview: + Bermuda enjoys one of the highest per capita incomes in the world, having + successfully exploited its location by providing luxury tourist facilities + and financial services. The tourist industry attracts more than 90% of its + business from North America. The industrial sector is small, and agriculture + is severely limited by a lack of suitable land. About 80% of food needs are + imported. +National product: + GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $1.3 billion (1991) +National product real growth rate: + -1.5% (1991) +National product per capita: + $22,000 (1991) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 4.4% (1991) +Unemployment rate: + 6% (1991) +Budget: + revenues $327.5 million; expenditures $308.9 million, including capital + expenditures of $35.4 million (FY91 est.) +Exports: + $50 million (f.o.b., FY89) + commodities: + semitropical produce, light manufactures, re-exports of pharmaceuticals + partners: + US 55%, UK 32%, Canada 11%, other 2% +Imports: + 527.2 million (f.o.b., FY89) + commodities: + fuel, foodstuffs, machinery + partners: + US 60%, UK 8%, Venezuela 7%, Canada 5%, Japan 5%, other 15% +External debt: + $NA +Industrial production: + growth rate NA% +Electricity: + 154,000 kW capacity; 504 million kWh produced, 8,370 kWh per capita (1992) +Industries: + tourism, finance, structural concrete products, paints, pharmaceuticals, + ship repairing +Agriculture: + accounts for less than 1% of GDP; most basic foods must be imported; + produces bananas, vegetables, citrus fruits, flowers, dairy products +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-81), $34 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $277 million +Currency: + 1 Bermudian dollar (Bd$) = 100 cents +Exchange rates: + Bermudian dollar (Bd$) per US$1 - 1.0000 (fixed rate) +Fiscal year: + 1 April - 31 March + +*Bermuda, Communications + +Highways: + 210 km public roads, all paved (about 400 km of private roads) +Ports: + Freeport, Hamilton, Saint George +Merchant marine: + 72 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 3,451.099 GRT/5,937,636 DWT; includes + 5 cargo, 5 refrigerated cargo, 5 container, 7 roll-on/roll-off, 21 oil + tanker, 13 liquefied gas, 16 bulk; note - a flag of convenience registry +Airports: + total: + 1 + usable: + 1 + with permanent-surface runways: + 1 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 1 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 0 +Telecommunications: + modern with fully automatic telephone system; 52,670 telephones; broadcast + stations - 5 AM, 3 FM, 2 TV; 3 submarine cables; 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT + earth stations + +*Bermuda, Defense Forces + +Branches: + Bermuda Regiment, Bermuda Police Force, Bermuda Reserve Constabulary +Note: + defense is the responsibility of the UK + +*Bhutan, Geography + +Location: + South Asia, in the Himalayas, between China and India +Map references: + Asia, Standard Time Zones of the World +Area: + total area: + 47,000 km2 + land area: + 47,000 km2 + comparative area: + slightly more than half the size of Indiana +Land boundaries: + total 1,075 km, China 470 km, India 605 km +Coastline: + 0 km (landlocked) +Maritime claims: + none; landlocked +International disputes: + none +Climate: + varies; tropical in southern plains; cool winters and hot summers in central + valleys; severe winters and cool summers in Himalayas +Terrain: + mostly mountainous with some fertile valleys and savanna +Natural resources: + timber, hydropower, gypsum, calcium carbide, tourism potential +Land use: + arable land: + 2% + permanent crops: + 0% + meadows and pastures: + 5% + forest and woodland: + 70% + other: + 23% +Irrigated land: + 340 km2 (1989 est.) +Environment: + violent storms coming down from the Himalayas were the source of the country + name which translates as Land of the Thunder Dragon +Note: + landlocked; strategic location between China and India; controls several key + Himalayan mountain passes + +*Bhutan, People + +Population: + 700,000 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 2.33% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 39.59 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 16.26 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 123.3 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 50.17 years + male: + 50.74 years + female: + 49.58 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 5.45 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Bhutanese (singular and plural) + adjective: + Bhutanese +Ethnic divisions: + Bhote 50%, ethnic Nepalese 35%, indigenous or migrant tribes 15% +Religions: + Lamaistic Buddhism 75%, Indian- and Nepalese-influenced Hinduism 25% +Languages: + Dzongkha (official), Bhotes speak various Tibetan dialects; Nepalese speak + various Nepalese dialects +Literacy: + total population: + NA% + male: + NA% + female: + NA% +Labor force: + NA + by occupation: + agriculture 93%, services 5%, industry and commerce 2% + note: + massive lack of skilled labor + +*Bhutan, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Kingdom of Bhutan + conventional short form: + Bhutan +Digraph: + BT +Type: + monarchy; special treaty relationship with India +Capital: + Thimphu +Administrative divisions: + 18 districts (dzongkhag, singular and plural); Bumthang, Chhukha, Chirang, + Daga, Geylegphug, Ha, Lhuntshi, Mongar, Paro, Pemagatsel, Punakha, Samchi, + Samdrup Jongkhar, Shemgang, Tashigang, Thimphu, Tongsa, Wangdi Phodrang +Independence: + 8 August 1949 (from India) +Constitution: + no written constitution or bill of rights +Legal system: + based on Indian law and English common law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ + jurisdiction +National holiday: + National Day, 17 December (1907) (Ugyen Wangchuck became first hereditary + king) +Political parties and leaders: + no legal parties +Other political or pressure groups: + Buddhist clergy; Indian merchant community; ethnic Nepalese organizations + leading militant antigovernment campaign +Suffrage: + each family has one vote in village-level elections +Elections: + no national elections +Executive branch: + monarch, chairman of the Royal Advisory Council, Royal Advisory Council + (Lodoi Tsokde), chairman of the Council of Ministers, Council of Ministers + (Lhengye Shungtsog) +Legislative branch: + unicameral National Assembly (Tshogdu) +Judicial branch: + High Court +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + King Jigme Singye WANGCHUCK (since 24 July 1972) +Member of: + AsDB, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IMF, INTELSAT, IOC, ITU, + NAM, SAARC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO +Diplomatic representation in US: + no formal diplomatic relations; the Bhutanese mission to the UN in New York + has consular jurisdiction in the US +US diplomatic representation: + no formal diplomatic relations, although informal contact is maintained + between the Bhutanese and US Embassies in New Delhi (India) +Flag: + divided diagonally from the lower hoist side corner; the upper triangle is + orange and the lower triangle is red; centered along the dividing line is a + large black and white dragon facing away from the hoist side + +*Bhutan, Economy + +Overview: + The economy, one of the world's least developed, is based on agriculture and + forestry, which provide the main livelihood for 90% of the population and + account for about 50% of GDP. Rugged mountains dominate the terrain and make + the building of roads and other infrastructure difficult and expensive. The + economy is closely aligned with that of India through strong trade and + monetary links. The industrial sector is small and technologically backward, + with most production of the cottage industry type. Most development + projects, such as road construction, rely on Indian migrant labor. Bhutan's + hydropower potential and its attraction for tourists are its most important + natural resources; however, the government limits the number of tourists to + 3,000/year to minimize foreign influence. +National product: + GDP - exchange rate conversion - $320 million (1991 est.) +National product real growth rate: + 3.1% (1991 est.) +National product per capita: + $200 (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 10% (FY91 est.) +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $112 million; expenditures $121 million, including capital + expenditures of $58 million (FY91 est.) +Exports: + $74 million (f.o.b., FY91 est.) + commodities: + cardamon, gypsum, timber, handicrafts, cement, fruit, electricity (to India) + partners: + India 90% +Imports: + $106.4 million (c.i.f., FY91 est.) + commodities: + fuel and lubricants, grain, machinery and parts, vehicles, fabrics + partners: + India 83% +External debt: + $120 million (June 91) +Industrial production: + growth rate NA%; accounts for 18% of GDP; primarily cottage industry and + home based handicrafts +Electricity: + 336,000 kW capacity; 1,542.2 million kWh produced, 2,203 kWh per capita + (25.8% is exported to India, leaving only 1,633 kWh per capita) (1990-91) +Industries: + cement, wood products, processed fruits, alcoholic beverages, calcium + carbide +Agriculture: + accounts for 45% of GDP; based on subsistence farming and animal husbandry; + self-sufficient in food except for foodgrains; other production - rice, + corn, root crops, citrus fruit, dairy products, eggs +Economic aid: + Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), + $115 million; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $11 million +Currency: + 1 ngultrum (Nu) = 100 chetrum; note - Indian currency is also legal tender + +*Bhutan, Economy + +Exchange rates: + ngultrum (Nu) per US$1 - 26.156 (January 1993), 25.918 (1992), 22.742 + (1991), 17.504 (1990), 16.226 (1989), 13.917 (1988); note - the Bhutanese + ngultrum is at par with the Indian rupee +Fiscal year: + 1 July - 30 June + +*Bhutan, Communications + +Highways: + 2,165 km total; 1,703 km surfaced +Airports: + total: + 2 + usable: + 2 + with permanent-surface runways: + 1 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 2 +Telecommunications: + domestic telephone service is very poor with very few telephones in use; + international telephone and telegraph service is by land line through India; + a satellite earth station was planned (1990); broadcast stations - 1 AM, 1 + FM, no TV (1990) + +*Bhutan, Defense Forces + +Branches: + Royal Bhutan Army, Palace Guard, Militia +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 415,315; fit for military service 222,027; reach military + age (18) annually 17,344 (1993 est.) +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP + +*Bolivia, Geography + +Location: + Central South America, between Brazil and Chile +Map references: + South America, Standard Time Zones of the World +Area: + total area: 1,098,580 km2 + land area: + 1,084,390 km2 + comparative area: + slightly less than three times the size of Montana +Land boundaries: + total 6,743 km, Argentina 832 km, Brazil 3,400 km, Chile 861 km, Paraguay + 750 km, Peru 900 km +Coastline: + 0 km (landlocked) +Maritime claims: + none; landlocked +International disputes: + has wanted a sovereign corridor to the South Pacific Ocean since the Atacama + area was lost to Chile in 1884; dispute with Chile over Rio Lauca water + rights +Climate: + varies with altitude; humid and tropical to cold and semiarid +Terrain: + rugged Andes Mountains with a highland plateau (Altiplano), hills, lowland + plains of the Amazon basin +Natural resources: + tin, natural gas, petroleum, zinc, tungsten, antimony, silver, iron ore, + lead, gold, timber +Land use: + arable land: + 3% + permanent crops: + 0% + meadows and pastures: + 25% + forest and woodland: + 52% + other: + 20% +Irrigated land: + 1,650 km2 (1989 est.) +Environment: + cold, thin air of high plateau is obstacle to efficient fuel combustion; + overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification +Note: + landlocked; shares control of Lago Titicaca, world's highest navigable lake, + with Peru + +*Bolivia, People + +Population: + 7,544,099 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 2.31% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 32.83 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 8.63 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + -1.06 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 76.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 62.77 years + male: + 60.34 years + female: + 65.33 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 4.31 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Bolivian(s) + adjective: + Bolivian +Ethnic divisions: + Quechua 30%, Aymara 25%, mixed 25-30%, European 5-15% +Religions: + Roman Catholic 95%, Protestant (Evangelical Methodist) +Languages: + Spanish (official), Quechua (official), Aymara (official) +Literacy: + age 15 and over can read and write (1990) + total population: + 78% + male: + 85% + female: + 71% +Labor force: + 1.7 million + by occupation: + agriculture 50%, services and utilities 26%, manufacturing 10%, mining 4%, + other 10% (1983) + +*Bolivia, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Republic of Bolivia + conventional short form: + Bolivia + local long form: + Republica de Bolivia + local short form: + Bolivia +Digraph: + BL +Type: + republic +Capital: La Paz (seat of government); Sucre (legal capital and seat of judiciary) +Administrative divisions: + 9 departments (departamentos, singular - departamento); Chuquisaca, + Cochabamba, Beni, La Paz, Oruro, Pando, Potosi, Santa Cruz, Tarija +Independence: + 6 August 1825 (from Spain) +Constitution: + 2 February 1967 +Legal system: + based on Spanish law and Code Napoleon; has not accepted compulsory ICJ + jurisdiction +National holiday: + Independence Day, 6 August (1825) +Political parties and leaders: + Movement of the Revolutionary Left (MIR), Jaime PAZ Zamora; Nationalist + Democratic Action (ADN), Hugo BANZER Suarez; Nationalist Revolutionary + Movement (MNR), Gonzalo SANCHEZ de Lozada; Civic Solidarity Union (UCS), Max + FERNANDEZ Rojas; Conscience of the Fatherland (CONDEPA), Carlos PALENQUE + Aviles; Christian Democratic Party (PDC), Jorge AGREDO; Free Bolivia + Movement (MBL), Antonio ARANIBAR; United Left (IU), a coalition of leftist + parties that includes Patriotic National Convergency Axis (EJE-P), Walter + DELGADILLO and Bolivian Communist Party (PCB), Humberto RAMIREZ; + Revolutionary Vanguard - 9th of April (VR-9), Carlos SERRATE Reich +Suffrage: + 18 years of age; universal and compulsory (married) 21 years of age; + universal and compulsory (single) +Elections: + Chamber of Deputies: + last held 7 May 1989 (next to be held 6 June 1993); results - percent of + vote by party NA; note - legislative and presidential candidates run on a + unified slate, so vote percentages are the same as in section on + presidential election results; seats - (130 total) MNR 40, ADN 35, MIR 33, + IU 10, CONDEPA 9, PDC 3 + Chamber of Senators: + last held 7 May 1989 (next to be held 6 June 1993); results - percent of + vote by party NA; note - legislative and presidential candidates run on a + unified slate, so vote percentages are the same as in section on + presidential election results; seats - (27 total) MNR 9, ADN 7, MIR 8, + CONDEPA 2, PDC 1 + +*Bolivia, Government + + President: + last held 7 May 1989 (next to be held 6 June 1993); results - Gonzalo + SANCHEZ de Lozada (MNR) 23%, Hugo BANZER Suarez (ADN) 22%, Jaime PAZ Zamora + (MIR) 19%; no candidate received a majority of the popular vote; Jaime PAZ + Zamora (MIR) formed a coalition with Hugo BANZER (ADN); with ADN support, + PAZ Zamora won the congressional runoff election on 4 August and was + inaugurated on 6 August 1989 +Executive branch: + president, vice president, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + bicameral National Congress (Congreso Nacional) consists of an upper chamber + or Chamber of Senators (Camara de Senadores) and a lower chamber or Chamber + of Deputies (Camara de Diputados) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court (Corte Suprema) +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + President Jaime PAZ Zamora (since 6 August 1989); Vice President Luis OSSIO + Sanjines (since 6 August 1989) +Member of: + AG, ECLAC, FAO, GATT, G-11, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, + ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ITU, LAES, LAIA, LORCS, NAM, + OAS, OPANAL, PCA, RG, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WMO, + WTO +Diplomatic representation in US: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Jorge CRESPO + chancery: + 3014 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 + telephone: + (202) 483-4410 through 4412 + consulates general: + Los Angeles, Miami, New York, and San Francisco +US diplomatic representation: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Charles R. BOWERS + embassy: + Banco Popular del Peru Building, corner of Calles Mercado y Colon, La Paz + mailing address: + P. O. Box 425, La Paz, or APO AA 34032 + telephone: + [591] (2) 350251 or 350120 + FAX: + [591] (2) 359875 +Flag: + three equal horizontal bands of red (top), yellow, and green with the coat + of arms centered on the yellow band; similar to the flag of Ghana, which has + a large black five-pointed star centered in the yellow band + +*Bolivia, Economy + +Overview: + With its long history of semifeudalistic social controls, dependence on + volatile prices for its mineral exports, and bouts of hyperinflation, + Bolivia has remained one of the poorest and least developed Latin American + countries. Since August 1989, President PAZ Zamora, despite his Marxist + origins, has maintained a moderate policy of repressing domestic terrorism, + containing inflation, and achieving annual GDP growth of 3 to 4%. For many + farmers, who constitute half of the country's work force, the main cash crop + is coca, which is sold for cocaine processing. +National product: + GDP - exchange rate conversion - $4.9 billion (1992) +National product real growth rate: + 3.8% (1992) +National product per capita: + $670 (1992) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 10.5% (December 1992) +Unemployment rate: + 5% (1992) +Budget: + revenues $1.5 billion; expenditures $1.57 billion, including capital + expenditures of $627 million (1993 est.) +Exports: + $609 million (f.o.b., 1992) + commodities: + metals 46%, hydrocarbons 21%, other 33% (coffee, soybeans, sugar, cotton, + timber) + partners: + US 15%, Argentina +Imports: + 1.185 billion (c.i.f., 1992) + commodities: + food, petroleum, consumer goods, capital goods + partners: + US 22% +External debt: + $3.7 billion (December 1992) +Industrial production: + growth rate 7% (1992); accounts for almost 32% of GDP +Electricity: + 865,000 kW capacity; 1,834 million kWh produced, 250 kWh per capita (1992) +Industries: + mining, smelting, petroleum, food and beverage, tobacco, handicrafts, + clothing; illicit drug industry reportedly produces 15% of its revenues +Agriculture: + accounts for about 21% of GDP (including forestry and fisheries); principal + commodities - coffee, coca, cotton, corn, sugarcane, rice, potatoes, timber; + self-sufficient in food +Illicit drugs: + world's second-largest producer of coca (after Peru) with an estimated + 47,900 hectares under cultivation; voluntary and forced eradication program + unable to prevent production from rising to 82,000 metric tons in 1992 from + 74,700 tons in 1989; government considers all but 12,000 hectares illicit; + intermediate coca products and cocaine exported to or through Colombia and + Brazil to the US and other international drug markets +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $990 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $2,025 million; + Communist countries (1970-89), $340 million + +*Bolivia, Economy + +Currency: + 1 boliviano ($B) = 100 centavos +Exchange rates: + bolivianos ($B) per US$1 - 3.9437 (August 1992), 3.85 (1992), 3.5806 (1991), + 3.1727 (1990), 2.6917 (1989), 2.3502 (1988), 2.0549 (1987) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +*Bolivia, Communications + +Railroads: + 3,684 km total, all narrow gauge; 3,652 km 1.000-meter gauge and 32 km + 0.760-meter gauge, all government owned, single track +Highways: + 38,836 km total; 1,300 km paved, 6,700 km gravel, 30,836 km improved and + unimproved earth +Inland waterways: + 10,000 km of commercially navigable waterways +Pipelines: + crude oil 1,800 km; petroleum products 580 km; natural gas 1,495 km +Ports: + none; maritime outlets are Arica and Antofagasta in Chile, Matarani and Ilo + in Peru +Merchant marine: + 2 cargo ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 14,051 GRT/22,155 DWT +Airports: + total: + 1,225 + usable: + 1,043 + with permanent-surface runways: + 9 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 2 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 7 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 161 +Telecommunications: + microwave radio relay system being expanded; improved international + services; 144,300 telephones; broadcast stations - 129 AM, no FM, 43 TV, 68 + shortwave; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station + +*Bolivia, Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army (Ejercito Boliviano), Navy includes Marines (Fuerza Navala), Air Force + (Fuerza Aereo de Bolivia), National Police Force (Boliviano Policia + Nacional) +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 1,786,137; fit for military service 1,162,160; reach + military age (19) annually 78,125 (1993 est.) +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $80 million, 1.6% of GDP (1990 est.) + +*Bosnia and Herzegovina, Header + +Note: + Bosnia and Herzegovina is suffering from interethnic civil strife which + began in March 1992 after the Bosnian Government held a referendum on + independence. Bosnia's Serbs - supported by neighboring Serbia - responded + with armed resistance aimed at partitioning the republic along ethnic lines + and joining Serb held areas to a "greater Serbia". Since the onset of the + conflict, which has driven approximately half of the pre-war population of + 4.4 million from their homes, both the Bosnian Serbs and the Bosnian Croats + have asserted control of more than three-quarters of the territory formerly + under the control of the Bosnian Government. The UN and the EC are + continuing to try to mediate a plan for peace. + +*Bosnia and Herzegovina, Geography + +Location: + Southeastern Europe, on the Balkan Peninsula, between Croatia and Serbia and + Montenegro +Map references: + Africa, Arctic Region, Ethnic Groups in Eastern Europe, Europe, Standard + Time Zones of the World +Area: + total area: + 51,233 km2 + land area: + 51,233 km2 + comparative area: + slightly larger than Tennessee +Land boundaries: + total 1,369 km, Croatia (northwest) 751 km, Croatia (south) 91 km, Serbia + and Montenegro 527 km (312 km with Serbia; 215 km with Montenegro) +Coastline: + 20 km +Maritime claims: + continental shelf: + 200 m depth + exclusive economic zone: + 12 nm + exclusive fishing zone: + 12 nm + territorial sea: + 12 nm +International disputes: + Serbia and Montenegro and Croatia seek to cantonize Bosnia and Herzegovina; + Muslim majority being forced from many areas +Climate: + hot summers and cold winters; areas of high elevation have short, cool + summers and long, severe winters; mild, rainy winters along coast +Terrain: + mountains and valleys +Natural resources: + coal, iron, bauxite, manganese, timber, wood products, copper, chromium, + lead, zinc +Land use: + arable land: 20% + permanent crops: + 2% + meadows and pastures: + 25% + forest and woodland: + 36% + other: + 17% +Irrigated land: + NA km2 +Environment: + air pollution from metallurgical plants; water scarce; sites for disposing + of urban waste are limited; subject to frequent and destructive earthquakes + +*Bosnia and Herzegovina, People + +Population: + 4,618,804 (July 1993 est.) + note: + all data dealing with population is subject to considerable error because of + the dislocations caused by military action and ethnic cleansing +Population growth rate: + 0.72% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 13.54 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 6.38 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 13.2 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 74.8 years + male: + 72.11 years + female: + 77.67 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 1.62 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Bosnian(s), Herzegovinian(s) + adjective: + Bosnian, Herzegovinian +Ethnic divisions: + Muslim 44%, Serb 31%, Croat 17%, other 8% +Religions: + Muslim 40%, Orthodox 31%, Catholic 15%, Protestant 4%, other 10% +Languages: + Serbo-Croatian 99% +Literacy: + total population: NA% + male: + NA% + female: + NA% +Labor force: + 1,026,254 + by occupation: + agriculture 2%, industry, mining 45% (1991 est.) + +*Bosnia and Herzegovina, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina + conventional short form: + Bosnia and Herzegovina + local long form: + Republika Bosna i Hercegovina + local short form: + Bosna i Hercegovina +Digraph: + BK +Type: + emerging democracy +Capital: + Sarajevo +Administrative divisions: + 109 districts (opcine, singular - opcina) Banovici, Banja Luka, Bihac, + Bijeljina, Bileca, Bosanska Dubica, Bosanska Graaiskia, Bosanska Krupa, + Bosanski Brod, Bosanski Novi, Bosanski Petrovac, Bosanski Samac, Bosansko + Grahovo, Bratunac, Brcko, Breza, Bugojno, Busovaca, Cazin, Cajilice, + Capljina, Celinac, Citluk, Derventa, Duboj, Donji Vakuf, Foca, Fojnica, + Gacko, Glamoc, Gorazde Gornji Vakuf, Gracanica, Gradacac, Grude, Han Pijesak + Jablanica, Jajce, Kakanj, Kalesija, Kalinovik, Kiseljak, Kladanj, Kljuc, + Konjic, Kotor Varos, Kresevo, Kupres, Laktasi, Listica, Livno, Lopare, + Lukavac, Ljubinje, Ljubuski, Maglaj, Modrica, Mostar, Mrkonjic Grad, Neum, + Nevesinje, Odzak, Olovo, Orasje, Posusje, Prijedor, Prnjavor, Prozor, + (Pucarevo) Novi Travnik, Rogatica, Rudo, Sanski Most, Sarajevo-Centar, + Sarajevo-Hadzici, Sarajevo-Ilidza, Sarajevo-Ilijas, Sarajevo-Novi Grad, + Sarajevo-Novo, Sarajevo-Pale, Sarajevo-Stari Grad, Sarajevo-Trnovo, + Sarajevo-Vogosca, Skender Vakuf, Sokolac, Srbac, Srebrenica, Srebrenik, + Stoloc, Sekovici, Sipovo, Teslic, Tesanj, (Titov Drvar) Drvar, Duvno, + Travnik, Trebinje, Tuzla, Ugljevik, Vare, Velika Kladusa, Visoko, Visegrad, + Vitez Vlasenica, Zavidovici, Zenica, Zvornik, Zepce, Zivinice + note: + currently under negotiation with the assistance of international mediators +Independence: + NA April 1992 (from Yugoslavia) +Constitution: + NA +Legal system: + based on civil law system +National holiday: NA +Political parties and leaders: + Party of Democratic Action (SDA), Mirsad CEMAN; Croatian Democratic Union of + Bosnia and Herzegovina (HDZ BiH), Mate BOBAN; Serbian Democratic Party of + Bosnia and Herzegovina (SDS BiH), Radovan KARADZIC, president; + Muslim-Bosnian Organization (MBO), Adil ZULFIKARPASIC, president; Democratic + Party of Socialists (DSS), Nijaz DURAKOVIC, president; Party of Democratic + Changes, leader NA; Serbian Movement for Renewal (SPO), Milan TRIVUNCIC; + Alliance of Reform Forces of Yugoslavia for Bosnia and Herzegovina (SRSJ + BiH), Dr. Nenad KECMANOVIC, president; Democratic League of Greens (DSZ), + Drazen PETROVIC; Liberal Party (LS), Rasim KADIC, president +Other political or pressure groups: + NA +Suffrage: + 16 years of age, if employed; 18 years of age, universal + +*Bosnia and Herzegovina, Government + +Elections: + Chamber of Municipalities: + last held November-December 1990 (next to be held NA); seats - (110 total) + SDA 43, SDS BiH 38, HDZ BiH 23, Party of Democratic Changes 4, DSS 1, SPO 1 + Chamber of Citizens: + last held NA 1990 (next to be held NA); seats - (130 total) SDA 43, SDS BiH + 34, HDZ BiH 21, Party of Democratic Changes 15, SRSJ BiH 12, MBO 2, DSS 1, + DSZ 1, LS 1 +Executive branch: + collective presidency, prime minister, deputy prime ministers, cabinet +Legislative branch: + bicameral National Assembly consists of an upper house or Chamber of + Municipalities (Vijece Opeina) and a lower house or Chamber of Citizens + (Vijece Gradanstvo) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court, Constitutional Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Alija IZETBEGOVIC (since NA December 1990), other members of the + collective presidency: Ejup GANIC (since NA), Miro LASIC (since NA December + 1992), Mirko PEJANOVIC (since NA), Tatjana LJUJIC-MIJATOVIC (since NA + December 1992), Fikret ABDIC + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Mile AKMADZIC (since NA October 1992); Deputy Prime Minister + Zlatko LAGUMDZIJA (since NA); Deputy Prime Minister Miodrag SIMOVIC (since + NA); Deputy Prime Minister Hadzo EFENDIC (since NA) +Member of: + CEI, CSCE, ECE, UN, UNCTAD, WHO +Diplomatic representation in US: + chief of mission: + NA + chancery: + NA + telephone: + NA +US diplomatic representation: the US maintains full diplomatic relations with Bosnia and +Herzegovina but + has not yet established an embassy in Serajevo +Flag: + white with a large blue shield; the shield contains white Roman crosses with + a white diagonal band running from the upper hoist corner to the lower fly + side + +*Bosnia and Herzegovina, Economy + +Overview: + Bosnia and Herzegovina ranked next to Macedonia as the poorest republic in + the old Yugoslav federation. Although agriculture has been almost all in + private hands, farms have been small and inefficient, and the republic + traditionally has been a net importer of food. Industry has been greatly + overstaffed, one reflection of the rigidities of Communist central planning + and management. Tito had pushed the development of military industries in + the republic with the result that Bosnia hosted a large share of + Yugoslavia's defense plants. As of March 1993, Bosnia and Herzegovina was + being torn apart by the continued bitter interethnic warfare that has caused + production to plummet, unemployment and inflation to soar, and human misery + to multiply. No reliable economic statistics for 1992 are available, + although output clearly fell below the already depressed 1991 level. +National product: + GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $14 billion (1991 est.) +National product real growth rate: + -37% (1991 est.) +National product per capita: + $3,200 (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 80% per month (1991) +Unemployment rate: + 28% (February 1992 est.) +Budget: + revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA +Exports: + $2,054 million (1990) + commodities: + manufactured goods 31%, machinery and transport equipment 20.8%, raw + materials 18%, miscellaneous manufactured articles 17.3%, chemicals 9.4%, + fuel and lubricants 1.4%, food and live animals 1.2% + partners: + principally the other former Yugoslav republics +Imports: + $1,891 million (1990) + commodities: + fuels and lubricants 32%, machinery and transport equipment 23.3%, other + manufactures 21.3%, chemicals 10%, raw materials 6.7%, food and live animals + 5.5%, beverages and tobacco 1.9% + partners: + principally the other former Yugoslav republics +External debt: + $NA +Industrial production: + growth rate NA%, but production is sharply down because of interethnic and + interrepublic warfare (1991-92) +Electricity: + 3,800,000 kW capacity; 7,500 million kWh produced, 1,700 kWh per capita + (1992) +Industries: + steel production, mining (coal, iron ore, lead, zinc, manganese, and + bauxite), manufacturing (vehicle assembly, textiles, tobacco products, + wooden furniture, 40% of former Yugoslavia's armaments including tank and + aircraft assembly, domestic appliances), oil refining + +*Bosnia and Herzegovina, Economy + +Agriculture: + accounted for 9.0% of GDP in 1989; regularly produces less than 50% of food + needs; the foothills of northern Bosnia support orchards, vineyards, + livestock, and some wheat and corn; long winters and heavy precipitation + leach soil fertility reducing agricultural output in the mountains; farms + are mostly privately held, small, and not very productive +Illicit drugs: + NA +Economic aid: + $NA +Currency: + Croatian dinar used in ethnic Croat areas, "Yugoslav" dinar used in all + other areas +Exchange rates: + NA +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +*Bosnia and Herzegovina, Communications + +Railroads: + NA km +Highways: + 21,168 km total (1991); 11,436 km paved, 8,146 km gravel, 1,586 km earth; + note - highways now disrupted +Inland waterways: + NA km +Pipelines: + crude oil 174 km, natural gas 90 km (1992); note - pipelines now disrupted +Ports: + coastal - none; inland - Bosanski Brod on the Sava River +Airports: + total: + 27 + useable: + 22 + with permanent-surface runways: + 8 + with runways over 3659: + 0 with runways 2440-3659 m: + 4 + with runways 1220-2439 m: + 5 +Telecommunications: + telephone and telegraph network is in need of modernization and expansion, + many urban areas being below average compared with services in other former + Yugoslav republics; 727,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 9 AM, 2 FM, 6 + TV; 840,000 radios; 1,012,094 TVs; NA submarine coaxial cables; satellite + ground stations - none + +*Bosnia and Herzegovina, Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 1,283,576; fit for military service 1,045,512; reach + military age (19) annually 37,827 (1993 est.) +Defense expenditures: + $NA, NA% of GDP + +*Botswana, Geography + +Location: + Southern Africa, north of South Africa +Map references: + Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World +Area: + total area: + 600,370 km2 + land area: + 585,370 km2 + comparative area: + slightly smaller than Texas +Land boundaries: + total 4,013 km, Namibia 1,360 km, South Africa 1,840 km, Zimbabwe 813 km +Coastline: + 0 km (landlocked) +Maritime claims: + none; landlocked +International disputes: + short section of boundary with Namibia is indefinite; disputed island with + Namibia in the Chobe River; quadripoint with Namibia, Zambia, and Zimbabwe + is in disagreement; recent dispute with Namibia over uninhabited Sidudu + Island in Linyanti River +Climate: + semiarid; warm winters and hot summers +Terrain: + predominately flat to gently rolling tableland; Kalahari Desert in southwest +Natural resources: + diamonds, copper, nickel, salt, soda ash, potash, coal, iron ore, silver +Land use: arable land: + 2% + permanent crops: + 0% + meadows and pastures: + 75% + forest and woodland: + 2% + other: + 21% +Irrigated land: + 20 km2 (1989 est.) +Environment: + overgrazing, desertification +Note: + landlocked + +*Botswana, People + +Population: + 1,325,920 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 2.53% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 33.39 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 8.05 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 40.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 62.54 years + male: + 59.52 years + female: + 65.65 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 4.25 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Motswana (singular), Batswana (plural) + adjective: + Motswana (singular), Batswana (plural) +Ethnic divisions: + Batswana 95%, Kalanga, Basarwa, and Kgalagadi 4%, white 1% +Religions: + indigenous beliefs 50%, Christian 50% +Languages: + English (official), Setswana +Literacy: + age 15 and over able to read and write simple sentences (1990) + total population: 72% + male: + 67% + female: + 74% +Labor force: + 400,000 + by occupation: + 198,500 formal sector employees, most others are engaged in cattle raising + and subsistence agriculture (1990 est.); 14,600 are employed in various + mines in South Africa (1990) + +*Botswana, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Republic of Botswana + conventional short form: + Botswana + former: + Bechuanaland +Digraph: + BC +Type: + parliamentary republic +Capital: + Gaborone +Administrative divisions: + 10 districts; Central, Chobe, Ghanzi, Kgalagadi, Kgatleng, Kweneng, + Ngamiland, North-East, South-East, Southern; in addition, there are 4 town + councils - Francistown, Gaborone, Lobaste, Selebi-Phikwe +Independence: + 30 September 1966 (from UK) +Constitution: + March 1965, effective 30 September 1966 +Legal system: + based on Roman-Dutch law and local customary law; judicial review limited to + matters of interpretation; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + Independence Day, 30 September (1966) +Political parties and leaders: + Botswana Democratic Party (BDP), Sir Ketumile MASIRE; Botswana National + Front (BNF), Kenneth KOMA; Boswana People's Party (BPP), Knight MARIPE; + Botswana Independence Party (BIP), Motsamai MPHO +Suffrage: + 21 years of age; universal +Elections: + National Assembly: + last held 7 October 1989 (next to be held October 1994); results - percent + of vote by party NA; seats - (38 total, 34 elected) BDP 35, BNF 3 + President: + last held 7 October 1989 (next to be held October 1994); results - President + Sir Ketumile MASIRE was reelected by the National Assembly +Executive branch: president, vice president, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + bicameral National Assembly consists of an upper house or House of Chiefs + and a lower house or National Assembly +Judicial branch: + High Court, Court of Appeal +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + President Sir Ketunile MASIRE (since 13 July 1980); Vice President Festus + MOGAE (since 9 March 1992 ) +Member of: + ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA, FAO, FLS, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, + IFC, ILO, IMF, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, SACU, SADC, UN, UNCTAD, + UNESCO, UNIDO, UNOMOZ, UPU, WCL, WHO, WMO +Diplomatic representation in US: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Botsweletse Kingsley SEBELE + chancery: + Suite 7M, 3400 International Drive NW, Washington, DC 20008 + +*Botswana, Government + + telephone: + (202) 244-4990 or 4991 +US diplomatic representation: + chief of mission: + Ambassador David PASSAGE + embassy: + address NA, Gaborone + mailing address: + P. O. Box 90, Gaborone + telephone: + [267] 353-982 + FAX: + [267] 356-947 +Flag: + light blue with a horizontal white-edged black stripe in the center + +*Botswana, Economy + +Overview: + The economy has historically been based on cattle raising and crops. + Agriculture today provides a livelihood for more than 80% of the population, + but produces only about 50% of food needs. The driving force behind the + rapid economic growth of the 1970s and 1980s has been the mining industry. + This sector, mostly on the strength of diamonds, has gone from generating + 25% of GDP in 1980 to 50% in 1991. No other sector has experienced such + growth, especially not agriculture, which is plagued by erratic rainfall and + poor soils. The unemployment rate remains a problem at 25%. Although diamond + production was down slightly in 1992, substantial gains in coal output and + manufacturing helped boost the economy +National product: GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $3.6 billion (FY92 est.) +National product real growth rate: + 5.8% (FY92 est.) +National product per capita: + $2,450 (FY92 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 16.5% (December 1992) +Unemployment rate: + 25% (1989) +Budget: + revenues $1.7 billion; expenditures $1.99 billion, including capital + expenditures of $652 million (FY94) +Exports: + $1.6 billion (f.o.b. 1991) + commodities: + diamonds 78%, copper and nickel 8%, meat 4% + partners: + Switzerland, UK, SACU (Southern African Customs Union) +Imports: + $1.7 billion (c.i.f., 1991) + commodities: + foodstuffs, vehicles and transport equipment, textiles, petroleum products + partners: + Switzerland, SACU (Southern African Customs Union), UK, US +External debt: + $344 million (December 1991) +Industrial production: + growth rate 6.9% (1991); accounts for about 53% of GDP, including mining +Electricity: + 220,000 kW capacity; 1,123 million kWh produced, 846 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + mining of diamonds, copper, nickel, coal, salt, soda ash, potash; livestock + processing +Agriculture: + accounts for only 5% of GDP; subsistence farming predominates; cattle + raising supports 50% of the population; must import up to of 80% of food + needs +Economic aid: + US aid, $13 million (1992); US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $257 + million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments + (1970-89), $1,875 million; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $43 million; + Communist countries (1970-89), $29 million; in 1992: Norway (largest donor) + $16 million, Sweden $15.5 million, Germany $3.6 million, EC/Lome-IV $3-6 + million in grants, $28.7 million in long-term projects +Currency: + 1 pula (P) = 100 thebe + +*Botswana, Economy + +Exchange rates: + pula (P) per US$1 - 2.31 (February 1993), 2.1327 (1992), 2.0173 (1991), + 1.8601 (1990), 2.0125 (1989), 1.8159 (1988) +Fiscal year: + 1 April - 31 March + +*Botswana, Communications + +Railroads: + 712 km 1.067-meter gauge +Highways: + 11,514 km total; 1,600 km paved; 1,700 km crushed stone or gravel, 5,177 km + improved earth, 3,037 km unimproved earth +Airports: + total: + 100 + usable: + 87 + with permanent-surface runways: + 8 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 1 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 29 +Telecommunications: + the small system is a combination of open-wire lines, microwave radio relay + links, and a few radio-communications stations; 26,000 telephones; broadcast + stations - 7 AM, 13 FM, no TV; 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth station + +*Botswana, Defense Forces + +Branches: + Botswana Defense Force (including Army and Air Wing), Botswana National + Police +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 282,885; fit for military service 148,895; reach military + age (18) annually 14,868 (1993 est.) +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $196 million, 4.9% of GDP (FY93/94) + +*Bouvet Island, Header + +Affiliation: + (territory of Norway) + +*Bouvet Island, Geography + +Location: + in the south Atlantic Ocean, 2,575 km south-southwest of the Cape of Good + Hope (South Africa) +Map references: Antarctic Region +Area: + total area: + 58 km2 + land area: + 58 km2 + comparative area: + about 0.3 times the size of Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + 0 km +Coastline: + 29.6 km +Maritime claims: + territorial sea: + 4 nm +International disputes: + none +Climate: + antarctic +Terrain: + volcanic; maximum elevation about 800 meters; coast is mostly inaccessible +Natural resources: + none +Land use: + arable land: + 0% + permanent crops: + 0% + meadows and pastures: + 0% + forest and woodland: + 0% + other: + 100% (all ice) +Irrigated land: + 0 km2 +Environment: + covered by glacial ice +Note: + located in the South Atlantic Ocean + +*Bouvet Island, People + +Population: + uninhabited + +*Bouvet Island, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + none + conventional short form: Bouvet Island +Digraph: + BV +Type: + territory of Norway +Capital: + none; administered from Oslo, Norway +Independence: + none (territory of Norway) + +*Bouvet Island, Economy + +Overview: + no economic activity + +*Bouvet Island, Communications + +Ports: + none; offshore anchorage only +Telecommunications: + automatic meteorological station + +*Bouvet Island, Defense Forces + +Note: + defense is the responsibility of Norway + +*Brazil, Geography + +Location: + Eastern South America, bordering the Atlantic Ocean +Map references: + South America, Standard Time Zones of the World +Area: + total area: + 8,511,965 km2 + land area: + 8,456,510 km2 + comparative area: + slightly smaller than the US + note: + includes Arquipelago de Fernando de Noronha, Atol das Rocas, Ilha da + Trindade, Ilhas Martin Vaz, and Penedos de Sao Pedro e Sao Paulo +Land boundaries: + total 14,691 km, Argentina 1,224 km, Bolivia 3,400 km, Colombia 1,643 km, + French Guiana 673 km, Guyana 1,119 km, Paraguay 1,290 km, Peru 1,560 km, + Suriname 597 km, Uruguay 985 km, Venezuela 2,200 km +Coastline: 7,491 km +Maritime claims: + contiguous zone: + 24 nm + continental shelf: + 200 m depth or to depth of exploitation + exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + territorial sea: + 12 nm +International disputes: + short section of the boundary with Paraguay (just west of Guaira Falls on + the Rio Parana) is in dispute; two short sections of boundary with Uruguay + are in dispute - Arrio Invernada (Arroyo de la Invernada) area of the Rio + Quarai (Rio Cuareim) and the islands at the confluence of the Rio Quarai + (Rio Cuareim) and the Uruguay +Climate: + mostly tropical, but temperate in south +Terrain: + mostly flat to rolling lowlands in north; some plains, hills, mountains, and + narrow coastal belt +Natural resources: + iron ore, manganese, bauxite, nickel, uranium, phosphates, tin, hydropower, + gold, platinum, petroleum, timber +Land use: + arable land: + 7% + permanent crops: + 1% + meadows and pastures: + 19% + forest and woodland: + 67% + other: + 6% +Irrigated land: + 27,000 km2 (1989 est.) + +*Brazil, Geography + +Environment: + recurrent droughts in northeast; floods and frost in south; deforestation in + Amazon basin; air and water pollution in Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo, and + several other large cities +Note: + largest country in South America; shares common boundaries with every South + American country except Chile and Ecuador + +*Brazil, People + +Population: + 156,664,223 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 1.35% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 21.77 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 8.3 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 61.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 62.7 years + male: + 58.28 years + female: + 67.33 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 2.49 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Brazilian(s) + adjective: + Brazilian +Ethnic divisions: + Portuguese, Italian, German, Japanese, Amerindian, black 6%, white 55%, + mixed 38%, other 1% +Religions: + Roman Catholic (nominal) 90% +Languages: + Portuguese (official), Spanish, English, French +Literacy: + age 15 and over can read and write (1990) + total population: + 81% + male: + 82% + female: + 80% +Labor force: + 57 million (1989 est.) + by occupation: + services 42%, agriculture 31%, industry 27% + +*Brazil, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Federative Republic of Brazil + conventional short form: + Brazil + local long form: + Republica Federativa do Brasil + local short form: Brasil +Digraph: + BR +Type: + federal republic +Capital: + Brasilia +Administrative divisions: + 26 states (estados, singular - estado) and 1 federal district* (distrito, federal); Acre, +Alagoas, Amapa, Amazonas, Bahia, Ceara, Distrito Federal*,, Espirito Santo, Goias, Maranhao, Mato +Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas + Gerais, Para, Paraiba, Parana, Pernambuco, Piaui, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande + do Norte, Rio Grande do Sul, Rondonia, Roraima, Santa Catarina, Sao Paulo, + Sergipe, Tocantins +Independence: + 7 September 1822 (from Portugal) +Constitution: + 5 October 1988 +Legal system: + based on Roman codes; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + Independence Day, 7 September (1822) +Political parties and leaders: + National Reconstruction Party (PRN), Daniel TOURINHO, president; Brazilian + Democratic Movement Party (PMDB), Roberto ROLLEMBERG, president; Liberal + Front Party (PFL), Jose Mucio MONTEIRO, president; Workers' Party (PT), Luis + Ignacio (Lula) da SILVA, president; Brazilian Labor Party (PTB), Luiz + GONZAGA de Paiva Muniz, president; Democratic Labor Party (PDT), Leonel + BRIZOLA, president; Democratic Social Party (PPS), Paulo MALUF, president; + Brazilian Social Democracy Party (PSDB), Tasso JEREISSATI, president; + Popular Socialist Party (PPS), Roberto FREIRE, president; Communist Party of + Brazil (PCdoB), Joao AMAZONAS, secretary general; Christian Democratic Party + (PDC), Siqueira CAMPOS, president +Other political or pressure groups: + left wing of the Catholic Church and labor unions allied to leftist Worker's + Party are critical of government's social and economic policies +Suffrage: + voluntary between 16 and 18 years of age and over 70; compulsory over 18 and + under 70 years of age +Elections: + Chamber of Deputies: + last held 3 October 1990 (next to be held November 1994); results - PMDB + 21%, PFL 17%, PDT 9%, PDS 8%, PRN 7.9%, PTB 7%, PT 7%, other 23.1%; seats - + (503 total as of 3 February 1991) PMDB 108, PFL 87, PDT 46, PDS 43, PRN 40, + PTB 35, PT 35, other 109 + Federal Senate: + last held 3 October 1990 (next to be held November 1994); results - percent + of vote by party NA; seats - (81 total as of 3 February 1991) PMDB 27, PFL + 15, PSDB 10, PTB 8, PDT 5, other 16 + +*Brazil, Government + + President: + last held 15 November 1989, with runoff on 17 December 1989 (next to be held + November 1994); results - Fernando COLLOR de Mello 53%, Luis Inacio da SILVA + 47%; note - first free, direct presidential election since 1960 +Executive branch: + president, vice president, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + bicameral National Congress (Congresso Nacional) consists of an upper + chamber or Federal Senate (Senado Federal) and a lower chamber or Chamber of + Deputies (Camara dos Deputados) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Federal Tribunal +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + President Itamar FRANCO (since 29 December 1992) +Member of: + AfDB, AG (observer), CCC, ECLAC, FAO, G-11, G-15, G-19, G-24, G-77, GATT, + IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, + INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, LAES, LAIA, LORCS, + MERCOSUR, NAM (observer), OAS, ONUSAL, OPANAL, PCA, RG, UN, UNAVEM II, + UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNOMOZ, UNPROFOR, UPU, WCL, WHO, WFTU, WIPO, + WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation in US: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Rubens RICUPERO + chancery: + 3006 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 + telephone: + (202) 745-2700 + consulates general: + Chicago, Los Angeles, Miami, New Orleans, and New York + consulates: + Dallas, Houston, and San Francisco +US diplomatic representation: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Richard MELTON + embassy: + Avenida das Nacoes, Lote 3, Brasilia, Distrito Federal + mailing address: + APO AA 34030 + telephone: + [55] (61) 321-7272 + FAX: + [55] (61) 225-9136 + consulates general: + Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo + consulates: + Porto Alegre, Recife +Flag: + green with a large yellow diamond in the center bearing a blue celestial + globe with 23 white five-pointed stars (one for each state) arranged in the + same pattern as the night sky over Brazil; the globe has a white equatorial + band with the motto ORDEM E PROGRESSO (Order and Progress) + +*Brazil, Economy + +Overview: + The economy, with large agrarian, mining, and manufacturing sectors, entered + the 1990s with declining real growth, runaway inflation, an unserviceable + foreign debt of $122 billion, and a lack of policy direction. In addition, + the economy remained highly regulated, inward-looking, and protected by + substantial trade and investment barriers. Ownership of major industrial and + mining facilities is divided among private interests - including several + multinationals - and the government. Most large agricultural holdings are + private, with the government channeling financing to this sector. Conflicts + between large landholders and landless peasants have produced intermittent + violence. The COLLOR government, which assumed office in March 1990, + launched an ambitious reform program that sought to modernize and + reinvigorate the economy by stabilizing prices, deregulating the economy, + and opening it to increased foreign competition. The government also + obtained an IMF standby loan in January 1992 and reached agreements with + commercial bankers on the repayment of interest arrears and on the reduction + of debt and debt service payments. Galloping inflation - the rate doubled in + 1992 - continues to undermine economic stability. Itamar FRANCO, who assumed + the presidency following President COLLOR'S resignation in December 1992, + has promised to support the basic premises of COLLOR'S reform program but + has yet to define clearly his economic policies. Brazil's natural resources + remain a major, long-term economic strength. +National product: + GDP - exchange rate conversion - $369 billion (1992) +National product real growth rate: + -0.2% (1992) +National product per capita: + $2,350 (1992) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 1,174% (1992) +Unemployment rate: + 5.9% (1992) +Budget: + revenues $164.3 billion; expenditures $170.6 billion, including capital + expenditures of $32.9 billion (1990) +Exports: + $35.0 billion (1992) + commodities: + iron ore, soybean bran, orange juice, footwear, coffee, motor vehicle parts + partners: + EC 32.3%, US 20.3%, Latin America 11.6%, Japan 9% (1991) +Imports: + $20.0 billion (1992) + commodities: + crude oil, capital goods, chemical products, foodstuffs, coal + partners: + Middle East 12.4%, US 23.5%, EC 21.8%, Latin America 18.8%, Japan 6% (1991) +External debt: + $123.3 billion (December 1992) +Industrial production: + growth rate -3.8% (1992); accounts for 39% of GDP +Electricity: + 63,765,000 kW capacity; 242,184 million kWh produced, 1,531 kWh per capita + (1992) +Industries: + textiles and other consumer goods, shoes, chemicals, cement, lumber, iron + ore, steel, motor vehicles and auto parts, metalworking, capital goods, tin + +*Brazil, Economy + +Agriculture: + accounts for 11% of GDP; world's largest producer and exporter of coffee and + orange juice concentrate and second- largest exporter of soybeans; other + products - rice, corn, sugarcane, cocoa, beef; self-sufficient in food, + except for wheat +Illicit drugs: + illicit producer of cannabis and coca, mostly for domestic consumption; + government has a modest eradication program to control cannabis and coca + cultivation; important transshipment country for Bolivian and Colombian + cocaine headed for the US and Europe +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $2.5 billion; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $10.2 million; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $284 million; former Communist countries (1970-89), + $1.3 billion +Currency: + 1 cruzeiro (Cr$) = 100 centavos +Exchange rates: + cruzeiros (Cr$) per US$1 - 13,827.06 (January 1993), 4,506.45 (1992), 406.61 + (1991), 68.300 (1990), 2.834 (1989), 0.26238 (1988) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +*Brazil, Communications + +Railroads: + 28,828 km total; 24,864 km 1.000-meter gauge, 3,877 km 1.600-meter gauge, 74 + km mixed 1.600-1.000-meter gauge, 13 km 0.760-meter gauge; 2,360 km + electrified +Highways: + 1,448,000 km total; 48,000 km paved, 1,400,000 km gravel or earth +Inland waterways: + 50,000 km navigable +Pipelines: + crude oil 2,000 km; petroleum products 3,804 km; natural gas 1,095 km +Ports: + Belem, Fortaleza, Ilheus, Manaus, Paranagua, Porto Alegre, Recife, Rio de + Janeiro, Rio Grande, Salvador, Santos +Merchant marine: + 232 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 5,335,234 GRT/8,986,734 DWT; includes + 5 passenger-cargo, 42 cargo, 1 refrigerated cargo, 10 container, 11 + roll-on/roll-off, 58 oil tanker, 15 chemical tanker, 12 combination ore/oil, + 65 bulk, 2 combination bulk, 11 vehicle carrier; in addition, 1 naval tanker + is sometimes used commercially +Airports: + total: + 3,613 + usable: 3,031 + with permanent-surface runways: + 431 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 2 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 22 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 584 +Telecommunications: + good system; extensive microwave radio relay facilities; 9.86 million + telephones; broadcast stations - 1,223 AM, no FM, 112 TV, 151 shortwave; 3 + coaxial submarine cables, 3 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth stations and 64 + domestic satellite earth stations + +*Brazil, Defense Forces + +Branches: + Brazilian Army, Navy of Brazil (including Marines), Brazilian Air Force, + Military Police (paramilitary) +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 42,623,934; fit for military service 28,721,849; reach + military age (18) annually 1,655,918 (1993 est.) +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $1.1 billion, 3% of GDP (1990) + +*British Indian Ocean Territory, Header + +Affiliation: + (dependent territory of the UK) + +*British Indian Ocean Territory, Geography + +Location: + in the Indian Ocean, south of India about halfway between Africa and + Indonesia +Map references: + Standard Time Zones of the World +Area: + total area: + 60 km2 + land area: + 60 km2 + comparative area: + about 0.3 times the size of Washington, DC + note: + includes the island of Diego Garcia +Land boundaries: + 0 km +Coastline: 698 km +Maritime claims: + exclusive fishing zone: + 200 nm + territorial sea: + 3 nm +International disputes: + the entire Chagos Archipelago is claimed by Mauritius +Climate: + tropical marine; hot, humid, moderated by trade winds +Terrain: + flat and low (up to 4 meters in elevation) +Natural resources: + coconuts, fish +Land use: + arable land: + 0% + permanent crops: + 0% + meadows and pastures: + 0% + forest and woodland: + 0% + other: + 100% +Irrigated land: + 0 km2 +Environment: + archipelago of 2,300 islands +Note: + Diego Garcia, largest and southernmost island, occupies strategic location + in central Indian Ocean; island is site of joint US-UK military facility + +*British Indian Ocean Territory, People + +Population: + no indigenous inhabitants + note: + there are UK-US military personnel; civilian inhabitants, known as the + Ilois, evacuated to Mauritius before construction of UK-US military + facilities + +*British Indian Ocean Territory, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + British Indian Ocean Territory + conventional short form: + none +Abbreviation: + BIOT +Digraph: IO +Type: + dependent territory of the UK +Capital: + none +Independence: + none (dependent territory of the UK) +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952) + Head of Government: + Commissioner Mr. T. G. HARRIS (since NA); Administrator Mr. R. G. WELLS + (since NA 1991); note - both reside in the UK +Diplomatic representation in US: + none (dependent territory of UK) +Flag: + white with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and six blue + wavy horizontal stripes bearing a palm tree and yellow crown centered on the + outer half of the flag + +*British Indian Ocean Territory, Economy + +Overview: + All economic activity is concentrated on the largest island of Diego Garcia, + where joint UK-US defense facilities are located. Construction projects and + various services needed to support the military installations are done by + military and contract employees from the UK, Mauritius, the Philippines, and + the US. There are no industrial or agricultural activities on the islands. +Electricity: + provided by the US military + +*British Indian Ocean Territory, Communications + +Highways: + short stretch of paved road between port and airfield on Diego Garcia +Ports: + Diego Garcia +Airports: + total: + 1 + usable: + 1 + with permanent-surface runways: + 1 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 1 on Diego Garcia + with runways 2,439-3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 1,229-2,439 m: + 0 +Telecommunications: + minimal facilities; broadcast stations (operated by US Navy) - 1 AM, 1 FM, 1 + TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station + +*British Indian Ocean Territory, Defense Forces + +Note: + defense is the responsibility of the UK + +*British Virgin Islands, Header + +Affiliation: + (dependent territory of the UK) + +*British Virgin Islands, Geography + +Location: + in the eastern Caribbean Sea, about 110 km east of Puerto Rico +Map references: + Central America and the Caribbean +Area: + total area: + 150 km2 + land area: + 150 km2 + comparative area: + about 0.8 times the size of Washington, DC + note: + includes the island of Anegada +Land boundaries: + 0 km +Coastline: + 80 km +Maritime claims: + exclusive fishing zone: + 200 nm + territorial sea: + 3 nm +International disputes: + none +Climate: + subtropical; humid; temperatures moderated by trade winds +Terrain: + coral islands relatively flat; volcanic islands steep, hilly +Natural resources: + negligible +Land use: + arable land: + 20% + permanent crops: + 7% + meadows and pastures: 33% + forest and woodland: + 7% + other: + 33% +Irrigated land: + NA km2 +Environment: + subject to hurricanes and tropical storms from July to October +Note: + strong ties to nearby US Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico + +*British Virgin Islands, People + +Population: + 12,707 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 1.22% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 20.37 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 6.11 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + -2.1 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 19.68 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 72.62 years + male: + 70.77 years + female: + 74.6 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 2.28 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + British Virgin Islander(s) + adjective: + British Virgin Islander +Ethnic divisions: + black 90%, white, Asian +Religions: + Protestant 86% (Methodist 45%, Anglican 21%, Church of God 7%, Seventh-Day + Adventist 5%, Baptist 4%, Jehovah's Witnesses 2%, other 2%), Roman Catholic + 6%, none 2%, other 6% (1981) +Languages: + English (official) +Literacy: + age 15 and over can read and write (1970) + total population: + 98% + male: + 98% female: + 98% +Labor force: + 4,911 (1980) + by occupation: + NA + +*British Virgin Islands, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + none + conventional short form: + British Virgin Islands +Abbreviation: + BVI +Digraph: + VI +Type: + dependent territory of the UK +Capital: + Road Town +Administrative divisions: + none (dependent territory of the UK) +Independence: + none (dependent territory of the UK) +Constitution: + 1 June 1977 +Legal system: + English law +National holiday: + Territory Day, 1 July +Political parties and leaders: + United Party (UP), Conrad MADURO; Virgin Islands Party (VIP), H. Lavity + STOUTT; Independent Progressive Movement (IPM), Cyril B. ROMNEY +Suffrage: + 18 years of age; universal +Elections: + Legislative Council: + last held 12 November 1990 (next to be held by November 1995); results - + percent of vote by party NA; seats - (9 total) VIP 6, IPM 1, independents 2 +Executive branch: + British monarch, governor, chief minister, Executive Council (cabinet) +Legislative branch: + unicameral Legislative Council +Judicial branch: + Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor Peter + Alfred PENFOLD (since NA 1991) + Head of Government: + Chief Minister H. Lavity STOUTT (since NA 1986) +Member of: CARICOM (associate), CDB, ECLAC (associate), IOC, OECS (associate), UNESCO + (associate) +Diplomatic representation in US: + none (dependent territory of UK) +Flag: + blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the Virgin + Islander coat of arms centered in the outer half of the flag; the coat of + arms depicts a woman flanked on either side by a vertical column of six oil + lamps above a scroll bearing the Latin word VIGILATE (Be Watchful) + +*British Virgin Islands, Economy + +Overview: + The economy, one of the most prosperous in the Caribbean area, is highly + dependent on the tourist industry, which generates about 21% of the national + income. In 1985 the government offered offshore registration to companies + wishing to incorporate in the islands, and, in consequence, incorporation + fees generated about $2 million in 1987. The economy slowed in 1991 because + of the poor performances of the tourist sector and tight commercial bank + credit. Livestock raising is the most significant agricultural activity. The + islands' crops, limited by poor soils, are unable to meet food requirements. +National product: + GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $133 million (1991) +National product real growth rate: + 2% (1991) +National product per capita: + $10,600 (1991) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 2.5% (1990 est.) +Unemployment rate: + NEGL% (1992) +Budget: + revenues $51 million; expenditures $88 million, including capital + expenditures of $38 million (1991) +Exports: + $2.7 million (f.o.b., 1988) + commodities: + rum, fresh fish, gravel, sand, fruits, animals + partners: + Virgin Islands (US), Puerto Rico, US +Imports: + $11.5 million (c.i.f., 1988) + commodities: + building materials, automobiles, foodstuffs, machinery + partners: + Virgin Islands (US), Puerto Rico, US +External debt: + $4.5 million (1985) +Industrial production: + growth rate 4.0% (1985) +Electricity: + 10,500 kW capacity; 43 million kWh produced, 3,510 kWh per capita (1990) +Industries: + tourism, light industry, construction, rum, concrete block, offshore + financial center +Agriculture: + livestock (including poultry), fish, fruit, vegetables +Economic aid: + NA +Currency: + US currency is used +Exchange rates: + US currency is used +Fiscal year: + 1 April - 31 March + +*British Virgin Islands, Communications + +Highways: + 106 km motorable roads (1983) +Ports: + Road Town +Airports: + total: + 3 + usable: + 3 + with permanent-surface runways: + 2 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 0 +Telecommunications: + 3,000 telephones; worldwide external telephone service; submarine cable + communication links to Bermuda; broadcast stations - 1 AM, no FM, 1 TV + +*British Virgin Islands, Defense Forces + +Note: + defense is the responsibility of the UK + +*Brunei, Geography + +Location: + Southeast Asia, on the northern coast of Borneo almost completely surrounded + by Malaysia +Map references: + Asia, Oceania, Southeast Asia, Standard Time Zones of the World +Area: + total area: + 5,770 km2 land area: + 5,270 km2 + comparative area: + slightly larger than Delaware +Land boundaries: + total 381 km, Malysia 381 km +Coastline: + 161 km +Maritime claims: + exclusive fishing zone: + 200 nm + territorial sea: + 12 nm +International disputes: + may wish to purchase the Malaysian salient that divides the country; all of + the Spratly Islands are claimed by China, Taiwan, and Vietnam; parts of them + are claimed by Malaysia and the Philippines; in 1984, Brunei established an + exclusive fishing zone that encompasses Louisa Reef, but has not publicly + claimed the island +Climate: + tropical; hot, humid, rainy +Terrain: + flat coastal plain rises to mountains in east; hilly lowland in west +Natural resources: + petroleum, natural gas, timber +Land use: + arable land: + 1% + permanent crops: + 1% + meadows and pastures: + 1% + forest and woodland: + 79% + other: + 18% +Irrigated land: + 10 km2 (1989 est.) +Environment: + typhoons, earthquakes, and severe flooding are rare +Note: + close to vital sea lanes through South China Sea linking Indian and Pacific + Oceans; two parts physically separated by Malaysia; almost an enclave of + Malaysia + +*Brunei, People + +Population: + 276,984 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 2.77% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 26.55 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: 5.02 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + 6.15 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 25.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 70.94 years + male: + 69.27 years + female: + 72.65 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 3.45 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Bruneian(s) + adjective: + Bruneian +Ethnic divisions: + Malay 64%, Chinese 20%, other 16% +Religions: + Muslim (official) 63%, Buddhism 14%, Christian 8%, indigenous beliefs and + other 15% (1981) +Languages: + Malay (official), English, Chinese +Literacy: + age 15 and over can read and write (1981) + total population: + 77% + male: + 85% + female: + 69% +Labor force: + 89,000 (includes members of the Army) + by occupation: + government 47.5%, production of oil, natural gas, services, and construction + 41.9%, agriculture, forestry, and fishing 3.8% (1986) + note: + 33% of labor force is foreign (1988) + +*Brunei, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Negara Brunei Darussalam + conventional short form: + Brunei +Digraph: + BX +Type: + constitutional sultanate +Capital: Bandar Seri Begawan +Administrative divisions: + 4 districts (daerah-daerah, singular - daerah); Belait, Brunei and Muara, + Temburong, Tutong +Independence: + 1 January 1984 (from UK) +Constitution: + 29 September 1959 (some provisions suspended under a State of Emergency + since December 1962, others since independence on 1 January 1984) +Legal system: + based on Islamic law +National holiday: + 23 February (1984) +Political parties and leaders: + Brunei United National Party (inactive), Anak HASANUDDIN, chairman; Brunei + National Democratic Party (the first legal political party and now banned), + leader NA +Suffrage: + none +Elections: + Legislative Council: + last held in March 1962; in 1970 the Council was changed to an appointive + body by decree of the sultan and no elections are planned +Executive branch: + sultan, prime minister, Council of Cabinet Ministers +Legislative branch: + unicameral Legislative Council (Majlis Masyuarat Megeri) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + Sultan and Prime Minister His Majesty Paduka Seri Baginda Sultan Haji + HASSANAL Bolkiah Mu'izzaddin Waddaulah (since 5 October 1967) +Member of: + APEC, ASEAN, C, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, ICAO, IDB, IMO, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO + (correspondent), ITU, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UPU, WHO, WMO +Diplomatic representation in US: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Mohamed KASSIM bin Haji Mohamed Daud + chancery: + 2600 Virginia Avenue NW, Suite 3000, Washington, DC 20037 + telephone: + (202) 342-0159 +US diplomatic representation: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Donald Burnham ENSENAT + embassy: + Third Floor, Teck Guan Plaza, Jalan Sultan, Bandar Seri Begawan + +*Brunei, Government + + mailing address: + American Embassy Box B, APO AP 96440 + telephone: [673] (2) 229-670 + FAX: + [673] (2) 225-293 +Flag: + yellow with two diagonal bands of white (top, almost double width) and black + starting from the upper hoist side; the national emblem in red is + superimposed at the center; the emblem includes a swallow-tailed flag on top + of a winged column within an upturned crescent above a scroll and flanked by + two upraised hands + +*Brunei, Economy + +Overview: + The economy is a mixture of foreign and domestic entrepreneurship, + government regulation and welfare measures, and village tradition. It is + almost totally supported by exports of crude oil and natural gas, with + revenues from the petroleum sector accounting for more than 50% of GDP. Per + capita GDP of $8,800 is among the highest in the Third World, and + substantial income from overseas investment supplements domestic production. + The government provides for all medical services and subsidizes food and + housing. +National product: + GDP - exchange rate conversion - $3.5 billion (1990 est.) +National product real growth rate: + 1% (1990 est.) +National product per capita: + $8,800 (1990 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 1.3% (1989) +Unemployment rate: + 3.7% (1989) +Budget: + revenues $1.3 billion; expenditures $1.5 billion, including capital + expenditures of $255 million (1989 est.) +Exports: + $2.2 billion (f.o.b., 1990 est.) + commodities: + crude oil, liquefied natural gas, petroleum products + partners: + Japan 53%, UK 12%, South Korea 9%, Thailand 7%, Singapore 5% (1990) +Imports: + $1.7 billion (c.i.f., 1990 est.) + commodities: + machinery and transport equipment, manufactured goods, food, chemicals + partners: + Singapore 35%, UK 26%, Switzerland 9%, US 9%, Japan 5% (1990) +External debt: + $0 +Industrial production: + growth rate 12.9% (1987); accounts for 52.4% of GDP +Electricity: + 310,000 kW capacity; 890 million kWh produced, 3,300 kWh per capita (1990) +Industries: + petroleum, petroleum refining, liquefied natural gas, construction +Agriculture: + imports about 80% of its food needs; principal crops and livestock include + rice, cassava, bananas, buffaloes, and pigs +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-87), $20.6 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $153 million +Currency: + 1 Bruneian dollar (B$) = 100 cents +Exchange rates: + Bruneian dollars (B$) per US$1 - 1.6531 (January 1993), 1.6290 (1992), + 1.7276 (1991), 1.8125 (1990), 1.9503 (1989), 2.0124 (1988); note - the + Bruneian dollar is at par with the Singapore dollar +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +*Brunei, Communications + +Railroads: + 13 km 0.610-meter narrow-gauge private line +Highways: + 1,090 km total; 370 km paved (bituminous treated) and another 52 km under + construction, 720 km gravel or unimproved +Inland waterways: + 209 km; navigable by craft drawing less than 1.2 meters +Pipelines: + crude oil 135 km; petroleum products 418 km; natural gas 920 km +Ports: + Kuala Belait, Muara +Merchant marine: + 7 liquefied gas carriers (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 348,476 GRT/340,635 + DWT +Airports: + total: + 2 + usable: + 2 + with permanent-surface runways: + 1 + with runway over 3,659 m: + 1 + with runway 2,440-3,659 m: + 0 + with runway 1,220-2,439 m: + 1 +Telecommunications: + service throughout country is adequate for present needs; international + service good to adjacent Malaysia; radiobroadcast coverage good; 33,000 + telephones (1987); broadcast stations - 4 AM/FM, 1 TV; 74,000 radio + receivers (1987); satellite earth stations - 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT and 1 + Pacific Ocean INTELSAT + +*Brunei, Defense Forces + +Branches: + Ground Force, Navy, Air Force, Royal Brunei Police +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 77,407; fit for military service 45,112; reach military age + (18) annually 2,676 (1993 est.) +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $300 million, 9% of GDP (1990) + +*Bulgaria, Geography + +Location: + Southeastern Europe, bordering the Black Sea, between Romania and Turkey +Map references: + Africa, Arctic Region, Ethnic Groups in Eastern Europe, Europe, Middle East, + Standard Time Zones of the World +Area: + total area: + 110,910 km2 + land area: + 110,550 km2 + comparative area: + slightly larger than Tennessee +Land boundaries: + total 1,808 km, Greece 494 km, Macedonia 148 km, Romania 608 km, Serbia and + Montenegro 318 km (all with Serbia), Turkey 240 km +Coastline: + 354 km +Maritime claims: + contiguous zone: + 24 nm + exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + territorial sea: + 12 nm +International disputes: + Macedonia question with Greece and Macedonia +Climate: + temperate; cold, damp winters; hot, dry summers +Terrain: + mostly mountains with lowlands in north and south +Natural resources: + bauxite, copper, lead, zinc, coal, timber, arable land +Land use: + arable land: + 34% + permanent crops: + 3% + meadows and pastures: + 18% + forest and woodland: + 35% + other: + 10% +Irrigated land: + 10 km2 (1989 est.) +Environment: + subject to earthquakes, landslides; deforestation; air pollution +Note: + strategic location near Turkish Straits; controls key land routes from + Europe to Middle East and Asia + +*Bulgaria, People + +Population: + 8,831,168 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + -0.39% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 11.69 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 11.54 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + -4.05 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 12.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 72.82 years + male: + 69.55 years + female: + 76.26 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 1.71 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Bulgarian(s) + adjective: + Bulgarian +Ethnic divisions: + Bulgarian 85.3%, Turk 8.5%, Gypsy 2.6%, Macedonian 2.5%, Armenian 0.3%, + Russian 0.2%, other 0.6% +Religions: + Bulgarian Orthodox 85%, Muslim 13%, Jewish 0.8%, Roman Catholic 0.5%, Uniate + Catholic 0.2%, Protestant, Gregorian-Armenian, and other 0.5% +Languages: + Bulgarian; secondary languages closely correspond to ethnic breakdown +Literacy: + age 15 and over can read and write (1970) + total population: + 93% + male: + NA% + female: + NA% +Labor force: + 4.3 million by occupation: + industry 33%, agriculture 20%, other 47% (1987) + +*Bulgaria, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Republic of Bulgaria + conventional short form: + Bulgaria +Digraph: + BU +Type: + emerging democracy +Capital: + Sofia +Administrative divisions: + 9 provinces (oblasti, singular - oblast); Burgas, Grad Sofiya, Khaskovo, + Lovech, Mikhaylovgrad, Plovdiv, Razgrad, Sofiya, Varna +Independence: + 22 September 1908 (from Ottoman Empire) +Constitution: + adopted 12 July 1991 +Legal system: + based on civil law system, with Soviet law influence; has accepted + compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + 3 March (1878) +Political parties and leaders: + Union of Democratic Forces (UDF), Filip DIMITROV, chairman, an alliance of + approximately 20 pro-Democratic parties including United Democratic Center, + Democratic Party, Radical Democratic Party, Christian Democratic Union, + Alternative Social Liberal Party, Republican Party, Civic Initiative + Movement, Union of the Repressed, and about a dozen other groups; Movement + for Rights and Freedoms (ethnic Turkish party) (MRF), Ahmed DOGAN, chairman; + Bulgarian Socialist Party (BSP), Zhan VIDENOV, chairman +Other political or pressure groups: + Ecoglasnost; Podkrepa (Support) Labor Confederation; Fatherland Union; + Bulgarian Democratic Youth (formerly Communist Youth Union); Confederation + of Independent Trade Unions of Bulgaria (KNSB); Nationwide Committee for + Defense of National Interests; Peasant Youth League; Bulgarian Agrarian + National Union - United (BZNS); Bulgarian Democratic Center; "Nikola Petkov" + Bulgarian Agrarian National Union; Internal Macedonian Revolutionary + Organization - Union of Macedonian Societies (IMRO-UMS); numerous regional, + ethnic, and national interest groups with various agendas +Suffrage: + 18 years of age; universal and compulsory +Elections: + President: + last held January 1992; results - Zhelyu ZHELEV was elected by popular vote + National Assembly: + last held 13 October 1991; results - UDF 34%, BSP 33%, MRF 7.5%; seats - + (240 total) UDF 110, BSP 106, Movement for Rights and Freedoms 24 +Executive branch: president, chairman of the Council of Ministers (prime minister), three + deputy chairmen of the Council of Ministers, Council of Ministers +Legislative branch: + unicameral National Assembly (Narodno Sobranie) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court, Constitutional Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Zhelyu Mitev ZHELEV (since 1 August 1990); Vice President Blaga + Nikolova DIMITROVA (since NA) + +*Bulgaria, Government + + Head of Government: + Chairman of the Council of Ministers (Prime Minister) Lyuben Borisov BEROV + (since 30 December 1992); Deputy Chairmen of the Council of Ministers + (Deputy Prime Ministers) Valentin KARABASHEV, Neycho NEEV, and Evgeniy + MATINCHEV (since 30 December 1992) +Member of: + BIS, BSEC, CCC, CE, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, FAO, G-9, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IFC, + ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, LORCS, + NACC, NAM (guest), NSG, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNTAC, UPU, WHO, + WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC +Diplomatic representation in US: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Ognyan Raytchev PISHEV + chancery: + 1621 22nd Street NW, Washington, DC 20008 + telephone: + (202) 387-7969 + FAX: + (202) 234-7973 +US diplomatic representation: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Hugh Kenneth HILL + embassy: + 1 Alexander Stamboliski Boulevard, Sofia, Unit 25402 + mailing address: + APO AE 09213-5740 + telephone: + [359] (2) 88-48-01 through 05 + FAX: + [359] (2) 80-19-77 +Flag: + three equal horizontal bands of white (top), green, and red; the national + emblem formerly on the hoist side of the white stripe has been removed - it + contained a rampant lion within a wreath of wheat ears below a red + five-pointed star and above a ribbon bearing the dates 681 (first Bulgarian + state established) and 1944 (liberation from Nazi control) + +*Bulgaria, Economy + +Overview: + Growth in the lackluster Bulgarian economy fell to the 2% annual level in + the 1980s. By 1990, Sofia's foreign debt had skyrocketed to over $10 billion + - giving a debt-service ratio of more than 40% of hard currency earnings and + leading the regime to declare a moratorium on its hard currency payments. + The post-Communist government faces major problems of renovating an aging + industrial plant; keeping abreast of rapidly unfolding technological + developments; investing in additional energy capacity (the portion of + electric power from nuclear energy reached over one-third in 1990); and + motivating workers, in part by giving them a share in the earnings of their + enterprises. Political bickering in Sofia and the collapse of the DIMITROV + government in October 1992 have slowed the economic reform process. New + Prime Minister BEROV, however, has pledged to continue the reforms initiated + by the previous government. He has promised to continue cooperation with the + World Bank and IMF, advance negotiations on rescheduling commercial debt, + and push ahead with privatization. BEROV's government - whose main + parliamentary supporters are the former Communist Bulgarian Socialist Party + (BSP) - nonetheless appears likely to pursue more interventionist tactics in + overcoming the country's economic problems. +National product: + GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $34.1 billion (1992) +National product real growth rate: + -7.7% (1992) +National product per capita: + $3,800 (1992) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 80% (1992) +Unemployment rate: + 15% (1992) +Budget: + revenues $8 billion; expenditures $5 billion, including capital expenditures + of $NA (1991 est.) +Exports: + $3.5 billion (f.o.b., 1991) + commodities: + machinery and equipment 30.6%; agricultural products 24%; manufactured + consumer goods 22.2%; fuels, minerals, raw materials, and metals 10.5%; + other 12.7% (1991) + partners: + former CEMA countries 57.7% (USSR 48.6%, Poland 2.1%, Czechoslovakia 0.9%); + developed countries 26.3% (Germany 4.8%, Greece 2.2%); less developed + countries 15.9% (Libya 2.1%, Iran 0.7%) (1991) +Imports: + $2.8 billion (f.o.b., 1991) + commodities: + fuels, minerals, and raw materials 58.7%; machinery and equipment 15.8%; + manufactured consumer goods 4.4%; agricultural products 15.2%; other 5.9% + partners: + former CEMA countries 51.0% (former USSR 43.2%, Poland 3.7%); developed + countries 32.8% (Germany 7.0%, Austria 4.7%); less developed countries 16.2% + (Iran 2.8%, Libya 2.5%) +External debt: + $12 billion (1991) +Industrial production: + growth rate -21% (1992 est.); accounts for about 37% of GDP (1990) +Electricity: 11,500,000 kW capacity; 45,000 million kWh produced, 5,070 kWh per capita + (1992) + +*Bulgaria, Economy + +Industries: + machine building and metal working, food processing, chemicals, textiles, + building materials, ferrous and nonferrous metals +Agriculture: + accounts for 22% of GDP (1990); climate and soil conditions support + livestock raising and the growing of various grain crops, oilseeds, + vegetables, fruits, and tobacco; more than one-third of the arable land + devoted to grain; world's fourth-largest tobacco exporter; surplus food + producer +Illicit drugs: + transshipment point for southwest Asian heroin transiting the Balkan route +Economic aid: + donor - $1.6 billion in bilateral aid to non-Communist less developed + countries (1956-89) +Currency: + 1 lev (Lv) = 100 stotinki +Exchange rates: + leva (Lv) per US$1 - 24.56 (January 1993),17.18 (January 1992), 16.13 (March + 1991), 0.7446 (November 1990), 0.84 (1989), 0.82 (1988), 0.90 (1987); note - + floating exchange rate since February 1991 +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +*Bulgaria, Communications + +Railroads: + 4,300 km total, all government owned (1987); 4,055 km 1.435-meter standard + gauge, 245 km narrow gauge; 917 km double track; 2,640 km electrified +Highways: + 36,908 km total; 33,535 km hard surface (including 242 km superhighways); + 3,373 km earth roads (1987) +Inland waterways: + 470 km (1987) +Pipelines: + crude oil 193 km; petroleum products 525 km; natural gas 1,400 km (1992) +Ports: + coastal - Burgas, Varna, Varna West; inland - Ruse, Vidin, and Lom on the + Danube +Merchant marine: + 112 ships (1,000 GRT and over) totaling 1,262,320 GRT/1,887,729 DWT; + includes 2 short-sea passenger, 30 cargo, 2 container, 1 passenger-cargo + training, 6 roll-on/roll-off, 15 oil tanker, 4 chemical carrier, 2 railcar + carrier, 50 bulk; Bulgaria owns 1 ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 8,717 + DWT operating under Liberian registry +Airports: + total: + 380 usable: + 380 + with permanent-surface runways: + 120 + with runways over 3659 m: + 0 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 20 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 20 +Telecommunications: + extensive but antiquated transmission system of coaxial cable and mirowave + radio relay; 2.6 million telephones; direct dialing to 36 countries; phone + density is 29 phones per 100 persons (1992); almost two-thirds of the lines + are residential; 67% of Sofia households have phones (November 1988); + telephone service is available in most villages; broadcast stations - 20 AM, + 15 FM, and 29 TV, with 1 Soviet TV repeater in Sofia; 2.1 million TV sets + (1990); 92% of country receives No. 1 television program (May 1990); 1 + satellite ground station using Intersputnik; INTELSAT is used through a + Greek earth station + +*Bulgaria, Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy, Air and Air Defense Forces, Frontier Troops, Internal Troops +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 2,178,136; fit for military service 1,819,901; reach + military age (19) annually 69,495 (1993 est.) +Defense expenditures: + 5.77 billion leva, NA% of GDP (1993 est.); note - conversion of defense + expenditures into US dollars using the current exchange rate could produce + misleading results + +*Burkina, Geography + +Location: + Western Africa, between Ghana and Mali +Map references: + Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World +Area: + total area: + 274,200 km2 + land area: + 273,800 km2 + comparative area: + slightly larger than Colorado +Land boundaries: + total 3,192 km, Benin 306 km, Ghana 548 km, Cote d'Ivoire 584 km, Mali 1,000 + km, Niger 628 km, Togo 126 km +Coastline: + 0 km (landlocked) +Maritime claims: none; landlocked +International disputes: + the disputed international boundary between Burkina and Mali was submitted + to the International Court of Justice (ICJ) in October 1983 and the ICJ + issued its final ruling in December 1986, which both sides agreed to accept; + Burkina and Mali are proceeding with boundary demarcation, including the + tripoint with Niger +Climate: + tropical; warm, dry winters; hot, wet summers +Terrain: + mostly flat to dissected, undulating plains; hills in west and southeast +Natural resources: + manganese, limestone, marble; small deposits of gold, antimony, copper, + nickel, bauxite, lead, phosphates, zinc, silver +Land use: + arable land: + 10% + permanent crops: + 0% + meadows and pastures: + 37% + forest and woodland: + 26% + other: + 27% +Irrigated land: + 160 km2 (1989 est.) +Environment: + recent droughts and desertification severely affecting marginal agricultural + activities, population distribution, economy; overgrazing; deforestation +Note: + landlocked + +*Burkina, People + +Population: + 9,852,529 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 2.83% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 48.8 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 18.19 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + -2.28 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 119.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 47.47 years + male: + 46.66 years + female: + 48.3 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 7 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Burkinabe (singular and plural) + adjective: + Burkinabe +Ethnic divisions: + Mossi (about 2.5 million), Gurunsi, Senufo, Lobi, Bobo, Mande, Fulani +Religions: + indigenous beliefs 65%, Muslim 25%, Christian (mainly Roman Catholic) 10% +Languages: + French (official), tribal languages belong to Sudanic family, spoken by 90% + of the population +Literacy: + age 15 and over can read and write (1990) + total population: + 18% + male: + 28% + female: + 9% +Labor force: + 3.3 million residents; 30,000 are wage earners + by occupation: + agriculture 82%, industry 13%, commerce, services, and government 5% + note: + 20% of male labor force migrates annually to neighboring countries for + seasonal employment (1984); 44% of population of working age (1985) + +*Burkina, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Burkina Faso + conventional short form: + Burkina + former: + Upper Volta +Digraph: + UV +Type: + parliamentary +Capital: + Ouagadougou +Administrative divisions: + 30 provinces; Bam, Bazega, Bougouriba, Boulgou, Boulkiemde, Ganzourgou, + Gnagna, Gourma, Houet, Kadiogo, Kenedougou, Komoe, Kossi, Kouritenga, + Mouhoun, Namentenga, Naouri, Oubritenga, Oudalan, Passore, Poni, Sanguie, + Sanmatenga, Seno, Sissili, Soum, Sourou, Tapoa, Yatenga, Zoundweogo +Independence: + 5 August 1960 (from France) +Constitution: + June 1991 +Legal system: + based on French civil law system and customary law +National holiday: + Anniversary of the Revolution, 4 August (1983) +Political parties and leaders: + Organization for People's Democracy-Labor Movement (ODP-MT), ruling party, + Marc Christian Roch KABORE; National Convention of Progressive + Patriots-Social Democratic Party (CNPP-PSD), Pierre TAPSOBA; African + Democratic Assembly (RDA), Gerard Kango OUEDRAOGO; Alliance for Democracy + and Federation (ADF), Herman YAMEOGO +Other political or pressure groups: + committees for the defense of the revolution; watchdog/political action + groups throughout the country in both organizations and communities +Suffrage: + none +Elections: + President: + last held December 1991 + Assembly of People's Deputies: + last held 24 May 1992 (next to be held NA); results - percent of vote by + party NA; seats - (107 total), ODP-MT 78, CNPP-PSD 12, RDA 6, ADF 4, other 7 +Executive branch: + president, Council of Ministers +Legislative branch: + Assembly of People's Deputies + note: + the current law also provides for a second consultative chamber, which had + not been formally constituted as of 1 July 1992 +Judicial branch: + Appeals Court +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + President Captain Blaise COMPAORE (since 15 October 1987) + +*Burkina, Government + +Member of: + ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CCC, CEAO, ECA, ECOWAS, Entente, FAO, FZ, G-77, GATT, IBRD, + ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, + ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, OIC, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WADB, WCL, + WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation in US: + chief of mission: + (vacant) + chancery: + 2340 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 + telephone: + (202) 332-5577 or 6895 +US diplomatic representation: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Edward P. BYRNN + embassy: + Avenue Raoul Follerau, Ouagadougou + mailing address: 01 B. P. 35, Ouagadougou + telephone: + [226] 30-67- 23 through 25 + FAX: + [226] 31-23-68 +Flag: + two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and green with a yellow five-pointed + star in the center; uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia + +*Burkina, Economy + +Overview: + One of the poorest countries in the world, Burkina has a high population + density, few natural resources, and relatively infertile soil. Economic + development is hindered by a poor communications network within a landlocked + country. Agriculture provides about 40% of GDP and is entirely of a + subsistence nature. Industry, dominated by unprofitable + government-controlled corporations, accounts for about 15% of GDP. +National product: + GDP - exchange rate conversion - $3.3 billion (1991) +National product real growth rate: + 1.3% (1990 est.) +National product per capita: + $350 (1991) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + -1% (1990) +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $495 million; expenditures $786 million, including capital + expenditures of $NA (1991) +Exports: + $304.8 million (f.o.b., 1990) + commodities: + cotton, gold, animal products + partners: + EC 45%, Taiwan 15%, Cote d'Ivoire 15% (1987) +Imports: + $593 million (f.o.b., 1990) + commodities: + machinery, food products, petroleum + partners: + EC 51%, Africa 25%, US 6% (1987) +External debt: + $865 million (December 1991 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 5.7% (1990 est.), accounts for about 23% of GDP (1989) +Electricity: + 120,000 kW capacity; 320 million kWh produced, 40 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + cotton lint, beverages, agricultural processing, soap, cigarettes, textiles, + gold mining and extraction +Agriculture: + accounts for about 30% of GDP; cash crops - peanuts, shea nuts, sesame, + cotton; food crops - sorghum, millet, corn, rice; livestock; not + self-sufficient in food grains +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $294 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $2.9 billion; + Communist countries (1970-89), $113 million +Currency: + 1 CFA franc (CFAF) = 100 centimes +Exchange rates: + CFA francs (CFAF) per US$1 - 274.06 (January 1993), 264.69 (1992), 282.11 + (1991), 272.26 (1990), 319.01 (1989), 297.85 (1988) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +*Burkina, Communications + +Railroads: + 620 km total; 520 km Ouagadougou to Cote d'Ivoire border and 100 km + Ouagadougou to Kaya; all 1.00-meter gauge and single track +Highways: + 16,500 km total; 1,300 km paved, 7,400 km improved, 7,800 km unimproved + (1985) +Airports: + total: + 48 + usable: + 38 + with permanent-surface runways: + 2 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 2 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 8 +Telecommunications: + all services only fair; microwave radio relay, wire, and radio communication + stations in use; broadcast stations - 2 AM, 1 FM, 2 TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean + INTELSAT earth station + +*Burkina, Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Air Force, National Gendarmerie, National Police, People's Militia +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 1,947,935; fit for military service 995,532 (1993 est.); no + conscription +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP + +*Burma, Geography + +Location: + Southeast Asia, bordering the Bay of Bengal, between Bangladesh and Thailand +Map references: + Asia, Southeast Asia, Standard Time Zones of the World +Area: + total area: + 678,500 km2 + land area: + 657,740 km2 + comparative area: + slightly smaller than Texas +Land boundaries: + total 5,876 km, Bangladesh 193 km, China 2,185 km, India 1,463 km, Laos 235 + km, Thailand 1,800 km +Coastline: + 1,930 km +Maritime claims: + contiguous zone: + 24 nm + continental shelf: + 200 nm or to the edge of continental margin + exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + territorial sea: + 12 nm +International disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical monsoon; cloudy, rainy, hot, humid summers (southwest monsoon, June + to September); less cloudy, scant rainfall, mild temperatures, lower + humidity during winter (northeast monsoon, December to April) +Terrain: + central lowlands ringed by steep, rugged highlands +Natural resources: + petroleum, timber, tin, antimony, zinc, copper, tungsten, lead, coal, some + marble, limestone, precious stones, natural gas +Land use: + arable land: + 15% + permanent crops: + 1% + meadows and pastures: + 1% + forest and woodland: + 49% + other: + 34% +Irrigated land: + 10,180 km2 (1989) +Environment: + subject to destructive earthquakes and cyclones; flooding and landslides + common during rainy season (June to September); deforestation +Note: + strategic location near major Indian Ocean shipping lanes + +*Burma, People + +Population: + 43,455,953 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 1.88% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 28.88 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 10.05 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 65.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 59.5 years + male: + 57.5 years + female: + 61.63 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 3.7 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Burmese (singular and plural) + adjective: + Burmese +Ethnic divisions: + Burman 68%, Shan 9%, Karen 7%, Rakhine 4%, Chinese 3%, Mon 2%, Indian 2%, + other 5% +Religions: + Buddhist 89%, Christian 4% (Baptist 3%, Roman Catholic 1%), Muslim 4%, + animist beliefs 1%, other 2% +Languages: + Burmese; minority ethnic groups have their own languages +Literacy: + age 15 and over can read and write (1990) + total population: + 81% + male: + 89% + female: + 72% +Labor force: + 16.007 million (1992) + by occupation: + agriculture 65.2%, industry 14.3%, trade 10.1%, government 6.3%, other 4.1% + (FY89 est.) + +*Burma, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Union of Burma + conventional short form: + Burma + local long form: + Pyidaungzu Myanma Naingngandaw (translated by the US Government as Union of + Myanma and by the Burmese as Union of Myanmar) + local short form: + Myanma Naingngandaw + former: + Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma +Digraph: + BM +Type: + military regime +Capital: + Rangoon (sometimes translated as Yangon) +Administrative divisions: + 7 divisions* (yin-mya, singular - yin) and 7 states (pyine-mya, singular -, pyine); Chin State, +Irrawaddy*, Kachin State, Karan State, Kayah State,, Magwe*, Mandalay*, Mon State, Pegu*, Rakhine, +State, Rangoon*, Sagaing*, Shan, State, Tenasserim*, Independence: + 4 January 1948 (from UK) +Constitution: + 3 January 1974 (suspended since 18 September 1988); National Convention + started on 9 January 1993 to draft chapter headings for a new constitution +Legal system: + has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + Independence Day, 4 January (1948) +Political parties and leaders: + National Unity Party (NUP; proregime), THA KYAW; National League for + Democracy (NLD), U AUNG SHWE; National Coalition of Union of Burma (NCGUB), + SEIN WIN (which consists of individuals legitimately elected to parliament, + but not recognized by military regime) fled to border area and joined with + insurgents in December 1990 to form a parallel government +Other political or pressure groups: + Kachin Independence Army (KIA); United Wa State Army (UWSA); Karen National + Union (KNU - the only non-drug group); several Shan factions, including the + Mong Tai Army (MTA) +Suffrage: + 18 years of age; universal +Elections: + People's Assembly: + last held 27 May 1990, but Assembly never convened; results - NLD 80%; seats + - (485 total) NLD 396, the regime-favored NUP 10, other 79 +Executive branch: + chairman of the State Law and Order Restoration Council, State Law and Order + Restoration Council +Legislative branch: + unicameral People's Assembly (Pyithu Hluttaw) was dissolved after the coup + of 18 September 1988 +Judicial branch: none; Council of People's Justices was abolished after the coup of 18 + September 1988 + +*Burma, Government + +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + Chairman of the State Law and Order Restoration Council Gen. THAN SHWE + (since 23 April 1992) +Member of: + AsDB, CCC, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, + ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, + WHO, WMO +Diplomatic representation in US: + chief of mission: + Ambassador U THAUNG + chancery: + 2300 S Street NW, Washington, DC 20008 + telephone: + (202) 332-9044 through 9046 + consulate general: + New York +US diplomatic representation: + chief of mission: + (vacant); Deputy Chief of Mission, Charge d'Affaires Franklin P. HUDDLE, Jr. + embassy: + 581 Merchant Street, Rangoon + mailing address: + GPO Box 521, AMEMB Box B, APO AP 96546 + telephone: + [95] (1) 82055, 82181 + FAX: + [95] (1) 80409 +Flag: + red with a blue rectangle in the upper hoist-side corner bearing, all in + white, 14 five-pointed stars encircling a cogwheel containing a stalk of + rice; the 14 stars represent the 14 administrative divisions + +*Burma, Economy + +Overview: + Burma is a poor Asian country, with a per capita GDP of about $660. The + nation has been unable to achieve any substantial improvement in export + earnings because of falling prices for many of its major commodity exports. + For rice, traditionally the most important export, the drop in world prices + has been accompanied by shrinking markets and a smaller volume of sales. In + 1985 teak replaced rice as the largest export and continues to hold this + position. The economy is heavily dependent on the agricultural sector, which + generates about 40% of GDP and provides employment for 65% of the work + force. Burma has been largely isolated from international economic forces + and has been trying to encourage foreign investment, so far with little + success. +National product: + GDP - exchange rate conversion - $28 billion (1992) +National product real growth rate: + 1.3% (1992) +National product per capita: + $660 (1992) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 50% (1992) +Unemployment rate: + 9.6% (FY89 est.) in urban areas +Budget: + revenues $8.1 billion; expenditures $11.6 billion, including capital + expenditures of $NA (1992) +Exports: + $535.1 million (FY92) + commodities: + teak, rice, oilseed, metals, rubber, gems + partners: + China, India, Thailand, Singapore +Imports: + $907.0 million (FY92) + commodities: + machinery, transport equipment, chemicals, food products + partners: + Japan, China, Singapore +External debt: + $4 billion (1992) +Industrial production: + growth rate 2.6% (FY90 est.); accounts for 10% of GDP +Electricity: + 1,100,000 kW capacity; 2,800 million kWh produced, 65 kWh per capita (1992) +Industries: + agricultural processing; textiles and footwear; wood and wood products; + petroleum refining; mining of copper, tin, tungsten, iron; construction + materials; pharmaceuticals; fertilizer +Agriculture: + accounts for 40% of GDP (including fish and forestry); self-sufficient in + food; principal crops - paddy rice, corn, oilseed, sugarcane, pulses; + world's largest stand of hardwood trees; rice and teak account for 55% of + export revenues +Illicit drugs: + world's largest illicit producer of opium poppy and minor producer of + cannabis for the international drug trade; opium production has nearly + doubled since the collapse of Rangoon's antinarcotic programs + +*Burma, Economy + +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $158 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $3.9 billion; + Communist countries (1970-89), $424 million +Currency: + 1 kyat (K) = 100 pyas +Exchange rates: kyats (K) per US$1 - 6.0963 (January 1992), 6.2837 (1991), 6.3386 (1990), + 6.7049 (1989), 6.46 (1988), 6.6535 (1987); unofficial - 105 +Fiscal year: + 1 April - 31 March + +*Burma, Communications + +Railroads: + 3,991 km total, all government owned; 3,878 km 1.000-meter gauge, 113 km + narrow-gauge industrial lines; 362 km double track +Highways: + 27,000 km total; 3,200 km bituminous, 17,700 km improved earth or gravel, + 6,100 km unimproved earth +Inland waterways: + 12,800 km; 3,200 km navigable by large commercial vessels +Pipelines: + crude oil 1,343 km; natural gas 330 km +Ports: + Rangoon, Moulmein, Bassein +Merchant marine: + 62 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 940,264 GRT/1,315,156 DWT; includes 3 + passenger-cargo, 18 cargo, 5 refrigerated cargo, 4 vehicle carrier, 2 + container, 2 oil tanker, 3 chemical, 1 combination ore/oil, 23 bulk, 1 + combination bulk +Airports: + total: + 83 + usable: + 78 + with permanent-surface runways: + 26 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 3 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 38 +Telecommunications: + meets minimum requirements for local and intercity service for business and + government; international service is good; 53,000 telephones (1986); + radiobroadcast coverage is limited to the most populous areas; broadcast + stations - 2 AM, 1 FM, 1 TV (1985); 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth station + +*Burma, Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy, Air Force +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 11,004,419; females age 15-49 10,945,899; males fit for + military service 5,894,514; females fit for military service 5,847,958; + males reach military age (18) annually 435,030; females reach military age + (18) annually 420,487 (1993 est.); both sexes are liable for military + service +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP (1992) + +*Burundi, Geography + +Location: + Central Africa, between Tanzania and Zaire +Map references: + Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World +Area: + total area: + 27,830 km2 + land area: + 25,650 km2 + comparative area: + slightly larger than Maryland +Land boundaries: + total 974 km, Rwanda 290 km, Tanzania 451 km, Zaire 233 km +Coastline: + 0 km (landlocked) +Maritime claims: + none; landlocked +International disputes: + none +Climate: + temperate; warm; occasional frost in uplands +Terrain: + mostly rolling to hilly highland; some plains +Natural resources: + nickel, uranium, rare earth oxide, peat, cobalt, copper, platinum (not yet + exploited), vanadium +Land use: + arable land: + 43% + permanent crops: + 8% + meadows and pastures: + 35% + forest and woodland: + 2% + other: + 12% +Irrigated land: + 720 km2 (1989 est.) +Environment: + soil exhaustion; soil erosion; deforestation +Note: + landlocked; straddles crest of the Nile-Congo watershed + +*Burundi, People + +Population: + 5,985,308 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 2.34% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 44.69 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 21.25 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 115.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 40.75 years + male: + 38.79 years + female: + 42.76 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 6.76 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Burundian(s) + adjective: + Burundi +Ethnic divisions: + Africans: + Hutu (Bantu) 85%, Tutsi (Hamitic) 14%, Twa (Pygmy) 1% (other Africans + include about 70,000 refugees, mostly Rwandans and Zairians) + non-Africans: + Europeans 3,000, South Asians 2,000 +Religions: + Christian 67% (Roman Catholic 62%, Protestant 5%), indigenous beliefs 32%, + Muslim 1% +Languages: + Kirundi (official), French (official), Swahili (along Lake Tanganyika and in + the Bujumbura area) +Literacy: + age 15 and over can read and write (1990) + total population: + 50% + male: + 61% + female: + 40% +Labor force: + 1.9 million (1983 est.) + by occupation: + agriculture 93.0%, government 4.0%, industry and commerce 1.5%, services + 1.5% + note: + 52% of population of working age (1985) + +*Burundi, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Republic of Burundi + conventional short form: + Burundi + local long form: + Republika y'u Burundi + local short form: + Burundi +Digraph: + BY +Type: + republic +Capital: + Bujumbura +Administrative divisions: + 15 provinces; Bubanza, Bujumbura, Bururi, Cankuzo, Cibitoke, Gitega, Karuzi, + Kayanza, Kirundo, Makamba, Muramvya, Muyinga, Ngozi, Rutana, Ruyigi +Independence: + 1 July 1962 (from UN trusteeship under Belgian administration) +Constitution: + 13 March 1992 draft provides for establishment of plural political system +Legal system: + based on German and Belgian civil codes and customary law; has not accepted + compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + Independence Day, 1 July (1962) +Political parties and leaders: + only party - National Party of Unity and Progress (UPRONA), Nicolas MAYUGI, + secretary general; + note: + although Burundi is still officially a one-party state, at least four + political parties were formed in 1991 and set the precedent for + constitutional reform in 1992 - Burundi Democratic Front (FRODEBU), + Organization of the People of Burundi (RPB), Socialist Party of Burundi + (PSB), Royalist Parliamentary Party (PRP) - the most significant opposition + party is FRODEBU, led by Melchior NDADAYE; the Party for the Liberation of + the Hutu People (PALIPEHUTU), formed in exile in the early 1980s, is an + ethnically based political party dedicated to majority rule; the government + has long accused PALIPEHUTU of practicing devisive ethnic politics and + fomenting violence against the state; PALIPEHUTU's exclusivist charter makes + it an unlikely candidate for legalization under the new constitution that + will require party membership open to all ethnic groups +Suffrage: + universal adult at age NA +Elections: + National Assembly: + note - The National Unity Charter outlining the principles for + constitutional government was adopted by a national referendum on 5 February + 1991; new elections to the National Assembly are to take place 29 June 1993; + presidential elections are to take place 1 June 1993 +Executive branch: + president; chairman of the Central Committee of the National Party of Unity + and Progress (UPRONA), prime minister + +*Burundi, Government + +Legislative branch: + unicameral National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale) was dissolved following + the coup of 3 September 1987; at an extraordinary party congress held from + 27 to 29 December 1990, the Central Committee of the National Party of Unity + and Progress (UPRONA) replaced the Military Committee for National + Salvation, and became the supreme governing body during the transition to + constitutional government +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court (Cour Supreme) +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Major Pierre BUYOYA (since 9 September 1987) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Adrien SIBOMANA (since 26 October 1988) +Member of: + ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CCC, CEEAC, CEPGL, ECA, FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, + IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTERPOL, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, + UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation in US: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Julien KAVAKURE + chancery: + Suite 212, 2233 Wisconsin Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20007 + telephone: + (202) 342-2574 +US diplomatic representation: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Cynthia Shepherd PERRY + embassy: + Avenue des Etats-Unis, Bujumbura + mailing address: + B. P. 1720, Bujumbura + telephone: + [257] (223) 454 + FAX: + [257] (222) 926 +Flag: + divided by a white diagonal cross into red panels (top and bottom) and green + panels (hoist side and outer side) with a white disk superimposed at the + center bearing three red six-pointed stars outlined in green arranged in a + triangular design (one star above, two stars below) + +*Burundi, Economy + +Overview: + A landlocked, resource-poor country in an early stage of economic + development, Burundi is predominately agricultural with only a few basic + industries. Its economic health depends on the coffee crop, which accounts + for an average 90% of foreign exchange earnings each year. The ability to + pay for imports therefore continues to rest largely on the vagaries of the + climate and the international coffee market. As part of its economic reform + agenda, launched in February 1991 with IMF and World Bank support, Burundi + is trying to diversify its agricultural exports and attract foreign + investment in industry. Several state-owned coffee companies were privatized + via public auction in September 1991. +National product: + GDP - exchange rate conversion - $1.23 billion (1991 est.) +National product real growth rate: + 5% (1991 est.) +National product per capita: + $205 (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 9% (1991 est.) +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $318 million; expenditures $326 million, including capital + expenditures of $150 million (1991 est.) +Exports: + $91.7 million (f.o.b., 1991) + commodities: + coffee 81%, tea, hides, and skins + partners: + EC 83%, US 5%, Asia 2% +Imports: + $246 million (c.i.f., 1991) + commodities: + capital goods 31%, petroleum products 15%, foodstuffs, consumer goods + partners: + EC 57%, Asia 23%, US 3% +External debt: + $1 billion (1990 est.) +Industrial production: + real growth rate 11.0% (1991 est.); accounts for about 5% of GDP +Electricity: + 55,000 kW capacity; 105 million kWh produced, 20 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + light consumer goods such as blankets, shoes, soap; assembly of imports; + public works construction; food processing +Agriculture: + accounts for 60% of GDP; 90% of population dependent on subsistence farming; + marginally self-sufficient in food production; cash crops - coffee, cotton, + tea; food crops - corn, sorghum, sweet potatoes, bananas, manioc; livestock + - meat, milk, hides and skins +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $71 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $10.2 billion; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $32 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $175 + million +Currency: + 1 Burundi franc (FBu) = 100 centimes + +*Burundi, Economy + +Exchange rates: + Burundi francs (FBu) per US$1 - 235.75 (January 1993), 208.30 (1992), 181.51 + (1991), 171.26 (1990), 158.67 (1989), 140.40 (1988) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +*Burundi, Communications + +Highways: + 5,900 km total; 400 km paved, 2,500 km gravel or laterite, 3,000 km improved + or unimproved earth +Inland waterways: + Lake Tanganyika +Ports: + Bujumbura (lake port) connects to transportation systems of Tanzania and + Zaire +Airports: + total: + 5 + usable: + 4 + with permanent-surface runways: + 1 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 1 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 4 +Telecommunications: + sparse system of wire, radiocommunications, and low-capacity microwave radio + relay links; 8,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 2 AM, 2 FM, 1 TV; 1 + Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth station + +*Burundi, Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army (includes naval and air units), paramilitary Gendarmerie +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 1,283,308; fit for military service 670,381; reach military + age (16) annually 62,700 (1993 est.) +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $28 million, 3.7% of GDP (1989) + +*Cambodia, Geography + +Location: + Southeast Asia, bordering the Gulf of Thailand, between Thailand and Vietnam +Map references: Asia, Southeast Asia, Standard Time Zones of the World +Area: + total area: + 181,040 km2 + land area: + 176,520 km2 + comparative area: + slightly smaller than Oklahoma +Land boundaries: + total 2,572 km, Laos 541 km, Thailand 803 km, Vietnam 1,228 km +Coastline: + 443 km +Maritime claims: + contiguous zone: + 24 nm + continental shelf: + 200 nm + exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + territorial sea: + 12 nm +International disputes: + offshore islands and three sections of the boundary with Vietnam are in + dispute; maritime boundary with Vietnam not defined +Climate: + tropical; rainy, monsoon season (May to October); dry season (December to + March); little seasonal temperature variation +Terrain: + mostly low, flat plains; mountains in southwest and north +Natural resources: + timber, gemstones, some iron ore, manganese, phosphates, hydropower + potential +Land use: + arable land: + 16% + permanent crops: + 1% + meadows and pastures: + 3% + forest and woodland: + 76% + other: + 4% +Irrigated land: + 920 km2 (1989 est.) +Environment: + a land of paddies and forests dominated by Mekong River and Tonle Sap +Note: + buffer between Thailand and Vietnam + +*Cambodia, People + +Population: + 9,898,900 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 4.41% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 45.52 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 16.57 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + 15.15 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 111.5 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 49.06 years + male: + 47.6 years + female: + 50.6 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 5.81 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Cambodian(s) + adjective: + Cambodian +Ethnic divisions: + Khmer 90%, Vietnamese 5%, Chinese 1%, other 4% +Religions: + Theravada Buddhism 95%, other 5% +Languages: + Khmer (official), French +Literacy: + age 15 and over can read and write (1990) + total population: + 35% + male: + 48% + female: + 22% +Labor force: + 2,500,000 to 3,000,000 + by occupation: + agriculture 80% (1988 est.) + +*Cambodia, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + none + conventional short form: + Cambodia +Digraph: + CB +Type: + transitional government currently administered by the Supreme National + Council (SNC), a body set up under United Nations' auspices, in preparation + for an internationally supervised election in 1993 and including + representatives from each of the country's four political factions +Capital: + Phnom Penh +Administrative divisions: + 20 provinces (khet, singular and plural); Banteay Meanchey, Batdambang, + Kampong Cham, Kampong Chhnang, Kampong Spoe, Kampong Thum, Kampot, Kandal, + Kaoh Kong, Kracheh, Mondol Kiri, Phnum Penh, Pouthisat, Preah Vihear, Prey + Veng, Rotanokiri, Siemreab-Otdar Meanchey, Stoeng Treng, Svay Rieng, Takev +Independence: + 9 November 1949 (from France) +Constitution: + a new constitution will be drafted after the national election in 1993 +Legal system: + NA +National holiday: + NGC: + Independence Day, 17 April (1975) + SOC: + Liberation Day, 7 January (1979) +Political parties and leaders: + Democratic Kampuchea (DK, also known as the Khmer Rouge) under KHIEU + SAMPHAN; Cambodian Pracheachon Party or Cambodian People's Party (CPP) under + CHEA SIM; Khmer People's National Liberation Front (KPNLF) under SON SANN; + National United Front for an Independent, Neutral, Peaceful, and Cooperative + Cambodia (FUNCINPEC) under Prince NORODOM RANARIDDH; Liberal Democratic + Party (LDP) under SAK SUTSAKHAN +Suffrage: + 18 years of age; universal +Elections: + UN-supervised election for a 120-member constituent assembly based on + proportional representation within each province is scheduled for 23-27 May + 1993; the assembly will draft and approve a constitution and then transform + itself into a legislature that will create a new Cambodian Government +Executive branch: + a 12 member Supreme National Council (SNC), chaired by Prince NORODOM + SIHANOUK, composed of representatives from each of the four political + factions; faction names and delegation leaders are: State of Cambodia (SOC) + - HUN SEN; Democratic Kampuchea (DK or Khmer Rouge) - KHIEU SAMPHAN; Khmer + People's National Liberation Front (KPNLF) - SON SANN; National United Front + for an Independent, Peaceful, Neutral, and Cooperative Cambodia (FUNCINPEC) + - Prince NORODOM RANARIDDH +Legislative branch: + pending a national election in 1993, the incumbent SOC faction's unicameral + National Assembly is the only functioning national legislative body +Judicial branch: + Supreme People's Court pending a national election in 1993, the incumbent + SOC faction's Supreme People's Court is the only functioning national + judicial body + +*Cambodia, Government + +Leaders: Chief of State: + SNC - Chairman Prince NORODOM SIHANOUK, under UN supervision + Head of Government: + NGC - vacant, but will be determined following the national election in + 1993; SOC - Chairman of the Council of Ministers HUN SEN (since 14 January + 1985) +Member of: + AsDB, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, ILO, IMF, IMO, + INTERPOL, ITU, LORCS, NAM, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation in US: + the Supreme National Council (SNC) represents Cambodia in international + organizations +US diplomatic representation: + US representative: + Charles TWINNING + mission: + 27 EO Street 240, Phnom Penh + mailing address: + Box P, APO AP 96546 + telephone: + (855) 23-26436 or (855) 23-26438 + FAX: + (855) 23-26437 +Flag: + SNC - blue background with white map of Cambodia in middle; SOC - two equal + horizontal bands of red (top) and blue with a gold stylized five-towered + temple representing Angkor Wat in the center + +*Cambodia, Economy + +Overview: + Cambodia remains a desperately poor country whose economic recovery is held + hostage to continued political unrest and factional hostilities. The + country's immediate economic challenge is an acute financial crisis that is + undermining monetary stability and preventing disbursement of foreign + development assistance. Cambodia is still recovering from an abrupt shift in + 1990 to free-market economic mechanisms and a cutoff in aid from former + Soviet bloc countries; these changes have severely impacted on public sector + revenues and performance. The country's infrastructure of roads, bridges, + and power plants has been severely degraded, now having only 40-50% of + prewar capacity. The economy remains essentially rural, with 90% of the + population living in the countryside and dependent mainly on subsistence + agriculture. Statistical data on the economy continue to be sparse and + unreliable. +National product: + GDP - exchange rate conversion - $2 billion (1991 est.) +National product real growth rate: + NA% +National product per capita: + $280 (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 250-300% (1992 est.) +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $120 million; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of + $NA (1992 est.) +Exports: + $59 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.) + commodities: + natural rubber, rice, pepper, wood + partners: + Vietnam, USSR, Eastern Europe, Japan, India +Imports: + $170 million (c.i.f., 1990 est.) + commodities: + international food aid; fuels, consumer goods, machinery + partners: + Vietnam, USSR, Eastern Europe, Japan, India +External debt: + $717 million (1990) +Industrial production: + growth rate NA% +Electricity: + 35,000 kW capacity; 70 million kWh produced, 9 kWh per capita (1990) +Industries: + rice milling, fishing, wood and wood products, rubber, cement, gem mining +Agriculture: + mainly subsistence farming except for rubber plantations; main crops - rice, + rubber, corn; food shortages - rice, meat, vegetables, dairy products, + sugar, flour +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $725 million; Western (non-US + countries) (1970-89), $300 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $1.8 + billion +Currency: + 1 riel (CR) = 100 sen + +*Cambodia, Economy + +Exchange rates: + riels (CR) per US$1 - 2,800 (September 1992), 500 (December 1991), 560 + (1990), 159.00 (1988), 100.00 (1987) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +*Cambodia, Communications + +Railroads: + 612 km 1.000-meter gauge, government owned +Highways: + 13,351 km total; 2,622 km bituminous; 7,105 km crushed stone, gravel, or + improved earth; 3,624 km unimproved earth; some roads in disrepair +Inland waterways: + 3,700 km navigable all year to craft drawing 0.6 meters; 282 km navigable to + craft drawing 1.8 meters +Ports: + Kampong Saom, Phnom Penh +Airports: + total: + 15 + usable: + 9 + with permanent-surface runways: + 5 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 2 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 4 +Telecommunications: + service barely adequate for government requirements and virtually + nonexistent for general public; international service limited to Vietnam and + other adjacent countries; broadcast stations - 1 AM, no FM, 1 TV + +*Cambodia, Defense Forces + +Branches: + SOC: + Cambodian People's Armed Forces (CPAF) + Communist resistance forces: + National Army of Democratic Kampuchea (Khmer Rouge) + non-Communist resistance forces: + Armee National Kampuchea Independent (ANKI) which is sometimes anglicized as + National Army of Independent Cambodia (NAIC), Khmer People's National + Liberation Armed Forces (KPNLAF) +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 1,883,679; fit for military service 1,033,168; reach + military age (18) annually 74,585 (1993 est.) +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP + +*Cameroon, Geography + +Location: + Western Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean between Equatorial Guinea + and Nigeria +Map references: + Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World +Area: + total area: + 475,440 km2 + land area: + 469,440 km2 + comparative area: + slightly larger than California +Land boundaries: total 4,591 km, Central African Republic 797 km, Chad 1,094 km, Congo 523 + km, Equatorial Guinea 189 km, Gabon 298 km, Nigeria 1,690 km +Coastline: + 402 km +Maritime claims: + territorial sea: + 50 nm +International disputes: + demarcation of international boundaries in Lake Chad, the lack of which has + led to border incidents in the past, is completed and awaiting ratification + by Cameroon, Chad, Niger, and Nigeria; boundary commission, created with + Nigeria to discuss unresolved land and maritime boundaries, has not yet + convened +Climate: + varies with terrain from tropical along coast to semiarid and hot in north +Terrain: + diverse, with coastal plain in southwest, dissected plateau in center, + mountains in west, plains in north +Natural resources: + petroleum, bauxite, iron ore, timber, hydropower potential +Land use: + arable land: + 13% + permanent crops: + 2% + meadows and pastures: + 18% + forest and woodland: + 54% + other: + 13% +Irrigated land: + 280 km2 (1989 est.) +Environment: + recent volcanic activity with release of poisonous gases; deforestation; + overgrazing; desertification +Note: + sometimes referred to as the hinge of Africa + +*Cameroon, People + +Population: + 12,755,873 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 2.9% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 40.66 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 11.63 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 78.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: total population: + 56.66 years + male: + 54.65 years + female: + 58.74 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 5.88 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Cameroonian(s) + adjective: + Cameroonian +Ethnic divisions: + Cameroon Highlanders 31%, Equatorial Bantu 19%, Kirdi 11%, Fulani 10%, + Northwestern Bantu 8%, Eastern Nigritic 7%, other African 13%, non-African + less than 1% +Religions: + indigenous beliefs 51%, Christian 33%, Muslim 16% +Languages: + 24 major African language groups, English (official), French (official) +Literacy: + age 15 and over can read and write (1990) + total population: + 54% + male: + 66% + female: + 43% +Labor force: + NA + by occupation: + agriculture 74.4%, industry and transport 11.4%, other services 14.2% (1983) + note: + 50% of population of working age (15-64 years) (1985) + +*Cameroon, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Republic of Cameroon + conventional short form: + Cameroon + former: + French Cameroon +Digraph: + CM +Type: + unitary republic; multiparty presidential regime (opposition parties + legalized 1990) +Capital: + Yaounde +Administrative divisions: + 10 provinces; Adamaoua, Centre, Est, Extreme-Nord, Littoral, Nord, + Nord-Ouest, Ouest, Sud, Sud-Ouest +Independence: + 1 January 1960 (from UN trusteeship under French administration) +Constitution: + 20 May 1972 +Legal system: + based on French civil law system, with common law influence; has not + accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + National Day, 20 May (1972) +Political parties and leaders: + Cameroon People's Democratic Movement (CPDM), Paul BIYA, president, is + government-controlled and was formerly the only party, but opposition + parties were legalized in 1990 + major opposition parties: + National Union for Democracy and Progress (UNDP) + major oppositon parties: + Social Democratic Front (SDF) + major opposition parties: + Cameroonian Democratic Union (UDC); Union of Cameroonian Populations (UPC) +Other political or pressure groups: + NA +Suffrage: + 20 years of age; universal +Elections: + National Assembly: + last held 1 March 1992 (next scheduled for March 1997); results - (180 + seats) CPDM 88, UNDP 68, UPC 18, MDR 6 + President: + last held 11 October 1992; results - President Paul BIYA reelected with + about 40% of the vote amid widespread allegations of fraud; SDF candidate + John FRU NDI got 36% of the vote; UNDP candidate Bello Bouba MAIGARI got 19% + of the vote +Executive branch: + president, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + unicameral National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Paul BIYA (since 6 November 1982) + +*Cameroon, Government + + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Simon ACHIDI ACHU (since 9 April 1992) +Member of: + ACCT (associate), ACP, AfDB, BDEAC, CCC, CEEAC, ECA, FAO, FZ, G-19, G-77, + GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, + INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, OIC, PCA, UDEAC, UN, UNCTAD, + UNESCO, UNIDO, UNTAC, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation in US: + chief of mission: Ambassador Paul PONDI + chancery: + 2349 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 + telephone: + (202) 265-8790 through 8794 +US diplomatic representation: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Harriet ISOM + embassy: + Rue Nachtigal, Yaounde + mailing address: + B. P. 817, Yaounde + telephone: + [237] 234-014 + FAX: + [237] 230-753 + consulate: + Douala +Flag: + three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), red, and yellow with a + yellow five-pointed star centered in the red band; uses the popular + pan-African colors of Ethiopia + +*Cameroon, Economy + +Overview: + Because of its offshore oil resources, Cameroon has one of the highest + incomes per capita in tropical Africa. Still, it faces many of the serious + problems facing other underdeveloped countries, such as political + instability, a top-heavy civil service, and a generally unfavorable climate + for business enterprise. The development of the oil sector led rapid + economic growth between 1970 and 1985. Growth came to an abrupt halt in 1986 + precipitated by steep declines in the prices of major exports: coffee, + cocoa, and petroleum. Export earnings were cut by almost one-third, and + inefficiencies in fiscal management were exposed. In 1990-92, with support + from the IMF and World Bank, the government has begun to introduce reforms + designed to spur business investment, increase efficiency in agriculture, + and recapitalize the nation's banks. Nationwide strikes organized by + opposition parties in 1991, however, undermined these efforts. +National product: + GDP - exchange rate conversion - $11.5 billion (1990 est.) +National product real growth rate: + 3% (1990 est.) +National product per capita: + $1,040 (1990 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 3% (1990 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 25% (1990 est.) +Budget: + revenues $1.7 billion; expenditures $2.4 billion, including capital + expenditures of $422 million (FY90 est.) +Exports: + $1.8 billion (f.o.b., 1991) + commodities: + petroleum products 51%, coffee, beans, cocoa, aluminum products, timber + partners: + EC (particularly France) about 50%, US, African countries +Imports: + $1.2 billion (c.i.f., 1991) + commodities: + machines and electrical equipment, food, consumer goods, transport equipment + partners: + EC about 60%, France 41%, Germany 9%, African countries, Japan, US 4% +External debt: + $6 billion (1991) +Industrial production: + growth rate 6.4% (FY87); accounts for 30% of GDP +Electricity: + 755,000 kW capacity; 2,190 million kWh produced, 190 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + petroleum production and refining, food processing, light consumer goods, + textiles, sawmills +Agriculture: + the agriculture and forestry sectors provide employment for the majority of + the population, contributing nearly 25% to GDP and providing a high degree + of self-sufficiency in staple foods; commercial and food crops include + coffee, cocoa, timber, cotton, rubber, bananas, oilseed, grains, livestock, + root starches +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-90), $479 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-90), $4.75 billion; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $29 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $125 + million + +*Cameroon, Economy + +Currency: + 1 CFA franc (CFAF) = 100 centimes +Exchange rates: + Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF) per US$1 - 274.06 (January + 1993), 264.69 (1992), 282.11 (1991), 272.26 (1990), 319.01 (1989), 297.85 + (1988) +Fiscal year: + 1 July - 30 June + +*Cameroon, Communications + +Railroads: + 1,003 km total; 858 km 1.000-meter gauge, 145 km 0.600-meter gauge +Highways: + about 65,000 km total; includes 2,682 km paved, 32,318 km gravel and + improved earth, and 30,000 km of unimproved earth +Inland waterways: + 2,090 km; of decreasing importance +Ports: Douala +Merchant marine: + 2 cargo ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 24,122 GRT/33,509 DWT +Airports: + total: + 59 + usable: + 51 + with permanent-surface runways: + 11 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 6 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 51 +Telecommunications: + good system of open wire, cable, troposcatter, and microwave radio relay; + 26,000 telephones, 2 telephones per 1,000 persons, available only to + business and government; broadcast stations - 11 AM, 11 FM, 1 TV; 2 Atlantic + Ocean INTELSAT earth stations + +*Cameroon, Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy (including Naval Infantry), Air Force, National Gendarmerie, + Presidential Guard +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 2,844,280; fit for military service 1,432,563; reach + military age (18) annually 125,453 (1993 est.) +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $219 million, less than 2% of GDP (1990 est.) + +*Canada, Geography + +Location: + Northern North America, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean and North Pacific + Ocean north of the US +Map references: + Arctic Region, North America, Standard Time Zones of the World +Area: + total area: + 9,976,140 km2 + land area: + 9,220,970 km2 + comparative area: + slightly larger than US +Land boundaries: + total 8,893 km, US 8,893 km (includes 2,477 km with Alaska) +Coastline: + 243,791 km +Maritime claims: continental shelf: + 200 m depth or to depth of exploitation + exclusive fishing zone: + 200 nm + territorial sea: + 12 nm +International disputes: + maritime boundary disputes with the US; Saint Pierre and Miquelon is focus + of maritime boundary dispute between Canada and France +Climate: + varies from temperate in south to subarctic and arctic in north +Terrain: + mostly plains with mountains in west and lowlands in southeast +Natural resources: + nickel, zinc, copper, gold, lead, molybdenum, potash, silver, fish, timber, + wildlife, coal, petroleum, natural gas +Land use: + arable land: + 5% + permanent crops: + 0% + meadows and pastures: + 3% + forest and woodland: + 35% + other: + 57% +Irrigated land: + 8,400 km2 (1989 est.) +Environment: + 80% of population concentrated within 160 km of US border; continuous + permafrost in north a serious obstacle to development +Note: + second-largest country in world (after Russia); strategic location between + Russia and US via north polar route + +*Canada, People + +Population: + 27,769,993 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 1.28% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 14.48 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 7.35 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + 5.68 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 7 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 77.98 years + male: 74.54 years + female: + 81.6 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 1.84 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Canadian(s) + adjective: + Canadian +Ethnic divisions: + British Isles origin 40%, French origin 27%, other European 20%, indigenous + Indian and Eskimo 1.5% +Religions: + Roman Catholic 46%, United Church 16%, Anglican 10%, other 28% +Languages: + English (official), French (official) +Literacy: + age 15 and over can read and write (1981) + total population: + 99% + male: + NA% + female: + NA% +Labor force: + 13.38 million + by occupation: + services 75%, manufacturing 14%, agriculture 4%, construction 3%, other 4% + (1988) + +*Canada, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + none + conventional short form: + Canada +Digraph: + CA +Type: + confederation with parliamentary democracy +Capital: + Ottawa +Administrative divisions: + 10 provinces and 2 territories*; Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New, Brunswick, +Newfoundland, Northwest Territories*, Nova Scotia, Ontario,, Prince Edward Island, Quebec, +Saskatchewan, Yukon Territory*, Independence: + 1 July 1867 (from UK) +Constitution: + amended British North America Act 1867 patriated to Canada 17 April 1982; + charter of rights and unwritten customs +Legal system: based on English common law, except in Quebec, where civil law system based + on French law prevails; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with + reservations +National holiday: + Canada Day, 1 July (1867) +Political parties and leaders: + Progressive Conservative Party, Brian MULRONEY; Liberal Party, Jean + CHRETIEN; New Democratic Party, Audrey McLAUGHLIN; Reform Party, Preston + MANNING; Bloc Quebecois, Lucien BOUCHARD +Suffrage: + 18 years of age; universal +Elections: + House of Commons: + last held 21 November 1988 (next to be held by November 1993); results - + Progressive Conservative Party 43%, Liberal Party 32%, New Democratic Party + 20%, other 5%; seats - (295 total) Progressive Conservative Party 159, + Liberal Party 80, New Democratic Party 44, Bloc Quebecois 9, independents 3 +Executive branch: + British monarch, governor general, prime minister, deputy prime minister, + Cabinet +Legislative branch: + bicameral Parliament (Parlement) consists of an upper house or Senate + (Senat) and a lower house or House of Commons (Chambre des Communes) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General + Raymond John HNATYSHYN (since 29 January 1990) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Kim CAMBELL was chosen to replace Brian MULRONEY on 13 June + 1993 + +*Canada, Government + +Member of: + ACCT, AfDB, AG (observer), APEC, AsDB, Australia Group, BIS, C, CCC, CDB + (non-regional), COCOM, CP, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, ECLAC, ESA (cooperating state), + FAO, G-7, G-8, G-10, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IEA, + IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, + LORCS, MINURSO, MTCR, NACC, NAM (guest), NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS, OECD, ONUSAL, + PCA, UN, UNAVEM II, UNCTAD, UNDOF, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIKOM, + UNOMOZ, UNOSOM, UNPROFOR, UNTAC, UNTSO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WMO, WIPO, WTO, ZC +Diplomatic representation in US: + chief of mission: + Ambassador John DE CHASTELAIN + chancery: + 501 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20001 + telephone: + (202) 682-1740 + FAX: + (202) 682-7726 + consulates general: + Atlanta, Boston, Buffalo, Chicago, Cleveland, Dallas, Detroit, Los Angeles, + Minneapolis, New York, Philadelphia, San Francisco, and Seattle +US diplomatic representation: + chief of mission: + Ambassador-designate Governor James J. BLANCHARD + embassy: + 100 Wellington Street, K1P 5T1, Ottawa + mailing address: + P. O. Box 5000, Ogdensburg, NY 13669-0430 + telephone: + (613) 238-5335 or (613) 238-4470 + FAX: + (613) 238-5720 + consulates general: + Calgary, Halifax, Montreal, Quebec, Toronto, and Vancouver +Flag: + three vertical bands of red (hoist side), white (double width, square), and + red with a red maple leaf centered in the white band + +*Canada, Economy + +Overview: + As an affluent, high-tech industrial society, Canada today closely resembles + the US in per capita output, market-oriented economic system, and pattern of + production. Since World War II the impressive growth of the manufacturing, + mining, and service sectors has transformed the nation from a largely rural + economy into one primarily industrial and urban. In the 1980s, Canada + registered one of the highest rates of real growth among the OECD nations, + averaging about 3.2%. With its great natural resources, skilled labor force, + and modern capital plant, Canada has excellent economic prospects. However, + the continuing constitutional impasse between English- and French-speaking + areas has observers discussing a possible split in the confederation; foregn + investors have become edgy. +National product: + GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $537.1 billion (1992) +National product real growth rate: + 0.9% (1992) +National product per capita: + $19,600 (1992) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 1.5% (1992) +Unemployment rate: + 11.5% (December 1992) +Budget: + revenues $111.8 billion; expenditures $138.3 billion, including capital + expenditures of $NA (FY90 est.) +Exports: + $124.0 billion (f.o.b., 1991) + commodities: + newsprint, wood pulp, timber, crude petroleum, machinery, natural gas, + aluminum, motor vehicles and parts; telecommunications equipment + partners: + US, Japan, UK, Germany, South Korea, Netherlands, China +Imports: + $118 billion (c.i.f., 1991) + commodities: + crude oil, chemicals, motor vehicles and parts, durable consumer goods, + electronic computers; telecommunications equipment and parts + partners: + US, Japan, UK, Germany, France, Mexico, Taiwan, South Korea +External debt: + $247 billion (1987) +Industrial production: + growth rate 1% (1992); accounts for 34% of GDP +Electricity: + 109,340,000 kW capacity; 493,000 million kWh produced, 17,900 kWh per capita + (1992) +Industries: + processed and unprocessed minerals, food products, wood and paper products, + transportation equipment, chemicals, fish products, petroleum and natural + gas +Agriculture: + accounts for about 3% of GDP; one of the world's major producers and + exporters of grain (wheat and barley); key source of US agricultural + imports; large forest resources cover 35% of total land area; commercial + fisheries provide annual catch of 1.5 million metric tons, of which 75% is + exported + +*Canada, Economy + +Illicit drugs: + illicit producer of cannabis for the domestic drug market; use of + hydroponics technology permits growers to plant large quantities of + high-quality marijuana indoors; growing role as a transit point for heroin + and cocaine entering the US market +Economic aid: + donor - ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $7.2 billion +Currency: + 1 Canadian dollar (Can$) = 100 cents +Exchange rates: + Canadian dollars (Can$) per US$1 - 1.2776 (January 1993), 1.2087 (1992), + 1.1457 (1991), 1.1668 (1990), 1.1840 (1989), 1.2307 (1988) +Fiscal year: + 1 April - 31 March + +*Canada, Communications + +Railroads: + 146,444 km total; two major transcontinental freight railway systems - + Canadian National (government owned) and Canadian Pacific Railway; passenger + service - VIA (government operated); 158 km is electrified +Highways: + 884,272 km total; 712,936 km surfaced (250,023 km paved), 171,336 km earth +Inland waterways: + 3,000 km, including Saint Lawrence Seaway +Pipelines: + crude and refined oil 23,564 km; natural gas 74,980 km +Ports: + Halifax, Montreal, Quebec, Saint John (New Brunswick), Saint John's + (Newfoundland), Toronto, Vancouver +Merchant marine: + 63 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 454,582 GRT/646,329 DWT; includes 1 + passenger, 3 short-sea passenger, 2 passenger-cargo, 8 cargo, 2 railcar + carrier, 1 refrigerated cargo, 7 roll-on/roll-off, 1 container, 24 oil + tanker, 4 chemical tanker, 1 specialized tanker, 9 bulk; note - does not + include ships used exclusively in the Great Lakes +Airports: + total: + 1,420 + useable: + 1,142 + with permanent-surface runways: + 457 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 4 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 30 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 330 +Telecommunications: + excellent service provided by modern media; 18.0 million telephones; + broadcast stations - 900 AM, 29 FM, 53 (1,400 repeaters) TV; 5 coaxial + submarine cables; over 300 earth stations operating in INTELSAT (including 4 + Atlantic Ocean and 1 Pacific Ocean) and domestic systems + +*Canada, Defense Forces + +Branches: + Canadian Armed Forces (including Land Forces Command, Maritime Command, Air + Command, Communications Command, Training Command), Royal Canadian Mounted + Police (RCMP) +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 7,444,767; fit for military service 6,440,927; reach + military age (17) annually 191,884 (1993 est.) +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $11.3 billion, 2% of GDP (FY92/93) + +*Cape Verde, Geography + +Location: + in the southeastern North Atlantic Ocean, 500 km west of Senegal in Western + Africa +Map references: + Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World +Area: + total area: + 4,030 km2 + land area: + 4,030 km2 comparative area: + slightly larger than Rhode Island +Land boundaries: + 0 km +Coastline: + 965 km +Maritime claims: + measured from claimed archipelagic baselines + exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + territorial sea: + 12 nm +International disputes: + none +Climate: + temperate; warm, dry, summer; precipitation very erratic +Terrain: + steep, rugged, rocky, volcanic +Natural resources: + salt, basalt rock, pozzolana, limestone, kaolin, fish +Land use: + arable land: + 9% + permanent crops: + 0% + meadows and pastures: + 6% + forest and woodland: + 0% + other: + 85% +Irrigated land: + 20 km2 (1989 est.) +Environment: + subject to prolonged droughts; harmattan wind can obscure visibility; + volcanically and seismically active; deforestation; overgrazing +Note: + strategic location 500 km from west coast of Africa near major north-south + sea routes; important communications station; important sea and air + refueling site + +*Cape Verde, People + +Population: + 410,535 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 3.03% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 47.02 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 9.43 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + -7.31 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: 59.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 62.18 years + male: + 60.3 years + female: + 64.15 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 6.41 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Cape Verdean(s) + adjective: + Cape Verdean +Ethnic divisions: + Creole (mulatto) 71%, African 28%, European 1% +Religions: + Roman Catholicism fused with indigenous beliefs +Languages: + Portuguese, Crioulo, a blend of Portuguese and West African words +Literacy: + age 15 and over can read and write (1989) + total population: + 66% + male: + NA + female: + NA +Labor force: + 102,000 (1985 est.) + by occupation: + agriculture (mostly subsistence) 57%, services 29%, industry 14% (1981) + note: + 51% of population of working age (1985) + +*Cape Verde, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Republic of Cape Verde + conventional short form: + Cape Verde + local long form: + Republica de Cabo Verde + local short form: + Cabo Verde +Digraph: + CV +Type: + republic +Capital: + Praia +Administrative divisions: 14 districts (concelhos, singular - concelho); Boa Vista, Brava, Fogo, +Maio, + Paul, Praia, Porto Novo, Ribeira Grande, Sal, Santa Catarina, Santa Cruz, + Sao Nicolau, Sao Vicente, Tarrafal +Independence: + 5 July 1975 (from Portugal) +Constitution: + 7 September 1980; amended 12 February 1981, December 1988, and 28 September + 1990 (legalized opposition parties) +Legal system: + NA +National holiday: + Independence Day, 5 July (1975) +Political parties and leaders: + Movement for Democracy (MPD), Prime Minister Carlos VEIGA, founder and + chairman; African Party for Independence of Cape Verde (PAICV), Pedro Verona + Rodrigues PIRES, chairman +Suffrage: + 18 years of age; universal +Elections: + People's National Assembly: + last held 13 January 1991 (next to be held January 1996); results - percent + of vote by party NA; seats - (79 total) MPD 56, PAICV 23; note - this + multiparty Assembly election ended 15 years of single-party rule + President: + last held 17 February 1991 (next to be held February 1996); results - + Antonio Monteiro MASCARENHAS (MPD) received 72.6% of vote +Executive branch: + president, prime minister, deputy minister, secretaries of state, Council of + Ministers (cabinet) +Legislative branch: + unicameral People's National Assembly (Assembleia Nacional Popular) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Tribunal of Justice (Supremo Tribunal de Justia) +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Antonio Monteiro MASCARENHAS (since 22 March 1991) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Carlos Alberto Wahnon de Carvalho VEIGA (since 13 January + 1991) + +*Cape Verde, Government + +Member of: + ACP, AfDB, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, + IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOM (observer), ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, UN (Cape + Verde assumed a nonpermanent seat on the Security Council on 1 January + 1992), UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNOMOZ, UPU, WCL, WHO, WMO +Diplomatic representation in US: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Carlos Alberto Santos SILVA + chancery: + 3415 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20007 + telephone: + (202) 965-6820 consulate general: + Boston +US diplomatic representation: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Joseph SEGARS + embassy: + Rua Hoji Ya Henda 81, Praia + mailing address: + C. P. 201, Praia + telephone: + [238] 61-56-16 or 61-56-17 + FAX: + [238] 61-13-55 +Flag: + a new flag of unknown description reportedly has been adopted; previous flag + consisted of two equal horizontal bands of yellow (top) and green with a + vertical red band on the hoist side; in the upper portion of the red band is + a black five-pointed star framed by two corn stalks and a yellow clam shell; + uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia; similar to the flag of + Guinea-Bissau, which is longer and has an unadorned black star centered in + the red band + +*Cape Verde, Economy + +Overview: + Cape Verde's low per capita GDP reflects a poor natural resource base, a + serious, long-term drought, and a high birthrate. The economy is service + oriented, with commerce, transport, and public services accounting for 60% + of GDP. Although nearly 70% of the population lives in rural areas, + agriculture's share of GDP is only 16%; the fishing sector accounts for 4%. + About 90% of food must be imported. The fishing potential, mostly lobster + and tuna, is not fully exploited. In 1988 fishing represented only 3.5% of + GDP. Cape Verde annually runs a high trade deficit, financed by remittances + from emigrants and foreign aid. Economic reforms launched by the new + democratic government in February 1991 are aimed at developing the private + sector and attracting foreign investment to diversify the economy. +National product: + GDP - exchange rate conversion - $310 million (1990 est.) +National product real growth rate: + 4% (1990 est.) +National product per capita: + $800 (1990 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 8.7% (1991 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 25% (1988) +Budget: + revenues $104 million; expenditures $133 million, including capital + expenditures of $72 million (1991 est.) +Exports: + $5.7 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.) + commodities: + fish, bananas, hides and skins + partners: Portugal 40%, Algeria 31%, Angola, Netherlands (1990 est.) +Imports: + $120 million (c.i.f., 1990 est.) + commodities: + foodstuffs, consumer goods, industrial products, transport equipment + partners: + Sweden 33%, Spain 11%, Germany 5%, Portugal 3%, France 3%, Netherlands, US + (1990 est.) +External debt: + $156 million (1991) +Industrial production: + growth rate 18% (1988 est.); accounts for 4% of GDP +Electricity: + 15,000 kW capacity; 15 million kWh produced, 40 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + fish processing, salt mining, clothing factories, ship repair, construction + materials, food and beverage production +Agriculture: + accounts for 20% of GDP (including fishing); largely subsistence farming; + bananas are the only export crop; other crops - corn, beans, sweet potatoes, + coffee; growth potential of agricultural sector limited by poor soils and + scanty rainfall; annual food imports required; fish catch provides for both + domestic consumption and small exports +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY75-90), $93 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-90), $586 million; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $12 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $36 + million + +*Cape Verde, Economy + +Currency: + 1 Cape Verdean escudo (CVEsc) = 100 centavos +Exchange rates: + Cape Verdean escudos (CVEsc) per US$1 - 75.47 (January 1993), 73.10 (1992), + 71.41 (1991), 64.10 (November 1990), 74.86 (December 1989), 72.01 (1988) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +*Cape Verde, Communications + +Ports: + Mindelo, Praia +Merchant marine: + 7 cargo ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 11,717 GRT/19,000 DWT +Airports: + total: + 6 + usable: + 6 + with permanent-surface runways: + 6 with runways over 3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 1 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 2 +Telecommunications: + interisland microwave radio relay system, high-frequency radio to Senegal + and Guinea-Bissau; over 1,700 telephones; broadcast stations - 1 AM, 6 FM, 1 + TV; 2 coaxial submarine cables; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station + +*Cape Verde, Defense Forces + +Branches: + People's Revolutionary Armed Forces (FARP) (including Army and Navy), + Security Service +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 75,431; fit for military service 44,358 (1993 est.) +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP + +*Cayman Islands, Header + +Affiliation: + (dependent territory of the UK) + +*Cayman Islands, Geography + +Location: + in the northwestern Caribbean Sea, nearly halfway between Cuba and Honduras +Map references: + Central America and the Caribbean +Area: + total area: + 260 km2 + land area: + 260 km2 + comparative area: + slightly less than 1.5 times the size of Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + 0 km +Coastline: + 160 km +Maritime claims: + exclusive fishing zone: + 200 nm + territorial sea: + 3 nm +International disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical marine; warm, rainy summers (May to October) and cool, relatively + dry winters (November to April) +Terrain: + low-lying limestone base surrounded by coral reefs +Natural resources: + fish, climate and beaches that foster tourism +Land use: + arable land: + 0% + permanent crops: + 0% + meadows and pastures: + 8% + forest and woodland: + 23% + other: + 69% +Irrigated land: + NA km2 +Environment: + within the Caribbean hurricane belt +Note: + important location between Cuba and Central America + +*Cayman Islands, People + +Population: + 30,440 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 4.35% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 15.32 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 4.98 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + 33.2 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 8.4 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 77.1 years + male: + 75.37 years + female: + 78.81 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 1.48 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Caymanian(s) + adjective: + Caymanian +Ethnic divisions: mixed 40%, white 20%, black 20%, expatriates of various ethnic groups 20% +Religions: + United Church (Presbyterian and Congregational), Anglican, Baptist, Roman + Catholic, Church of God, other Protestant denominations +Languages: + English +Literacy: + age 15 and over having ever attended school (1970) + total population: + 98% + male: + 98% + female: + 98% +Labor force: + 8,061 + by occupation: + service workers 18.7%, clerical 18.6%, construction 12.5%, finance and + investment 6.7%, directors and business managers 5.9% (1979) + +*Cayman Islands, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + none + conventional short form: + Cayman Islands +Digraph: + CJ +Type: + dependent territory of the UK +Capital: + George Town +Administrative divisions: + 8 districts; Creek, Eastern, Midland, South Town, Spot Bay, Stake Bay, West + End, Western +Independence: + none (dependent territory of the UK) +Constitution: + 1959, revised 1972 +Legal system: + British common law and local statutes +National holiday: + Constitution Day (first Monday in July) +Political parties and leaders: + no formal political parties +Suffrage: + 18 years of age; universal +Elections: + Legislative Assembly: + last held November 1992 (next to be held November 1996); results - percent + of vote by party NA; seats - (15 total, 12 elected) +Executive branch: + British monarch, governor, Executive Council (cabinet) +Legislative branch: + unicameral Legislative Assembly +Judicial branch: + Grand Court, Cayman Islands Court of Appeal +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952) + Head of Government: + Governor and President of the Executive Council Michael GORE (since NA May + 1992) +Member of: + CARICOM (observer), CDB, INTERPOL (subbureau), IOC +Diplomatic representation in US: + as a dependent territory of the UK, Caymanian interests in the US are + represented by the UK +Flag: + blue, with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the + Caymanian coat of arms on a white disk centered on the outer half of the + flag; the coat of arms includes a pineapple and turtle above a shield with + three stars (representing the three islands) and a scroll at the bottom + bearing the motto HE HATH FOUNDED IT UPON THE SEAS + +*Cayman Islands, Economy + +Overview: + The economy depends heavily on tourism (70% of GDP and 75% of export + earnings) and offshore financial services, with the tourist industry aimed + at the luxury market and catering mainly to visitors from North America. + About 90% of the islands' food and consumer goods needs must be imported. + The Caymanians enjoy one of the highest standards of living in the region. +National product: + GDP - exchange rate conversion - $670 million (1991 est.) +National product real growth rate: + 4.4% (1991) +National product per capita: + $23,000 (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 8% (1990 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 7% (1992) +Budget: + revenues $141.5 million; expenditures $160.7 million, including capital + expenditures of $NA (1991) +Exports: + $1.5 million (f.o.b., 1987 est.) + commodities: + turtle products, manufactured consumer goods + partners: + mostly US +Imports: + $136 million (c.i.f., 1987 est.) + commodities: + foodstuffs, manufactured goods + partners: US, Trinidad and Tobago, UK, Netherlands Antilles, Japan +External debt: + $15 million (1986) +Industrial production: + growth rate NA% +Electricity: + 74,000 kW capacity; 256 million kWh produced, 8,780 kWh per capita (1992) +Industries: + tourism, banking, insurance and finance, construction, building materials, + furniture making +Agriculture: + minor production of vegetables, fruit, livestock; turtle farming +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $26.7 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $35 million +Currency: + 1 Caymanian dollar (CI$) = 100 cents +Exchange rates: + Caymanian dollars (CI$) per US$1 - 1.20 (fixed rate) +Fiscal year: + 1 April - 31 March + +*Cayman Islands, Communications + +Highways: + 160 km of main roads +Ports: + George Town, Cayman Brac +Merchant marine: + 29 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 307,738 GRT/468,659 DWT; includes 1 + passenger-cargo, 8 cargo, 8 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 3 oil tanker, 2 chemical + tanker, 1 liquefied gas carrier, 4 bulk, 2 combination bulk; note - a flag + of convenience registry +Airports: + total: + 3 + usable: + 3 + with permanent-surface runways: + 2 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 2 +Telecommunications: + 35,000 telephones; telephone system uses 1 submarine coaxial cable and 1 + Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station to link islands and access + international services; broadcast stations - 2 AM, 1 FM, no TV + +*Cayman Islands, Defense Forces + +Branches: + Royal Cayman Islands Police Force (RCIPF) +Note: + defense is the responsibility of the UK + +*Central African Republic, Geography + +Location: + Central Africa, between Chad and Zaire +Map references: + Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World +Area: + total area: + 622,980 km2 + land area: + 622,980 km2 + comparative area: + slightly smaller than Texas +Land boundaries: + total 5,203 km, Cameroon 797 km, Chad 1,197 km, Congo 467 km, Sudan 1,165 + km, Zaire 1,577 km +Coastline: + 0 km (landlocked) +Maritime claims: + none; landlocked +International disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical; hot, dry winters; mild to hot, wet summers +Terrain: + vast, flat to rolling, monotonous plateau; scattered hills in northeast and + southwest +Natural resources: + diamonds, uranium, timber, gold, oil +Land use: + arable land: + 3% + permanent crops: + 0% + meadows and pastures: + 5% + forest and woodland: + 64% + other: + 28% +Irrigated land: + NA km2 +Environment: + hot, dry, dusty harmattan winds affect northern areas; poaching has + diminished reputation as one of last great wildlife refuges; desertification +Note: + landlocked; almost the precise center of Africa + +*Central African Republic, People + +Population: + 3,073,979 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 2.23% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 42.77 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 20.49 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 138.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 42.94 years + male: + 41.46 years + female: + 44.45 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 5.47 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Central African(s) + adjective: + Central African +Ethnic divisions: + Baya 34%, Banda 27%, Sara 10%, Mandjia 21%, Mboum 4%, M'Baka 4%, Europeans + 6,500 (including 3,600 French) +Religions: + indigenous beliefs 24%, Protestant 25%, Roman Catholic 25%, Muslim 15%, + other 11% + note: + animistic beliefs and practices strongly influence the Christian majority +Languages: + French (official), Sangho (lingua franca and national language), Arabic, + Hunsa, Swahili +Literacy: + age 15 and over can read and write (1990) + total population: + 27% + male: + 33% + female: + 15% +Labor force: + 775,413 (1986 est.) + by occupation: + agriculture 85%, commerce and services 9%, industry 3%, government 3% + note: + about 64,000 salaried workers; 55% of population of working age (1985) + +*Central African Republic, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Central African Republic + conventional short form: + none + local long form: + Republique Centrafricaine + local short form: + none + former: + Central African Empire +Abbreviation: + CAR +Digraph: + CT +Type: + republic; one-party presidential regime since 1986 +Capital: + Bangui +Administrative divisions: + 14 prefectures (prefectures, singular - prefecture), 2 economic prefectures*, (prefectures +economiques, singular - prefecture economique), and 1 + commune**; Bamingui-Bangoran, Bangui** Basse-Kotto, Gribingui*, Haute-Kotto,, Haute-Sangha, +Haut-Mbomou, Kemo-Gribingui, Lobaye, Mbomou, Nana-Mambere, + Ombella-Mpoko, Ouaka, Ouham, Ouham-Pende, Sangha*, Vakaga, Independence: + 13 August 1960 (from France) +Constitution: + 21 November 1986 +Legal system: + based on French law +National holiday: + National Day, 1 December (1958) (proclamation of the republic) +Political parties and leaders: + Central African Democratic Party (RDC), the government party, Laurent + GOMINA-PAMPALI; Council of Moderates Coalition includes; Union of the People + for Economic and Social Development (UPDS), Katossy SIMANI; Liberal + Republican Party (PARELI), Augustin M'BOE; Central African Socialist + Movement (MSCA), Michel BENGUE; Concerted Democratic Forces (CFD), a + coalition of 13 parties, including; Alliance for Democracy and Progress + (ADP), Francois PEHOUA; Central African Republican party (PRC), Ruth + ROLLAND; Social Democratic Party (PSD), Enoch DERANT-LAKOUE; Civic Forum + (FC), Gen. Timothee MALENDOMA; Liberal Democratic Party (PLD), Nestor + KOMBOT-NAGUEMON +Suffrage: + 21 years of age; universal +Elections: + President: + last held 25 October 1992; widespread irregularities at some polls led to + dismissal of results by Supreme Court; elections are rescheduled for 17 + October 1993 + National Assembly: last held 25 October 1992; widespread irregularities at some polls led to + dismissal of results by Supreme Court; elections are rescheduled for 17 + October 1993 +Executive branch: + president, prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet) + +*Central African Republic, Government + +Legislative branch: + unicameral National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale) advised by the Economic + and Regional Council (Conseil Economique et Regional); when they sit + together this is known as the Congress (Congres) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court (Cour Supreme) +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Andre-Dieudonne KOLINGBA (since 1 September 1981) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Enoch DERANT-LAKOUE (since 2 March 1993) +Member of: + ACCT, ACP, AfDB, BDEAC, CCC, CEEAC, ECA, FAO, FZ, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, + ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, + OAU, UDEAC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO +Diplomatic representation in US: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Jean-Pierre SOHAHONG-KOMBET + chancery: + 1618 22nd Street NW, Washington, DC 20008 + telephone: + (202) 483-7800 or 7801 +US diplomatic representation: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Robert E. GRIBBIN + embassy: + Avenue David Dacko, Bangui + mailing address: + B. P. 924, Bangui + telephone: + [236] 61-02-00, 61-25-78, 61-43-33, 61-02-10 + FAX: + [236] 61-44-94 +Flag: + four equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, green, and yellow with a + vertical red band in center; there is a yellow five-pointed star on the + hoist side of the blue band + +*Central African Republic, Economy + +Overview: + Subsistence agriculture, including forestry, is the backbone of the CAR + economy, with more than 70% of the population living in the countryside. In + 1988 the agricultural sector generated about 40% of GDP. Agricultural + products accounted for about 60% of export earnings and the diamond industry + for 30%. Important constraints to economic development include the CAR's + landlocked position, a poor transportation system, and a weak human resource + base. Multilateral and bilateral development assistance, particularly from + France, plays a major role in providing capital for new investment. +National product: + GDP - exchange rate conversion - $1.3 billion (1990 est.) +National product real growth rate: + -3% (1990 est.) +National product per capita: + $440 (1990 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + -3% (1990 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 30% (1988 est.) in Bangui +Budget: + revenues $175 million; expenditures $312 million, including capital + expenditures of $122 million (1991 est.) +Exports: + $138 million (1991 est.) + commodities: + diamonds, cotton, coffee, timber, tobacco + partners: + France, Belgium, Italy, Japan, US +Imports: + $205 million (1991 est.) + commodities: + food, textiles, petroleum products, machinery, electrical equipment, motor + vehicles, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, consumer goods, industrial products + partners: + France, other EC countries, Japan, Algeria +External debt: + $859 million (1991) +Industrial production: + growth rate 4% (1990 est.); accounts for 14% of GDP +Electricity: + 40,000 kW capacity; 95 million kWh produced, 30 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + diamond mining, sawmills, breweries, textiles, footwear, assembly of + bicycles and motorcycles +Agriculture: + accounts for 40% of GDP; self-sufficient in food production except for + grain; commercial crops - cotton, coffee, tobacco, timber; food crops - + manioc, yams, millet, corn, bananas +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-90), $52 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-90), $1.6 billion; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $6 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $38 + million +Currency: + 1 CFA franc (CFAF) = 100 centimes +Exchange rates: + Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF) per US$1 - 274.06 (January + 1993), 264.69 (1992), 282.11 (1991), 272.26 (1990), 319.01 (1989), 297.85 + (1988) + +*Central African Republic, Economy + +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +*Central African Republic, Communications + +Highways: + 22,000 km total; 458 km bituminous, 10,542 km improved earth, 11,000 + unimproved earth +Inland waterways: + 800 km; traditional trade carried on by means of shallow-draft dugouts; + Oubangui is the most important river +Airports: + total: + 66 + usable: + 51 + with permanent-surface runways: + 3 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 2 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 20 +Telecommunications: + fair system; network relies primarily on radio relay links, with + low-capacity, low-powered radiocommunication also used; broadcast stations - + 1 AM, 1 FM, 1 TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station + +*Central African Republic, Defense Forces + +Branches: + Central African Army (including Republican Guard), Air Force, National + Gendarmerie, Police Force +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 685,575; fit for military service 358,836 (1993 est.) +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $23 million, 1.8% of GDP (1989 est.) + +*Chad, Geography + +Location: + Central Africa, between the Central African Republic and Libya +Map references: + Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World +Area: total area: + 1.284 million km2 + land area: + 1,259,200 km2 + comparative area: + slightly more than three times the size of California +Land boundaries: + total 5,968 km, Cameroon 1,094 km, Central African Republic 1,197 km, Libya + 1,055 km, Niger 1,175 km, Nigeria 87 km, Sudan 1,360 km +Coastline: + 0 km (landlocked) +Maritime claims: + none; landlocked +International disputes: + Libya claims and occupies the 100,000 km2 Aozou Strip in the far north; + demarcation of international boundaries in Lake Chad, the lack of which has + led to border incidents in the past, is completed and awaiting ratification + by Cameroon, Chad, Niger, and Nigeria +Climate: + tropical in south, desert in north +Terrain: + broad, arid plains in center, desert in north, mountains in northwest, + lowlands in south +Natural resources: + petroleum (unexploited but exploration under way), uranium, natron, kaolin, + fish (Lake Chad) +Land use: + arable land: + 2% + permanent crops: + 0% + meadows and pastures: + 36% + forest and woodland: + 11% + other: + 51% +Irrigated land: + 100 km2 (1989 est.) +Environment: + hot, dry, dusty harmattan winds occur in north; drought and desertification + adversely affecting south; subject to plagues of locusts +Note: + landlocked; Lake Chad is the most significant water body in the Sahel + +*Chad, People + +Population: + 5,350,971 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 2.13% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 42.21 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: 20.93 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 134 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 40.41 years + male: + 39.36 years + female: + 41.5 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 5.33 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Chadian(s) + adjective: + Chadian +Ethnic divisions: + north and center: + Muslims (Arabs, Toubou, Hadjerai, Fulbe, Kotoko, Kanembou, Baguirmi, + Boulala, Zaghawa, and Maba) + south: + non-Muslims (Sara, Ngambaye, Mbaye, Goulaye, Moundang, Moussei, Massa) + nonindigenous 150,000, of whom 1,000 are French +Religions: + Muslim 44%, Christian 33%, indigenous beliefs, animism 23% +Languages: + French (official), Arabic (official), Sara (in south), Sango (in south), + more than 100 different languages and dialects are spoken +Literacy: + age 15 and over can read and write French or Arabic (1990) + total population: + 30% + male: + 42% + female: + 18% +Labor force: + NA + by occupation: + agriculture 85% (engaged in unpaid subsistence farming, herding, and + fishing) + +*Chad, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Republic of Chad + conventional short form: + Chad + local long form: + Republique du Tchad local short form: + Tchad +Digraph: + CD +Type: + republic +Capital: + N'Djamena +Administrative divisions: + 14 prefectures (prefectures, singular - prefecture); Batha, Biltine, + Borkou-Ennedi-Tibesti, Chari-Baguirmi, Guera, Kanem, Lac, Logone Occidental, + Logone Oriental, Mayo-Kebbi, Moyen-Chari, Ouaddai, Salamat, Tandjile +Independence: + 11 August 1960 (from France) +Constitution: + 22 December 1989, suspended 3 December 1990; Provisional National Charter 1 + March 1991; national conference drafting new constitution to submit to + referendum January 1993 +Legal system: + based on French civil law system and Chadian customary law; has not accepted + compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + 11 August +Political parties and leaders: + Patriotic Salvation Movement (MPS; former dissident group), Idriss DEBY, + chairman + note: + President DEBY has promised political pluralism, a new constitution, and + free elections by September 1993; numerous dissident groups; 26 opposition + political parties +Other political or pressure groups: + NA +Suffrage: + universal at age NA +Elections: + National Consultative Council: + last held 8 July 1990; disbanded 3 December 1990 + President: + last held 10 December 1989 (next to be held NA); results - President Hissein + HABRE was elected without opposition; note - the government of then + President HABRE fell on 1 December 1990, and Idriss DEBY seized power on 3 + December 1990; national conference opened 15 January 1993; election to + follow by end of year +Executive branch: + president, Council of State (cabinet) +Legislative branch: + unicameral National Consultative Council (Conseil National Consultatif) was + disbanded 3 December 1990 and replaced by the Provisional Council of the + Republic, with 30 members appointed by President DEBY on 8 March 1991 +Judicial branch: + Court of Appeal + +*Chad, Government + +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Col. Idriss DEBY (since 4 December 1990) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Joseph YODOYMAN (since NA August 1992) +Member of: + ACCT, ACP, AfDB, BDEAC, CEEAC, ECA, FAO, FZ, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, + IDA, IDB, IFAD, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, + OIC, UDEAC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation in US: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Kombaria Loumaye MEKONYO + chancery: + 2002 R Street NW, Washington, DC 20009 + telephone: + (202) 462-4009 +US diplomatic representation: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Richard W. BOGOSIAN + embassy: + Avenue Felix Eboue, N'Djamena + mailing address: + B. P. 413, N'Djamena + telephone: + [235] (51) 62-18, 40-09, or 51-62-11 + FAX: + [235] 51-33-72 +Flag: + three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, and red; similar to + the flag of Romania; also similar to the flag of Andorra, which has a + national coat of arms featuring a quartered shield centered in the yellow + band; design was based on the flag of France + +*Chad, Economy + +Overview: + The climate, geographic location, and lack of infrastructure and natural + resources make Chad one of the most underdeveloped countries in the world. + Its economy is burdened by the ravages of civil war, conflict with Libya, + drought, and food shortages. In 1986 real GDP returned to its 1977 level, + with cotton, the major cash crop, accounting for 48% of exports. Over 80% of + the work force is employed in subsistence farming and fishing. Industry is + based almost entirely on the processing of agricultural products, including + cotton, sugarcane, and cattle. Chad is highly dependent on foreign aid, with + its economy in trouble and many regions suffering from shortages. Oil + companies are exploring areas north of Lake Chad and in the Doba basin in + the south. Good crop weather led to 8.4% growth in 1991. +National product: + GDP - exchange rate conversion - $1.1 billion (1991 est.) +National product real growth rate: + 8.4% (1991 est.) +National product per capita: + $215 (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): 2%-3% (1991 est.) +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $115 million; expenditures $412 million, including capital + expenditures of $218 million (1991 est.) +Exports: + $193.9 million (f.o.b., 1991) + commodities: + cotton 48%, cattle 35%, textiles 5%, fish + partners: + France, Nigeria, Cameroon +Imports: + $294.1 million (f.o.b., 1991) + commodities: + machinery and transportation equipment 39%, industrial goods 20%, petroleum + products 13%, foodstuffs 9%; note - excludes military equipment + partners: + US, France, Nigeria, Cameroon +External debt: + $492 million (December 1990 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 12.9% (1989 est.); accounts for nearly 15% of GDP +Electricity: + 40,000 kW capacity; 70 million kWh produced, 15 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + cotton textile mills, slaughterhouses, brewery, natron (sodium carbonate), + soap, cigarettes +Agriculture: + accounts for about 45% of GDP; largely subsistence farming; cotton most + important cash crop; food crops include sorghum, millet, peanuts, rice, + potatoes, manioc; livestock - cattle, sheep, goats, camels; self-sufficient + in food in years of adequate rainfall +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $198 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1.5 billion; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $28 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $80 + million +Currency: + 1 CFA franc (CFAF) = 100 centimes + +*Chad, Economy + +Exchange rates: + Communaute Financiere Africaine Francs (CFAF) per US$1 - 274.06 (January + 1993), 264.69 (1992), 282.11 (1991), 272.26 (1990), 319.01 (1989), 297.85 + (1988) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +*Chad, Communications + +Highways: + 31,322 km total; 32 km bituminous; 7,300 km gravel and laterite; remainder + unimproved earth +Inland waterways: + 2,000 km navigable +Airports: + total: + 69 + usable: + 55 + with permanent-surface runways: + 5 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 4 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 24 +Telecommunications: + fair system of radiocommunication stations for intercity links; broadcast + stations - 6 AM, 1 FM, limited TV service; many facilities are inoperative; + 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station + +*Chad, Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army (includes Ground Forces, Air Force, and Gendarmerie), Republican Guard +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 1,246,617; fit for military service 647,908; reach military + age (20) annually 52,870 (1993 est.) +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $58 million, 5.6% of GDP (1989) + +*Chile, Geography + +Location: + Western South America, bordering the South Pacific Ocean between Argentina + and Peru +Map references: + South America, Standard Time Zones of the World +Area: + total area: + 756,950 km2 + land area: + 748,800 km2 + comparative area: + slightly smaller than twice the size of Montana + note: + includes Isla de Pascua (Easter Island) and Isla Sala y Gomez +Land boundaries: + total 6,171 km, Argentina 5,150 km, Bolivia 861 km, Peru 160 km +Coastline: 6,435 km +Maritime claims: + contiguous zone: + 24 nm + continental shelf: + 200 nm + exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + territorial sea: + 12 nm +International disputes: + short section of the southern boundary with Argentina is indefinite; Bolivia + has wanted a sovereign corridor to the South Pacific Ocean since the Atacama + area was lost to Chile in 1884; dispute with Bolivia over Rio Lauca water + rights; territorial claim in Antarctica (Chilean Antarctic Territory) + partially overlaps Argentine and British claims +Climate: + temperate; desert in north; cool and damp in south +Terrain: + low coastal mountains; fertile central valley; rugged Andes in east +Natural resources: + copper, timber, iron ore, nitrates, precious metals, molybdenum +Land use: + arable land: + 7% + permanent crops: + 0% + meadows and pastures: + 16% + forest and woodland: + 21% + other: + 56% +Irrigated land: + 12,650 km2 (1989 est.) +Environment: + subject to severe earthquakes, active volcanism, tsunami; Atacama Desert one + of world's driest regions; desertification +Note: + strategic location relative to sea lanes between Atlantic and Pacific Oceans + (Strait of Magellan, Beagle Channel, Drake Passage) + +*Chile, People + +Population: + 13,739,759 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 1.54% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 20.9 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 5.55 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 15.9 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 74.15 years + male: + 71.16 years + female: + 77.29 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 2.51 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Chilean(s) + adjective: + Chilean +Ethnic divisions: + European and European-Indian 95%, Indian 3%, other 2% +Religions: + Roman Catholic 89%, Protestant 11%, Jewish +Languages: + Spanish +Literacy: + age 15 and over can read and write (1990) + total population: + 93% + male: + 94% + female: + 93% +Labor force: + 4.728 million + by occupation: + services 38.3% (includes government 12%), industry and commerce 33.8%, + agriculture, forestry, and fishing 19.2%, mining 2.3%, construction 6.4% + (1990) + +*Chile, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Republic of Chile + conventional short form: + Chile + local long form: + Republica de Chile + local short form: + Chile +Digraph: + CI +Type: + republic +Capital: + Santiago +Administrative divisions: + 13 regions (regiones, singular - region); Aisen del General Carlos Ibanez + del Campo, Antofagasta, Araucania, Atacama, Bio-Bio, Coquimbo, Libertador + General Bernardo O'Higgins, Los Lagos, Magallanes y de la Antartica Chilena, + Maule, Region Metropolitana, Tarapaca, Valparaiso + note: + the US does not recognize claims to Antarctica +Independence: + 18 September 1810 (from Spain) +Constitution: + 11 September 1980, effective 11 March 1981; amended 30 July 1989 +Legal system: + based on Code of 1857 derived from Spanish law and subsequent codes + influenced by French and Austrian law; judicial review of legislative acts + in the Supreme Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + Independence Day, 18 September (1810) +Political parties and leaders: + Concertation of Parties for Democracy consists mainly of four parties: PDC, + PPD, PR, PS; Christian Democratic Party (PDC), Eduardo FREI Ruiz-Tagle; + Party for Democracy (PPD), Sergio BITAR; Radical Party (PR), Carlos GONZALEZ + Marquez; Sociaistl Party (PS), German CORREA; Independent Democratic Union + (UDI), Jovino NOVOA; National Renovation (RN), Andree ALLAMAND; + Center-Center Union (UCC), Francisco Juner ERRAZURIZ; Communist Party of + Chile (PCCh), Volodia TEITELBOIM; Allende Leftist Democratic Movement + (MIDA), Mario PALESTRO +Other political or pressure groups: + revitalized university student federations at all major universities + dominated by opposition political groups; labor - United Labor Central (CUT) + includes trade unionists from the country's five largest labor + confederations; Roman Catholic Church +Suffrage: + 18 years of age; universal and compulsory +Elections: + Chamber of Deputies: + last held 14 December 1989 (next to be held December 1993); results - + percent of vote by party NA; seats - (120 total) Concertation of Parties for + Democracy 71 (PDC 38, PPD 17, PR 5, other 11), RN 29, UDI 11, right-wing + independents 9 + President: + last held 14 December 1989 (next to be held December 1993); results - + Patricio AYLWIN (PDC) 55.2%, Hernan BUCHI 29.4%, other 15.4% + +*Chile, Government + + Senate: + last held 14 December 1989 (next to be held December 1993); results - + percent of vote by party NA; seats - (46 total, 38 elected) Concertation of + Parties for Democracy 22 (PDC 13, PPD 5, PR 2, PSD 1, PRSD 1), RN 6, UDI 2, + right-wing independents 8 +Executive branch: + president, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + bicameral National Congress (Congreso Nacional) consisting of an upper house + or Senate (Senado) and a lower house or Chamber of Deputies (Camara de + Diputados) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court (Corte Suprema) +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + President Patricio AYLWIN Azocar (since 11 March 1990) +Member of: + CCC, ECLAC, FAO, G-11, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, + IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LAES, + LAIA, LORCS, OAS, OPANAL, PCA, RG, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIKOM, + UNMOGIP, UNTAC, UNTSO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation in US: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Patricio SILVA Echenique + chancery: + 1732 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036 + telephone: + (202) 785-1746 + consulates general: + Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, Philadelphia, and San Francisco +US diplomatic representation: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Curtis W. KAMMAN + embassy: + Codina Building, 1343 Agustinas, Santiago + mailing address: + APO AA 34033 + telephone: + [56] (2) 671-0133 + FAX: + [56] (2) 699-1141 +Flag: + two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and red; there is a blue square + the same height as the white band at the hoist-side end of the white band; + the square bears a white five-pointed star in the center; design was based + on the US flag + +*Chile, Economy + +Overview: + The government of President AYLWIN, which took power in 1990, retained the + economic policies of PINOCHET, although the share of spending for social + welfare has risen steadily. In 1991 growth in GDP recovered to 6% (led by + consumer spending) after only 2% growth in 1990. The pace accelerated in + 1992 as the result of strong investment and export growth, and GDP rose + 10.4%. Nonetheless, inflation fell further, to 12.7%, compared with 27.3% in + 1990 and 18.7% in 1991. The buoyant economy spurred a 25% growth in imports, + and the trade surplus fell in 1992, although international reserves + increased. Inflationary pressures are not expected to ease much in 1993, and + economic growth is likely to approach 7%. +National product: + GDP - exchange rate conversion - $34.7 billion (1992 est.) +National product real growth rate: 10.4% (1992) +National product per capita: + $2,550 (1992) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 12.7% (1992) +Unemployment rate: + 4.9% (1992) +Budget: + revenues $10.9 billion; expenditures $10.9 billion, including capital + expenditures of $1.2 billion (1993) +Exports: + $10 billion (f.o.b., 1992) + commodities: + copper 41%, other metals and minerals 8.7%, wood products 7.1%, fish and + fishmeal 9.8%, fruits 8.4% (1991) + partners: + EC 32%, US 18%, Japan 18%, Brazil 5% (1991) +Imports: + $9.2 billion (f.o.b., 1992) + commodities: + capital goods 25.2%, spare parts 24.8%, raw materials 15.4%, petroleum 10%, + foodstuffs 5.7% + partners: + US 21%, EC 18%, Brazil 9%, Japan 8% (1991) +External debt: + $16.9 billion (year end 1991) +Industrial production: + growth rate 14.56% (1992); accounts for 34% of GDP +Electricity: + 5,769,000 kW capacity; 22,010 million kWh produced, 1,630 kWh per capita + (1992) +Industries: + copper, other minerals, foodstuffs, fish processing, iron and steel, wood + and wood products, transport equipment, cement, textiles +Agriculture: + accounts for about 9% of GDP (including fishing and forestry); major + exporter of fruit, fish, and timber products; major crops - wheat, corn, + grapes, beans, sugar beets, potatoes, deciduous fruit; livestock products - + beef, poultry, wool; self-sufficient in most foods; 1991 fish catch of 6.6 + million metric tons; net agricultural importer +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $521 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1.6 billion; + Communist countries (1970-89), $386 million + +*Chile, Economy + +Currency: + 1 Chilean peso (Ch$) = 100 centavos +Exchange rates: + Chilean pesos (Ch$) per US$1 - 384.04 (January 1993), 362.59 (1992), 349.37 + (1991), 305.06 (1990), 267.16 (1989), 245.05 (1988) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +*Chile, Communications + +Railroads: + 7,766 km total; 3,974 km 1.676-meter gauge, 150 km 1.435-meter standard + gauge, 3,642 km 1.000-meter gauge; 1,865 km 1.676-meter gauge and 80 km + 1.000-meter gauge electrified +Highways: + 79,025 km total; 9,913 km paved, 33,140 km gravel, 35,972 km improved and + unimproved earth (1984) +Inland waterways: + 725 km +Pipelines: + crude oil 755 km; petroleum products 785 km; natural gas 320 km +Ports: + Antofagasta, Iquique, Puerto Montt, Punta Arenas, Valparaiso, San Antonio, + Talcahuano, Arica +Merchant marine: + 31 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 445,330 GRT/756,018 DWT; includes 8 + cargo, 1 refrigerated cargo, 3 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 2 oil tanker, 3 + chemical tanker, 3 liquefied gas tanker, 3 combination ore/oil, 8 bulk; note + - in addition, 1 naval tanker and 1 military transport are sometimes used + commercially +Airports: + total: + 396 + usable: + 351 + with permanent-surface runways: + 48 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 13 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 57 +Telecommunications: + modern telephone system based on extensive microwave radio relay facilities; + 768,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 159 AM, no FM, 131 TV, 11 + shortwave; satellite ground stations - 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 3 + domestic + +*Chile, Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army of the Nation, National Navy (including Naval Air, Coast Guard, and + Marines), Air Force of the Nation, Carabineros of Chile (National Police), + Investigative Police +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 3.653 million; fit for military service 2,722,479; reach + military age (19) annually 119,434 (1993 est.) +Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $1 billion, 3.4% of GDP (1991 est.) + +*China, Header + +Affiliation: + (also see separate Taiwan entry) + +*China, Geography + +Location: + East Asia, between India and Mongolia +Map references: + Asia, Southeast Asia, Standard Time Zones of the World +Area: + total area: + 9,596,960 km2 + land area: + 9,326,410 km2 + comparative area: + slightly larger than the US +Land boundaries: + total 22,143.34 km, Afghanistan 76 km, Bhutan 470 km, Burma 2,185 km, Hong + Kong 30 km, India 3,380 km, Kazakhstan 1,533 km, North Korea 1,416 km, + Kyrgyzstan 858 km, Laos 423 km, Macau 0.34 km, Mongolia 4,673 km, Nepal + 1,236 km, Pakistan 523 km, Russia (northeast) 3,605 km, Russia (northwest) + 40 km, Tajikistan 414 km, Vietnam 1,281 km +Coastline: + 14,500 km +Maritime claims: + continental shelf: + claim to shallow areas of East China Sea and Yellow Sea + territorial sea: + 12 nm +International disputes: + boundary with India; bilateral negotiations are under way to resolve + disputed sections of the boundary with Russia; boundary with Tajikistan + under dispute; a short section of the boundary with North Korea is + indefinite; involved in a complex dispute over the Spratly Islands with + Malaysia, Philippines, Taiwan, Vietnam, and possibly Brunei; maritime + boundary dispute with Vietnam in the Gulf of Tonkin; Paracel Islands + occupied by China, but claimed by Vietnam and Taiwan; claims + Japanese-administered Senkaku-shoto, as does Taiwan, (Senkaku Islands/Diaoyu + Tai) +Climate: + extremely diverse; tropical in south to subarctic in north +Terrain: + mostly mountains, high plateaus, deserts in west; plains, deltas, and hills + in east +Natural resources: + coal, iron ore, petroleum, mercury, tin, tungsten, antimony, manganese, + molybdenum, vanadium, magnetite, aluminum, lead, zinc, uranium, world's + largest hydropower potential +Land use: + arable land: + 10% + permanent crops: + 0% + meadows and pastures: + 31% + forest and woodland: + 14% + other: + 45% +Irrigated land: + 478,220 km2 (1991 - Chinese statistic) + +*China, Geography + +Environment: + frequent typhoons (about five times per year along southern and eastern + coasts), damaging floods, tsunamis, earthquakes; deforestation; soil + erosion; industrial pollution; water pollution; air pollution; + desertification +Note: + world's third-largest country (after Russia and Canada) + +*China, People + +Population: + 1,177,584,537 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 1.1% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 18.29 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 7.34 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 52.1 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 67.74 years + male: + 66.78 years + female: + 68.8 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 1.85 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Chinese (singular and plural) + adjective: + Chinese +Ethnic divisions: + Han Chinese 91.9%, Zhuang, Uygur, Hui, Yi, Tibetan, Miao, Manchu, Mongol, + Buyi, Korean, and other nationalities 8.1% +Religions: + Daoism (Taoism), Buddhism, Muslim 2-3%, Christian 1% (est.) + note: + officially atheist, but traditionally pragmatic and eclectic +Languages: + Standard Chinese (Putonghua) or Mandarin (based on the Beijing dialect), Yue + (Cantonese), Wu (Shanghainese), Minbei (Fuzhou), Minnan (Hokkien-Taiwanese), + Xiang, Gan, Hakka dialects, minority languages (see Ethnic divisions entry) +Literacy: + age 15 and over can read and write (1990) + total population: + 73% + male: + 84% + female: + 62% +Labor force: + 567.4 million + by occupation: + agriculture and forestry 60%, industry and commerce 25%, construction and + mining 5%, social services 5%, other 5% (1990 est.) + +*China, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + People's Republic of China + conventional short form: + China + local long form: + Zhonghua Renmin Gongheguo + local short form: + Zhong Guo +Abbreviation: + PRC +Digraph: + CH +Type: + Communist state +Capital: + Beijing +Administrative divisions: + 23 provinces (sheng, singular and plural), 5 autonomous regions* (zizhiqu,, singular and +plural), and 3 municipalities** (shi, singular and plural);, Anhui, Beijing Shi**, Fujian, Gansu,, +Guangdong, Guangxi*, Guizhou, Hainan,, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, +Jilin, Liaoning, + Nei Mongol*, Ningxia*, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanghai Shi**, Shanxi,, Sichuan, Tianjin +Shi**, Xinjiang*, Xizang* (Tibet), Yunnan, Zhejiang, note: + China considers Taiwan its 23rd province +Independence: 221 BC (unification under the Qin or Ch'in Dynasty 221 BC; Qing or Ch'ing + Dynasty replaced by the Republic on 12 February 1912; People's Republic + established 1 October 1949) +Constitution: + most recent promulgated 4 December 1982 +Legal system: + a complex amalgam of custom and statute, largely criminal law; rudimentary + civil code in effect since 1 January 1987; new legal codes in effect since 1 + January 1980; continuing efforts are being made to improve civil, + administrative, criminal, and commercial law +National holiday: + National Day, 1 October (1949) +Political parties and leaders: + Chinese Communist Party (CCP), JIANG Zemin, general secretary of the Central + Committee (since 24 June 1989); eight registered small parties controlled by + CCP +Other political or pressure groups: + such meaningful opposition as exists consists of loose coalitions, usually + within the party and government organization, that vary by issue +Suffrage: + 18 years of age; universal +Elections: + National People's Congress: + last held March 1993 (next to be held March 1998); results - CCP is the only + party but there are also independents; seats - (2,977 total) (elected at + county or xian level) + President: + last held 27 March 1993 (next to be held NA 1998); results - JIANG Zemin was + nominally elected by the Eighth National People's Congress +Executive branch: + president, vice president, premier, four vice premiers, State Council + +*China, Government + +Legislative branch: + unicameral National People's Congress (Quanguo Renmin Daibiao Dahui) +Judicial branch: + Supreme People's Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President JIANG Zemin (since 27 March 1993); Vice President RONG Yiren + (since 27 March 1993) + Chief of State and Head of Government (de facto): + DENG Xiaoping (since NA 1977) + Head of Government: + Premier LI Peng (Acting Premier since 24 November 1987, Premier since 9 + April 1988) Vice Premier ZHU Rongji (since 8 April 1991); Vice Premier ZOU + Jiahua (since 8 April 1991); Vice Premier QIAN Qichen (since 29 March 1993); + Vice Premier LI Lanqing (29 March 1993) +Member of: + AfDB, APEC, AsDB, CCC, ESCAP, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, + IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, MINURSO, NAM + (observer), PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UN Security + Council, UNTAC, UNTSO, UN Trusteeship Council, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation in US: + chief of mission: + Ambassador LI Daoyu + chancery: + 2300 Connecticut Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 + telephone: + (202) 328-2500 through 2502 + consulates general: + Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, New York, and San Francisco +US diplomatic representation: + chief of mission: + Ambassador J. Stapleton ROY + embassy: + Xiu Shui Bei Jie 3, Beijing + mailing address: + 100600, PSC 461, Box 50, Beijing or FPO AP 96521-0002 + telephone: + [86] (1) 532-3831 + FAX: + [86] (1) 532-3178 + consulates general: + Chengdu, Guangzhou, Shanghai, Shenyang +Flag: + red with a large yellow five-pointed star and four smaller yellow + five-pointed stars (arranged in a vertical arc toward the middle of the + flag) in the upper hoist-side corner + +*China, Economy + +Overview: + Beginning in late 1978 the Chinese leadership has been trying to move the + economy from the sluggish Soviet-style centrally planned economy to a more + productive and flexible economy with market elements, but still within the + framework of monolithic Communist control. To this end the authorities have + switched to a system of household responsibility in agriculture in place of + the old collectivization, increased the authority of local officials and + plant managers in industry, permitted a wide variety of small-scale + enterprise in services and light manufacturing, and opened the foreign + economic sector to increased trade and joint ventures. The most gratifying + result has been a strong spurt in production, particularly in agriculture in + the early 1980s. Industry also has posted major gains, especially in coastal + areas near Hong Kong and opposite Taiwan, where foreign investment and + modern production methods have helped spur production of both domestic and + export goods. Aggregate output has more than doubled since 1978. On the + darker side, the leadership has often experienced in its hybrid system the + worst results of socialism (bureaucracy, lassitude, corruption) and of + capitalism (windfall gains and stepped-up inflation). Beijing thus has + periodically backtracked, retightening central controls at intervals and + thereby lessening the credibility of the reform process. In 1991, and again + in 1992, output rose substantially, particularly in the favored coastal + areas. Popular resistance, changes in central policy, and loss of authority + by rural cadres have weakened China's population control program, which is + essential to the nation's long-term economic viability. +National product: GNP $NA +National product real growth rate: + 12.8% (1992 est.) +National product per capita: + $NA +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 5.4% (1992) +Unemployment rate: + 2.3% in urban areas (1992) +Budget: + deficit $16.3 billion (1992) +Exports: + $85.0 billion (f.o.b., 1992) + commodities: + textiles, garments, telecommunications and recording equipment, petroleum, + minerals + partners: + Hong Kong and Macau, Japan, US, Germany, South Korea, Russia (1992) +Imports: + $80.6 billion (c.i.f., 1992) + commodities: + specialized industrial machinery, chemicals, manufactured goods, steel, + textile yarn, fertilizer + partners: + Hong Kong and Macau, Japan, US, Taiwan, Germany, Russia (1992) +External debt: + $69.3 billion (1992) +Industrial production: + growth rate 20.8% (1992) +Electricity: + 158,690,000 kW capacity; 740,000 million kWh produced, 630 kWh per capita + (1992) + +*China, Economy + +Industries: + iron and steel, coal, machine building, armaments, textiles, petroleum, + cement, chemical fertilizers, consumer durables, food processing +Agriculture: + accounts for 26% of GNP; among the world's largest producers of rice, + potatoes, sorghum, peanuts, tea, millet, barley, and pork; commercial crops + include cotton, other fibers, and oilseeds; produces variety of livestock + products; basically self-sufficient in food; fish catch of 13.35 million + metric tons (including fresh water and pond raised) (1991) +Illicit drugs: + illicit producer of opium in at least 18 provinces and administrative + regions; bulk of production is in Yunnan Province; transshipment point for + heroin produced in the Golden Triangle +Economic aid: + donor - to less developed countries (1970-89) $7.0 billion; US commitments, + including Ex-Im (FY70-87), $220.7 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA + and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $13.5 billion +Currency: + 1 yuan (Y) = 10 jiao +Exchange rates: + yuan (Y) per US$1 - 5.7640 (January 1993), 5.5146 (1992), 5.3234 (1991), + 4.7832 (1990), 3.7651 (1989), 3.7221 (1988) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +*China, Communications + +Railroads: + total about 64,000 km; 54,000 km of common carrier lines, of which 53,400 km + are 1.435-meter gauge (standard) and 600 km are 1.000-meter gauge (narrow); + 11,200 km of standard gauge common carrier route are double tracked and + 6,900 km are electrified (1990); an additional 10,000 km of varying gauges + (0.762 to 1.067-meter) are dedicated industrial lines +Highways: + about 1,029,000 km (1990) total; 170,000 km (est.) paved roads, 648,000 km + (est.) gravel/improved earth roads, 211,000 km (est.) unimproved earth roads + and tracks +Inland waterways: + 138,600 km; about 109,800 km navigable +Pipelines: + crude oil 9,700 km (1990); petroleum products 1,100 km; natural gas 6,200 km +Ports: + Dalian, Guangzhou, Huangpu, Qingdao, Qinhuangdao, Shanghai, Xingang, + Zhanjiang, Ningbo, Xiamen, Tanggu, Shantou +Merchant marine: + 1,478 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 14,029,320 GRT/21,120,522 DWT; + includes 25 passenger, 42 short-sea passenger, 18 passenger-cargo, 6 + cargo/training, 811 cargo, 11 refrigerated cargo, 81 container, 18 + roll-on/roll-off cargo, 1 multifunction/barge carrier, 177 oil tanker, 11 + chemical tanker, 263 bulk, 3 liquefied gas, 1 vehicle carrier, 9 combination + bulk, 1 barge carrier; note - China beneficially owns an additional 227 + ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling approximately 6,187,117 DWT that operate + under Panamanian, British, Hong Kong, Maltese, Liberian, Vanuatu, Cypriot, + Saint Vincent, Bahamian, and Romanian registry +Airports: + total: + 330 + usable: + 330 + with permanent-surface runways: + 260 + with runways over 3,500 m: + fewer than 10 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 90 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 200 +Telecommunications: + domestic and international services are increasingly available for private + use; unevenly distributed internal system serves principal cities, + industrial centers, and most townships; 11,000,000 telephones (December + 1989); broadcast stations - 274 AM, unknown FM, 202 (2,050 repeaters) TV; + more than 215 million radio receivers; 75 million TVs; satellite earth + stations - 4 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT, 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT, 1 INMARSAT, + and 55 domestic + +*China, Defense Forces + +Branches: + People's Liberation Army (PLA), PLA Navy (including Marines), PLA Air Force +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 343,361,925; fit for military service 190,665,512; reach + military age (18) annually 10,844,047 (1993 est.) +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GNP + +*Christmas Island, Header + +Affiliation: + (territory of Australia) + +*Christmas Island, Geography + +Location: + in the Indian Ocean, between Australia and Indonesia +Map references: + Southeast Asia +Area: + total area: + 135 km2 + land area: + 135 km2 + comparative area: + about 0.8 times the size of Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + 0 km +Coastline: + 138.9 km +Maritime claims: + contiguous zone: + 12 nm + exclusive fishing zone: + 200 nm + territorial sea: + 3 nm +International disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical; heat and humidity moderated by trade winds +Terrain: + steep cliffs along coast rise abruptly to central plateau +Natural resources: + phosphate +Land use: + arable land: + 0% + permanent crops: + 0% + meadows and pastures: + 0% + forest and woodland: + 0% + other: + 100% +Irrigated land: + NA km2 +Environment: + almost completely surrounded by a reef +Note: + located along major sea lanes of Indian Ocean + +*Christmas Island, People + +Population: + 1,685 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + -2.44% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + NA births/1,000 population +Death rate: + NA deaths/1,000 population +Net migration rate: + NA migrant(s)/1,000 population +Infant mortality rate: + NA deaths/1,000 live births +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + NA years + male: + NA years + female: + NA years +Total fertility rate: + NA children born/woman +Nationality: + noun: + Christmas Islander(s) + adjective: + Christmas Island +Ethnic divisions: + Chinese 61%, Malay 25%, European 11%, other 3%, no indigenous population +Religions: + Buddhist 36.1%, Muslim 25.4%, Christian 17.7% (Roman Catholic 8.2%, Church + of England 3.2%, Presbyterian 0.9%, Uniting Church 0.4%, Methodist 0.2%, + Baptist 0.1%, and other 4.7%), none 12.7%, unknown 4.6%, other 3.5% (1981) +Languages: + English +Literacy: + total population: + NA% + male: + NA% + female: + NA% +Labor force: + NA + by occupation: + all workers are employees of the Phosphate Mining Company of Christmas + Island, Ltd. + +*Christmas Island, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Territory of Christmas Island + conventional short form: + Christmas Island +Digraph: + KT +Type: + territory of Australia +Capital: + The Settlement +Administrative divisions: + none (territory of Australia) +Independence: + none (territory of Australia) +Constitution: + Christmas Island Act of 1958 +Legal system: + under the authority of the governor general of Australia +National holiday: + NA +Political parties and leaders: + none +Executive branch: + British monarch, governor general of Australia, administrator, Advisory + Council (cabinet) +Legislative branch: + none +Judicial branch: + none +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952) + Head of Government: + Administrator M. J. GRIMES (since NA) +Member of: + none +Diplomatic representation in US: + none (territory of Australia) +US diplomatic representation: + none (territory of Australia) +Flag: + the flag of Australia is used + +*Christmas Island, Economy + +Overview: + Phosphate mining had been the only significant economic activity, but in + December 1987 the Australian Government closed the mine as no longer + economically viable. Plans have been under way to reopen the mine and also + to build a casino and hotel to develop tourism, with a possible opening date + during the first half of 1992. +National product: + GDP $NA +National product real growth rate: + NA% +National product per capita: + $NA +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + NA% +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA +Exports: + $NA + commodities: + phosphate + partners: + Australia, NZ +Imports: + $NA + commodities: + consumer goods + partners: + principally Australia +External debt: + $NA +Industrial production: + growth rate NA% +Electricity: + 11,000 kW capacity; 30 million kWh produced, 17,800 kWh per capita (1990) +Industries: + phosphate extraction (near depletion) +Agriculture: + NA +Economic aid: + none +Currency: + 1 Australian dollar ($A) = 100 cents +Exchange rates: + Australian dollars ($A) per US$1 - 1.4837 (January 1993), 1.3600 (1992), + 1.2836 (1991), 1.2799 (1990), 1.2618 (1989), 1.2752 (1988) +Fiscal year: + 1 July - 30 June + +*Christmas Island, Communications + +Highways: + adequate road system +Ports: + Flying Fish Cove +Airports: + total: + 1 + useable: + 1 + with permanent-surface runways: + 1 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 1,220-2,439: + 1 +Telecommunications: + 4,000 radios (1982); broadcasting stations - 1 AM, 1 TV + +*Christmas Island, Defense Forces + +Note: + defense is the responsibility of Australia + +*Clipperton Island, Header + +Affiliation: + (possession of France) + +*Clipperton Island, Geography + +Location: + in the North Pacific Ocean, 1,120 km southwest of Mexico +Map references: + World +Area: + total area: + 7 km2 + land area: + 7 km2 + comparative area: + about 12 times the size of the Mall in Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + 0 km +Coastline: + 11.1 km +Maritime claims: + exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + territorial sea: + 12 nm +International disputes: + claimed by Mexico +Climate: + tropical +Terrain: + coral atoll +Natural resources: + none +Land use: + arable land: + 0% + permanent crops: + 0% + meadows and pastures: + 0% + forest and woodland: + 0% + other: + 100% (all coral) +Irrigated land: + 0 km2 +Environment: + reef about 8 km in circumference + +*Clipperton Island, People + +Population: + uninhabited + +*Clipperton Island, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + none + conventional short form: + Clipperton Island + local long form: + none + local short form: + Ile Clipperton + former: + sometimes called Ile de la Passion +Digraph: IP +Type: + French possession administered by France from French Polynesia by High + Commissioner of the Republic +Capital: + none; administered by France from French Polynesia +Independence: + none (possession of France) + +*Clipperton Island, Economy + +Overview: + The only economic activity is a tuna fishing station. + +*Clipperton Island, Communications + +Ports: + none; offshore anchorage only + +*Clipperton Island, Defense Forces + +Note: + defense is the responsibility of France + +*Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Header + +Affiliation: + (territory of Australia) + +*Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Geography + +Location: + in the Indian Ocean, 1,070 km southwest of Indonesia, about halfway between + Australia and Sri Lanka +Map references: + Southeast Asia +Area: + total area: + 14 km2 + land area: + 14 km2 + comparative area: + about 24 times the size of the Mall in Washington, DC + note: + includes the two main islands of West Island and Home Island +Land boundaries: 0 km +Coastline: + 2.6 km +Maritime claims: + exclusive fishing zone: + 200 nm + territorial sea: + 3 nm +International disputes: + none +Climate: + pleasant, modified by the southeast trade wind for about nine months of the + year; moderate rain fall +Terrain: + flat, low-lying coral atolls +Natural resources: + fish +Land use: + arable land: + 0% + permanent crops: + 0% + meadows and pastures: + 0% + forest and woodland: + 0% + other: + 100% +Irrigated land: + NA km2 +Environment: + two coral atolls thickly covered with coconut palms and other vegetation + +*Cocos (Keeling) Islands, People + +Population: + 593 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + -0.53% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + NA births/1,000 population +Death rate: + NA deaths/1,000 population +Net migration rate: + NA migrant(s)/1,000 population +Infant mortality rate: + NA deaths/1,000 live births +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + NA years + male: + NA years + female: + NA years +Total fertility rate: + NA children born/women +Nationality: + noun: + Cocos Islander(s) + adjective: + Cocos Islander +Ethnic divisions: + West Island: + Europeans + Home Island: + Cocos Malays +Religions: + Sunni Muslims +Languages: + English +Literacy: + total population: + NA% + male: + NA% + female: + NA% +Labor force: + NA + +*Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Territory of Cocos (Keeling) Islands + conventional short form: + Cocos (Keeling) Islands +Digraph: + CK +Type: + territory of Australia +Capital: + West Island +Administrative divisions: + none (territory of Australia) +Independence: + none (territory of Australia) +Constitution: + Cocos (Keeling) Islands Act of 1955 +Legal system: + based upon the laws of Australia and local laws +National holiday: + NA +Political parties and leaders: + NA +Suffrage: + NA +Elections: NA +Executive branch: + British monarch, governor general of Australia, administrator, chairman of + the Islands Council +Legislative branch: + unicameral Islands Council +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952) + Head of Government: + Administrator B. CUNNINGHAM (since NA); Chairman of the Islands Council Haji + WAHIN bin Bynie (since NA) +Member of: + none +Diplomatic representation in US: + none (territory of Australia) +US diplomatic representation: + none (territory of Australia) +Flag: + the flag of Australia is used + +*Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Economy + +Overview: + Grown throughout the islands, coconuts are the sole cash crop. Copra and + fresh coconuts are the major export earners. Small local gardens and fishing + contribute to the food supply, but additional food and most other + necessities must be imported from Australia. +National product: + GDP $NA +National product real growth rate: + NA% +National product per capita: + $NA +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + NA% +Budget: + revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA +Exports: + $NA + commodities: + copra + partners: + Australia +Imports: + $NA + commodities: + foodstuffs + partners: + Australia +External debt: + $NA +Industrial production: + growth rate NA% +Electricity: + 1,000 kW capacity; 2 million kWh produced, 2,980 kWh per capita (1990) +Industries: + copra products +Agriculture: + gardens provide vegetables, bananas, pawpaws, coconuts +Economic aid: + none +Currency: + 1 Australian dollar ($A) = 100 cents +Exchange rates: + Australian dollars ($A) per US$1 - 1.4837 (January 1993), 1.3600 (1992), + 1.2836 (1991), 1.2799 (1990), 1.2618 (1989), 1.2752 (1988) +Fiscal year: + 1 July - 30 June + +*Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Communications + +Ports: + none; lagoon anchorage only +Airports: + total: + 1 + useable: + 1 + with permanent-surface runways: + 1 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 1 +Telecommunications: + 250 radios (1985); linked by telephone, telex, and facsimile communications + via satellite with Australia; broadcast stations - 1 AM, no FM, no TV + +*Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Defense Forces + +Note: + defense is the responsibility of Australia + +*Colombia, Geography + +Location: + Northern South America, between Panama and Venezuela +Map references: + Central America and the Caribbean, South America, Standard Time Zones of the + World +Area: + total area: + 1,138,910 km2 + land area: + 1,038,700 km2 + comparative area: + slightly less than three times the size of Montana + note: + includes Isla de Malpelo, Roncador Cay, Serrana Bank, and Serranilla Bank +Land boundaries: + total 7,408 km, Brazil 1,643 km, Ecuador 590 km, Panama 225 km, Peru 2,900 + km, Venezuela 2,050 km +Coastline: + 3,208 km (Caribbean Sea 1,760 km, North Pacific Ocean 1,448 km) +Maritime claims: + continental shelf: + not specified + exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + territorial sea: + 12 nm +International disputes: + maritime boundary dispute with Venezuela in the Gulf of Venezuela; + territorial dispute with Nicaragua over Archipelago de San Andres y + Providencia and Quita Sueno Bank +Climate: + tropical along coast and eastern plains; cooler in highlands +Terrain: + flat coastal lowlands, central highlands, high Andes mountains, eastern + lowland plains +Natural resources: + petroleum, natural gas, coal, iron ore, nickel, gold, copper, emeralds +Land use: + arable land: + 4% + permanent crops: + 2% + meadows and pastures: + 29% + forest and woodland: + 49% + other: + 16% +Irrigated land: + 5,150 km2 (1989 est.) +Environment: + highlands subject to volcanic eruptions; deforestation; soil damage from + overuse of pesticides; periodic droughts +Note: + only South American country with coastlines on both North Pacific Ocean and + Caribbean Sea + +*Colombia, People + +Population: + 34,942,767 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 1.83% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 23.4 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 4.82 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + -0.25 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 29.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 71.72 years + male: + 68.99 years + female: + 74.53 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 2.54 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Colombian(s) + adjective: + Colombian +Ethnic divisions: + mestizo 58%, white 20%, mulatto 14%, black 4%, mixed black-Indian 3%, Indian + 1% +Religions: + Roman Catholic 95% +Languages: + Spanish +Literacy: + age 15 and over can read and write (1990) + total population: + 87% + male: + 88% + female: + 86% +Labor force: + 12 million (1990) + by occupation: + services 46%, agriculture 30%, industry 24% (1990) + +*Colombia, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Republic of Colombia + conventional short form: + Colombia local long form: + Republica de Colombia + local short form: + Colombia +Digraph: + CO +Type: + republic; executive branch dominates government structure +Capital: + Bogota +Administrative divisions: + 23 departments (departamentos, singular - departamento), 5 commissariats*, (comisarias, singular +- comisaria), 4 intendancies** (intendencias, singular, - intendencia), and 1 special district***, +(distrito especial); Amazonas*,, Antioquia, Arauca**, Atlantico, Bogota***, Bolivar, Boyaca,, +Caldas, Caqueta, + Casanare**, Cauca, Cesar, Choco, Cordoba, Cundinamarca, Guainia*, Guaviare*,, Huila, La Guajira, +Magdalena, Meta, Narino, Norte de Santander, Putumayo**,, Quindio, Risaralda, San Andres y +Providencia**, Santander, Sucre, Tolima,, Valle del Cauca, Vaupes*, Vichada*, note: + the Constitution of 5 July 1991 states that the commissariats and + intendancies are to become full departments and a capital district (distrito + capital) of Santa Fe de Bogota is to be established by 1997 +Independence: + 20 July 1810 (from Spain) +Constitution: + 5 July 1991 +Legal system: + based on Spanish law; judicial review of executive and legislative acts; + accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations +National holiday: + Independence Day, 20 July (1810) +Political parties and leaders: + Liberal Party (PL), Cesar GAVIRIA Trujillo, president; Social Conservative + Party (PCS), Misael PASTRANA Borrero; National Salvation Movement (MSN), + Alvaro GOMEZ Hurtado; Democratic Alliance M-19 (AD/M-19) is headed by 19th + of April Movement (M-19) leader Antonio NAVARRO Wolf, coalition of small + leftist parties and dissident liberals and conservatives; Patriotic Union + (UP) is a legal political party formed by Revolutionary Armed Forces of + Colombia (FARC) and Colombian Communist Party (PCC), Carlos ROMERO +Other political or pressure groups: + three insurgent groups are active in Colombia - Revolutionary Armed Forces + of Colombia (FARC), Manuel MARULANDA and Alfonso CANO; National Liberation + Army (ELN), Manuel PEREZ; and dissidents of the recently demobilized + People's Liberation Army (EPL), Francisco CARABALLO +Suffrage: + 18 years of age; universal and compulsory +Elections: + President: + last held 27 May 1990 (next to be held May 1994); results - Cesar GAVIRIA + Trujillo (Liberal) 47%, Alvaro GOMEZ Hurtado (National Salvation Movement) + 24%, Antonio NAVARRO Wolff (M-19) 13%, Rodrigo LLOREDA (Conservative) 12% + +*Colombia, Government + + Senate: + last held 27 October 1991 (next to be held March 1994); results - percent of + vote by party NA; seats - (102 total) Liberal 58, Conservative 22, AD/M-19 + 9, MSN 5, UP 1, other 7 + House of Representatives: + last held 27 October 1991 (next to be held March 1994); results - percent of + vote by party NA; seats - (161 total) Liberal 87, Conservative 31, AD/M-19 + 13, MSN 10, UP 3, other 17 +Executive branch: + president, presidential designate, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + bicameral Congress (Congreso) consists of a nationally elected upper chamber + or Senate (Senado) and a nationally elected lower chamber or House of + Representatives (Camara de Representantes) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court of Justice (Corte Suprema de Justical), Constitutional Court, + Council of State +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + President Cesar GAVIRIA Trujillo (since 7 August 1990) +Member of: + AG, CDB, CG, ECLAC, FAO, G-3, G-11, G-24, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, + ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, + INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LAES, LAIA, LORCS, NAM, OAS, ONUSAL, OPANAL, + PCA, RG, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNPROFOR, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, + WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation in US: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Jaime GARCIA Parra + chancery: + 2118 Leroy Place NW, Washington, DC 20008 + telephone: + (202) 387-8338 + consulates general: + Chicago, Houston, Miami, New Orleans, New York, San Francisco, and San Juan + (Puerto Rico) + consulates: + Atlanta, Boston, Detroit, Los Angeles, and Tampa +US diplomatic representation: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Morris D. BUSBY + embassy: + Calle 38, No. 8-61, Bogota + mailing address: + P. O. Box A. A. 3831, Bogota or APO AA 34038 + telephone: + [57] (1) 285-1300 or 1688 + FAX: + [57] (1) 288-5687 + consulate: + Barranquilla +Flag: + three horizontal bands of yellow (top, double-width), blue, and red; similar + to the flag of Ecuador, which is longer and bears the Ecuadorian coat of + arms superimposed in the center + +*Colombia, Economy + +Overview: + Economic development has slowed gradually since 1986, but growth rates + remain high by Latin American standards. Conservative economic policies have + kept inflation and unemployment near 30% and 10%, respectively. The rapid + development of oil, coal, and other nontraditional industries in recent + years has helped to offset the decline in coffee prices - Colombia's major + export. The collapse of the International Coffee Agreement in the summer of + 1989, a troublesome rural insurgency, energy rationing, and drug-related + violence have dampened growth. The level of violence, in Bogota in + particular, surged to higher levels in the first quarter of 1993, further + delaying the economic resurgence expected from government reforms. These + reforms center on fiscal restraint, trade and investment liberalization, + financial and labor reform, and privatization of state utilities and + commercial banks. +National product: + GDP - exchange rate conversion - $51 billion (1992 est.) +National product real growth rate: + 3.3% (1992 est.) +National product per capita: + $1,500 (1992 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 25% (1992) +Unemployment rate: + 10% (1992) +Budget: + revenues $5.0 billion; current expenditures $5.1 billion, capital + expenditures $964 million (1991 est.) +Exports: + $7.4 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.) + commodities: + petroleum, coffee, coal, bananas, fresh cut flowers + partners: + US 44%, EC 21%, Japan 5%, Netherlands 4%, Sweden 3% (1991) +Imports: + $5.5 billion (c.i.f., 1992 est.) + commodities: + industrial equipment, transportation equipment, consumer goods, chemicals, + paper products + partners: + US 36%, EC 16%, Brazil 4%, Venezuela 3%, Japan 3% (1991) +External debt: + $17 billion (1992) +Industrial production: + growth rate -0.5% (1991); accounts for 20% of GDP +Electricity: + 10,193,000 kW capacity; 36,000 million kWh produced, 1,050 kWh per capita + (1992) +Industries: + textiles, food processing, oil, clothing and footwear, beverages, chemicals, + metal products, cement; mining - gold, coal, emeralds, iron, nickel, silver, + salt +Agriculture: + growth rate 3% (1991 est.) accounts for 22% of GDP; crops make up two-thirds + and livestock one-third of agricultural output; climate and soils permit a + wide variety of crops, such as coffee, rice, tobacco, corn, sugarcane, cocoa + beans, oilseeds, vegetables; forest products and shrimp farming are becoming + more important + +*Colombia, Economy + +Illicit drugs: + illicit producer of cannabis, coca, and opium; about 37,500 hectares of coca + under cultivation; the world's largest processor of coca derivatives into + cocaine; supplier of cocaine to the US and other international drug markets +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $1.6 billion; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $3.3 billion, + Communist countries (1970-89), $399 million +Currency: + 1 Colombian peso (Col$) = 100 centavos +Exchange rates: + Colombian pesos (Col$) per US$1 - 820.08 (January 1993), 759.28 (1992), + 633.05 (1991), 502.26 (1990), 382.57 (1989), 299.17 (1988) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +*Colombia, Communications + +Railroads: + 3,386 km; 3,236 km 0.914-meter gauge, single track (2,611 km in use), 150 km + 1.435-meter gauge +Highways: + 75,450 km total; 9,350 km paved, 66,100 km earth and gravel surfaces +Inland waterways: + 14,300 km, navigable by river boats +Pipelines: + crude oil 3,585 km; petroleum products 1,350 km; natural gas 830 km; natural + gas liquids 125 km +Ports: + Barranquilla, Buenaventura, Cartagena, Covenas, San Andres, Santa Marta, + Tumaco +Merchant marine: + 27 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 227,719 GRT/356,665 DWT; includes 9 + cargo, 3 oil tanker, 8 bulk, 7 container +Airports: + total: + 1,233 + usable: + 1,059 + with permanent-surface: + 69 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 1 with runways 2,440-2,459 m: + 9 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 200 +Telecommunications: + nationwide radio relay system; 1,890,000 telephones; broadcast stations - + 413 AM, no FM, 33 TV, 28 shortwave; 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth stations + and 11 domestic satellite earth stations + +*Colombia, Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army (Ejercito Nacional), Navy (Armada Nacional, including Marines), Air + Force (Fuerza Aerea Colombiana), National Police (Policia Nacional) +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 9,428,358; fit for military service 6,375,944; reach + military age (18) annually 356,993 (1993 est.) +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $630 million, 1.3% of GDP (1993 est.) + +*Comoros, Geography + +Location: + in the extreme northern Mozambique Channel, about two-thirds of the way + between northern Madagascar and northern Mozambique +Map references: + Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World +Area: + total area: + 2,170 km2 + land area: + 2,170 km2 + comparative area: + slightly more than 12 times the size of Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + 0 km +Coastline: + 340 km +Maritime claims: + exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + territorial sea: + 12 nm +International disputes: + claims French-administered Mayotte +Climate: + tropical marine; rainy season (November to May) +Terrain: + volcanic islands, interiors vary from steep mountains to low hills +Natural resources: + negligible +Land use: arable land: + 35% + permanent crops: + 8% + meadows and pastures: + 7% + forest and woodland: + 16% + other: + 34% +Irrigated land: + NA km2 +Environment: + soil degradation and erosion; deforestation; cyclones possible during rainy + season +Note: + important location at northern end of Mozambique Channel + +*Comoros, People + +Population: + 511,651 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 3.54% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 46.75 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 11.31 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 81.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 57.35 years + male: + 55.23 years + female: + 59.55 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 6.86 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Comoran(s) + adjective: + Comoran +Ethnic divisions: + Antalote, Cafre, Makoa, Oimatsaha, Sakalava +Religions: + Sunni Muslim 86%, Roman Catholic 14% +Languages: + Arabic (official), French (official), Comoran (a blend of Swahili and + Arabic) +Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1980) + total population: + 48% + male: + 56% + female: + 40% +Labor force: + 140,000 (1982) + by occupation: + agriculture 80%, government 3% + note: + 51% of population of working age (1985) + +*Comoros, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Federal Islamic Republic of the Comoros + conventional short form: + Comoros + local long form: + Republique Federale Islamique des Comores + local short form: + Comores +Digraph: + CN +Type: + independent republic +Capital: + Moroni +Administrative divisions: + three islands; Njazidja (Grand Comore), Nzwani (Anjouan), and Mwali (Moheli) + note: + there are also four municipalities named Domoni, Fomboni, Moroni, and + Mutsamudu +Independence: + 6 July 1975 (from France) +Constitution: + 7 June 1992 +Legal system: + French and Muslim law in a new consolidated code +National holiday: + Independence Day, 6 July (1975) +Political parties and leaders: + over 20 political parties are currently active, the most important of which + are; Comoran Union for Progress (UDZIMA), Omar TAMOU; Islands' Fraternity + and Unity Party (CHUMA), Said Ali KEMAL; Comoran Party for Democracy and + Progress (PCDP), Ali MROUDJAE; Realizing Freedom's Capability (UWEZO), + Mouazair ABDALLAH; Democratic Front of the Comoros (FDR), Moustapha CHELKH; + Dialogue Proposition Action (DPA/MWANGAZA), Said MCHAWGAMA; Rally for Change + and Democracy (RACHADE), Hassan HACHIM; Union for Democracy and + Decentralization (UNDC), Mohamed Taki Halidi IBRAHAM; Maecha Bora, leader + NA; MDP/NGDC (expansion NA), leader NA; Comoran Popular Front (FPC), Mohamed + HASSANALI, Mohamed El Arif OUKACHA, Abdou MOUSTAKIM (Secretary General) +Suffrage: + 18 years of age; universal +Elections: + Federal Assembly: + last held November-December 1992 (next to be held NA March 1997); results - + percent of vote by party NA; seats - (42 total) UNDC 7, CHUMA 3, ADP 2, + MDP/NGDC 5, FDC 2, MAECHA BORA 2, FPC 2, RACHADE 1, UWEZO 1, MWANGAZA 1, 16 + other seats to smaller parties + President: + last held 11 March 1990 (next to be held March 1996); results - Said Mohamed + DJOHAR (UDZIMA) 55%, Mohamed TAKI Abdulkarim (UNDC) 45% +Executive branch: + president, Council of Ministers (cabinet), prime minister +Legislative branch: + unicameral Federal Assembly (Assemblee Federale) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court (Cour Supreme) + +*Comoros, Government + +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + President Said Mohamed DJOHAR (since 11 March 1990); Prime Minister Ibrahim + HALIDI (since 1 January 1992) +Member of: + ACCT, ACP, AfDB, ECA, FAO, FZ, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, + IMF, ITU, NAM, OAU, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WMO +Diplomatic representation in US: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Amini Ali MOUMIN + chancery: + (temporary) at the Comoran Permanent Mission to the UN, 336 East 45th + Street, 2nd Floor, New York, NY 10017 + telephone: + (212) 972-8010 +US diplomatic representation: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Kenneth N. PELTIER + embassy: + address NA, Moroni + mailing address: + B. P. 1318, Moroni + telephone: + [269] 73-22-03, 73-29-22 + FAX: + no service available at this time +Flag: + green with a white crescent placed diagonally (closed side of the crescent + points to the upper hoist-side corner of the flag); there are four white + five-pointed stars placed in a line between the points of the crescent; the + crescent, stars, and color green are traditional symbols of Islam; the four + stars represent the four main islands of the archipelago - Mwali, Njazidja, + Nzwani, and Mayotte (which is a territorial collectivity of France, but + claimed by the Comoros) + +*Comoros, Economy + +Overview: + One of the world's poorest countries, Comoros is made up of several islands + that have poor transportation links, a young and rapidly increasing + population, and few natural resources. The low educational level of the + labor force contributes to a low level of economic activity, high + unemployment, and a heavy dependence on foreign grants and technical + assistance. Agriculture, including fishing, hunting, and forestry, is the + leading sector of the economy. It contributes 40% to GDP, employs 80% of the + labor force, and provides most of the exports. The country is not + self-sufficient in food production, and rice, the main staple, accounts for + 90% of imports. During the period 1982-86 the industrial sector grew at an + annual average rate of 5.3%, but its contribution to GDP was only 5% in + 1988. Despite major investment in the tourist industry, which accounts for + about 25% of GDP, growth has stagnated since 1983. A sluggish growth rate of + 1.5% during 1985-90 has led to large budget deficits, declining incomes, and + balance-of-payments difficulties. Preliminary estimates for FY92 show a + moderate increase in the growth rate based on increased exports, tourism, + and government investment outlays. +National product: + GDP - exchange rate conversion - $260 million (1991 est.) +National product real growth rate: + 2.7% (1991 est.) +National product per capita: + $540 (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 4% (1991 est.) +Unemployment rate: + over 16% (1988 est.) +Budget: + revenues $96 million; expenditures $88 million, including capital + expenditures of $33 million (1991 est.) +Exports: + $16 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.) + commodities: + vanilla, cloves, perfume oil, copra, ylang-ylang + partners: + US 53%, France 41%, Africa 4%, FRG 2% (1988) +Imports: + $41 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.) + commodities: + rice and other foodstuffs, cement, petroleum products, consumer goods + partners: + Europe 62% (France 22%), Africa 5%, Pakistan, China (1988) +External debt: + $196 million (1991 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate -6.5% (1989 est.); accounts for 10% of GDP +Electricity: + 16,000 kW capacity; 25 million kWh produced, 50 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: perfume distillation, textiles, furniture, jewelry, construction materials, + soft drinks +Agriculture: + accounts for 40% of GDP; most of population works in subsistence agriculture + and fishing; plantations produce cash crops for export - vanilla, cloves, + perfume essences, copra; principal food crops - coconuts, bananas, cassava; + world's leading producer of essence of ylang-ylang (for perfumes) and + second-largest producer of vanilla; large net food importer + +*Comoros, Economy + +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY80-89), $10 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $435 million; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $22 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $18 + million +Currency: + 1 Comoran franc (CF) = 100 centimes +Exchange rates: + Comoran francs (CF) per US$1 - 274.06 (January 1993), 264.69 (1992), 282.11 + (1991), 272.26 (1990), 319.01 (1989), 297.85 (1988)); note - linked to the + French franc at 50 to 1 French franc +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +*Comoros, Communications + +Highways: + 750 km total; about 210 km bituminous, remainder crushed stone or gravel +Ports: + Mutsamudu, Moroni +Airports: + total: + 4 + usable: + 4 + with permanent-surface runways: + 4 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 1 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 3 +Telecommunications: + sparse system of radio relay and high-frequency radio communication stations + for interisland and external communications to Madagascar and Reunion; over + 1,800 telephones; broadcast stations - 2 AM, 1 FM, no TV + +*Comoros, Defense Forces + +Branches: + Comoran Defense Force (FDC) +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 108,867; fit for military service 65,106 (1993 est.) +Defense expenditures: + $NA, NA% of GDP + +*Congo, Geography + +Location: + Western Africa, bordering the South Atlantic Ocean between Gabon and Zaire +Map references: + Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World +Area: + total area: + 342,000 km2 + land area: + 341,500 km2 + comparative area: + slightly smaller than Montana +Land boundaries: + total 5,504 km, Angola 201 km, Cameroon 523 km, Central African Republic 467 + km, Gabon 1,903 km, Zaire 2,410 km +Coastline: + 169 km +Maritime claims: + territorial sea: + 200 nm +International disputes: + long section with Zaire along the Congo River is indefinite (no division of + the river or its islands has been made) +Climate: + tropical; rainy season (March to June); dry season (June to October); + constantly high temperatures and humidity; particularly enervating climate + astride the Equator +Terrain: + coastal plain, southern basin, central plateau, northern basin +Natural resources: + petroleum, timber, potash, lead, zinc, uranium, copper, phosphates, natural + gas +Land use: + arable land: + 2% + permanent crops: + 0% + meadows and pastures: + 29% + forest and woodland: + 62% + other: + 7% +Irrigated land: + 40 km2 (1989) +Environment: + deforestation; about 70% of the population lives in Brazzaville, Pointe + Noire, or along the railroad between them + +*Congo, People + +Population: + 2,388,667 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 2.44% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 40.68 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 16.28 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 112.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 48.04 years + male: + 46.3 years + female: + 49.84 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 5.38 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Congolese (singular and plural) + adjective: + Congolese or Congo +Ethnic divisions: + south: + Kongo 48% + north: + Sangha 20%, M'Bochi 12% + center: + Teke 17%, Europeans 8,500 (mostly French) +Religions: + Christian 50%, animist 48%, Muslim 2% +Languages: + French (official), African languages (Lingala and Kikongo are the most + widely used) +Literacy: + age 15 and over can read and write (1990) + total population: + 57% + male: + 70% + female: + 44% +Labor force: + 79,100 wage earners + by occupation: + agriculture 75%, commerce, industry, and government 25% + note: + 51% of population of working age; 40% of population economically active + (1985) + +*Congo, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Republic of the Congo + conventional short form: + Congo + local long form: + Republique Populaire du Congo + local short form: + Congo + former: + Congo/Brazzaville +Digraph: + CF +Type: + republic +Capital: + Brazzaville +Administrative divisions: + 9 regions (regions, singular - region) and 1 commune*; Bouenza,, Brazzaville*, Cuvette, +Kouilou,, Lekoumou, Likouala, Niari, Plateaux, Pool, + Sangha +Independence: + 15 August 1960 (from France) +Constitution: + 8 July 1979, currently being modified +Legal system: + based on French civil law system and customary law +National holiday: + Congolese National Day, 15 August (1960) +Political parties and leaders: + Congolese Labor Party (PCT), headed by former president Denis + SASSOU-NGUESSO; Union for Democratic Renewal (URD) - a coalition of + opposition parties; Panafrican Union for Social Development (UPADS) +Other political or pressure groups: + Union of Congolese Socialist Youth (UJSC); Congolese Trade Union Congress + (CSC); Revolutionary Union of Congolese Women (URFC); General Union of + Congolese Pupils and Students (UGEEC) +Suffrage: + 18 years of age; universal +Elections: + President: + last held 2-16 August 1992 (next to be held August 1997); results - + President Pascal LISSOUBA won with 61% of the vote + National Assembly: + last held 24 June-19 July 1992; results - (125 total) UPADS 39, MCDDI (part + of URD coalition) 29, PCT 19; more than a dozen smaller parties split the + remaining 38 seats + note: + National Assembly dissolved in November 1992; next election to be held May + 1993 +Executive branch: + president, prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet) +Legislative branch: + unicameral National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale) was dissolved on NA + November 1992 +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court (Cour Supreme) + +*Congo, Government + +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Pascal LISSOUBA (since August 1992) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Claude Antoine DA COSTA (since December 1992) +Member of: + ACCT, ACP, AfDB, BDEAC, CCC, CEEAC, ECA, FAO, FZ, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, + IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, + OAU, UDEAC, UN, UNAVEM II, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNTAC, UPU, WFTU, WHO, + WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation in US: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Roger ISSOMBO + chancery: + 4891 Colorado Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20011 + telephone: + (202) 726-5500 +US diplomatic representation: + chief of mission: + Ambassador James Daniel PHILLIPS + embassy: + Avenue Amilcar Cabral, Brazzaville + mailing address: + B. P. 1015, Brazzaville, or Box C, APO AE 09828 + telephone: + (242) 83-20-70 + FAX: + [242] 83-63-38 +Flag: + red, divided diagonally from the lower hoist side by a yellow band; the + upper triangle (hoist side) is green and the lower triangle is red; uses the + popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia + +*Congo, Economy + +Overview: + Congo's economy is a mixture of village agriculture and handicrafts, a + beginning industrial sector based largely on oil, supporting services, and a + government characterized by budget problems and overstaffing. A reform + program, supported by the IMF and World Bank, ran into difficulties in + 1990-91 because of problems in changing to a democratic political regime and + a heavy debt-servicing burden. Oil has supplanted forestry as the mainstay + of the economy, providing about two-thirds of government revenues and + exports. In the early 1980s rapidly rising oil revenues enabled Congo to + finance large-scale development projects with growth averaging 5% annually, + one of the highest rates in Africa. During the period 1987-91, however, + growth has slowed to an average of roughly 1.5% annually, only half the + population growth rate. The new government, responding to pressure from + businessmen and the electorate, has promised to reduce the bureaucracy and + government regulation but little has been accomplished as of early 1993. +National product: + GDP - exchange rate conversion - $2.5 billion (1991 est.) +National product real growth rate: + 0.6% (1991 est.) +National product per capita: + $1,070 (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + -0.6% (1991 est.) +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $765 million; expenditures $952 million, including capital + expenditures of $65 million (1990) +Exports: + $1.1 billion (f.o.b., 1990) + commodities: + crude oil 72%, lumber, plywood, coffee, cocoa, sugar, diamonds + partners: + US, France, other EC countries +Imports: + $704 million (c.i.f., 1990) + commodities: + foodstuffs, consumer goods, intermediate manufactures, capital equipment + partners: + France, Italy, other EC countries, US, Germany, Spain, Japan, Brazil +External debt: + $4.1 billion (1991) +Industrial production: + growth rate 1.2% (1989); accounts for 33% of GDP; includes petroleum +Electricity: + 140,000 kW capacity; 315 million kWh produced, 135 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + petroleum, cement, lumbering, brewing, sugar milling, palm oil, soap, + cigarette +Agriculture: + accounts for 13% of GDP (including fishing and forestry); cassava accounts + for 90% of food output; other crops - rice, corn, peanuts, vegetables; cash + crops include coffee and cocoa; forest products important export earner; + imports over 90% of food needs +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-90), $63 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-90), $2.5 billion; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $15 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $338 + million + +*Congo, Economy + +Currency: + 1 CFA franc (CFAF) = 100 centimes +Exchange rates: + Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF) per US$1 - 274.06 (January + 1993), 264.69 (1992), 282.11 (1991), 272.26 (1990), 319.01 (1989), 297.85 + (1988) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +*Congo, Communications + +Railroads: + 797 km, 1.067-meter gauge, single track (includes 285 km that are privately + owned) +Highways: + 11,960 km total; 560 km paved; 850 km gravel and laterite; 5,350 km improved + earth; 5,200 km unimproved earth +Inland waterways: + the Congo and Ubangi (Oubangui) Rivers provide 1,120 km of commercially + navigable water transport; the rest are used for local traffic only +Pipelines: + crude oil 25 km +Ports: + Pointe-Noire (ocean port), Brazzaville (river port) +Airports: + total: + 44 + usable: + 41 + with permanent-surface runways: + 5 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 1 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 16 +Telecommunications: + services adequate for government use; primary network is composed of radio + relay routes and coaxial cables; key centers are Brazzaville, Pointe-Noire, + and Loubomo; 18,100 telephones; broadcast stations - 4 AM, 1 FM, 4 TV; 1 + Atlantic Ocean satellite earth station + +*Congo, Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy (including Marines), Air Force, National Police +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 534,802; fit for military service 272,051; reach military + age (20) annually 24,190 (1993 est.) +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP + +*Cook Islands, Header + +Affiliation: + (free association with New Zealand) + +*Cook Islands, Geography + +Location: + Oceania, 4,500 km south of Hawaii in the South Pacific Ocean, about halfway + between Hawaii and New Zealand +Map references: + Oceania +Area: + total area: + 240 km2 + land area: + 240 km2 + comparative area: + slightly less than 1.3 times the size of Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + 0 km +Coastline: + 120 km +Maritime claims: + continental shelf: + 200 nm or the edge of continental margin + exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + territorial sea: + 12 nm +International disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical; moderated by trade winds +Terrain: + low coral atolls in north; volcanic, hilly islands in south +Natural resources: + negligible +Land use: + arable land: + 4% + permanent crops: + 22% + meadows and pastures: + 0% + forest and woodland: 0% + other: + 74% +Irrigated land: + NA km2 +Environment: + subject to typhoons from November to March + +*Cook Islands, People + +Population: + 18,903 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 1.18% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 23.4 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 5.2 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + -6.45 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 24.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 71.14 years + male: + 69.2 years + female: + 73.1 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 3.32 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Cook Islander(s) + adjective: + Cook Islander +Ethnic divisions: + Polynesian (full blood) 81.3%, Polynesian and European 7.7%, Polynesian and + other 7.7%, European 2.4%, other 0.9% +Religions: + Christian (majority of populace members of Cook Islands Christian Church) +Languages: + English (official), Maori +Literacy: + total population: + NA% + male: + NA% + female: + NA% +Labor force: + 5,810 + by occupation: + agriculture 29%, government 27%, services 25%, industry 15%, other 4% (1981) + +*Cook Islands, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + none + conventional short form: + Cook Islands +Digraph: + CW +Type: + self-governing parliamentary government in free association with New + Zealand; Cook Islands is fully responsible for internal affairs; New Zealand + retains responsibility for external affairs, in consultation with the Cook + Islands +Capital: + Avarua +Administrative divisions: + none +Independence: + none (became self-governing in free association with New Zealand on 4 August + 1965 and has the right at any time to move to full independence by + unilateral action) +Constitution: + 4 August 1965 +Legal system: + NA +National holiday: + Constitution Day, 4 August +Political parties and leaders: + Cook Islands Party, Geoffrey HENRY; Democratic Tumu Party, Vincent INGRAM; + Democratic Party, Terepai MAOATE; Cook Islands Labor Party, Rena JONASSEN; + Cook Islands People's Party, Sadaraka SADARAKA +Suffrage: + universal adult at age NA +Elections: + Parliament: + last held 19 January 1989 (next to be held by January 1994); results - + percent of vote by party NA; seats - (24 total) Cook Islands Party 12, + Democratic Tumu Party 2, opposition coalition (including Democratic Party) + 9, independent 1 +Executive branch: + British monarch, representative of the UK, representative of New Zealand, + prime minister, deputy prime minister, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + unicameral Parliament; note - the House of Arikis (chiefs) advises on + traditional matters, but has no legislative powers +Judicial branch: + High Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); Representative of the UK Sir + Tangaroa TANGAROA (since NA); Representative of New Zealand Adrian SINCOCK + (since NA) Head of Government: + Prime Minister Geoffrey HENRY (since 1 February 1989); Deputy Prime Minister + Inatio AKARURU (since NA February 1989) +Member of: + AsDB, ESCAP (associate), ICAO, IOC, SPARTECA, SPC, SPF, UNESCO, WHO +Diplomatic representation in US: + none (self-governing in free association with New Zealand) + +*Cook Islands, Government + +US diplomatic representation: + none (self-governing in free association with New Zealand) +Flag: + blue, with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and a large + circle of 15 white five-pointed stars (one for every island) centered in the + outer half of the flag + +*Cook Islands, Economy + +Overview: + Agriculture provides the economic base. The major export earners are fruit, + copra, and clothing. Manufacturing activities are limited to a + fruit-processing plant and several clothing factories. Economic development + is hindered by the isolation of the islands from foreign markets and a lack + of natural resources and good transportation links. A large trade deficit is + annually made up for by remittances from emigrants and from foreign aid. + Current economic development plans call for exploiting the tourism potential + and expanding the fishing industry. +National product: + GDP - exchange rate conversion - $40 million (1988 est.) +National product real growth rate: + 5.3% (1986-88 est.) +National product per capita: + $2,200 (1988 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 8% (1988) +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $33.8 million; expenditures $34.4 million, including capital + expenditures of $NA (1990 est.) +Exports: + $4.0 million (f.o.b., 1988) + commodities: + copra, fresh and canned fruit, clothing + partners: + NZ 80%, Japan +Imports: + $38.7 million (c.i.f., 1988) + commodities: + foodstuffs, textiles, fuels, timber + partners: NZ 49%, Japan, Australia, US +External debt: + $NA +Industrial production: + growth rate NA% +Electricity: + 14,000 kW capacity; 21 million kWh produced, 1,170 kWh per capita (1990) +Industries: + fruit processing, tourism +Agriculture: + export crops - copra, citrus fruits, pineapples, tomatoes, bananas; + subsistence crops - yams, taro +Economic aid: + Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), + $128 million +Currency: + 1 New Zealand dollar (NZ$) = 100 cents +Exchange rates: + New Zealand dollars (NZ$) per US$1 - 1.9490 (January 1993), 1.8584 (1992), + 1.7266 (1991), 1.6750 (1990), 1.6711 (1989), 1.5244 (1988) +Fiscal year: + 1 April - 31 March + +*Cook Islands, Communications + +Highways: + 187 km total (1980); 35 km paved, 35 km gravel, 84 km improved earth, 33 km + unimproved earth +Ports: + Avatiu +Merchant marine: + 1 cargo ship (1,000 or over) totaling 1,464 GRT/2,181 DWT +Airports: + total: + 7 + usable: + 7 + with permanent-surface runways: + 1 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 5 +Telecommunications: + broadcast stations - 1 AM, 1 FM, 1 TV; 11,000 radio receivers; 17,000 TV + receivers (1989); 2,052 telephones; 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth station + +*Cook Islands, Defense Forces + +Note: defense is the responsibility of New Zealand + +*Coral Sea Islands, Header + +Affiliation: + (territory of Australia) + +*Coral Sea Islands, Geography + +Location: + Oceania, just off the northeast coast of Australia in the Coral Sea +Map references: + Oceania +Area: + total area: + less than 3 km2 + land area: + less than 3 km2 + comparative area: + NA + note: + includes numerous small islands and reefs scattered over a sea area of about + 1 million km2, with Willis Islets the most important +Land boundaries: + 0 km +Coastline: + 3,095 km +Maritime claims: + exclusive fishing zone: + 200 nm + territorial sea: + 3 nm +International disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical +Terrain: + sand and coral reefs and islands (or cays) +Natural resources: + negligible +Land use: + arable land: + 0% + permanent crops: + 0% + meadows and pastures: + 0% + forest and woodland: + 0% + other: + 100% (mostly grass or scrub cover) +Irrigated land: 0 km2 +Environment: + subject to occasional tropical cyclones; no permanent fresh water; important + nesting area for birds and turtles + +*Coral Sea Islands, People + +Population: + no indigenous inhabitants; note - there are 3 meteorologists + +*Coral Sea Islands, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Coral Sea Islands Territory + conventional short form: + Coral Sea Islands +Digraph: + CR +Type: + territory of Australia administered by the Ministry for Arts, Sport, the + Environment, Tourism, and Territories +Capital: + none; administered from Canberra, Australia +Independence: + none (territory of Australia) +Flag: + the flag of Australia is used + +*Coral Sea Islands, Economy + +Overview: + no economic activity + +*Coral Sea Islands, Communications + +Ports: + none; offshore anchorages only + +*Coral Sea Islands, Defense Forces + +Note: + defense is the responsibility of Australia; visited regularly by the Royal + Australian Navy; Australia has control over the activities of visitors + +*Costa Rica, Geography + +Location: + Central America, between Nicaragua and Panama +Map references: + Central America and the Caribbean, South America +Area: + total area: + 51,100 km2 + land area: + 50,660 km2 + comparative area: + slightly smaller than West Virginia + note: + includes Isla del Coco +Land boundaries: + total 639 km, Nicaragua 309 km, Panama 330 km +Coastline: + 1,290 km +Maritime claims: + continental shelf: + 200 nm + exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + territorial sea: + 12 nm +International disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical; dry season (December to April); rainy season (May to November) +Terrain: + coastal plains separated by rugged mountains +Natural resources: + hydropower potential +Land use: + arable land: + 6% + permanent crops: + 7% + meadows and pastures: + 45% + forest and woodland: + 34% + other: + 8% +Irrigated land: + 1,180 km2 (1989 est.) +Environment: + subject to occasional earthquakes, hurricanes along Atlantic coast; frequent + flooding of lowlands at onset of rainy season; active volcanoes; + deforestation; soil erosion + +*Costa Rica, People + +Population: + 3,264,776 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 2.38% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 26.07 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 3.57 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + 1.26 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 11.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 77.49 years + male: + 75.56 years + female: + 79.52 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 3.11 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Costa Rican(s) + adjective: + Costa Rican +Ethnic divisions: + white (including mestizo) 96%, black 2%, Indian 1%, Chinese 1% +Religions: + Roman Catholic 95% +Languages: + Spanish (official), English; spoken around Puerto Limon +Literacy: + age 15 and over can read and write (1990) + total population: + 93% + male: + 93% + female: + 93% +Labor force: + 868,300 + by occupation: + industry and commerce 35.1%, government and services 33%, agriculture 27%, + other 4.9% (1985 est.) + +*Costa Rica, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Republic of Costa Rica + conventional short form: + Costa Rica local long form: + Republica de Costa Rica + local short form: + Costa Rica +Digraph: + CS +Type: + democratic republic +Capital: + San Jose +Administrative divisions: + 7 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia); Alajuela, Cartago, + Guanacaste, Heredia, Limon, Puntarenas, San Jose +Independence: + 15 September 1821 (from Spain) +Constitution: + 9 November 1949 +Legal system: + based on Spanish civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts in + the Supreme Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + Independence Day, 15 September (1821) +Political parties and leaders: + National Liberation Party (PLN), Carlos Manuel CASTILLO Morales; Social + Christian Unity Party (PUSC), Rafael Angel CALDERON Fournier; Marxist + Popular Vanguard Party (PVP), Humberto VARGAS Carbonell; New Republic + Movement (MNR), Sergio Erick ARDON Ramirez; Progressive Party (PP), Isaac + Felipe AZOFEIFA Bolanos; People's Party of Costa Rica (PPC), Lenin CHACON + Vargas; Radical Democratic Party (PRD), Juan Jose ECHEVERRIA Brealey +Other political or pressure groups: + Costa Rican Confederation of Democratic Workers (CCTD; Liberation Party + affiliate); Confederated Union of Workers (CUT; Communist Party affiliate); + Authentic Confederation of Democratic Workers (CATD; Communist Party + affiliate); Chamber of Coffee Growers; National Association for Economic + Development (ANFE); Free Costa Rica Movement (MCRL; rightwing militants); + National Association of Educators (ANDE) +Suffrage: + 18 years of age; universal and compulsory +Elections: + Legislative Assembly: + last held 4 February 1990 (next to be held February 1994); results - percent + of vote by party NA; seats - (57 total) PUSC 29, PLN 25, PVP/PPC 1, regional + parties 2 + President: + last held 4 February 1990 (next to be held February 1994); results - Rafael + Angel CALDERON Fournier 51%, Carlos Manuel CASTILLO 47% +Executive branch: + president, two vice presidents, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + unicameral Legislative Assembly (Asamblea Legislativa) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court (Corte Suprema) + +*Costa Rica, Government + +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + President Rafael Angel CALDERON Fournier (since 8 May 1990); First Vice + President German SERRANO Pinto (since 8 May 1990); Second Vice President + Arnoldo LOPEZ Echandi (since 8 May 1990) +Member of: + AG (observer), BCIE, CACM, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, + ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ITU, + LAES, LAIA (observer), LORCS, NAM (observer), OAS, OPANAL, UN, UNCTAD, + UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO +Diplomatic representation in US: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Gonzalo FACIO Segreda + chancery: + Suite 211, 1825 Connecticut Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20009 + telephone: + (202) 234-2945 through 2947 + consulates general: + Albuquerque, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New Orleans, New York, San Diego, + San Francisco, and San Juan (Puerto Rico) + consulate: + Buffalo +US diplomatic representation: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Luis GUINOT, Jr. + embassy: + Pavas Road, San Jose + mailing address: + APO AA 34020 + telephone: + [506] 20-39-39 + FAX: + (506) 20-2305 +Flag: + five horizontal bands of blue (top), white, red (double width), white, and + blue, with the coat of arms in a white disk on the hoist side of the red + band + +*Costa Rica, Economy + +Overview: + In 1992 the economy grew at an estimated 5.4%, up from the 2.5% gain of 1991 + and the gain of 1990. Increases in agricultural production (on the strength + of good coffee and banana crops) and in nontraditional exports are + responsible for much of the growth. In 1992 consumer prices rose by 17%, + below the 27% of 1991. The trade deficit of $100 million was substantially + below the 1991 deficit of $270 million. Unemployment is officially reported + at 4.0%, but much underemployment remains. External debt, on a per capita + basis, is among the world's highest. +National product: + GDP - exchange rate conversion - $6.4 billion (1992 est.) +National product real growth rate: + 5.4% (1992 est.) +National product per capita: + $2,000 (1992 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 17% (1992 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 4% (1992) +Budget: + revenues $1.1 billion; expenditures $1.34 billion, including capital + expenditures of $110 million (1991 est.) +Exports: + $1.7 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.) + commodities: + coffee, bananas, textiles, sugar + partners: + US 75%, Germany, Guatemala, Netherlands, UK, Japan +Imports: + $1.8 billion (c.i.f., 1992 est.) + commodities: + raw materials, consumer goods, capital equipment, petroleum + partners: + US 45%, Japan, Guatemala, Germany +External debt: + $3.2 billion (1991) +Industrial production: + growth rate 1.0% (1991); accounts for 19% of GDP +Electricity: + 927,000 kW capacity; 3,612 million kWh produced, 1,130 kWh per capita (1992) +Industries: + food processing, textiles and clothing, construction materials, fertilizer, + plastic products +Agriculture: + accounts for 17% of GDP and 70% of exports; cash commodities - coffee, beef, + bananas, sugar; other food crops include corn, rice, beans, potatoes; + normally self-sufficient in food except for grain; depletion of forest + resources resulting in lower timber output +Illicit drugs: + illicit production of cannabis on small scattered plots; transshipment + country for cocaine from South America +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $1.4 billion; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $935 million; + Communist countries (1971-89), $27 million +Currency: + 1 Costa Rican colon (C) = 100 centimos + +*Costa Rica, Economy + +Exchange rates: + Costa Rican colones (C) per US$1 - 137.72 (January 1993), 134.51 (1992), + 122.43 (1991), 91.58 (1990), 81.504 (1989), 75.805 (1988) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +*Costa Rica, Communications + +Railroads: + 950 km total, all 1.067-meter gauge; 260 km electrified +Highways: + 15,400 km total; 7,030 km paved, 7,010 km gravel, 1,360 km unimproved earth +Inland waterways: + about 730 km, seasonally navigable +Pipelines: + petroleum products 176 km +Ports: + Puerto Limon, Caldera, Golfito, Moin, Puntarenas +Merchant marine: + 1 cargo ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,878 GRT/4,506 DWT +Airports: + total: + 162 + usable: + 144 + with permanent-surface runways: + 28 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 2 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 8 +Telecommunications: + very good domestic telephone service; 292,000 telephones; connection into + Central American Microwave System; broadcast stations - 71 AM, no FM, 18 TV, + 13 shortwave; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station + +*Costa Rica, Defense Forces + +Branches: + Civil Guard, Rural Assistance Guard + note: + constitution prohibits armed forces +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 851,713; fit for military service 573,854; reach military + age (18) annually 31,987 (1993 est.) +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $22 million, 0.5% of GDP (1989) + +*Cote d'Ivoire, Header + +Affiliation: + (also known as Ivory Coast) + +*Cote d'Ivoire, Geography + +Location: + Western Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean between Ghana and Liberia +Map references: + Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World +Area: + total area: + 322,460 km2 + land area: + 318,000 km2 + comparative area: + slightly larger than New Mexico +Land boundaries: + total 3,110 km, Burkina 584 km, Ghana 668 km, Guinea 610 km, Liberia 716 km, + Mali 532 km +Coastline: + 515 km +Maritime claims: + continental shelf: + 200 m depth + exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + territorial sea: + 12 nm +International disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical along coast, semiarid in far north; three seasons - warm and dry + (November to March), hot and dry (March to May), hot and wet (June to + October) +Terrain: + mostly flat to undulating plains; mountains in northwest +Natural resources: + petroleum, diamonds, manganese, iron ore, cobalt, bauxite, copper +Land use: + arable land: + 9% + permanent crops: + 4% + meadows and pastures: + 9% + forest and woodland: + 26% + other: + 52% +Irrigated land: + 620 km2 (1989 est.) +Environment: + coast has heavy surf and no natural harbors; severe deforestation + +*Cote d'Ivoire, People + +Population: 13,808,447 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 3.5% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 46.88 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 15.07 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + 3.15 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 97 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 48.97 years + male: + 46.98 years + female: + 51.03 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 6.73 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Ivorian(s) + adjective: + Ivorian +Ethnic divisions: + Baoule 23%, Bete 18%, Senoufou 15%, Malinke 11%, Agni, foreign Africans + (mostly Burkinabe about 2 million), non-Africans 130,000 to 330,000 (French + 30,000 and Lebanese 100,000 to 300,000) +Religions: + indigenous 63%, Muslim 25%, Christian 12% +Languages: + French (official), 60 native dialects Dioula is the most widely spoken +Literacy: + age 15 and over can read and write (1990) + total population: + 54% + male: + 67% + female: + 40% +Labor force: + 5.718 million + by occupation: + over 85% of population engaged in agriculture, forestry, livestock raising; + about 11% of labor force are wage earners, nearly half in agriculture and + the remainder in government, industry, commerce, and professions + note: + 54% of population of working age (1985) + +*Cote d'Ivoire, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: Republic of Cote d'Ivoire + conventional short form: + Cote d'Ivoire + local long form: + Republique de Cote d'Ivoire + local short form: + Cote d'Ivoire + former: + Ivory Coast +Digraph: + IV +Type: + republic multiparty presidential regime established 1960 +Capital: + Yamoussoukro + note: + although Yamoussoukro has been the capital since 1983, Adibjan remains the + administrative center; foreign governments, including the United States, + maintain presence in Abidjan +Administrative divisions: + 49 departments (departements, singular - (departement); Abengourou, Abidjan, + Aboisso, Adzope, Agboville, Bangolo, Beoumi, Biankouma, Bondoukou, + Bongouanou, Bouafle, Bouake, Bouna, Boundiali, Dabakala, Daloa, Danane, + Daoukro, Dimbokro, Divo, Duekoue, Ferkessedougou, Gagnoa, Grand-Lahou, + Guiglo, Issia, Katiola, Korhogo, Lakota, Man, Mankono, Mbahiakro, Odienne, + Oume, Sakassou, San-Pedro, Sassandra, Seguela, Sinfra, Soubre, Tabou, Tanda, + Tingrela, Tiassale, Touba, Toumodi, Vavoua, Yamoussoukro, Zuenoula +Independence: + 7 August 1960 (from France) +Constitution: + 3 November 1960 +Legal system: + based on French civil law system and customary law; judicial review in the + Constitutional Chamber of the Supreme Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ + jurisdiction +National holiday: + National Day, 7 December +Political parties and leaders: + Democratic Party of the Cote d'Ivoire (PDCI), Dr. Felix HOUPHOUET-BOIGNY; + Ivorian Popular Front (FPI), Laurent GBAGBO; Ivorian Worker's Party (PIT), + Francis WODIE; Ivorian Socialist Party (PSI), Morifere BAMBA; over 20 + smaller parties +Suffrage: + 21 years of age; universal +Elections: + President: + last held 28 October 1990 (next to be held October 1995); results - + President Felix HOUPHOUET-BOIGNY received 81% of the vote in his first + contested election; he is currently serving his seventh consecutive + five-year term + National Assembly: + last held 25 November 1990 (next to be held November 1995); results - + percent of vote by party NA; seats - (175 total) PDCI 163, FPI 9, PIT 1, + independents 2 +Executive branch: + president, Council of Ministers (cabinet) + +*Cote d'Ivoire, Government + +Legislative branch: + unicameral National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court (Cour Supreme) +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Dr. Felix HOUPHOUET-BOIGNY (since 27 November 1960) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Alassane OUATTARA (since 7 November 1990) +Member of: + ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CCC, CEAO, ECA, ECOWAS, Entente, FAO, FZ, G-24, G-77, GATT, + IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, + IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WADB, WCL, + WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation in US: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Charles GOMIS + chancery: + 2424 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 + telephone: + (202) 797-0300 +US diplomatic representation: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Hume A. HORAN + embassy: + 5 Rue Jesse Owens, Abidjan + mailing address: + 01 B. P. 1712, Abidjan + telephone: + [225] 21-09-79 or 21-46-72 + FAX: + [225] 22-32-59 +Flag: + three equal vertical bands of orange (hoist side), white, and green; similar + to the flag of Ireland, which is longer and has the colors reversed - green + (hoist side), white, and orange; also similar to the flag of Italy, which is + green (hoist side), white, and red; design was based on the flag of France + +*Cote d'Ivoire, Economy + +Overview: + Cote d'Ivoire is among the world's largest producers and exporters of + coffee, cocoa beans, and palm-kernel oil. Consequently, the economy is + highly sensitive to fluctuations in international prices for coffee and + cocoa and to weather conditions. Despite attempts by the government to + diversify, the economy is still largely dependent on agriculture and related + industries. The agricultural sector accounts for over one-third of GDP and + about 80% of export earnings and employs about 85% of the labor force. A + collapse of world cocoa and coffee prices in 1986 threw the economy into a + recession, from which the country had not recovered by 1990. Continuing low + prices for commodity exports, an overvalued exchange rate, a bloated + public-sector wage bill, and a large foreign debt hindered economic recovery + in 1991. The government, which has sponsored various economic reform + programs, especially in agriculture, projected an increase of 1.6% in GNP in + 1992. +National product: + GDP - exchange rate conversion - $10 billion (1991) +National product real growth rate: + -0.6% (1991) +National product per capita: + $800 (1991) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 1% (1991 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 14% (1985) +Budget: + revenues $2.3 billion; expenditures $3.6 billion, including capital + expenditures of $274 million (1990 est.) +Exports: + $2.8 billion (f.o.b., 1990) + commodities: + cocoa 30%, coffee 20%, tropical woods 11%, petroleum, cotton, bananas, + pineapples, palm oil, cotton + partners: + France, FRG, Netherlands, US, Belgium, Spain (1985) +Imports: + $1.6 billion (f.o.b., 1990) + commodities: + food, capital goods, consumer goods, fuel + partners: + France 29%, other EC 29%, Nigeria 16%, US 4%, Japan 3% (1989) +External debt: + $15 billion (1990 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 6% (1990); accounts for 11% of GDP +Electricity: + 1,210,000 kW capacity; 1,970 million kWh produced, 150 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + foodstuffs, wood processing, oil refinery, automobile assembly, textiles, + fertilizer, beverage +Agriculture: + most important sector, contributing one-third to GDP and 80% to exports; + cash crops include coffee, cocoa beans, timber, bananas, palm kernels, + rubber; food crops - corn, rice, manioc, sweet potatoes; not self-sufficient + in bread grain and dairy products +Illicit drugs: + illicit producer of cannabis; mostly for local consumption; some + international drug trade; transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin to + Europe + +*Cote d'Ivoire, Economy + +Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $356 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-88), $5.2 billion +Currency: + 1 CFA franc (CFAF) = 100 centimes +Exchange rates: + Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF) per US$1 - 274.06 (January + 1993), 264.69 (1992), 282.11 (1991), 272.26 (1990), 319.01 (1989), 297.85 + (1988) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +*Cote d'Ivoire, Communications + +Railroads: + 660 km (Burkina border to Abidjan, 1.00-meter gauge, single track, except 25 + km Abidjan-Anyama section is double track) +Highways: + 46,600 km total; 3,600 km paved; 32,000 km gravel, crushed stone, laterite, + and improved earth; 11,000 km unimproved +Inland waterways: + 980 km navigable rivers, canals, and numerous coastal lagoons +Ports: + Abidjan, San-Pedro +Merchant marine: + 7 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 71,945 GRT/ 90,684 DWT; includes 1 oil + tanker, 1 chemical tanker, 3 container, 2 roll-on/roll-off +Airports: + total: + 42 + usable: + 37 + with permanent-surface runways: + 7 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 3 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 15 +Telecommunications: + well-developed by African standards but operating well below capacity; + consists of open-wire lines and radio relay microwave links; 87,700 + telephones; broadcast stations - 3 AM, 17 FM, 13 TV, 1 Atlantic Ocean and 1 + Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth station; 2 coaxial submarine cables + +*Cote d'Ivoire, Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy, Air Force, paramilitary Gendarmerie, Republican Guard, Military + Fire Group +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 3,131,016; fit for military service 1,624,401; reach + military age (18) annually 145,827 (1993 est.) +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $200 million, 2.3% of GDP (1988) + +*Croatia, Geography + +Location: + Southeastern Europe, on the Balkan Peninsula, bordering the Adriatic Sea, + between Slovenia and Bosnia and Herzegovina +Map references: + Africa, Ethnic Groups in Eastern Europe, Europe, Standard Time Zones of the + World +Area: + total area: + 56,538 km2 + land area: + 56,410 km2 + comparative area: + slightly smaller than West Virginia +Land boundaries: + total 1,843 km, Bosnia and Herzegovina (east) 751 km, Bosnia and Herzegovina + (southeast) 91 km, Hungary 292 km, Serbia and Montenegro 254 km (239 km with + Serbia; 15 km with Montenego), Slovenia 455 km +Coastline: + 5,790 km (mainland 1,778 km, islands 4,012 km) +Maritime claims: + continental shelf: + 200 m depth or to depth of exploitation + exclusive economic zone: + 12 nm + exclusive fishing zone: + 12 nm + territorial sea: + 12 nm +International disputes: + Serbian enclaves in eastern Croatia and along the western Bosnia and + Herzegovinian border; dispute with Slovenia over fishing rights in Adriatic +Climate: + Mediterranean and continental; continental climate predominant with hot + summers and cold winters; mild winters, dry summers along coast +Terrain: + geographically diverse; flat plains along Hungarian border, low mountains + and highlands near Adriatic coast, coastline, and islands +Natural resources: + oil, some coal, bauxite, low-grade iron ore, calcium, natural asphalt, + silica, mica, clays, salt +Land use: + arable land: + 32% + permanent crops: + 20% + meadows and pastures: + 18% + forest and woodland: 15% + other: + 15% +Irrigated land: + NA km2 +Environment: + air pollution from metallurgical plants; damaged forest; coastal pollution + from industrial and domestic waste; subject to frequent and destructive + earthquakes + +*Croatia, Geography + +Note: + controls most land routes from Western Europe to Aegean Sea and Turkish + Straits + +*Croatia, People + +Population: + 4,694,398 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 0.07% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 11.38 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 10.73 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 9 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 73.19 years + male: + 69.7 years + female: + 76.89 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 1.66 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Croat(s) + adjective: + Croatian +Ethnic divisions: + Croat 78%, Serb 12%, Muslim 0.9%, Hungarian 0.5%, Slovenian 0.5%, others + 8.1% +Religions: + Catholic 76.5%, Orthodox 11.1%, Slavic Muslim 1.2%, Protestant 1.4%, others + and unknown 9.8% +Languages: + Serbo-Croatian 96%, other 4% +Literacy: + total population: + NA% + male: + NA% + female: + NA% +Labor force: + 1,509,489 + by occupation: + industry and mining 37%, agriculture 16% (1981 est.), government NA%, other + +*Croatia, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Republic of Croatia + conventional short form: + Croatia + local long form: + Republika Hrvatska + local short form: + Hrvatska +Digraph: + HR +Type: + parliamentary democracy +Capital: + Zagreb +Administrative divisions: + 100 districts (opcine, singular - opcina) Beli Manastir, Biograd (Biograd Na + Moru), Bielovar, Bjelovar, Brac, Buje, Buzet, Cabar, Cakovec, Cazma, Cres + Losinj, Crikvenica, Daruvar, Delnice, Djakovo (Dakovo), Donja Stubica, Donji + Lapac, Dordevac, Drnis, Dubrovnik, Duga Resa, Dugo Selo, Dvor, Garesnica, + Glina, Gospic, Gracac, Grubisno Polje, Hvar, Imotski, Ivanec, Ivanic-Grad, + Jastrebarsko, Karlovac, Klanjec, Knin, Koprivnica, Korcula, Kostajnica, + Krapina, Krizevci, Krk, Kutina, Labin, Lastovo, Ludbreg, Makarska, Metkovic, + Nova Gradiska, Novi Marof, Novska, Obrovac, Ogulin, Omis, Opatija, + Orahovica, Osijek, Otocac, Ozalj, Pag, Pazin, Petrinja, Ploce (Kardeljevo), + Podravska Slatina, Porec, Pregrada, Pukrac, Pula, Rab, Rijeka, Rovinj, + Samobor (part of Zagreb), Senj, Sesvete, Sibenik, Sinj, Sisak, Slavonska + Pozega, Slavonski Brod, Slunj, Split (Solin, Kastela), Titova Korenica, + Trogir, Valpovo, Varazdin, Vinkovci, Virovitica, Vukovar, Vis, Vojnic, + Vrborsko, Vrbovec, Vrgin-Most, Vrgorac, Zabok, Zadar, Zagreb (Grad Zagreb), + Zelina (Sveti Ivan Zelina), Zlatar Bistrica, Zupanja +Independence: + NA June 1991 (from Yugoslavia) +Constitution: + adopted on 2 December 1991 +Legal system: + based on civil law system +National holiday: + Statehood Day, 30 May (1990) +Political parties and leaders: Croatian Democratic Union (HDZ), Stjepan MESIC, chairman of the +executive + council; Croatian People's Party (HNS), Savka DABCEVIC-KUCAR, president; + Croatian Christian Democratic Party (HKDS), Ivan CESAR, president; Croatian + Party of Rights, Dobroslav PARAGA; Croatian Social Liberal Party (HSLS), + Drazen BUDISA, president; Croatian Peasant Party (HSS), leader NA; Istrian + Democratic Assembly (IDS), leader NA; Social-Democratic Party (SDP), leader + NA; Croatian National Party (PNS), leader NA +Other political or pressure groups: + NA +Suffrage: + 16 years of age, if employed; 18 years of age, universal +Elections: + President: + last held 4 August 1992 (next to be held NA); Franjo TUDJMAN reelected with + about 56% of the vote; Dobroslav PARAGA 5% + House of Parishes: + last held 7 February 1993 (next to be held NA February 1997); seats - (68 + total; 63 elected, 5 presidentially appointed) HDZ 37, HSLS 16, HSS 5, IDS + 3, SDP 1, PNS 1 + +*Croatia, Government + + Chamber of Deputies: + last held NA August 1992 (next to be held NA August 1996); seats - (138 + total) 87 HDZ +Executive branch: + president, prime minister, deputy prime ministers, cabinet +Legislative branch: + bicameral Parliament consists of an upper house or House of Parishes + (Zupanije Dom) and a lower house or Chamber of Deputies (Predstavnicke Dom) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court, Constitutional Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Franjo TUDJMAN (since 30 May 1990) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Nikica VALENTIC (since NA April 1993); Deputy Prime Ministers + Mate GRANIC, Vladimir SEKS, Borislav SKEGRO (since NA) +Member of: + CEI, CSCE, ECE, ICAO, IMO, IOM (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, + WHO +Diplomatic representation in US: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Peter A. SARCEVIC + chancery: + 2356 Massachusetts Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20036 + telephone: + (202) 543-5586 +US diplomatic representation: + chief of mission: + (vacant) + embassy: + Andrije Hebranga 2, Zagreb + mailing address: AMEMB Unit 25402, APO AE 09213-5080 + telephone: + [38] (41) 444-800 + FAX: + [38] (41) 440-235 +Flag: + red, white, and blue horizontal bands with Croatian coat of arms (red and + white checkered) + +*Croatia, Economy + +Overview: + Before the dissolution of Yugoslavia, the republic of Croatia, after + Slovenia, was the most prosperous and industrialized area, with a per capita + output roughly comparable to that of Portugal and perhaps one-third above + the Yugoslav average. Croatian Serb Nationalists control approximately one + third of the Croatian territory, and one of the overriding determinants of + Croatia's long-term political and economic prospects will be the resolution + of this territorial dispute. Croatia faces monumental problems stemming + from: the legacy of longtime Communist mismanagement of the economy; large + foreign debt; damage during the fighting to bridges, factories, powerlines, + buildings, and houses; the large refugee population, both Croatian and + Bosnian; and the disruption of economic ties to Serbia and the other former + Yugoslav republics, as well as within its own territory. At the minimum, + extensive Western aid and investment, especially in the tourist and oil + industries, would seem necessary to salvage a desperate economic situation. + However, peace and political stability must come first. As of June 1993, + fighting continues among Croats, Serbs, and Muslims, and national boundaries + and final political arrangements are still in doubt. +National product: + GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $26.3 billion (1991 est.) +National product real growth rate: + -25% (1991 est.) +National product per capita: + $5,600 (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 50% (monthly rate, December 1992) +Unemployment rate: + 20% (December 1991 est.) +Budget: + revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA +Exports: + $2.9 billion (1990) + commodities: + machinery and transport equipment 30%, other manufacturers 37%, chemicals + 11%, food and live animals 9%, raw materials 6.5%, fuels and lubricants 5% + partners: + principally the other former Yugoslav republics +Imports: + $4.4 billion (1990) + commodities: + machinery and transport equipment 21%, fuels and lubricants 19%, food and + live animals 16%, chemicals 14%, manufactured goods 13%, miscellaneous + manufactured articles 9%, raw materials 6.5%, beverages and tobacco 1% + partners: + principally other former Yugoslav republics +External debt: + $2.6 billion (will assume some part of foreign debt of former Yugoslavia) +Industrial production: + growth rate -29% (1991 est.) +Electricity: + 3,570,000 kW capacity; 11,500 million kWh produced, 2,400 kWh per capita + (1992) +Industries: + chemicals and plastics, machine tools, fabricated metal, electronics, pig + iron and rolled steel products, aluminum reduction, paper, wood products + (including furniture), building materials (including cement), textiles, + shipbuilding, petroleum and petroleum refining, food processing and + beverages + +*Croatia, Economy + +Agriculture: + Croatia normally produces a food surplus; most agricultural land in private + hands and concentrated in Croat-majority districts in Slavonia and Istria; + much of Slavonia's land has been put out of production by fighting; wheat, + corn, sugar beets, sunflowers, alfalfa, and clover are main crops in + Slavonia; central Croatian highlands are less fertile but support cereal + production, orchards, vineyards, livestock breeding, and dairy farming; + coastal areas and offshore islands grow olives, citrus fruits, and + vegetables +Economic aid: + $NA +Currency: + 1 Croatian dinar (CD) = 100 paras +Exchange rates: + Croatian dinar per US $1 - 60.00 (April 1992) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +*Croatia, Communications + +Railroads: + 2,592 km of standard guage (1.435 m) of which 864 km are electrified (1992); + note - disrupted by territorial dispute +Highways: + 32,071 km total; 23,305 km paved, 8,439 km gravel, 327 km earth (1990); note + - key highways note disrupted because of territorial dispute +Inland waterways: + 785 km perennially navigable +Pipelines: + crude oil 670 km, petroleum products 20 km, natural gas 310 km (1992); note + - now disrupted because of territorial dispute +Ports: + coastal - Rijeka, Split, Kardeljevo (Ploce); inland - Vukovar, Osijek, + Sisak, Vinkovci +Merchant marine: + 18 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 77,074 GRT/93,052 DWT; includes 4 + cargo, 1 roll-on/roll-off, 10 passenger ferries, 2 bulk, 1 oil tanker; note + - also controlled by Croatian shipowners are 198 ships (1,000 GRT or over) + under flags of convenience - primarily Malta and St. Vincent - totaling + 2,602,678 GRT/4,070,852 DWT; includes 89 cargo, 9 roll-on/ roll-off, 6 + refrigerated cargo, 14 container, 3 multifunction large load carriers, 51 + bulk, 5 passenger, 11 oil tanker, 4 chemical tanker, 6 service vessel +Airports: + total: + 75 + usable: + 72 + with permanent-surface runways: + 15 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 10 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 5 +Telecommunications: + 350,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 14 AM, 8 FM, 12 (2 repeaters) TV; + 1,100,000 radios; 1,027,000 TVs; NA submarine coaxial cables; satellite + ground stations - none + +*Croatia, Defense Forces + +Branches: + Ground Forces, Naval Forces, Air and Air Defense Forces +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 1,177,029; fit for military service 943,259; reach military + age (19) annually 32,873 (1993 est.) +Defense expenditures: + 337-393 billion Croatian dinars, NA% of GDP (1993 est.); note - conversion + of defense expenditures into US dollars using the current exchange rate + could produce misleading results + +*Cuba, Geography + +Location: + in the northern Caribbean Sea, 145 km south of Key West (Florida) +Map references: + Central America and the Caribbean, North America, Standard Time Zones of the + World +Area: + total area: + 110,860 km2 + land area: + 110,860 km2 + comparative area: + slightly smaller than Pennsylvania +Land boundaries: + total 29 km, US Naval Base at Guantanamo 29 km + note: + Guantanamo is leased and as such remains part of Cuba +Coastline: + 3,735 km +Maritime claims: + exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + territorial sea: + 12 nm +International disputes: + US Naval Base at Guantanamo is leased to US and only mutual agreement or US + abandonment of the area can terminate the lease +Climate: + tropical; moderated by trade winds; dry season (November to April); rainy + season (May to October) +Terrain: + mostly flat to rolling plains with rugged hills and mountains in the + southeast +Natural resources: + cobalt, nickel, iron ore, copper, manganese, salt, timber, silica, petroleum +Land use: + arable land: + 23% + permanent crops: + 6% + meadows and pastures: + 23% + forest and woodland: + 17% + other: + 31% +Irrigated land: + 8,960 km2 (1989) +Environment: + averages one hurricane every other year +Note: + largest country in Caribbean + +*Cuba, People + +Population: + 10,957,088 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 1% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 17.08 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 6.5 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + -0.63 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 10.5 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 76.72 years + male: + 74.59 years + female: + 78.99 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 1.83 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Cuban(s) + adjective: + Cuban +Ethnic divisions: + mulatto 51%, white 37%, black 11%, Chinese 1% +Religions: + nominally Roman Catholic 85% prior to Castro assuming power +Languages: + Spanish +Literacy: + age 15 and over can read and write (1990) + total population: + 94% + male: + 95% + female: + 93% +Labor force: + 4,620,800 economically active population (1988); 3,578,800 in state sector + by occupation: + services and government 30%, industry 22%, agriculture 20%, commerce 11%, + construction 10%, transportation and communications 7% (June 1990) + +*Cuba, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Republic of Cuba + conventional short form: + Cuba + local long form: + Republica de Cuba + local short form: + Cuba +Digraph: + CU +Type: + Communist state +Capital: + Havana +Administrative divisions: + 14 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia) and 1 special municipality*, (municipio +especial); Camaguey, Ciego de Avila, Cienfuegos, Ciudad de La + Habana, Granma, Guantanamo, Holguin, Isla de la Juventud*, La Habana, Las, Tunas, Matanzas, +Pinar del Rio, Sancti Spiritus, Santiago de Cuba, Villa + Clara +Independence: + 20 May 1902 (from Spain 10 December 1898; administered by the US from 1898 + to 1902) +Constitution: + 24 February 1976 +Legal system: + based on Spanish and American law, with large elements of Communist legal + theory; does not accept compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + Rebellion Day, 26 July (1953) +Political parties and leaders: + only party - Cuban Communist Party (PCC), Fidel CASTRO Ruz, first secretary +Suffrage: + 16 years of age; universal +Elections: + National Assembly of People's Power: + last held December 1986 (next to be held February 1993); results - PCC is + the only party; seats - (510 total; after the February election, the + National Assembly will have 590 seats) indirectly elected from slates + approved by special candidacy commissions +Executive branch: + president of the Council of State, first vice president of the Council of + State, Council of State, president of the Council of Ministers, first vice + president of the Council of Ministers, Executive Committee of the Council of + Ministers, Council of Ministers +Legislative branch: + unicameral National Assembly of the People's Power (Asamblea Nacional del + Poder Popular) +Judicial branch: + People's Supreme Court (Tribunal Supremo Popular) +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + President of the Council of State and President of the Council of Ministers + Fidel CASTRO Ruz (Prime Minister from February 1959 until 24 February 1976 + when office was abolished; President since 2 December 1976); First Vice + President of the Council of State and First Vice President of the Council of + Ministers Gen. Raul CASTRO Ruz (since 2 December 1976) + +*Cuba, Government + +Member of: + CCC, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, ICAO, IFAD, ILO, IMO, INMARSAT, INTERPOL, + IOC, ISO, ITU, LAES, LAIA (observer), LORCS, NAM, OAS (excluded from formal + participation since 1962), PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, + WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation in US: + chief of mission: + Principal Officer Alfonso FRAGA Perez (since August 1992) + chancery: + 2630 and 2639 16th Street NW, US Interests Section, Swiss Embassy, + Washington, DC 20009 telephone: + (202) 797-8518 or 8519, 8520, 8609, 8610 +US diplomatic representation: + chief of mission: + Principal Officer Alan H. FLANIGAN + US Interests Section: + USINT, Swiss Embassy, Calzada entre L Y M, Vedado Seccion, Havana + mailing address: + USINT, Swiss Embassy, Calzada Entre L Y M, Vedado, Havava + telephone: + 32-0051, 32-0543 + FAX: + no service available at this time + note: + protecting power in Cuba is Switzerland - US Interests Section, Swiss + Embassy +Flag: + five equal horizontal bands of blue (top and bottom) alternating with white; + a red equilateral triangle based on the hoist side bears a white + five-pointed star in the center + +*Cuba, Economy + +Overview: + Since Castro's takeover of Cuba in 1959, the economy has been run in the + Soviet style of government ownership of substantially all the means of + production and government planning of all but the smallest details of + economic activity. Thus, Cuba, like the former Warsaw Pact nations, has + remained in the backwater of economic modernization. The economy contracted + by about one-third between 1989 and 1992 as it absorbed the loss of $4 + billion of annual economic aid from the former Soviet Union and much smaller + amounts from Eastern Europe. The government implemented numerous energy + conservation measures and import substitution schemes to cope with a large + decline in imports. To reduce fuel consumption, Havana has cut back bus + service and imported approximately 1 million bicycles from China, + domesticated nearly 200,000 oxen to replace tractors, and halted a large + amount of industrial production. The government has prioritized domestic + food production and promoted herbal medicines since 1990 to compensate for + lower imports. Havana also has been shifting its trade away from the former + Soviet republics and Eastern Europe toward the industrialized countries of + Latin America and the OECD. +National product: + GNP - exchange rate conversion - $14.9 billion (1992 est.) +National product real growth rate: + -15% (1992 est.) +National product per capita: + $1,370 (1992 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + NA% +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $12.46 billion; expenditures $14.45 billion, including capital + expenditures of $NA (1990 est.) +Exports: + $2.1 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.) + commodities: + sugar, nickel, shellfish, tobacco, medical products, citrus, coffee + partners: + Russia 30%, Canada 10%, China 9%, Japan 6%, Spain 4% (1992 est.) +Imports: + $2.2 billion (c.i.f., 1992 est.) + commodities: + petroleum, food, machinery, chemicals + partners: + Russia 10%, China 9%, Spain 9%, Mexico 5%, Italy 5%, Canada 4%, France 4% + (1992 est.) +External debt: + $6.8 billion (convertible currency, July 1989) +Industrial production: + NA +Electricity: + 3,889,000 kW capacity; 16,248 million kWh produced, 1,500 kWh per capita + (1992) +Industries: + sugar milling and refining, petroleum refining, food and tobacco processing, + textiles, chemicals, paper and wood products, metals (particularly nickel), + cement, fertilizers, consumer goods, agricultural machinery + +*Cuba, Economy + +Agriculture: + accounts for 11% of GNP (including fishing and forestry); key commercial + crops - sugarcane, tobacco, and citrus fruits; other products - coffee, + rice, potatoes, meat, beans; world's largest sugar exporter; not + self-sufficient in food (excluding sugar); sector hurt by growing shortages + of fuels and parts +Economic aid: + Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), + $710 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $18.5 billion +Currency: + 1 Cuban peso (Cu$) = 100 centavos +Exchange rates: + Cuban pesos (Cu$) per US$1 - 1.0000 (linked to the US dollar) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +*Cuba, Communications + +Railroads: + 12,947 km total; Cuban National Railways operates 5,053 km of 1.435-meter + gauge track; 151.7 km electrified; 7,742 km of sugar plantation lines of + 0.914-m and 1.435-m gauge +Highways: + 26,477 km total; 14,477 km paved, 12,000 km gravel and earth surfaced (1989 + est.) +Inland waterways: + 240 km +Ports: + Cienfuegos, Havana, Mariel, Matanzas, Santiago de Cuba; 7 secondary, 35 + minor +Merchant marine: + 73 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 511,522 GRT/720,270 DWT; includes 42 + cargo, 10 refrigerated cargo, 1 cargo/training, 11 oil tanker, 1 chemical + tanker, 4 liquefied gas, 4 bulk; note - Cuba beneficially owns an additional + 38 ships (1,000 GRT and over) totaling 529,090 DWT under the registry of + Panama, Cyprus, and Malta +Airports: + total: + 186 + usable: + 166 + with permanent-surface runways: + 73 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 3 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 12 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 19 +Telecommunications: + broadcast stations - 150 AM, 5 FM, 58 TV; 1,530,000 TVs; 2,140,000 radios; + 229,000 telephones; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station + +*Cuba, Defense Forces + +Branches: + Revolutionary Armed Forces (FAR) - including Ground Forces, Revolutionary + Navy (MGR), Air and Air Defense Force (DAAFAR), Ministry of the Armed Forces + Special Troops, Border Guard Troops, Territorial Militia Troops (MTT), Youth + Labor Army (EJT) +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 3,087,255; females age 15-49 3,064,663; males fit for + military service 1,929,698; females fit for military service 1,910,733; + males reach military age (17) annually 90,409; females reach military age + (17) annually 87,274 (1993 est.) +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $1.2-1.4 billion; 10% of GNP in 1990 plan was for + defense and internal security +Note: + the breakup of the Soviet Union, the key military supporter and supplier of + Cuba, has resulted in substantially less outside help for Cuba's defense + forces + +*Cyprus, Geography + +Location: + in the eastern Mediterreanean Sea, 97 km west of Syria and 64 km west of + Turkey +Map references: + Africa, Middle East, Standard Time Zones of the World +Area: + total area: + 9,250 km2 + land area: + 9,240 km2 + comparative area: + about 0.7 times the size of Connecticut +Land boundaries: + 0 km +Coastline: + 648 km +Maritime claims: + continental shelf: + 200 m depth or to depth of exploitation + territorial sea: + 12 nm +International disputes: + 1974 hostilities divided the island into two de facto autonomous areas, a + Greek area controlled by the Cypriot Government (60% of the island's land + area) and a Turkish-Cypriot area (35% of the island) that are separated by a + narrow UN buffer zone; in addition, there are two UK sovereign base areas + (about 5% of the island's land area) +Climate: + temperate, Mediterranean with hot, dry summers and cool, wet winters +Terrain: + central plain with mountains to north and south +Natural resources: + copper, pyrites, asbestos, gypsum, timber, salt, marble, clay earth pigment +Land use: + arable land: + 40% + permanent crops: + 7% + meadows and pastures: + 10% + forest and woodland: + 18% + other: + 25% +Irrigated land: + 350 km2 (1989) +Environment: + moderate earthquake activity; water resource problems (no natural reservoir + catchments, seasonal disparity in rainfall, and most potable resources + concentrated in the Turkish-Cypriot area) + +*Cyprus, People + +Population: + 723,371 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: 0.94% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 17.14 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 7.74 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 9.3 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 75.98 years + male: + 73.75 years + female: + 78.31 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 2.34 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Cypriot(s) + adjective: + Cypriot +Ethnic divisions: + Greek 78%, Turkish 18%, other 4% +Religions: + Greek Orthodox 78%, Muslim 18%, Maronite, Armenian, Apostolic, and other 4% +Languages: + Greek, Turkish, English +Literacy: + age 15 and over can read and write (1987) + total population: + 94% + male: + 98% + female: + 91% +Labor force: + Greek area: + 282,000 + by occupation: + services 57%, industry 29%, agriculture 14% (1991) + Turkish area: + 72,000 + by occupation: + services 57%, industry 22%, agriculture 21% (1991) + +*Cyprus, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Republic of Cyprus + conventional short form: + Cyprus +Digraph: + CY +Type: + republic + note: + a disaggregation of the two ethnic communities inhabiting the island began + after the outbreak of communal strife in 1963; this separation was further + solidified following the Turkish invasion of the island in July 1974, which + gave the Turkish Cypriots de facto control in the north; Greek Cypriots + control the only internationally recognized government; on 15 November 1983 + Turkish Cypriot President Rauf DENKTASH declared independence and the + formation of a "Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus" (TRNC), which has been + recognized only by Turkey; both sides publicly call for the resolution of + intercommunal differences and creation of a new federal system of government +Capital: + Nicosia +Administrative divisions: + 6 districts; Famagusta, Kyrenia, Larnaca, Limassol, Nicosia, Paphos +Independence: + 16 August 1960 (from UK) +Constitution: + 16 August 1960; negotiations to create the basis for a new or revised + constitution to govern the island and to better relations between Greek and + Turkish Cypriots have been held intermittently; in 1975 Turkish Cypriots + created their own Constitution and governing bodies within the "Turkish + Federated State of Cyprus," which was renamed the "Turkish Republic of + Northern Cyprus" in 1983; a new Constitution for the Turkish area passed by + referendum in May 1985 +Legal system: + based on common law, with civil law modifications +National holiday: + Independence Day, 1 October (15 November is celebrated as Independence Day + in the Turkish area) +Political parties and leaders: + Greek Cypriot: + Progressive Party of the Working People (AKEL; Communist Party), Dimitrios + CHRISTOFIAS; Democratic Rally (DISY), Glafkos CLERIDES; Democratic Party + (DIKO), Spyros KYPRIANOU; United Democratic Union of the Center (EDEK), + Vassos LYSSARIDIS; Socialist Democratic Renewal Movement (ADISOK), Mikhalis + PAPAPETROU; Liberal Party, Nikos ROLANDIS; Free Democrats, George VASSILIOU + Turkish area: + National Unity Party (UBP), Dervis EROGLU; Communal Liberation Party (TKP), + Mustafa AKINCI; Republican Turkish Party (CTP), Ozker OZGUR; New Cyprus + Party (YKP), Alpay DURDURAN; Social Democratic Party (SDP), Ergun VEHBI; New + Birth Party (YDP), Ali Ozkan ALTINISHIK; Free Democratic Party (HDP), Ismet + KOTAK; Nationalist Justice Party (MAP), Zorlu TORE; United Sovereignty + Party, Arif Salih KIRDAG; Democratic Party (DP), Hakki ATUN; Fatherland + Party (VP), Orhan UCOK; CTP, TKP, and YDP joined in the coalition Democratic + Struggle Party (DMP) for the 22 April 1990 legislative election; the CTP and + TKP boycotted the byelection of 13 October 1991, in which 12 seats were at + stake; the DMP was dissolved after the 1990 election + +*Cyprus, Government + +Other political or pressure groups: + United Democratic Youth Organization (EDON; Communist controlled); Union of + Cyprus Farmers (EKA; Communist controlled); Cyprus Farmers Union (PEK; + pro-West); Pan-Cyprian Labor Federation (PEO; Communist controlled); + Confederation of Cypriot Workers (SEK; pro-West); Federation of Turkish + Cypriot Labor Unions (Turk-Sen); Confederation of Revolutionary Labor Unions + (Dev-Is) +Suffrage: + 18 years of age; universal +Elections: + President: + last held 14 February 1993 (next to be held February 1998); results - + Glafkos CLERIDES 50.3%, George VASSILIOU 49.7% + House of Representatives: + last held 19 May 1991; results - DISY 35.8%, AKEL (Communist) 30.6%, DIKO + 19.5%, EDEK 10. 9%; others 3.2%; seats - (56 total) DISY 20, AKEL + (Communist) 18, DIKO 11, EDEK 7 + Turkish Area: President: + last held 22 April 1990 (next to be held April 1995); results - Rauf R. + DENKTASH 66%, Ismail BOZKURT 32.05% + Turkish Area: Assembly of the Republic: + last held 6 May 1990 (next to be held May 1995); results - UBP + (conservative) 54.4%, DMP 44.4% YKP 0.9%; seats - (50 total) UBP + (conservative) 45, SDP 1, HDP 2, YDP 2; note - by-election of 13 October + 1991 was for 12 seats; DP delegates broke away from the UBP and formed their + own party after the last election; seats as of July 1992 UBP 34, SPD 1, HDP + 1, YDP 2, DP 10, independents 2 +Executive branch: + president, Council of Ministers (cabinet); note - there is a president, + prime minister, and Council of Ministers (cabinet) in the Turkish area +Legislative branch: + unicameral House of Representatives (Vouli Antiprosopon); note - there is a + unicameral Assembly of the Republic (Cumhuriyet Meclisi) in the Turkish area +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court; note - there is also a Supreme Court in the Turkish area +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + President Glafkos CLERIDES (since 28 February 1993) + note: + Rauf R. DENKTASH has been president of the Turkish area since 13 February + 1975; Dervish EROGLU has been prime minister of the Turkish area since 20 + July 1985 +Member of: + C, CCC, CE, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, + IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, + ITU, NAM, OAS (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, + WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation in US: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Michael E. SHERIFIS + chancery: + 2211 R Street NW, Washington, DC 20008 + telephone: + (202) 462-5772 + consulate general: + New York note: + Representative of the Turkish area in the US is Namik KORMAN, office at 1667 + K Street, NW, Washington DC, telephone (202) 887-6198 + +*Cyprus, Government + +US diplomatic representation: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Robert E. LAMB + embassy: + corner of Therissos Street and Dositheos Street, Nicosia + mailing address: + APO AE 09836 + telephone: + [357] (2) 465151 + FAX: + [357] (2) 459-571 +Flag: + white with a copper-colored silhouette of the island (the name Cyprus is + derived from the Greek word for copper) above two green crossed olive + branches in the center of the flag; the branches symbolize the hope for + peace and reconciliation between the Greek and Turkish communities + note: + the Turkish cypriot flag has a horizontal red stripe at the top and bottom + with a red crescent and red star on a white field + +*Cyprus, Economy + +Overview: + The Greek Cypriot economy is small, diversified, and prosperous. Industry + contributes 16.5% to GDP and employs 29% of the labor force, while the + service sector contributes 62% to GDP and employs 57% of the labor force. + Rapid growth in exports of agricultural and manufactured products and in + tourism have played important roles in the average 6.8% rise in GDP between + 1986 and 1990. This progress was temporarily checked in 1991, because of the + adverse effects of the Gulf War on tourism. Nevertheless in mid-1991, the + World Bank "graduated" Cyprus off its list of developing countries. In + contrast to the bright picture in the south, the Turkish Cypriot economy has + less than half the per capita GDP and suffered a series of reverses in 1991. + Crippled by the effects of the Gulf war, the collapse of the + fruit-to-electronics conglomerate, Polly Peck, Ltd., and a drought, the + Turkish area in late 1991 asked for a multibillion-dollar grant from Turkey + to help ease the burden of the economic crisis. In addition, the Turkish + government extended a $100 million loan in November 1992 to be used for + economic development projects in 1993. Turkey normally underwrites a + substantial portion of the Turkish Cypriot economy. +National product: + Greek area: + GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $6.3 billion (1992) + Turkish area: + GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $600 million (1990) +National product real growth rate: Greek area: + 6.5% (1992) + Turkish area: + 5.9% (1990) +National product per capita: + Greek area: + $11,000 (1992) + Turkish area: + $4,000 (1990) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + Greek area: + 5.1% (1991) + Turkish area: + 69.4% (1990) +Unemployment rate: + Greek area: + 2.4% (1991) + Turkish area: + 1.5% (1991) +Budget: + revenues $1.7 billion; expenditures $2.2 billion, including capital + expenditures of $350 million (1993) +Exports: + $875 million (f.o.b., 1991) + commodities: + citrus, potatoes, grapes, wine, cement, clothing and shoes + partners: + UK 23%, Greece 10%, Lebanon 10%, Germany 5% +Imports: + $2.4 billion (f.o.b., 1991) + commodities: + consumer goods, petroleum and lubricants, food and feed grains, machinery + partners: + UK 13%, Japan 12%, Italy 10%, Germany 9.1% + +*Cyprus, Economy + +External debt: + $1.9 billion (1991) +Industrial production: + growth rate 0.4% (1991); accounts for 16.5% of GDP +Electricity: + 620,000 kW capacity; 1,770 million kWh produced, 2,530 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + food, beverages, textiles, chemicals, metal products, tourism, wood products +Agriculture: + contributes 6% to GDP and employs 14% of labor force in the south; major + crops - potatoes, vegetables, barley, grapes, olives, citrus fruits; + vegetables and fruit provide 25% of export revenues +Illicit drugs: + transit point for heroin via air routes and container traffic to Europe, + especially from Lebanon and Turkey +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $292 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $250 million; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $62 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $24 + million +Currency: + 1 Cypriot pound (#C) = 100 cents; 1 Turkish lira (TL) = 100 kurus +Exchange rates: + NA +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +*Cyprus, Communications + +Highways: + 10,780 km total; 5,170 km paved; 5,610 km gravel, crushed stone, and earth +Ports: + Famagusta, Kyrenia, Larnaca, Limassol, Paphos +Merchant marine: + 1,299 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 21,045,037 GRT/37,119,933 DWT; + includes 10 short-sea passenger, 1 passenger-cargo, 463 cargo, 77 + refrigerated cargo, 24 roll-on/roll-off, 70 container, 4 multifunction large + load carrier, 110 oil tanker, 3 specialized tanker, 3 liquefied gas, 26 + chemical tanker, 32 combination ore/oil, 422 bulk, 3 vehicle carrier, 48 + combination bulk, 1 railcar carrier, 2 passenger; note - a flag of + convenience registry; Cuba owns 27 of these ships, Russia owns 36, Latvia + also has 7 ships, Croatia owns 2, and Romania 5 +Airports: + total: + 13 + usable: + 13 + with permanent-surface runways: + 10 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 7 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 1 +Telecommunications: + excellent in both the area controlled by the Cypriot Government (Greek + area), and in the Turkish-Cypriot administered area; 210,000 telephones; + largely open-wire and microwave radio relay; broadcast stations - 11 AM, 8 + FM, 1 (34 repeaters) TV in Greek sector and 2 AM, 6 FM and 1 TV in Turkish + sector; international service by tropospheric scatter, 3 submarine cables, + and satellite earth stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 1 Indian Ocean + INTELSAT and EUTELSAT earth stations + +*Cyprus, Defense Forces + +Branches: + Greek area: + Greek Cypriot National Guard (GCNG; including air and naval elements), Greek + Cypriot Police + Turkish area: + Turkish Cypriot Security Force +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 185,371; fit for military service 127,536; reach military + age (18) annually 5,085 (1993 est.) +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $209 million, 5% of GDP (1990 est.) + +*Czech Republic, Geography + +Location: + Eastern Europe, between Germany and Slovakia +Map references: + Ethnic Groups in Eastern Europe, Europe, Standard Time Zones of the World +Area: + total area: + 78,703 km2 + land area: + 78,645 km2 + comparative area: + slightly smaller than South Carolina +Land boundaries: + total 1,880 km, Austria 362 km, Germany 646 km, Poland 658 km, Slovakia 214 + km +Coastline: + 0 km (landlocked) +Maritime claims: + none; landlocked +International disputes: + Liechtenstein claims 620 square miles of Czech territory confiscated from + its royal family in 1918; the Czech Republic insists that restitution does + not go back before February 1948, when the Communists seized power; + unresolved property dispute issues with Slovakia over redistribution of + Czech and Slovak Federal Republic's property; establishment of international + border between Czech Republic and Slovakia +Climate: + temperate; cool summers; cold, cloudy, humid winters +Terrain: + two main regions: Bohemia in the west, consisting of rolling plains, hills, + and plateaus surrounded by low mountains; and Moravia in the east, + consisting of very hilly country +Natural resources: + hard coal, kaolin, clay, graphite +Land use: + arable land: + NA% + permanent crops: + NA% + meadows and pastures: + NA% + forest and woodland: + NA% + other: NA% +Irrigated land: + NA km2 +Environment: + NA +Note: + landlocked; strategically located astride some of oldest and most + significant land routes in Europe; Moravian Gate is a traditional military + corridor between the North European Plain and the Danube in central Europe + +*Czech Republic, People + +Population: + 10,389,256 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 0.16% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 13 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 11.44 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 9.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 72.64 years + male: + 68.9 years + female: + 76.58 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 1.85 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Czech(s) + adjective: + Czech +Ethnic divisions: + Czech 94.4%, Slovak 3%, Polish 0.6%, German 0.5%, Gypsy 0.3%, Hungarian + 0.2%, other 1% +Religions: + atheist 39.8%, Roman Catholic 39.2%, Protestant 4.6%, Orthodox 3%, other + 13.4% +Languages: + Czech, Slovak +Literacy: + total population: + NA% + male: + NA% + female: + NA% +Labor force: 5.389 million + by occupation: + industry 37.9%, agriculture 8.1%, construction 8.8%, communications and + other 45.2% (1990) + +*Czech Republic, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Czech Republic + conventional short form: + none + local long form: + Ceska Republika + local short form: + Cechy +Digraph: + EZ +Type: + parliamentary democracy +Capital: + Prague +Administrative divisions: + 7 regions (kraje, kraj - singular); Severocesky, Zapadocesky, Jihocesky, + Vychodocesky, Praha, Severomoravsky, Jihomoravsky +Independence: + 1 January 1993 (from Czechoslovakia) +Constitution: + ratified 16 December 1992; effective 1 January 1993 +Legal system: + civil law system based on Austro-Hungarian codes; has not accepted + compulsory ICJ jurisdiction; legal code modified to bring it in line with + Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE) obligations and to + expunge Marxist-Leninist legal theory +National holiday: + NA +Political parties and leaders: + Civic Democratic Party, Vaclav KLAUS, chairman; Christian Democratic Union, + leader NA; Civic Democratic Alliance, Jan KALVODA, chairman; Christian + Democratic Party, Vaclav BENDA, chairman; Czech People's Party, Josef LUX; + Czechoslovak Social Democracy, Milos ZEMAN, chairman; Left Bloc, leader NA; + Republican Party, Miroslav SLADEK, chairman; Movement for Self-Governing + Democracy for Moravia and Silesia, Jan STRYCER, chairman; Liberal Social + Union, leader NA; Assembly for the Republic, leader NA +Other political or pressure groups: + Czech Democratic Left Movement; Civic Movement +Suffrage: + 18 years of age; universal +Elections: + President: + last held 26 January 1993 (next to be held NA January 1998); results - + Vaclav HAVEL elected by the National Council + Senate: + elections not yet held; seats (81 total) + Chamber of Deputies: + last held 5-6 June 1992 (next to be held NA 1996); results - percent of vote + by party NA; seats - (200 total) Civic Democratic Party/Christian Democratic + Party 76, Left Bloc 35, Czechoslovak Social Democracy 16, Liberal Social + Union 16, Christian Democratic Union/Czech People's Party 15, Assembly for + the Republic/Republican Party 14, Civic Democratic Alliance 14, Movement for + Self-Governing Democracy for Moravia and Silesia 14 +Executive branch: + president, prime minister, Cabinet + +*Czech Republic, Government + +Legislative branch: + bicameral National Council (Narodni rada) will consist of an upper house or + Senate (which has not yet been established) and a lower house or Chamber of + Deputies +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court, Constitutional Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Vaclav HAVEL (since 26 January 1993) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Vaclav KLAUS (since NA June 1992); Deputy Prime Ministers + Ivan KOCARNIK, Josef LUX, Jan KALVODA (since NA June 1992) +Member of: + BIS, CCC, CE, CEI, CERN, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, + IFC, IFCTU, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM + (observer), ISO, ITU, LORCS, NACC, NAM (guest), NSG, PCA, UN (as of 8 + January 1993), UNAVEM II, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNOSOM, UNPROFOR, UPU, WHO, + WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC +Diplomatic representation in US: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Michael ZANTOVSKY + chancery: + 3900 Spring of Freedom Street NW, Washington, DC 20008 + telephone: + (202) 363-6315 or 6316 +US diplomatic representation: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Adrian A. BASORA + embassy: + Trziste 15, 125 48, Prague 1 + mailing address: + Unit 25402; APO AE 09213-5630 + telephone: + [42] (2) 536-641/6 + FAX: + [42] (2) 532-457 +Flag: + two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and red with a blue isosceles + triangle based on the hoist side + +*Czech Republic, Economy + +Overview: + The dissolution of Czechoslovakia into two independent nation states - the + Czech Republic and Slovakia - on 1 January 1993 has complicated the task of + moving toward a more open and decentralized economy. The old Czechoslovakia, + even though highly industrialized by East European standards, suffered from + an aging capital plant, lagging technology, and a deficiency in energy and + many raw materials. In January 1991, approximately one year after the end of + communist control of Eastern Europe, theCzech and Slovak Federal Republic + launched a sweeping program to convert its almost entirely state-owned and + controlled economy to a market system. In 1991-92 these measures resulted in + privatization of some medium- and small-scale economic activity and the + setting of more than 90% of prices by the market - but at a cost in + inflation, unemployment, and lower output. For Czechoslovakia as a whole + inflation in 1991 was roughly 50% and output fell 15%. In 1992, in the Czech + lands, inflation dropped to an estimated 12.5% and GDP was down a more + moderate 5%. For 1993 the government of the Czech Republic anticipates + inflation of 15-20% and a rise in unemployment to perhaps 12% as some + large-scale enterprises go into bankruptcy; GDP may drop as much as 3%, + mainly because of the disruption of trade links with Slovakia. Although the + governments of the Czech Republic and Slovakia had envisaged retaining the + koruna as a common currency, at least in the short term, the two countries + ended the currency union in February 1993. +National product: + GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $75.3 billion (1992 est.) +National product real growth rate: + -5% (1992 est.) +National product per capita: + $7,300 (1992 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 12.5% (1992 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 3.1% (1992 est.) +Budget: + revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA +Exports: + $8.2 billion (f.o.b., 1992) + commodities: + manufactured goods, machinery and transport equipment, chemicals, fuels, + minerals, and metals + partners: + Slovakia, Germany, Poland, Austria, Hungary, Italy, France, US, UK, CIS + republics +Imports: + $8.9 billion (f.o.b., 1992) + commodities: + machinery and transport equipment, fuels and lubricants, manfactured goods, + raw materials, chemicals, agricultural products + partners: + Slovakia, CIS republics, Germany Austria, Poland, Switzerland, Hungary, UK, + Italy +External debt: + $3.8 billion hard currency indebtedness (December 1992) +Industrial production: + growth rate -4% (November 1992 over November 1991); accounts for over 60% of + GDP +Electricity: + 16,500,000 kW capacity; 62,200 million kWh produced, 6,030 kWh per capita + (1992) + +*Czech Republic, Economy + +Industries: + fuels, ferrous metallurgy, machinery and equipment, coal, motor vehicles, + glass, armaments +Agriculture: + largely self-sufficient in food production; diversified crop and livestock + production, including grains, potatoes, sugar beets, hops, fruit, hogs, + cattle, and poultry; exporter of forest products +Illicit drugs: + the former Czechoslovakia was a transshipment point for Southwest Asian + heroin and was emerging as a transshipment point for Latin American cocaine + (1992) +Economic aid: + the former Czechoslovakia was a donor - $4.2 billion in bilateral aid to + non-Communist less developed countries (1954-89) +Currency: + 1 koruna (Kc) = 100 haleru +Exchange rates: + koruny (Kcs) per US$1 - 28.59 (December 1992), 28.26 (1992), 29.53 (1991), + 17.95 (1990), 15.05 (1989), 14.36 (1988), 13.69 (1987) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +*Czech Republic, Communications + +Railroads: + 9,434 km total (1988) +Highways: + 55,890 km total (1988) +Inland waterways: + NA km; the Elbe (Labe) is the principal river +Pipelines: + natural gas 5,400 km +Ports: + coastal outlets are in Poland (Gdynia, Gdansk, Szczecin), Croatia (Rijeka), + Slovenia (Koper), Germany (Hamburg, Rostock); principal river ports are + Prague on the Vltava, Decin on the Elbe (Labe) +Merchant marine: + the former Czechoslovakia had 22 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 290,185 + GRT/437,291 DWT; includes 13 cargo, 9 bulk; may be shared with Slovakia +Airports: + total: + 75 + usable: + 75 + with permanent-surface runways: 8 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 2 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 4 +Telecommunications: + NA + +*Czech Republic, Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Air and Air Defense Forces, Civil Defense, Railroad Units +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 2,736,657; fit for military service 2,083,555; reach + military age (18) annually 95,335 (1993 est.) +Defense expenditures: + 23 billion koruny, NA% of GNP (1993 est.); note - conversion of defense + expenditures into US dollars using the current exchange rate could produce + misleading results + +*Denmark, Geography + +Location: + Northwestern Europe, bordering the North Sea on a peninsula north of Germany +Map references: + Arctic Region, Europe, Standard Time Zones of the World +Area: + total area: + 43,070 km2 + land area: + 42,370 km2 + comparative area: + slightly more than twice the size of Massachusetts + note: + includes the island of Bornholm in the Baltic Sea and the rest of + metropolitan Denmark, but excludes the Faroe Islands and Greenland +Land boundaries: + total 68 km, Germany 68 km +Coastline: + 3,379 km +Maritime claims: + contiguous zone: + 4 nm + continental shelf: + 200 m depth or to depth of exploitation + exclusive fishing zone: + 200 nm + territorial sea: + 3 nm +International disputes: Rockall continental shelf dispute involving Iceland, Ireland, and the UK + (Ireland and the UK have signed a boundary agreement in the Rockall area); + dispute between Denmark and Norway over maritime boundary in Arctic Ocean + between Greenland and Jan Mayen is before the International Court of Justice +Climate: + temperate; humid and overcast; mild, windy winters and cool summers +Terrain: + low and flat to gently rolling plains +Natural resources: + petroleum, natural gas, fish, salt, limestone +Land use: + arable land: + 61% + permanent crops: + 0% + meadows and pastures: + 6% + forest and woodland: + 12% + other: + 21% +Irrigated land: + 4,300 km2 (1989 est.) +Environment: + air and water pollution +Note: + controls Danish Straits linking Baltic and North Seas + +*Denmark, People + +Population: + 5,175,922 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 0.23% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 12.5 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 11.42 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + 1.24 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 7.1 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 75.51 years + male: + 72.63 years + female: + 78.56 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 1.68 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Dane(s) adjective: + Danish +Ethnic divisions: + Scandinavian, Eskimo, Faroese, German +Religions: + Evangelical Lutheran 91%, other Protestant and Roman Catholic 2%, other 7% + (1988) +Languages: + Danish, Faroese, Greenlandic (an Eskimo dialect), German (small minority) +Literacy: + age 15 and over can read and write (1980) + total population: + 99% + male: + NA% + female: + NA% +Labor force: + 2,553,900 + by occupation: + private services 37.1%, government services 30.4%, manufacturing and mining + 20%, construction 6.3%, agriculture, forestry, and fishing 5.6%, + electricity/gas/water 0.6% (1991) + +*Denmark, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Kingdom of Denmark + conventional short form: + Denmark + local long form: + Kongeriget Danmark + local short form: + Danmark +Digraph: + DA +Type: + constitutional monarchy +Capital: + Copenhagen +Administrative divisions: + metropolitan Denmark - 14 counties (amter, singular - amt) and 1 city*, (stad); Arhus, Bornholm, +Frederiksborg, Fyn, Kbenhavn, Nordjylland, Ribe, + Ringkbing, Roskilde, Snderjylland, Staden Kbenhavn*, Storstrm, Vejle,, Vestsjaelland, Viborg + note: + see separate entries for the Faroe Islands and Greenland, which are part of + the Danish realm and self-governing administrative divisions +Independence: + 1849 (became a constitutional monarchy) +Constitution: + 5 June 1953 +Legal system: civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts; accepts compulsory + ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations +National holiday: + Birthday of the Queen, 16 April (1940) +Political parties and leaders: + Social Democratic Party, Poul Nyrup RASMUSSEN; Conservative Party, Poul + SCHLUETER; Liberal Party, Uffe ELLEMANN-JENSEN; Socialist People's Party, + Holger K. NIELSEN; Progress Party, Pia KJAERSGAARD; Center Democratic Party, + Mimi Stilling JAKOBSEN; Radical Liberal Party, Marianne JELVED; Christian + People's Party, Jann SJURSEN; Common Course, Preben Moller HANSEN; Danish + Workers' Party +Suffrage: + 21 years of age; universal +Elections: + Parliament: + last held 12 December 1990 (next to be held by December 1994); results - + Social Democratic Party 37.4%, Conservative Party 16.0%, Liberal 15.8%, + Socialist People's Party 8.3%, Progress Party 6.4%, Center Democratic Party + 5.1%, Radical Liberal Party 3.5%, Christian People's Party 2.3%, other 5.2%; + seats - (179 total; includes 2 from Greenland and 2 from the Faroe Islands) + Social Democratic 69, Conservative 30, Liberal 29, Socialist People's 15, + Progress Party 12, Center Democratic 9, Radical Liberal 7, Christian + People's 4 +Executive branch: + monarch, heir apparent, prime minister, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + unicameral parliament (Folketing) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court + +*Denmark, Government + +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Queen MARGRETHE II (since NA January 1972); Heir Apparent Crown Prince + FREDERIK, elder son of the Queen (born 26 May 1968) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Poul Nyrup RASMUSSEN (since NA January 1993) +Member of: + AfDB, AG (observer), AsDB, Australia Group, BIS, CBSS, CCC, CE, CERN, COCOM, + CSCE, EBRD, EC, ECE, EIB, ESA, FAO, G-9, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, + ICFTU, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, + IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LORCS, MTCR, NACC, NATO, NC, NEA, NIB, NSG, OECD, PCA, + UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNMOGIP, UNPROFOR, UNTSO, + UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, ZC +Diplomatic representation in US: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Peter Pedersen DYVIG + chancery: + 3200 Whitehaven Street NW, Washington, DC 20008 + telephone: + (202) 234-4300 + FAX: + (202) 328-1470 consulates general: + Chicago, Los Angeles, and New York +US diplomatic representation: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Richard B. STONE + embassy: + Dag Hammarskjolds Alle 24, 2100 Copenhagen O + mailing address: + APO AE 09716 + telephone: + [45] (31) 42-31-44 + FAX: + [45] (35) 43-0223 +Flag: + red with a white cross that extends to the edges of the flag; the vertical + part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side, and that design element of + the DANNEBROG (Danish flag) was subsequently adopted by the other Nordic + countries of Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden + +*Denmark, Economy + +Overview: + This modern economy features high-tech agriculture, up-to-date small-scale + and corporate industry, extensive government welfare measures, comfortable + living standards, and high dependence on foreign trade. Denmark's new + center-left coalition government will concentrate on reducing the persistent + high unemployment rate and the budget deficit as well as following the + previous government's policies of maintaining low inflation and a current + account surplus. In the face of recent international market pressure on the + Danish krone, the coalition has also vowed to maintain a stable currency. + The coalition hopes to lower marginal income taxes while maintaining overall + tax revenues; boost industrial competitiveness through labor market and tax + reforms and increased research and development funds; and improve welfare + services for the neediest while cutting paperwork and delays. Prime Minister + RASMUSSEN's reforms will focus on adapting Denmark to EC's economic and + monetary union (EMU) criteria by 1999, although Copenhagen won from the EC + the right to opt out of the EMU if a national referendum rejects it. Denmark + is, in fact, one of the few EC countries likely to fit into the EMU on time. + Denmark is weathering the current worldwide slump better than many West + European countries. As the EC's single market (formally established on 1 + January 1993) gets underway, Danish economic growth is expected to pickup to + around 2% in 1993. Expected Danish approval of the Maastricht treaty on EC + political and economic union in May 1993 would almost certainly reverse the + drop in investment, further boosting growth. The current account surplus + remains strong as limitations on wage increases and low inflation - expected + to be around 1% in 1993 - improve export competitiveness. Although + unemployment is high, it remains stable compared to most European countries. +National product: + GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $94.2 billion (1992) +National product real growth rate: + 1% (1992) +National product per capita: + $18,200 (1992) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): 1.5% (1992) +Unemployment rate: + 11.4% (1992) +Budget: + revenues $48.8 billion; expenditures $55.3 billion, including capital + expenditures of $NA (1992) +Exports: + $37.3 billion (f.o.b., 1992) + commodities: + meat and meat products, dairy products, transport equipment (shipbuilding), + fish, chemicals, industrial machinery + partners: + EC 54.3% (Germany 23.6%, UK 10.1%, France 5.7%), Sweden 10.5%, Norway 5.8%, + US 4.9%, Japan 3.6% (1992) +Imports: + $30.3 billion (c.i.f., 1992) + commodities: + petroleum, machinery and equipment, chemicals, grain and foodstuffs, + textiles, paper + partners: + EC 53.4% (Germany 23.1%, UK 8.2%, France 5.6%), Sweden 10.8%, Norway 5.4%, + US 5.7%, Japan 4.1% (1992) +External debt: + $40 billion (1992 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 1.9% (1992) + +*Denmark, Economy + +Electricity: + 11,215,000 kW capacity; 34,170 million kWh produced, 6,610 kWh per capita + (1992) +Industries: + food processing, machinery and equipment, textiles and clothing, chemical + products, electronics, construction, furniture, and other wood products, + shipbuilding +Agriculture: + accounts for 4% of GDP and employs 5.6% of labor force (includes fishing and + forestry); farm products account for nearly 15% of export revenues; + principal products - meat, dairy, grain, potatoes, rape, sugar beets, fish; + self-sufficient in food production +Economic aid: + donor - ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89) $5.9 billion +Currency: + 1 Danish krone (DKr) = 100 re +Exchange rates: + Danish kroner (DKr) per US$1 - 6.236 (January 1993), 6.036 (1992), 6.396 + (1991), 6.189 (1990), 7.310 (1989), 6.732 (1988) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +*Denmark, Communications + +Railroads: + 2,770 km; Danish State Railways (DSB) operate 2,120 km (1,999 km rail line + and 121 km rail ferry services); 188 km electrified, 730 km double tracked; + 650 km of standard-gauge lines are privately owned and operated +Highways: + 66,482 km total; 64,551 km concrete, bitumen, or stone block; 1,931 km + gravel, crushed stone, improved earth +Inland waterways: + 417 km +Pipelines: + crude oil 110 km; petroleum products 578 km; natural gas 700 km +Ports: + Alborg, Arhus, Copenhagen, Esbjerg, Fredericia; numerous secondary and minor + ports +Merchant marine: + 328 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 5,043,277 GRT/7,230,634 DWT; includes + 13 short-sea passenger, 102 cargo, 19 refrigerated cargo, 47 container, 37 + roll-on/roll-off, 1 railcar carrier, 33 oil tanker, 18 chemical tanker, 36 + liquefied gas, 4 livestock carrier, 17 bulk, 1 combination bulk; note - + Denmark has created its own internal register, called the Danish + International Ship register (DIS); DIS ships do not have to meet Danish + manning regulations, and they amount to a flag of convenience within the + Danish register; by the end of 1990, 258 of the Danish-flag ships belonged + to the DIS +Airports: + total: + 118 + usable: + 109 + with permanent-surface runways: + 28 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 9 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 7 +Telecommunications: + excellent telephone, telegraph, and broadcast services; 4,509,000 + telephones; buried and submarine cables and microwave radio relay support + trunk network; broadcast stations - 3 AM, 2 FM, 50 TV; 19 submarine coaxial + cables; 7 earth stations operating in INTELSAT, EUTELSAT, and INMARSAT + +*Denmark, Defense Forces + +Branches: + Royal Danish Army, Royal Danish Navy, Royal Danish Air Force, Home Guard +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 1,368,211; fit for military service 1,176,559; reach + military age (20) annually 37,248 (1993 est.) +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $2.8 billion, 2% of GDP (1992) + +*Djibouti, Geography + +Location: + Eastern Africa, at the entrance to the Red Sea between Ethiopia and Somalia +Map references: + Africa, Middle East, Standard Time Zones of the World +Area: + total area: + 22,000 km2 + land area: + 21,980 km2 + comparative area: + slightly larger than Massachusetts +Land boundaries: + total 508 km, Erithea 113 km, Ethiopia 337 km, Somalia 58 km +Coastline: + 314 km +Maritime claims: + contiguous zone: + 24 nm + exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + territorial sea: + 12 nm +International disputes: + possible claim by Somalia based on unification of ethnic Somalis +Climate: + desert; torrid, dry +Terrain: + coastal plain and plateau separated by central mountains +Natural resources: + geothermal areas +Land use: + arable land: + 0% + permanent crops: + 0% + meadows and pastures: + 9% + forest and woodland: + 0% + other: + 91% +Irrigated land: + NA km2 +Environment: + vast wasteland +Note: + strategic location near world's busiest shipping lanes and close to Arabian + oilfields; terminus of rail traffic into Ethiopia + +*Djibouti, People + +Population: + 401,579 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 2.7% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 43.05 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 16.06 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 113.2 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 48.78 years + male: + 47.01 years + female: + 50.59 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 6.27 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Djiboutian(s) + adjective: + Djiboutian +Ethnic divisions: + Somali 60%, Afar 35%, French, Arab, Ethiopian, and Italian 5% +Religions: + Muslim 94%, Christian 6% +Languages: + French (official), Arabic (official), Somali, Afar +Literacy: + age 15 and over can read and write (1990) + total population: + 48% + male: + 63% + female: + 34% +Labor force: + NA + by occupation: + a small number of semiskilled laborers at the port and 3,000 railway workers + note: + 52% of population of working age (1983) + +*Djibouti, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Republic of Djibouti + conventional short form: Djibouti + former: + French Territory of the Afars and Issas French Somaliland +Digraph: + DJ +Type: + republic +Capital: + Djibouti +Administrative divisions: + 5 districts (cercles, singular - cercle); `Ali Sabih, Dikhil, Djibouti, + Obock, Tadjoura +Independence: + 27 June 1977 (from France) +Constitution: + multiparty constitution approved in referendum September 1992 +Legal system: + based on French civil law system, traditional practices, and Islamic law +National holiday: + Independence Day, 27 June (1977) +Political parties and leaders: + ruling party: + People's Progress Assembly (RPP), Hassan GOULED Aptidon + other parties: + Democratic Renewal Party (PRD), Mohamed Jama ELABE; Democratic National + Party (PND), ADEN Robleh Awaleh +Other political or pressure groups: + Front for the Restoration of Unity and Democracy (FRUD) and affiliates; + Movement for Unity and Democracy (MUD) +Suffrage: + universal adult at age NA +Elections: + National Assembly: + last held 18 December 1992; results - RPP is the only party; seats - (65 + total) RPP 65 + President: + last held 24 April 1987 (next to be held April 1993); results - President + Hassan GOULED Aptidon was reelected without opposition +Executive branch: + president, prime minister, Council of Ministers +Legislative branch: + unicameral Chamber of Deputies (Chambre des Deputes) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court (Cour Supreme) +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President HASSAN GOULED Aptidon (since 24 June 1977) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister BARKAT Gourad Hamadou (since 30 September 1978) +Member of: + ACCT, ACP, AfDB, AFESD, AL, ECA, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, + IGADD, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, OIC, UN, UNESCO, + UNCTAD, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WMO + +*Djibouti, Government + +Diplomatic representation in US: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Roble OLHAYE + chancery: + Suite 515, 1156 15th Street NW, Washington, DC 20005 + telephone: + (202) 331-0270 +US diplomatic representation: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Charles R. BAQUET III + embassy: + Plateau du Serpent, Boulevard Marechal Joffre, Djibouti + mailing address: + B. P. 185, Djibouti + telephone: + [253] 35-39-95 + FAX: + [253] 35-39-40 +Flag: + two equal horizontal bands of light blue (top) and light green with a white + isosceles triangle based on the hoist side bearing a red five-pointed star + in the center + +*Djibouti, Economy + +Overview: + The economy is based on service activities connected with the country's + strategic location and status as a free trade zone in northeast Africa. + Djibouti provides services as both a transit port for the region and an + international transshipment and refueling center. It has few natural + resources and little industry. The nation is, therefore, heavily dependent + on foreign assistance to help support its balance of payments and to finance + development projects. An unemployment rate of over 30% continues to be a + major problem. Per capita consumption dropped an estimated 35% over the last + five years because of recession and a high population growth rate (including + immigrants and refugees). +National product: + GDP - exchange rate conversion - $358 million (1990 est.) +National product real growth rate: + 1.2% (1990 est.) +National product per capita: + $1,030 (1990 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 7.7% (1991 est.) +Unemployment rate: + over 30% (1989) +Budget: + revenues $170 million; expenditures $203 million, including capital + expenditures of $70 million (1991 est.) +Exports: + $186 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.) + commodities: hides and skins, coffee (in transit) + partners: + Africa 50%, Middle East 40%, Western Europe 9% +Imports: + $360 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.) + commodities: + foods, beverages, transport equipment, chemicals, petroleum products + partners: + Western Europe 54%, Middle East 20%, Asia 19% +External debt: + $355 million (December 1990) +Industrial production: + growth rate 10.0% (1990); manufacturing accounts for 11% of GDP +Electricity: + 115,000 kW capacity; 200 million kWh produced, 580 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + limited to a few small-scale enterprises, such as dairy products and + mineral-water bottling +Agriculture: + accounts for only 3% of GDP; scanty rainfall limits crop production to + mostly fruit and vegetables; half of population pastoral nomads herding + goats, sheep, and camels; imports bulk of food needs +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY78-89), $39 million; Western (non-US) + countries, including ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1.1 + billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $149 million; Communist countries + (1970-89), $35 million +Currency: + 1 Djiboutian franc (DF) = 100 centimes +Exchange rates: + Djiboutian francs (DF) per US$1 - 177.721 (fixed rate since 1973) + +*Djibouti, Economy + +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +*Djibouti, Communications + +Railroads: + the Ethiopian-Djibouti railroad extends for 97 km through Djibouti +Highways: + 2,900 km total; 280 km paved; 2,620 km improved or unimproved earth (1982) +Ports: + Djibouti +Merchant marine: + 1 cargo ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,369 GRT/3,030 DWT +Airports: + total: + 13 + usable: + 11 with permanent-surface runways: + 2 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 2 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 5 +Telecommunications: + telephone facilities in the city of Djibouti are adequate as are the + microwave radio relay connections to outlying areas of the country; + international connections via submarine cable to Saudi Arabia and by + satellite to other countries; one ground station each for Indian Ocean + INTELSAT and ARABSAT; broadcast stations - 2 AM, 2 FM, 1 TV + +*Djibouti, Defense Forces + +Branches: + Djibouti National Army (including Navy and Air Force), National Security + Force (Force Nationale de Securite), National Police Force +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 97,943; fit for military service 57,187 (1993 est.) +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $26 million, NA% of GDP (1989) + +*Dominica, Geography + +Location: + in the eastern Caribbean, about halfway between Puerto Rico and Trinidad and + Tobago +Map references: + Central America and the Caribbean, South America, Standard Time Zones of the + World +Area: + total area: + 750 km2 + land area: + 750 km2 + comparative area: + slightly more than four times the size of Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + 0 km +Coastline: + 148 km +Maritime claims: + contiguous zone: + 24 nm + exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + territorial sea: + 12 nm +International disputes: none +Climate: + tropical; moderated by northeast trade winds; heavy rainfall +Terrain: + rugged mountains of volcanic origin +Natural resources: + timber +Land use: + arable land: + 9% + permanent crops: + 13% + meadows and pastures: + 3% + forest and woodland: + 41% + other: + 34% +Irrigated land: + NA km2 +Environment: + flash floods a constant hazard; occasional hurricanes + +*Dominica, People + +Population: + 86,547 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 1.31% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 20.82 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 5.06 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + -2.63 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 10.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 76.72 years + male: + 73.89 years + female: + 79.71 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 2.03 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Dominican(s) + adjective: + Dominican +Ethnic divisions: + black, Carib Indians +Religions: Roman Catholic 77%, Protestant 15% (Methodist 5%, Pentecostal 3%, + Seventh-Day Adventist 3%, Baptist 2%, other 2%), none 2%, unknown 1%, other + 5% +Languages: + English (official), French patois +Literacy: + age 15 and over having ever attended school (1970) + total population: + 94% + male: + 94% + female: + 94% +Labor force: + 25,000 + by occupation: + agriculture 40%, industry and commerce 32%, services 28% (1984) + +*Dominica, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Commonwealth of Dominica + conventional short form: + Dominica +Digraph: + DO +Type: + parliamentary democracy +Capital: + Roseau +Administrative divisions: + 10 parishes; Saint Andrew, Saint David, Saint George, Saint John, Saint + Joseph, Saint Luke, Saint Mark, Saint Patrick, Saint Paul, Saint Peter +Independence: + 3 November 1978 (from UK) +Constitution: + 3 November 1978 +Legal system: + based on English common law +National holiday: + Independence Day, 3 November (1978) +Political parties and leaders: + Dominica Freedom Party (DFP), (Mary) Eugenia CHARLES; Dominica Labor Party + (DLP), Rosie DOUGLAS; United Workers Party (UWP), Edison JAMES +Other political or pressure groups: + Dominica Liberation Movement (DLM), a small leftist group +Suffrage: + 18 years of age; universal +Elections: + House of Assembly: + last held 28 May 1990 (next to be held May 1995); results - percent of vote + by party NA; seats - (30 total; 9 appointed senators and 21 elected + representatives) DFP 11, UWP 6, DLP 4 + President: + last held 20 December 1988 (next to be held December 1993); results - + President Sir Clarence Augustus SEIGNORET was reelected by the House of + Assembly +Executive branch: + president, prime minister, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + unicameral House of Assembly +Judicial branch: + Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Sir Clarence Augustus SEIGNORET (since 19 December 1983) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister (Mary) Eugenia CHARLES (since 21 July 1980, elected for a + third term 28 May 1990) +Member of: + ACCT, ACP, C, CARICOM, CDB, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, + ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, LORCS, NAM (observer), OAS, OECS, OPANAL, UN, + UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WMO +Diplomatic representation in US: + there is no chancery in the US +US diplomatic representation: + no official presence since the Ambassador resides in Bridgetown (Barbados), + but travels frequently to Dominica + +*Dominica, Government + +Flag: + green with a centered cross of three equal bands - the vertical part is + yellow (hoist side), black, and white - the horizontal part is yellow (top), + black, and white; superimposed in the center of the cross is a red disk + bearing a sisserou parrot encircled by 10 green five-pointed stars edged in + yellow; the 10 stars represent the 10 administrative divisions (parishes) + +*Dominica, Economy + +Overview: + The economy is dependent on agriculture and thus is highly vulnerable to + climatic conditions. Agriculture accounts for about 30% of GDP and employs + 40% of the labor force. Principal products include bananas, citrus, mangoes, + root crops, and coconuts. In 1991, GDP grew by 2.1%. The tourist industry + remains undeveloped because of a rugged coastline and the lack of an + international airport. +National product: + GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $174 million (1991 est.) +National product real growth rate: + 2.1% (1991 est.) +National product per capita: + $2,100 (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 4.5% (1991) +Unemployment rate: + 15% (1991) +Budget: + revenues $70 million; expenditures $84 million, including capital + expenditures of $26 million (FY91 est.) +Exports: + $66.0 million (c.i.f., 1991) + commodities: + bananas, soap, bay oil, vegetables, grapefruit, oranges + partners: + UK 50%, CARICOM countries, US, Italy +Imports: + $110.0 million (c.i.f., 1991) + commodities: + manufactured goods, machinery and equipment, food, chemicals + partners: + US 27%, CARICOM, UK, Canada +External debt: + $87 million (1991) +Industrial production: + growth rate 4.5% in manufacturing (1988 est.); accounts for 18% of GDP +Electricity: + 7,000 kW capacity; 16 million kWh produced, 185 kWh per capita (1992) +Industries: + soap, coconut oil, tourism, copra, furniture, cement blocks, shoes +Agriculture: + accounts for 26% of GDP; principal crops - bananas, citrus, mangoes, root + crops, coconuts; bananas provide the bulk of export earnings; forestry and + fisheries potential not exploited +Economic aid: + Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), + $120 million +Currency: + 1 EC dollar (EC$) = 100 cents +Exchange rates: + East Caribbean dollars (EC$) per US$1 - 2.70 (fixed rate since 1976) +Fiscal year: + 1 July - 30 June + +*Dominica, Communications + +Highways: + 750 km total; 370 km paved, 380 km gravel and earth +Ports: + Roseau, Portsmouth +Airports: + total: + 2 + usable: + 2 + with permanent-surface runways: + 2 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 1 +Telecommunications: + 4,600 telephones in fully automatic network; VHF and UHF link to Saint + Lucia; new SHF links to Martinique and Guadeloupe; broadcast stations - 3 + AM, 2 FM, 1 cable TV + +*Dominica, Defense Forces + +Branches: + Commonwealth of Dominica Police Force +Manpower availability: + NA +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP + +*Dominican Republic, Geography + +Location: + in the northern Caribbean Sea, about halfway between Cuba and Puerto Rico +Map references: + Central America and the Caribbean, Standard Time Zones of the World +Area: + total area: + 48,730 km2 + land area: + 48,380 km2 + comparative area: + slightly more than twice the size of New Hampshire +Land boundaries: + total 275 km, Haiti 275 km +Coastline: + 1,288 km +Maritime claims: + contiguous zone: + 24 nm + continental shelf: + 200 nm or the outer edge of continental margin + exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + territorial sea: + 6 nm +International disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical maritime; little seasonal temperature variation +Terrain: + rugged highlands and mountains with fertile valleys interspersed +Natural resources: + nickel, bauxite, gold, silver +Land use: + arable land: + 23% + permanent crops: + 7% + meadows and pastures: + 43% + forest and woodland: + 13% + other: + 14% +Irrigated land: + 2,250 km2 (1989) +Environment: + subject to occasional hurricanes (July to October); deforestation +Note: + shares island of Hispaniola with Haiti (western one-third is Haiti, eastern + two-thirds is the Dominican Republic) + +*Dominican Republic, People + +Population: + 7,683,940 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 1.86% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 25.68 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 6.38 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + -0.68 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 53.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 67.98 years + male: + 65.87 years + female: + 70.21 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 2.89 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Dominican(s) + adjective: + Dominican +Ethnic divisions: + mixed 73%, white 16%, black 11% +Religions: + Roman Catholic 95% +Languages: + Spanish +Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990) + total population: + 83% + male: + 85% + female: + 82% +Labor force: + 2,300,000 to 2,600,000 + by occupation: + agriculture 49%, services 33%, industry 18% (1986) + +*Dominican Republic, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Dominican Republic + conventional short form: + none + local long form: + Republica Dominicana + local short form: + none +Digraph: + DR +Type: + republic +Capital: + Santo Domingo +Administrative divisions: + 29 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia) and 1 district* (distrito);, Azua, Baoruco, +Barahona, Dajabon, Distrito Nacional*, Duarte, Elias Pina, El, Seibo, Espaillat, Hato Mayor, +Independencia, La Altagracia, La Romana, La + Vega, Maria Trinidad Sanchez, Monsenor Nouel, Monte Cristi, Monte Plata, + Pedernales, Peravia, Puerto Plata, Salcedo, Samana, Sanchez Ramirez, San + Cristobal, San Juan, San Pedro De Macoris, Santiago, Santiago Rodriguez, + Valverde +Independence: + 27 February 1844 (from Haiti) +Constitution: + 28 November 1966 +Legal system: + based on French civil codes +National holiday: + Independence Day, 27 February (1844) +Political parties and leaders: + Major parties: + Social Christian Reformist Party (PRSC), Joaquin BALAGUER Ricardo; Dominican + Liberation Party (PLD), Juan BOSCH Gavino; Dominican Revolutionary Party + (PRD), Jose Franciso PENA Gomez; Independent Revolutionary Party (PRI), + Jacobo MAJLUTA + Minor parties: + National Veterans and Civilian Party (PNVC), Juan Rene BEAUCHAMPS Javier; + Liberal Party of the Dominican Republic (PLRD), Andres Van Der HORST; + Democratic Quisqueyan Party (PQD), Elias WESSIN Chavez; National Progressive + Force (FNP), Marino VINICIO Castillo; Popular Christian Party (PPC), Rogelio + DELGADO Bogaert; Dominican Communist Party (PCD), Narciso ISA Conde; + Dominican Workers' Party (PTD), Ivan RODRIGUEZ; Anti-Imperialist Patriotic + Union (UPA), Ignacio RODRIGUEZ Chiappini; Alliance for Democracy Party + (APD), Maximilano Rabelais PUIG Miller, Nelsida MARMOLEJOS, Vicente BENGOA + note: + in 1983 several leftist parties, including the PCD, joined to form the + Dominican Leftist Front (FID); however, they still retain individual party + structures +Other political or pressure groups: + Collective of Popular Organzations (COP), leader NA +Suffrage: + 18 years of age; universal and compulsory or married persons regardless of + age + note: + members of the armed forces and police cannot vote + +*Dominican Republic, Government + +Elections: + Chamber of Deputies: + last held 16 May 1990 (next to be held May 1994); results - percent of vote + by party NA; seats - (120 total) PLD 44, PRSC 41, PRD 33, PRI 2 + President: + last held 16 May 1990 (next to be held May 1994); results - Joaquin BALAGUER + (PRSC) 35.7%, Juan BOSCH Gavino (PLD) 34.4% + Senate: + last held 16 May 1990 (next to be held May 1994); results - percent of vote + by party NA; seats - (30 total) PRSC 16, PLD 12, PRD 2 +Executive branch: + president, vice president, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + bicameral National Congress (Congreso Nacional) consists of an upper chamber + or Senate (Senado) and lower chamber or Chamber of Deputies (Camara de + Diputados) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court (Corte Suprema) +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + President Joaquin BALAGUER Ricardo (since 16 August 1986, fifth elected term + began 16 August 1990); Vice President Carlos A. MORALES Troncoso (since 16 + August 1986) +Member of: + ACP, CARICOM (observer), ECLAC, FAO, G-11, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, + ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, + ITU, LAES, LAIA (observer), LORCS, NAM (guest), OAS, OPANAL, PCA, UN, + UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation in US: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Jose del Carmen ARIZA Gomez + chancery: + 1715 22nd Street NW, Washington, DC 20008 + telephone: (202) 332-6280 + consulates general: + Boston, Chicago, Los Angeles, Mayaguez (Puerto Rico), Miami, New Orleans, + New York, Philadelphia, San Juan (Puerto Rico) + consulates: + Charlotte Amalie (Virgin Islands), Detroit, Houston, Jacksonville, + Minneapolis, Mobile, Ponce (Puerto Rico), and San Francisco +US diplomatic representation: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Robert S. PASTORINO + embassy: + corner of Calle Cesar Nicolas Penson and Calle Leopoldo Navarro, Santo + Domingo + mailing address: + APO AA 34041-0008 + telephone: + (809) 541-2171 and 541-8100 + FAX: + (809) 686-7437 +Flag: + a centered white cross that extends to the edges, divides the flag into four + rectangles - the top ones are blue (hoist side) and red, the bottom ones are + red (hoist side) and blue; a small coat of arms is at the center of the + cross + +*Dominican Republic, Economy + +Overview: + The economy is largely dependent on trade; imported components average 60% + of the value of goods consumed in the domestic market. Rapid growth of free + trade zones has established a significant expansion of manufacturing for + export, especially wearing apparel. Over the past decade, tourism has also + increased in importance and is a major earner of foreign exchange and a + source of new jobs. Agriculture remains a key sector of the economy. The + principal commercial crop is sugarcane, followed by coffee, cotton, cocoa, + and tobacco. Domestic industry is based on the processing of agricultural + products, oil refining, minerals, and chemicals. Unemployment is officially + reported at about 30%, but there is considerable underemployment. +National product: + GDP - exchange rate conversion - $8.4 billion (1992 est.) +National product real growth rate: + 5% (1992 est.) +National product per capita: + $1,120 (1992 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 6% (1992 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 30% (1992 est.) +Budget: + revenues $1.4 billion; expenditures $1.8 billion, including capital + expenditures of $NA (1993 est.) +Exports: + $600 million (f.o.b., 1992) + commodities: ferronickel, sugar, gold, coffee, cocoa + partners: + US 60%, EC 19%, Puerto Rico 8% (1990) +Imports: + $2 billion (c.i.f., 1992 est.) + commodities: + foodstuffs, petroleum, cotton and fabrics, chemicals and pharmaceuticals + partners: + US 50% +External debt: + $4.7 billion (1992 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate -1.5% (1991); accounts for 20% of GDP +Electricity: + 2,283,000 kW capacity; 5,000 million kWh produced, 660 kWh per capita (1992) +Industries: + tourism, sugar processing, ferronickel and gold mining, textiles, cement, + tobacco +Agriculture: + accounts for 15% of GDP and employs 49% of labor force; sugarcane is the + most important commercial crop, followed by coffee, cotton, cocoa, and + tobacco; food crops - rice, beans, potatoes, corn, bananas; animal output - + cattle, hogs, dairy products, meat, eggs; not self-sufficient in food +Illicit drugs: + transshipment point for South American drugs destined for the US +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY85-89), $575 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $655 million +Currency: + 1 Dominican peso (RD$) = 100 centavos + +*Dominican Republic, Economy + +Exchange rates: + Dominican pesos (RD$) per US$1 - 12.7 (1992), 12.692 (1991), 8.525 (1990), + 6.340 (1989), 6.113 (1988) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +*Dominican Republic, Communications + +Railroads: + 1,655 km total in numerous segments; 4 different gauges from 0.558 m to + 1.435 m +Highways: + 12,000 km total; 5,800 km paved, 5,600 km gravel and improved earth, 600 km + unimproved +Pipelines: + crude oil 96 km; petroleum products 8 km +Ports: + Santo Domingo, Haina, San Pedro de Macoris, Puerto Plata +Merchant marine: 1 cargo ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,587 GRT/1,165 DWT +Airports: + total: + 36 + usable: + 30 + with permanent-surface runways: + 12 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 4 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 8 +Telecommunications: + relatively efficient domestic system based on islandwide microwave relay + network; 190,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 120 AM, no FM, 18 TV, 6 + shortwave; 1 coaxial submarine cable; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth + station + +*Dominican Republic, Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy, Air Force, National Police +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 2,064,244; fit for military service 1,302,644; reach + military age (18) annually 80,991 (1993 est.) +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $110 million, 0.7% of GDP (1993 est.) + +*Ecuador, Geography + +Location: + Western South America, bordering the Pacific Ocean at the Equator between + Colombia and Peru +Map references: + South America, Standard Time Zones of the World +Area: + total area: + 283,560 km2 + land area: + 276,840 km2 + comparative area: + slightly smaller than Nevada + note: + includes Galapagos Islands +Land boundaries: + total 2,010 km, Colombia 590 km, Peru 1,420 km +Coastline: + 2,237 km +Maritime claims: + continental shelf: claims continental shelf between mainland and Galapagos Islands + territorial sea: + 200 nm +International disputes: + three sections of the boundary with Peru are in dispute +Climate: + tropical along coast becoming cooler inland +Terrain: + coastal plain (Costa), inter-Andean central highlands (Sierra), and flat to + rolling eastern jungle (Oriente) +Natural resources: + petroleum, fish, timber +Land use: + arable land: + 6% + permanent crops: + 3% + meadows and pastures: + 17% + forest and woodland: + 51% + other: + 23% +Irrigated land: + 5,500 km2 (1989 est.) +Environment: + subject to frequent earthquakes, landslides, volcanic activity; + deforestation; desertification; soil erosion; periodic droughts +Note: + Cotopaxi in Andes is highest active volcano in world + +*Ecuador, People + +Population: + 10,461,072 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 2.07% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 26.54 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 5.8 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 40.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 69.61 years + male: + 67.09 years + female: + 72.25 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 3.19 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Ecuadorian(s) + adjective: + Ecuadorian +Ethnic divisions: + mestizo (mixed Indian and Spanish) 55%, Indian 25%, Spanish 10%, black 10% +Religions: + Roman Catholic 95% +Languages: + Spanish (official), Indian languages (especially Quechua) +Literacy: + age 15 and over can read and write (1990) + total population: + 86% + male: + 88% + female: + 84% +Labor force: + 2.8 million + by occupation: + agriculture 35%, manufacturing 21%, commerce 16%, services and other + activities 28% (1982) + +*Ecuador, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Republic of Ecuador + conventional short form: + Ecuador + local long form: + Republica del Ecuador + local short form: + Ecuador +Digraph: + EC +Type: + republic +Capital: + Quito +Administrative divisions: + 21 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia); Azuay, Bolivar, Canar, + Carchi, Chimborazo, Cotopaxi, El Oro, Esmeraldas, Galapagos, Guayas, + Imbabura, Loja, Los Rios, Manabi, Morona-Santiago, Napo, Pastaza, Pichincha, + Sucumbios, Tungurahua, Zamora-Chinchipe +Independence: + 24 May 1822 (from Spain) +Constitution: + 10 August 1979 +Legal system: + based on civil law system; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: Independence Day, 10 August (1809) (independence of Quito) +Political parties and leaders: + Center-Right parties: + Social Christian Party (PSC), Jaime NEBOT Saadi, president; Republican Unity + Party (PUR), President Sixto DURAN-BALLEN, leader; Conservative Party (CE), + Vice President Alberto DAHIK, president + Center-Left parties: + Democratic Left (ID), Andres VALLEJO Arcos, Rodrigo BORJA Cevallos, leaders; + Popular Democracy (DP), Jamil MANUAD Witt, president; Ecuadorian Radical + Liberal Party (PLRE), Carlos Luis PLAZA Aray, director; Radical Alfarista + Front (FRA), Jaime ASPIAZU Seminario, director + Populist parties: + Roldista Party (PRE), Abdala BUCARAM Ortiz, director; Concentration of + Popular Forces (CFP), Rafael SANTELICES, director; Popular Revolutionary + Action (APRE), Frank VARGAS Passos, leader; Assad Bucaram Party (PAB), + Avicena BUCARAM, leader; People, Change, and Democracy (PCD), Raul AULESTIA, + director + Far-Left parties: + Popular Democratic Movement (MPD), Jorge Fausto MORENO, director; Ecuadorian + Socialist Party (PSE), Leon ROLDOS, leader; Broad Leftist Front (FADI), Jose + Xavier GARAYCOA, president; Ecuadorian National Liberation (LN), Alfredo + CASTILLO, director + Communists: + Communist Party of Ecuador (PCE, pro-North Korea), Rene Leon Mague + MOSWUERRA, secretary general (5,00 members); Communist Party of + Ecuador/Marxist-Leninist (PCMLE, Maoist), leader NA (3,000 members) +Suffrage: + 18 years of age; universal, compulsory for literate persons ages 18-65, + optional for other eligible voters + +*Ecuador, Government + +Elections: + President: + runoff election held 5 July 1992 (next to be held NA 1996); results - Sixto + DURAN-BALLEN elected as president and Alberto DAHIK elected as vice + president + National Congress: + last held 17 May 1992 (next to be held NA May 1994); results - percent of + vote by party NA; seats - (77 total) PSC 20, PRE 15, PUR 12, ID 7, PC 6, DP + 5, PSE 3, MPD 3, PLRE 2, CFP 2, FRA 1, APRE 1 +Executive branch: + president, vice president, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + unicameral National Congress (Congreso Nacional) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court (Corte Suprema) +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + President Sixto DURAN-BALLEN (since 10 August 1992); Vice President Alberto + DAHIK (since 10 August 1992) +Member of: + AG, ECLAC, FAO, G-11, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, + IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ITU, LAES, LAIA, LORCS, + NAM, OAS, ONUSAL, OPANAL, PCA, RG, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, + WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation in US: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Edgar TERAN + chancery: + 2535 15th Street NW, Washington, DC 20009 + telephone: + (202) 234-7200 + consulates general: + Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New Orleans, New York, and San + Francisco + consulate: + San Diego +US diplomatic representation: + chief of mission: + (vacant); Charge d'Affaires James F. MACK + embassy: + Avenida 12 de Octubre y Avenida Patria, Quito + mailing address: + P. O. Box 538, Quito, or APO AA 34039-3420 + telephone: + [593] (2) 562-890 + FAX: + [593] (2) 502-052 + consulate general: + Guayaquil +Flag: + three horizontal bands of yellow (top, double width), blue, and red with the + coat of arms superimposed at the center of the flag; similar to the flag of + Colombia that is shorter and does not bear a coat of arms + +*Ecuador, Economy + +Overview: + Ecuador has substantial oil resources and rich agricultural areas. Growth + has been uneven because of natural disasters, fluctuations in global oil + prices, and government policies designed to curb inflation. Banana exports, + second only to oil, have suffered as a result of EC import quotas and banana + blight. The new President Sixto DURAN-BALLEN, has a much more favorable + attitude toward foreign investment than did his predecessor. Ecuador has + implemented trade agreements with Colombia, Peru, Bolivia, and Venezuela and + has applied for GATT membership. At the end of 1991, Ecuador received a + standby IMF loan of $105 million, which will permit the country to proceed + with the rescheduling of Paris Club debt. In September 1992, the government + launched a new, macroeconomic program that gives more play to market forces; + as of March 1993, the program seemed to be paying off. +National product: + GDP - exchange rate conversion - $11.8 billion (1992) +National product real growth rate: + 3% (1992) +National product per capita: + $1,100 (1992) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): 70% (1992) +Unemployment rate: + 8% (1992) +Budget: + revenues $1.9 billion; expenditures $1.9 billion, including capital + expenditures of $NA (1992) +Exports: + $3.0 billion (f.o.b., 1992) + commodities: + petroleum 42%, bananas, shrimp, cocoa, coffee + partners: + US 53.4%, Latin America, Caribbean, EC countries +Imports: + $2.4 billion (f.o.b., 1992) + commodities: + transport equipment, vehicles, machinery, chemicals + partners: + US 32.7%, Latin America, Caribbean, EC countries, Japan +External debt: + $12.7 billion (1992) +Industrial production: + growth rate 3.9% (1991); accounts for almost 40% of GDP, including petroleum +Electricity: + 2,921,000 kW capacity; 7,676 million kWh produced, 700 kWh per capita (1992) +Industries: + petroleum, food processing, textiles, metal works, paper products, wood + products, chemicals, plastics, fishing, timber +Agriculture: + accounts for 18% of GDP and 35% of labor force (including fishing and + forestry); leading producer and exporter of bananas and balsawood; other + exports - coffee, cocoa, fish, shrimp; crop production - rice, potatoes, + manioc, plantains, sugarcane; livestock sector - cattle, sheep, hogs, beef, + pork, dairy products; net importer of foodgrains, dairy products, and sugar +Illicit drugs: + minor illicit producer of coca following the successful eradication campaign + of 1985-87; significant transit country, however, for derivatives of coca + originating in Colombia, Bolivia, and Peru; importer of precursor chemicals + used in production of illicit narcotics; important money-laundering hub + +*Ecuador, Economy + +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $498 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $2.15 billion; + Communist countries (1970-89), $64 million +Currency: + 1 sucre (S/) = 100 centavos +Exchange rates: + sucres (S/) per US$1 - 1,453.8 (August 1992), 1,046.25 (1991), 869.54 + (December 1990), 767.75 (1990), 526.35 (1989), 301.61 (1988) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +*Ecuador, Communications + +Railroads: + 965 km total; all 1.067-meter-gauge single track +Highways: + 28,000 km total; 3,600 km paved, 17,400 km gravel and improved earth, 7,000 + km unimproved earth +Inland waterways: + 1,500 km +Pipelines: + crude oil 800 km; petroleum products 1,358 km +Ports: + Guayaquil, Manta, Puerto Bolivar, Esmeraldas +Merchant marine: + 45 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 333,380 GRT/483,862 DWT; includes 2 + passenger, 4 cargo, 17 refrigerated cargo, 4 container, 1 roll-on/roll-off, + 15 oil tanker, 1 liquefied gas, 1 bulk +Airports: + total: + 174 + usable: + 173 + with permanent-surface runways: + 52 + with runway over 3,659 m: + 1 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 6 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 21 +Telecommunications: + domestic facilities generally adequate; 318,000 telephones; broadcast + stations - 272 AM, no FM, 33 TV, 39 shortwave; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT + earth station + +*Ecuador, Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army (Ejercito Ecuatoriano), Navy (Armada Ecuatoriana), Air Force (Fuerza + Aerea Ecuatoriana), National Police +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 2,655,520; fit for military service 1,798,122; reach + military age (20) annually 109,413 (1993 est.) +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP + +*Egypt, Geography + +Location: + Northern Africa, bordering the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea, between + Sudan and Libya +Map references: + Africa, Middle East, Standard Time Zones of the World +Area: + total area: + 1,001,450 km2 + land area: + 995,450 km2 + comparative area: + slightly more than three times the size of New Mexico +Land boundaries: + total 2,689 km, Gaza Strip 11 km, Israel 255 km, Libya 1,150 km, Sudan 1,273 + km +Coastline: + 2,450 km +Maritime claims: + contiguous zone: + 24 nm + continental shelf: + 200 m depth or to depth of exploitation + exclusive economic zone: + not specified + territorial sea: + 12 nm +International disputes: + administrative boundary with Sudan does not coincide with international + boundary creating the "Hala'ib Triangle," a barren area of 20,580 km2, the + dispute over this area escalated in 1993 +Climate: + desert; hot, dry summers with moderate winters +Terrain: + vast desert plateau interrupted by Nile valley and delta +Natural resources: + petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, phosphates, manganese, limestone, gypsum, + talc, asbestos, lead, zinc +Land use: + arable land: + 3% + permanent crops: + 2% + meadows and pastures: + 0% + forest and woodland: + 0% + other: + 95% +Irrigated land: + 25,850 km2 (1989 est.) +Environment: + Nile is only perennial water source; increasing soil salinization below + Aswan High Dam; hot, driving windstorm called khamsin occurs in spring; + water pollution; desertification +Note: + controls Sinai Peninsula, only land bridge between Africa and remainder of + Eastern Hemisphere; controls Suez Canal, shortest sea link between Indian + Ocean and Mediterranean; size and juxtaposition to Israel establish its + major role in Middle Eastern geopolitics + +*Egypt, People + +Population: + 59,585,529 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 2.3% (1993 est.) + note: + the US Bureau of the Census has lowered its 1993 estimate of growth to 2.0% + on the basis of a 1992 Egyptian government survey, whereas estimates of + other observers go as high as 2.9% +Birth rate: + 33 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 9 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + NEGL +Infant mortality rate: + 78.3 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 60.46 years + male: + 58.61 years + female: + 62.41 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 4.35 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Egyptian(s) + adjective: + Egyptian +Ethnic divisions: + Eastern Hamitic stock 90%, Greek, Italian, Syro-Lebanese 10% +Religions: + Muslim (mostly Sunni) 94% (official estimate), Coptic Christian and other 6% + (official estimate) +Languages: + Arabic (official), English and French widely understood by educated classes +Literacy: + age 15 and over can read and write (1990) + total population: + 48% + male: + 63% + female: + 34% +Labor force: + 15 million (1989 est.) + by occupation: + government, public sector enterprises, and armed forces 36%, agriculture + 34%, privately owned service and manufacturing enterprises 20% (1984) + note: shortage of skilled labor; 2,500,000 Egyptians work abroad, mostly in Saudi + Arabia and the Gulf Arab states (1988 est.) + +*Egypt, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Arab Republic of Egypt + conventional short form: + Egypt + local long form: + Jumhuriyat Misr al-Arabiyah + local short form: + none + former: + United Arab Republic (with Syria) +Digraph: + EG +Type: + republic +Capital: + Cairo +Administrative divisions: + 26 governorates (muhafazat, singular - muhafazah); Ad Daqahliyah, Al Bahr al + Ahmar, Al Buhayrah, Al Fayyum, Al Gharbiyah, Al Iskandariyah, Al + Isma'iliyah, Al Jizah, Al Minufiyah, Al Minya, Al Qahirah, Al Qalyubiyah, Al + Wadi al Jadid, Ash Sharqiyah, As Suways, Aswan, Asyu't, Bani Suwayf, Bur + Sa'id, Dumyat, Janub Sina, Kafr ash Shaykh, Matruh, Qina, Shamal Sina, Suhaj +Independence: + 28 February 1922 (from UK) +Constitution: + 11 September 1971 +Legal system: + based on English common law, Islamic law, and Napoleonic codes; judicial + review by Supreme Court and Council of State (oversees validity of + administrative decisions); accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with + reservations +National holiday: + Anniversary of the Revolution, 23 July (1952) +Political parties and leaders: + National Democratic Party (NDP), President Mohammed Hosni MUBARAK, leader, + is the dominant party; legal opposition parties are Socialist Liberal Party + (SLP), Kamal MURAD; Socialist Labor Party, Ibrahim SHUKRI; National + Progressive Unionist Grouping (NPUG), Khalid MUHYI-AL-DIN; Umma Party, Ahmad + al-SABAHI; New Wafd Party (NWP), Fu'ad SIRAJ AL-DIN; Misr al-Fatah Party + (Young Egypt Party), Ali al-Din SALIH; The Greens Party, Hasan RAJABD; + Nasserist Arab Democratic Party, Muhammad Rif'at al-MUHAMI; Democratic + Unionist Party, Mohammed 'Abd-al-Mun'im TURK; Democratic Peoples' Party, + Anwar AFISI + note: + formation of political parties must be approved by government +Other political or pressure groups: + Islamic groups are illegal, but the largest one, the Muslim Brotherhood, is + tolerated by the government; trade unions and professional associations are + officially sanctioned +Suffrage: + 18 years of age; universal and compulsory +Elections: + Advisory Council: + last held 8 June 1989 (next to be held June 1995); results - NDP 100%; seats + - (258 total, 172 elected) NDP 172 + +*Egypt, Government + + People's Assembly: + last held 29 November 1990 (next to be held November 1995); results - NDP + 78.4%, NPUG 1.4%, independents 18.7%; seats - (437 total, 444 elected) NDP + 348, NPUG 6, independents 83; note - most opposition parties boycotted + President: + last held 5 October 1987 (next to be held October 1993); results - President + Hosni MUBARAK was reelected +Executive branch: + president, prime minister, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + unicameral People's Assembly (Majlis al-Cha'b); note - there is an Advisory + Council (Majlis al-Shura) that functions in a consultative role +Judicial branch: + Supreme Constitutional Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Mohammed Hosni MUBARAK (was made acting President on 6 October + 1981 upon the assassination of President SADAT and sworn in as president on + 14 October 1981) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Atef Mohammed Najib SEDKY (since 12 November 1986) +Member of: + ABEDA, ACC, ACCT (associate), AfDB, AFESD, AG (observer), AL, AMF, CAEU, + CCC, EBRD, ECA, ESCWA, FAO, G-15, G-19, G-24, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, + ICC, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, + IOM, ISO, ITU, LORCS, MINURSO, NAM, OAPEC, OAS (observer), OAU, OIC, PCA, + UN, UNAVEM II, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNOMOZ, UNOSOM, UNPROFOR, UPU, UNRWA, + WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation in US: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Ahmed MAHER El Sayed + chancery: + 2310 Decatur Place NW, Washington, DC 20008 + telephone: + (202) 232-5400 + consulates general: + Chicago, Houston, New York, and San Francisco +US diplomatic representation: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Robert PELLETREAU + embassy: + Lazougi Street, Garden City, Cairo + mailing address: + APO AE 09839 telephone: + [20] (2) 355-7371 + FAX: + [20] (2) 355-7375 + consulate general: + Alexandria +Flag: + three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black with the + national emblem (a shield superimposed on a golden eagle facing the hoist + side above a scroll bearing the name of the country in Arabic) centered in + the white band; similar to the flag of Yemen, which has a plain white band; + also similar to the flag of Syria that has two green stars and to the flag + of Iraq, which has three green stars (plus an Arabic inscription) in a + horizontal line centered in the white band + +*Egypt, Economy + +Overview: + Egypt has one of the largest public sectors of all the Third World + economies, most industrial plants being owned by the government. + Overregulation holds back technical modernization and foreign investment. + Even so, the economy grew rapidly during the late 1970s and early 1980s, but + in 1986 the collapse of world oil prices and an increasingly heavy burden of + debt servicing led Egypt to begin negotiations with the IMF for + balance-of-payments support. Egypt's first IMF standby arrangement concluded + in mid-1987 was suspended in early 1988 because of the government's failure + to adopt promised reforms. Egypt signed a follow-on program with the IMF and + also negotiated a structural adjustment loan with the World Bank in 1991. In + 1991-92 the government made solid progress on administrative reforms such as + liberalizing exchange and interest rates but resisted implementing major + structural reforms like streamlining the public sector. As a result, the + economy has not gained momentum and unemployment has become a growing + problem. In 1992-93 tourism has plunged 20% or so because of sporadic + attacks by Islamic extremists on tourist groups. President MUBARAK has cited + population growth as the main cause of the country's economic troubles. The + addition of about 1.4 million people a year to the already huge population + of 60 million exerts enormous pressure on the 5% of the land area available + for agriculture. +National product: + GDP - exchange rate conversion - $41.2 billion (1992 est.) +National product real growth rate: + 2.1% (1992 est.) +National product per capita: + $730 (1992 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 21% (1992 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 20% (1992 est.) +Budget: + revenues $12.6 billion; expenditures $15.2 billion, including capital + expenditures of $4 billion (FY92 est.) +Exports: + $3.6 billion (f.o.b., FY92 est.) + commodities: crude oil and petroleum products, cotton yarn, raw cotton, textiles, metal + products, chemicals + partners: + EC, Eastern Europe, US, Japan +Imports: + $10.0 billion (c.i.f., FY92 est.) + commodities: + machinery and equipment, foods, fertilizers, wood products, durable consumer + goods, capital goods + partners: + EC, US, Japan, Eastern Europe +External debt: + $38 billion (December 1991 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 7.3% (FY89 est.); accounts for 18% of GDP +Electricity: + 14,175,000 kW capacity; 47,000 million kWh produced, 830 kWh per capita + (1992) +Industries: + textiles, food processing, tourism, chemicals, petroleum, construction, + cement, metals + +*Egypt, Economy + +Agriculture: + accounts for 20% of GDP and employs more than one-third of labor force; + dependent on irrigation water from the Nile; world's sixth-largest cotton + exporter; other crops produced include rice, corn, wheat, beans, fruit, + vegetables; not self-sufficient in food for a rapidly expanding population; + livestock - cattle, water buffalo, sheep, goats; annual fish catch about + 140,000 metric tons +Illicit drugs: + a transit point for Southwest Asian and Southeast Asian heroin and opium + moving to Europe and the US; popular transit stop for Nigerian couriers; + large domestic consumption of hashish and heroin from Lebanon and Syria +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $15.7 billion; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-88), $10.1 billion; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $2.9 billion; Communist countries (1970-89), $2.4 + billion +Currency: + 1 Egyptian pound (#E) = 100 piasters +Exchange rates: + Egyptian pounds (#E) per US$1 - 3.345 (November 1992), 2.7072 (1990), 2.5171 + (1989), 2.2233 (1988), 1.5183 (1987) +Fiscal year: + 1 July - 30 June + +*Egypt, Communications + +Railroads: + 5,110 km total; 4,763 km 1,435-meter standard gauge, 347 km 0.750-meter + gauge; 951 km double track; 25 km electrified +Highways: + 51,925 km total; 17,900 km paved, 2,500 km gravel, 13,500 km improved earth, + 18,025 km unimproved earth +Inland waterways: + 3,500 km (including the Nile, Lake Nasser, Alexandria-Cairo Waterway, and + numerous smaller canals in the delta); Suez Canal, 193.5 km long (including + approaches), used by oceangoing vessels drawing up to 16.1 meters of water +Pipelines: + crude oil 1,171 km; petroleum products 596 km; natural gas 460 km +Ports: + Alexandria, Port Said, Suez, Bur Safajah, Damietta +Merchant marine: + 168 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,097,707 GRT/1,592,885 DWT; includes + 25 passenger, 6 short-sea passenger, 2 passenger-cargo, 88 cargo, 3 + refrigerated cargo, 14 roll-on/roll-off, 13 oil tanker, 16 bulk, 1 container +Airports: + total: + 92 + usable: + 82 + with permanent-surface runways: + 66 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 2 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 44 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 24 +Telecommunications: + large system by Third World standards but inadequate for present + requirements and undergoing extensive upgrading; about 600,000 telephones + (est.) - 11 telephones per 1,000 persons; principal centers at Alexandria, + Cairo, Al Mansurah, Ismailia Suez, and Tanta are connected by coaxial cable + and microwave radio relay; international traffic is carried by satellite - + one earth station for each of Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, Indian Ocean + INTELSAT, ARABSAT and INMARSAT; by 5 coaxial submarine cables, microwave + troposcatter (to Sudan), and microwave radio relay (to Libya, Israel, and + Jordan); broadcast stations - 39 AM, 6 FM, and 41 TV + +*Egypt, Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy, Air Force, Air Defense Command +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 14,513,752; fit for military service 9,434,020; reach + military age (20) annually 581,858 (1993 est.) +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $2.05 billion, 5% of GDP (FY92/93) + +*El Salvador, Geography + +Location: + Central America, bordering the North Pacific Ocean between Guatemala and + Honduras +Map references: + Central America and the Caribbean, North America, Standard Time Zones of the + World +Area: + total area: + 21,040 km2 + land area: + 20,720 km2 + comparative area: + slightly smaller than Massachusetts +Land boundaries: + total 545 km, Guatemala 203 km, Honduras 342 km +Coastline: + 307 km +Maritime claims: + territorial sea: + 200 nm; overflight and navigation permitted beyond 12 nm +International disputes: + land boundary dispute with Honduras mostly resolved by 11 September 1992 + International Court of Justice (ICJ) decision; ICJ referred the maritime + boundary in the Golfo de Fonseca to an earlier agreement in this century and + advised that some tripartite resolution among El Salvador, Honduras and + Nicaragua likely would be required +Climate: + tropical; rainy season (May to October); dry season (November to April) +Terrain: + mostly mountains with narrow coastal belt and central plateau +Natural resources: + hydropower, geothermal power, petroleum +Land use: + arable land: + 27% + permanent crops: + 8% + meadows and pastures: + 29% + forest and woodland: + 6% + other: + 30% +Irrigated land: + 1,200 km2 (1989) +Environment: + the Land of Volcanoes; subject to frequent and sometimes very destructive + earthquakes; deforestation; soil erosion; water pollution +Note: + smallest Central American country and only one without a coastline on + Caribbean Sea + +*El Salvador, People + +Population: + 5,636,524 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 2.04% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 33.12 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 6.53 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + -6.21 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 42.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 66.5 years + male: + 63.93 years + female: + 69.2 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 3.87 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Salvadoran(s) + adjective: + Salvadoran +Ethnic divisions: + mestizo 94%, Indian 5%, white 1% +Religions: + Roman Catholic 75% + note: + Roman Catholic about 75%; there is extensive activity by Protestant groups + throughout the country; by the end of 1992, there were an estimated 1 + million Protestant evangelicals in El Salvador +Languages: + Spanish, Nahua (among some Indians) +Literacy: + age 15 and over can read and write (1990) + total population: + 73% + male: + 76% + female: + 70% +Labor force: + 1.7 million (1982 est.) + by occupation: + agriculture 40%, commerce 16%, manufacturing 15%, government 13%, financial + services 9%, transportation 6%, other 1% + note: + shortage of skilled labor and a large pool of unskilled labor, but manpower + training programs improving situation (1984 est.) + +*El Salvador, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Republic of El Salvador + conventional short form: + El Salvador + local long form: + Republica de El Salvador + local short form: + El Salvador +Digraph: + ES +Type: + republic +Capital: + San Salvador +Administrative divisions: + 14 departments (departamentos, singular - departamento); Ahuachapan, + Cabanas, Chalatenango, Cuscatlan, La Libertad, La Paz, La Union, Morazan, + San Miguel, San Salvador, Santa Ana, San Vicente, Sonsonate, Usulutan +Independence: + 15 September 1821 (from Spain) +Constitution: + 20 December 1983 +Legal system: + based on civil and Roman law, with traces of common law; judicial review of + legislative acts in the Supreme Court; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, + with reservations +National holiday: + Independence Day, 15 September (1821) +Political parties and leaders: + National Republican Alliance (Arena), Armando CALDERON Sol, president; + Christian Democratic Party (PDC), Fidel CHAVEZ Mena, secretary general; + National Conciliation Party (PCN), Ciro CRUZ Zepeda, president; Democratic + Convergence (CD) is a coalition of three parties - the Social Democratic + Party (PSD), Carlos Diaz BARRERA, secretary general; Democratic Nationalist + Union (UDN), Mario AGUINADA Carranza, secretary general; and the Popular + Social Christian Movement (MPSC), Dr. Ruben Ignacio ZAMORA Rivas; Authentic + Christian Movement (MAC), Guillermo Antonia GUEVARA Lacayo, president; + Farabundo Marti National Liberation Front (FMLM), Jorge Shafik HANDAL, + general coordinator, has five factions - Popular Liberation Forces (FPL), + Salvador SANCHEZ Ceren; Armed Forces of National Resistance (FARN), Ferman + CIENFUEGOS; People's Revolutionary Army (ERP), Joaquin VILLA LOBOS Huezo; + Salvadoran Communist Party/Armed Forces of Liberation (PCES/FAL), Jorge + Shafik HANDAL; and + Central American Workers' Revolutionary Party (PRTC)/Popular Liberation + Revolutionary Aermed Forces (FARLP), Francisco JOVEL +Other political or pressure groups: + FMLN labor front organizations: + National Union of Salvadoran Workers (UNTS), leftist umbrella front group, + leads FMLN front network; National Federation of Salvadoran Workers + (FENASTRAS), best organized of front groups and controlled by FMLN's + National Resistance (RN); Social Security Institute Workers Union (STISSS), + one of the most militant fronts, is controlled by FMLN's Armed Forces of + National Resistance (FARN) and RN; Association of Telecommunications Workers + (ASTTEL); Unitary Federation of Salvadoran Unions (FUSS), leftist; Treasury + Ministry Employees (AGEMHA) + +*El Salvador, Government + + FMLN nonlabor front organizations: + Committee of Mothers and Families of Political Prisoners, Disappeared + Persons, and Assassinated of El Salvador (COMADRES); Nongovernmental Human + Rights Commission (CDHES); Committee of Dismissed and Unemployed of El + Salvador (CODYDES); General Association of Salvadoran University Students + (AGEUS); National Association of Salvadoran Educators (ANDES-21 DE JUNIO); + Salvadoran Revolutionary Student Front (FERS), associated with the Popular + Forces of Liberation (FPL); Association of National University Educators + (ADUES); Salvadoran University Students Front (FEUS); Christian Committee + for the Displaced of El Salvador (CRIPDES), an FPL front; The Association + for Communal Development in El Salvador (PADECOES), controlled by the + People's Revolutionary Army (ERP); Confederation of Cooperative Associations + of El Salvador (COACES) + labor organizations: + Federation of Construction and Transport Workers Unions (FESINCONSTRANS), + independent; Salvadoran Communal Union (UCS), peasant association; + Democratic Workers Central (CTD), moderate; General Confederation of Workers + (CGT), moderate; National Union of Workers and Peasants (UNOC), moderate + labor coalition of democratic labor organizations; United Workers Front + (FUT) + business organizations: + National Association of Private Enterprise (ANEP), conservative; Productive + Alliance (AP), conservative; National Federation of Salvadoran Small + Businessmen (FENAPES), conservative +Suffrage: + 18 years of age; universal +Elections: + Legislative Assembly: + last held 10 March 1991 (next to be held March 1994); results - ARENA 44.3%, + PDC 27.96%, CD 12.16%, PCN 8.99%, MAC 3.23%, UDN 2.68%; seats - (84 total) + ARENA 39, PDC 26, PCN 9, CD 8, UDN 1, MAC 1 + President: + last held 19 March 1989 (next to be held March 1994); results - Alfredo + CRISTIANI (ARENA) 53.8%, Fidel CHAVEZ Mena (PDC) 36.6%, other 9.6% +Executive branch: + president, vice president, Council of Ministers (cabinet) +Legislative branch: + unicameral Legislative Assembly (Asamblea Legislativa) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court (Corte Suprema) +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + President (Felix) Alfredo CRISTIANI Buchard (since 1 June 1989); Vice + President (Jose) Francisco MERINO Lopez (since 1 June 1989) +Member of: + BCIE, CACM, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, + IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, IOC, IOM, ITU, LAES, LAIA (observer), + LORCS, NAM (observer), OAS, OPANAL, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, + WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO +Diplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: + Ambassador Miguel Angel SALAVERRIA + chancery: + 2308 California Street NW, Washington, DC 20008 + telephone: + (202) 265-9671 through 3482 + consulates general: + Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New Orleans, New York, and San Francisco + +*El Salvador, Government + +US diplomatic representation: + chief of mission: + Charge d'Affaires Peter F. ROMERO + embassy: + Final Boulevard, Station Antigua Cuscatlan, San Salvador + mailing address: + APO AA 34023 + telephone: + [503] 78-4444 + FAX: + [503] 78-6011 +Flag: + three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, and blue with the + national coat of arms centered in the white band; the coat of arms features + a round emblem encircled by the words REPUBLICA DE EL SALVADOR EN LA AMERICA + CENTRAL; similar to the flag of Nicaragua, which has a different coat of + arms centered in the white band - it features a triangle encircled by the + words REPUBLICA DE NICARAGUA on top and AMERICA CENTRAL on the bottom; also + similar to the flag of Honduras, which has five blue stars arranged in an X + pattern centered in the white band + +*El Salvador, Economy + +Overview: + The agricultural sector accounts for 24% of GDP, employs about 40% of the + labor force, and contributes about 66% to total exports. Coffee is the major + commercial crop, accounting for 45% of export earnings. The manufacturing + sector, based largely on food and beverage processing, accounts for 18% of + GDP and 15% of employment. Economic losses because of guerrilla sabotage + total more than $2 billion since 1979. The costs of maintaining a large + military seriously constrain the government's efforts to provide essential + social services. Nevertheless, growth in national output during the period + 1990-92 exceeded growth in population for the first time since 1987. +National product: + GDP - exchange rate conversion - $5.9 billion (1992 est.) +National product real growth rate: + 4.6% (1992 est.) +National product per capita: + $1,060 (1992 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 17% (1992 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 7.5% (1991) +Budget: + revenues $846 million; expenditures $890 million, including capital + expenditures of $NA (1992 est.) +Exports: + $693 million (f.o.b., 1992 est.) + commodities: + coffee 45%, sugar, shrimp, cotton + partners: + US 33%, Guatemala, Germany, Costa Rica +Imports: + $1.47 billion (c.i.f., 1992 est.) + commodities: + raw materials, consumer goods, capital goods + partners: + US 43%, Guatemala, Mexico, Venezuela, Germany +External debt: + $2.6 billion (December 1992) +Industrial production: + growth rate 4.7% (1991); accounts for 22% of GDP +Electricity: + 713,800 kW capacity; 2,190 million kWh produced, 390 kWh per capita (1992) +Industries: + food processing, beverages, petroleum, nonmetallic products, tobacco, + chemicals, textiles, furniture +Agriculture: + accounts for 24% of GDP and 40% of labor force (including fishing and + forestry); coffee most important commercial crop; other products - + sugarcane, corn, rice, beans, oilseeds, beef, dairy products, shrimp; not + self-sufficient in food +Illicit drugs: + transshipment point for cocaine +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-90), $2.95 billion, plus $250 million + for 1992-96; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments + (1970-89), $525 million +Currency: + 1 Salvadoran colon (C) = 100 centavos + +*El Salvador, Economy + +Exchange rates: + Salvadoran colones (C) per US$1 - 8.7600 (January 1993), 9.1700 (1992), + 8.0300 (1991), fixed rate of 5.000 (1986-1989) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +*El Salvador, Communications + +Railroads: + 602 km 0.914-meter gauge, single track; 542 km in use +Highways: + 10,000 km total; 1,500 km paved, 4,100 km gravel, 4,400 km improved and + unimproved earth +Inland waterways: + Rio Lempa partially navigable +Ports: + Acajutla, Cutuco +Airports: + total: + 105 + usable: + 74 + with permanent-surface runways: + 5 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 1 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 5 +Telecommunications: + nationwide trunk microwave radio relay system; connection into Central + American Microwave System; 116,000 telephones (21 telephones per 1,000 + persons); broadcast stations - 77 AM, no FM, 5 TV, 2 shortwave; 1 Atlantic + Ocean INTELSAT earth station + +*El Salvador, Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy, Air Force +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 1,305,853; fit for military service 836,192; reach military + age (18) annually 71,101 (1993 est.) +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $104 million, 3%-4% of GDP (1993 est.) + +*Equatorial Guinea, Geography + +Location: + Western Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean between Cameroon and + Gabon +Map references: + Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World +Area: + total area: + 28,050 km2 + land area: + 28,050 km2 + comparative area: + slightly larger than Maryland +Land boundaries: + total 539 km, Cameroon 189 km, Gabon 350 km +Coastline: + 296 km +Maritime claims: + exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + territorial sea: + 12 nm +International disputes: + maritime boundary dispute with Gabon because of disputed sovereignty over + islands in Corisco Bay +Climate: + tropical; always hot, humid +Terrain: + coastal plains rise to interior hills; islands are volcanic +Natural resources: + timber, petroleum, small unexploited deposits of gold, manganese, uranium +Land use: + arable land: + 8% + permanent crops: + 4% + meadows and pastures: + 4% + forest and woodland: + 51% + other: + 33% +Irrigated land: + NA km2 +Environment: + subject to violent windstorms +Note: + insular and continental regions rather widely separated + +*Equatorial Guinea, People + +Population: + 399,055 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 2.6% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 41.1 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 15.11 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 104.9 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 51.63 years + male: + 49.56 years + female: 53.76 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 5.33 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Equatorial Guinean(s) or Equatoguinean(s) + adjective: + Equatorial Guinean or Equatoguinean +Ethnic divisions: + Bioko (primarily Bubi, some Fernandinos), Rio Muni (primarily Fang), + Europeans less than 1,000, mostly Spanish +Religions: + nominally Christian and predominantly Roman Catholic, pagan practices +Languages: + Spanish (official), pidgin English, Fang, Bubi, Ibo +Literacy: + age 15 and over can read and write (1990) + total population: + 50% + male: + 64% + female: + 37% +Labor force: + 172,000 (1986 est.) + by occupation: + agriculture 66%, services 23%, industry 11% (1980) + note: + labor shortages on plantations; 58% of population of working age (1985) + +*Equatorial Guinea, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Republic of Equatorial Guinea + conventional short form: + Equatorial Guinea + local long form: + Republica de Guinea Ecuatorial + local short form: + Guinea Ecuatorial + former: + Spanish Guinea +Digraph: + EK +Type: + republic in transition to multiparty democracy +Capital: + Malabo +Administrative divisions: + 7 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia); Annobon, Bioko Norte, Bioko + Sur, Centro Sur, Kie-Ntem, Litoral, Wele-Nzas +Independence: + 12 October 1968 (from Spain) +Constitution: + new constitution 17 November 1991 +Legal system: + partly based on Spanish civil law and tribal custom +National holiday: + Independence Day, 12 October (1968) +Political parties and leaders: + ruling - Democratic Party for Equatorial Guinea (PDGE), Brig. Gen. (Ret.) + Teodoro OBIANG NGUEMA MBASOGO, party leader +Suffrage: + universal adult at age NA +Elections: + President: + last held 25 June 1989 (next to be held 25 June 1996); results - President + Brig. Gen. (Ret.) Teodoro OBIANG NGUEMA MBASOGO was reelected without + opposition + Chamber of People's Representatives: + last held 10 July 1988 (next to be held 10 July 1993); results - PDGE is the + only party; seats - (41 total) PDGE 41 +Executive branch: + president, prime minister, deputy prime minister, Council of Ministers + (cabinet) +Legislative branch: + unicameral House of Representatives of the People (Camara de Representantes + del Pueblo) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Tribunal +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Brig. Gen. (Ret.) Teodoro OBIANG NGUEMA MBASOGO (since 3 August + 1979) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Silvestre SIALE BILEKA (since 17 January 1992); Deputy Prime + Minister Miguel OYONO NDONG MIFUMU (since 22 January 1992) + +*Equatorial Guinea, Government + +Member of: + ACCT, ACP, AfDB, BDEAC, CEEAC, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, FZ, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, + IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS (associate), NAM, OAS + (observer), OAU, UDEAC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO +Diplomatic representation in US: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Damaso OBIANG NDONG + chancery: + (temporary) 57 Magnolia Avenue, Mount Vernon, NY 10553 + telephone: + (914) 667-9664 +US diplomatic representation: + chief of mission: + Ambassador John E. BENNETT + embassy: + Calle de Los Ministros, Malabo + mailing address: P.O. Box 597, Malabo + telephone: + [240] (9) 2185 + FAX: + [240] (9) 2164 +Flag: + three equal horizontal bands of green (top), white, and red with a blue + isosceles triangle based on the hoist side and the coat of arms centered in + the white band; the coat of arms has six yellow six-pointed stars + (representing the mainland and five offshore islands) above a gray shield + bearing a silk-cotton tree and below which is a scroll with the motto + UNIDAD, PAZ, JUSTICIA (Unity, Peace, Justice) + +*Equatorial Guinea, Economy + +Overview: + The economy, devastated during the regime of former President Macias NGUEMA, + is based on agriculture, forestry, and fishing, which account for about half + of GDP and nearly all exports. Subsistence agriculture predominates, with + cocoa, coffee, and wood products providing income, foreign exchange, and + government revenues. There is little industry. Commerce accounts for about + 8% of GDP and the construction, public works, and service sectors for about + 38%. Undeveloped natural resources include titanium, iron ore, manganese, + uranium, and alluvial gold. Oil exploration, taking place under concessions + offered to US, French, and Spanish firms, has been moderately successful. + Increased production from recently discovered natural gas deposits will + provide a greater share of exports by 1995. +National product: + GDP - exchange rate conversion - $144 million (1991 est.) +National product real growth rate: + -1% (1991 est.) +National product per capita: + $380 (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 1.4% (1990) +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $26 million; expenditures $30 million, including capital + expenditures of $3 million (1991 est.) +Exports: + $37 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.) + commodities: + coffee, timber, cocoa beans + partners: + Spain 38.2%, Italy 12.2%, Netherlands 11.4%, FRG 6.9%, Nigeria 12.4% (1988) +Imports: + $63.0 million (c.i.f., 1990) + commodities: + petroleum, food, beverages, clothing, machinery + partners: + France 25.9%, Spain 21.0%, Italy 16%, US 12.8%, Netherlands 8%, FRG 3.1%, + Gabon 2.9%, Nigeria 1.8% (1988) +External debt: $213 million (1990) +Industrial production: + growth rate 6.8% (1990 est.) +Electricity: + 23,000 kW capacity; 60 million kWh produced, 160 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + fishing, sawmilling +Agriculture: + cash crops - timber and coffee from Rio Muni, cocoa from Bioko; food crops - + rice, yams, cassava, bananas, oil palm nuts, manioc, livestock +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY81-89), $14 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89) $130 million; + Communist countries (1970-89), $55 million +Currency: + 1 CFA franc (CFAF) = 100 centimes +Exchange rates: + Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF) per US$1 - 274.06 (January + 1993), 264.69 (1992), 282.11 (1991), 272.26 (1990), 319.01 (1989), 297.85 + (1988) + +*Equatorial Guinea, Economy + +Fiscal year: + 1 April - 31 March + +*Equatorial Guinea, Communications + +Highways: + Rio Muni - 2,460 km; Bioko - 300 km +Ports: + Malabo, Bata +Merchant marine: + 2 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 6,413 GRT/6,699 DWT; includes 1 cargo + and 1 passenger-cargo +Airports: + total: + 3 + usable: + 3 + with permanent-surface runways: + 2 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 1 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 1 +Telecommunications: + poor system with adequate government services; international communications + from Bata and Malabo to African and European countries; 2,000 telephones; + broadcast stations - 2 AM, no FM, 1 TV; 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth + station + +*Equatorial Guinea, Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy, Air Force, National Guard, National Police +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 84,323; fit for military service 42,812 (1993 est.) +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP + +*Eritrea, Geography + +Location: + Eastern Africa, bordering the Red Sea between Djibouti and Sudan +Map references: + Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World +Area: + total area: + 121,320 km2 + land area: + 121,320 km2 + comparative area: + slightly larger than Pennsylvania +Land boundaries: + total 1,630 km, Djibouti 113 km, Ethiopia 912 km, Sudan 605 km +Coastline: + 1,151 km (land and island coastline is 2,234 km) +Maritime claims: + territorial sea: + 12 nm +International disputes: + none +Climate: + hot, dry desert strip along Red Sea coast; cooler and wetter in the central + highlands (up to 61 cm of rainfall annually); semiarid in western hills and + lowlands; rainfall heaviest during June-September except on coast desert +Terrain: + dominated by extension of Ethiopian north-south trending highlands, + descending on the east to a coastal desert plan, on the northwest to hilly + terrain and on the southwest to flat-to-rolling plains +Natural resources: + gold, potash, zinc, copper, salt, probably oil, fish +Land use: + arable land: + 3% + permanent crops: + 2% (coffee) + meadows and pastures: + 40% + forest and woodland: + 5% other: + 50% +Irrigated land: + NA km2 +Environment: + frequent droughts, famine; deforestation; soil eroision; overgrazing; loss + of infrastructure from civil warfare +Note: + strategic geopolitical position along world's busiest shipping lanes and + close to Arabian oilfields, Eritrea retained the entire coastline of + Ethiopia along the Red Sea upon de jure independence from Ethiopia on 27 + April 1993 + +*Eritrea, People + +Population: + 3,467,087 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 3.46% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + NA births/1,000 population +Death rate: + NA deaths/1,000 population +Net migration rate: + NA migrant(s)/1,000 population +Infant mortality rate: + NA deaths/1,000 live births +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + NA years + male: + NA years + female: + NA years +Total fertility rate: + NA children born/woman +Nationality: + noun: + Eritrean(s) + adjective: + Eritrean +Ethnic divisions: + ethnic Tigrays 50%, Tigre and Kunama 40%, Afar 4%, Saho (Red Sea coast + dwellers) 3% +Religions: + Muslim, Coptic Christian, Roman Catholic, Protestant +Languages: + Tigre and Kunama, Cushitic dialects, Tigre, Nora Bana, Arabic +Literacy: + NA% +Labor force: + NA + +*Eritrea, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + none + conventional short form: + Eritrea + local long form: + none + local short form: + none + former: + Eritrea Autonomous Region in Ethiopia +Digraph: + ER +Type: + transitional government + note: + on 29 May 1991 ISSAIAS Afeworke, secretary general of the Eritrean People's + Liberation Front (EPLF), announced the formation of the Provisional + Government in Eritrea (PGE), in preparation for the 23-25 April 1993 + referendum on independence for the autonomous region of Eritrea; the result + was a landslide vote for independence that was announced on 27 April 1993 +Capital: + Asmara (formerly Asmera) +Administrative divisions: + NA +Independence: + 27 April 1993 (from Ethiopia; formerly the Eritrea Autonomous Region) +Constitution: + transitional "constitution" decreed 19 May 1993 +Legal system: + NA +National holiday: + National Day (independence from Ethiopia), 24 May (1993) +Political parties and leaders: + Eritrean People's Liberation Front (EPLF) (Christian Muslim), ISSAIAS + Aferworke, PETROS Soloman; Eritrean Liberation Front (ELF) (Muslim), + ABDULLAH Muhammed; Eritrean Liberation Front - United Organization (ELF-UO), + leader NA +Other political or pressure groups: + Oromo Liberation Front (OLF); Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Party (EPRP); + numerous small, ethnic-based groups have formed since Mengistu's + resignation, including several Islamic militant groups +Suffrage: + NA +Elections: + multinational election before 20 May 1997 +Executive branch: + president, Eritrean National Council +Legislative branch: + National Assembly +Judicial branch: + Judiciary +Leaders: Chief of State and Head of Government: + President ISSAIAS Aferworke +Member of: + OAU, UN, UNCTAD + +*Eritrea, Government + +Diplomatic representation in US: + chief of mission: + NA + chancery: + NA + telephone: + NA +US diplomatic representation: + chief of mission: + Joseph P. O'NEILL + embassy: + NA + mailing address: + NA + telephone: + 251-4-113-720 + FAX: + NA +Flag: + red isosceles triangle (based on the hoist side) dividing the flag into two + right triangles; the upper triangle is green, the lower one is blue; a gold + wreath encircling a gold olive branch is centered on the hoist side of the + red triangle + +*Eritrea, Economy + +Overview: + With independence from Ethiopia on 27 April 1993, Eritrea faces the bitter + economic problems of a small, desperately poor African country. Most of the + population will continue to depend on subsistence farming. Domestic output + is substantially augmented by worker remittances from abroad. Government + revenues come from custom duties and income and sales taxes. Eritrea has + inherited the entire coastline of Ethiopia and has long-term prospects for + revenues from the devlopment of offshore oil, offshore fishing and tourist + development. For the time being, Ethiopia will be largely dependent on + Eritrean ports for its foreign trade. +National product: + GDP - exchange rate conversion - $400 million (1992 est.) +National product real growth rate: + NA% +National product per capita: + $115 (1992 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + NA% +Unemployment rate: NA% +Budget: + revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA +Exports: + $NA + commodities: + NA + partners: + NA +Imports: + $NA + commodities: + NA + partners: + NA +External debt: + $NA +Industrial production: + growth rate NA% +Electricity: + NA kW capacity; NA kWh produced, NA kWh per capita +Industries: + food processing, beverages, clothing and textiles +Agriculture: + NA +Economic aid: + NA +Currency: + NA +Exchange rates: + NA +Fiscal year: + NA + +*Eritrea, Communications + +Railroads: + 307 km total; 307 km 1.000-meter gauge; 307 km 0.950-meter gauge + (nonoperational) linking Ak'ordat and Asmera with the port of Mits'iwe (1993 + est.) +Highways: + 3,845 km total; 807 km paved, 840 km gravel, 402 km improved earth, 1,796 km + unimproved earth +Ports: + Assab (formerly Aseb), Massawa (formerly Mits'iwa) +Merchant marine: + 14 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 71,837 GRT/90,492 DWT; includes 9 + cargo, 1 roll-on/roll off, 1 livestock carrier, 2 oil tanker, 1 refrigerated + cargo +Airports: + total: + 5 + usable: + 5 with permanent-surface runways: + 2 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 2 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 2 +Telecommunications: + NA + +*Eritrea, Defense Forces + +Branches: + Eritrean People's Liberation Front (EPLF) +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 NA; fit for military service NA; reach military age (18) + annually NA +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP + +*Estonia, Geography + +Location: + Northeastern Europe, bordering the Baltic Sea, between Sweden and Russia +Map references: + Arctic Region, Asia, Europe, Standard Time Zones of the World +Area: + total area: + 45,100 km2 + land area: + 43,200 km2 + comparative area: + slightly larger than New Hampshire and Vermont combined + note: + includes 1,520 islands in the Baltic Sea +Land boundaries: + total 557 km, Latvia 267 km, Russia 290 km +Coastline: + 1,393 km +Maritime claims: + territorial sea: + 12 nm +International disputes: + international small border strips along the northern (Narva) and southern + (Petseri) sections of eastern border with Russia ceded to Russia in 1945 by + the Estonian SSR +Climate: + maritime, wet, moderate winters +Terrain: + marshy, lowlands +Natural resources: shale oil, peat, phosphorite, amber +Land use: + arable land: + 22% + permanent crops: + 0% + meadows and pastures: + 11% + forest and woodland: + 31% + other: + 36% +Irrigated land: + 110 km2 (1990) +Environment: + air heavily polluted with sulphur dioxide from oil-shale burning power + plants in northeast; radioactive wastes dumped in open reservoir in + Sillamae, a few dozen meters from Baltic Sea; contamination of soil and + ground water with petroleum products, chemicals at military bases + +*Estonia, People + +Population: + 1,608,469 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 0.52% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 14.05 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 12.13 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + 3.28 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 19.5 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 69.75 years + male: + 64.75 years + female: + 74.99 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 2.01 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Estonian(s) + adjective: + Estonian +Ethnic divisions: + Estonian 61.5%, Russian 30.3%, Ukrainian 3.17%, Belarusian 1.8%, Finn 1.1%, + other 2.13% (1989) +Religions: + Lutheran +Languages: Estonian (official), Latvian, Lithuanian, Russian, other +Literacy: + age 9-49 can read and write (1970) + total population: + 100% + male: + 100% + female: + 100% +Labor force: + 796,000 + by occupation: + industry and construction 42%, agriculture and forestry 20%, other 38% + (1990) + +*Estonia, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Republic of Estonia + conventional short form: + Estonia + local long form: + Eesti Vabariik + local short form: + Eesti + former: + Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic +Digraph: + EN +Type: + republic +Capital: + Tallinn +Administrative divisions: + none (all districts are under direct republic jurisdiction) +Independence: + 6 September 1991 (from Soviet Union) +Constitution: + adopted 28 June 1992 +Legal system: + based on civil law system; no judicial review of legislative acts +National holiday: + Independence Day, 24 February (1918) +Political parties and leaders: + Popular Front of Estonia (Rahvarinne), NA chairman; Estonian Christian + Democratic Party, Aivar KALA, chairman; Estonian Christian Democratic Union, + Illar HALLASTE, chairman; Estonian Heritage Society (EMS), Trivimi VELLISTE, + chairman; Estonian National Independence Party (ENIP), Lagle PAREK, + chairman; Estonian Social Democratic Party, Marju LAURISTIN, chairman; + Estonian Green Party, Tonu OJA; Independent Estonian Communist Party, Vaino + VALJAS; People's Centrist Party, Edgar SAVISAAR, chairman; Estonian Royalist + Party (ERP), Kalle KULBOK, chairman; Entrpreneurs' Party (EP), Tiit MADE; + Estonian Fatherland Party, Mart LAAR, chairman; Safe Home; Moderates; + Estonian Citizen +Suffrage: + 18 years of age; universal +Elections: + President: + last held 20 September 1992; (next to be held NA); results - no candidate + received majority; newly elected Parliament elected Lennart MERI (NA October + 1992) + Parliament: + last held 20 September 1992; (next to be held NA); results - Fatherland 21%, + Safe Home 14%, Popular Front 13%, Moderates 10%, Estonian National + Independence Party 8%, Royalists 7%, Estonian Citizen 7%, Estonian + Entrepreneurs 2%, other 18%; seats - (101 total) Fatherland 29, Safe Home + 18, Popular Front 15, Moderates 12, ENIP 10, Royalists 8, Estonian Citizen + 8, Estonian Entrepreneurs 1 + Congress of Estonia: + last held March 1990 (next to be held NA); note - Congress of Estonia was a + quasi-governmental structure which disbanded itself October 1992 after the + new Parliament and government were installed +Executive branch: + president, prime minister, cabinet + +*Estonia, Government + +Legislative branch: + unicameral Parliament (Riigikogu) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Lennart MERI (since NA October 1992) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Mart LAAR (since NA October 1992) +Member of: + CBSS, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ILO, IMF, IMO, NACC, + UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU +Diplomatic representation in US: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Toomas Hendrik IIVES + chancery: + (temporary) 630 Fifth Avenue, Suite 2415, New York, NY 10111 + telephone: + (212) 247-2131 + consulate general: + New York +US diplomatic representation: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Robert C. FRASURE + embassy: + Kentmanni 20, Tallin EE 0001 + mailing address: + use embassy street address + telephone: + 011-[358] (49) 303-182 (cellular) FAX: + [358] (49) 306-817 (cellular) + note: + dialing to Baltics still requires use of an international operator unless + you use the cellular phone lines +Flag: + pre-1940 flag restored by Supreme Soviet in May 1990 - three equal + horizontal bands of blue (top), black, and white + +*Estonia, Economy + +Overview: + As of June 1993 Estonia ranks first among the 15 former Soviet republics in + moving from its obsolete command economy to a modern market economy. Yet + serious problems remain. In contrast to the estimated 30% drop in output in + 1992, GDP should grow by a small percent in 1993. Of key importance has been + the introduction of the kroon in August 1993 and the subsequent reductions + in inflation to 1%-2% per month. Starting in July 1991, under a new law on + private ownership, small enterprises, such as retail shops and restaurants, + were sold to private owners. The auctioning of large-scale enterprises is + progressing with the proceeds being held in escrow until the prior ownership + (that is, Estonian or the Commonwealth of Independent States) can be + established. Estonia ranks first in per capita consumption among the former + Soviet republics. Agriculture is well developed, especially meat production, + and provides a surplus for export. Only about one-fifth of the work force is + in agriculture. The major share of the work force engages in manufacturing + both capital and consumer goods based on raw materials and intermediate + products from the other former Soviet republics. These manufactures are of + high quality by ex-Soviet standards and are exported to the other republics. + Estonia's mineral resources are limited to major deposits of shale oil (60% + of the old Soviet total) and phosphorites (400 million tons). Estonia has a + large, relatively modern port and produces more than half of its own energy + needs at highly polluting shale oil power plants. It has advantages in the + transition, not having suffered so long under the Soviet yoke and having + better chances of developing profitable ties to the Nordic and West European + countries. Like Latvia, but unlike Lithuania, the large portion of ethnic + Russians (30%) in the population poses still another difficulty in the + transition to an independent market economy. +National product: + GDP $NA +National product real growth rate: + -30% (1992 est.) +National product per capita: + $NA +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 1%-2% per month (first quarter 1993) +Unemployment rate: + 3% (March 1993); but large number of underemployed workers +Budget: + revenues $223 million; expenditures $142 million, including capital + expenditures of $NA (1992) +Exports: + $NA + commodities: textile 11%, wood products and timber 9%, dairy products 9% + partners: + Russia and the other former Soviet republics 50%, West 50% (1992) +Imports: + $NA + commodities: + machinery 45%, oil 13%, chemicals 12% + partners: + Finland 15%, Russia 18% +External debt: + $650 million (end of 1991) +Industrial production: + growth rate -40% (1992) +Electricity: + 3,700,000 kW capacity; 22,900 million kWh produced, 14,245 kWh per capita + (1992) + +*Estonia, Economy + +Industries: + accounts for 30% of labor force; oil shale, shipbuilding, phosphates, + electric motors, excavators, cement, furniture, clothing, textiles, paper, + shoes, apparel +Agriculture: + employs 20% of work force; very efficient; net exports of meat, fish, dairy + products, and potatoes; imports of feedgrains for livestock; fruits and + vegetables +Illicit drugs: + transshipment point for illicit drugs from Central and Southwest Asia to + Western Europe; limited illicit opium producer; mostly for domestic + production +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (1992), $10 million +Currency: + 1 Estonian kroon (EEK) = 100 NA; (introduced in August 1992) +Exchange rates: + kroons (EEK) per US$1 - 12 (January 1993) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +*Estonia, Communications + +Railroads: + 1,030 km (includes NA km electrified); does not include industrial lines + (1990) +Highways: + 30,300 km total (1990); 29,200 km hard surfaced; 1,100 km earth +Inland waterways: + 500 km perennially navigable +Pipelines: + natural gas 420 km (1992) +Ports: coastal - Tallinn, Novotallin, Parnu; inland - Narva +Merchant marine: + 68 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 394,501 GRT/526,502 DWT; includes 52 + cargo, 6 roll-on/roll-off, 2 short-sea passenger, 6 bulk, 2 container +Airports: + total: + 29 + useable: + 18 + with permanent-surface runways: + 11 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 10 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 8 +Telecommunications: + 300,000 telephone subscribers in 1990 with international direct dial service + available to Finland, Germany, Austria, UK and France; 21 telephone lines + per 100 persons as of 1991; broadcast stations - 3 TV (provide Estonian + programs as well as Moscow Ostenkino's first and second programs); + international traffic is carried to the other former USSR republics by + landline or microwave and to other countries by leased connection to the + Moscow international gateway switch via 19 incoming/20 outgoing + international channels, by the Finnish cellular net, and by an old copper + submarine cable to Finland soon to be replaced by an undersea fiber optic + cable system; there is also a new international telephone exchange in + Tallinn handling 60 channels via Helsinki; 2 analog mobile cellular networks + with international roaming capability to Scandinavia are operating in major + cities + +*Estonia, Defense Forces + +Branches: + Ground Forces, Maritime Border Guard, National Guard (Kaitseliit), Security + Forces (internal and border troops) +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 387,733; fit for military service 306,056; reach military + age (18) annually 11,570 (1993 est.) +Defense expenditures: + 124.4 million kroons, NA% of GDP (forecast for 1993); note - conversion of + the military budget into US dollars using the current exchange rate could + produce misleading results + +*Ethiopia, Geography + +Location: + Eastern Africa, between Somalia and Sudan +Map references: + Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World +Area: total area: + 1,127,127 km2 + land area: + 1,119,683 km2 + comparative area: + slightly less than twice the size of Texas +Land boundaries: + total 5,311 km, Djibouti 337 km, Erithea 912 km, Kenya 830 km, Somalia 1,626 + km, Sudan 1,606 km +Coastline: + none - landlocked +Maritime claims: + none - landlocked +International disputes: + southern half of the boundary with Somalia is a Provisional Administrative + Line; possible claim by Somalia based on unification of ethnic Somalis; + territorial dispute with Somalia over the Ogaden +Climate: + tropical monsoon with wide topographic-induced variation; some areas prone + to extended droughts +Terrain: + high plateau with central mountain range divided by Great Rift Valley +Natural resources: + small reserves of gold, platinum, copper, potash +Land use: + arable land: + 12% + permanent crops: + 1% + meadows and pastures: + 41% + forest and woodland: + 24% + other: + 22% +Irrigated land: + 1,620 km2 (1989 est.) +Environment: + geologically active Great Rift Valley susceptible to earthquakes, volcanic + eruptions; deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification; + frequent droughts; famine +Note: + landlocked - entire coastline along the Red Sea was lost with the de jure + independence of Eritrea on 27 April 1993 + +*Ethiopia, People + +Population: + 53,278,446 (July 1993 est.) + note: + Ethiopian demographic data, except population and population growth rate, + include Eritrea +Population growth rate: + 3.41% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 45.37 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 14.23 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + 2.94 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 108.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 52.21 years + male: + 50.6 years + female: + 53.88 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 6.88 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Ethiopian(s) + adjective: + Ethiopian +Ethnic divisions: + Oromo 40%, Amhara and Tigrean 32%, Sidamo 9%, Shankella 6%, Somali 6%, Afar + 4%, Gurage 2%, other 1% +Religions: + Muslim 45-50%, Ethiopian Orthodox 35-40%, animist 12%, other 5% +Languages: + Amharic (official), Tigrinya, Orominga, Guaraginga, Somali, Arabic, English + (major foreign language taught in schools) +Literacy: + age 10 and over can read and write (1983) + total population: + 62% + male: + NA% + female: + NA% +Labor force: + 18 million + by occupation: + agriculture and animal husbandry 80%, government and services 12%, industry + and construction 8% (1985) + +*Ethiopia, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + none + conventional short form: + Ethiopia + local long form: + none + local short form: Ityop'iya +Digraph: + ET +Type: + transitional government + note: + on 28 May 1991 the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF) + toppled the authoritarian government of MENGISTU Haile-Mariam and took + control in Addis Ababa; the Transitional Government of Ethiopia (TGE), + announced a two-year transitional period +Capital: + Addis Ababa +Administrative divisions: + 14 administrative regions (astedader akababiwach, singular - astedader + akababi) Addis Ababa, Afar, Amhara, Benishangul, Gambela, + Gurage-Hadiya-Kambata, Harer, Kefa, Omo, Oromo, Sidamo, Somali, Tigray, + Wolayta +Independence: + oldest independent country in Africa and one of the oldest in the world - at + least 2,000 years +Constitution: + to be redrafted by 1993 +Legal system: + NA +National holiday: + National Day, 28 May (1991) (defeat of Mengistu regime) +Political parties and leaders: + NA +Other political or pressure groups: + Oromo Liberation Front (OLF); Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Party (EPRP); + numerous small, ethnic-based groups have formed since Mengistu's + resignation, including several Islamic militant groups +Suffrage: + 18 years of age; universal +Elections: + President: + last held 10 September 1987; next election planned after new constitution + drafted; results - MENGISTU Haile-Mariam elected by the now defunct National + Assembly, but resigned and left Ethiopia on 21 May 1991 + Constituent Assembly: + now planned for January 1994 (to ratify constitution to be drafted by end of + 1993) +Executive branch: + president, prime minister, Council of Ministers +Legislative branch: + unicameral Constituent Assembly +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President MELES Zenawi (since 1 June 1991) + +*Ethiopia, Government + + Head of Government: + Prime Minister TAMIRAT Layne (since 6 June 1991) +Member of: + ACP, AfDB, CCC, ECA, FAO, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, + IGADD, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, + UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation in US: + chief of mission: + Ambassador BERHANE Gebre-Christos + chancery: + 2134 Kalorama Road NW, Washington, DC 20008 + telephone: + (202) 234-2281 or 2282 +US diplomatic representation: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Marc A. BAAS + embassy: + Entoto Street, Addis Ababa + mailing address: + P. O. Box 1014, Addis Ababa + telephone: + [251] (1) 550-666 + FAX: + [251] (1) 551-166 +Flag: + three equal horizontal bands of green (top), yellow, and red; Ethiopia is + the oldest independent country in Africa, and the colors of her flag were so + often adopted by other African countries upon independence that they became + known as the pan-African colors + +*Ethiopia, Economy + +Overview: + With the independence of Eritrea on 27 April 1993, Ethiopia continues to + face difficult economic problems as one of the poorest and least developed + countries in Africa. (The accompanying analysis and figures predate the + independence of Eritrea.) Its economy is based on subsistence agriculture, + which accounts for about 45% of GDP, 90% of exports, and 80% of total + employment; coffee generates 60% of export earnings. The manufacturing + sector is heavily dependent on inputs from the agricultural sector. Over 90% + of large-scale industry, but less than 10% of agriculture, is state run; the + government is considering selling off a portion of state-owned plants. + Favorable agricultural weather largely explains the 4.5% growth in output in + FY89, whereas drought and deteriorating internal security conditions + prevented growth in FY90. In 1991 the lack of law and order, particularly in + the south, interfered with economic development and growth. In 1992, because + of some easing of civil strife and aid from the outside world, the economy + substantially improved. +National product: + GDP - exchange rate conversion - $6.6 billion (FY92 est.) +National product real growth rate: + 6% (FY92 est.) +National product per capita: + $130 (FY92 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 7.8% (1989) +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $1.4 billion; expenditures $2.3 billion, including capital + expenditures of $565 million (FY91) +Exports: + $276 million (f.o.b., FY90) + commodities: + coffee, leather products, gold, petroleum products + partners: + EC, Djibouti, Japan, Saudi Arabia, US +Imports: + $1.0 billion (c.i.f., FY90) + commodities: + capital goods, consumer goods, fuel + partners: + EC, Eastern Europe, Japan, US +External debt: + $3.48 billion (1991) +Industrial production: + growth rate 2.3% (FY89 est.); accounts for 12% of GDP +Electricity: + 330,000 kW capacity; 650 million kWh produced, 10 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + food processing, beverages, textiles, chemicals, metals processing, cement +Agriculture: + accounts for 47% of GDP and is the most important sector of the economy even + though frequent droughts and poor cultivation practices keep farm output + low; famines not uncommon; export crops of coffee and oilseeds grown partly + on state farms; estimated 50% of agricultural production at subsistence + level; principal crops and livestock - cereals, pulses, coffee, oilseeds, + sugarcane, potatoes and other vegetables, hides and skins, cattle, sheep, + goats + +*Ethiopia, Economy + +Illicit drugs: + transit hub for heroin originating in Southwest and Southeast Asia and + destined for Europe and North America; cultivates qat (chat) for local use + and regional export +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $504 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $3.4 billion; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $8 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $2.0 + billion +Currency: + 1 birr (Br) = 100 cents +Exchange rates: + birr (Br) per US$1 - 5.0000 (fixed rate) +Fiscal year: + 8 July - 7 July + +*Ethiopia, Communications + +Railroads: + 781 km total; 781 km 1.000-meter gauge; 307 km 0.950-meter gauge linking + Addis Ababa (Ethiopia) to Djibouti; control of railroad is shared between + Djibouti and Ethiopia +Highways: + 39,150 km total; 2,776 km paved, 7,504 km gravel, 2,054 km improved earth, + 26,816 km unimproved earth (1993 est.) +Ports: + none; landlocked +Merchant marine: + none; landlocked +Airports: + total: + 121 + usable: + 82 + with permanent-surface runways: + 9 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 1 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 13 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 83 (1993 est.) +Telecommunications: + open-wire and radio relay system adequate for government use; open-wire to + Sudan and Djibouti; microwave radio relay to Kenya and Djibouti; broadcast + stations - 4 AM, no FM, 1 TV; 100,000 TV sets; 9,000,000 radios; satellite + earth stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 2 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT + +*Ethiopia, Defense Forces + +Branches: + Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF) +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 12,793,340; fit for military service 6,640,616; reach + military age (18) annually 576,329 (1993 est.) +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP + +*Europa Island, Header + +Affiliation: + (possession of France) + +*Europa Island, Geography + +Location: + Southern Africa, in the southern Mozambique Channel about halfway between + Madagascar and Mozambique +Map references: + Africa +Area: + total area: + 28 km2 + land area: + 28 km2 + comparative area: + about 0.2 times the size of Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + 0 km +Coastline: + 22.2 km +Maritime claims: + exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + territorial sea: + 12 nm +International disputes: + claimed by Madagascar +Climate: + tropical +Terrain: + NA +Natural resources: + negligible +Land use: + arable land: + NA% + permanent crops: + NA% + meadows and pastures: + NA% + forest and woodland: + NA% + other: + NA% (heavily wooded) +Irrigated land: + 0 km2 +Environment: + wildlife sanctuary + +*Europa Island, People + +Population: + uninhabited + +*Europa Island, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + none + conventional short form: + Europa Island + local long form: + none + local short form: + Ile Europa +Digraph: + EU +Type: + French possession administered by Commissioner of the Republic; resident in + Reunion +Capital: + none; administered by France from Reunion +Independence: + none (possession of France) + +*Europa Island, Economy + +Overview: + no economic activity + +*Europa Island, Communications + +Ports: + none; offshore anchorage only +Airports: + total: + 1 + usable: + 1 + with permanent-surface runways: + 0 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 2,439-3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 1 +Telecommunications: + 1 meteorological station + +*Europa Island, Defense Forces + +Note: + defense is the responsibility of France + +*Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas), Header + +Affiliation: + (dependent territory of the UK) + +*Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas), Geography + +Location: + in the South Atlantic Ocean, off the southern coast of Argentina +Map references: + Antarctic Region, South America +Area: + total area: + 12,170 km2 + land area: + 12,170 km2 + comparative area: + slightly smaller than Connecticut + note: + includes the two main islands of East and West Falkland and about 200 small + islands +Land boundaries: + 0 km +Coastline: + 1,288 km +Maritime claims: + continental shelf: + 100 m depth + exclusive fishing zone: + 200 nm + territorial sea: + 12 nm +International disputes: + administered by the UK, claimed by Argentina +Climate: + cold marine; strong westerly winds, cloudy, humid; rain occurs on more than + half of days in year; occasional snow all year, except in January and + February, but does not accumulate +Terrain: + rocky, hilly, mountainous with some boggy, undulating plains +Natural resources: + fish, wildlife +Land use: + arable land: + 0% + permanent crops: + 0% + meadows and pastures: + 99% + forest and woodland: + 0% + other: 1% +Irrigated land: + NA km2 +Environment: + poor soil fertility and a short growing season +Note: + deeply indented coast provides good natural harbors + +*Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas), People + +Population: + 2,206 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 2.43% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + NA births/1,000 population +Death rate: + NA deaths/1,000 population +Net migration rate: + NA migrant(s)/1,000 population +Infant mortality rate: + NA deaths/1,000 population +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + NA years + male: + NA years + female: + NA years +Total fertility rate: + NA children born/woman +Nationality: + noun: + Falkland Islander(s) + adjective: + Falkland Island +Ethnic divisions: + British +Religions: + primarily Anglican, Roman Catholic, United Free Church, Evangelist Church, + Jehovah's Witnesses, Lutheran, Seventh-Day Adventist +Languages: + English +Literacy: + total population: + NA% + male: + NA% + female: + NA% +Labor force: + 1,100 (est.) + by occupation: + agriculture 95% (mostly sheepherding) + +*Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas), Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Colony of the Falkland Islands + conventional short form: + Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) +Digraph: + FA +Type: + dependent territory of the UK +Capital: + Stanley +Administrative divisions: + none (dependent territory of the UK) +Independence: + none (dependent territory of the UK) +Constitution: + 3 October 1985 +Legal system: + English common law +National holiday: + Liberation Day, 14 June (1982) +Suffrage: + 18 years of age; universal +Elections: + Legislative Council: + last held 11 October 1989 (next to be held October 1994); results - percent + of vote by party NA; seats - (10 total, 8 elected) number of seats by party + NA +Executive branch: + British monarch, governor, Executive Council +Legislative branch: + unicameral Legislative Council +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952) + Head of Government: + Governor David Everard TATHAM (since August 1992) +Member of: + ICFTU +Diplomatic representation in US: + none (dependent territory of the UK) +US diplomatic representation: + none (dependent territory of the UK) +Flag: + blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the + Falkland Island coat of arms in a white disk centered on the outer half of + the flag; the coat of arms contains a white ram (sheep raising is the major + economic activity) above the sailing ship Desire (whose crew discovered the + islands) with a scroll at the bottom bearing the motto DESIRE THE RIGHT + +*Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas), Economy + +Overview: + The economy is based on sheep farming, which directly or indirectly employs + most of the work force. A few dairy herds are kept to meet domestic + consumption of milk and milk products, and crops grown are primarily those + for providing winter fodder. Exports feature shipments of high-grade wool to + the UK and the sale of postage stamps and coins. Rich stocks of fish in the + surrounding waters are not presently exploited by the islanders. So far, + efforts to establish a domestic fishing industry have been unsuccessful. In + 1987 the government began selling fishing licenses to foreign trawlers + operating within the Falklands exclusive fishing zone. These license fees + amount to more than $40 million per year and are a primary source of income + for the government. To encourage tourism, the Falkland Islands Development + Corporation has built three lodges for visitors attracted by the abundant + wildlife and trout fishing. +National product: + GDP $NA +National product real growth rate: + NA% +National product per capita: + $NA +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 7.4% (1980-87 average) +Unemployment rate: + NA%; labor shortage +Budget: + revenues $62.7 million; expenditures $41.8 million, including capital + expenditures of $NA (FY90) +Exports: + at least $14.7 million + commodities: + wool, hides and skins, and meat + partners: + UK, Netherlands, Japan (1987 est.) +Imports: + at least $13.9 million + commodities: + food, clothing, fuels, and machinery + partners: + UK, Netherlands Antilles (Curacao), Japan (1987 est.) +External debt: + $NA +Industrial production: + growth rate NA% +Electricity: + 9,200 kW capacity; 17 million kWh produced, 8,940 kWh per capita (1992) +Industries: + wool and fish processing +Agriculture: + predominantly sheep farming; small dairy herds; some fodder and vegetable + crops +Economic aid: Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), + $277 million +Currency: + 1 Falkland pound (#F) = 100 pence +Exchange rates: + Falkland pound (#F) per US$1 - 0.6527 (January 1993), 0.5664 (1992), 0.5652 + (1991), 0.5604 (1990), 0.6099 (1989), 0.5614 (1988); note - the Falkland + pound is at par with the British pound + +*Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas), Economy + +Fiscal year: + 1 April - 31 March + +*Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas), Communications + +Highways: + 510 km total; 30 km paved, 80 km gravel, and 400 km unimproved earth +Ports: + Stanley +Airports: + total: + 5 + usable: + 5 + with permanent-surface runways: + 2 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 1 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 0 +Telecommunications: + government-operated radiotelephone and private VHF/CB radio networks provide + effective service to almost all points on both islands; 590 telephones; + broadcast stations - 2 AM, 3 FM, no TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth + station with links through London to other countries + +*Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas), Defense Forces + +Branches: + British Forces Falkland Islands (including Army, Royal Air Force, Royal + Navy, and Royal Marines), Police Force +Note: + defense is the responsibility of the UK + +*Faroe Islands, Header + +Affiliation: + (part of the Danish realm) + +*Faroe Islands, Geography + +Location: + in the north Atlantic Ocean, located half way between Norway and Iceland +Map references: + Arctic Region +Area: + total area: + 1,400 km2 + land area: + 1,400 km2 + comparative area: + slightly less than eight times the size of Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + 0 km +Coastline: + 764 km +Maritime claims: + exclusive fishing zone: + 200 nm + territorial sea: + 3 nm +International disputes: + none +Climate: + mild winters, cool summers; usually overcast; foggy, windy +Terrain: + rugged, rocky, some low peaks; cliffs along most of coast +Natural resources: + fish +Land use: + arable land: + 2% + permanent crops: + 0% + meadows and pastures: + 0% + forest and woodland: + 0% + other: + 98% +Irrigated land: + NA km2 +Environment: + precipitous terrain limits habitation to small coastal lowlands; archipelago + of 18 inhabited islands and a few uninhabited islets +Note: + strategically located along important sea lanes in northeastern Atlantic + +*Faroe Islands, People + +Population: + 48,065 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 0.67% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 18.45 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 7.57 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + -4.2 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 8.3 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 77.92 years + male: + 74.51 years + female: + 81.45 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 2.52 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Faroese (singular and plural) + adjective: + Faroese +Ethnic divisions: + Scandinavian +Religions: + Evangelical Lutheran +Languages: + Faroese (derived from Old Norse), Danish +Literacy: + total population: + NA% + male: + NA% + female: + NA% +Labor force: + 17,585 + by occupation: + largely engaged in fishing, manufacturing, transportation, and commerce + +*Faroe Islands, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + none + conventional short form: + Faroe Islands local long form: + none + local short form: + Foroyar +Digraph: + FO +Type: + part of the Danish realm; self-governing overseas administrative division of + Denmark +Capital: + Torshavn +Administrative divisions: + none (self-governing overseas administrative division of Denmark) +Independence: + none (part of the Danish realm; self-governing overseas administrative + division of Denmark) +Constitution: + Danish +Legal system: + Danish +National holiday: + Birthday of the Queen, 16 April (1940) +Political parties and leaders: + three-party ruling coalition: + Social Democratic Party, Marita PETERSEN; Republican Party, Signer HANSEN; + Home Rule Party, Hilmar KASS + opposition: + Cooperation Coalition Party, Pauli ELLEFSEN; Progressive and Fishing + Industry Party-Christian People's Party (PFIP-CPP), leader NA; Progress + Party, leader NA; People's Party, Jogvan SUND-STEIN +Suffrage: + 20 years of age; universal +Elections: + Danish Parliament: + last held on 12 December 1990 (next to be held by December 1994); results - + percent of vote by party NA; seats - (2 total) Social Democratic 1, People's + Party 1; note - the Faroe Islands elects two representatives to the Danish + Parliament + Faroese Parliament: + last held 17 November 1990 (next to be held November 1994); results - Social + Democratic 27.4%, People's Party 21.9%, Cooperation Coalition Party 18.9%, + Republican Party 14.7%, Home Rule 8.8%, PFIP-CPP 5.9%, other 2.4%; seats - + (32 total) two-party coalition 17 (Social Democratic 10, People's Party 7), + Cooperation Coalition Party 6, Republican Party 4, Home Rule 3, PFIP-CPP 2 +Executive branch: + Danish monarch, high commissioner, prime minister, deputy prime minister, + Cabinet (Landsstyri) +Legislative branch: + unicameral Parliament (Lgting) +Judicial branch: + none + +*Faroe Islands, Government + +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Queen MARGRETHE II (since 14 January 1972), represented by High Commissioner + Bent KLINTE (since NA) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Marita PETERSEN (since 18 January 1993) +Member of: + none +Diplomatic representation in US: + none (self-governing overseas administrative division of Denmark) +US diplomatic representation: + none (self-governing overseas administrative division of Denmark) +Flag: + white with a red cross outlined in blue that extends to the edges of the + flag; the vertical part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side in the + style of the DANNEBROG (Danish flag) + +*Faroe Islands, Economy + +Overview: + The Faroese, who have long enjoyed the affluent living standards of the + Danes and other Scandinavians, now must cope with the decline of the + all-important fishing industry and one of the world's heaviest per capita + external debts of nearly $30,000. When the nations of the world extended + their fishing zones to 200 nautical miles in the early 1970s, the Faroese no + longer could continue their traditional long-distance fishing and + subsequently depleted their own nearby fishing areas. The government's tight + controls on fish stocks and its austerity measures have caused a recession, + and subsidy cuts will force nationalization in the fishing industry, which + has already been plagued with bankruptcies. Copenhagen has threatened to + withhold its annual subsidy of $130 million - roughly one-third of the + islands' budget revenues - unless the Faroese make significant efforts to + balance their budget. To this extent the Faroe government is expected to + continue its tough policies, including introducing a 20% VAT in 1993, and + has agreed to an IMF economic-political stabilization plan. In addition to + its annual subsidy, the Danish government has bailed out the second largest + Faroe bank to the tune of $140 million since October 1992. +National product: + GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $662 million (1989 est.) +National product real growth rate: + 3% (1989 est.) +National product per capita: + $14,000 (1989 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 2% (1988) +Unemployment rate: + 5%-6% (1991 est.) +Budget: + revenues $425 million; expenditures $480 million, including capital + expenditures of $NA (1991 est.) +Exports: + $386 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.) + commodities: + fish and fish products 88%, animal feedstuffs, transport equipment (ships) + (1989) + partners: + Denmark 20%, Germany 18.3%, UK 14.2%, France 11.2%, Spain 7.9%, US 4.5% +Imports: + $322 million (c.i.f., 1990 est.) + commodities: + machinery and transport equipment 24.4%, manufactures 24%, food and + livestock 19%, fuels 12%, chemicals 6.5% + partners: + Denmark 43.8%, Norway 19.8%, Sweden 4.9%, Germany 4.2%, US 1.3% +External debt: + $1.3 billion (1991) +Industrial production: + growth rate NA% +Electricity: + 80,000 kW capacity; 280 million kWh produced, 5,760 kWh per capita (1992) +Industries: + fishing, shipbuilding, handicrafts +Agriculture: + accounts for 27% of GDP and employs 27% of labor force; principal crops - + potatoes and vegetables; livestock - sheep; annual fish catch about 360,000 + metric tons +Economic aid: + receives an annual subsidy from Denmark of about $130 million + +*Faroe Islands, Economy + +Currency: + 1 Danish krone (DKr) = 100 ore +Exchange rates: + Danish kroner (DKr) per US$1 - 6.236 (January 1993), 6.036 (1992), 6.396 + (1991), 6.189 (1990), 7.310 (1989), 6.732 (1988) +Fiscal year: + 1 April - 31 March + +*Faroe Islands, Communications + +Highways: + 200 km +Ports: + Torshavn, Tvoroyri +Merchant marine: + 10 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 22,015 GRT/24,007 DWT; includes 1 + short-sea passenger, 5 cargo, 2 roll-on/roll-off, 2 refrigerated cargo; note + - a subset of the Danish register +Airports: + total: + 1 + useable: + 1 + with permanent-surface runways: + 1 with runways over 3659 m: + 0 + with runways 2440-3659 m: + 0 + with runways 1220-2439 m: + 1 +Telecommunications: + good international communications; fair domestic facilities; 27,900 + telephones; broadcast stations - 1 AM, 3 (10 repeaters) FM, 3 (29 repeaters) + TV; 3 coaxial submarine cables + +*Faroe Islands, Defense Forces + +Branches: + small Police Force, no organized native military forces +Note: + defense is the responsibility of Denmark + +*Fiji, Geography + +Location: + Oceania, 2,500 km north of New Zealand in the South Pacific Ocean +Map references: + Oceania, Standard Time Zones of the World +Area: + total area: + 18,270 km2 + land area: + 18,270 km2 + comparative area: + slightly smaller than New Jersey +Land boundaries: + 0 km +Coastline: + 1,129 km +Maritime claims: + (measured from claimed archipelagic baselines) + continental shelf: + 200 m depth or to depth of exploitation; rectilinear shelf claim added + exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + territorial sea: + 12 nm +International disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical marine; only slight seasonal temperature variation +Terrain: + mostly mountains of volcanic origin +Natural resources: + timber, fish, gold, copper, offshore oil potential +Land use: arable land: + 8% + permanent crops: + 5% + meadows and pastures: + 3% + forest and woodland: + 65% + other: + 19% +Irrigated land: + 10 km2 (1989 est.) +Environment: + subject to hurricanes from November to January; includes 332 islands of + which approximately 110 are inhabited + +*Fiji, People + +Population: + 756,762 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 0.95% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 24.74 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 6.59 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + -8.65 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 18.4 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 64.86 years + male: + 62.62 years + female: + 67.21 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 2.98 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Fijian(s) + adjective: + Fijian +Ethnic divisions: + Fijian 49%, Indian 46%, European, other Pacific Islanders, overseas Chinese, + and other 5% +Religions: + Christian 52% (Methodist 37%, Roman Catholic 9%), Hindu 38%, Muslim 8%, + other 2% + note: + Fijians are mainly Christian, Indians are Hindu, and there is a Muslim + minority (1986) +Languages: English (official), Fijian, Hindustani +Literacy: + age 15 and over can read and write (1985) + total population: + 86% + male: + 90% + female: + 81% +Labor force: + 235,000 + by occupation: + subsistence agriculture 67%, wage earners 18%, salary earners 15% (1987) + +*Fiji, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Republic of Fiji + conventional short form: + Fiji +Digraph: + FJ +Type: + republic + note: + military coup leader Maj. Gen. Sitiveni RABUKA formally declared Fiji a + republic on 6 October 1987 +Capital: + Suva +Administrative divisions: + 4 divisions and 1 dependency*; Central, Eastern, Northern, Rotuma*, Western, Independence: + 10 October 1970 (from UK) +Constitution: + 10 October 1970 (suspended 1 October 1987); a new Constitution was proposed + on 23 September 1988 and promulgated on 25 July 1990; the 1990 Constitution + is currently still under review (February 1993) +Legal system: + based on British system +National holiday: + Independence Day, 10 October (1970) +Political parties and leaders: + Fijian Political Party (SVT - primarily Fijian), leader Maj. Gen. Sitivini + RABUKA; National Federation Party (NFP; primarily Indian), Siddiq KOYA; + Christian Fijian Nationalist Party (CFNP), Sakeasi BUTADROKA; Fiji Labor + Party (FLP), Jokapeci KOROI; All National Congress (ANC), Apisai TORA; + General Voters Party (GVP), Max OLSSON; Fiji Conservative Party (FCP), + Isireli VUIBAU; Conservative Party of Fiji (CPF), Jolale ULUDOLE and Viliame + SAVU; Fiji Indian Liberal Party, Swami MAHARAJ; Fiji Indian Congress Party, + Ishwari BAJPAI; Fiji Independent Labor (Muslim), leader NA; Four Corners + Party, David TULVANUAVOU +Suffrage: + none +Elections: + House of Representatives: + last held 23-29 May 1992 (next to be held NA 1997); results - percent of + vote by party NA; seats - (70 total, with ethnic Fijians allocated 37 seats, + ethnic Indians 27 seats, and independents and other 6 seats) number of seats + by party NA +Executive branch: + president, prime minister, Cabinet, Great Councils of Chiefs (highest + ranking members of the traditional chiefly system) +Legislative branch: + the bicameral Parliament, consisting of an upper house or Senate and a lower + house or House of Representatives, was dissolved following the coup of 14 + May 1987; the Constitution of 23 September 1988 provides for a bicameral + Parliament +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Ratu Sir Penaia Kanatabatu GANILAU (since 5 December 1987); Vice + President Ratu Sir Kamisese MARA (since 14 April 1992); Vice President Ratu + Sir Josaia TAIVAIQIA (since 14 April 1992) + +*Fiji, Government + + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Sitiveni RABUKA (since 2 June 1992); Deputy Prime Minister + Filipe BOLE (since 11 June 1992); Deputy Prime Minister Ratu Timoci VESIKULA + (since 11 June 1993) +Member of: + ACP, AsDB, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, + IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, PCA, SPARTECA, SPC, SPF, UN, + UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNIKOM, UNOSOM, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO +Diplomatic representation in US: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Pita Kewa NACUVA + chancery: + Suite 240, 2233 Wisconsin Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20007 + telephone: + (202) 337-8320 + consulate: + New York +US diplomatic representation: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Evelyn I. H. TEEGEN + embassy: + 31 Loftus Street, Suva + mailing address: + P. O. Box 218, Suva + telephone: + [679] 314-466 + FAX: + [679] 300-081 +Flag: + light blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the + Fijian shield centered on the outer half of the flag; the shield depicts a + yellow lion above a white field quartered by the cross of Saint George + featuring stalks of sugarcane, a palm tree, bananas, and a white dove + +*Fiji, Economy + +Overview: + Fiji's economy is primarily agricultural, with a large subsistence sector. + Sugar exports are a major source of foreign exchange, and sugar processing + accounts for one-third of industrial output. Industry, including sugar + milling, contributes 13% to GDP. Fiji traditionally had earned considerable + sums of hard currency from the 250,000 tourists who visited each year. In + 1987, however, after two military coups, the economy went into decline. GDP + dropped by 7.8% in 1987 and by another 2.5% in 1988; political uncertainty + created a drop in tourism, and the worst drought of the century caused sugar + production to fall sharply. In contrast, sugar and tourism turned in strong + performances in 1989, and the economy rebounded vigorously. In 1990 the + economy received a setback from cyclone Sina, which cut sugar output by an + estimated 21%. Sugar exports recovered in 1991-92. +National product: + GDP - exchange rate conversion - $1.4 billion (1992 est.) +National product real growth rate: + 3% (1992 est.) +National product per capita: + $1,900 (1992 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 5% (1992 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 5.9% (1991 est.) +Budget: + revenues $455 million; expenditures $546 million, including capital + expenditures of $NA (1993 est.) +Exports: + $435 million (f.o.b., 1991) + commodities: + sugar 40%, gold, clothing, copra, processed fish, lumber + partners: + EC 31%, Australia 21%, Japan 8%, US 6% +Imports: + $553 million (c.i.f., 1991) + commodities: + machinery and transport equipment 32%, food 15%, petroleum products, + consumer goods, chemicals + partners: + Australia 30%, NZ 17%, Japan 13%, EC 6%, US 6% +External debt: + $428 million (December 1990 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 8.4% (1991 est.); accounts for 13% of GDP +Electricity: + 215,000 kW capacity; 420 million kWh produced, 560 kWh per capita (1992) +Industries: + sugar, tourism, copra, gold, silver, clothing, lumber, small cottage + industries +Agriculture: + accounts for 23% of GDP; principal cash crop is sugarcane; coconuts, + cassava, rice, sweet potatoes, bananas; small livestock sector includes + cattle, pigs, horses, and goats; fish catch nearly 33,000 tons (1989) +Economic aid: + Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1980-89), + $815 million +Currency: + 1 Fijian dollar (F$) = 100 cents + +*Fiji, Economy + +Exchange rates: + Fijian dollars (F$) per US$1 - 1.5809 (January 1993), 1.5029 (1992), 1.4756 + (1991), 1.4809 (1990), 1.4833 (1989), 1.4303 (1988) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +*Fiji, Communications + +Railroads: + 644 km 0.610-meter narrow gauge, belonging to the government-owned Fiji + Sugar Corporation +Highways: + 3,300 km total; 1,590 km paved; 1,290 km gravel, crushed stone, or + stabilized soil surface; 420 unimproved earth (1984) +Inland waterways: + 203 km; 122 km navigable by motorized craft and 200-metric-ton barges +Ports: + Lambasa, Lautoka, Savusavu, Suva +Merchant marine: + 7 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 40,072 GRT/47,187 DWT; includes 2 + roll-on/roll-off, 2 container, 1 oil tanker, 1 chemical tanker, 1 cargo +Airports: + total: + 25 + usable: + 22 + with permanent-surface runways: + 2 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 1 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 2 +Telecommunications: + modern local, interisland, and international (wire/radio integrated) public + and special-purpose telephone, telegraph, and teleprinter facilities; + regional radio center; important COMPAC cable link between US-Canada and New + Zealand-Australia; 53,228 telephones (71 telephones per 1,000 persons); + broadcast stations - 7 AM, 1 FM, no TV; 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth + station + +*Fiji, Defense Forces + +Branches: + Fiji Military Force (FMF; including a naval division, police) +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 194,634; fit for military service 107,304; reach military + age (18) annually 7,834 (1993 est.) +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $22.4 million, about 2% of GDP (FY91/92) + +*Finland, Geography + +Location: + Northern Europe, bordering the Baltic Sea between Sweden and Russia +Map references: + Arctic Region, Europe, Standard Time Zones of the World +Area: + total area: + 337,030 km2 + land area: + 305,470 km2 + comparative area: + slightly smaller than Montana +Land boundaries: + total 2,628 km, Norway 729 km, Sweden 586 km, Russia 1,313 km +Coastline: + 1,126 km (excludes islands and coastal indentations) +Maritime claims: + contiguous zone: + 6 nm + continental shelf: + 200 m depth or to depth of exploitation + exclusive fishing zone: + 12 nm + territorial sea: + 4 nm +International disputes: + none +Climate: + cold temperate; potentially subarctic, but comparatively mild because of + moderating influence of the North Atlantic Current, Baltic Sea, and more + than 60,000 lakes +Terrain: + mostly low, flat to rolling plains interspersed with lakes and low hills +Natural resources: + timber, copper, zinc, iron ore, silver +Land use: + arable land: + 8% + permanent crops: 0% + meadows and pastures: + 0% + forest and woodland: + 76% + other: + 16% +Irrigated land: + 620 km2 (1989 est.) +Environment: + permanently wet ground covers about 30% of land; population concentrated on + small southwestern coastal plain +Note: + long boundary with Russia; Helsinki is northernmost national capital on + European continent + +*Finland, People + +Population: + 5,050,942 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 0.37% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 12.61 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 9.91 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + 1.04 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 5.4 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 75.65 years + male: + 71.85 years + female: + 79.62 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 1.79 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Finn(s) + adjective: + Finnish +Ethnic divisions: + Finn, Swede, Lapp, Gypsy, Tatar +Religions: + Evangelical Lutheran 89%, Greek Orthodox 1%, none 9%, other 1% +Languages: + Finnish 93.5% (official), Swedish 6.3% (official), small Lapp- and + Russian-speaking minorities +Literacy: + age 15 and over can read and write (1980) + total population: 100% + male: + NA% + female: + NA% +Labor force: + 2.533 million + by occupation: + public services 30.4%, industry 20.9%, commerce 15.0%, finance, insurance, + and business services 10.2%, agriculture and forestry 8.6%, transport and + communications 7.7%, construction 7.2% + +*Finland, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Republic of Finland + conventional short form: + Finland + local long form: + Suomen Tasavalta + local short form: + Suomi +Digraph: + FI +Type: + republic +Capital: + Helsinki +Administrative divisions: + 12 provinces (laanit, singular - laani); Ahvenanmaa, Hame, Keski-Suomi, + Kuopio, Kymi, Lappi, Mikkeli, Oulu, Pohjois-Karjala, Turku ja Pori, Uusimaa, + Vaasa +Independence: + 6 December 1917 (from Soviet Union) +Constitution: + 17 July 1919 +Legal system: + civil law system based on Swedish law; Supreme Court may request legislation + interpreting or modifying laws; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with + reservations +National holiday: + Independence Day, 6 December (1917) +Political parties and leaders: + government coalition: + Center Party, Esko AHO; National Coalition (conservative) Party, Perti + SALOLAINEN; Swedish People's Party, (Johan) Ole NORRBACK; Finnish Christian + League, Toimi KANKAANNIEMI + other parties: + Social Democratic Party, Antero KEKKONEN, Acting Chairman; Leftist Alliance + (Communist) People's Democratic League and Democratic Alternative, Claes + ANDERSON; Green League, Pekka SAURI; Rural Party, Tina MAKELA; Liberal + People's Party, Kalle MAATTA +Other political or pressure groups: Finnish Communist Party-Unity, Yrjo HAKANEN; Constitutional +Rightist Party; + Finnish Pensioners Party; Communist Workers Party, Timo LAHDENMAKI +Suffrage: + 18 years of age; universal +Elections: + President: + last held 31 January - 1 February and 15 February 1988 (next to be held + January 1994); results - Mauno KOIVISTO 48%, Paavo VAYRYNEN 20%, Harri + HOLKERI 18% + Parliament: + last held 17 March 1991 (next to be held March 1995); results - Center Party + 24.8%, Social Democratic Party 22.1%, National Coalition (Conservative) + Party 19.3%, Leftist Alliance (Communist) 10.1%, Green League 6.8%, Swedish + People's Party 5.5%, Rural 4.8%, Finnish Christian League 3.1%, Liberal + People's Party 0.8%; seats - (200 total) Center Party 55, Social Democratic + Party 48, National Coalition (Conservative) Party 40, Leftist Alliance + (Communist) 19, Swedish People's Party 12, Green League 10, Finnish + Christian League 8, Rural 7, Liberal People's Party 1 + +*Finland, Government + +Executive branch: + president, prime minister, deputy prime minister, Council of State + (Valtioneuvosto) +Legislative branch: + unicameral Parliament (Eduskunta) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court (Korkein Oikeus) +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Mauno KOIVISTO (since 27 January 1982) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Esko AHO (since 26 April 1991); Deputy Prime Minister Ilkka + KANERVA (since 26 April 1991) +Member of: + AfDB, AG (observer), AsDB, Australia Group, BIS, CBSS, CCC, CE, CERN, COCOM + (cooperating country), CSCE, EBRD, ECE, EFTA, ESA (associate), FAO, G-9, + GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, + INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LORCS, MTCR, NAM (guest), + NC, NEA, NIB, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNDOF, UNESCO, + UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNIKOM, UNMOGIP, UNOSOM, UNPROFOR, UNTSO, + UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC +Diplomatic representation in US: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Jukka VALTASAARI + chancery: + 3216 New Mexico Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20016 + telephone: + (202) 363-2430 + FAX: + (202) 363-8233 + consulates general: + Los Angeles and New York + consulates: Chicago and Houston +US diplomatic representation: + chief of mission: + Ambassador John H. KELLY + embassy: + Itainen Puistotie 14A, SF-00140, Helsinki + mailing address: + APO AE 09723 + telephone: + [358] (0) 171931 + FAX: + [358] (0) 174681 +Flag: + white with a blue cross that extends to the edges of the flag; the vertical + part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side in the style of the DANNEBROG + (Danish flag) + +*Finland, Economy + +Overview: + Finland has a highly industrialized, largely free market economy, with per + capita output two-thirds of the US figure. Its key economic sector is + manufacturing - principally the wood, metals, and engineering industries. + Trade is important, with the export of goods representing about 30% of GDP. + Except for timber and several minerals, Finland depends on imports of raw + materials, energy, and some components for manufactured goods. Because of + the climate, agricultural development is limited to maintaining + self-sufficiency in basic products. The economy, which experienced an + average of 4.9% annual growth between 1987 and 1989, sank into deep + recession in 1991 as growth contracted by 6.5%. The recession - which + continued in 1992 with growth contracting by 3.5% - has been caused by + economic overheating, depressed foreign markets, and the dismantling of the + barter system between Finland and the former Soviet Union under which Soviet + oil and gas had been exchanged for Finnish manufactured goods. The Finnish + Government has proposed efforts to increase industrial competitiveness and + efficiency by an increase in exports to Western markets, cuts in public + expenditures, partial privatization of state enterprises, and changes in + monetary policy. In June 1991 Helsinki had tied the markka to the EC's + European Currency Unit (ECU) to promote stability. Ongoing speculation + resulting from a lack of confidence in the government's policies forced + Helsinki to devalue the markka by about 12% in November 1991 and to + indefinitely break the link in September 1992. By boosting the + competitiveness of Finnish exports, these measures presumably have kept the + economic downturn from being even more severe. Unemployment probably will + remain a serious problem during the next few years - monthly figures in + early 1993 are approaching 20% - with the majority of Finnish firms facing a + weak domestic market and the troubled German and Swedish export markets. + Declining revenues, increased transfer payments, and extensive funding to + bail out the banking system are expected to push the central government's + budget deficit to nearly 13% in 1993. Helsinki continues to harmonize its + economic policies with those of the EC during Finland's current EC + membership bid. +National product: + GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $79.4 billion (1992) +National product real growth rate: + -3.5% (1992) +National product per capita: + $15,900 (1992) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 2.1% (1992) +Unemployment rate: + 13.1% (1992) +Budget: + revenues $26.8 billion; expenditures $40.6 billion, including capital + expenditures of $NA (1992) +Exports: + $24.0 billion (f.o.b., 1992) + commodities: + timber, paper and pulp, ships, machinery, clothing and footwear + partners: + EC 53.2% (Germany 15.6%, UK 10.7%), EFTA 19.5% (Sweden 12.8%), US 5.9%, + Japan 1.3%, Russia 2.8% (1992) +Imports: + $21.2 billion (c.i.f., 1992) + commodities: + foodstuffs, petroleum and petroleum products, chemicals, transport + equipment, iron and steel, machinery, textile yarn and fabrics, fodder + grains + +*Finland, Economy + + partners: + EC 47.2% (Germany 16.9%, UK 8.7%), EFTA 19.0% (Sweden 11.7%), US 6.1%, Japan + 5.5%, Russia 7.1% (1992) +External debt: + $25 billion (1992) +Industrial production: + growth rate 7.6% (1992 est.) +Electricity: + 13,500,000 kW capacity; 55,300 million kWh produced, 11,050 kWh per capita + (1992) +Industries: + metal products, shipbuilding, forestry and wood processing (pulp, paper), + copper refining, foodstuffs, chemicals, textiles, clothing +Agriculture: + accounts for 5% of GDP (including forestry); livestock production, + especially dairy cattle, predominates; forestry is an important export + earner and a secondary occupation for the rural population; main crops - + cereals, sugar beets, potatoes; 85% self-sufficient, but short of foodgrains + and fodder grains; annual fish catch about 160,000 metric tons +Economic aid: + donor - ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $2.7 billion +Currency: + 1 markkaa (FMk) or Finmark = 100 pennia +Exchange rates: + markkaa (FMk) per US$1 - 5.4193 (January 1993), 4.4794 (1992), 4.0440 + (1991), 3.8235 (1990), 4.2912 (1989), 4.1828 (1988) +Fiscal year: calendar year + +*Finland, Communications + +Railroads: + 5,924 km total; Finnish State Railways (VR) operate a total of 5,863 km + 1.524-meter gauge, of which 480 km are multiple track and 1,445 km are + electrified +Highways: + about 103,000 km total, including 35,000 km paved (bituminous, concrete, + bituminous-treated surface) and 38,000 km unpaved (stabilized gravel, + gravel, earth); additional 30,000 km of private (state-subsidized) roads +Inland waterways: + 6,675 km total (including Saimaa Canal); 3,700 km suitable for steamers +Pipelines: + natural gas 580 km +Ports: + Helsinki, Oulu, Pori, Rauma, Turku +Merchant marine: + 87 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 935,260 GRT/973,995 DWT; includes 3 + passenger, 11 short-sea passenger, 17 cargo, 1 refrigerated cargo, 26 + roll-on/roll-off, 14 oil tanker, 6 chemical tanker, 2 liquefied gas, 7 bulk +Airports: + total: + 160 + usable: + 157 + with permanent-surface runways: + 66 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 25 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 22 +Telecommunications: + good service from cable and microwave radio relay network; 3,140,000 + telephones; broadcast stations - 6 AM, 105 FM, 235 TV; 1 submarine cable; + INTELSAT satellite transmission service via Swedish earth station and a + receive-only INTELSAT earth station near Helsinki + +*Finland, Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy, Air Force, Frontier Guard (including Coast Guard) +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 1,323,381; fit for military service 1,091,613; reach + military age (17) annually 33,828 (1993 est.) +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $1.93 billion, about 2% of GDP (1992) + +*France, Geography + +Location: + Western Europe, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean between Spain and Germany +Map references: + Europe, Standard Time Zones of the World +Area: + total area: + 547,030 km2 + land area: + 545,630 km2 + comparative area: + slightly more than twice the size of Colorado + note: + includes Corsica and the rest of metropolitan France, but excludes the + overseas administrative divisions +Land boundaries: + total 2,892.4 km, Andorra 60 km, Belgium 620 km, Germany 451 km, Italy 488 + km, Luxembourg 73 km, Monaco 4.4 km, Spain 623 km, Switzerland 573 km +Coastline: + 3,427 km (mainland 2,783 km, Corsica 644 km) +Maritime claims: + contiguous zone: + 12-24 nm + exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + territorial sea: + 12 nm +International disputes: + Madagascar claims Bassas da India, Europa Island, Glorioso Islands, Juan de + Nova Island, and Tromelin Island; Comoros claims Mayotte; Mauritius claims + Tromelin Island; Seychelles claims Tromelin Island; Suriname claims part of + French Guiana; Mexico claims Clipperton Island; territorial claim in + Antarctica (Adelie Land); Saint Pierre and Miquelon is focus of maritime + boundary dispute between Canada and France +Climate: + generally cool winters and mild summers, but mild winters and hot summers + along the Mediterranean +Terrain: + mostly flat plains or gently rolling hills in north and west; remainder is + mountainous, especially Pyrenees in south, Alps in east +Natural resources: + coal, iron ore, bauxite, fish, timber, zinc, potash +Land use: + arable land: + 32% + permanent crops: + 2% + meadows and pastures: + 23% + forest and woodland: + 27% + other: + 16% +Irrigated land: 11,600 km2 (1989 est.) +Environment: + most of large urban areas and industrial centers in Rhone, Garonne, Seine, + or Loire River basins; occasional warm tropical wind known as mistral +Note: + largest West European nation + +*France, People + +Population: + 57,566,091 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 0.48% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 13.24 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 9.3 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + 0.87 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 6.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 78 years + male: + 74.04 years + female: + 82.16 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 1.8 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Frenchman(men), Frenchwoman(women) + adjective: + French +Ethnic divisions: + Celtic and Latin with Teutonic, Slavic, North African, Indochinese, Basque + minorities +Religions: + Roman Catholic 90%, Protestant 2%, Jewish 1%, Muslim (North African workers) + 1%, unaffiliated 6% +Languages: + French 100%, rapidly declining regional dialects and languages (Provencal, + Breton, Alsatian, Corsican, Catalan, Basque, Flemish) +Literacy: + age 15 and over can read and write (1980) + total population: + 99% + male: + NA% + female: + NA% +Labor force: + 24.17 million by occupation: + services 61.5%, industry 31.3%, agriculture 7.2% (1987) + +*France, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + French Republic + conventional short form: + France + local long form: + Republique Francaise + local short form: + France +Digraph: + FR +Type: + republic +Capital: + Paris +Administrative divisions: + 22 regions (regions, singular - region); Alsace, Aquitaine, Auvergne, + Basse-Normandie, Bourgogne, Bretagne, Centre, Champagne-Ardenne, Corse, + Franche-Comte, Haute-Normandie, Ile-de-France, Languedoc-Roussillon, + Limousin, Lorraine, Midi-Pyrenees, Nord-Pas-de-Calais, Pays de la Loire, + Picardie, Poitou-Charentes, Provence-Alpes-Cote d'Azur, Rhone-Alpes + note: + the 22 regions are subdivided into 96 departments; see separate entries for + the overseas departments (French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Reunion) + and the territorial collectivities (Mayotte, Saint Pierre and Miquelon) +Dependent areas: + Bassas da India, Clipperton Island, Europa Island, French Polynesia, French + Southern and Antarctic Lands, Glorioso Islands, Juan de Nova Island, New + Caledonia, Tromelin Island, Wallis and Futuna + note: + the US does not recognize claims to Antarctica +Independence: + 486 (unified by Clovis) +Constitution: + 28 September 1958, amended concerning election of president in 1962, + ammended to comply with provisions of EC Maastricht Treaty in 1992 +Legal system: + civil law system with indigenous concepts; review of administrative but not + legislative acts +National holiday: + National Day, Taking of theBastille, 14 July (1789) +Political parties and leaders: + Rally for the Republic (RPR), Jacques CHIRAC; Union for French Democracy + (UDF, federation of UREI, UC, RDE), Valery Giscard d'ESTAING; Republican + Party (PR), Gerard LONGUET; Center for Social Democrats (CDS), Pierre + MEHAIGNERIE; Radical (RAD), Yves GALLAND; Socialist Party (PS), Michel + ROCARD; Left Radical Movement (MRG), Emile ZUCCARELLI; Communist Party + (PCF), Georges MARCHAIS; National Front (FN), Jean-Marie LE PEN; Union of + Republican and Independents (UREI); Centrist Union (UC); (RDE) +Other political or pressure groups: + Communist-controlled labor union (Confederation Generale du Travail) nearly + 2.4 million members (claimed); Socialist-leaning labor union (Confederation + Francaise Democratique du Travail or CFDT) about 800,000 members est.; + independent labor union (Force Ouvriere) 1 million members (est.); + independent white-collar union (Confederation Generale des Cadres) 340,000 + members (claimed); National Council of French Employers (Conseil National du + Patronat Francais - CNPF or Patronat) +Suffrage: + 18 years of age; universal + +*France, Government + +Elections: + President: + last held 8 May 1988 (next to be held by May 1995); results - Second Ballot + Francois MITTERRAND 54%, Jacques CHIRAC 46% + Senate: + last held NA September 1992 (next to be held September 1995 - nine-year + term, elected by thirds every three years); results - percent of vote by + party NA; seats - (321 total; 296 metropolitan France, 13 for overseas + departments and territories, and 12 for French nationals abroad) RPR 91, UDF + 142 (UREI 51, UC 68, RDE 23), PS 66, PCF 16, independents 2, other 4 + National Assembly: + last held 21 and 28 March 1993 (next to be held NA 1998); results - percent + of vote by party NA; seats - (577 total) RPR 247, UDF 213, PS 67, PCF 24, + independents 26 +Executive branch: + president, prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet) +Legislative branch: + bicameral Parliament (Parlement) consists of an upper house or Senate + (Senat) and a lower house or National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale) +Judicial branch: + Constitutional Court (Cour Constitutionnelle) +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Francois MITTERRAND (since 21 May 1981) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Edouard BALLADUR (since 29 March 1993) +Member of: + ACCT, AfDB, AG (observer), AsDB, Australia Group, BDEAC, BIS, CCC, CDB + (non-regional), CE, CERN, COCOM, CSCE, EBRD, EC, ECA (associate), ECE, + ECLAC, EIB, ESA, ESCAP, FAO, FZ, GATT, G-5, G-7, G-10, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, + ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, + INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LORCS, MINURSO, MTCR, NACC, NATO, NEA, NSG, + OAS (observer), OECD, PCA, SPC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, + UNIKOM, UNPROFOR, UNRWA, UN Security Council, UNTAC, UN Trusteeship Council, + UNTSO, UPU, WCL, WEU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC +Diplomatic representation in US: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Jacques ANDREANI + chancery: + 4101 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, DC 20007 + telephone: (202) 944-6000 + consulates general: + Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Honolulu, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New + Orleans, New York, San Francisco, and San Juan (Puerto Rico) +US diplomatic representation: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Pamela HARRIMAN + embassy: + 2 Avenue Gabriel, 75382 Paris Cedex 08, Unit 21551 + mailing address: + APO AE 09777 + telephone: + [33] (1) 4296-12-02 or 4261-80-75 + FAX: + [33] (1) 4266-9783 + consulates general: + Bordeaux, Marseille, Strasbourg + +*France, Government + +Flag: + three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), white, and red; known as + the French Tricouleur (Tricolor); the design and colors have been the basis + for a number of other flags, including those of Belgium, Chad, Ireland, Cote + d'Ivoire, and Luxembourg; the official flag for all French dependent areas + +*France, Economy + +Overview: + One of the world's most developed economies, France has substantial + agricultural resources and a highly diversified modern industrial sector. + Large tracts of fertile land, the application of modern technology, and + subsidies have combined to make it the leading agricultural producer in + Western Europe. France is largely self-sufficient in agricultural products + and is a major exporter of wheat and dairy products. The industrial sector + generates about one-quarter of GDP, and the growing services sector has + become crucial to the economy. The French economy is entering its fourth + consecutive year of sluggish growth after a strong expansion in the late + 1980s. Growth averaged only 1.3% in 1990-92 and is expected to drop to + between zero and -0.5% in 1993. The government budget deficit rose to 3.2% + of GDP in 1992 and is expected to be far larger than planned in the 1993 + budget. Paris remains committed to maintaining the franc-deutsch mark + parity, which has kept French interest rates high despite France's low + inflation. Although the pace of economic integration within the European + Community has slowed down, integration presumably will remain a major force + shaping the fortunes of the various economic sectors. +National product: + GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $1.08 trillion (1992) +National product real growth rate: + 1.1% (1992) +National product per capita: + $18,900 (1992) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 2.1% (1992 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 10.5% (end 1992) +Budget: + revenues $220.5 billion; expenditures $249.1 billion, including capital + expenditures of $47 billion (1993 budget) +Exports: + $212.7 billion (f.o.b., 1991) + commodities: + machinery and transportation equipment, chemicals, foodstuffs, agricultural + products, iron and steel products, textiles and clothing + partners: + Germany 18.6%, Italy 11.0%, Spain 11.0%, Belgium-Luxembourg 9.1%, UK 8.8%, + Netherlands 7.9%, US 6.4%, Japan 2.0%, former USSR 0.7% (1991 est.) +Imports: + $230.3 billion (c.i.f., 1991) + commodities: + crude oil, machinery and equipment, agricultural products, chemicals, iron + and steel products + partners: + Germany 17.8%, Italy 10.9%, US 9.5%, Netherlands 8.9%, Spain 8.8%, + Belgium-Luxembourg 8.5%, UK 7.5%, Japan 4.1%, former USSR 1.3% (1991 est.) +External debt: + $270 billion (December 1992) +Industrial production: + growth rate 0.2% (1992 est.) +Electricity: + 110,000,000 kW capacity; 426,000 million kWh produced, 7,430 kWh per capita + (1992) +Industries: + steel, machinery, chemicals, automobiles, metallurgy, aircraft, electronics, + mining, textiles, food processing, tourism + +*France, Economy + +Agriculture: + accounts for 4% of GDP (including fishing and forestry); one of the world's + top five wheat producers; other principal products - beef, dairy products, + cereals, sugar beets, potatoes, wine grapes; self-sufficient for most + temperate-zone foods; shortages include fats and oils and tropical produce, + but overall net exporter of farm products; fish catch of 850,000 metric tons + ranks among world's top 20 countries and is all used domestically +Economic aid: + donor - ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $75.1 billion +Currency: + 1 French franc (F) = 100 centimes +Exchange rates: + French francs (F) per US$1 - 5.4812 (January 1993), 5.2938 (1992), 5.6421 + (1991), 5.4453 (1990), 6.3801 (1989), 5.9569 (1988) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +*France, Communications + +Railroads: + French National Railways (SNCF) operates 34,322 km 1.435-meter standard + gauge; 12,434 km electrified, 15,132 km double or multiple track; 99 km of + various gauges (1.000-meter), privately owned and operated +Highways: + 1,551,400 km total; 33,400 km national highway; 347,000 km departmental + highway; 421,000 km community roads; 750,000 km rural roads; 5,401 km of + controlled-access divided autoroutes; about 803,000 km paved +Inland waterways: + 14,932 km; 6,969 km heavily traveled +Pipelines: + crude oil 3,059 km; petroleum products 4,487 km; natural gas 24,746 km +Ports: + coastal - Bordeaux, Boulogne, Brest, Cherbourg, Dunkerque, Fos-Sur-Mer, Le + Havre, Marseille, Nantes, Sete, Toulon; inland - Rouen +Merchant marine: + 130 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 3,224,945 GRT/5,067,252 DWT; includes + 7 short-sea passenger, 10 cargo, 20 container, 1 multifunction large-load + carrier, 27 roll-on/roll-off, 36 oil tanker, 11 chemical tanker, 6 liquefied + gas, 2 specialized tanker, 10 bulk; note - France also maintains a captive + register for French-owned ships in the Kerguelen Islands (French Southern + and Antarctic Lands) and French Polynesia +Airports: + total: + 471 + usable: + 461 + with permanent-surface runways: + 256 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 3 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 37 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 136 +Telecommunications: + highly developed; extensive cable and microwave radio relay networks; + large-scale introduction of optical-fiber systems; satellite systems for + domestic traffic; 39,200,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 41 AM, 800 + (mostly repeaters) FM, 846 (mostly repeaters) TV; 24 submarine coaxial + cables; 2 INTELSAT earth stations (with total of 5 antennas - 2 for the + Indian Ocean INTELSAT and 3 for the Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT); HF radio + communications with more than 20 countries; INMARSAT service; EUTELSAT TV + service + +*France, Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy (including Naval Air), Air Force, National Gendarmerie +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 14,662,761; fit for military service 12,247,950; reach + military age (18) annually 386,504 (1993 est.) +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $36.6 billion, 3.1% of GDP (1993 est.) + +*French Guiana, Header + +Affiliation: + (overseas department of France) + +*French Guiana, Geography + +Location: + northern South America, bordering on the North Atlantic Ocean between + Suriname and Brazil +Map references: + South America, Standard Time Zones of the World +Area: + total area: + 91,000 km2 + land area: + 89,150 km2 + comparative area: + slightly smaller than Indiana +Land boundaries: + total 1,183 km, Brazil 673 km, Suriname 510 km +Coastline: + 378 km +Maritime claims: + exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + territorial sea: + 12 nm +International disputes: + Suriname claims area between Riviere Litani and Riviere Marouini (both + headwaters of the Lawa) +Climate: + tropical; hot, humid; little seasonal temperature variation +Terrain: + low-lying coastal plains rising to hills and small mountains +Natural resources: + bauxite, timber, gold (widely scattered), cinnabar, kaolin, fish +Land use: + arable land: + 0% + permanent crops: + 0% + meadows and pastures: + 0% + forest and woodland: + 82% + other: + 18% +Irrigated land: + NA km2 +Environment: + mostly an unsettled wilderness + +*French Guiana, People + +Population: + 133,376 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 4.42% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 26.46 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 4.72 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + 22.49 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 16.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 74.87 years + male: + 71.59 years + female: + 78.32 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 3.54 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + French Guianese (singular and plural) + adjective: + French Guianese +Ethnic divisions: + black or mulatto 66%, Caucasian 12%, East Indian, Chinese, Amerindian 12%, + other 10% +Religions: + Roman Catholic +Languages: + French +Literacy: + age 15 and over can read and write (1982) + total population: + 82% + male: + 81% + female: + 83% +Labor force: + 23,265 + by occupation: + services, government, and commerce 60.6%, industry 21.2%, agriculture 18.2% + (1980) + +*French Guiana, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Department of Guiana + conventional short form: + French Guiana + local long form: + none + local short form: + Guyane +Digraph: + FG +Type: + overseas department of France +Capital: + Cayenne +Administrative divisions: + none (overseas department of France) +Independence: + none (overseas department of France) +Constitution: + 28 September 1958 (French Constitution) +Legal system: + French legal system +National holiday: + National Day, Taking of the Bastille, 14 July (1789) +Political parties and leaders: + Guianese Socialist Party (PSG), Gerard HOLDER; Rally for the Republic (RPR), + Paulin BRUNE; Union of the Center Rally (URC); Union for French Democracy + (UDF), Claude Ho A CHUCK; Guyana Democratic Front (FDG), Georges OTHILY +Suffrage: + 18 years of age; universal +Elections: + French National Assembly: + last held 24 September 1989 (next to be held March 1993); results - percent + of vote by party NA; seats - (2 total) PSG 1, RPR 1 + French Senate: + last held 24 September 1989 (next to be held September 1998); results - + percent of vote by party NA; seats - (1 total) PSG 1 + Regional Council: + last held 22 March 1992 (next to be held NA); results - percent of vote by + party NA; seats - (31 total) PSG 16 +Executive branch: + French president, commissioner of the republic +Legislative branch: + unicameral General Council and a unicameral Regional Council +Judicial branch: + Court of Appeals (highest local court based in Martinique with jurisdiction + over Martinique, Guadeloupe, and French Guiana) +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Francois MITTERRAND (since 21 May 1981) + Head of Government: Prefect Jean-Francois CORDET (since NA 1992) +Member of: + FZ, WCL +Diplomatic representation in US: + as an overseas department of France, the interests of French Guiana are + represented in the US by France + +*French Guiana, Government + +US diplomatic representation: + none (overseas department of France) +Flag: + the flag of France is used + +*French Guiana, Economy + +Overview: + The economy is tied closely to that of France through subsidies and imports. + Besides the French space center at Kourou, fishing and forestry are the most + important economic activities, with exports of fish and fish products + (mostly shrimp) accounting for more than 60% of total revenue in 1987. The + large reserves of tropical hardwoods, not fully exploited, support an + expanding sawmill industry that provides sawn logs for export. Cultivation + of crops - rice, cassava, bananas, and sugarcane - is limited to the coastal + area, where the population is largely concentrated. French Guiana is heavily + dependent on imports of food and energy. Unemployment is a serious problem, + particularly among younger workers. +National product: + GDP - exchange rate conversion - $421 million (1986) +National product real growth rate: + NA% +National product per capita: + $4,390 (1986) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 4.1% (1987) +Unemployment rate: + 13% (1990) +Budget: + revenues $735 million; expenditures $735 million, including capital + expenditures of $NA (1987) +Exports: + $64.8 million (f.o.b., 1990) + commodities: + shrimp, timber, rum, rosewood essence + partners: + France 36%, US 14%, Japan 6% (1990) +Imports: + $435 million (c.i.f., 1990) + commodities: + food (grains, processed meat), other consumer goods, producer goods, + petroleum + partners: France 62%, Trinidad and Tobago 9%, US 4%, FRG 3% (1987) +External debt: + $1.2 billion (1988) +Industrial production: + growth rate NA% +Electricity: + 92,000 kW capacity; 185 million kWh produced, 1,450 kWh per capita (1992) +Industries: + construction, shrimp processing, forestry products, rum, gold mining +Agriculture: + some vegetables for local consumption; rice, corn, manioc, cocoa, bananas, + sugar; livestock - cattle, pigs, poultry +Economic aid: + Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), + $1.51 billion +Currency: + 1 French franc (F) = 100 centimes +Exchange rates: + French francs (F) per US$1 - 5.4812 (January 1993), 5.2938 (1992), 5.6421 + (1991), 5.4453 (1990), 6.3801 (1989), 5.9569 (1988) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +*French Guiana, Communications + +Highways: + 680 km total; 510 km paved, 170 km improved and unimproved earth +Inland waterways: + 460 km, navigable by small oceangoing vessels and river and coastal + steamers; 3,300 km navigable by native craft +Ports: + Cayenne +Airports: + total: + 10 + usable: + 10 + with permanent-surface runways: + 4 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 1 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 1 +Telecommunications: + fair open-wire and microwave radio relay system; 18,100 telephones; + broadcast stations - 5 AM, 7 FM, 9 TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth + station + +*French Guiana, Defense Forces + +Branches: + French Forces, Gendarmerie +Manpower availability: + males 15-49 39,005; fit for military service 25,477 (1993 est.) +Defense expenditures: + $NA, NA% of GDP +Note: + defense is the responsibility of France + +*French Polynesia, Header + +Affiliation: + (overseas territory of France) + +*French Polynesia, Geography + +Location: + Oceania, halfway between Australia and South America +Map references: + Oceania +Area: + total area: + 3,941 km2 + land area: + 3,660 km2 + comparative area: + slightly less than one-third the size of Connecticut +Land boundaries: + 0 km +Coastline: + 2,525 km +Maritime claims: + exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + territorial sea: + 12 nm +International disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical, but moderate +Terrain: + mixture of rugged high islands and low islands with reefs +Natural resources: + timber, fish, cobalt +Land use: + arable land: + 1% + permanent crops: + 19% + meadows and pastures: + 5% + forest and woodland: 31% + other: + 44% +Irrigated land: + NA km2 +Environment: + occasional cyclonic storm in January; includes five archipelagoes +Note: + Makatea in French Polynesia is one of the three great phosphate rock islands + in the Pacific Ocean - the others are Banaba (Ocean Island) in Kiribati and + Nauru + +*French Polynesia, People + +Population: + 210,333 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 2.26% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 27.89 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 5.27 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 15 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 70.33 years + male: + 67.95 years + female: + 72.84 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 3.32 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + French Polynesian(s) + adjective: + French Polynesian +Ethnic divisions: + Polynesian 78%, Chinese 12%, local French 6%, metropolitan French 4% +Religions: + Protestant 54%, Roman Catholic 30%, other 16% +Languages: + French (official), Tahitian (official) +Literacy: + age 14 and over but definition of literacy not available (1977) + total population: + 98% + male: + 98% + female: + 98% +Labor force: + 76,630 employed (1988) + +*French Polynesia, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Territory of French Polynesia + conventional short form: + French Polynesia + local long form: + Territoire de la Polynesie Francaise + local short form: + Polynesie Francaise +Digraph: + FP +Type: + overseas territory of France since 1946 +Capital: + Papeete +Administrative divisions: + none (overseas territory of France); there are no first-order administrative + divisions as defined by the US Government, but there are 5 archipelagic + divisions named Archipel des Marquises, Archipel des Tuamotu, Archipel des + Tubuai, Iles du Vent, and Iles Sous-le-Vent + note: + Clipperton Island is administered by France from French Polynesia +Independence: + none (overseas territory of France) +Constitution: + 28 September 1958 (French Constitution) +Legal system: + based on French system +National holiday: + National Day, Taking of the Bastille, 14 July (1789) +Political parties and leaders: + People's Rally (Tahoeraa Huiraatira; Gaullist), Gaston FLOSSE; Polynesian + Union Party (Te Tiarama; centrist), Alexandre LEONTIEFF; New Fatherland + Party (Ai'a Api), Emile VERNAUDON; Polynesian Liberation Front (Tavini + Huiraatira), Oscar TEMARU; other small parties +Suffrage: + 18 years of age; universal +Elections: + French National Assembly: + last held 5 and 12 June 1988 (next to be held 21 and 28 March 1993); results + - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (2 total) People's Rally (Gaullist) + 1, New Fatherland Party 1 + French Senate: + last held 24 September 1989 (next to be held September 1998); results - + percent of vote by party NA; seats - (1 total) party NA + Territorial Assembly: + last held 17 March 1991 (next to be held March 1996); results - percent of + vote by party NA; seats - (41 total) People's Rally (Gaullist) 18, + Polynesian Union Party 14, New Fatherland Party 5, other 4 +Executive branch: + French president, high commissioner of the republic, president of the + Council of Ministers, vice president of the Council of Ministers, Council of + Ministers +Legislative branch: + unicameral Territorial Assembly +Judicial branch: + Court of Appeal, Court of the First Instance, Court of Administrative Law + +*French Polynesia, Government + +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Francois MITTERRAND (since 21 May 1981); High Commissioner of the + Republic Michel JAU (since NA 1992) + Head of Government: + President of the Council of Ministers Gaston FLOSSE (since 10 May 1991); + Vice President of the Council of Ministers Joel BUILLARD (since 12 September + 1991) +Member of: + ESCAP (associate), FZ, ICFTU, SPC, WMO +Diplomatic representation in US: + as an overseas territory of France, French Polynesian interests are + represented in the US by France +US diplomatic representation: + none (overseas territory of France) +Flag: + the flag of France is used + +*French Polynesia, Economy + +Overview: + Since 1962, when France stationed military personnel in the region, French + Polynesia has changed from a subsistence economy to one in which a high + proportion of the work force is either employed by the military or supports + the tourist industry. Tourism accounts for about 20% of GDP and is a primary + source of hard currency earnings. +National product: + GDP - exchange rate conversion - $1.2 billion (1991 est.) +National product real growth rate: + NA% +National product per capita: + $6,000 (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 2.9% (1989) +Unemployment rate: + 14.9% (1988 est.) +Budget: + revenues $614 million; expenditures $957 million, including capital + expenditures of $NA (1988) +Exports: + $88.9 million (f.o.b., 1989) + commodities: + coconut products 79%, mother-of-pearl 14%, vanilla, shark meat + partners: + France 54%, US 17%, Japan 17% +Imports: + $765 million (c.i.f., 1989) + commodities: + fuels, foodstuffs, equipment + partners: + France 53%, US 11%, Australia 6%, NZ 5% +External debt: + $NA +Industrial production: + growth rate NA% +Electricity: + 75,000 kW capacity; 275 million kWh produced, 1,330 kWh per capita (1992) +Industries: + tourism, pearls, agricultural processing, handicrafts +Agriculture: + coconut and vanilla plantations; vegetables and fruit; poultry, beef, dairy + products +Economic aid: + Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-88), + $3.95 billion +Currency: + 1 CFP franc (CFPF) = 100 centimes +Exchange rates: + Comptoirs Francais du Pacifique francs (CFPF) per US$1 - 99.65 (January + 1993), 96.24 (1992), 102.57 (1991), 99.00 (1990), 115.99 (1989), 108.30 + (1988); note - linked at the rate of 18.18 to the French franc +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +*French Polynesia, Communications + +Highways: + 600 km (1982) +Ports: + Papeete, Bora-bora +Merchant marine: + 3 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 4,127 GRT/6,710 DWT; includes 2 + passenger-cargo, 1 refrigerated cargo; note - a captive subset of the French + register +Airports: + total: + 43 + usable: + 41 + with permanent-surface runways: + 23 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 12 +Telecommunications: + 33,200 telephones; 84,000 radio receivers; 26,400 TV sets; broadcast + stations - 5 AM, 2 FM, 6 TV; 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth station + +*French Polynesia, Defense Forces + +Branches: + French forces (including Army, Navy, Air Force), Gendarmerie +Note: + defense is responsibility of France + +*French Southern and Antarctic Lands, Header + +Affiliation: + (overseas territory of France) + +*French Southern and Antarctic Lands, Geography + +Location: + in the southern Indian Ocean, about equidistant between Africa, Antarctica, + and Australia +Map references: + Antarctic Region, Standard Time Zones of the World +Area: + total area: + 7,781 km2 + land area: + 7,781 km2 + comparative area: + slightly less than 1.5 times the size of Delaware + note: + includes Ile Amsterdam, Ile Saint-Paul, Iles Kerguelen, and Iles Crozet; + excludes Terre Adelie claim of about 500,000 km2 in Antarctica that is not + recognized by the US +Land boundaries: + 0 km +Coastline: + 1,232 km +Maritime claims: + exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm from Iles Kerguelen only + territorial sea: + 12 nm +International disputes: + Terre Adelie claim in Antarctica is not recognized by the US +Climate: + antarctic +Terrain: volcanic +Natural resources: + fish, crayfish +Land use: + arable land: + 0% + permanent crops: + 0% + meadows and pastures: + 0% + forest and woodland: + 0% + other: + 100% +Irrigated land: + 0 km2 +Environment: + Ile Amsterdam and Ile Saint-Paul are extinct volcanoes +Note: + remote location in the southern Indian Ocean + +*French Southern and Antarctic Lands, People + +Population: + no indigenous inhabitants; note - there are researchers whose numbers vary + from 150 in winter (July) to 200 in summer (January) + +*French Southern and Antarctic Lands, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Territory of the French Southern and Antarctic Lands + conventional short form: + French Southern and Antarctic Lands + local long form: + Territoire des Terres Australes et Antarctiques Francaises + local short form: + Terres Australes et Antarctiques Francaises +Digraph: + FS +Type: + overseas territory of France since 1955; governed by High Administrator + Bernard de GOUTTES (since May 1990), who is assisted by a 7-member + Consultative Council and a 12-member Scientific Council +Capital: + none; administered from Paris, France +Administrative divisions: + none (overseas territory of France); there are no first-order administrative + divisions as defined by the US Government, but there are 3 districts named + Ile Crozet, Iles Kerguelen, and Iles Saint-Paul et Amsterdam; excludes Terre + Adelie claim in Antarctica that is not recognized by the US +Independence: none (overseas territory of France) +Flag: + the flag of France is used + +*French Southern and Antarctic Lands, Economy + +Overview: + Economic activity is limited to servicing meteorological and geophysical + research stations and French and other fishing fleets. The fishing catches + landed on Iles Kerguelen by foreign ships are exported to France and + Reunion. +Budget: + revenues $17.5 million; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of + $NA (1992) + +*French Southern and Antarctic Lands, Communications + +Ports: + none; offshore anchorage only +Merchant marine: + 16 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 292,490 GRT/514,389 DWT; includes 2 + cargo, 4 refrigerated cargo, 4 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 2 oil tanker, 3 bulk, + 1 multifunction large load carrier; note - a captive subset of the French + register +Telecommunications: + NA + +*French Southern and Antarctic Lands, Defense Forces + +Note: + defense is the responsibility of France + + +*Gabon, Geography + +Location: + Western Africa, bordering the Atlantic Ocean at the Equator between the + Congo and Equatorial Guinea +Map references: + Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World +Area: + total area: + 267,670 km2 + land area: + 257,670 km2 + comparative area: + slightly smaller than Colorado +Land boundaries: total 2,551 km, Cameroon 298 km, Congo 1,903 km, Equatorial Guinea 350 km +Coastline: + 885 km +Maritime claims: + contiguous zone: + 24 nm + exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + territorial sea: + 12 nm +International disputes: + maritime boundary dispute with Equatorial Guinea because of disputed + sovereignty over islands in Corisco Bay +Climate: + tropical; always hot, humid +Terrain: + narrow coastal plain; hilly interior; savanna in east and south +Natural resources: + petroleum, manganese, uranium, gold, timber, iron ore +Land use: + arable land: + 1% + permanent crops: + 1% + meadows and pastures: + 18% + forest and woodland: + 78% + other: + 2% +Irrigated land: + NA km2 +Environment: + deforestation + +*Gabon, People + +Population: + 1,122,550 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 1.45% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 28.63 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 14.08 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 97.3 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 54.19 years + male: + 51.46 years female: + 57.01 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 4.02 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Gabonese (singular and plural) + adjective: + Gabonese +Ethnic divisions: + Bantu tribes including four major tribal groupings (Fang, Eshira, Bapounou, + Bateke), Africans and Europeans 100,000, including 27,000 French +Religions: + Christian 55-75%, Muslim less than 1%, animist +Languages: + French (official), Fang, Myene, Bateke, Bapounou/Eschira, Bandjabi +Literacy: + age 15 and over can read and write (1990) + total population: + 61% + male: + 74% + female: + 48% +Labor force: + 120,000 salaried + by occupation: + agriculture 65.0%, industry and commerce 30.0%, services 2.5%, government + 2.5% + note: + 58% of population of working age (1983) + +*Gabon, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Gabonese Republic + conventional short form: + Gabon + local long form: + Republique Gabonaise + local short form: + Gabon +Digraph: + GB +Type: + republic; multiparty presidential regime (opposition parties legalized 1990) +Capital: + Libreville +Administrative divisions: + 9 provinces; Estuaire, Haut-Ogooue, Moyen-Ogooue, Ngounie, Nyanga, + Ogooue-Ivindo, Ogooue-Lolo, Ogooue-Maritime, Woleu-Ntem +Independence: + 17 August 1960 (from France) +Constitution: + 21 February 1961, revised 15 April 1975 +Legal system: + based on French civil law system and customary law; judicial review of + legislative acts in Constitutional Chamber of the Supreme Court; compulsory + ICJ jurisdiction not accepted +National holiday: + Renovation Day, 12 March (1968) (Gabonese Democratic Party established) +Political parties and leaders: + Gabonese Democratic Party (PDG, former sole party), El Hadj Omar BONGO, + president; National Recovery Movement - Lumberjacks (Morena-Bucherons); + Gabonese Party for Progress (PGP); National Recovery Movement + (Morena-Original); Association for Socialism in Gabon (APSG); Gabonese + Socialist Union (USG); Circle for Renewal and Progress (CRP); Union for + Democracy and Development (UDD) +Suffrage: + 21 years of age; universal +Elections: + National Assembly: + last held on 28 October 1990 (next to be held by NA); results - percent of + vote NA; seats - (120 total, 111 elected) PDG 62, National Recovery Movement + - Lumberjacks (Morena-Bucherons) 19, PGP 18, National Recovery Movement + (Morena-Original) 7, APSG 6, USG 4, CRP 1, independents 3 + President: + last held on 9 November 1986 (next to be held December 1993); results - + President Omar BONGO was reelected without opposition +Executive branch: + president, prime minister, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + unicameral National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court (Cour Supreme) +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President El Hadj Omar BONGO (since 2 December 1967) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Casimir OYE-MBA (since 3 May 1990) + +*Gabon, Government + +Member of: + ACCT, ACP, AfDB, BDEAC, CCC, CEEAC, ECA, FAO, FZ, G-24, G-77, GATT, IAEA, + IBRD, ICAO, ICC, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, + INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS (associate), NAM, OAU, OIC, OPEC, UDEAC, UN, + UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation in US: + chief of mission: + (vacant) + chancery: + 2034 20th Street NW, Washington, DC 20009 + telephone: + (202) 797-1000 +US diplomatic representation: + chief of mission: Ambassador John C. WILSON IV + embassy: + Boulevard de la Mer, Libreville + mailing address: + B. P. 4000, Libreville + telephone: + (241) 762003/4, or 743492 + FAX: + [241] 745-507 +Flag: + three equal horizontal bands of green (top), yellow, and blue + +*Gabon, Economy + +Overview: + The economy, dependent on timber and manganese until the early 1970s, is now + dominated by the oil sector. In 1981-85, oil accounted for about 45% of GDP, + 80% of export earnings, and 65% of government revenues on average. The high + oil prices of the early 1980s contributed to a substantial increase in per + capita national income, stimulated domestic demand, reinforced migration + from rural to urban areas, and raised the level of real wages to among the + highest in Sub-Saharan Africa. The subsequent slide of Gabon's economy, + which began with falling oil prices in 1985, was reversed in 1989-90, but + debt servicing obligations continue to limit prospects for further domestic + development. Real growth in 1991-92 was weak because of a combination of an + overstaffed bureaucracy, a large budget deficit, and the continued + underdevelopment of the whole economy outside the petroleum sector. +National product: + GDP - exchange rate conversion - $4.6 billion (1991) +National product real growth rate: + 13% (1990 est.) +National product per capita: + $4,200 (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 0.7% (1991 est.) +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $1.4 billion; expenditures $1.4 billion, including capital + expenditures of $247 million (1990 est.) +Exports: + $2.2 billion (f.o.b., 1991) + commodities: + crude oil 80%, manganese 7%, wood 7%, uranium 2% + partners: + France 48%, US 15%, Germany 2%, Japan 2% +Imports: + $702 million (c.i.f., 1991 est.) + commodities: + foodstuffs, chemical products, petroleum products, construction materials, + manufactures, machinery + partners: + France 64%, African countries 7%, US 5%, Japan 3% +External debt: $4.4 billion (1991) +Industrial production: + growth rate - 10% (1988 est.); accounts for 45% of GDP, including petroleum +Electricity: + 315,000 kW capacity; 995 million kWh produced, 920 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + petroleum, food and beverages, lumbering and plywood, textiles, mining - + manganese, uranium, gold, cement +Agriculture: + accounts for 10% of GDP (including fishing and forestry); cash crops - + cocoa, coffee, palm oil; livestock not developed; importer of food; small + fishing operations provide a catch of about 20,000 metric tons; okoume (a + tropical softwood) is the most important timber product +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-90), $68 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-90), $2,342 million; + Communist countries (1970-89), $27 million +Currency: + 1 CFA franc (CFAF) = 100 centimes + +*Gabon, Economy + +Exchange rates: + Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF) per US$1 - 274.06 (January + 1993), 264.69 (1992), 282.11 (1991), 272.26 (1990), 319.01 (1989), 297.85 + (1988) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +*Gabon, Communications + +Railroads: + 649 km 1.437-meter standard-gauge single track (Transgabonese Railroad) +Highways: + 7,500 km total; 560 km paved, 960 km laterite, 5,980 km earth +Inland waterways: + 1,600 km perennially navigable +Pipelines: + crude oil 270 km; petroleum products 14 km +Ports: + Owendo, Port-Gentil, Libreville +Merchant marine: + 2 cargo ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 18,563 GRT/25,330 DWT +Airports: + total: + 68 + usable: + 56 + with permanent-surface runways: + 10 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 2 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 22 +Telecommunications: + adequate system of cable, radio relay, tropospheric scatter links and + radiocommunication stations; 15,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 6 AM, 6 + FM, 3 (5 repeaters) TV; satellite earth stations - 3 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT + and 12 domestic satellite + +*Gabon, Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy, Air Force, Presidential Guard, National Gendarmerie, National + Police +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 269,066; fit for military service 135,836; reach military + age (20) annually 9,680 (1993 est.) +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $102 million, 3.2% of GDP (1990 est.) + +*The Gambia, Geography + +Location: + Western Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean almost completely + surrounded by Senegal +Map references: + Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World +Area: + total area: + 11,300 km2 + land area: + 10,000 km2 + comparative area: + slightly more than twice the size of Delaware +Land boundaries: + total 740 km, Senegal 740 km +Coastline: + 80 km +Maritime claims: + contiguous zone: + 18 nm + continental shelf: + not specified + exclusive fishing zone: + 200 nm + territorial sea: + 12 nm +International disputes: + short section of boundary with Senegal is indefinite +Climate: + tropical; hot, rainy season (June to November); cooler, dry season (November + to May) +Terrain: + flood plain of the Gambia River flanked by some low hills +Natural resources: + fish +Land use: + arable land: + 16% + permanent crops: + 0% + meadows and pastures: + 9% + forest and woodland: + 20% + other: + 55% +Irrigated land: + 120 km2 (1989 est.) +Environment: + deforestation +Note: + almost an enclave of Senegal; smallest country on the continent of Africa + +*The Gambia, People + +Population: + 930,249 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 3.07% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 46.85 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 16.1 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 126.3 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 49.61 years + male: + 47.41 years + female: + 51.87 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 6.35 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Gambian(s) + adjective: + Gambian +Ethnic divisions: + African 99% (Mandinka 42%, Fula 18%, Wolof 16%, Jola 10%, Serahuli 9%, other + 4%), non-Gambian 1% +Religions: + Muslim 90%, Christian 9%, indigenous beliefs 1% +Languages: + English (official), Mandinka, Wolof, Fula, other indigenous vernaculars +Literacy: + age 15 and over can read and write (1990) + total population: + 27% + male: + 39% + female: + 16% +Labor force: + 400,000 (1986 est.) + by occupation: + agriculture 75.0%, industry, commerce, and services 18.9%, government 6.1% + note: + 55% population of working age (1983) + +*The Gambia, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Republic of The Gambia + conventional short form: + The Gambia +Digraph: + GA +Type: + republic under multiparty democratic rule +Capital: + Banjul +Administrative divisions: + 5 divisions and 1 city*; Banjul*, Lower River, MacCarthy Island, North Bank,, Upper River, +Western +Independence: + 18 February 1965 (from UK; The Gambia and Senegal signed an agreement on 12 + December 1981 that called for the creation of a loose confederation to be + known as Senegambia, but the agreement was dissolved on 30 September 1989) +Constitution: + 24 April 1970 +Legal system: + based on a composite of English common law, Koranic law, and customary law; + accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations +National holiday: + Independence Day, 18 February (1965) +Political parties and leaders: + People's Progressive Party (PPP), Dawda K. JAWARA, secretary general; + National Convention Party (NCP), Sheriff DIBBA; Gambian People's Party + (GPP), Hassan Musa CAMARA; United Party (UP), leader NA; People's Democratic + Organization of Independence and Socialism (PDOIS), leader NA; People's + Democratic Party (PDP), Jabel SALLAH +Suffrage: + 21 years of age; universal +Elections: + House of Representatives: + last held on 11 March 1987 (next to be held by March 1992); results - PPP + 56.6%, NCP 27.6%, GPP 14.7%, PDOIS 1%; seats - (43 total, 36 elected) PPP + 31, NCP 5 + President: + last held on 11 March 1987 (next to be held March 1992); results - Sir Dawda + JAWARA (PPP) 61.1%, Sherif Mustapha DIBBA (NCP) 25.2%, Assan Musa CAMARA + (GPP) 13.7% +Executive branch: + president, vice president, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + unicameral House of Representatives +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + President Alhaji Sir Dawda Kairaba JAWARA (since 24 April 1970); Vice + President Saihou SABALLY (since NA) +Member of: + ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, + IDB, IFAD, IFC, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, OIC, UN, + UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation in US: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Ousman A. SALLAH + +*The Gambia, Government + + chancery: + Suite 720, 1030 15th Street NW, Washington, DC 20005 + telephone: + (202) 842-1356 or 842-1359 +US diplomatic representation: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Arlene RENDER + embassy: + Pipeline Road (Kairaba Avenue), Fajara, Banjul + mailing address: + P. M. B. No. 19, Banjul + telephone: + [220] 92856 or 92858, 91970, 91971 + FAX: + (220) 92475 +Flag: + three equal horizontal bands of red (top), blue with white edges, and green + +*The Gambia, Economy + +Overview: + The Gambia has no important mineral or other natural resources and has a + limited agricultural base. It is one of the world's poorest countries with a + per capita income of about $325. About 75% of the population is engaged in + crop production and livestock raising, which contribute 30% to GDP. + Small-scale manufacturing activity - processing peanuts, fish, and hides - + accounts for less than 10% of GDP. Tourism is a growing industry. The Gambia + imports one-third of its food, all fuel, and most manufactured goods. + Exports are concentrated on peanut products (about 75% of total value). +National product: + GDP - exchange rate conversion - $292 million (1991 est.) +National product real growth rate: + 3% (1991) +National product per capita: + $325 (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 12% (1992 est.) +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $94 million; expenditures $80 million, including capital + expenditures of $25 million (FY91 est.) +Exports: + $133 million (f.o.b., FY91 est.) + commodities: + peanuts and peanut products, fish, cotton lint, palm kernels + partners: + Japan 60%, Europe 29%, Africa 5%, US 1%, other 5% (1989) +Imports: + $174 million (f.o.b., FY91 est.) + commodities: + foodstuffs, manufactures, raw materials, fuel, machinery and transport + equipment + partners: + Europe 57%, Asia 25%, USSR and Eastern Europe 9%, US 6%, other 3% (1989) +External debt: + $336 million (December 1990 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 6.7%; accounts for 5.8% of GDP (FY90) +Electricity: + 30,000 kW capacity; 65 million kWh produced, 75 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + peanut processing, tourism, beverages, agricultural machinery assembly, + woodworking, metalworking, clothing +Agriculture: + accounts for 30% of GDP and employs about 75% of the population; imports + one-third of food requirements; major export crop is peanuts; other + principal crops - millet, sorghum, rice, corn, cassava, palm kernels; + livestock - cattle, sheep, goats; forestry and fishing resources not fully + exploited +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $93 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $535 million; + Communist countries (1970-89), $39 million +Currency: + 1 dalasi (D) = 100 bututs +Exchange rates: + dalasi (D) per US$1 - 8.673 (October 1992), 8.803 (1991), 7.883 (1990), + 7.5846 (1989), 6.7086 (1988), 7.0744 (1987) + +*The Gambia, Economy + +Fiscal year: + 1 July - 30 June + +*The Gambia, Communications + +Highways: + 3,083 km total; 431 km paved, 501 km gravel/laterite, and 2,151 km + unimproved earth +Inland waterways: + 400 km +Ports: + Banjul +Airports: + total: + 1 + usable: + 1 + with permanent-surface runways: + 1 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 1 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 0 +Telecommunications: + adequate network of radio relay and wire; 3,500 telephones; broadcast + stations - 3 AM, 2 FM; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station + +*The Gambia, Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy, National Gendarmerie, National Police +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 201,026; fit for military service 101,642 (1993 est.) +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP + +*Gaza Strip, Header + +Note: + The war between Israel and the Arab states in June 1967 ended with Israel in + control of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, the Sinai, and the Golan + Heights. As stated in the 1978 Camp David accords and reaffirmed by + President Bush's post-Gulf crisis peace initiative, the final status of the + West Bank and the Gaza Strip, their relationship with their neighbors, and a + peace treaty between Israel and Jordan are to be negotiated among the + concerned parties. Camp David further specifies that these negotiations will + resolve the respective boundaries. Pending the completion of this process, + it is US policy that the final status of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip + has yet to be determined. In the US view, the term West Bank describes all + of the area west of the Jordan River under Jordanian administration before + the 1967 Arab-Israeli war. With respect to negotiations envisaged in the + framework agreement, however, it is US policy that a distinction must be + made between Jerusalem and the rest of the West Bank because of the city's + special status and circumstances. Therefore, a negotiated solution for the + final status of Jerusalem could be different in character from that of the + rest of the West Bank. + +*Gaza Strip, Geography + +Location: + Middle East, bordering the eastern Mediterranean Sea, between Egypt and + Israel +Map references: + Middle East +Area: + total area: + 380 km2 + land area: + 380 km2 + comparative area: + slightly more than twice the size of Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + total 62 km, Egypt 11 km, Israel 51 km +Coastline: + 40 km +Maritime claims: + Israeli occupied with status to be determined +International disputes: + Israeli occupied with status to be determined +Climate: + temperate, mild winters, dry and warm to hot summers +Terrain: + flat to rolling, sand- and dune-covered coastal plain +Natural resources: + negligible +Land use: + arable land: + 13% + permanent crops: + 32% + meadows and pastures: + 0% + forest and woodland: + 0% + other: + 55% +Irrigated land: 200 km2 +Environment: + desertification + +*Gaza Strip, People + +Population: + 705,834 (July 1993 est.) + note: + in addition, there are 4,000 Jewish settlers in the Gaza Strip (1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 3.56% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 45.66 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 5.71 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + -4.35 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 38.9 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 67.26 years + male: + 66.01 years + female: + 68.57 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 7.51 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + NA + adjective: + NA +Ethnic divisions: + Palestinian Arab and other 99.8%, Jewish 0.2% +Religions: + Muslim (predominantly Sunni) 99%, Christian 0.7%, Jewish 0.3% +Languages: + Arabic, Hebrew (spoken by Israeli settlers), English (widely understood) +Literacy: + total population: + NA% + male: + NA% + female: + NA% +Labor force: + NA + by occupation: + small industry, commerce and business 32.0%, construction 24.4%, service and + other 25.5%, agriculture 18.1% (1984) + note: + excluding Israeli Jewish settlers + +*Gaza Strip, Government + +Note: + The Gaza Strip is currently governed by Israeli military authorities and + Israeli civil administration. It is US policy that the final status of the + Gaza Strip will be determined by negotiations among the concerned parties. + These negotiations will determine how this area is to be governed. +Names: + conventional long form: + none + conventional short form: + Gaza Strip + local long form: + none + local short form: + Qita Ghazzah +Digraph: + GZ + +*Gaza Strip, Economy + +Overview: + In 1990 roughly 40% of Gaza Strip workers were employed across the border by + Israeli industrial, construction, and agricultural enterprises, with worker + remittances accounting for about one-third of GNP. The construction, + agricultural, and industrial sectors account for about 15%, 12%, and 8% of + GNP, respectively. Gaza depends upon Israel for some 90% of its external + trade. Unrest in the territory in 1988-93 (intifadah) has raised + unemployment and substantially lowered the standard of living of Gazans. The + Persian Gulf crisis and its aftershocks also have dealt severe blows to Gaza + since August 1990. Worker remittances from the Gulf states have plunged, + unemployment has increased, and exports have fallen dramatically. The area's + economic outlook remains bleak. +National product: + GNP - exchange rate conversion - $380 million (1991 est.) +National product real growth rate: + -30% (1991 est.) +National product per capita: + $590 (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 9% (1991 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 20% (1990 est.) +Budget: + revenues $33.8 million; expenditures $33.3 million, including capital + expenditures of $NA (FY88) +Exports: + $30 million (f.o.b., 1989) + commodities: + citrus + partners: Israel, Egypt +Imports: + $255 million (c.i.f., 1989) + commodities: + food, consumer goods, construction materials + partners: + Israel, Egypt +External debt: + $NA +Industrial production: + growth rate 10% (1989); accounts for about 8% of GNP +Electricity: + power supplied by Israel +Industries: + generally small family businesses that produce textiles, soap, olive-wood + carvings, and mother-of-pearl souvenirs; the Israelis have established some + small-scale modern industries in an industrial center +Agriculture: + accounts for about 12% of GNP; olives, citrus and other fruits, vegetables, + beef, dairy products +Economic aid: + NA +Currency: + 1 new Israeli shekel (NIS) = 100 new agorot +Exchange rates: + new Israeli shekels (NIS) per US$1 - 2.6480 (November 1992), 2.4591 (1992), + 2.2791 (1991), 2.0162 (1990), 1.9164 (1989), 1.5989 (1988), 1.5946 (1987) +Fiscal year: + calendar year (since 1 January 1992) + +*Gaza Strip, Communications + +Railroads: + one line, abandoned and in disrepair, some trackage remains +Highways: + small, poorly developed indigenous road network +Ports: + facilities for small boats to service the city of Gaza +Airports: + total: + 1 + useable: + 1 + with permanent-surface runways: + 0 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 0 +Telecommunications: + broadcast stations - no AM, no FM, no TV + +*Gaza Strip, Defense Forces + +Branches: + NA +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 136,311; fit for military service NA (1993 est.) +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP + +*Georgia, Header + +Note: + Georgia is currently besieged by conflicts driven by separatists in its + Abkazian and South Ossetian enclaves, and supporters of ousted President + GAMAKHURDIA control much of western Georgia + +*Georgia, Geography + +Location: + Southeastern Europe, bordering the Black Sea, between Turkey and Russia +Map references: + Africa, Asia, Middle East, Standard Time Zones of the World +Area: + total area: + 69,700 km2 + land area: + 69,700 km2 + comparative area: + slightly larger than South Carolina +Land boundaries: + total 1,461 km, Armenia 164 km, Azerbaijan 322 km, Russia 723 km, Turkey 252 + km +Coastline: + 310 km +Maritime claims: + note: + 12 nm in 1973 USSR-Turkish Protocol concerning the sea boundary between the + two states in the Black Sea; Georgia claims the coastline along the Black + Sea as its international waters, although it cannot control this area and + the Russian navy and commercial ships transit freely +International disputes: + none +Climate: + warm and pleasant; Mediterranean-like on Black Sea coast +Terrain: + largely mountainous with Great Caucasus Mountains in the north and Lesser + Caucasus Mountains in the south; Kolkhida Lowland opens to the Black Sea in + the west; Kura River Basin in the east; good soils in river valley flood + plains, foothills of Kolkhida lowland +Natural resources: forest lands, hydropower, manganese deposits, iron ores, copper, minor coal + and oil deposits; coastal climate and soils allow for important tea and + citrus growth +Land use: + arable land: + NA% + permanent crops: + NA% + meadows and pastures: + NA% + forest and woodland: + NA% + other: + NA% +Irrigated land: + 4,660 km2 (1990) +Environment: + air pollution, particularly in Rustavi; heavy pollution of Kura River, Black + Sea + +*Georgia, People + +Population: + 5,634,296 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 0.85% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 16.48 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 8.68 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + 0.64 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) note - this data may be low + because of movement of Ossetian, Russian, and Abkhaz refugees due to ongoing + conflicts +Infant mortality rate: + 24.2 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 72.58 years + male: + 68.89 years + female: + 76.46 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 2.21 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Georgian(s) + adjective: + Georgian +Ethnic divisions: + Georgian 70.1%, Armenian 8.1%, Russian 6.3%, Azeri 5.7%, Ossetian 3%, Abkhaz + 1.8%, other 5% +Religions: Georgian Orthodox 65%, Russian Orthodox 10%, Muslim 11%, Armenian Orthodox + 8%, unknown 6% +Languages: + Armenian 7%, Azerbaijani 6%, Georgian 71% (official), Russian 9%, other 7% +Literacy: + age 9-49 can read and write (1970) + total population: + 100% + male: + 100% + female: + 100% +Labor force: + 2.763 million + by occupation: + industry and construction 31%, agriculture and forestry 25%, other 44% + (1990) + +*Georgia, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Republic of Georgia + conventional short form: + Georgia + local long form: + Sakartvelo Respublika + local short form: + Sakartvelo + former: + Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic +Digraph: + GG +Type: + republic +Capital: + T'bilisi (Tbilisi) +Administrative divisions: + 2 autonomous republics (avtomnoy respubliki, singular - avtom respublika); + Abkhazia (Sukhumi), Ajaria (Batumi) + note: + the administrative centers of the autonomous republics are included in + parentheses; there are no oblasts - the rayons around T'bilisi are under + direct republic jurisdiction; also included is the South Ossetia Autonomous + Oblast +Independence: + 9 April 1991 (from Soviet Union) +Constitution: + adopted NA 1921; currently amending constitution for Parliamentary and + popular review by late 1995 +Legal system: + based on civil law system +National holiday: + Independence Day, 9 April 1991 +Political parties and leaders: + All-Georgian Merab Kostava Society, Vazha ADAMIA, chairman; All-Georgian + Traditionalists' Union, Akakiy ASATIANI, chairman; Georgian National Front - + Radical Union, Ruslan GONGADZE, chairman; Georgian Social Democratic Party, + Guram MUCHAIDZE, chairman; Green Party, Zurab ZHVANIA, chairman; + Monarchist-Conservative Party (MCP), Temur ZHORZHOLIANI, chairman; Georgian + Popular Front (GPF), Nodar NATADZE, chairman; National Democratic Party + (NDP), Georgi CHANTURIA, chairman; National Independence Party (NIP), Irakli + TSERETELI and Irakli BATIASHVILI, chairmen; Charter 1991 Party, Tedo + PAATASHVILI, chairman; Democratic Georgia Party, Georgiy SHENGELAYA, + Chairman; Peace Bloc; Unity; October 11 +Other political or pressure groups: + supporters of ousted President GAMSAKHURDIA boycotted the October elections + and remain an important source of opposition and instability +Suffrage: + 18 years of age; universal +Elections: + Chairman of Parliament: + last held NA October 1992 (next to be held NA); results - Eduard + SHEVARDNADZE 95% + +*Georgia, Government + + Georgian Parliament (Supreme Soviet): + last held 11 October 1992 (next to be held NA); results - percent of vote by + party NA; seats - (225 total) number of seats by party NA; note - + representatives of 26 parties elected; Peace Bloc, October 11, Unity, + National Democratic Party, and the Greens Party won the largest + representation +Executive branch: + chairman of Parliament, Council of Ministers, prime minister +Legislative branch: + unicameral Parliament +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Chairman of Parliament Eduard Amvrosiyevich SHEVARDNADZE (since 10 March + 1992) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Tengiz SIGUA (since NA January 1992); First Deputy Prime + Minister Roman GOTSIRIDZE (since NA); Deputy Prime Ministers Aleksandr + KAVADZE, Avtandil MARGIANI, Zurab KERVALISHVILI (since NA) +Member of: + BSEC, CSCE, EBRD, IBRD, IMF, NACC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, WHO +Diplomatic representation in US: + chief of mission: + NA + chancery: + NA + telephone: + NA +US diplomatic representation: + chief of mission: Ambassador Kent N. BROWN + embassy: + #25 Antoneli Street, T'bilisi + mailing address: + APO AE 09862 + telephone: + (7) 8832-74-46-23 +Flag: + maroon field with small rectangle in upper hoist side corner; rectangle + divided horizontally with black on top, white below + +*Georgia, Economy + +Overview: + Among the former Soviet republics, Georgia has been noted for its Black Sea + tourist industry, its large output of citrus fruits and tea, and an + industrial sector that accounted, however, for less than 2% of the USSR's + output. Another salient characteristic of the economy has been a flourishing + private sector (compared with the other republics). About 25% of the labor + force is employed in agriculture. Mineral resources consist of manganese and + copper, and, to a lesser extent, molybdenum, arsenic, tungsten, and mercury. + Except for very small quantities of domestic oil, gas, and coal, fuel must + be imported from neighboring republics. Oil and its products have been + delivered by pipeline from Azerbaijan to the port of Batumi for export and + local refining. Gas has been supplied in pipelines from Krasnodar and + Stavropol'. The dismantling of central economic controls has been delayed by + political factionalism, marked by bitter armed struggles. In early 1993 the + Georgian economy was operating at well less than half capacity due to + disruptions in fuel supplies and vital transportation links as a result of + conflicts in Abkhazia and South Ossetia, antigovernment activity in Western + Georgia, and Azerbaijani pressure against Georgian assistance for Armenia. + To restore economic viability, Georgia must establish domestic peace and + must maintain economic ties to the other former Soviet republics while + developing new links to the West. +National product: + GDP $NA +National product real growth rate: + -35% (1992 est.) +National product per capita: + $NA +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 50% per month (January 1993 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 3% but large numbers of underemployed workers +Budget: + revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA +Exports: + $NA + commodities: + citrus fruits, tea, other agricultural products; diverse types of machinery; + ferrous and nonferrous metals; textiles + partners: + Russia, Turkey, Armenia, Azerbaijan (1992) +Imports: $NA + commodities: + machinery and parts, fuel, transport equipment, textiles + partners: + Russia, Ukraine (1992) +External debt: + $650 million (1991 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate -50% (1992) +Electricity: + 4,875,000 kW capacity; 15,800 million kWh produced, about 2,835 kWh per + capita (1992) + +*Georgia, Economy + +Industries: + heavy industrial products include raw steel, rolled steel, cement, lumber; + machine tools, foundry equipment, electric mining locomotives, tower cranes, + electric welding equipment, machinery for food preparation, meat packing, + dairy, and fishing industries; air-conditioning electric motors up to 100 kW + in size, electric motors for cranes, magnetic starters for motors; devices + for control of industrial processes; trucks, tractors, and other farm + machinery; light industrial products, including cloth, hosiery, and shoes +Agriculture: + accounted for 97% of former USSR citrus fruits and 93% of former USSR tea; + berries and grapes; sugar; vegetables, grains, potatoes; cattle, pigs, + sheep, goats, poultry; tobacco +Illicit drugs: + illicit producers of cannabis and opium; mostly for domestic consumption; + used as transshipment point for illicit drugs to Western Europe +Economic aid: + NA +Currency: + coupons introduced in April 1993 to be followed by introduction of the lari + at undetermined future date; Russian ruble remains official currency until + introduction of the lari +Exchange rates: + rubles per US$1 - 415 (24 December 1992) but subject to wide fluctuations +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +*Georgia, Communications + +Railroads: + 1,570 km, does not include industrial lines (1990) +Highways: + 33,900 km total; 29,500 km hard surfaced, 4,400 km earth (1990) +Pipelines: + crude oil 370 km, refined products 300 km, natural gas 440 km (1992) +Ports: + coastal - Batumi, Poti, Sukhumi +Merchant marine: 47 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 658,192 GRT/1,014,056 DWT; includes 16 + bulk cargo, 30 oil tanker, and 1 specialized liquid carrier +Airports: + total: + 37 + useable: + 26 + with permanent-surface runways: + 19 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 10 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 9 +Telecommunications: + poor telephone service; as of 1991, 672,000 republic telephone lines + providing 12 lines per 100 persons; 339,000 unsatisfied applications for + telephones (31 January 1992); international links via landline to CIS + members and Turkey; low capacity satellite earth station and leased + international connections via the Moscow international gateway switch; + international electronic mail and telex service established +Note: + transportation network is disrupted by ethnic conflict, criminal activities, + and fuel shortages + +*Georgia, Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, National Guard, Interior Ministry Troops +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 1,338,606; fit for military service 1,066,309; reach + military age (18) annually 43,415 (1993 est.) +Defense expenditures: + $NA, NA% of GNP +Note: + Georgian forces are poorly organized and not fully under the government's + control + +*Germany, Geography + +Location: + Western Europe, bordering the North Sea between France and Poland +Map references: + Arctic Region, Europe, Standard Time Zones of the World +Area: + total area: + 356,910 km2 + land area: + 349,520 km2 + comparative area: + slightly smaller than Montana + note: + includes the formerly separate Federal Republic of Germany, the German + Democratic Republic, and Berlin following formal unification on 3 October + 1990 +Land boundaries: + total 3,621 km, Austria 784 km, Belgium 167 km, Czech Republic 646 km, + Denmark 68 km, France 451 km, Luxembourg 138 km, Netherlands 577 km, Poland + 456 km, Switzerland 334 km +Coastline: + 2,389 km +Maritime claims: + continental shelf: + 200 m depth or to depth of exploitation + exclusive fishing zone: + 200 nm + territorial sea: + 3 nm in North Sea and Schleswig-Holstein coast of Baltic Sea (extends, at + one point, to 16 nm in the Helgolander Bucht); 12 nm in remainder of Baltic + Sea +International disputes: + none +Climate: + temperate and marine; cool, cloudy, wet winters and summers; occasional + warm, tropical foehn wind; high relative humidity +Terrain: + lowlands in north, uplands in center, Bavarian Alps in south +Natural resources: + iron ore, coal, potash, timber, lignite, uranium, copper, natural gas, salt, + nickel +Land use: + arable land: + 34% + permanent crops: + 1% + meadows and pastures: + 16% + forest and woodland: + 30% + other: + 19% +Irrigated land: + 4,800 km2 (1989 est.) +Environment: + air and water pollution; groundwater, lakes, and air quality in eastern + Germany are especially bad; significant deforestation in the eastern + mountains caused by air pollution and acid rain + +*Germany, Geography + +Note: + strategic location on North European Plain and along the entrance to the + Baltic Sea + +*Germany, People + +Population: + 80,767,591 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 0.4% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 11 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 11 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + 4 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 7 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 76 years + male: + 73 years + female: + 79 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 1.4 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + German(s) + adjective: + German +Ethnic divisions: + German 95.1%, Turkish 2.3%, Italians 0.7%, Greeks 0.4%, Poles 0.4%, other + 1.1% (made up largely of people fleeing the war in the former Yugoslavia) +Religions: + Protestant 45%, Roman Catholic 37%, unaffiliated or other 18% +Languages: + German +Literacy: + age 15 and over can read and write (1977 est.) + total population: + 99% + male: + NA% + female: + NA% +Labor force: + 36.75 million + by occupation: + industry 41%, agriculture 6%, other 53% (1987) + +*Germany, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Federal Republic of Germany conventional short form: + Germany + local long form: + Bundesrepublik Deutschland + local short form: + Deutschland +Digraph: + GM +Type: + federal republic +Capital: + Berlin + note: + the shift from Bonn to Berlin will take place over a period of years with + Bonn retaining many administrative functions and several ministries +Administrative divisions: + 16 states (laender, singular - land); Baden-Wuerttemberg, Bayern, Berlin, + Brandenburg, Bremen, Hamburg, Hessen, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Niedersachsen, + Nordrhein-Westfalen, Rheinland-Pfalz, Saarland, Sachsen, Sachsen-Anhalt, + Schleswig-Holstein, Thuringen +Independence: + 18 January 1871 (German Empire unification); divided into four zones of + occupation (UK, US, USSR, and later, France) in 1945 following World War II; + Federal Republic of Germany (FRG or West Germany) proclaimed 23 May 1949 and + included the former UK, US, and French zones; German Democratic Republic + (GDR or East Germany) proclaimed 7 October 1949 and included the former USSR + zone; unification of West Germany and East Germany took place 3 October + 1990; all four power rights formally relinquished 15 March 1991 +Constitution: + 23 May 1949, provisional constitution known as Basic Law +Legal system: + civil law system with indigenous concepts; judicial review of legislative + acts in the Federal Constitutional Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ + jurisdiction +National holiday: + German Unity Day, 3 October (1990) +Political parties and leaders: + Christian Democratic Union (CDU), Helmut KOHL, chairman; Christian Social + Union (CSU), Theo WAIGEL, chairman; Free Democratic Party (FDP), Klaus + KINKEL, chairman; Social Democratic Party (SPD); Green Party, Ludger VOLMER, + Christine WEISKE, co-chairmen (after the 2 December 1990 election the East + and West German Green Parties united); Alliance 90 united to form one party + in September 1991, Petra MORAWE, chairwoman; Party of Democratic Socialism + (PDS), Gregor GYSI, chairman; Republikaner, Franz SCHOENHUBER; National + Democratic Party (NPD), Walter BACHMANN; Communist Party (DKP), Rolf PRIEMER +Other political or pressure groups: + expellee, refugee, and veterans groups +Suffrage: + 18 years of age; universal + +*Germany, Government + +Elections: + Federal Diet: last held 2 December 1990 (next to be held October 1994); results - CDU + 36.7%, SPD 33.5%, FDP 11.0%, CSU 7.1%, Green Party (West Germany) 3.9%, PDS + 2.4%, Republikaner 2.1%, Alliance 90/Green Party (East Germany) 1.2%, other + 2.1%; seats - (662 total, 656 statutory with special rules to allow for + slight expansion) CDU 268, SPD 239, FDP 79, CSU 51, PDS 17, Alliance + 90/Green Party (East Germany) 8; note - special rules for this election + allowed former East German parties to win seats if they received at least 5% + of vote in eastern Germany +Executive branch: + president, chancellor, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + bicameral parliament (no official name for the two chambers as a whole) + consists of an upper chamber or Federal Council (Bundesrat) and a lower + chamber or Federal Diet (Bundestag) +Judicial branch: + Federal Constitutional Court (Bundesverfassungsgericht) +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Dr. Richard von WEIZSACKER (since 1 July 1984) + Head of Government: + Chancellor Dr. Helmut KOHL (since 4 October 1982) +Member of: + AfDB, AG (observer), AsDB, Australian Group, BDEAC, BIS, CBSS, CCC, CDB + (non-regional), CE, CERN, COCOM, CSCE, EBRD, EC, ECE, EIB, ESA, FAO, G-5, + G-7, G-10, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, + ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LORCS, + MTCR, NACC, NAM (guest), NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, PCA, UN, + UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNHCR, UNTAC, UPU, WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC +Diplomatic representation in US: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Juergen RUHFUS + chancery: + 4645 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, DC 20007 + telephone: + (202) 298-4000 + consulates general: + Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Detroit, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, + San Francisco, Seattle + consulates: + Manila (Trust Territories of the Pacific Islands) and Wellington (America + Samoa) +US diplomatic representation: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Robert M. KIMMITT + embassy: + Deichmanns Avenue, 5300 Bonn 2, Unit 21701 + mailing address: + APO AE 09080 + telephone: + [49] (228) 3391 + FAX: + [49] (228) 339-2663 + branch office: + Berlin + consulates general: + Frankfurt, Hamburg, Leipzig, Munich, and Stuttgart +Flag: + three equal horizontal bands of black (top), red, and yellow + +*Germany, Economy + +Overview: + With the collapse of communism in Eastern Europe in 1989, prospects seemed + bright for a fairly rapid incorporation of East Germany into the highly + successful West German economy. The Federal Republic, however, continues to + experience difficulties in integrating and modernizing eastern Germany, and + the tremendous costs of unification have sunk western Germany deeper into + recession. The western German economy grew by less than 1% in 1992 as the + Bundesbank set high interest rates to offset the inflationary effects of + large government deficits and high wage settlements. Eastern Germany grew by + 6.8% in 1992 but this was from a shrunken base. Despite government transfers + to the east amounting to nearly $110 billion annually, a self-sustaining + economy in the region is still some years away. The bright spots are eastern + Germany's construction, transportation, telecommunications, and service + sectors, which have experienced strong growth. Western Germany has an + advanced market economy and is a world leader in exports. It has a highly + urbanized and skilled population that enjoys excellent living standards, + abundant leisure time, and comprehensive social welfare benefits. Western + Germany is relatively poor in natural resources, coal being the most + important mineral. Western Germany's world-class companies manufacture + technologically advanced goods. The region's economy is mature: services and + manufacturing account for the dominant share of economic activity, and raw + materials and semimanufactured goods constitute a large portion of imports. + In recent years, manufacturing has accounted for about 31% of GDP, with + other sectors contributing lesser amounts. Gross fixed investment in 1992 + accounted for about 21.5% of GDP. GDP in the western region is now $20,000 + per capita, or 85% of US per capita GDP. Eastern Germany's economy appears + to be changing from one anchored on manufacturing into a more + service-oriented economy. The German government, however, is intent on + maintaining a manufacturing base in the east and is considering a policy for + subsidizing industrial cores in the region. Eastern Germany's share of + all-German GDP is only 7% and eastern productivity is just 30% that of the + west even though eastern wages are at roughly 70% of western levels. The + privatization agency for eastern Germany, Treuhand, has privatized more than + four-fifths of the almost 12,000 firms under its control and will likely + wind down operations in 1994. Private investment in the region continues to + be lackluster, resulting primarily from the deepening recession in western + Germany and excessively high eastern wages. Eastern Germany has one of the + world's largest reserves of low-grade lignite coal but little else in the + way of mineral resources. The quality of statistics from eastern Germany is + improving, yet many gaps remain; the federal government began producing + all-German data for select economic statistics at the start of 1992. The + most challenging economic problem is promoting eastern Germany's economic + reconstruction - specifically, finding the right mix of fiscal, monetary, + regulatory, and tax policies that will spur investment in eastern Germany - + without destabilizing western Germany's economy or damaging relations with + West European partners. The government hopes a "solidarity pact" among labor + unions, business, state governments, and the SPD opposition will provide the + right mix of wage restraints, investment incentives, and spending cuts to + stimulate eastern recovery. Finally, the homogeneity of the German economic + culture has been changed by the admission of large numbers of immigrants. +National product: + Germany: + GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $1.398 trillion (1992) + western: + GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $1.294 trillion (1992) + eastern: + GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $104 billion (1992) + +*Germany, Economy + +National product real growth rate: + Germany: + 1.5% (1992) + western: + 0.9% (1992) + eastern: + 8% (1992) +National product per capita: + Germany: + $17,400 (1992) + western: + $20,000 (1992) + eastern: + $6,500 (1992) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + western: + 4% (1992) + eastern: + NA% +Unemployment rate: + western: + 7.1% (1992) + eastern: + 13.5% (December 1992) +Budget: + western (federal, state, local): + revenues $684 billion; expenditures $704 billion, including capital + expenditures $NA (1990) + eastern: + revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA +Exports: + $378.0 billion (f.o.b., 1991) + commodities: + manufactures 86.6% (including machines and machine tools, chemicals, motor + vehicles, iron and steel products), agricultural products 4.9%, raw + materials 2.3%, fuels 1.3% + partners: + EC 54.3% (France 12.9%, Netherlands 8.3%, Italy 9.3%, UK 7.7%, + Belgium-Luxembourg 7.4%), other Western Europe 17.0%, US 6.4%, Eastern + Europe 5.6%, OPEC 3.4% (1992) +Imports: + $354.5 billion (f.o.b., 1991) + commodities: manufactures 68.5%, agricultural products 12.0%, fuels 9.7%, raw materials + 7.1% + partners: + EC 52.0 (France 12.0%, Netherlands 9.6%, Italy 9.2%, UK 6.8%, + Belgium-Luxembourg 7.0%), other Western Europe 15.2%, US 6.6%, Eastern + Europe 5.5%, OPEC 2.4% (1992) +External debt: + $NA +Industrial production: + western: + growth rates -5% (1992 est.) + eastern: + $NA +Electricity: + 134,000,000 kW capacity; 580,000 million kWh produced, 7,160 kWh per capita + (1992) + +*Germany, Economy + +Industries: + western: + among world's largest producers of iron, steel, coal, cement, chemicals, + machinery, vehicles, machine tools, electronics; food and beverages + eastern: + metal fabrication, chemicals, brown coal, shipbuilding, machine building, + food and beverages, textiles, petroleum refining +Agriculture: + western: + accounts for about 2% of GDP (including fishing and forestry); diversified + crop and livestock farming; principal crops and livestock include potatoes, + wheat, barley, sugar beets, fruit, cabbage, cattle, pigs, poultry; net + importer of food; fish catch of 202,000 metric tons in 1987 + eastern: + accounts for about 10% of GDP (including fishing and forestry); principal + crops - wheat, rye, barley, potatoes, sugar beets, fruit; livestock products + include pork, beef, chicken, milk, hides and skins; net importer of food; + fish catch of 193,600 metric tons in 1987 +Illicit drugs: + source of precursor chemicals for South American cocaine processors +Economic aid: + western: + donor - ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $75.5 billion + eastern: + donor - $4.0 billion extended bilaterally to non-Communist less developed + countries (1956-89) +Currency: + 1 deutsche mark (DM) = 100 pfennige +Exchange rates: + deutsche marks (DM) per US$1 - 1.6158 (January 1993), 1.5617 (1992), 1.6595 + (1991), 1.6157 (1990), 1.8800 (1989), 1.7562 (1988) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +*Germany, Communications + +Railroads: + western: + 31,443 km total; 27,421 km government owned, 1.435-meter standard gauge + (12,491 km double track, 11,501 km electrified); 4,022 km nongovernment + owned, including 3,598 km 1.435-meter standard gauge (214 km electrified) + and 424 km 1.000-meter gauge (186 km electrified) + eastern: + 14,025 km total; 13,750 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, 275 km 1.000-meter or + other narrow gauge; 3,830 (est.) km 1.435-meter standard gauge double-track; + 3,475 km overhead electrified (1988) +Highways: + western: + 466,305 km total; 169,568 km primary, includes 6,435 km autobahn, 32,460 km + national highways (Bundesstrassen), 65,425 km state highways + (Landesstrassen), 65,248 km county roads (Kreisstrassen); 296,737 km of + secondary communal roads (Gemeindestrassen) + eastern: + 124,604 km total; 47,203 km concrete, asphalt, stone block, of which 1,855 + km are autobahn and limited access roads, 11,326 km are trunk roads, and + 34,022 km are regional roads; 77,401 km municipal roads (1988) +Inland waterways: + western: + 5,222 km, of which almost 70% are usable by craft of 1,000-metric-ton + capacity or larger; major rivers include the Rhine and Elbe; Kiel Canal is + an important connection between the Baltic Sea and North Sea + eastern: + 2,319 km (1988) +Pipelines: + crude oil 3,644 km; petroleum products 3,946 km; natural gas 97,564 km + (1988) +Ports: + coastal - Bremerhaven, Brunsbuttel, Cuxhaven, Emden, Bremen, Hamburg, Kiel, + Lubeck, Wilhelmshaven, Rostock, Wismar, Stralsund, Sassnitz; inland - 31 + major on Rhine and Elbe rivers +Merchant marine: + 565 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 4,928,759 GRT/6,292,193 DWT; includes + 5 short-sea passenger, 3 passenger, 303 cargo, 10 refrigerated cargo, 134 + container, 28 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 5 railcar carrier, 7 barge carrier, 9 + oil tanker, 21 chemical tanker, 17 liquefied gas tanker, 5 combination + ore/oil, 6 combination bulk, 12 bulk; note - the German register includes + ships of the former East and West Germany; during 1991 the fleet underwent + major restructuring as surplus ships were sold off +Airports: + total: + 499 + usable: + 492 + with permanent-surface runways: + 271 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 5 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 59 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 67 + +*Germany, Communications + +Telecommunications: + western: + highly developed, modern telecommunication service to all parts of the + country; fully adequate in all respects; 40,300,000 telephones; intensively + developed, highly redundant cable and microwave radio relay networks, all + completely automatic; broadcast stations - 80 AM, 470 FM, 225 (6,000 + repeaters) TV; 6 submarine coaxial cables; satellite earth stations - 12 + Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT antennas, 2 Indian Ocean INTELSAT antennas, + EUTELSAT, and domestic systems; 2 HF radiocommunication centers; + tropospheric links + eastern: + badly needs modernization; 3,970,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 23 AM, + 17 FM, 21 TV (15 Soviet TV repeaters); 6,181,860 TVs; 6,700,000 radios; 1 + satellite earth station operating in INTELSAT and Intersputnik systems + +*Germany, Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy, Air Force +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 20,295,655; fit for military service 17,577,570; reach + military age (18) annually 411,854 (1993 est.) +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $42.4 billion, 2.2% of GDP (1992) + +*Ghana, Geography + +Location: + Western Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean between Cote d'Ivoire and + Togo +Map references: + Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World +Area: + total area: + 238,540 km2 + land area: + 230,020 km2 + comparative area: + slightly smaller than Oregon +Land boundaries: + total 2,093 km, Burkina 548 km, Cote d'Ivoire 668 km, Togo 877 km +Coastline: + 539 km +Maritime claims: + contiguous zone: 24 nm + continental shelf: + 200 nm + exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + territorial sea: + 12 nm +International disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical; warm and comparatively dry along southeast coast; hot and humid in + southwest; hot and dry in north +Terrain: + mostly low plains with dissected plateau in south-central area +Natural resources: + gold, timber, industrial diamonds, bauxite, manganese, fish, rubber +Land use: + arable land: + 5% + permanent crops: + 7% + meadows and pastures: + 15% + forest and woodland: + 37% + other: + 36% +Irrigated land: + 80 km2 (1989) +Environment: + recent drought in north severely affecting marginal agricultural activities; + deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; dry, northeasterly harmattan wind + (January to March) +Note: + Lake Volta is the world's largest artificial lake + +*Ghana, People + +Population: + 16,699,105 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 3.12% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 44.66 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 12.52 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + -1 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 84.5 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 55.19 years + male: 53.27 years + female: + 57.17 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 6.21 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Ghanaian(s) + adjective: + Ghanaian +Ethnic divisions: + black African 99.8% (major tribes - Akan 44%, Moshi-Dagomba 16%, Ewe 13%, Ga + 8%), European and other 0.2% +Religions: + indigenous beliefs 38%, Muslim 30%, Christian 24%, other 8% +Languages: + English (official), African languages (including Akan, Moshi-Dagomba, Ewe, + and Ga) +Literacy: + age 15 and over can read and write (1990) + total population: + 60% + male: + 70% + female: + 51% +Labor force: + 3.7 million + by occupation: + agriculture and fishing 54.7%, industry 18.7%, sales and clerical 15.2%, + services, transportation, and communications 7.7%, professional 3.7% + note: + 48% of population of working age (1983) + +*Ghana, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Republic of Ghana + conventional short form: + Ghana + former: + Gold Coast +Digraph: + GH +Type: + constitutional democracy +Capital: + Accra +Administrative divisions: + 10 regions; Ashanti, Brong-Ahafo, Central, Eastern, Greater Accra, Northern, + Upper East, Upper West, Volta, Western +Independence: + 6 March 1957 (from UK) +Constitution: + new constitution approved 28 April 1992 +Legal system: + based on English common law and customary law; has not accepted compulsory + ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + Independence Day, 6 March (1957) +Political parties and leaders: + National Democratic Congress, Jerry John Rawlings; New Patriotic Party, + Albert Adu BOAHEN; People's Heritage Party, Alex Erskine; various other + smaller parties +Suffrage: + universal at 18 +Elections: + President: + last held 3 November 1992 (next to be held NA) + National Assembly: + last held 29 December 1992 (next to be held NA) +Executive branch: + president, cabinet +Legislative branch: + unicameral National Assembly +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + President Jerry John RAWLINGS (since 3 November 1992) +Member of: + ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, G-24, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, + IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, + ITU, LORCS, MINURSO, NAM, OAU, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNIKOM, + UNPROFOR, UNTAC, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation in US: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Dr. Joseph ABBEY + chancery: + 3512 International Drive NW, Washington, DC 20008 + telephone: + (202) 686-4520 + consulate general: + New York + +*Ghana, Government + +US diplomatic representation: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Kenneth L. BROWN + embassy: + Ring Road East, East of Danquah Circle, Accra + mailing address: + P. O. Box 194, Accra + telephone: + [233] (21) 775348, 775349, 775295 or 775298 + FAX: [233] (21) 776008 +Flag: + three equal horizontal bands of red (top), yellow, and green with a large + black five-pointed star centered in the gold band; uses the popular + pan-African colors of Ethiopia; similar to the flag of Bolivia, which has a + coat of arms centered in the yellow band + +*Ghana, Economy + +Overview: + Supported by substantial international assistance, Ghana has been + implementing a steady economic rebuilding program since 1983, including + moves toward privatization and relaxation of government controls. Heavily + dependent on cocoa, gold, and timber exports, economic growth so far has not + spread substantially to other areas of the economy. The costs of sending + peacekeeping forces to Liberia and preparing for the transition to a + democratic government have boosted government expenditures and undercut + structural adjustment reforms. Ghana opened a stock exchange in 1990. + Meanwhile, declining world commodity prices for Ghana's exports has placed + the government under severe financial pressure. +National product: + GDP - exchange rate conversion - $6.6 billion (1992 est.) +National product real growth rate: + 3.9% (1992 est.) +National product per capita: + $410 (1992 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 10% (1992 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 10% (1991) +Budget: + revenues $1.0 billion; expenditures $905 million, including capital + expenditures of $200 million (1991 est.) +Exports: + $1.1 billion (f.o.b., 1992) + commodities: + cocoa 45%, gold, timber, tuna, bauxite, and aluminum + partners: + Germany 29%, UK 12%, US 12%, Japan 5% +Imports: + $1.4 billion (c.i.f., 1992 est.) + commodities: + petroleum 16%, consumer goods, foods, intermediate goods, capital equipment + partners: + UK 23%, US 11%, Germany 10%, Japan 6% +External debt: + $4.6 billion (1992 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 4.6% in manufacturing (1991); accounts for almost 15% of GDP +Electricity: + 1,180,000 kW capacity; 4,490 million kWh produced, 290 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + mining, lumbering, light manufacturing, aluminum, food processing +Agriculture: accounts for about 50% of GDP (including fishing and forestry); the major + cash crop is cocoa; other principal crops - rice, coffee, cassava, peanuts, + corn, shea nuts, timber; normally self-sufficient in food +Illicit drugs: + illicit producer of cannabis for the international drug trade +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $455 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $2.6 billion; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $78 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $106 + million +Currency: + 1 cedi (C) = 100 pesewas +Exchange rates: + ceolis per US$1 - 437 (July 1992) + +*Ghana, Economy + +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +*Ghana, Communications + +Railroads: + 953 km, all 1.067-meter gauge; 32 km double track; railroads undergoing + major renovation +Highways: + 32,250 km total; 6,084 km concrete or bituminous surface, 26,166 km gravel, + laterite, and improved earth surfaces +Inland waterways: + Volta, Ankobra, and Tano Rivers provide 168 km of perennial navigation for + launches and lighters; Lake Volta provides 1,125 km of arterial and feeder + waterways +Pipelines: + none +Ports: + Tema, Takoradi +Merchant marine: + 6 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 59,293 GRT/78,246 DWT; includes 5 + cargo, 1 refrigerated cargo +Airports: + total: + 10 + usable: + 9 + with permanent-surface runways: + 5 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 2 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 6 +Telecommunications: + poor to fair system handled primarily by microwave radio relay links; 42,300 + telephones; broadcast stations - 4 AM, 1 FM, 4 (8 translators) TV; 1 + Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station + +*Ghana, Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy, Air Force, Police Force, Civil Defense +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 3,766,073; fit for military service 2,105,865; reach + military age (18) annually 171,145 (1993 est.) +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $30 million, less than 1% of GDP (1989 est.) + +*Gibraltar, Header + +Affiliation: + (dependent territory of the UK) + +*Gibraltar, Geography + +Location: + Southwestern Europe, bordering the Strait of Gibraltar, which links the + North Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea, on the southern coast of + Spain +Map references: + Africa, Europe +Area: + total area: + 6.5 km2 + land area: + 6.5 km2 + comparative area: + about 11 times the size of the Mall in Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + total 1.2 km, Spain 1.2 km +Coastline: + 12 km +Maritime claims: + exclusive fishing zone: + 3 nm + territorial sea: + 3 nm +International disputes: + source of occasional friction between Spain and the UK +Climate: + Mediterranean with mild winters and warm summers +Terrain: + a narrow coastal lowland borders The Rock +Natural resources: + negligible +Land use: + arable land: + 0% + permanent crops: + 0% + meadows and pastures: + 0% + forest and woodland: + 0% + other: + 100% +Irrigated land: + NA km2 +Environment: + natural freshwater sources are meager, so large water catchments (concrete + or natural rock) collect rain water +Note: + strategic location on Strait of Gibraltar that links the North Atlantic + Ocean and Mediterranean Sea + +*Gibraltar, People + +Population: + 31,508 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 0.53% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 15.68 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 8.89 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + -1.46 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 8.4 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 76.06 years + male: + 73.18 years + female: + 78.91 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 2.37 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Gibraltarian(s) + adjective: + Gibraltar +Ethnic divisions: + Italian, English, Maltese, Portuguese, Spanish +Religions: + Roman Catholic 74%, Protestant 11% (Church of England 8%, other 3%), Moslem + 8%, Jewish 2%, none or other 5% (1981) +Languages: + English (used in schools and for official purposes), Spanish, Italian, + Portuguese, Russian +Literacy: + total population: + NA% + male: + NA% + female: + NA% +Labor force: + 14,800 (including non-Gibraltar laborers) + note: + UK military establishments and civil government employ nearly 50% of the + labor force + +*Gibraltar, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + none + conventional short form: + Gibraltar +Digraph: + GI +Type: + dependent territory of the UK +Capital: + Gilbraltar +Administrative divisions: + none (dependent territory of the UK) +Independence: + none (dependent territory of the UK) +Constitution: + 30 May 1969 +Legal system: + English law +National holiday: + Commonwealth Day (second Monday of March) +Political parties and leaders: + Socialist Labor Party (SL), Joe BOSSANO; Gibraltar Labor Party/Association + for the Advancement of Civil Rights (GCL/AACR), leader NA; Gibraltar Social + Democrats, Peter CARUANA; Gibraltar National Party, Joe GARCIA +Other political or pressure groups: + Housewives Association; Chamber of Commerce; Gibraltar Representatives + Organization +Suffrage: + 18 years of age; universal, plus other UK subjects resident six months or + more +Elections: + House of Assembly: + last held on 16 January 1992 (next to be held January 1996); results - SL + 73.3%; seats - (18 total, 15 elected) number of seats by party NA +Executive branch: + British monarch, governor, chief minister, Gibraltar Council, Council of + Ministers (cabinet) +Legislative branch: + unicameral House of Assembly +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court, Court of Appeal +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor and + Commander in Chief Adm. Sir Derek REFFELL (since NA 1989) + Head of Government: + Chief Minister Joe BOSSANO (since 25 March 1988) +Member of: + INTERPOL (subbureau) +Diplomatic representation in US: + none (dependent territory of the UK) +US diplomatic representation: + none (dependent territory of the UK) +Flag: + two horizontal bands of white (top, double width) and red with a + three-towered red castle in the center of the white band; hanging from the + castle gate is a gold key centered in the red band + +*Gibraltar, Economy + +Overview: + The economy depends heavily on British defense expenditures, revenue from + tourists, fees for services to shipping, and revenues from banking and + finance activities. Because more than 70% of the economy is in the public + sector, changes in government spending have a major impact on the level of + employment. Construction workers are particularly affected when government + expenditures are cut. +National product: + GNP - exchange rate conversion - $182 million (FY87) +National product real growth rate: + 5% (FY87) +National product per capita: + $4,600 (FY87) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 3.6% (1988) +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $136 million; expenditures $139 million, including capital + expenditures of $NA (FY88) +Exports: + $82 million (f.o.b., 1988) + commodities: + (principally reexports) petroleum 51%, manufactured goods 41%, other 8% + partners: + UK, Morocco, Portugal, Netherlands, Spain, US, FRG +Imports: + $258 million (c.i.f., 1988) + commodities: + fuels, manufactured goods, and foodstuffs + partners: + UK, Spain, Japan, Netherlands +External debt: + $318 million (1987) +Industrial production: + growth rate NA% +Electricity: + 47,000 kW capacity; 200 million kWh produced, 6,740 kWh per capita (1992) +Industries: + tourism, banking and finance, construction, commerce; support to large UK + naval and air bases; transit trade and supply depot in the port; light + manufacturing of tobacco, roasted coffee, ice, mineral waters, candy, beer, + and canned fish +Agriculture: + none +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $0.8 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $188 million +Currency: + 1 Gibraltar pound (#G) = 100 pence +Exchange rates: + Gibraltar pounds (#G) per US$1 - 0.6527 (January 1993), 0.5664 (1992), + 0.5652 (1991), 0.5603 (1990), 0.6099 (1989), 0.5614 (1988); note - the + Gibraltar pound is at par with the British pound +Fiscal year: + 1 July - 30 June + +*Gibraltar, Communications + +Railroads: + 1.000-meter-gauge system in dockyard area only +Highways: + 50 km, mostly good bitumen and concrete +Pipelines: + none +Ports: + Gibraltar +Merchant marine: + 32 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 642,446 GRT/1,141,592 DWT; includes 4 + cargo, 2 refrigerated cargo, 1 container, 18 oil tanker, 2 chemical tanker, + 5 bulk; note - a flag of convenience registry +Airports: + total: + 1 + useable: + 1 + with permanent surface runways: + 1 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 0 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 1 +Telecommunications: + adequate, automatic domestic system and adequate international + radiocommunication and microwave facilities; 9,400 telephones; broadcast + stations - 1 AM, 6 FM, 4 TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station + +*Gibraltar, Defense Forces + +Branches: + British Army, Royal Navy, Royal Air Force +Note: + defense is the responsibility of the UK + +*Glorioso Islands, Header + +Affiliation: + (possession of France) + +*Glorioso Islands, Geography + +Location: + Southern Africa, in the Indian Ocean just north of Madagascar +Map references: + Africa +Area: + total area: + 5 km2 + land area: + 5 km2 + comparative area: + about 8.5 times the size of the Mall in Washington, DC + note: + includes Ile Glorieuse, Ile du Lys, Verte Rocks, Wreck Rock, and South Rock +Land boundaries: + 0 km +Coastline: + 35.2 km +Maritime claims: + contiguous zone: + 12 nm + exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + territorial sea: + 12 nm +International disputes: + claimed by Madagascar +Climate: + tropical +Terrain: NA +Natural resources: + guano, coconuts +Land use: + arable land: + 0% + permanent crops: + 0% + meadows and pastures: + 0% + forest and woodland: + 0% + other: + 100% (all lush vegetation and coconut palms) +Irrigated land: + 0 km2 +Environment: + subject to periodic cyclones + +*Glorioso Islands, People + +Population: + unihabited + +*Glorioso Islands, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + none + conventional short form: + Glorioso Islands + local long form: + none + local short form: + Iles Glorieuses +Digraph: + GO +Type: + French possession administered by Commissioner of the Republic, resident in + Reunion +Capital: + none; administered by France from Reunion +Independence: + none (possession of France) + +*Glorioso Islands, Economy + +Overview: + no economic activity + +*Glorioso Islands, Communications + +Ports: + none; offshore anchorage only +Airports: + total: + 1 + usable: + 1 + with permanent-surface runways: + 0 + with runsways over 3,6359 m: + 0 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 1 + +*Glorioso Islands, Defense Forces + +Note: + defense is the responsibility of France + +*Greece, Geography + +Location: + Southern Europe, bordering the Mediterranean Sea between Turkey and Bulgaria +Map references: + Africa, Europe, Standard Time Zones of the World +Area: + total area: + 131,940 km2 + land area: + 130,800 km2 + comparative area: + slightly smaller than Alabama +Land boundaries: + total 1,210 km, Albania 282 km, Bulgaria 494 km, Turkey 206 km, Macedonia + 228 km +Coastline: + 13,676 km +Maritime claims: + continental shelf: + 200 m depth or to depth of exploitation + territorial sea: + 6 nm, but Greece has threatened to claim 12 nm +International disputes: + air, continental shelf, and territorial water disputes with Turkey in Aegean + Sea; Cyprus question; northern Epirus question with Albania; Macedonia + question with Bulgaria and Macedonia +Climate: + temperate; mild, wet winters; hot, dry summers +Terrain: + mostly mountains with ranges extending into sea as peninsulas or chains of + islands +Natural resources: + bauxite, lignite, magnesite, petroleum, marble +Land use: + arable land: + 23% + permanent crops: + 8% + meadows and pastures: + 40% + forest and woodland: + 20% + other: + 9% +Irrigated land: + 11,900 km2 (1989 est.) +Environment: + subject to severe earthquakes; air pollution +Note: + strategic location dominating the Aegean Sea and southern approach to + Turkish Straits; a peninsular country, possessing an archipelago of about + 2,000 islands + +*Greece, People + +Population: + 10,470,460 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 0.95% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 10.42 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 9.36 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + 8.46 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 8.9 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 77.5 years + male: + 75.02 years + female: + 80.12 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 1.44 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Greek(s) + adjective: Greek +Ethnic divisions: + Greek 98%, other 2% + note: + the Greek Government states there are no ethnic divisions in Greece +Religions: + Greek Orthodox 98%, Muslim 1.3%, other 0.7% +Languages: + Greek (official), English, French +Literacy: + age 15 and over can read and write (1990) + total population: + 93% + male: + 98% + female: + 89% +Labor force: + 3,966,900 + by occupation: + services 45%, agriculture 27%, industry 28% (1990) + +*Greece, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Hellenic Republic + conventional short form: + Greece + local long form: + Elliniki Dhimokratia + local short form: + Ellas + former: + Kingdom of Greece +Digraph: + GR +Type: + presidential parliamentary government; monarchy rejected by referendum 8 + December 1974 +Capital: + Athens +Administrative divisions: + 52 prefectures (nomoi, singular - nomos); Aitolia kai Akarnania, Akhaia, + Argolis, Arkadhia, Arta, Attiki, Dhodhekanisos, Dhrama, Evritania, Evros, + Evvoia, Florina, Fokis, Fthiotis, Grevena, Ilia, Imathia, Ioannina, + Iraklion, Kardhitsa, Kastoria, Kavala, Kefallinia, Kerkira, Khalkidhiki, + Khania, Khios, Kikladhes, Kilkis, Korinthia, Kozani, Lakonia, Larisa, + Lasithi, Lesvos, Levkas, Magnisia, Messinia, Pella, Pieria, Piraievs, + Preveza, Rethimni, Rodhopi, Samos, Serrai, Thesprotia, Thessaloniki, + Trikala, Voiotia, Xanthi, Zakinthos, autonomous region: Agion Oros (Mt. + Athos) +Independence: + 1829 (from the Ottoman Empire) +Constitution: + 11 June 1975 +Legal system: + based on codified Roman law; judiciary divided into civil, criminal, and + administrative courts +National holiday: + Independence Day, 25 March (1821) (proclamation of the war of independence) +Political parties and leaders: + New Democracy (ND; conservative), Konstantinos MITSOTAKIS; Panhellenic + Socialist Movement (PASOK), Andreas PAPANDREOU; Left Alliance, Maria + DAMANAKI; Democratic Renewal (DIANA), Konstantinos STEFANOPOULOS; Communist + Party (KKE), Aleka PAPARIGA; Ecologist-Alternative List, leader rotates +Suffrage: + 18 years of age; universal and compulsory +Elections: + President: + last held 4 May 1990 (next to be held May 1995); results - Konstantinos + KARAMANLIS was elected by Parliament + Chamber of Deputies: + last held 8 April 1990 (next must be held by May 1994); results - ND 46.89%, + PASOK 38.62%, Left Alliance 10.27%, PASOK/Left Alliance 1.02%, + Ecologist-Alternative List 0.77%, DIANA 0.67%, Muslim independents 0.5%; + seats - (300 total) ND 150, PASOK 123, Left Alliance 19, PASOK-Left Alliance + 4, Muslim independents 2, DEANA 1, Ecologist-Alternative List 1 + note: + deputies shifting from one party to another and the dissolution of party + coalitions have resulted in the following seating arrangement: ND 152, PASOK + 124, Left Alliance 14, KKE 7, Muslim deputies 2, Ecologist-Alternative List + 1 + +*Greece, Government + +Executive branch: + president, prime minister, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + unicameral Greek Chamber of Deputies (Vouli ton Ellinon) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Judicial Court, Special Supreme Tribunal +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Konstantinos KARAMANLIS (since 5 May 1990) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Konstantinos MITSOTAKIS (since 11 April 1990) +Member of: + Australian Group, BIS, BSEC, CCC, CE, CERN, COCOM, CSCE, EBRD, EC, ECE, EIB, + FAO, G-6, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, + IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LORCS, MINURSO, MTCR, + NACC, NAM (guest), NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, + UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UPU, WEU (observer), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC +Diplomatic representation in US: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Christos ZACHARAKIS + chancery: + 2221 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: + (202) 939-5800 + FAX: + (202) 939-5824 + consulates general: + Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Los Angeles, New York, and San Francisco + consulate: + New Orleans +US diplomatic representation: + chief of mission: + (vacant); Charge d'Affaires James A. WILLIAMS + embassy: + 91 Vasilissis Sophias Boulevard, 10160 Athens + mailing address: + PSC 108, Box 56, APO AE 09842 + telephone: + [30] (1) 721-2951 or 721-8401 + FAX: + [30] (1) 645-6282 + consulate general: + Thessaloniki +Flag: + nine equal horizontal stripes of blue alternating with white; there is a + blue square in the upper hoist-side corner bearing a white cross; the cross + symbolizes Greek Orthodoxy, the established religion of the country + +*Greece, Economy + +Overview: + Greece has a mixed capitalist economy with the basic entrepreneurial system + overlaid in 1981-89 by a socialist system that enlarged the public sector + from 55% of GDP in 1981 to about 70% when Prime Minister MITSOTAKIS took + office. Tourism continues as a major source of foreign exchange, and + agriculture is self-sufficient except for meat, dairy products, and animal + feedstuffs. Since 1986, real GDP growth has averaged only 1.6% a year, + compared with the Europen Community average of 3%. The MITSOTAKIS government + has made little progress during its two and one-half years in power in + coming to grips with Greece's main economic problems: an inflation rate + still four times the EC average, a large public sector deficit, and a + fragile current account position. In early 1991, the government secured a + three-year, $2.5 billion assistance package from the EC under the strictest + terms yet imposed on a member country, as the EC finally ran out of patience + with Greece's failure to put its financial affairs in order. On the advice + of the EC Commission, Greece delayed applying for the second installment + until 1993 because of the failure of the government to meet the 1992 + targets. Although MITSOTAKIS faced down the unions in mid-1992 in a dispute + over privatization plans, social security reform, and tax and price + increases, and his new economics czar, Stephanos MANOS, is a respected + economist committed to renovating the ailing economy. However, a national + elections due by May 1994 will probably prompt MITSOTAKIS to backtrack on + economic reform. In 1993, the GDP growth rate likely will remain low; the + inflation rate probably will continue to fall, while remaining the highest + in the EC. +National product: GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $82.9 billion (1992) +National product real growth rate: + 1.2% (1992) +National product per capita: + $8,200 (1992) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 15.6% (1992) +Unemployment rate: + 9.1% (1992) +Budget: + revenues $37.6 billion; expenditures $45.1 billion, including capital + expenditures of $5.4 billion (1993) +Exports: + $6.8 billion (f.o.b., 1991) + commodities: + manufactured goods 53%, foodstuffs 31%, fuels 9% + partners: + Germany 24%, France 18%, Italy 17%, UK 7%, US 6% +Imports: + $21.5 billion (c.i.f., 1991) + commodities: + manufactured goods 71%, foodstuffs 14%, fuels 10% + partners: + Germany 20%, Italy 14%, France 8%, UK 5%, US 4% +External debt: + $23.7 billion (1991) +Industrial production: + growth rate -1.0% (1991); accounts for 20% of GDP +Electricity: + 10,500,000 kW capacity; 36,400 million kWh produced, 3,610 kWh per capita + (1992) + +*Greece, Economy + +Industries: + food and tobacco processing, textiles, chemicals, metal products, tourism, + mining, petroleum +Agriculture: + including fishing and forestry, accounts for 15% of GDP and 27% of the labor + force; principal products - wheat, corn, barley, sugar beets, olives, + tomatoes, wine, tobacco, potatoes; self-sufficient in food except meat, + dairy products, and animal feedstuffs; fish catch of 116,600 metric tons in + 1988 +Illicit drugs: + illicit producer of cannabis and limited opium; mostly for domestic + production; serves as a gateway to Europe for traffickers smuggling cannabis + and heroin from the Middle East and Southwest Asia to the West and precursor + chemicals to the East; transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin + transiting the Balkan route +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-81), $525 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1,390 million +Currency: + 1 drachma (Dr) = 100 lepta +Exchange rates: + drachma (Dr) per US$1 - 215.82 (January 1993), 190.62 (1992), 182.27 (1991), + 158.51 (1990), 162.42 (1989), 141.86 (1988) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +*Greece, Communications + +Railroads: + 2,479 km total; 1,565 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, of which 36 km + electrified and 100 km double track; 892 km 1.000-meter gauge; 22 km + 0.750-meter narrow gauge; all government owned +Highways: + 38,938 km total; 16,090 km paved, 13,676 km crushed stone and gravel, 5,632 + km improved earth, 3,540 km unimproved earth +Inland waterways: + 80 km; system consists of three coastal canals; including the Corinth Canal + (6 km) which crosses the Isthmus of Corinth connecting the Gulf of Corinth + with the Saronic Gulf and shortens the sea voyage from the Adriatic to + Piraievs (Piraeus) by 325 km; and three unconnected rivers +Pipelines: + crude oil 26 km; petroleum products 547 km +Ports: + Piraievs (Piraeus), Thessaloniki +Merchant marine: + 998 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 25,483,768 GRT/47,047,285 DWT; + includes 14 passenger, 66 short-sea passenger, 2 passenger-cargo, 128 cargo, + 26 container, 15 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 14 refrigerated cargo, 1 vehicle + carrier, 214 oil tanker, 19 chemical tanker, 7 liquefied gas, 42 combination + ore/oil, 3 specialized tanker, 424 bulk, 22 combination bulk, 1 livestock + carrier; note - ethnic Greeks also own large numbers of ships under the + registry of Liberia, Panama, Cyprus, Malta, and The Bahamas +Airports: + total: + 78 + usable: + 77 + with permanent-surface runways: + 63 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 20 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 24 +Telecommunications: + adequate, modern networks reach all areas; 4,080,000 telephones; microwave + radio relay carries most traffic; extensive open-wire network; submarine + cables to off-shore islands; broadcast stations - 29 AM, 17 (20 repeaters) + FM, 361 TV; tropospheric links, 8 submarine cables; 1 satellite earth + station operating in INTELSAT (1 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean antenna), + and EUTELSAT systems + +*Greece, Defense Forces + +Branches: + Hellenic Army, Hellenic Navy, Hellenic Air Force, National Guard, Police +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 2,606,267; fit for military service 1,996,835; reach + military age (21) annually 73,541 (1993 est.) +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $4.2 billion, 5.1% of GDP (1992) + +*Greenland, Header + +Affiliation: + (part of the Danish realm) + +*Greenland, Geography + +Location: + in the North Atlantic Ocean, between Canada and Norway +Map references: + Arctic Region, North America, Standard Time Zones of the World +Area: + total area: + 2,175,600 km2 + land area: + 341,700 km2 (ice free) + comparative area: + slightly more than three times the size of Texas +Land boundaries: + 0 km +Coastline: + 44,087 km +Maritime claims: + exclusive fishing zone: + 200 nm + territorial sea: + 3 nm +International disputes: + Denmark has challenged Norway's maritime claims between Greenland and Jan + Mayen +Climate: + arctic to subarctic; cool summers, cold winters +Terrain: + flat to gradually sloping icecap covers all but a narrow, mountainous, + barren, rocky coast +Natural resources: + zinc, lead, iron ore, coal, molybdenum, cryolite, uranium, fish +Land use: + arable land: + 0% + permanent crops: 0% + meadows and pastures: + 1% + forest and woodland: + 0% + other: + 99% +Irrigated land: + NA km2 +Environment: + sparse population confined to small settlements along coast; continuous + permafrost over northern two-thirds of the island +Note: + dominates North Atlantic Ocean between North America and Europe + +*Greenland, People + +Population: + 56,533 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 0.84% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 19.62 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 7.66 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + -3.54 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 28.4 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 66.19 years + male: + 61.79 years + female: + 70.6 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 2.33 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Greenlander(s) + adjective: + Greenlandic +Ethnic divisions: + Greenlander 86% (Eskimos and Greenland-born Caucasians), Danish 14% +Religions: + Evangelical Lutheran +Languages: + Eskimo dialects, Danish +Literacy: + total population: + NA% + male: + NA% female: + NA% +Labor force: + 22,800 + by occupation: + largely engaged in fishing, hunting, sheep breeding + +*Greenland, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + none + conventional short form: + Greenland + local long form: + none + local short form: + Kalaallit Nunaat +Digraph: + GL +Type: + part of the Danish realm; self-governing overseas administrative division +Capital: + Nuuk (Godthab) +Administrative divisions: + 3 municipalities (kommuner, singular - kommun); Nordgronland, Ostgronland, + Vestgronland +Independence: + none (part of the Danish realm; self-governing overseas administrative + division) +Constitution: + Danish +Legal system: + Danish +National holiday: + Birthday of the Queen, 16 April (1940) +Political parties and leaders: + two-party ruling coalition; Siumut (a moderate socialist party that + advocates more distinct Greenlandic identity and greater autonomy from + Denmark), Lars Emil JOHANSEN, chairman; Inuit Ataqatigiit (IA; a + Marxist-Leninist party that favors complete independence from Denmark rather + than home rule), Arqaluk LYNGE; Atassut Party (a more conservative party + that favors continuing close relations with Denmark), leader NA; Polar Party + (conservative-Greenland nationalist), Lars CHEMNITZ; Center Party (a new + nonsocialist protest party), leader NA +Suffrage: + 18 years of age; universal +Elections: + Danish Folketing: + last held on 12 December 1990 (next to be held by December 1994); Greenland + elects two representatives to the Folketing; results - percent of vote by + party NA; seats - (2 total) Siumut 1, Atassut 1 + Landsting: + last held on 5 March 1991 (next to be held 5 March 1995); results - percent + of vote by party NA; seats - (27 total) Siumut 11, Atassut Party 8, Inuit + Ataqatigiit 5, Center Party 2, Polar Party 1 +Executive branch: + Danish monarch, high commissioner, home rule chairman, prime minister, + Cabinet (Landsstyre) +Legislative branch: + unicameral Parliament (Landsting) +Judicial branch: + High Court (Landsret) +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Queen MARGRETHE II (since 14 January 1972), represented by High Commissioner + Torben Hede PEDERSEN (since NA) + +*Greenland, Government + + Head of Government: + Home Rule Chairman Lars Emil JOHANSEN (since 15 March 1991) +Diplomatic representation in US: + none (self-governing overseas administrative division of Denmark) +US diplomatic representation: + none (self-governing overseas administrative division of Denmark) +Flag: + two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and red with a large disk slightly + to the hoist side of center - the top half of the disk is red, the bottom + half is white + +*Greenland, Economy + +Overview: + Greenland's economic situation at present is difficult and unemployment + increases. Prospects for economic growth in the immediate future are not + bright. The Home Rule Government's economic restraint measures introduced in + the late 1980s have assisted in shifting red figures into a balance in the + public budget. Foreign trade produced a surplus in 1989 and 1990, but has + now returned to a deficit. Following the closing of the Black Angel lead and + zinc mine in 1989, Greenland today is fully dependent on fishing and fish + processing, this sector accounting for 95% of exports. Prospects for + fisheries are not bright, as the important shrimp catches will at best + stabilize and cod catches have dropped. Resumption of mining and hydrocarbon + activities is not around the corner, thus leaving only tourism with some + potential for the near future. The public sector in Greenland, i.e. the HRG + and its commercial entities and the municipalities, plays a dominant role in + Greenland accounting for about two thirds of total employment. About half + the government's revenues come from grants from the Danish Government. +National product: + GNP - purchasing power equivalent - $500 million (1988) +National product real growth rate: + -10% (1990) +National product per capita: + $9,000 (1988) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): 1.6% (1991) +Unemployment rate: + 9% (1990 est.) +Budget: + revenues $381 million; expenditures $381 million, including capital + expenditures of $36 million (1989) +Exports: + $340.6 million (f.o.b., 1991) + commodities: + fish and fish products 95% + partners: + Denmark 79%, Benelux 9%, Germany 5% +Imports: + $403 million (c.i.f., 1991) + commodities: + manufactured goods 28%, machinery and transport equipment 24%, food and live + animals 12.4%, petroleum products 12% + partners: + Denmark 65%, Norway 8.8%, US 4.6%, Germany 3.8%, Japan 3.8%, Sweden 2.4% +External debt: + $480 million (1990 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate NA% +Electricity: + 84,000 kW capacity; 176 million kWh produced, 3,060 kWh per capita (1992) +Industries: + fish processing (mainly shrimp), lead and zinc mining, handicrafts, some + small shipyards, potential for platinum and gold mining +Agriculture: + sector dominated by fishing and sheep raising; crops limited to forage and + small garden vegetables; 1988 fish catch of 133,500 metric tons +Economic aid: + none +Currency: + 1 Danish krone (DKr) = 100 re + +*Greenland, Economy + +Exchange rates: + Danish kroner (DKr) per US$1 - 6.236 (January 1993), 6.036 (1992), 6.396 + (1991), 6.189 (1990), 7.310 (1989), 6.732 (1988) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +*Greenland, Communications + +Highways: + 80 km +Ports: + Kangerluarsoruseq (Faeringehavn), Paamiut (Frederikshaab), Nuuk (Godthaab), + Sisimiut (Holsteinsborg), Julianehaab, Maarmorilik, North Star Bay +Airports: total: + 11 + usable: + 8 + with permanent-surface runways: + 5 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 2 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 2 +Telecommunications: + adequate domestic and international service provided by cables and microwave + radio relay; 17,900 telephones; broadcast stations - 5 AM, 7 (35 repeaters) + FM, 4 (9 repeaters) TV; 2 coaxial submarine cables; 1 Atlantic Ocean + INTELSAT earth station + +*Greenland, Defense Forces + +Note: + defense is responsibility of Denmark + +*Grenada, Geography + +Location: + in the eastern Caribbean Sea, about 150 im north of Trinidad and Tobago +Map references: + Central America and the Caribbean, South America, Standard Time Zones of the + World +Area: + total area: + 340 km2 + land area: + 340 km2 + comparative area: + slightly less than twice the size of Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + 0 km +Coastline: + 121 km +Maritime claims: + exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + territorial sea: + 12 nm +International disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical; tempered by northeast trade winds +Terrain: + volcanic in origin with central mountains +Natural resources: + timber, tropical fruit, deepwater harbors +Land use: + arable land: + 15% + permanent crops: + 26% + meadows and pastures: + 3% + forest and woodland: + 9% + other: + 47% +Irrigated land: + NA km2 +Environment: + lies on edge of hurricane belt; hurricane season lasts from June to November +Note: + islands of the Grenadines group are divided politically with Saint Vincent + and the Grenadines + +*Grenada, People + +Population: + 93,830 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 0.24% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 30.85 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 6.46 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + -21.95 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 12.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 70.15 years + male: + 67.79 years + female: + 72.54 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 4 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Grenadian(s) + adjective: + Grenadian +Ethnic divisions: + black African +Religions: + Roman Catholic, Anglican, other Protestant sects +Languages: English (official), French patois +Literacy: + age 15 and over having ever attended school (1970) + total population: + 98% + male: + 98% + female: + 98% +Labor force: + 36,000 + by occupation: + services 31%, agriculture 24%, construction 8%, manufacturing 5%, other 32% + (1985) + +*Grenada, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + none + conventional short form: + Grenada +Digraph: + GJ +Type: + parliamentary democracy +Capital: + Saint George's +Administrative divisions: + 6 parishes and 1 dependency*; Carriacou and Petit Martinique*, Saint Andrew,, Saint David, Saint +George, Saint John, Saint Mark, Saint Patrick +Independence: + 7 February 1974 (from UK) +Constitution: + 19 December 1973 +Legal system: + based on English common law +National holiday: + Independence Day, 7 February (1974) +Political parties and leaders: + National Democratic Congress (NDC), Nicholas BRATHWAITE; Grenada United + Labor Party (GULP), Sir Eric GAIRY; The National Party (TNP), Ben JONES; New + National Party (NNP), Keith MITCHELL; Maurice Bishop Patriotic Movement + (MBPM), Terrence MARRYSHOW; New Jewel Movement (NJM), Bernard COARD +Suffrage: + 18 years of age; universal +Elections: + House of Representatives: + last held on 13 March 1990 (next to be held by NA March 1996); results - + percent of vote by party NA; seats - (15 total) NDC 8, GULP 3, TNP 2, NNP 2 +Executive branch: + British monarch, governor general, prime minister, Ministers of Government + (cabinet) +Legislative branch: bicameral Parliament consists of an upper house or Senate and a lower house + or House of Representatives +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General + Reginald Oswald PALMER (since 6 August 1992) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Nicholas BRATHWAITE (since 13 March 1990) +Member of: + ACP, C, CARICOM, CDB, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, + ILO, IMF, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LAES, LORCS, NAM, OAS, OECS, OPANAL, UN, + UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WTO +Diplomatic representation in US: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Denneth MODESTE + chancery: + 1701 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20009 + telephone: + (202) 265-2561 + +*Grenada, Government + + consulate general: + New York +US diplomatic representation: + chief of mission: + Charge d'Affaires Annette T. VELER + embassy: + Ross Point Inn, Saint George's + mailing address: + P. O. Box 54, Saint George's + telephone: + (809) 444-1173 through 1178 + FAX: + (809) 444-4820 +Flag: + a rectangle divided diagonally into yellow triangles (top and bottom) and + green triangles (hoist side and outer side) with a red border around the + flag; there are seven yellow five-pointed stars with three centered in the + top red border, three centered in the bottom red border, and one on a red + disk superimposed at the center of the flag; there is also a symbolic nutmeg + pod on the hoist-side triangle (Grenada is the world's second-largest + producer of nutmeg, after Indonesia); the seven stars represent the seven + administrative divisions + +*Grenada, Economy + +Overview: + The economy is essentially agricultural and centers on the traditional + production of spices and tropical plants. Agriculture accounts for about 16% + of GDP and 80% of exports and employs 24% of the labor force. Tourism is the + leading foreign exchange earner, followed by agricultural exports. + Manufacturing remains relatively undeveloped, but is expected to grow, given + a more favorable private investment climate since 1983. The economy achieved + an impressive average annual growth rate of 5.5% in 1986-91 but stalled in + 1992. Unemployment remains high at about 25%. +National product: + GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $250 million (1992 est.) +National product real growth rate: + -0.4% (1992 est.) +National product per capita: + $3,000 (1992 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 2.6% (1991 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 25% (1992 est.) +Budget: + revenues $78 million; expenditures $51 million, including capital + expenditures of $22 million (1991 est.) +Exports: + $30 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.) + commodities: + nutmeg 36%, cocoa beans 9%, bananas 14%, mace 8%, textiles 5% + partners: + US 12%, UK, FRG, Netherlands, Trinidad and Tobago (1989) +Imports: + $110 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.) + commodities: + food 25%, manufactured goods 22%, machinery 20%, chemicals 10%, fuel 6% + (1989) + partners: + US 29%, UK, Trinidad and Tobago, Japan, Canada (1989) +External debt: + $104 million (1990 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 5.8% (1989 est.); accounts for 9% of GDP +Electricity: + 12,500 kW capacity; 26 million kWh produced, 310 kWh per capita (1992) +Industries: + food and beverage, textile, light assembly operations, tourism, construction +Agriculture: + accounts for 16% of GDP and 80% of exports; bananas, cocoa, nutmeg, and mace + account for two-thirds of total crop production; world's second-largest + producer and fourth-largest exporter of nutmeg and mace; small-size farms + predominate, growing a variety of citrus fruits, avocados, root crops, + sugarcane, corn, and vegetables +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY84-89), $60 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $70 million; + Communist countries (1970-89), $32 million +Currency: + 1 EC dollar (EC$) = 100 cents +Exchange rates: + East Caribbean dollars (EC$) per US$1 - 2.70 (fixed rate since 1976) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +*Grenada, Communications + +Highways: + 1,000 km total; 600 km paved, 300 km otherwise improved; 100 km unimproved +Ports: + Saint George's +Airports: + total: + 3 + usable: + 3 + with permanent-surface runways: + 2 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 1 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 1 +Telecommunications: + automatic, islandwide telephone system with 5,650 telephones; new SHF radio + links to Trinidad and Tobago and Saint Vincent; VHF and UHF radio links to + Trinidad and Carriacou; broadcast stations - 1 AM, no FM, 1 TV + +*Grenada, Defense Forces + +Branches: + Royal Grenada Police Force, Coast Guard +Manpower availability: + NA +Defense expenditures: + $NA, NA% of GDP + +*Guadeloupe, Header + +Affiliation: + (overseas department of France) + +*Guadeloupe, Geography + +Location: + in the Caribbean Sea, 500 km southeast of Puerto Rico +Map references: + Central America and the Caribbean +Area: + total area: + 1,780 km2 land area: + 1,760 km2 + comparative area: + 10 times the size of Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + 0 km +Coastline: + 306 km +Maritime claims: + exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + territorial sea: + 12 nm +International disputes: + none +Climate: + subtropical tempered by trade winds; relatively high humidity +Terrain: + Basse-Terre is volcanic in origin with interior mountains; Grand-Terre is + low limestone formation +Natural resources: + cultivable land, beaches and climate that foster tourism +Land use: + arable land: + 18% + permanent crops: + 5% + meadows and pastures: + 13% + forest and woodland: + 40% + other: + 24% +Irrigated land: + 30 km2 (1989 est.) +Environment: + subject to hurricanes (June to October); La Soufriere is an active volcano + +*Guadeloupe, People + +Population: + 422,114 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 1.67% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 18.18 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 5.94 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + 4.42 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 9.2 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: 76.72 years + male: + 73.67 years + female: + 79.9 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 2.08 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Guadeloupian(s) + adjective: + Guadeloupe +Ethnic divisions: + black or mulatto 90%, white 5%, East Indian, Lebanese, Chinese less than 5% +Religions: + Roman Catholic 95%, Hindu and pagan African 5% +Languages: + French, creole patois +Literacy: + age 15 and over can read and write (1982) + total population: + 90% + male: + 90% + female: + 91% +Labor force: + 120,000 + by occupation: + services, government, and commerce 53.0%, industry 25.8%, agriculture 21.2% + +*Guadeloupe, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Department of Guadeloupe + conventional short form: + Guadeloupe + local long form: + Departement de la Guadeloupe + local short form: + Guadeloupe +Digraph: + GP +Type: + overseas department of France +Capital: + Basse-Terre +Administrative divisions: + none (overseas department of France) +Independence: + none (overseas department of France) +Constitution: + 28 September 1958 (French Constitution) +Legal system: + French legal system +National holiday: + National Day, Taking of the Bastille, 14 July (1789) +Political parties and leaders: + Rally for the Republic (RPR), Marlene CAPTANT; Communist Party of Guadeloupe + (PCG), Christian Medard CELESTE; Socialist Party (PS), Dominique LARIFLA; + Popular Union for the Liberation of Guadeloupe (UPLG); Independent + Republicans; Union for French Democracy (UDF); Union for the Center Rally + (URC coalition of the PS, RPR, and UDF); Guadeloupe Objective (OG), Lucette + MICHAUX-CHEVRY +Other political or pressure groups: + Popular Union for the Liberation of Guadeloupe (UPLG); Popular Movement for + Independent Guadeloupe (MPGI); General Union of Guadeloupe Workers (UGTG); + General Federation of Guadeloupe Workers (CGT-G); Christian Movement for the + Liberation of Guadeloupe (KLPG) +Suffrage: + 18 years of age; universal +Elections: + French National Assembly: + last held on 5 and 12 June 1988 (next to be held March 1993); Guadeloupe + elects four representatives; results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - + (4 total) PS 2 seats, RPR 1 seat, PCG 1 seat + French Senate: + last held in September 1986 (next to be held September 1995); Guadeloupe + elects two representatives; results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - + (2 total) PCG 1, PS 1 + General Council: + last held 25 September and 8 October 1988 (next to be held by NA 1992); + results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (42 total) PS 26, URC 16 + Regional Council: + last held on 22 March 1992 (next to be held by 16 March 1998); results - OG + 33.1%, PSG 28.7%, PCG 23.8%, UDF 10.7%, other 3.7%; seats - (41 total) OG + 15, PSG 12, PCG 10, UDF 4 +Executive branch: + government commissioner +Legislative branch: + unicameral General Council and unicameral Regional Council + +*Guadeloupe, Government + +Judicial branch: + Court of Appeal (Cour d'Appel) with jurisdiction over Guadeloupe, French + Guiana, and Martinique +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Francois MITTERRAND (since 21 May 1981) + Head of Government: + Prefect Franck PERRIEZ (since NA 1992) +Member of: + FZ, WCL +Diplomatic representation in US: + as an overseas department of France, the interests of Guadeloupe are + represented in the US by France +US diplomatic representation: + none (overseas department of France) +Flag: + the flag of France is used + +*Guadeloupe, Economy + +Overview: + The economy depends on agriculture, tourism, light industry, and services. + It is also dependent upon France for large subsidies and imports. Tourism is + a key industry, with most tourists from the US. In addition, an increasingly + large number of cruise ships visit the islands. The traditionally important + sugarcane crop is slowly being replaced by other crops, such as bananas + (which now supply about 50% of export earnings), eggplant, and flowers. + Other vegetables and root crops are cultivated for local consumption, + although Guadeloupe is still dependent on imported food, which comes mainly + from France. Light industry consists mostly of sugar and rum production. + Most manufactured goods and fuel are imported. Unemployment is especially + high among the young. +National product: + GDP - exchange rate conversion - $1.5 billion (1989) +National product real growth rate: + NA% +National product per capita: + $4,700 (1989) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 3.7% (1990) +Unemployment rate: + 31.3% (1990) +Budget: + revenues $333 million; expenditures $671 million, including capital + expenditures of $NA (1989) +Exports: + $168 million (f.o.b., 1988) + commodities: + bananas, sugar, rum + partners: + France 68%, Martinique 22% (1987) +Imports: + $1.2 billion (c.i.f., 1988) + commodities: + vehicles, foodstuffs, clothing and other consumer goods, construction + materials, petroleum products + partners: + France 64%, Italy, FRG, US (1987) +External debt: + $NA +Industrial production: + growth rate NA% +Electricity: + 171,500 kW capacity; 441 million kWh produced, 1,080 kWh per capita (1992) +Industries: + construction, cement, rum, sugar, tourism +Agriculture: cash crops - bananas, sugarcane; other products include tropical fruits and + vegetables; livestock - cattle, pigs, goats; not self-sufficient in food +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $4 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $8.235 billion +Currency: + 1 French franc (F) = 100 centimes +Exchange rates: + French francs (F) per US$1 - 5.4812 (January 1993), 5.2938 (1992), 5.6421 + (1991), 5.4453 (1990), 6.3801 (1989), 5.9569 (1988) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +*Guadeloupe, Communications + +Railroads: + privately owned, narrow-gauge plantation lines +Highways: + 1,940 km total; 1,600 km paved, 340 km gravel and earth +Ports: + Pointe-a-Pitre, Basse-Terre +Airports: + total: + 9 + usable: + 9 + with permanent-surface runways: + 8 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 1 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 1 +Telecommunications: + domestic facilities inadequate; 57,300 telephones; interisland microwave + radio relay to Antigua and Barbuda, Dominica, and Martinique; broadcast + stations - 2 AM, 8 FM (30 private stations licensed to broadcast FM), 9 TV; + 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT ground station + +*Guadeloupe, Defense Forces + +Branches: + French Forces, Gendarmerie +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 98,069; fit for military service NA (1993 est.) +Note: + defense is responsibility of France + +*Guam, Header + +Affiliation: + (territory of the US) + +*Guam, Geography + +Location: + in the North Pacific Ocean, 5,955 km west-southwest of Honolulu, about + three-quarters of the way between Hawaii and the Philippines +Map references: + Oceania +Area: + total area: + 541.3 km2 + land area: + 541.3 km2 + comparative area: + slightly more than three times the size of Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + 0 km +Coastline: + 125.5 km +Maritime claims: + contiguous zone: + 24 nm + continental shelf: + 200 m or depth of exploitation + exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + territorial sea: + 12 nm +International disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical marine; generally warm and humid, moderated by northeast trade + winds; dry season from January to June, rainy season from July to December; + little seasonal temperature variation +Terrain: + volcanic origin, surrounded by coral reefs; relatively flat coraline + limestone plateau (source of most fresh water) with steep coastal cliffs and + narrow coastal plains in north, low-rising hills in center, mountains in + south +Natural resources: + fishing (largely undeveloped), tourism (especially from Japan) +Land use: + arable land: + 11% + permanent crops: + 11% + meadows and pastures: + 15% + forest and woodland: + 18% + other: 45% +Irrigated land: + NA km2 +Environment: + frequent squalls during rainy season; subject to relatively rare, but + potentially very destructive typhoons (especially in August) +Note: + largest and southernmost island in the Mariana Islands archipelago; + strategic location in western North Pacific Ocean + +*Guam, People + +Population: + 145,935 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 2.53% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 26.16 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 3.86 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + 3 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 15.17 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 74.29 years + male: + 72.42 years + female: + 76.13 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 2.44 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Guamanian(s) + adjective: + Guamanian +Ethnic divisions: + Chamorro 47%, Filipino 25%, Caucasian 10%, Chinese, Japanese, Korean, and + other 18% +Religions: + Roman Catholic 98%, other 2% +Languages: + English, Chamorro, Japanese +Literacy: + age 15 and over can read and write (1980) + total population: + 96% + male: + 96% + female: + 96% +Labor force: 46,930 (1990) + by occupation: + federal and territorial government 40%, private 60% (trade 18%, services + 15.6%, construction 13.8%, other 12.6%) (1990) + +*Guam, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Territory of Guam + conventional short form: + Guam +Digraph: + GQ +Type: + organized, unincorporated territory of the US with policy relations between + Guam and the US under the jurisdiction of the Office of Territorial and + International Affairs, US Department of the Interior +Capital: + Agana +Administrative divisions: + none (territory of the US) +Independence: + none (territory of the US) +Constitution: + Organic Act of 1 August 1950 +Legal system: + modeled on US; federal laws apply +National holiday: + Guam Discovery Day (first Monday in March); Liberation Day, 21 July +Political parties and leaders: + Democratic Party (controls the legislature); Republican Party (party of the + Governor) +Suffrage: + 18 years of age; universal; US citizens, but do not vote in US presidential + elections +Elections: + Governor: + last held on 6 November 1990 (next to be held NA November 1994); results - + Joseph F. ADA reelected + Legislature: + last held on 9 November 1992 (next to be held NA November 1994); results - + percent of vote by party NA; seats - (21 total) Democratic 14, Republican 7 + US House of Representatives: + last held 9 November 1992 (next to be held NA November 1994); Guam elects + one delegate; results - Robert UNDERWOOD was elected as delegate; seats - (1 + total) Democrat 1 +Executive branch: + US president, governor, lieutenant governor, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + unicameral Legislature +Judicial branch: + Federal District Court, Territorial Superior Court +Leaders: Chief of State: + President William Jefferson CLINTON (since 20 January 1993); Vice President + Albert GORE, Jr. (since 20 January 1993) + Head of Government: + Governor Joseph A. ADA (since November 1986); Lieutenant Governor Frank F. + BLAS (since NA) +Member of: + ESCAP (associate), IOC, SPC +Diplomatic representation in US: + none (territory of the US) + +*Guam, Government + +Flag: + territorial flag is dark blue with a narrow red border on all four sides; + centered is a red-bordered, pointed, vertical ellipse containing a beach + scene, outrigger canoe with sail, and a palm tree with the word GUAM + superimposed in bold red letters; US flag is the national flag + +*Guam, Economy + +Overview: + The economy depends mainly on US military spending and on revenues from + tourism. Over the past 20 years the tourist industry has grown rapidly, + creating a construction boom for new hotels and the expansion of older ones. + Visitors numbered about 900,000 in 1992. About 60% of the labor force works + for the private sector and the rest for government. Most food and industrial + goods are imported, with about 75% from the US. +National product: + GNP - purchasing power equivalent - $2 billion (1991 est.) +National product real growth rate: + NA% +National product per capita: + $14,000 (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 4% (1992 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 2% (1992 est.) +Budget: + revenues $525 million; expenditures $395 million, including capital + expenditures of $NA +Exports: + $34 million (f.o.b., 1984) + commodities: + mostly transshipments of refined petroleum products, construction materials, + fish, food and beverage products + partners: + US 25%, Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands 63%, other 12% +Imports: + $493 million (c.i.f., 1984) + commodities: + petroleum and petroleum products, food, manufactured goods + partners: + US 23%, Japan 19%, other 58% +External debt: + $NA +Industrial production: + growth rate NA% +Electricity: + 500,000 kW capacity; 2,300 million kWh produced, 16,300 kWh per capita + (1990) +Industries: + US military, tourism, construction, transshipment services, concrete + products, printing and publishing, food processing, textiles +Agriculture: + relatively undeveloped with most food imported; fruits, vegetables, eggs, + pork, poultry, beef, copra +Economic aid: + although Guam receives no foreign aid, it does receive large transfer + payments from the general revenues of the US Federal Treasury into which + Guamanians pay no income or excise taxes; under the provisions of a special + law of Congress, the Guamanian Treasury, rather than the US Treasury, + receives federal income taxes paid by military and civilian Federal + employees stationed in Guam +Currency: + US currency is used +Fiscal year: + 1 October - 30 September + +*Guam, Communications + +Highways: + 674 km all-weather roads +Ports: + Apra Harbor +Airports: + total: + 5 + usable: + 4 + with permanent-surface runways: + 3 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 3 + with runways 1,200-2,439 m: + 0 +Telecommunications: + 26,317 telephones (1989); broadcast stations - 3 AM, 3 FM, 3 TV; 2 Pacific + Ocean INTELSAT ground stations + +*Guam, Defense Forces + +Note: + defense is the responsibility of the US + +*Guatemala, Geography + +Location: + Central America, between Honduras and Mexico +Map references: + Central America and the Caribbean, North America, Standard Time Zones of the + World +Area: + total area: + 108,890 km2 + land area: + 108,430 km2 + comparative area: + slightly smaller than Tennessee +Land boundaries: + total 1,687 km, Belize 266 km, El Salvador 203 km, Honduras 256 km, Mexico + 962 km +Coastline: + 400 km +Maritime claims: + continental shelf: + the outer edge of the continental shelf + exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + territorial sea: + 12 nm +International disputes: + border with Belize in dispute; negotiations to resolve the dispute have + begun +Climate: + tropical; hot, humid in lowlands; cooler in highlands +Terrain: + mostly mountains with narrow coastal plains and rolling limestone plateau + (Peten) +Natural resources: + petroleum, nickel, rare woods, fish, chicle +Land use: + arable land: + 12% + permanent crops: + 4% + meadows and pastures: + 12% + forest and woodland: + 40% + other: + 32% +Irrigated land: + 780 km2 (1989 est.) +Environment: + numerous volcanoes in mountains, with frequent violent earthquakes; + Caribbean coast subject to hurricanes and other tropical storms; + deforestation; soil erosion; water pollution +Note: + no natural harbors on west coast + +*Guatemala, People + +Population: + 10,446,015 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 2.63% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 36.19 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 7.74 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + -2.18 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 55.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 63.99 years + male: + 61.46 years + female: + 66.65 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 4.9 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Guatemalan(s) + adjective: + Guatemalan +Ethnic divisions: + Ladino 56% (mestizo - mixed Indian and European ancestry), Indian 44% +Religions: + Roman Catholic, Protestant, traditional Mayan +Languages: + Spanish 60%, Indian language 40% (18 Indian dialects, including Quiche, + Cakchiquel, Kekchi) +Literacy: + age 15 and over can read and write (1990) + total population: + 55% + male: + 63% + female: + 47% +Labor force: + 2.5 million + by occupation: + agriculture 60%, services 13%, manufacturing 12%, commerce 7%, construction + 4%, transport 3%, utilities 0.8%, mining 0.4% (1985) + +*Guatemala, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Republic of Guatemala + conventional short form: + Guatemala + local long form: + Republica de Guatemala + local short form: + Guatemala +Digraph: + GT +Type: + republic +Capital: + Guatemala +Administrative divisions: + 22 departments (departamentos, singular - departamento); Alta Verapaz, Baja + Verapaz, Chimaltenango, Chiquimula, El Progreso, Escuintla, Guatemala, + Huehuetenango, Izabal, Jalapa, Jutiapa, Peten, Quetzaltenango, Quiche, + Retalhuleu, Sacatepequez, San Marcos, Santa Rosa, Solola, Suchitepequez, + Totonicapan, Zacapa +Independence: + 15 September 1821 (from Spain) +Constitution: + 31 May 1985, effective 14 January 1986 + note: + suspended on 25 May 1993 by President SERRANO; reinstated on 5 June 1993 + following ouster of president +Legal system: + civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts; has not accepted + compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + Independence Day, 15 September (1821) +Political parties and leaders: + National Centrist Union (UCN), Jorge CARPIO Nicolle; Solidarity Action + Movement (MAS), Jorge SERRANO Elias; Christian Democratic Party (DCG), + Alfonso CABRERA Hidalgo; National Advancement Party (PAN), Alvaro ARZU + Irigoyen; National Liberation Movement (MLN), Mario SANDOVAL Alarcon; Social + Democratic Party (PSD), Mario SOLARZANO Martinez; Popular Alliance 5 (AP-5), + Max ORLANDO Molina; Revolutionary Party (PR), Carlos CHAVARRIA; National + Authentic Center (CAN), Hector MAYORA Dawe; Democratic Institutional Party + (PID), Oscar RIVAS; Nationalist United Front (FUN), Gabriel GIRON; + Guatemalan Republican Front (FRG), Efrain RIOS Montt +Other political or pressure groups: + Federated Chambers of Commerce and Industry (CACIF); Mutual Support Group + (GAM); Agrarian Owners Group (UNAGRO); Committee for Campesino Unity (CUC); + leftist guerrilla movement known as Guatemalan National Revolutionary Union + (URNG) has four main factions - Guerrilla army of the Poor (EGP); + Revolutionary Organization of the People in Arms (ORPA); Rebel Armed Forces + (FAR); Guatemalan Labor Party (PGT/O) +Suffrage: + 18 years of age; universal +Elections: + Congress: + last held on 11 November 1990 (next to be held 11 November 1995); results - + UCN 25.6%, MAS 24.3%, DCG 17.5%, PAN 17.3%, MLN 4.8%, PSD/AP-5 3.6%, PR + 2.1%; seats - (116 total) UCN 38, DCG 27, MAS 18, PAN 12, Pro - Rios Montt + 10, MLN 4, PR 1, PSD/AP-5 1, independent 5 + +*Guatemala, Government + + President: + runoff held on 11 January 1991 (next to be held 11 November 1995); results - + Jorge SERRANO Elias (MAS) 68.1%, Jorge CARPIO Nicolle (UCN) 31.9% + note: + President SERRANO resigned on 1 June 1993 shortly after dissolving Congress + and the judiciary; on 6 June 1993, Ramiro DE LEON Carpio was chosen as the + new president by a vote of Congress; he will finish off the remainder of + SERRANO's five-year term which expires in 1995 +Executive branch: + president, vice president, Council of Ministers (cabinet) +Legislative branch: + unicameral Congress of the Republic (Congreso de la Republica) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court of Justice (Corte Suprema de Justicia) +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + President Ramiro DE LEON Carpio (since 6 June 1993); Vice President Arturo + HERBRUGER (since 18 June 1993) +Member of: + BCIE, CACM, CCC, ECLAC, FAO, G-24, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, + ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ITU, + LAES, LAIA (observer), LORCS, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, + UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO +Diplomatic representation in US: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Juan Jose CASO-FANJUL + chancery: + 2220 R Street NW, Washington, DC 20008 + telephone: + (202) 745-4952 through 4954 + consulates general: + Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New Orleans, New York, and San + Francisco +US diplomatic representation: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Marilyn MCAFEE (since 28 May 1993) + embassy: + 7-01 Avenida de la Reforma, Zone 10, Guatemala City + mailing address: + APO AA 34024 + telephone: + [502] (2) 31-15-41 + FAX: + [502] (2) 318855 +Flag: three equal vertical bands of light blue (hoist side), white, and light blue + with the coat of arms centered in the white band; the coat of arms includes + a green and red quetzal (the national bird) and a scroll bearing the + inscription LIBERTAD 15 DE SEPTIEMBRE DE 1821 (the original date of + independence from Spain) all superimposed on a pair of crossed rifles and a + pair of crossed swords and framed by a wreath + +*Guatemala, Economy + +Overview: + The economy is based on family and corporate agriculture, which accounts for + 26% of GDP, employs about 60% of the labor force, and supplies two-thirds of + exports. Manufacturing, predominantly in private hands, accounts for about + 18% of GDP and 12% of the labor force. In both 1990 and 1991, the economy + grew by 3%, the fourth and fifth consecutive years of mild growth. In 1992 + growth picked up to 4% as government policies favoring competition and + foreign trade and investment took stronger hold. +National product: + GDP - exchange rate conversion - $12.6 billion (1992 est.) +National product real growth rate: + 4.2% (1992) +National product per capita: + $1,300 (1992 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 14% (1992 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 6.5% (1991 est.), with 30-40% underemployment +Budget: + revenues $604 million; expenditures $808 million, including capital + expenditures of $134 million (1990 est.) +Exports: + $1.3 billion (f.o.b., 1992) + commodities: + coffee 26%, sugar 13%, bananas 7%, beef 3% + partners: + US 36%, El Salvador, Costa Rica, Germany, Honduras +Imports: + $1.8 billion (c.i.f., 1992) + commodities: + fuel and petroleum products, machinery, grain, fertilizers, motor vehicles + partners: + US 40%, Mexico, Venezuela, Japan, Germany +External debt: + $2.5 billion (December 1992 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 1.9% (1991 est.); accounts for 18% of GDP +Electricity: + 847,600 kW capacity; 2,500 million kWh produced, 260 kWh per capita (1992) +Industries: + sugar, textiles and clothing, furniture, chemicals, petroleum, metals, + rubber, tourism +Agriculture: + accounts for 26% of GDP; most important sector of economy; contributes + two-thirds of export earnings; principal crops - sugarcane, corn, bananas, + coffee, beans, cardamom; livestock - cattle, sheep, pigs, chickens; food + importer +Illicit drugs: + illicit producer of opium poppy and cannabis for the international drug + trade; the government has an active eradication program for cannabis and + opium poppy; transit country for cocaine shipments +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-90), $1.1 billion; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $7.92 billion +Currency: + 1 quetzal (Q) = 100 centavos + +*Guatemala, Economy + +Exchange rates: + free market quetzales (Q) per US$1 - 5.2850 (December 1993), 5.1706 (1992), + 5.0289 (1991), 2.8161 (1989), 2.6196 (1988); note - black-market rate 2.800 + (May 1989) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +*Guatemala, Communications + +Railroads: + 1,019 km 0.914-meter gauge, single track; 917 km government owned, 102 km + privately owned +Highways: + 26,429 km total; 2,868 km paved, 11,421 km gravel, and 12,140 unimproved +Inland waterways: + 260 km navigable year round; additional 730 km navigable during high-water + season +Pipelines: + crude oil 275 km +Ports: + Puerto Barrios, Puerto Quetzal, Santo Tomas de Castilla +Merchant marine: + 1 cargo ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 4,129 GRT/6,450 DWT +Airports: + total: + 474 + usable: + 418 + with permanent-surface runways: + 11 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 3 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 21 +Telecommunications: + fairly modern network centered in Guatemala [city]; 97,670 telephones; + broadcast stations - 91 AM, no FM, 25 TV, 15 shortwave; connection into + Central American Microwave System; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station + +*Guatemala, Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy, Air Force +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 2,410,760; fit for military service 1,576,569; reach + military age (18) annually 115,178 (1993 est.) +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $121 million, 1% of GDP (1993) + +*Guernsey, Header + +Affiliation: + (British crown dependency) + +*Guernsey, Geography + +Location: + in the English Channel, 52 km west of France between UK and France +Map references: + Europe +Area: + total area: + 194 km2 + land area: + 194 km2 + comparative area: + slightly larger than Washington, DC + note: + includes Alderney, Guernsey, Herm, Sark, and some other smaller islands +Land boundaries: + 0 km +Coastline: + 50 km +Maritime claims: + exclusive fishing zone: + 200 nm + territorial sea: + 3 nm +International disputes: + none +Climate: + temperate with mild winters and cool summers; about 50% of days are overcast +Terrain: + mostly level with low hills in southwest +Natural resources: + cropland +Land use: + arable land: + NA% + permanent crops: + NA% + meadows and pastures: + NA% + forest and woodland: + NA% + other: + NA% +Irrigated land: + NA km2 +Environment: + large, deepwater harbor at Saint Peter Port + +*Guernsey, People + +Population: + 63,075 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 1.02% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 13.1 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 10.08 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + 7.23 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 6.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 77.96 years + male: + 75.27 years + female: + 80.68 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 1.66 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Channel Islander(s) + adjective: + Channel Islander +Ethnic divisions: + UK and Norman-French descent +Religions: + Anglican, Roman Catholic, Presbyterian, Baptist, Congregational, Methodist +Languages: + English, French; Norman-French dialect spoken in country districts +Literacy: + total population: + NA% + male: NA% + female: + NA% +Labor force: + NA + +*Guernsey, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Bailiwick of Guernsey + conventional short form: + Guernsey +Digraph: + GK +Type: + British crown dependency +Capital: + Saint Peter Port +Administrative divisions: + none (British crown dependency) +Independence: + none (British crown dependency) +Constitution: + unwritten; partly statutes, partly common law and practice +Legal system: + English law and local statute; justice is administered by the Royal Court +National holiday: + Liberation Day, 9 May (1945) +Political parties and leaders: + none; all independents +Suffrage: + 18 years of age; universal +Elections: + Assembly of the States: + last held NA (next to be held NA); results - no percent of vote by party + since all are independents; seats - (60 total, 33 elected), all independents +Executive branch: + British monarch, lieutenant governor, bailiff, deputy bailiff +Legislative branch: + unicameral Assembly of the States +Judicial branch: + Royal Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952) + Head of Government: + Lieutenant Governor and Commander in Chief Lt. Gen. Sir Michael WILKINS + (since NA 1990); Bailiff Mr. Graham Martyn DOREY (since February 1992) +Member of: + none +Diplomatic representation in US: + none (British crown dependency) +US diplomatic representation: none (British crown dependency) +Flag: + white with the red cross of Saint George (patron saint of England) extending + to the edges of the flag + +*Guernsey, Economy + +Overview: + Tourism is a major source of revenue. Other economic activity includes + financial services, breeding the world-famous Guernsey cattle, and growing + tomatoes and flowers for export. +National product: + GDP - $NA +National product real growth rate: + 9% (1987) +National product per capita: + $NA +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 7% (1988) +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $208.9 million; expenditures $173.9 million, including capital + expenditures of $NA (1988) +Exports: + $NA + commodities: + tomatoes, flowers and ferns, sweet peppers, eggplant, other vegetables + partners: + UK (regarded as internal trade) +Imports: + $NA + commodities: + coal, gasoline, and oil + partners: + UK (regarded as internal trade) +External debt: + $NA +Industrial production: + growth rate NA% +Electricity: + 173,000 kW capacity; 525 million kWh produced, 9,060 kWh per capita (1992) +Industries: + tourism, banking +Agriculture: + tomatoes, flowers (mostly grown in greenhouses), sweet peppers, eggplant, + other vegetables, fruit; Guernsey cattle +Economic aid: + none +Currency: + 1 Guernsey (#G) pound = 100 pence +Exchange rates: + Guernsey pounds (#G) per US$1 - 0.6527 (January 1993), 0.5664 (1992), 0.5652 + (1991), 0.5603 (1990), 0.6099 (1989), 0.5614 (1988); note - the Guernsey + pound is at par with the British pound +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +*Guernsey, Communications + +Ports: + Saint Peter Port, Saint Sampson +Airports: + total: + 2 + useable: + 2 + with permanent-surface runways: + 2 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 1 +Telecommunications: + broadcast stations - 1 AM, no FM, 1 TV; 41,900 telephones; 1 submarine cable + +*Guernsey, Defense Forces + +Note: + defense is the responsibility of the UK + +*Guinea, Geography + +Location: + Western Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean between Guinea-Bissau and + Sierra Leone +Map references: + Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World +Area: + total area: + 245,860 km2 + land area: + 245,860 km2 + comparative area: + slightly smaller than Oregon +Land boundaries: + total 3,399 km, Guinea-Bissau 386 km, Cote d'Ivoire 610 km, Liberia 563 km, + Mali 858 km, Senegal 330 km, Sierra Leone 652 km +Coastline: + 320 km +Maritime claims: + exclusive economic zone: 200 nm + territorial sea: + 12 nm +International disputes: + none +Climate: + generally hot and humid; monsoonal-type rainy season (June to November) with + southwesterly winds; dry season (December to May) with northeasterly + harmattan winds +Terrain: + generally flat coastal plain, hilly to mountainous interior +Natural resources: + bauxite, iron ore, diamonds, gold, uranium, hydropower, fish +Land use: + arable land: + 6% + permanent crops: + 0% + meadows and pastures: + 12% + forest and woodland: + 42% + other: + 40% +Irrigated land: + 240 km2 (1989 est.) +Environment: + hot, dry, dusty harmattan haze may reduce visibility during dry season; + deforestation + +*Guinea, People + +Population: + 6,236,506 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 2.46% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 44.76 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 20.13 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 141.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 43.68 years + male: + 41.49 years + female: + 45.93 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 5.9 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: noun: + Guinean(s) + adjective: + Guinean +Ethnic divisions: + Fulani 35%, Malinke 30%, Soussou 20%, indigenous tribes 15% +Religions: + Muslim 85%, Christian 8%, indigenous beliefs 7% +Languages: + French (official); each tribe has its own language +Literacy: + age 15 and over can read and write (1990) + total population: + 24% + male: + 35% + female: + 13% +Labor force: + 2.4 million (1983) + by occupation: + agriculture 82.0%, industry and commerce 11.0%, services 5.4% + note: + 88,112 civil servants (1987); 52% of population of working age (1985) + +*Guinea, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Republic of Guinea + conventional short form: + Guinea + local long form: + Republique de Guinee + local short form: + Guinee + former: + French Guinea +Digraph: + GV +Type: + republic +Capital: + Conakry +Administrative divisions: + 33 administrative regions (regions administratives, singular - region + administrative); Beyla, Boffa, Boke, Conakry, Coyah, Dabola, Dalaba, + Dinguiraye, Faranah, Forecariah, Fria, Gaoual, Gueckedou, Kankan, Kerouane, + Kindia, Kissidougou, Koubia, Koundara, Kouroussa, Labe, Lelouma, Lola, + Macenta, Mali, Mamou, Mandiana, Nzerekore, Pita, Siguiri, Telimele, Tougue, + Yomou +Independence: + 2 October 1958 (from France) +Constitution: 23 December 1990 (Loi Fundamentale) +Legal system: + based on French civil law system, customary law, and decree; legal codes + currently being revised; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + Anniversary of the Second Republic, 3 April (1984) +Political parties and leaders: + political parties were legalized on 1 April 1992 + pro-government: + Party for Unity and Progress (PUP), leader NA + other: + Rally for the Guinean People (RPG), Alpha CONDE; Union for a New Republic + (UNR), Mamadon BAH; Party for Renewal and Progress (PRP), Siradion DIALLO +Suffrage: + none +Elections: + none +Executive branch: + president, Transitional Committee for National Recovery (Comite + Transitionale de Redressement National or CTRN) replaced the Military + Committee for National Recovery (Comite Militaire de Redressement National + or CMRN); Council of Ministers (cabinet) +Legislative branch: + unicameral People's National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale Populaire) was + dissolved after the 3 April 1984 coup; framework established in December + 1991 for a new National Assembly with 114 seats +Judicial branch: + Court of Appeal (Cour d'Appel) +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + Gen. Lansana CONTE (since 5 April 1984) + +*Guinea, Government + +Member of: + ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CCC, CEAO (observer), ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, + IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO + (correspondent), ITU, LORCS, MINURSO, NAM, OAU, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, + UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation in US: + chief of mission: + (vacant); Charge d'Affaires ad interim Ansoumane CAMARA + chancery: + 2112 Leroy Place NW, Washington, DC 20008 + telephone: + (202) 483-9420 +US diplomatic representation: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Dane F. SMITH, Jr. + embassy: + 2nd Boulevard and 9th Avenue, Conakry + mailing address: + B. P. 603, Conakry + telephone: (224) 44-15-20 through 24 + FAX: + (224) 44-15-22 +Flag: + three equal vertical bands of red (hoist side), yellow, and green; uses the + popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia; similar to the flag of Rwanda, which + has a large black letter R centered in the yellow band + +*Guinea, Economy + +Overview: + Although possessing many natural resources and considerable potential for + agricultural development, Guinea is one of the poorest countries in the + world. The agricultural sector contributes about 40% to GDP and employs more + than 80% of the work force, while industry accounts for 27% of GDP. Guinea + possesses over 25% of the world's bauxite reserves; exports of bauxite and + alumina accounted for about 70% of total exports in 1989. +National product: + GDP - exchange rate conversion - $3 billion (1990 est.) +National product real growth rate: + 4.3% (1990 est.) +National product per capita: + $410 (1990 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 19.6% (1990 est.) +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $449 million; expenditures $708 million, including capital + expenditures of $361 million (1990 est.) +Exports: + $788 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.) + commodities: + alumina, bauxite, diamonds, coffee, pineapples, bananas, palm kernels + partners: + US 33%, EC 33%, USSR and Eastern Europe 20%, Canada +Imports: + $692 million (c.i.f., 1990 est.) + commodities: + petroleum products, metals, machinery, transport equipment, foodstuffs, + textiles, and other grain + partners: + US 16%, France, Brazil +External debt: + $2.6 billion (1990 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate NA%; accounts for 27% of GDP +Electricity: + 113,000 kW capacity; 300 million kWh produced, 40 kWh per capita (1989) +Industries: + bauxite mining, alumina, gold, diamond mining, light manufacturing and + agricultural processing industries +Agriculture: + accounts for 40% of GDP (includes fishing and forestry); mostly subsistence + farming; principal products - rice, coffee, pineapples, palm kernels, + cassava, bananas, sweet potatoes, timber; livestock - cattle, sheep and + goats; not self-sufficient in food grains +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $227 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1,465 million; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $120 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $446 + million +Currency: + 1 Guinean franc (FG) = 100 centimes +Exchange rates: + Guinean francs (FG) per US$1 - 675 (1990), 618 (1989), 515 (1988), 440 + (1987), 383 (1986) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +*Guinea, Communications + +Railroads: + 1,045 km; 806 km 1.000-meter gauge, 239 km 1.435-meter standard gauge +Highways: + 30,100 km total; 1,145 km paved, 12,955 km gravel or laterite (of which + barely 4,500 km are currently all-weather roads), 16,000 km unimproved earth + (1987) +Inland waterways: + 1,295 km navigable by shallow-draft native craft +Ports: + Conakry, Kamsar +Airports: + total: + 15 + usable: + 15 + with permanent-surface runways: + 4 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 3 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 10 +Telecommunications: + poor to fair system of open-wire lines, small radiocommunication stations, + and new radio relay system; 15,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 3 AM 1 + FM, 1 TV; 65,000 TV sets; 200,000 radio receivers; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT + earth station + +*Guinea, Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy (acts primarily as a coast guard), Air Force, Presidential Guard, + Republican Guard, paramilitary National Gendarmerie, National Police Force +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 1,403,776; fit for military service 708,078 (1993 est.) +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $29 million, 1.2% of GDP (1988) + +*Guinea-Bissau, Geography + +Location: + Western Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean between Guinea and + Senegal +Map references: + Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World +Area: + total area: + 36,120 km2 + land area: + 28,000 km2 + comparative area: + slightly less than three times the size of Connecticut +Land boundaries: + total 724 km, Guinea 386 km, Senegal 338 km +Coastline: + 350 km +Maritime claims: + exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + territorial sea: + 12 nm +International disputes: + the International Court of Justice (ICJ) on 12 November 1991 rendered its + decision on the Guinea-Bissau/Senegal maritime boundary in favor of Senegal +Climate: + tropical; generally hot and humid; monsoonal-type rainy season (June to + November) with southwesterly winds; dry season (December to May) with + northeasterly harmattan winds +Terrain: + mostly low coastal plain rising to savanna in east +Natural resources: + unexploited deposits of petroleum, bauxite, phosphates, fish, timber +Land use: + arable land: + 11% + permanent crops: + 1% + meadows and pastures: + 43% + forest and woodland: + 38% + other: + 7% +Irrigated land: + NA km2 +Environment: + hot, dry, dusty harmattan haze may reduce visibility during dry season + +*Guinea-Bissau, People + +Population: + 1,072,439 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 2.38% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 41.26 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 17.45 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 122.1 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 47.03 years + male: + 45.38 years + female: + 48.73 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 5.6 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Guinea-Bissauan(s) + adjective: + Guinea-Bissauan +Ethnic divisions: + African 99% (Balanta 30%, Fula 20%, Manjaca 14%, Mandinga 13%, Papel 7%), + European and mulatto less than 1% +Religions: + indigenous beliefs 65%, Muslim 30%, Christian 5% +Languages: + Portuguese (official), Criolo, African languages +Literacy: + age 15 and over can read and write (1990) + total population: + 36% + male: + 50% + female: + 24% +Labor force: + 403,000 (est.) + by occupation: + agriculture 90%, industry, services, and commerce 5%, government 5% + note: + population of working age 53% (1983) + +*Guinea-Bissau, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Republic of Guinea-Bissau + conventional short form: + Guinea-Bissau + local long form: + Republica de Guine-Bissau + local short form: + Guine-Bissau + former: + Portuguese Guinea +Digraph: + PU +Type: + republic highly centralized multiparty since mid-1991; the African Party for + the Independence of Guinea-Bissau and Cape Verde (PAIGC) held an + extraordinary party congress in December 1990 and established a two-year + transition program during which the constitution will be revised, allowing + for multiple political parties and a presidential election in 1993 +Capital: + Bissau +Administrative divisions: + 9 regions (regioes, singular - regiao); Bafata, Biombo, Bissau, Bolama, + Cacheu, Gabu, Oio, Quinara, Tombali +Independence: + 10 September 1974 (from Portugal) +Constitution: + 16 May 1984 +Legal system: + NA +National holiday: + Independence Day, 10 September (1974) +Political parties and leaders: + African Party for the Independence of Guinea-Bissau and Cape Verde (PAIGC), + President Joao Bernardo VIEIRA, leader; Democratic Social Front (FDS), + Rafael BARBOSA, leader; Bafata Movement, Domingos Fernandes GARNER, leader; + Democratic Front, Aristides MENEZES, leader + note: + PAIGC is still the major party (of 10 parties) and controls all aspects of + the government +Suffrage: + 15 years of age; universal +Elections: + National People's Assembly: + last held 15 June 1989 (next to be held 15 June 1994); results - PAIGC is + the only party; seats - (150 total) PAIGC 150, appointed by Regional + Councils + President of Council of State: + last held 19 June 1989 (next to be held NA 1993); results - Gen. Joao + Bernardo VIEIRA was reelected without opposition by the National People's + Assembly +Executive branch: + president of the Council of State, vice presidents of the Council of State, + Council of State, Council of Ministers (cabinet) +Legislative branch: unicameral National People's Assembly (Assembleia Nacional Popular) +Judicial branch: + none; there is a Ministry of Justice in the Council of Ministers + +*Guinea-Bissau, Government + +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + President of the Council of State Gen. Joao Bernardo VIEIRA (assumed power + 14 November 1980 and elected President of Council of State on 16 May 1984) +Member of: + ACCT (associate), ACP, AfDB, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB, + IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, IOM (observer), ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, OIC, UN, + UNAVEM II, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNOMOZ, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation in US: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Alfredo Lopes CABRAL + chancery: + 918 16th Street NW, Mezzanine Suite, Washington, DC 20006 + telephone: + (202) 872-4222 +US diplomatic representation: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Roger A. MAGUIRE + embassy: + 17 Avenida Domingos Ramos, Bissau + mailing address: + 1067 Bissau Codex, Bissau + telephone: + [245] 20-1139, 20-1145, 20-1113 + FAX: + [245] 20-1159 +Flag: + two equal horizontal bands of yellow (top) and green with a vertical red + band on the hoist side; there is a black five-pointed star centered in the + red band; uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia; similar to the + flag of Cape Verde, which has the black star raised above the center of the + red band and is framed by two corn stalks and a yellow clam shell + +*Guinea-Bissau, Economy + +Overview: + Guinea-Bissau ranks among the poorest countries in the world, with a per + capita GDP of roughly $200. Agriculture and fishing are the main economic + activities. Cashew nuts, peanuts, and palm kernels are the primary exports. + Exploitation of known mineral deposits is unlikely at present because of a + weak infrastructure and the high cost of development. The government's + four-year plan (1988-91) targeted agricultural development as the top + priority. +National product: + GDP - exchange rate conversion - $210 million (1991 est.) +National product real growth rate: 2.3% (1991 est.) +National product per capita: + $210 (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 55% (1991 est.) +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $33.6 million; expenditures $44.8 million, including capital + expenditures of $.57 million (1991 est.) +Exports: + $20.4 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.) + commodities: + cashews, fish, peanuts, palm kernels + partners: + Portugal, Senegal, France, The Gambia, Netherlands, Spain +Imports: + $63.5 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.) + commodities: + capital equipment, consumer goods, semiprocessed goods, foods, petroleum + partners: + Portugal, Netherlands, Senegal, USSR, Germany +External debt: + $462 million (December 1990 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 1.0% (1989 est.); accounts for 10% of GDP (1989 est.) +Electricity: + 22,000 kW capacity; 30 million kWh produced, 30 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + agricultural processing, beer, soft drinks +Agriculture: + accounts for over 50% of GDP, nearly 100% of exports, and 90% of employment; + rice is the staple food; other crops include corn, beans, cassava, cashew + nuts, peanuts, palm kernels, and cotton; not self-sufficient in food; + fishing and forestry potential not fully exploited +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $49 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $615 million; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $41 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $68 + million +Currency: + 1 Guinea-Bissauan peso (PG) = 100 centavos +Exchange rates: + Guinea-Bissauan pesos (PG) per US$1 - 1987.2 (1989), 1363.6 (1988), 851.65 + (1987), 238.98 (1986) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +*Guinea-Bissau, Communications + +Highways: + 3,218 km; 2,698 km bituminous, remainder earth +Inland waterways: + scattered stretches are important to coastal commerce +Ports: + Bissau +Airports: + total: + 33 + usable: + 15 + with permanent-surface runways: + 4 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 1 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 5 +Telecommunications: + poor system of radio relay, open-wire lines, and radiocommunications; 3,000 + telephones; broadcast stations - 2 AM, 3 FM, 1 TV + +*Guinea-Bissau, Defense Forces + +Branches: + People's Revolutionary Armed Force (FARP; including Army, Navy, Air Force), + paramilitary force +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 235,931; fit for military service 134,675 (1993 est.) +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $9.3 million, 5%-6% of GDP (1987) + +*Guyana, Geography + +Location: + Northern South America, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean between Suriname + and Venezuela +Map references: + South America, Standard Time Zones of the World +Area: + total area: + 214,970 km2 + land area: + 196,850 km2 + comparative area: + slightly smaller than Idaho +Land boundaries: + total 2,462 km, Brazil 1,119 km, Suriname 600 km, Venezuela 743 km +Coastline: + 459 km +Maritime claims: + continental shelf: + 200 nm or the outer edge of continental margin + exclusive fishing zone: + 200 nm + territorial sea: + 12 nm +International disputes: + all of the area west of the Essequibo River claimed by Venezuela; Suriname + claims area between New (Upper Courantyne) and Courantyne/Koetari Rivers + (all headwaters of the Courantyne) +Climate: + tropical; hot, humid, moderated by northeast trade winds; two rainy seasons + (May to mid-August, mid-November to mid-January) +Terrain: + mostly rolling highlands; low coastal plain; savanna in south +Natural resources: + bauxite, gold, diamonds, hardwood timber, shrimp, fish +Land use: + arable land: + 3% + permanent crops: + 0% + meadows and pastures: + 6% + forest and woodland: + 83% + other: + 8% +Irrigated land: + 1,300 km2 (1989 est.) +Environment: + flash floods a constant threat during rainy seasons; water pollution + +*Guyana, People + +Population: + 734,640 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + -0.68% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 20.47 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 7.39 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + -19.89 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 49.3 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 64.7 years + male: + 61.46 years + female: + 68.1 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 2.35 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: Guyanese (singular and plural) + adjective: + Guyanese +Ethnic divisions: + East Indian 51%, black and mixed 43%, Amerindian 4%, European and Chinese 2% +Religions: + Christian 57%, Hindu 33%, Muslim 9%, other 1% +Languages: + English, Amerindian dialects +Literacy: + age 15 and over having ever attended scool (1990) + total population: + 95% + male: + 98% + female: + 96% +Labor force: + 268,000 + by occupation: + industry and commerce 44.5%, agriculture 33.8%, services 21.7% + note: + public-sector employment amounts to 60-80% of the total labor force (1985) + +*Guyana, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Co-operative Republic of Guyana + conventional short form: + Guyana + former: + British Guiana +Digraph: + GY +Type: + republic +Capital: + Georgetown +Administrative divisions: + 10 regions; Barima-Waini, Cuyuni-Mazaruni, Demerara-Mahaica, East + Berbice-Corentyne, Essequibo Islands-West Demerara, Mahaica-Berbice, + Pomeroon-Supenaam, Potaro-Siparuni, Upper Demerara-Berbice, Upper + Takutu-Upper Essequibo +Independence: + 26 May 1966 (from UK) +Constitution: + 6 October 1980 +Legal system: + based on English common law with certain admixtures of Roman-Dutch law; has + not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + Republic Day, 23 February (1970) +Political parties and leaders: People's National Congress (PNC), Hugh Desmond HOYTE; People's +Progressive + Party (PPP), Cheddi JAGAN; Working People's Alliance (WPA), Eusi KWAYANA, + Rupert ROOPNARINE; Democratic Labor Movement (DLM), Paul TENNASSEE; People's + Democratic Movement (PDM), Llewellyn JOHN; National Democratic Front (NDF), + Joseph BACCHUS; The United Force (TUF), Manzoor NADIR; United Republican + Party (URP), Leslie RAMSAMMY; National Republican Party (NRP), Robert + GANGADEEN; Guyana Labor Party (GLP), Nanda GOPAUL +Other political or pressure groups: + Trades Union Congress (TUC); Guyana Council of Indian Organizations (GCIO); + Civil Liberties Action Committee (CLAC) + note: + the latter two organizations are small and active but not well organized +Suffrage: + 18 years of age; universal +Elections: + Executive President: + last held on 5 October 1992; results - Cheddi JAGAN was elected president + since he was leader of the party with the most votes in the National + Assembly elections + National Assembly: + last held on 5 October 1992 (next to be held in 1997); results - PPP 53.4%, + PNC 42.3%, WPA 2%, TUF 1.2%; seats - (65 total, 53 elected) PPP 36, PNC 26, + WPA 2, TUF 1 +Executive branch: + executive president, first vice president, prime minister, first deputy + prime minister, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + unicameral National Assembly +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court of Judicature + +*Guyana, Government + +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Executive President Cheddi JAGAN (since 5 October 1992); First Vice + President Sam HINDS (since 5 October 1992) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Sam HINDS (since 5 October 1992) +Member of: + ACP, C, CARICOM, CCC, CDB, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, + IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LAES, LORCS, NAM, OAS, + UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WMO +Diplomatic representation in US: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Dr. Odeen ISHMAEL + chancery: + 2490 Tracy Place NW, Washington, DC 20008 + telephone: + (202) 265-6900 + consulate general: + New York +US diplomatic representation: + chief of mission: Ambassador George Jones + embassy: + 99-100 Young and Duke Streets, Georgetown + mailing address: + P. O. Box 10507, Georgetown + telephone: + [592] (2) 54900 through 54909 and 57960 through 57969 + FAX: + [592] (2) 58497 +Flag: + green with a red isosceles triangle (based on the hoist side) superimposed + on a long yellow arrowhead; there is a narrow black border between the red + and yellow, and a narrow white border between the yellow and the green + +*Guyana, Economy + +Overview: + Guyana is one of the world's poorest countries with a per capita income less + than one-fifth the South American average. After growing on average at less + than 1% a year in 1986-87, GDP dropped by 5% a year in 1988-90. The decline + resulted from bad weather, labor trouble in the cane fields, and flooding + and equipment problems in the bauxite industry. Consumer prices rose about + 100% in 1989 and 75% in 1990, and the current account deficit widened + substantially as sugar and bauxite exports fell. Moreover, electric power + has been in short supply and constitutes a major barrier to future gains in + national output. The government, in association with international financial + agencies, seeks to reduce its payment arrears and to raise new funds. The + government's stabilization program - aimed at establishing realistic + exchange rates, reasonable price stability, and a resumption of growth - + requires considerable public administrative abilities and continued patience + by consumers during a long incubation period. Buoyed by a recovery in mining + and agriculture, the economy posted 6% growth in 1991 and 7% growth in 1992, + according to official figures. A large volume of illegal and quasi-legal + economic activity is not captured in estimates of the country's total + output. +National product: + GDP - exchange rate conversion - $267.5 million (1992 est.) +National product real growth rate: + 7% (1992 est.) +National product per capita: + $370 (1992 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 15% (1992) +Unemployment rate: + 12%-15% (1991 est.) +Budget: + revenues $121 million; expenditures $225 million, including capital + expenditures of $50 million (1990 est.) +Exports: + $268 million (f.o.b., 1992 est.) + commodities: + sugar, bauxite/alumina, rice, gold, shrimp, molasses, timber, rum + partners: + UK 28%, US 25%, FRG 8%, Canada 7%, Japan 6% (1989) +Imports: + $242.4 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.) + commodities: + manufactures, machinery, food, petroleum + partners: + US 40%, Trinidad & Tobago 13%, UK 11%, Japan 5%, Netherland Antilles 3% + (1989) +External debt: + $2 billion including arrears (1990) +Industrial production: + growth rate 12% (1990 est.); accounts for about 24% of GDP +Electricity: + 253,500 kW capacity; 276 million kWh produced, 370 kWh per capita (1992) +Industries: + bauxite mining, sugar, rice milling, timber, fishing (shrimp), textiles, + gold mining +Agriculture: + most important sector, accounting for 25% of GDP and about half of exports; + sugar and rice are key crops; development potential exists for fishing and + forestry; not self-sufficient in food, especially wheat, vegetable oils, and + animal products + +*Guyana, Economy + +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $116 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $325 million; + Communist countries 1970-89, $242 million +Currency: + 1 Guyanese dollar (G$) = 100 cents +Exchange rates: + Guyanese dollars (G$) per US$1 - 125.8 (January 1993) 125.0 (1992), 111.8 + (1991), 39.533 (1990), 27.159 (1989), 10.000 (1988) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +*Guyana, Communications + +Railroads: + 187 km total, all single track 0.914-meter gauge +Highways: + 7,665 km total; 550 km paved, 5,000 km gravel, 1,525 km earth, 590 km + unimproved +Inland waterways: + 6,000 km total of navigable waterways; Berbice, Demerara, and Essequibo + Rivers are navigable by oceangoing vessels for 150 km, 100 km, and 80 km, + respectively +Ports: + Georgetown, New Amsterdam +Merchant marine: + 1 cargo ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,317 GRT/2,558 DWT +Airports: total: + 53 + usable: + 48 + with permanent-surface runways: + 5 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 13 +Telecommunications: + fair system with radio relay network; over 27,000 telephones; tropospheric + scatter link to Trinidad; broadcast stations - 4 AM, 3 FM, no TV, 1 + shortwave; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station + +*Guyana, Defense Forces + +Branches: + Guyana Defense Force (GDF; including the Ground Forces, Coast Guard and Air + Corps), Guyana People's Militia (GPM), Guyana National Service (GNS) +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 196,960; fit for military service 149,583 (1993 est.) +Defense expenditures: + $NA, NA% of GDP + +*Haiti, Geography + +Location: + in the northern Caribbean Sea, about 90 km southeast of Cuba +Map references: + Central America and the Caribbean, Standard Time Zones of the World +Area: + total area: + 27,750 km2 + land area: + 27,560 km2 + comparative area: + slightly larger than Maryland +Land boundaries: + total 275 km, Dominican Republic 275 km +Coastline: + 1,771 km +Maritime claims: + contiguous zone: + 24 nm + continental shelf: + to depth of exploitation + exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + territorial sea: 12 nm +International disputes: + claims US-administered Navassa Island +Climate: + tropical; semiarid where mountains in east cut off trade winds +Terrain: + mostly rough and mountainous +Natural resources: + bauxite +Land use: + arable land: + 20% + permanent crops: + 13% + meadows and pastures: + 18% + forest and woodland: + 4% + other: + 45% +Irrigated land: + 750 km2 (1989 est.) +Environment: + lies in the middle of the hurricane belt and subject to severe storms from + June to October; occasional flooding and earthquakes; deforestation; soil + erosion +Note: + shares island of Hispaniola with Dominican Republic (western one-third is + Haiti, eastern two-thirds is the Dominican Republic) + +*Haiti, People + +Population: + 6,384,877 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 1.68% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 40.77 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 18.88 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + -5.04 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 109.5 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 45.45 years + male: + 43.88 years + female: + 47.11 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 6.05 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: noun: + Haitian(s) + adjective: + Haitian +Ethnic divisions: + black 95%, mulatto and European 5% +Religions: + Roman Catholic 80% (of which an overwhelming majority also practice Voodoo), + Protestant 16% (Baptist 10%, Pentecostal 4%, Adventist 1%, other 1%), none + 1%, other 3% (1982) +Languages: + French (official) 10%, Creole +Literacy: + age 15 and over can read and write (1990) + total population: + 53% + male: + 59% + female: + 47% +Labor force: + 2.3 million + by occupation: + agriculture 66%, services 25%, industry 9% + note: + shortage of skilled labor, unskilled labor abundant (1982) + +*Haiti, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Republic of Haiti + conventional short form: + Haiti + local long form: + Republique d'Haiti + local short form: + Haiti +Digraph: + HA +Type: + republic +Capital: + Port-au-Prince +Administrative divisions: + 9 departments, (departements, singular - departement); Artibonite, Centre, + Grand'Anse, Nord, Nord-Est, Nord-Ouest, Ouest, Sud, Sud-Est +Independence: + 1 January 1804 (from France) +Constitution: + 27 August 1983, suspended February 1986; draft constitution approved March + 1987, suspended June 1988, most articles reinstated March 1989; October + 1991, government claims to be observing the Constitution +Legal system: based on Roman civil law system; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + Independence Day, 1 January (1804) +Political parties and leaders: + National Front for Change and Democracy (FNCD), including National Congress + of Democratic Movements (CONACOM), Victor BENOIT, and National Cooperative + Action Movement (MKN), Volvick Remy JOSEPH; Movement for the Installation of + Democracy in Haiti (MIDH), Marc BAZIN; National Progressive Revolutionary + Party (PANPRA), Serge GILLES; National Patriotic Movement of November 28 + (MNP-28), Dejean BELIZAIRE; National Agricultural and Industrial Party + (PAIN), Louis DEJOIE; Movement for National Reconstruction (MRN), Rene + THEODORE; Haitian Christian Democratic Party (PDCH), Joseph DOUZE; Assembly + of Progressive National Democrats (RDNP), Leslie MANIGAT; National Party of + Labor (PNT), Thomas DESULME; Mobilization for National Development (MDN), + Hubert DE RONCERAY; Democratic Movement for the Liberation of Haiti + (MODELH), Francois LATORTUE; Haitian Social Christian Party (PSCH), Gregoire + EUGENE; Movement for the Organization of the Country (MOP), Gesner COMEAU + and Jean MOLIERE +Other political or pressure groups: + Democratic Unity Confederation (KID); Roman Catholic Church; Confederation + of Haitian Workers (CTH); Federation of Workers Trade Unions (FOS); + Autonomous Haitian Workers (CATH); National Popular Assembly (APN) +Suffrage: + 18 years of age; universal +Elections: + Chamber of Deputies: + last held 16 December 1990, with runoff held 20 January 1991 (next to be + held by December 1994); results - percent of vote NA; seats - (83 total) + FNCD 27, ANDP 17, PDCH 7, PAIN 6, RDNP 6, MDN 5, PNT 3, MKN 2, MODELH 2, MRN + 1, independents 5, other 2 + President: + last held 16 December 1990 (next election to be held by December 1995); + results - Rev. Jean-Bertrand ARISTIDE 67.5%, Marc BAZIN 14.2%, Louis DEJOIE + 4.9% + +*Haiti, Government + + Senate: + last held 18 January 1993, widely condemned as illegitimate (next to be held + December 1994); results - percent of vote NA; seats - (27 total) FNCD 12, + ANDP 8, PAIN 2, MRN 1, RDNP 1, PNT 1, independent 2 +Executive branch: + president, Council of Ministers (cabinet) +Legislative branch: + bicameral National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale) consisting of an upper + house or Senate and a lower house or Chamber of Deputies +Judicial branch: + Court of Appeal (Cour de Cassation) +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Jean-Bertrand ARISTIDE (since 7 February 1991), ousted in a coup + in September 1991, but still recognized by international community as Chief + of State + Head of Government: de facto Prime Minister Marc BAZIN (since NA June 1992) +Member of: + ACCT, ACP, CARICOM (observer), CCC, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, + IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, + LAES, LORCS, OAS, OPANAL, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, + WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation in US: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Jean CASIMIR + chancery: + 2311 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 + telephone: + (202) 332-4090 through 4092 + consulates general: + Boston, Chicago, Miami, New York, and San Juan (Puerto Rico) +US diplomatic representation: + chief of mission: + Special Charge d'Affaires Charles REDMAN + embassy: + Harry Truman Boulevard, Port-au-Prince + mailing address: + P. O. Box 1761, Port-au-Prince + telephone: + [509] 22-0354, 22-0368, 22-0200, or 22-0612 + FAX: + [509] 23-9007 +Flag: + two equal horizontal bands of blue (top) and red with a centered white + rectangle bearing the coat of arms, which contains a palm tree flanked by + flags and two cannons above a scroll bearing the motto L'UNION FAIT LA FORCE + (Union Makes Strength) + +*Haiti, Economy + +Overview: + About 75% of the population live in abject poverty. Agriculture is mainly + small-scale subsistence farming and employs nearly three-fourths of the work + force. The majority of the population does not have ready access to safe + drinking water, adequate medical care, or sufficient food. Few social + assistance programs exist, and the lack of employment opportunities remains + one of the most critical problems facing the economy, along with soil + erosion and political instability. Trade sanctions applied by the + Organization of American States in response to the September 1991 coup + against President ARISTIDE have further damaged the economy. +National product: + GDP - exchange rate conversion - $2.2 billion (1991 est.) +National product real growth rate: + -4% (FY91 est.) +National product per capita: + $340 (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 20% (FY91 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 25-50% (1991) +Budget: + revenues $300 million; expenditures $416 million, including capital + expenditures of $145 million (1990 est.) +Exports: + $146 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.) + commodities: + light manufactures 65%, coffee 19%, other agriculture 8%, other 8% + partners: + US 84%, Italy 4%, France 3%, other industrial countries 6%, less developed + countries 3% (1987) +Imports: + $252 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.) + commodities: + machines and manufactures 34%, food and beverages 22%, petroleum products + 14%, chemicals 10%, fats and oils 9% + partners: + US 64%, Netherlands Antilles 5%, Japan 5%, France 4%, Canada 3%, Germany 3% + (1987) +External debt: + $838 million (December 1990) +Industrial production: + growth rate -2.0% (1991 est.); accounts for 15% of GDP +Electricity: + 217,000 kW capacity; 480 million kWh produced, 75 kWh per capita (1992) +Industries: + sugar refining, textiles, flour milling, cement manufacturing, tourism, + light assembly industries based on imported parts +Agriculture: + accounts for 28% of GDP and employs around 70% of work force; mostly + small-scale subsistence farms; commercial crops - coffee, mangoes, + sugarcane, wood; staple crops - rice, corn, sorghum; shortage of wheat flour +Illicit drugs: + transshipment point for cocaine +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (1970-89), $700 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $770 million +Currency: + 1 gourde (G) = 100 centimes + +*Haiti, Economy + +Exchange rates: + gourdes (G) per US$1 - 8.4 (December 1991), fixed rate of 5.000 through + second quarter of 1991) +Fiscal year: + 1 October - 30 September + +*Haiti, Communications + +Railroads: + 40 km 0.760-meter narrow gauge, single-track, privately owned industrial + line +Highways: + 4,000 km total; 950 km paved, 900 km otherwise improved, 2,150 km unimproved +Inland waterways: + negligible; less than 100 km navigable +Ports: + Port-au-Prince, Cap-Haitien +Airports: + total: + 13 + usable: + 10 + with permanent-surface runways: + 3 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 1 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 3 +Telecommunications: + domestic facilities barely adequate, international facilities slightly + better; 36,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 33 AM, no FM, 4 TV, 2 + shortwave; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station + +*Haiti, Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army (including Police), Navy, Air Force +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 1,289,310; fit for military service 695,997; reach military + age (18) annually 60,588 (1993 est.) +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $34 million, 1.5% of GDP (1988 est.) + +*Heard Island and McDonald Islands, Header + +Affiliation: + (territory of Australia) + +*Heard Island and McDonald Islands, Geography + +Location: + in the Indian Ocean, 4,100 km southwest of Australia +Map references: + Antarctic Region +Area: + total area: + 412 km2 + land area: + 412 km2 comparative area: + slightly less than 2.5 times the size of Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + 0 km +Coastline: + 101.9 km +Maritime claims: + exclusive fishing zone: + 200 nm + territorial sea: + 3 nm +International disputes: + none +Climate: + antarctic +Terrain: + Heard Island - bleak and mountainous, with an extinct volcano; McDonald + Islands - small and rocky +Natural resources: + none +Land use: + arable land: + 0% + permanent crops: + 0% + meadows and pastures: + 0% + forest and woodland: + 0% + other: + 100% +Irrigated land: + 0 km2 +Environment: + primarily used for research stations + +*Heard Island and McDonald Islands, People + +Population: + uninhabited + +*Heard Island and McDonald Islands, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Territory of Heard Island and McDonald Islands + conventional short form: + Heard Island and McDonald Islands +Digraph: + HM +Type: + territory of Australia administered by the Ministry for Arts, Sport, the + Environment, Tourism and Territories +Capital: + none; administered from Canberra, Australia +Independence: + none (territory of Australia) + +*Heard Island and McDonald Islands, Economy + +Overview: + no economic activity + +*Heard Island and McDonald Islands, Communications + +Ports: + none; offshore anchorage only + +*Heard Island and McDonald Islands, Defense Forces + +Note: + defense is the responsibility of Australia + +*Holy See (Vatican City), Geography + +Location: + Southern Europe, an enclave of Rome - central Italy +Map references: + Europe +Area: + total area: + 0.44 km2 + land area: + 0.44 km2 + comparative area: + about 0.7 times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + total 3.2 km, Italy 3.2 km +Coastline: + 0 km (landlocked) +Maritime claims: + none; landlocked +International disputes: + none +Climate: + temperate; mild, rainy winters (September to mid-May) with hot, dry summers + (May to September) +Terrain: + low hill +Natural resources: none +Land use: + arable land: + 0% + permanent crops: + 0% + meadows and pastures: + 0% + forest and woodland: + 0% + other: + 100% +Irrigated land: + 0 km2 +Environment: + urban +Note: + landlocked; enclave of Rome, Italy; world's smallest state; outside the + Vatican City, 13 buildings in Rome and Castel Gandolfo (the pope's summer + residence) enjoy extraterritorial rights + +*Holy See (Vatican City), People + +Population: + 811 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 1.15% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + NA births/1,000 population +Death rate: + NA deaths/1,000 population +Net migration rate: + NA migrant(s)/1,000 population +Infant mortality rate: + NA deaths/1,000 live births +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + NA years + male: + NA years + female: + NA years +Total fertility rate: + NA children born/woman +Nationality: + noun: + none + adjective: + none +Ethnic divisions: + Italians, Swiss +Religions: + Roman Catholic +Languages: Italian, Latin, various other languages +Literacy: + total population: + NA% + male: + NA% + female: + NA% +Labor force: + NA + by occupation: + dignitaries, priests, nuns, guards, and 3,000 lay workers who live outside + the Vatican + +*Holy See (Vatican City), Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + The Holy See (State of the Vatican City) + conventional short form: + Holy See (Vatican City) + local long form: + Santa Sede (Stato della Citta del Vaticano) + local short form: + Santa Sede (Citta del Vaticano) +Digraph: + VT +Type: + monarchical-sacerdotal state +Capital: + Vatican City +Independence: + 11 February 1929 (from Italy) +Constitution: + Apostolic Constitution of 1967 (effective 1 March 1968) +Legal system: + NA +National holiday: + Installation Day of the Pope, 22 October (1978) (John Paul II) + note: + Pope John Paul II was elected on 16 October 1978 +Political parties and leaders: + none +Other political or pressure groups: + none (exclusive of influence exercised by church officers) +Suffrage: + limited to cardinals less than 80 years old +Elections: + Pope: + last held 16 October 1978 (next to be held after the death of the current + pope); results - Karol WOJTYLA was elected for life by the College of + Cardinals +Executive branch: + pope +Legislative branch: + unicameral Pontifical Commission +Judicial branch: + none; normally handled by Italy +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Pope JOHN PAUL II (Karol WOJTYLA; since 16 October 1978) + Head of Government: + Secretary of State Archbishop Angelo Cardinal SODANO (since NA) +Member of: + CSCE, IAEA, ICFTU, IMF (observer), INTELSAT, IOM (observer), ITU, OAS + (observer), UN (observer), UNCTAD, UNHCR, UPU, WIPO, WTO (observer) +Diplomatic representation in US: + chief of mission: + Apostolic Pro-Nuncio Archbishop Agostino CACCIAVILLAN + chancery: + 3339 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 + telephone: + (202) 333-7121 + +*Holy See (Vatican City), Government + +US diplomatic representation: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Raymond L. FLYNN + embassy: + Villino Pacelli, Via Aurelia 294, 00165 Rome + mailing address: + PSC 59, APO AE 09624 + telephone: + [396] 46741 + FAX: + [396] 638-0159 +Flag: + two vertical bands of yellow (hoist side) and white with the crossed keys of + Saint Peter and the papal tiara centered in the white band + +*Holy See (Vatican City), Economy + +Overview: + This unique, noncommercial economy is supported financially by contributions + (known as Peter's Pence) from Roman Catholics throughout the world, the sale + of postage stamps and tourist mementos, fees for admission to museums, and + the sale of publications. The incomes and living standards of lay workers + are comparable to, or somewhat better than, those of counterparts who work + in the city of Rome. +Budget: + revenues $86 million; expenditures $178 million, including capital + expenditures of $NA (1993 est.) +Electricity: + 5,000 kW standby capacity (1992); power supplied by Italy +Industries: printing and production of a small amount of mosaics and staff uniforms; + worldwide banking and financial activities +Currency: + 1 Vatican lira (VLit) = 100 centesimi +Exchange rates: + Vatican lire (VLit) per US$1 - 1,482.5 (January 1993), 1,232.4 (1992), + 1,240.6 (1991), 1,198.1 (1990), 1,372.1 (1989), 1,301.6 (1988); note - the + Vatican lira is at par with the Italian lira which circulates freely +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +*Holy See (Vatican City), Communications + +Railroads: + 850 m, 750 mm gauge (links with Italian network near the Rome station of + Saint Peter's) +Highways: + none; all city streets +Telecommunications: + broadcast stations - 3 AM, 4 FM, no TV; 2,000-line automatic telephone + exchange; no communications satellite systems + +*Holy See (Vatican City), Defense Forces + +Note: + defense is the responsibility of Italy; Swiss Papal Guards are posted at + entrances to the Vatican City + +*Honduras, Geography + +Location: + Central America, between Guatemala and Nicaragua +Map references: + Central America and the Caribbean, North America, Standard Time Zones of the + World +Area: + total area: + 112,090 km2 + land area: + 111,890 km2 + comparative area: + slightly larger than Tennessee +Land boundaries: + total 1,520 km, Guatemala 256 km, El Salvador 342 km, Nicaragua 922 km +Coastline: + 820 km +Maritime claims: + contiguous zone: + 24 nm + continental shelf: 200 m depth or to depth of exploitation + exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + territorial sea: + 12 nm +International disputes: + land boundary dispute with El Salvador mostly resolved by 11 September 1992 + International Court of Justice (ICJ) decision; ICJ referred the maritime + boundary in the Golfo de Fonseca to an earlier agreement in this century and + advised that some tripartite resolution among El Salvador, Honduras and + Nicaragua likely would be required +Climate: + subtropical in lowlands, temperate in mountains +Terrain: + mostly mountains in interior, narrow coastal plains +Natural resources: + timber, gold, silver, copper, lead, zinc, iron ore, antimony, coal, fish +Land use: + arable land: + 14% + permanent crops: + 2% + meadows and pastures: + 30% + forest and woodland: + 34% + other: + 20% +Irrigated land: + 900 km2 (1989 est.) +Environment: + subject to frequent, but generally mild, earthquakes; damaging hurricanes + and floods along Caribbean coast; deforestation; soil erosion + +*Honduras, People + +Population: + 5,170,108 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 2.8% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 35.82 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 6.44 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + -1.43 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 47.2 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 67.17 years + male: + 64.82 years + female: 69.62 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 4.87 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Honduran(s) + adjective: + Honduran +Ethnic divisions: + mestizo (mixed Indian and European) 90%, Indian 7%, black 2%, white 1% +Religions: + Roman Catholic 97%, Protestant minority +Languages: + Spanish, Indian dialects +Literacy: + age 15 and over can read and write (1990) + total population: + 73% + male: + 76% + female: + 71% +Labor force: + 1.3 million + by occupation: + agriculture 62%, services 20%, manufacturing 9%, construction 3%, other 6% + (1985) + +*Honduras, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Republic of Honduras + conventional short form: + Honduras + local long form: + Republica de Honduras + local short form: + Honduras +Digraph: + HO +Type: + republic +Capital: + Tegucigalpa +Administrative divisions: + 18 departments (departamentos, singular - departamento); Atlantida, + Choluteca, Colon, Comayagua, Copan, Cortes, El Paraiso, Francisco Morazan, + Gracias a Dios, Intibuca, Islas de la Bahia, La Paz, Lempira, Ocotepeque, + Olancho, Santa Barbara, Valle, Yoro +Independence: + 15 September 1821 (from Spain) +Constitution: + 11 January 1982, effective 20 January 1982 +Legal system: + rooted in Roman and Spanish civil law; some influence of English common law; + accepts ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations +National holiday: + Independence Day, 15 September (1821) +Political parties and leaders: + Liberal Party (PLH), Carlos Roberto REINA, presidential candidate, Rafael + PINEDA Ponce, president; National Party (PN) has two factions: Movimiento + Nacional de Reivindication Callejista (Monarca), Rafael Leonardo CALLEJAS, + and Oswaldista, Oswaldo RAMOS SOTO, presidential candidate; National + Innovation and Unity Party (PINU), German LEITZELAR, president; Christian + Democratic Party (PDCH), Efrain DIAZ Arrivillaga, president +Other political or pressure groups: + National Association of Honduran Campesinos (ANACH); Honduran Council of + Private Enterprise (COHEP); Confederation of Honduran Workers (CTH); + National Union of Campesinos (UNC); General Workers Confederation (CGT); + United Federation of Honduran Workers (FUTH); Committee for the Defense of + Human Rights in Honduras (CODEH); Coordinating Committee of Popular + Organizations (CCOP) +Suffrage: + 18 years of age; universal and compulsory +Elections: + President: + last held on 26 November 1989 (next to be held November 1993); results - + Rafael Leonardo CALLEJAS (PNH) 51%, Carlos FLORES Facusse (PLH) 43.3%, other + 5.7% + National Congress: + last held on 26 November 1989 (next to be held November 1993); results - PNH + 51%, PLH 43%, PDCH 1.9%, PINU-SD 1.5%, other 2.6%; seats - (128 total) PNH + 71, PLH 55, PINU-SD 2 +Executive branch: + president, Council of Ministers (cabinet) +Legislative branch: + unicameral National Congress (Congreso Nacional) + +*Honduras, Government + +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court of Justice (Corte Suprema de Justica) +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + President Rafael Leonardo CALLEJAS Romero (since 26 January 1990) +Member of: + BCIE, CACM, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, IADB, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, + IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ITU, LAES, LAIA (observer), LORCS, + OAS, OPANAL, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO +Diplomatic representation in US: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Rene Arturo BENDANA-VALENZUELA + chancery: + 3007 Tilden Street NW, Washington, DC 20008 + telephone: + (202) 966-7702 + consulates general: Chicago, Los Angeles, Miami, New Orleans, New York, and San Francisco + consulates: + Baton Rouge, Boston, Detroit, Houston, and Jacksonville +US diplomatic representation: + chief of mission: + Ambassador William Bryce (since 28 May 1993) + embassy: + Avenida La Paz, Tegucigalpa + mailing address: + APO AA 34022, Tegucigalpa + telephone: + [504] 32-3120 + FAX: + [504] 32-0027 +Flag: + three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, and blue with five blue + five-pointed stars arranged in an X pattern centered in the white band; the + stars represent the members of the former Federal Republic of Central + America - Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua; + similar to the flag of El Salvador, which features a round emblem encircled + by the words REPUBLICA DE EL SALVADOR EN LA AMERICA CENTRAL centered in the + white band; also similar to the flag of Nicaragua, which features a triangle + encircled by the word REPUBLICA DE NICARAGUA on top and AMERICA CENTRAL on + the bottom, centered in the white band + +*Honduras, Economy + +Overview: + Honduras is one of the poorest countries in the Western Hemisphere. + Agriculture, the most important sector of the economy, accounts for more + than 25% of GDP, employs 62% of the labor force, and produces two-thirds of + exports. Productivity remains low. Industry, still in its early stages, + employs nearly 9% of the labor force, accounts for 15% of GDP, and generates + 20% of exports. The service sectors, including public administration, + account for 50% of GDP and employ nearly 20% of the labor force. Basic + problems facing the economy include rapid population growth, high + unemployment, a lack of basic services, a large and inefficient public + sector, and the dependence of the export sector mostly on coffee and + bananas, which are subject to sharp price fluctuations. A far-reaching + reform program initiated by President CALLEJAS in 1990 is beginning to take + hold. +National product: + GDP - exchange rate conversion - $5.5 billion (1992 est.) +National product real growth rate: + 3.6% (1992 est.) +National product per capita: + $1,090 (1992 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 8% (1992 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 15% (30-40% underemployed) (1989) +Budget: + revenues $1.4 billion; expenditures $1.9 billion, including capital + expenditures of $511 million (1990 est.) +Exports: + $1.0 billion (f.o.b., 1991) + commodities: + bananas, coffee, shrimp, lobster, minerals, meat, lumber + partners: + US 65%, Germany 9%, Japan 8%, Belgium 7% +Imports: + $1.3 billion (c.i.f. 1991) + commodities: + machinery and transport equipment, chemical products, manufactured goods, + fuel and oil, foodstuffs + partners: + US 45%, Japan 9%, Netherlands 7%, Mexico 7%, Venezuela 6% +External debt: + $2.8 billion (1990) +Industrial production: + growth rate 0.8% (1990 est.); accounts for 15% of GDP +Electricity: + 575,000 kW capacity; 2,000 million kWh produced, 390 kWh per capita (1992) +Industries: + agricultural processing (sugar and coffee), textiles, clothing, wood + products +Agriculture: + most important sector, accounting for more than 25% of GDP, more than 60% of + the labor force, and two-thirds of exports; principal products include + bananas, coffee, timber, beef, citrus fruit, shrimp; importer of wheat +Illicit drugs: + illicit producer of cannabis, cultivated on small plots and used principally + for local consumption; transshipment point for cocaine +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $1.4 billion; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1.1 billion + +*Honduras, Economy + +Currency: + 1 lempira (L) = 100 centavos +Exchange rates: + lempiras (L) per US$1 - 5.4 (fixed rate); 5.70 parallel black-market rate + (November 1990); the lempira was allowed to float in 1992; current rate + about US$1 - 5.65 +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +*Honduras, Communications + +Railroads: + 785 km total; 508 km 1.067-meter gauge, 277 km 0.914-meter gauge +Highways: + 8,950 km total; 1,700 km paved, 5,000 km otherwise improved, 2,250 km + unimproved earth +Inland waterways: 465 km navigable by small craft +Ports: + Puerto Castilla, Puerto Cortes, San Lorenzo +Merchant marine: + 252 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 819,100 GRT/1,195,276 DWT; includes 2 + passenger-cargo, 162 cargo, 20 refrigerated cargo, 10 container, 6 + roll-on/roll-off cargo, 22 oil tanker, 1 chemical tanker, 2 specialized + tanker, 22 bulk, 3 passenger, 2 short-sea passenger; note - a flag of + convenience registry; Russia owns 10 ships under the Honduran flag +Airports: + total: + 165 + usable: + 137 + with permanent-surface runways: + 11 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 4 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 14 +Telecommunications: + inadequate system with only 7 telephones per 1,000 persons; international + services provided by 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earch stations and the + Central American microwave radio relay system; broadcast stations - 176 AM, + no FM, 7 SW, 28 TV + +*Honduras, Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy (including Marines), Air Force, Public Security Forces (FUSEP) +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 1,185,072; fit for military service 706,291; reach military + age (18) annually 58,583 (1993 est.) +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $45 million, about 1% of GDP (1993 est.) + +*Hong Kong, Header + +Affiliation: + (dependent territory of the UK) + +*Hong Kong, Geography + +Location: + East Asia, on the southeast coast of China bordering the South China Sea +Map references: + Asia, Southeast Asia, Standard Time Zones of the World +Area: total area: + 1,040 km2 + land area: + 990 km2 + comparative area: + slightly less than six times the size of Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + total 30 km, China 30 km +Coastline: + 733 km +Maritime claims: + exclusive fishing zone: + 3 nm + territorial sea: + 3 nm +International disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical monsoon; cool and humid in winter, hot and rainy from spring + through summer, warm and sunny in fall +Terrain: + hilly to mountainous with steep slopes; lowlands in north +Natural resources: + outstanding deepwater harbor, feldspar +Land use: + arable land: + 7% + permanent crops: + 1% + meadows and pastures: + 1% + forest and woodland: + 12% + other: + 79% +Irrigated land: + 20 km2 (1989) +Environment: + more than 200 islands; occasional typhoons + +*Hong Kong, People + +Population: + 5,552,965 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + -0.06% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 12.27 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 5.68 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + -7.2 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 5.9 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 79.99 years + male: + 76.55 years + female: + 83.64 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 1.34 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Chinese + adjective: + Chinese +Ethnic divisions: + Chinese 98%, other 2% +Religions: + eclectic mixture of local religions 90%, Christian 10% +Languages: + Chinese (Cantonese), English +Literacy: + age 15 and over can read and write (1971) + total population: + 77% + male: + 90% + female: + 64% +Labor force: + 2.8 million (1990) + by occupation: + manufacturing 28.5%, wholesale and retail trade, restaurants, and hotels + 27.9%, services 17.7%, financing, insurance, and real estate 9.2%, transport + and communications 4.5%, construction 2.5%, other 9.7% (1989) + +*Hong Kong, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + none + conventional short form: + Hong Kong +Abbreviation: + HK +Digraph: + HK +Type: + dependent territory of the UK scheduled to revert to China in 1997 +Capital: + Victoria +Administrative divisions: + none (dependent territory of the UK) +Independence: + none (dependent territory of the UK; the UK signed an agreement with China + on 19 December 1984 to return Hong Kong to China on 1 July 1997; in the + joint declaration, China promises to respect Hong Kong's existing social and + economic systems and lifestyle) +Constitution: + unwritten; partly statutes, partly common law and practice; new Basic Law + approved in March 1990 in preparation for 1997 +Legal system: + based on English common law +National holiday: + Liberation Day, 29 August (1945) +Political parties and leaders: + United Democrats of Hong Kong, Martin LEE, chairman; Democratic Alliance for + the Betterment of Hong Kong; Hong Kong Democratic Foundation +Other political or pressure groups: + Cooperative Resources Center, Allen LEE, chairman; Meeting Point, Anthony + CHEUNG, chairman; Association of Democracy and People's Livelihood, + Frederick FUNG Kin Kee, chairman; Liberal Democratic Federation, HEUNG Yee + Kuk; Federation of Trade Unions (pro-China); Hong Kong and Kowloon Trade + Union Council (pro-Taiwan); Confederation of Trade Unions (prodemocracy); + Hong Kong General Chamber of Commerce; Chinese General Chamber of Commerce + (pro-China); Federation of Hong Kong Industries; Chinese Manufacturers' + Association of Hong Kong; Hong Kong Professional Teachers' Union; Hong Kong + Alliance in Support of the Patriotic Democratic Movement in China +Suffrage: + direct election 21 years of age; universal as a permanent resident living in + the territory of Hong Kong for the past seven years indirect election + limited to about 100,000 professionals of electoral college and functional + constituencies +Elections: + Legislative Council: + indirect elections last held 12 September 1991 and direct elections were + held for the first time 15 September 1991 (next to be held in September 1995 + when the number of directly-elected seats increases to 20); results - + percent of vote by party NA; seats - (60 total; 21 indirectly elected by + functional constituencies, 18 directly elected, 18 appointed by governor, 3 + ex officio members); indirect elections - number of seats by functional + constituency NA; direct elections - UDHK 12, Meeting Point 3, ADPL 1, other + 2 +Executive branch: + British monarch, governor, chief secretary of the Executive Council +Legislative branch: + unicameral Legislative Council + +*Hong Kong, Government + +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952) + Head of Government: + Governor Chris PATTEN (since NA July 1992); Chief Secretary Sir David Robert + FORD (since NA February 1987) +Member of: APEC, AsDB, CCC, ESCAP (associate), GATT, ICFTU, IMO (associate), INTERPOL + (subbureau), IOC, ISO (correspondent), WCL, WMO +Diplomatic representation in US: + as a dependent territory of the UK, the interests of Hong Kong in the US are + represented by the UK +US diplomatic representation: + chief of mission: + Consul General Richard L. WILLIAMS + embassy: + Consulate General at 26 Garden Road, Hong Kong + mailing address: + Box 30, Hong Kong, or FPO AP 96522-0002 + telephone: + [852] 239-011 +Flag: + blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant with the Hong + Kong coat of arms on a white disk centered on the outer half of the flag; + the coat of arms contains a shield (bearing two junks below a crown) held by + a lion (representing the UK) and a dragon (representing China) with another + lion above the shield and a banner bearing the words HONG KONG below the + shield + +*Hong Kong, Economy + +Overview: + Hong Kong has a bustling free market economy with few tariffs or nontariff + barriers. Natural resources are limited, and food and raw materials must be + imported. Manufacturing accounts for about 18% of GDP, employs 28% of the + labor force, and exports about 90% of its output. Real GDP growth averaged a + remarkable 8% in 1987-88, slowed to 3.0% in 1989-90, and picked up to 4.2% + in 1991 and 5.9% in 1992. Unemployment, which has been declining since the + mid-1980s, is now about 2%. A shortage of labor continues to put upward + pressure on prices and the cost of living. Short-term prospects remain + bright so long as major trading partners continue to be reasonably + prosperous. +National product: + GDP - exchange rate conversion - $86 billion (1992 est.) +National product real growth rate: + 5.9% (1992) +National product per capita: + $14,600 (1992 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 9.4% (1992) +Unemployment rate: + 2% (1992 est.) +Budget: + revenues $17.4 billion; expenditures $14.7 billion, including capital + expenditures of $NA (FY92) +Exports: + $118 billion, including reexports of $85.1 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.) + commodities: + clothing, textiles, yarn and fabric, footwear, electrical appliances, + watches and clocks, toys + partners: US 29%, China 21%, Germany 8%, UK 6%, Japan 5% (1990) +Imports: + $120 billion (c.i.f., 1992 est.) + commodities: + foodstuffs, transport equipment, raw materials, semimanufactures, petroleum + partners: + China 37%, Japan 16%, Taiwan 9%, US 8% (1990) +External debt: + $9.5 billion (December 1990 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate NA% +Electricity: + 9,566,000 kW capacity; 29,400 million kWh produced, 4,980 kWh per capita + (1992) +Industries: + textiles, clothing, tourism, electronics, plastics, toys, watches, clocks +Agriculture: + minor role in the economy; rice, vegetables, dairy products; less than 20% + self-sufficient; shortages of rice, wheat, water +Illicit drugs: + a hub for Southeast Asian heroin trade; transshipment and major financial + and money-laundering center +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-87), $152 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $923 million +Currency: + 1 Hong Kong dollar (HK$) = 100 cents + +*Hong Kong, Economy + +Exchange rates: + Hong Kong dollars (HK$) per US$ - 7.800 (1992), 7.771 (1991), 7.790 (1990), + 7.800 (1989), 7.810 (1988), 7.760 (1987); note - linked to the US dollar at + the rate of about 7.8 HK$ per 1 US$ since 1985 +Fiscal year: + 1 April - 31 March + +*Hong Kong, Communications + +Railroads: + 35 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, government owned +Highways: + 1,100 km total; 794 km paved, 306 km gravel, crushed stone, or earth +Ports: + Hong Kong +Merchant marine: + 176 ships (1,000 GRT or over), totaling 5,870,007 GRT/10,006,390 DWT; + includes 1 passenger, 1 short-sea passenger, 20 cargo, 6 refrigerated cargo, + 29 container, 15 oil tanker, 3 chemical tanker, 6 combination ore/oil, 5 + liquefied gas, 88 bulk, 2 combination bulk; note - a flag of convenience + registry; ships registered in Hong Kong fly the UK flag, and an estimated + 500 Hong Kong-owned ships are registered elsewhere +Airports: + total: + 2 + useable: + 2 + with permanent-surface runways: + 2 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 1 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 0 +Telecommunications: + modern facilities provide excellent domestic and international services; + 3,000,000 telephones; microwave transmission links and extensive optical + fiber transmission network; broadcast stations - 6 AM, 6 FM, 4 TV; 1 British + Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) repeater station and 1 British Forces + Broadcasting Service repeater station; 2,500,000 radio receivers; 1,312,000 + TV sets (1,224,000 color TV sets); satellite earth stations - 1 Pacific + Ocean INTELSAT and 2 Indian Ocean INTELSAT; coaxial cable to Guangzhou, + China; links to 5 international submarine cables providing access to ASEAN + member nations, Japan, Taiwan, Australia, Middle East, and Western Europe + +*Hong Kong, Defense Forces + +Branches: + Headquarters of British Forces, Royal Navy, Royal Air Force, Royal Hong Kong + Auxiliary Air Force, Royal Hong Kong Police Force +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 1,635,516; fit for military service 1,256,057; reach + military age (18) annually 43,128 (1993 est.) +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $300 million, 0.5% of GDP (1989 est.); this + represents one-fourth of the total cost of defending itself, the remainder + being paid by the UK +Note: + defense is the responsibility of the UK + +*Howland Island, Header + +Affiliation: + (territory of the US) + +*Howland Island, Geography + +Location: + in the North Pacific Ocean, 2,575 km southwest of Honolulu, just north of + the Equator, about halfway between Hawaii and Australia +Map references: Oceania +Area: + total area: + 1.6 km2 + land area: + 1.6 km2 + comparative area: + about 2.7 times the size of the Mall in Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + 0 km +Coastline: + 6.4 km +Maritime claims: + contiguous zone: + 24 nm + continental shelf: + 200 m or the depth of exploitation + exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + territorial sea: + 12 nm +International disputes: + none +Climate: + equatorial; scant rainfall, constant wind, burning sun +Terrain: + low-lying, nearly level, sandy, coral island surrounded by a narrow fringing + reef; depressed central area +Natural resources: + guano (deposits worked until late 1800s) +Land use: + arable land: + 0% + permanent crops: + 0% + meadows and pastures: + 0% + forest and woodland: + 5% + other: + 95% +Irrigated land: + 0 km2 +Environment: + almost totally covered with grasses, prostrate vines, and low-growing + shrubs; small area of trees in the center; lacks fresh water; primarily a + nesting, roosting, and foraging habitat for seabirds, shorebirds, and marine + wildlife; feral cats + +*Howland Island, People + +Population: + uninhabited; note - American civilians evacuated in 1942 after Japanese air + and naval attacks during World War II; occupied by US military during World + War II, but abandoned after the war; public entry is by special-use permit + only and generally restricted to scientists and educators + +*Howland Island, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + none + conventional short form: + Howland Island +Digraph: + HQ +Type: + unincorporated territory of the US administered by the Fish and Wildlife + Service of the US Department of the Interior as part of the National + Wildlife Refuge System +Capital: + none; administered from Washington, DC + +*Howland Island, Economy + +Overview: + no economic activity + +*Howland Island, Communications + +Ports: + none; offshore anchorage only, one boat landing area along the middle of the + west coast +Airports: + airstrip constructed in 1937 for scheduled refueling stop on the + round-the-world flight of Amelia Earhart and Fred Noonan - they left Lae, + New Guinea, for Howland Island, but were never seen again; the airstrip is + no longer serviceable +Note: + Earhart Light is a day beacon near the middle of the west coast that was + partially destroyed during World War II, but has since been rebuilt in + memory of famed aviatrix Amelia Earhart + +*Howland Island, Defense Forces + + defense is the responsibility of the US; visited annually by the US Coast + Guard + +*Hungary, Geography + +Location: + Eastern Europe, between Slovakia and Romania +Map references: + Ethnic Groups in Eastern Europe, Europe +Area: + total area: + 93,030 km2 + land area: + 92,340 km2 + comparative area: + slightly smaller than Indiana +Land boundaries: + total 1,952 km, Austria 366 km, Croatia 292 km, Romania 443 km, Serbia and + Montenegro 151 km (all with Serbia), Slovakia 515 km, Slovenia 82 km, + Ukraine 103 km +Coastline: + 0 km (landlocked) +Maritime claims: + none; landlocked +International disputes: + Gabcikovo Dam dispute with Slovakia; Vojvodina taken from Hungary and + awarded to the former Yugoslavia by treaty of Trianon in 1920 +Climate: + temperate; cold, cloudy, humid winters; warm summers +Terrain: + mostly flat to rolling plains +Natural resources: + bauxite, coal, natural gas, fertile soils +Land use: + arable land: + 50.7% + permanent crops: + 6.1% + meadows and pastures: + 12.6% + forest and woodland: + 18.3% + other: + 12.3% +Irrigated land: + 1,750 km2 (1989) +Environment: + levees are common along many streams, but flooding occurs almost every year +Note: + landlocked; strategic location astride main land routes between Western + Europe and Balkan Peninsula as well as between Ukraine and Mediterranean + basin + +*Hungary, People + +Population: + 10,324,018 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + -0.07% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 12.33 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 13.02 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 13.1 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 70.86 years + male: + 66.81 years + female: + 75.12 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 1.83 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Hungarian(s) + adjective: + Hungarian +Ethnic divisions: + Hungarian 89.9%, Gypsy 4%, German 2.6%, Serb 2%, Slovak 0.8%, Romanian 0.7% +Religions: + Roman Catholic 67.5%, Calvinist 20%, Lutheran 5%, atheist and other 7.5% +Languages: + Hungarian 98.2%, other 1.8% +Literacy: + age 15 and over can read and write (1980) + total population: + 99% + male: + 99% + female: + 98% +Labor force: + 5.4 million + by occupation: + services, trade, government, and other 44.8%, industry 29.7%, agriculture + 16.1%, construction 7.0% (1991) + +*Hungary, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Republic of Hungary + conventional short form: + Hungary + local long form: + Magyar Koztarsasag + local short form: + Magyarorszag +Digraph: HU +Type: + republic +Capital: + Budapest +Administrative divisions: + 38 counties (megyek, singular - megye) and 1 capital city* (fovaros);, Bacs-Kiskun, Baranya, +Bekes, Bekescsaba, Borsod-Abauj-Zemplen, Budapest*,, Csongrad, Debrecen, Dunaujvaros, Eger, Fejer, +Gyor, Gyor-Moson-Sopron, + Hajdu-Bihar, Heves, Hodmezovasarhely, Jasz-Nagykun-Szolnok, Kaposvar, + Kecskemet, Komarom-Esztergom, Miskolc, Nagykanizsa, Nograd, Nyiregyhaza, + Pecs, Pest, Somogy, Sopron, Szabolcs-Szatmar-Bereg, Szeged, Szekesfehervar, + Szolnok, Szombathely, Tatabanya, Tolna, Vas, Veszprem, Zala, Zalaegerszeg +Independence: + 1001 (unification by King Stephen I) +Constitution: + 18 August 1949, effective 20 August 1949, revised 19 April 1972; 18 October + 1989 revision ensured legal rights for individuals and constitutional checks + on the authority of the prime minister and also established the principle of + parliamentary oversight +Legal system: + in process of revision, moving toward rule of law based on Western model +National holiday: + October 23 (1956) (commemorates the Hungarian uprising) +Political parties and leaders: + Democratic Forum, Jozsef ANTALL, chairman, Dr. Lajos FUR, executive + chairman; Independent Smallholders (FKGP), Jozsef TORGYAN, president; + Hungarian Socialist Party (MSZP), Gyula HORN, chairman; Christian Democratic + People's Party (KDNP), Dr. Lazlo SURJAN, president; Federation of Young + Democrats (FIDESZ), Viktor ORBAN, chairman; Alliance of Free Democrats + (SZDSZ), Ivan PETO, chairman + note: + the Hungarian Socialist (Communist) Workers' Party (MSZMP) renounced + Communism and became the Hungarian Socialist Party (MSP) in October 1989; + there is still a small (fringe) MSZMP +Suffrage: + 18 years of age; universal +Elections: + President: + last held 3 August 1990 (next to be held NA 1995); results - President GONCZ + elected by parliamentary vote; note - President GONCZ was elected by the + National Assembly with a total of 295 votes out of 304 as interim President + from 2 May 1990 until elected President + National Assembly: + last held on 25 March 1990 (first round, with the second round held 8 April + 1990); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (386 total) Democratic + Forum 162, Free Democrats 90, Independent Smallholders 45, Hungarian + Socialist Party (MSP) 33, Young Democrats 22, Christian Democrats 21, + independents or jointly sponsored candidates 13 + +*Hungary, Government + +Executive branch: + president, prime minister +Legislative branch: + unicameral National Assembly (Orszaggyules) +Judicial branch: + Constitutional Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Arpad GONCZ (since 3 August 1990; previously interim president + from 2 May 1990) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Jozsef ANTALL (since 21 May 1990) +Member of: + Australian Group, BIS, CCC, CE, CEI, CERN, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, FAO, G-9, GATT, + IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, + LORCS, MTCR, NACC, NAM (guest), NSG, PCA, UN, UNAVEM II, UNCTAD, UNESCO, + UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNOMOZ, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC +Diplomatic representation in US: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Pal TAR + chancery: + 3910 Shoemaker Street NW, Washington DC 20008 + telephone: + (202) 362-6730 + FAX: + (202) 966-8135 + consulate general: + New York +US diplomatic representation: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Charles H. THOMAS + embassy: + V. Szabadsag Ter 12, Budapest + mailing address: + Am Embassy, Unit 25402, APO AE 09213-5270 + telephone: + [36] (1) 112-6450 + FAX: + [36] (1) 132-8934 +Flag: + three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and green + +*Hungary, Economy + +Overview: + Hungary is in the midst of a difficult transition from a command to a market + economy. Agriculture is an important sector, providing sizable export + earnings and meeting domestic food needs. Industry accounts for about 40% of + GDP and 30% of employment. Hungary claims that less than 25% of foreign + trade is now with former CEMA countries, while about 70% is with OECD + members. Hungary's economic reform programs during the Communist era gave it + a head start in creating a market economy and attracting foreign investment. + In 1991, Hungary received 60% of all foreign investment in Eastern Europe, + and in 1992 received the largest single share. The growing private sector + accounts for about one-third of national output according to unofficial + estimates. Privatization of state enterprises is progressing, although + excessive red tape, bureaucratic oversight, and uncertainties about pricing + have slowed the process. Escalating unemployment and high rates of inflation + may impede efforts to speed up privatization and budget reform, while + Hungary's heavy foreign debt will make the government reluctant to introduce + full convertibility of the forint before 1994 and to rein in inflation. The + government is projecting an end to the 5-year recession in 1993, and GDP is + forecast to grow 0%-3%. +National product: + GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $55.4 billion (1992 est.) +National product real growth rate: + -5% (1992 est.) +National product per capita: + $5,380 (1992 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 23% (1992 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 12.3% (1992) +Budget: + revenues $13.2 billion; expenditures $15.4 billion, including capital + expenditures $NA (1993 est.) +Exports: + $10.9 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.) + commodities: + raw materials, semi-finished goods, chemicals 35.5%, machinery 13.5%, light + industry 23.3%, food and agricultural 24.8%, fuels and energy 2.8% + partners: + OECD 70.7%, (EC 50.1%, EFTA 15.0%), LDCs 5.1%, former CEMA members 23.2%, + others 1.0% (1991) +Imports: + $11.7 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.) + commodities: + fuels and energy 14.9%, raw materials, semi-finished goods, chemicals 37.6%, + machinery 19.7%, light industry 21.5%, food and agricultural 6.3% + partners: + OECD 71.0%, (EC 45.4%, EFTA 20.0%), LDCs 3.9%, former CEMA members 23.9%, + others 1.2% (1991) +External debt: + $23.5 billion (September 1992) +Industrial production: + growth rate -10% (1992) +Electricity: + 7,200,000 kW capacity; 30,000 million kWh produced, 3,000 kWh per capita + (1992) +Industries: + mining, metallurgy, construction materials, processed foods, textiles, + chemicals (especially pharmaceuticals), buses, automobiles + +*Hungary, Economy + +Agriculture: + including forestry, accounts for 15% of GDP and 16% of employment; highly + diversified crop and livestock farming; principal crops - wheat, corn, + sunflowers, potatoes, sugar beets; livestock - hogs, cattle, poultry, dairy + products; self-sufficient in food output +Illicit drugs: + transshipment point for Southeast Asia heroin transiting the Balkan route +Economic aid: + recipient - $9.1 billion in assistance from OECD countries (from 1st quarter + 1990 to end of 2nd quarter 1991) +Currency: + 1 forint (Ft) = 100 filler +Exchange rates: + forints per US$1 - 83.97 (December 1992), 78.99 (1992), 74.74 (1991), 63.21 + (1990), 59.07 (1989), 50.41 (1988) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +*Hungary, Communications + +Railroads: + 7,765 km total; 7,508 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, 222 km narrow gauge + (mostly 0.760-meter), 35 km 1.520-meter broad gauge; 1,236 km double track, + 2,249 km electrified; all government owned (1990) +Highways: + 130,218 km total; 29,919 km national highway system (27,212 km asphalt, 126 + km concrete, 50 km stone and road brick, 2,131 km macadam, 400 km unpaved); + 58,495 km country roads (66% unpaved), and 41,804 km other roads (70% + unpaved) (1988) +Inland waterways: + 1,622 km (1988) +Pipelines: + crude oil 1,204 km; natural gas 4,387 km (1991) +Ports: + Budapest and Dunaujvaros are river ports on the Danube; coastal outlets are + Rostock (Germany), Gdansk (Poland), Gdynia (Poland), Szczecin (Poland), + Galati (Romania), and Braila (Romania) +Merchant marine: + 12 cargo ships (1,000 GRT or over) and 1 bulk totaling 83,091 GRT/115,950 + DWT +Airports: + total: + 92 + usable: + 92 + with permanent-surface runways: + 25 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 1 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 20 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 28 +Telecommunications: + automatic telephone network based on microwave radio relay system; 1,128,800 + phones (1991); telephone density is at 19.4 per 100 inhabitants; 49% of all + phones are in Budapest; 608,000 telephones on order (1991); 12-15 year wait + for a phone; 14,213 telex lines (1991); broadcast stations - 32 AM, 15 FM, + 41 TV (8 Soviet TV repeaters); 4.2 million TVs (1990); 1 satellite ground + station using INTELSAT and Intersputnik + +*Hungary, Defense Forces + +Branches: + Ground Forces, Air and Air Defense Forces, Border Guard, Territorial Defense +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 2,630,552; fit for military service 2,101,637; reach + military age (18) annually 91,979 (1993 est.) +Defense expenditures: + 66.5 billion forints, NA% of GNP (1993 est.); note - conversion of defense + expenditures into US dollars using the current exchange rate could produce + misleading results + +*Iceland, Geography + +Location: + in the North Atlantic Ocean, between Greenland and Norway +Map references: + Arctic Region, Europe, North America, Standard Time Zones of the World +Area: + total area: + 103,000 km2 + land area: + 100,250 km2 + comparative area: + slightly smaller than Kentucky +Land boundaries: + 0 km +Coastline: + 4,988 km +Maritime claims: + continental shelf: + 200 nm or the edge of continental margin + exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + territorial sea: + 12 nm +International disputes: + Rockall continental shelf dispute involving Denmark, Ireland, and the UK + (Ireland and the UK have signed a boundary agreement in the Rockall area) +Climate: + temperate; moderated by North Atlantic Current; mild, windy winters; damp, + cool summers +Terrain: + mostly plateau interspersed with mountain peaks, icefields; coast deeply + indented by bays and fiords +Natural resources: + fish, hydropower, geothermal power, diatomite +Land use: + arable land: + 1% permanent crops: + 0% + meadows and pastures: + 20% + forest and woodland: + 1% + other: + 78% +Irrigated land: + NA km2 +Environment: + subject to earthquakes and volcanic activity +Note: + strategic location between Greenland and Europe; westernmost European + country; more land covered by glaciers than in all of continental Europe + +*Iceland, People + +Population: + 261,270 (July 1993 est.) + note: + population data estimates based on average growth rate may differ slightly + from official population data because of volatile migration rates +Population growth rate: + 0.88% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 16.99 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 6.74 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + -1.47 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 4 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 78.69 years + male: + 76.45 years + female: + 81.04 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 2.16 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Icelander(s) + adjective: + Icelandic +Ethnic divisions: + homogeneous mixture of descendants of Norwegians and Celts +Religions: + Evangelical Lutheran 96%, other Protestant and Roman Catholic 3%, none 1% + (1988) +Languages: + Icelandic +Literacy: + age 15 and over can read and write (1976) + total population: + 100% + male: + NA% + female: + NA% +Labor force: + 127,900 + by occupation: + commerce, transportation, and services 60.0%, manufacturing 12.5%, fishing + and fish processing 11.8%, construction 10.8%, agriculture 4.0% (1990) + +*Iceland, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Republic of Iceland + conventional short form: + Iceland + local long form: + Lyoveldio Island + local short form: + Island +Digraph: + IC +Type: + republic +Capital: + Reykjavik +Administrative divisions: + 23 counties (syslar, singular - sysla) and 14 independent towns*, (kaupstadhir, singular - +kaupstadhur); Akranes*, Akureyri*, Arnessysla,, Austur-Bardhastrandarsysla, Austur-Hunavatnssysla, +Austur-Skaftafellssysla, + Borgarfjardharsysla, Dalasysla, Eyjafjardharsysla, Gullbringusysla, + Hafnarfjordhur*, Husavik*, Isafjordhur*, Keflavik*, Kjosarsysla, Kopavogur*,, Myrasysla, +Neskaupstadhur*, Nordhur-Isafjardharsysla, Nordhur-Mulasys-la,, Nordhur-Thingeyjarsysla, +Olafsfjordhur*, Rangarvallasysla, Reykjavik*,, Saudharkrokur*, Seydhisfjordhur*, Siglufjordhur*,, +Skagafjardharsysla, + Snaefellsnes-og Hnappadalssysla, Strandasysla, Sudhur-Mulasysla, + Sudhur-Thingeyjarsysla, Vesttmannaeyjar*, Vestur-Bardhastrandarsysla,, Vestur-Hunavatnssysla, +Vestur-Isafjardharsysla, Vestur-Skaftafellssysla +Independence: + 17 June 1944 (from Denmark) +Constitution: + 16 June 1944, effective 17 June 1944 +Legal system: + civil law system based on Danish law; does not accept compulsory ICJ + jurisdiction +National holiday: + Anniversary of the Establishment of the Republic, 17 June (1944) +Political parties and leaders: + Independence Party (conservative), David ODDSSON; Progressive Party, + Steingrimur HERMANNSSON; Social Democratic Party, Jon Baldvin HANNIBALSSON; + People's Alliance (left socialist), Olafur Ragnar GRIMSSON; Women's List +Suffrage: + 18 years of age; universal +Elections: + President: + last held on 29 June 1988 (next scheduled for June 1996); results - there + was no election in 1992 as President Vigdis FINNBOGADOTTIR was unopposed + Althing: + last held on 20 April 1991 (next to be held by April 1995); results - + Independence Party 38.6%, Progressive Party 18.9%, Social Democratic Party + 15.5%, People's Alliance 14.4%, Womens List 8.3%, Liberals 1.2%, other 3.1%; + seats - (63 total) Independence 26, Progressive 13, Social Democratic 10, + People's Alliance 9, Womens List 5 +Executive branch: + president, prime minister, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + unicameral Parliament (Althing) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court (Haestirettur) + +*Iceland, Government + +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Vigdis FINNBOGADOTTIR (since 1 August 1980) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister David ODDSSON (since 30 April 1991) +Member of: + Australian Group, BIS, CCC, CE, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, EFTA, FAO, GATT, IAEA, + IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, + INTERPOL, IOC, ISO (correspondent), ITU, LORCS, MTCR, NACC, NATO, NC, NEA, + NIB, OECD, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WEU (associate), WHO, WIPO, WMO +Diplomatic representation in US: + chief of mission: + (vacant) + chancery: + 2022 Connecticut Avenue NW, Washington DC 20008 + telephone: + (202) 265-6653 through 6655 + FAX: + (202) 265-6656 + consulate general: + New York +US diplomatic representation: + chief of mission: + (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Jon GUNDERSEN + embassy: + Laufasvegur 21, Box 40, Reykjavik + mailing address: + USEMB, PSC 1003, Box 40, FPO AE 09728-0340 + telephone: + [354] (1) 29100 + FAX: [354] (1) 29139 +Flag: + blue with a red cross outlined in white that extends to the edges of the + flag; the vertical part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side in the + style of the Dannebrog (Danish flag) + +*Iceland, Economy + +Overview: + Iceland's Scandinavian-type economy is basically capitalistic, but with an + extensive welfare system, relatively low unemployment, and comparatively + even distribution of income. The economy is heavily dependent on the fishing + industry, which provides nearly 75% of export earnings and employs 12% of + the workforce. In the absence of other natural resources - except energy - + Iceland's economy is vulnerable to changing world fish prices. Iceland's + economy has been in recession since 1988. The recession deepened in 1992 due + to severe cutbacks in fishing quotas and falling world prices for the + country's main exports: fish and fish products, aluminum, and ferrosilicon. + Real GDP declined 3.3% in 1992 and is forecast to contract another 1.5% in + 1993. The center-right government's economic goals include reducing the + budget and current account deficits, limiting foreign borrowing, containing + inflation, revising agricultural and fishing policies, diversifying the + economy, and privatizing state-owned industries. The recession has led to a + wave of bankruptcies and mergers throughout the economy, as well as the + highest unemployment of the post-World War II period. The national + unemployment rate reached 5% in early 1993, with some parts of the country + experiencing unemployment in the 9-10% range. Inflation, previously a + serious problem, declined from double digit rates in the 1980s to only 3.7% + in 1992. +National product: + GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $4.5 billion (1992) +National product real growth rate: + -3.3% (1992) +National product per capita: + $17,400 (1992) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 3.7% (1992 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 5% (first quarter 1993) +Budget: + revenues $1.8 billion; expenditures $1.9 billion, including capital + expenditures of $191 million (1992) +Exports: + $1.5 billion (f.o.b., 1992) + commodities: + fish and fish products, animal products, aluminum, ferrosilicon, diatomite + partners: + EC 68% (UK 25%, Germany 12%), US 11%, Japan 8% (1992) +Imports: + $1.5 billion (c.i.f., 1992) + commodities: + machinery and transportation equipment, petroleum products, foodstuffs, + textiles + partners: EC 53% (Germany 14%, Denmark 10%, UK 9%), Norway 14%, US 9% (1992) +External debt: + $3.9 billion (1992 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 1.75% (1991 est.) +Electricity: + 1,063,000 kW capacity; 5,165 million kWh produced, 19,940 kWh per capita + (1992) +Industries: + fish processing, aluminum smelting, ferro-silicon production, geothermal + power + +*Iceland, Economy + +Agriculture: + accounts for about 25% of GDP; fishing is most important economic activity, + contributing nearly 75% to export earnings; principal crops - potatoes, + turnips; livestock - cattle, sheep; self-sufficient in crops; fish catch of + about 1.4 million metric tons in 1989 +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-81), $19.1 million +Currency: + 1 Icelandic krona (IKr) = 100 aurar +Exchange rates: + Icelandic kronur (IKr) per US$1 - 63.789 (January 1993), 57.546 (1992), + 58.996 (1991), 58.284 (1990), 57.042 (1989), 43.014 (1988) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +*Iceland, Communications + +Highways: + 11,543 km total; 2,690 km hard surfaced, 8,853 km gravel and earth +Ports: + Reykjavik, Akureyri, Hafnarfjordhur, Keflavik, Seydhisfjordhur, + Siglufjordhur, Vestmannaeyjar +Merchant marine: + 10 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 35,832 GRT/53,037 DWT; includes 3 + cargo, 3 refrigerated cargo, 2 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 1 oil tanker, 1 + chemical tanker +Airports: + total: + 90 + usable: + 84 + with permanent-surface runways: + 8 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 1 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 12 +Telecommunications: + adequate domestic service; coaxial and fiber-optical cables and microwave + radio relay for trunk network; 140,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 5 + AM, 147 (transmitters and repeaters) FM, 202 (transmitters and repeaters) + TV; 2 submarine cables; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station carries all + international traffic; a second INTELSAT earth station is scheduled to be + operational in 1993 + +*Iceland, Defense Forces + +Branches: + Police, Coast Guard + note: + no armed forces, Iceland's defense is provided by the US-manned Icelandic + Defense Force (IDF) headquartered at Keflavik +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 69,499; fit for military service 61,798 (1993 est.); no + conscription or compulsory military service +Defense expenditures: + none + +*India, Geography + +Location: + South Asia, bordering the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal, between + Bangladesh and Pakistan +Map references: + Asia, Standard Time Zones of the World +Area: + total area: + 3,287,590 km2 + land area: + 2,973,190 km2 + comparative area: + slightly more than one-third the size of the US +Land boundaries: + total 14,103 km, Bangladesh 4,053 km, Bhutan 605 km, Burma 1,463 km, China + 3,380 km, Nepal 1,690 km, Pakistan 2,912 km +Coastline: + 7,000 km +Maritime claims: + contiguous zone: + 24 nm + continental shelf: + 200 nm or the edge of continental margin + exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + territorial sea: + 12 nm +International disputes: + boundaries with Bangladesh and China; status of Kashmir with Pakistan; + water-sharing problems with downstream riparians, Bangladesh over the Ganges + and Pakistan over the Indus +Climate: + varies from tropical monsoon in south to temperate in north +Terrain: + upland plain (Deccan Plateau) in south, flat to rolling plain along the + Ganges, deserts in west, Himalayas in north +Natural resources: + coal (fourth-largest reserves in the world), iron ore, manganese, mica, + bauxite, titanium ore, chromite, natural gas, diamonds, petroleum, limestone +Land use: + arable land: + 55% + permanent crops: + 1% + meadows and pastures: + 4% + forest and woodland: + 23% + other: + 17% +Irrigated land: + 430,390 km2 (1989) +Environment: + droughts, flash floods, severe thunderstorms common; deforestation; soil + erosion; overgrazing; air and water pollution; desertification +Note: + dominates South Asian subcontinent; near important Indian Ocean trade routes + +*India, People + +Population: + 903,158,968 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 1.86% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 29.11 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 10.52 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 80.5 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 58.12 years + male: + 57.69 years + female: + 58.59 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 3.57 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: Indian(s) + adjective: + Indian +Ethnic divisions: + Indo-Aryan 72%, Dravidian 25%, Mongoloid and other 3% +Religions: + Hindu 82.6%, Muslim 11.4%, Christian 2.4%, Sikh 2%, Buddhist 0.7%, Jains + 0.5%, other 0.4% +Languages: + English enjoys associate status but is the most important language for + national, political, and commercial communication, Hindi the national + language and primary tongue of 30% of the people, Bengali (official), Telugu + (official), Marathi (official), Tamil (official), Urdu (official), Gujarati + (official), Malayalam (official), Kannada (official), Oriya (official), + Punjabi (official), Assamese (official), Kashmiri (official), Sindhi + (official), Sanskrit (official), Hindustani a popular variant of Hindu/Urdu, + is spoken widely throughout northern India + note: + 24 languages each spoken by a million or more persons; numerous other + languages and dialects, for the most part mutually unintelligible +Literacy: + age 15 and over can read and write (1990) + total population: + 48% + male: + 62% + female: + 34% +Labor force: + 284.4 million + by occupation: + agriculture 67% (FY85) + +*India, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Republic of India + conventional short form: + India +Digraph: + IN +Type: + federal republic +Capital: + New Delhi +Administrative divisions: + 25 states and 7 union territories*; Andaman and Nicobar Islands*, Andhra, Pradesh, Arunachal +Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Chandigarh*, Dadra and Nagar, Haveli*, Daman and Diu*, Delhi*, Goa,, +Gujarat, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, + Jammu and Kashmir, Karnataka, Kerala, Lakshadweep*, Madhya Pradesh,, Maharashtra, Manipur, +Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Orissa, Pondicherry*,, Punjab, Rajasthan, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, +Tripura, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal +Independence: 15 August 1947 (from UK) +Constitution: + 26 January 1950 +Legal system: + based on English common law; limited judicial review of legislative acts; + accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations +National holiday: + Anniversary of the Proclamation of the Republic, 26 January (1950) +Political parties and leaders: + Congress (I) Party, P. V. Narasimha RAO, president; Bharatiya Janata Party, + M. M. JOSHI; Janata Dal Party; Communist Party of India/Marxist (CPI/M), + Harkishan Singh SURJEET; Communist Party of India (CPI), C. Rajeswara RAO; + Telugu Desam (a regional party in Andhra Pradesh), N. T. Rama RAO; All-India + Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazagham (AIADMK; a regional party in Tamil Nadu), + JAYALALITHA Jeyaram; Samajwadi Janata Party, CHANDRA SHEKHAR; Shiv Sena, Bal + THACKERAY; Revolutionary Socialist Party (RSP), Tridip CHOWDHURY; Bahujana + Samaj Party (BSP), Kanshi RAM; Congress (S) Party, leader NA; Communist + Party of India/Marxist-Leninist (CPI/ML), Satyanarayan SINGH; Dravida + Munnetra Kazagham (a regional party in Tamil Nadu), M. KARUNANIDHI; Akali + Dal factions representing Sikh religious community in the Punjab; National + Conference (NC; a regional party in Jammu and Kashmir), Farooq ABDULLAH; + Asom Gana Parishad (a regional party in Assam), Prafulla MAHANTA +Other political or pressure groups: + various separatist groups seeking greater communal and/or regional autonomy; + numerous religious or militant/chauvinistic organizations, including Adam + Sena, Ananda Marg, Vishwa Hindu Parishad, and Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh +Suffrage: + 18 years of age; universal +Elections: + People's Assembly: + last held 21 May, 12 and 15 June 1991 (next to be held by November 1996); + results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (545 total, 543 elected, 2 + appointed) Congress (I) Party 245, Bharatiya Janata Party 119, Janata Dal + Party 39, Janata Dal (Ajit Singh) 20, CPI/M 35, CPI 14, Telugu Desam 13, + AIADMK 11, Samajwadi Janata Party 5, Shiv Sena 4, RSP 4, BSP 1, Congress (S) + Party 1, other 23, vacant 9 +Executive branch: + president, vice president, prime minister, Council of Ministers + +*India, Government + +Legislative branch: + bicameral Parliament (Sansad) consists of an upper house or Council of + States (Rajya Sabha) and a lower house or People's Assembly (Lok Sabha) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Shankar Dayal SHARMA (since 25 July 1992); Vice President K.R. + NARAYANAN (since 21 August 1992) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister P. V. Narasimha RAO (since 21 June 1991) +Member of: + AG (observer), AsDB, C, CCC, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-6, G-15, G-19, AfDB, G-24, + G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, + INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, + ONUSAL, PCA, SAARC, UN, UNAVEM II, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNOMOZ, + UNTAC, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation in US: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Siddhartha Shankar RAY + chancery: + 2107 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 + telephone: + (202) 939-7000 + consulates general: + Chicago, New York, and San Francisco +US diplomatic representation: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Thomas R. Pickering + embassy: + Shanti Path, Chanakyapuri 110021, New Delhi + mailing address: + use embassy street address + telephone: + [91] (11) 600651 + FAX: + [91] (11) 687-2028, 687-2391 + consulates general: + Bombay, Calcutta, Madras +Flag: + three equal horizontal bands of orange (top), white, and green with a blue + chakra (24-spoked wheel) centered in the white band; similar to the flag of + Niger, which has a small orange disk centered in the white band + +*India, Economy + +Overview: + India's economy is a mixture of traditional village farming, modern + agriculture, handicrafts, a wide range of modern industries, and a multitude + of support services. Faster economic growth in the 1980s permitted a + significant increase in real per capita private consumption. A large share + of the population, perhaps as much as 40%, remains too poor to afford an + adequate diet. Financial strains in 1990 and 1991 prompted government + austerity measures that slowed industrial growth but permitted India to meet + its international payment obligations without rescheduling its debt. Policy + reforms since 1991 have extended earlier economic liberalization and greatly + reduced government controls on production, trade, and investment. +National product: + GDP - exchange rate conversion - $240 billion (FY93 est.) +National product real growth rate: + 4% (FY93 est.) +National product per capita: + $270 (FY93 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 11.9% (1992 est.) +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $39.2 billion; expenditures $41.06 billion, including capital + expenditures of $10.2 billion (FY92) +Exports: + $19.8 billion (f.o.b., FY93 est.) + commodities: + gems and jewelry, clothing, engineering goods, leather manufactures, cotton + yarn, and fabric + partners: + USSR 16.1%, US 14.7%, West Germany 7.8% (FY91) +Imports: + $25.5 billion (c.i.f., FY93 est.) + commodities: + crude oil and petroleum products, gems, fertilizer, chemicals, machinery + partners: + US 12.1%, West Germany 8.0%, Japan 7.5% (FY91) +External debt: + $73 billion (March 1992) +Industrial production: + growth rate 2.5% (FY93 est.); accounts for about 25% of GDP +Electricity: + 82,000,000 kW capacity; 310,000 million kWh produced, 340 kWh per capita + (1992) +Industries: + textiles, chemicals, food processing, steel, transportation equipment, + cement, mining, petroleum, machinery +Agriculture: + accounts for about 30% of GDP and employs 67% of labor force; principal + crops - rice, wheat, oilseeds, cotton, jute, tea, sugarcane, potatoes; + livestock - cattle, buffaloes, sheep, goats, poultry; fish catch of about 3 + million metric tons ranks India among the world's top 10 fishing nations +Illicit drugs: + licit producer of opium poppy for the pharmaceutical trade, but some opium + is diverted to illicit international drug markets; major transit country for + illicit narcotics produced in neighboring countries; illicit producer of + hashish + +*India, Economy + +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $4.4 billion; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1980-89), $31.7 billion; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $315 million; USSR (1970-89), $11.6 billion; + Eastern Europe (1970-89), $105 million +Currency: + 1 Indian rupee (Re) = 100 paise +Exchange rates: + Indian rupees (Rs) per US$1 - 26.156 (January 1993), 25.918 (1992), 22.742 + (1991), 17.504 (1990), 16.226 (1989), 13.917 (1988) +Fiscal year: + 1 April - 31 March + +*India, Communications + +Railroads: + 61,850 km total (1986); 33,553 km 1.676-meter broad gauge, 24,051 km + 1.000-meter gauge, 4,246 km narrow gauge (0.762 meter and 0.610 meter); + 12,617 km is double track; 6,500 km is electrified +Highways: + 1,970,000 km total (1989); 960,000 km surfaced and 1,010,000 km gravel, + crushed stone, or earth +Inland waterways: + 16,180 km; 3,631 km navigable by large vessels +Pipelines: + crude oil 3,497 km; petroleum products 1,703 km; natural gas 902 km (1989) +Ports: + Bombay, Calcutta, Cochin, Kandla, Madras, New Mangalore, Port Blair (Andaman + Islands) +Merchant marine: + 306 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 6,278,672 GRT/10,446,073 DWT; + includes 1 short-sea passenger, 6 passenger-cargo, 87 cargo, 1 + roll-on/roll-off, 8 container, 63 oil tanker, 10 chemical tanker, 8 + combination ore/oil, 114 bulk, 2 combination bulk, 6 liquefied gas +Airports: + total: + 336 + usable: + 285 + with permanent-surface runways: + 205 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 2 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 58 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 90 +Telecommunications: + domestic telephone system is poor providing only one telephone for about 200 + persons on average; long distance telephoning has been improved by a + domestic satellite system which also carries TV; international service is + provided by 3 Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth stations and by submarine cables + to Malaysia and the United Arab Emirates; broadcast stations - 96 AM, 4 FM, + 274 TV (government controlled) + +*India, Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy, Air Force, Security or Paramilitary Forces (including Border + Security Force, Assam Rifles, and Coast Guard) +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 242,866,053; fit for military service 143,008,471; about + 9,466,323 reach military age (17) annually (1993 est.) +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $5.8 billion, 2.4% of GDP (FY93/94) + +*Indian Ocean, Geography + +Location: + body of water between Africa, Asia, Australia, and Antarctica +Map references: + Southeast Asia, Standard Time Zones of the World +Area: + total area: + 73.6 million km2 + comparative area: + slightly less than eight times the size of the US; third-largest ocean + (after the Pacific Ocean and Atlantic Ocean, but larger than the Arctic + Ocean) + note: + includes Arabian Sea, Bass Straight, Bay of Bengal, Java Sea, Persian Gulf, + Red Sea, Straight of Malacca, Timor Sea, and other tributary water bodies +Coastline: + 66,526 km +International disputes: + some maritime disputes (see littoral states) +Climate: + northeast monsoon (December to April), southwest monsoon (June to October); + tropical cyclones occur during May/June and October/November in the north + Indian Ocean and January/February in the south Indian Ocean +Terrain: + surface dominated by counterclockwise gyre (broad, circular system of + currents) in the south Indian Ocean; unique reversal of surface currents in + the north Indian Ocean, low atmospheric pressure over southwest Asia from + hot, rising, summer air results in the southwest monsoon and + southwest-to-northeast winds and currents, while high pressure over northern + Asia from cold, falling, winter air results in the northeast monsoon and + northeast-to-southwest winds and currents; ocean floor is dominated by the + Mid-Indian Ocean Ridge and subdivided by the Southeast Indian Ocean Ridge, + Southwest Indian Ocean Ridge, and Ninety East Ridge; maximum depth is 7,258 + meters in the Java Trench +Natural resources: + oil and gas fields, fish, shrimp, sand and gravel aggregates, placer + deposits, polymetallic nodules +Environment: + endangered marine species include the dugong, seals, turtles, and whales; + oil pollution in the Arabian Sea, Persian Gulf, and Red Sea +Note: + major chokepoints include Bab el Mandeb, Strait of Hormuz, Strait of + Malacca, southern access to the Suez Canal, and the Lombok Strait; ships + subject to superstructure icing in extreme south near Antarctica from May to + October + +*Indian Ocean, Government + +Digraph: + XO + +*Indian Ocean, Economy + +Overview: + The Indian Ocean provides major sea routes connecting the Middle East, + Africa, and East Asia with Europe and the Americas. It carries a + particularly heavy traffic of petroleum and petroleum products from the oil + fields of the Persian Gulf and Indonesia. Its fish are of great and growing + importance to the bordering countries for domestic consumption and export. + Fishing fleets from Russia, Japan, Korea, and Taiwan also exploit the Indian + Ocean, mainly for shrimp and tuna. Large reserves of hydrocarbons are being + tapped in the offshore areas of Saudi Arabia, Iran, India, and Western + Australia. An estimated 40% of the world's offshore oil production comes + from the Indian Ocean. Beach sands rich in heavy minerals and offshore + placer deposits are actively exploited by bordering countries, particularly + India, South Africa, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, and Thailand. +Industries: + based on exploitation of natural resources, particularly marine life, + minerals, oil and gas production, fishing, sand and gravel aggregates, + placer deposits + +*Indian Ocean, Communications + +Ports: + Bombay (India), Calcutta (India), Madras (India), Colombo (Sri Lanka), + Durban (South Africa), Fremantle (Australia), Jakarta (Indonesia), Melbourne + (Australia), Richard's Bay (South Africa) +Telecommunications: + submarine cables from India to United Arab Emirates and Malaysia, and from + Sri Lanka to Djibouti and Indonesia + +*Indonesia, Geography + +Location: + Southeast Asia, between Malaysia and Australia +Map references: + Oceania, Southeast Asia, Standard Time Zones of the World +Area: + total area: + 1,919,440 km2 + land area: + 1,826,440 km2 + comparative area: + slightly less than three times the size of Texas +Land boundaries: + total 2,602 km, Malaysia 1,782 km, Papua New Guinea 820 km +Coastline: + 54,716 km +Maritime claims: + measured from claimed archipelagic baselines + exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + territorial sea: + 12 nm +International disputes: + sovereignty over Timor Timur (East Timor Province) disputed with Portugal + and not recognized by the UN; two islands in dispute with Malaysia +Climate: + tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands +Terrain: + mostly coastal lowlands; larger islands have interior mountains +Natural resources: + petroleum, tin, natural gas, nickel, timber, bauxite, copper, fertile soils, + coal, gold, silver +Land use: + arable land: + 8% + permanent crops: + 3% + meadows and pastures: + 7% + forest and woodland: + 67% + other: + 15% +Irrigated land: + 75,500 km2 (1989 est.) +Environment: + archipelago of 13,500 islands (6,000 inhabited); occasional floods, severe + droughts, and tsunamis; deforestation +Note: + straddles Equator; strategic location astride or along major sea lanes from + Indian Ocean to Pacific Ocean + +*Indonesia, People + +Population: + 197,232,428 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 1.61% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 24.84 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 8.73 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 69.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 60.26 years + male: + 58.28 years + female: + 62.34 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: 2.86 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Indonesian(s) + adjective: + Indonesian +Ethnic divisions: + Javanese 45%, Sundanese 14%, Madurese 7.5%, coastal Malays 7.5%, other 26% +Religions: + Muslim 87%, Protestant 6%, Roman Catholic 3%, Hindu 2%, Buddhist 1%, other + 1% (1985) +Languages: + Bahasa Indonesia (modified form of Malay; official), English, Dutch, local + dialects the most widely spoken of which is Javanese +Literacy: + age 15 and over can read and write (1990) + total population: + 77% + male: + 84% + female: + 68% +Labor force: + 67 million + by occupation: + agriculture 55%, manufacturing 10%, construction 4%, transport and + communications 3% (1985 est.) + +*Indonesia, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Republic of Indonesia + conventional short form: + Indonesia + local long form: + Republik Indonesia + local short form: + Indonesia + former name: + Netherlands East Indies; Dutch East Indies +Digraph: + ID +Type: + republic +Capital: + Jakarta +Administrative divisions: + 24 provinces (propinsi-propinsi, singular - propinsi), 2 special regions*, (daerah-daerah +istimewa, singular - daerah istimewa), and 1 special capital + city district** (daerah khusus ibukota); Aceh*, Bali, Bengkulu, Irian Jaya,, Jakarta Raya**,, +Jambi, Jawa Barat, Jawa Tengah, Jawa Timur, Kalimantan + Barat, Kalimantan Selatan, Kalimantan Tengah, Kalimantan Timur, Lampung, + Maluku, Nusa Tenggara Barat, Nusa Tenggara Timur, Riau, Sulawesi Selatan, + Sulawesi Tengah, Sulawesi Tenggara, Sulawesi Utara, Sumatera Barat, Sumatera + Selatan, Sumatera Utara, Timor Timur, Yogyakarta*, Independence: + 17 August 1945 (proclaimed independence; on 27 December 1949, Indonesia + became legally independent from the Netherlands) +Constitution: + August 1945, abrogated by Federal Constitution of 1949 and Provisional + Constitution of 1950, restored 5 July 1959 +Legal system: + based on Roman-Dutch law, substantially modified by indigenous concepts and + by new criminal procedures code; has not accepted compulsory ICJ + jurisdiction +National holiday: + Independence Day, 17 August (1945) +Political parties and leaders: + GOLKAR (quasi-official party based on functional groups), Lt. Gen. (Ret.) + WAHONO, general chairman; Indonesia Democracy Party (PDI - federation of + former Nationalist and Christian Parties), SOERYADI, chairman; Development + Unity Party (PPP, federation of former Islamic parties), Ismail Hasan + METAREUM, chairman +Suffrage: + 17 years of age; universal and married persons regardless of age +Elections: + House of Representatives: + last held on 8 June 1992 (next to be held NA 1997); results - GOLKAR 68%, + PPP 17%, PDI 15%; seats - (500 total, 400 elected, 100 appointed) GOLKAR + 282, PPP 62, PDI 56 +Executive branch: + president, vice president, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + unicameral House of Representatives (Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat or DPR); note - + the People's Consultative Assembly (Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat or MPR) + includes the DPR plus 500 indirectly elected members who meet every five + years to elect the president and vice president and, theoretically, to + determine national policy + +*Indonesia, Government + +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court (Mahkamah Agung) +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + President Gen. (Ret.) SOEHARTO (since 27 March 1968); Vice President Gen. + (Ret.) Try SUTRISNO (since 11 March 1993) +Member of: + APEC, AsDB, ASEAN, CCC, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-15, G-19, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, + ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, + INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OIC, OPEC, UN, UNCTAD, + UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNOSOM, UNTAC, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation in US: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Abdul Rachman RAMLY + chancery: + 2020 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036 telephone: + (202) 775-5200 + consulates general: + Houston, New York, and Los Angeles + consulates: + Chicago and San Francisco +US diplomatic representation: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Robert L. BARRY + embassy: + Medan Merdeka Selatan 5, Jakarta + mailing address: + APO AP 96520 + telephone: + [62] (21) 360-360 + FAX: + [62] (21) 360-644 + consulates: + Medan, Surabaya +Flag: + two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white; similar to the flag of + Monaco, which is shorter; also similar to the flag of Poland, which is white + (top) and red + +*Indonesia, Economy + +Overview: + Indonesia is a mixed economy with many socialist institutions and central + planning but with a recent emphasis on deregulation and private enterprise. + Indonesia has extensive natural wealth, yet, with a large and rapidly + increasing population, it remains a poor country. Real GDP growth in 1985-92 + averaged about 6%, quite impressive, but not sufficient to both slash + underemployment and absorb the 2.3 million workers annually entering the + labor force. Agriculture, including forestry and fishing, is an important + sector, accounting for almost 20% of GDP and over 50% of the labor force. + The staple crop is rice. Once the world's largest rice importer, Indonesia + is now nearly self-sufficient. Plantation crops - rubber and palm oil - and + textiles and plywood are being encouraged for both export and job + generation. Industrial output now accounts for almost 40% of GDP and is + based on a supply of diverse natural resources, including crude oil, natural + gas, timber, metals, and coal. Of these, the oil sector dominates the + external economy, generating more than 20% of the government's revenues and + 40% of export earnings in 1989. However, the economy's growth is highly + dependent on the continuing expansion of nonoil exports. Japan remains + Indonesia's most important customer and supplier of aid. Rapid growth in the + money supply in 1989-90 prompted Jakarta to implement a tight monetary + policy in 1991, forcing the private sector to go to foreign banks for + investment financing. Real interest rates remained above 10% and off-shore + commercial debt grew. The growth in off-shore debt prompted Jakarta to limit + foreign borrowing beginning in late 1991. Despite the continued problems in + moving toward a more open financial system and the persistence of a fairly + tight credit situation, GDP growth in 1992 is estimated to have stayed at + 6%. +National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $133 billion (1992 est.) +National product real growth rate: + 6% (1992 est.) +National product per capita: + $680 (1992 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 8% (1992 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 3% ; underemployment 45% (1991 est.) +Budget: + revenues $17.2 billion; expenditures $23.4 billion, including capital + expenditures of $8.9 billion (FY91) +Exports: + $29.4 billion (f.o.b., 1991) + commodities: + petroleum and liquefied natural gas 40%, timber 15%, textiles 7%, rubber 5%, + coffee 3% + partners: + Japan 37%, Europe 13%, US 12%, Singapore 8% (1991) +Imports: + $24.6 billion (f.o.b., 1991) + commodities: + machinery 39%, chemical products 19%, manufactured goods 16% + partners: + Japan 25%, Europe 23%, US 13%, Singapore 5% (1991) +External debt: + $50.5 billion (1992 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 11.6% (1989 est.); accounts for almost 40% of GDP + +*Indonesia, Economy + +Electricity: + 11,600,000 kW capacity; 38,000 million kWh produced, 200 kWh per capita + (1990) +Industries: + petroleum and natural gas, textiles, mining, cement, chemical fertilizers, + plywood, food, rubber +Agriculture: + accounts for almost 20% of GDP; subsistence food production; small-holder + and plantation production for export; main products are rice, cassava, + peanuts, rubber, cocoa, coffee, palm oil, copra, other tropical products, + poultry, beef, pork, eggs +Illicit drugs: + illicit producer of cannabis for the international drug trade, but not a + major player; government actively eradicating plantings and prosecuting + traffickers +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $4.4 billion; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $25.9 billion; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $213 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $175 + million +Currency: + 1 Indonesian rupiah (Rp) = 100 sen (sen no longer used) +Exchange rates: + Indonesian rupiahs (Rp) per US$1 - 2,064.7 (January 1993), 2,029.9 (1992), + 1,950.3 (1991), 1,842.8 (1990), 1,770.1 (1989), 1,685.7 (1988) +Fiscal year: + 1 April - 31 March + +*Indonesia, Communications + +Railroads: + 6,964 km total; 6,389 km 1.067-meter gauge, 497 km 0.750-meter gauge, 78 km + 0.600-meter gauge; 211 km double track; 101 km electrified; all government + owned +Highways: + 119,500 km total; 11,812 km state, 34,180 km provincial, and 73,508 km + district roads +Inland waterways: + 21,579 km total; Sumatra 5,471 km, Java and Madura 820 km, Kalimantan 10,460 + km, Celebes 241 km, Irian Jaya 4,587 km +Pipelines: + crude oil 2,505 km; petroleum products 456 km; natural gas 1,703 km (1989) +Ports: + Cilacap, Cirebon, Jakarta, Kupang, Palembang, Ujungpandang, Semarang, + Surabaya +Merchant marine: + 401 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,766,201 GRT/2,642,529 DWT; includes + 6 short-sea passenger, 13 passenger-cargo, 238 cargo, 10 container, 4 + roll-on/roll-off cargo, 4 vehicle carrier, 78 oil tanker, 6 chemical tanker, + 6 liquefied gas, 7 specialized tanker, 1 livestock carrier, 26 bulk, 2 + passenger +Airports: + total: + 435 + usable: + 411 + with permanent-surface runways: + 119 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 1 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 11 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 67 +Telecommunications: + interisland microwave system and HF police net; domestic service fair, + international service good; radiobroadcast coverage good; 763,000 telephones + (1986); broadcast stations - 618 AM, 38 FM, 9 TV; satellite earth stations - + 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth station and 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth + station; and 1 domestic satellite communications system + +*Indonesia, Defense Forces + +Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, National Police +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 53,160,364; fit for military service 31,395,254; reach + military age (18) annually 2,148,927 (1993 est.) +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $2.1 billion, 1.5% of GNP (FY93/94 est.) + +*Iran, Geography + +Location: + Middle East, between the Persian Gulf and the Caspian Sea +Map references: + Asia, Middle East, Standard Time Zones of the World +Area: + total area: + 1.648 million km2 + land area: + 1.636 million km2 + comparative area: + slightly larger than Alaska +Land boundaries: + total 5,440 km, Afghanistan 936 km, Armenia 35 km, Azerbaijan (north) 432 + km, Azerbaijan (northwest) 179 km, Iraq 1,458 km, Pakistan 909 km, Turkey + 499 km, Turkmenistan 992 km +Coastline: + 2,440 km + note: + Iran also borders the Caspian Sea (740 km) +Maritime claims: + continental shelf: + not specified + exclusive fishing zone: + 50 nm in the Sea of Oman; continental shelf limit, continental shelf + boundaries, or median lines in the Persian Gulf + territorial sea: + 12 nm +International disputes: + Iran and Iraq restored diplomatic relations in 1990 but are still trying to + work out written agreements settling outstanding disputes from their + eight-year war concerning border demarcation, prisoners-of-war, and freedom + of navigation and sovereignty over the Shatt al Arab waterway; Iran occupies + two islands in the Persian Gulf claimed by the UAE: Tunb as Sughra (Arabic), + Jazireh-ye Tonb-e Kuchek (Persian) or Lesser Tunb, and Tunb al Kubra + (Arabic), Jazireh-ye Tonb-e Bozorg (Persian) or Greater Tunb; it jointly + administers with the UAE an island in the Persian Gulf claimed by the UAE, + Abu Musa (Arabic) or Jazireh-ye Abu Musa (Persian); in 1992 the dispute over + Abu Musa and the Tunb Islands became more acute when Iran unilaterally tried + to control the entry of third country nationals into the UAE portion of Abu + Musa island, Tehran subsequently backed off in the face of significant + diplomatic support for the UAE in the region; periodic disputes with + Afghanistan over Helmand water rights, +Climate: + mostly arid or semiarid, subtropical along Caspian coast +Terrain: rugged, mountainous rim; high, central basin with deserts, mountains; small, + discontinuous plains along both coasts +Natural resources: + petroleum, natural gas, coal, chromium, copper, iron ore, lead, manganese, + zinc, sulfur +Land use: + arable land: + 8% + permanent crops: + 0% + meadows and pastures: + 27% + forest and woodland: + 11% + +*Iran, Geography + + other: + 54% +Irrigated land: + 57,500 km2 (1989 est.) +Environment: + deforestation; overgrazing; desertification + +*Iran, People + +Population: + 63,369,809 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 3.49% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 43 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 8.06 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 62.1 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 65.26 years + male: + 64.37 years + female: + 66.19 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 6.4 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Iranian(s) + adjective: + Iranian +Ethnic divisions: + Persian 51%, Azerbaijani 24%, Gilaki and Mazandarani 8%, Kurd 7%, Arab 3%, + Lur 2%, Baloch 2%, Turkmen 2%, other 1% +Religions: + Shi'a Muslim 95%, Sunni Muslim 4%, Zoroastrian, Jewish, Christian, and + Baha'i 1% +Languages: + Persian and Persian dialects 58%, Turkic and Turkic dialects 26%, Kurdish + 9%, Luri 2%, Baloch 1%, Arabic 1%, Turkish 1%, other 2% +Literacy: + age 15 and over can read and write (1990) + total population: + 54% + male: + 64% + female: + 43% +Labor force: + 15.4 million + by occupation: + agriculture 33%, manufacturing 21% + note: + shortage of skilled labor (1988 est.) + +*Iran, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Islamic Republic of Iran + conventional short form: + Iran + local long form: + Jomhuri-ye Eslami-ye Iran + local short form: + Iran +Digraph: + IR +Type: + theocratic republic +Capital: + Tehran +Administrative divisions: + 24 provinces (ostanha, singular - ostan); Azarbayjan-e Bakhtari, + Azarbayjan-e Khavari, Bakhtaran, Bushehr, Chahar Mahall va Bakhtiari, + Esfahan, Fars, Gilan, Hamadan, Hormozgan, Ilam, Kerman, Khorasan, Khuzestan, + Kohkiluyeh va Buyer Ahmadi, Kordestan, Lorestan, Markazi, Mazandaran, + Semnan, Sistan va Baluchestan, Tehran, Yazd, Zanjan +Independence: + 1 April 1979 (Islamic Republic of Iran proclaimed) +Constitution: + 2-3 December 1979; revised 1989 to expand powers of the presidency and + eliminate the prime ministership +Legal system: + the Constitution codifies Islamic principles of government +National holiday: + Islamic Republic Day, 1 April (1979) +Political parties and leaders: + there are at least 18 licensed parties; the three most important are - + Tehran Militant Clergy Association, Mohammad Reza MAHDAVI-KANI; Militant + Clerics Association, Mehdi MAHDAVI-KARUBI and Mohammad Asqar + MUSAVI-KHOINIHA; Fedaiyin Islam Organization, Sadeq KHALKHALI +Other political or pressure groups: + groups that generally support the Islamic Republic include Hizballah, + Hojjatiyeh Society, Mojahedin of the Islamic Revolution, Muslim Students + Following the Line of the Imam; armed political groups that have been almost + completely repressed by the government include Mojahedin-e Khalq + Organization (MEK), People's Fedayeen, Kurdish Democratic Party; the Society + for the Defense of Freedom +Suffrage: + 15 years of age; universal +Elections: + President: + last held July 1989 (next to be held 11 June 1993); results - Ali Akbar + HASHEMI-RAFSANJANI was elected with only token opposition + Islamic Consultative Assembly: + last held 8 April 1992 (next to be held April 1996); results - percent of + vote by party NA; seats - (270 seats total) number of seats by party NA +Executive branch: + supreme leader (velay-t-e faqih), president, Council of Ministers +Legislative branch: + unicameral Islamic Consultative Assembly (Majles-e-Shura-ye-Eslami) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court + +*Iran, Government + +Leaders: + Supreme Leader and functional Chief of State: + Leader of the Islamic Revolution Ayatollah Ali HOSEINI-KHAMENEI (since 4 + June 1989) + Head of Government: + President Ali Akbar HASHEMI-RAFSANJANI (since 3 August 1989) +Member of: + CCC, CP, ESCAP, ECO, FAO, G-19, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, IDA, IDB, + IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, + LORCS, NAM, OIC, OPEC, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, + WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation in US: + chief of mission: + Iran has an Interests Section in the Pakistani Embassy in Washington, DC + chancery: + Iranian Interests Section, 2209 Wisconsin Ave. NW, Washington, DC 20007 + telephone: + (202) 965-4990 +US diplomatic representation: + protecting power in Iran is Switzerland +Flag: + three equal horizontal bands of green (top), white, and red; the national + emblem (a stylized representation of the word Allah) in red is centered in + the white band; Allah Alkbar (God is Great) in white Arabic script is + repeated 11 times along the bottom edge of the green band and 11 times along + the top edge of the red band + +*Iran, Economy + +Overview: + Iran's economy is a mixture of central planning, state ownership of oil and + other large enterprises, village agriculture, and small-scale private + trading and service ventures. After a decade of economic decline, Iran's + real GDP grew by 10% in FY90 and 6% in FY91, according to Iranian Government + statistics. An oil windfall in 1990 combined with a substantial increase in + imports contributed to Iran's recent economic growth. Iran has also begun + implementing a number of economic reforms to reduce government intervention + (including subsidies) and has allocated substantial resources to development + projects in the hope of stimulating the economy. Lower oil revenues in 1991 + - oil accounts for more than 90% of export revenues - together with a surge + in imports greatly weakened Iran's international financial position. By + mid-1992 Iran was unable to meet its obligations to foreign creditors. + Subsequently the government has tried to boost oil exports, curb imports + (especially of consumer goods), and renegotiate terms of its foreign debts. +National product: + GNP - exchange rate conversion - $90 billion (FY92) +National product real growth rate: + 6% (FY91) +National product per capita: + $1,500 (FY91) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 23.7% (September 1991-September 1992) +Unemployment rate: + 30% (1991 est.) +Budget: + revenues $63 billion; expenditures $80 billion, including capital + expenditures of $23 billion (FY90 est.) +Exports: + $17.2 billion (f.o.b., FY91 est.) + commodities: + petroleum 90%, carpets, fruits, nuts, hides + partners: + Japan, Italy, France, Netherlands, Belgium/Luxembourg, Spain, and Germany +Imports: + $21.0 billion (c.i.f., FY91 est.) + commodities: + machinery, military supplies, metal works, foodstuffs, pharmaceuticals, + technical services, refined oil products + partners: + Germany, Japan, Italy, UK, France +External debt: + $17 billion (FY91 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 12% (1990 est.); accounts for almost 30% of GDP, including + petroleum +Electricity: 15,649,000 kW capacity; 43,600 million kWh produced, 710 kWh per capita + (1992) +Industries: + petroleum, petrochemicals, textiles, cement and other building materials, + food processing (particularly sugar refining and vegetable oil production), + metal fabricating +Agriculture: + accounts for about 20% of GDP; principal products - wheat, rice, other + grains, sugar beets, fruits, nuts, cotton, dairy products, wool, caviar; not + self-sufficient in food + +*Iran, Economy + +Illicit drugs: + illicit producer of opium poppy for the domestic and international drug + trade; transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin to Europe +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-80), $1.0 billion; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1.675 billion; + Communist countries (1970-89), $976 million; note - aid fell sharply + following the 1979 revolution +Currency: + 1 Iranian rial (IR) = 10 tomans +Exchange rates: + Iranian rials (IR) per US$1 - 67.095 (January 1993), 65.552 (1992), 67.505 + (1991), 68.096 (1990), 72.015 (1989), 68.683 (1988); black-market rate 1,400 + (January 1991); note - in March 1993 the Iranian government announced a new + single-parity exchange rate system with a new official rate of 1,538 rials + per dollar +Fiscal year: + 21 March - 20 March + +*Iran, Communications + +Railroads: + 4,852 km total; 4,760 km 1.432-meter gauge, 92 km 1.676-meter gauge; 480 km + under construction from Bafq to Bandar-e Abbas, rail construction from Bafq + to Sirjan has been completed and is operational; section from Sirjan to + Bandar-e Abbas still under construction +Highways: + 140,200 km total; 42,694 km paved surfaces; 46,866 km gravel and crushed + stone; 49,440 km improved earth; 1,200 km (est.) rural road network +Inland waterways: + 904 km; the Shatt al Arab is usually navigable by maritime traffic for about + 130 km; channel has been dredged to 3 meters and is in use +Pipelines: + crude oil 5,900 km; petroleum products 3,900 km; natural gas 4,550 km +Ports: + Abadan (largely destroyed in fighting during 1980-88 war), Bandar Beheshti, + Bandar-e Abbas, Bandar-e Bushehr, Bandar-e Khomeyni, Bandar-e Torkeman + (Caspian Sea port), Khorramshahr (repaired after being largely destroyed in + fighting during 1980-88 war) has been in limited operation since November + 1992 +Merchant marine: + 135 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 4,480,726 GRT/8,332,593 DWT; includes + 39 cargo, 6 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 32 oil tanker, 4 chemical tanker, 3 + refrigerated cargo, 48 bulk, 2 combination bulk, 1 liquefied gas +Airports: + total: + 219 + usable: + 194 + with permanent-surface runways: + 83 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 16 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 20 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 70 +Telecommunications: + microwave radio relay extends throughout country; system centered in Tehran; + 2,143,000 telephones (35 telephones per 1,000 persons); broadcast stations - + 77 AM, 3 FM, 28 TV; satellite earth stations - 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and + 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT; HF radio and microwave radio relay to Turkey, + Pakistan, Syria, Kuwait, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan; submarine fiber optic + cable to UAE + +*Iran, Defense Forces + +Branches: + Islamic Republic of Iran Ground Forces, Navy, Air and Air Defense Force, + Revolutionary Guards (including Basij militia and own ground, air, and naval + forces), Law Enforcement Forces +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 13,812,367; fit for military service 8,218,286; reach + military age (21) annually 575,392 (1993 est.) +Defense expenditures: + hard currency expenditures on defense are 7-10% of total hard currency + expenditures; rial expenditures on defense are 8-13% of total rial + expenditures (1992 est.) + note: + conversion of rial expenditures into US dollars using the prevailing + exchange rate could produce misleading results + +*Iraq, Geography + +Location: + Middle East, between Iran and Saudi Arabia +Map references: + Middle East, Standard Time Zones of the World +Area: + total area: + 437,072 km2 land area: + 432,162 km2 + comparative area: + slightly more than twice the size of Idaho +Land boundaries: + total 3,631 km, Iran 1,458 km, Jordan 181 km, Kuwait 242 km, Saudi Arabia + 814 km, Syria 605 km, Turkey 331 km +Coastline: + 58 km +Maritime claims: + continental shelf: + not specified + territorial sea: + 12 nm +International disputes: + Iran and Iraq restored diplomatic relations in 1990 but are still trying to + work out written agreements settling outstanding disputes from their + eight-year war concerning border demarcation, prisoners-of-war, and freedom + of navigation and sovereignty over the Shatt al Arab waterway; in April 1991 + official Iraqi acceptance of UN Security Council Resolution 687, which + demands that Iraq accept the inviolability of the boundary set forth in its + 1963 agreement with Kuwait, ending earlier claims to Bubiyan and Warbah + Islands or to all of Kuwait; the 20 May 1993 final report of the UN + Iraq/Kuwait Boundary Demarcation Commission was welcomed by the Security + Council in Resolution 833 of 27 May 1993, which also reaffirmed that the + decisions of the commission on the boundary were final, bringing to a + completion the official demarcation of the Iraq-Kuwait boundary; Iraqi + officials still make public statements claiming Kuwait; periodic disputes + with upstream riparian Syria over Euphrates water rights; potential dispute + over water development plans by Turkey for the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers +Climate: + mostly desert; mild to cool winters with dry, hot, cloudless summers; + northernmost regions along Iranian and Turkish borders experience cold + winters with occasionally heavy snows +Terrain: + mostly broad plains; reedy marshes in southeast; mountains along borders + with Iran and Turkey +Natural resources: + petroleum, natural gas, phosphates, sulfur +Land use: + arable land: + 12% + permanent crops: + 1% + meadows and pastures: + 9% + forest and woodland: + 3% + other: + 75% +Irrigated land: + 25,500 km2 (1989 est) + +*Iraq, Geography + +Environment: + development of Tigris-Euphrates Rivers system contingent upon agreements + with upstream riparians (Syria, Turkey); air and water pollution; soil + degradation (salinization) and erosion; desertification + +*Iraq, People + +Population: + 19,161,956 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 3.73% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 44.57 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 7.71 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + 0.42 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 71.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 64.96 years + male: + 64.2 years + female: + 65.76 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 6.86 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Iraqi(s) + adjective: + Iraqi +Ethnic divisions: + Arab 75-80%, Kurdish 15-20%, Turkoman, Assyrian or other 5% +Religions: + Muslim 97% (Shi'a 60-65%, Sunni 32-37%), Christian or other 3% +Languages: + Arabic, Kurdish (official in Kurdish regions), Assyrian, Armenian +Literacy: + age 15 and over can read and write (1990) + total population: + 60% + male: + 70% + female: + 49% +Labor force: + 4.4 million (1989) + by occupation: + services 48%, agriculture 30%, industry 22% + note: + severe labor shortage; expatriate labor force was about 1,600,000 (July + 1990); since then, it has declined substantially + +*Iraq, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Republic of Iraq + conventional short form: + Iraq + local long form: + Al Jumhuriyah al Iraqiyah + local short form: + Al Iraq +Digraph: + IZ +Type: + republic +Capital: + Baghdad +Administrative divisions: + 18 provinces (muhafazat, singular - muhafazah); Al Anbar, Al Basrah, Al + Muthanna, Al Qadisiyah, An Najaf, Arbil, As Sulaymaniyah, At Ta'mim, Babil, + Baghdad, Dahuk, Dhi Qar, Diyala, Karbala', Maysan, Ninawa, Salah ad Din, + Wasit +Independence: + 3 October 1932 (from League of Nations mandate under British administration) +Constitution: + 22 September 1968, effective 16 July 1970 (interim Constitution); new + constitution drafted in 1990 but not adopted +Legal system: + based on Islamic law in special religious courts, civil law system + elsewhere; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + Anniversary of the Revolution, 17 July (1968) +Political parties and leaders: + Ba'th Party +Other political or pressure groups: + political parties and activity severely restricted; possibly some opposition + to regime from disaffected members of the regime, Army officers, and Shi'a + religious and Kurdish ethnic dissidents; the Green Party + (government-controlled) +Suffrage: + 18 years of age; universal +Elections: + National Assembly: + last held on 1 April 1989 (next to be held NA); results - Sunni Arabs 53%, + Shi'a Arabs 30%, Kurds 15%, Christians 2% est.; seats - (250 total) number + of seats by party NA + note: + in northern Iraq, a "Kurdish Assembly" was elected in May 1992 and calls for + Kurdish self-determination within a federated Iraq +Executive branch: + president, vice president, chairman of the Revolutionary Command Council, + vice chairman of the Revolutionary Command Council, prime minister, first + deputy prime minister, Council of Ministers +Legislative branch: + unicameral National Assembly (Majlis al-Watani) +Judicial branch: + Court of Cassation + +*Iraq, Government + +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President SADDAM Husayn (since 16 July 1979); Vice President Taha Muhyi + al-Din MA'RUF (since 21 April 1974); Vice President Taha Yasin RAMADAN + (since 23 March 1991) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Muhammad Hamza al-ZUBAYDI (since 13 September 1991); Deputy + Prime Minister Tariq 'AZIZ (since NA 1979) +Member of: + ABEDA, ACC, AFESD, AL, AMF, CAEU, CCC, ESCWA, FAO, G-19, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, + ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, + ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAPEC, OIC, OPEC, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, + WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation in US: + chief of mission: + Iraq has an Interest Section in the Algerian embassy in Washington, DC + chancery: + Iraqi Interests Section, 1801 P Street NW, Washington, DC 20036 + telephone: + (202) 483-7500 + FAX: + (202) 462-5066 +US diplomatic representation: + chief of mission: + (vacant); note - operations have been temporarily suspended; a US Interests + Section is located in Poland's embassy in Baghdad + embassy: + Masbah Quarter (opposite the Foreign Ministry Club), Baghdad + mailing address: + P. O. Box 2447 Alwiyah, Baghdad + telephone: + [964] (1) 719-6138 or 719-6139, 718-1840, 719-3791 +Flag: + three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black with three green + five-pointed stars in a horizontal line centered in the white band; the + phrase ALLAHU AKBAR (God is Great) in green Arabic script - Allahu to the + right of the middle star and Akbar to the left of the middle star - was + added in January 1991 during the Persian Gulf crisis; similar to the flag of + Syria that has two stars but no script and the flag of Yemen that has a + plain white band; also similar to the flag of Egypt that has a symbolic + eagle centered in the white band + +*Iraq, Economy + +Overview: + The Ba'thist regime engages in extensive central planning and management of + industrial production and foreign trade while leaving some small-scale + industry and services and most agriculture to private enterprise. The + economy has been dominated by the oil sector, which has traditionally + provided about 95% of foreign exchange earnings. In the 1980s, financial + problems caused by massive expenditures in the eight-year war with Iran and + damage to oil export facilities by Iran, led the government to implement + austerity measures and to borrow heavily and later reschedule foreign debt + payments. After the end of hostilities in 1988, oil exports gradually + increased with the construction of new pipelines and restoration of damaged + facilities. Agricultural development remained hampered by labor shortages, + salinization, and dislocations caused by previous land reform and + collectivization programs. The industrial sector, although accorded high + priority by the government, also was under financial constraints. Iraq's + seizure of Kuwait in August 1990, subsequent international economic + embargoes, and military action by an international coalition beginning in + January 1991 drastically changed the economic picture. Industrial and + transportation facilities suffered severe damage and have been only + partially restored. Oil exports remain at less than 10% of the previous + level. Shortages of spare parts continue. Living standards deteriorated even + further in 1992 and early 1993; consumer prices at least tripled in 1992. + The UN-sponsored economic embargo has reduced exports and imports and has + contributed to the sharp rise in prices. The government's policies of + supporting large military and internal security forces and of allocating + resources to key supporters of the regime have exacerbated shortages. In + brief, per capita output in early 1993 is far below the 1989-90 level, but + no reliable estimate is available. +National product: + GNP - exchange rate conversion - $35 billion (1989 est.) +National product real growth rate: + 10% (1989 est.) +National product per capita: + $1,940 (1989 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 200% (1992 est.) +Unemployment rate: + less than 5% (1989 est.) +Budget: + revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA +Exports: + $10.4 billion (f.o.b., 1990) + commodities: + crude oil and refined products, fertilizer, sulfur + partners: + US, Brazil, Turkey, Japan, Netherlands, Spain (1990) +Imports: + $6.6 billion (c.i.f., 1990) + commodities: + manufactures, food + partners: + Germany, US, Turkey, France, UK (1990) +External debt: + $45 billion (1989 est.), excluding debt of about $35 billion owed to Arab + Gulf states +Industrial production: NA%; manufacturing accounts for 10% of GNP (1989) + +*Iraq, Economy + +Electricity: + 7,300,000 kW available out of 9,902,000 kW capacity due to Gulf war; 12,900 + million kWh produced, 700 kWh per capita (1992) +Industries: + petroleum production and refining, chemicals, textiles, construction + materials, food processing +Agriculture: + accounts for 11% of GNP and 30% of labor force; principal products - wheat, + barley, rice, vegetables, dates, other fruit, cotton, wool; livestock - + cattle, sheep; not self-sufficient in food output +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-80), $3 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $647 million; + Communist countries (1970-89), $3.9 billion +Currency: + 1 Iraqi dinar (ID) = 1,000 fils +Exchange rates: + Iraqi dinars (ID) per US$1 - 3.2 (fixed official rate since 1982); + black-market rate (April 1993) US$1 = 53.5 Iraqi dinars +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +*Iraq, Communications + +Railroads: + 2,457 km 1.435-meter standard gauge +Highways: + 34,700 km total; 17,500 km paved, 5,500 km improved earth, 11,700 km + unimproved earth +Inland waterways: + 1,015 km; Shatt al Arab is usually navigable by maritime traffic for about + 130 km; channel has been dredged to 3 meters and is in use; Tigris and + Euphrates Rivers have navigable sections for shallow-draft watercraft; Shatt + al Basrah canal was navigable by shallow-draft craft before closing in 1991 + because of the Persian Gulf war +Pipelines: + crude oil 4,350 km; petroleum products 725 km; natural gas 1,360 km +Ports: + Umm Qasr, Khawr az Zubayr, Al Basrah (closed since 1980) +Merchant marine: + 41 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 930,780 GRT/1,674,878 DWT; includes 1 + passenger, 1 passenger-cargo, 15 cargo, 1 refrigerated cargo, 3 + roll-on/roll-off cargo, 19 oil tanker, 1 chemical tanker; note - none of the + Iraqi flag merchant fleet was trading internationally as of 1 January 1993 +Airports: + total: + 114 + usable: 99 + with permanent-surface runways: + 74 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 9 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 52 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 12 +Telecommunications: + reconstitution of damaged telecommunication facilities began after Desert + Storm, most damaged facilities have been rebuilt; the network consists of + coaxial cables and microwave radio relay links; 632,000 telephones; + broadcast stations - 16 AM, 1 FM, 13 TV; satellite earth stations - 1 + Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT, 1 Atlantic Ocean GORIZONT + in the Intersputnik system and 1 ARABSAT; coaxial cable and microwave radio + relay to Jordan, Kuwait, Syria, and Turkey, Kuwait line is probably + non-operational + +*Iraq, Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army and Republican Guard, Navy, Air Force, Air Defense Force, Border Guard + Force, Internal Security Forces +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 4,235,321; fit for military service 2,379,999; reach + military age (18) annually 211,776 (1993 est.) +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GNP + +*Ireland, Geography + +Location: + in the North Atlantic Ocean, across the Irish Sea from Great Britain +Map references: + Europe, Standard Time Zones of the World +Area: + total area: + 70,280 km2 + land area: + 68,890 km2 + comparative area: + slightly larger than West Virginia +Land boundaries: + total 360 km, UK 360 km +Coastline: + 1,448 km +Maritime claims: + continental shelf: + not specified + exclusive fishing zone: + 200 nm + territorial sea: + 12 nm +International disputes: + Northern Ireland question with the UK; Rockall continental shelf dispute + involving Denmark, Iceland, and the UK (Ireland and the UK have signed a + boundary agreement in the Rockall area) +Climate: + temperate maritime; modified by North Atlantic Current; mild winters, cool + summers; consistently humid; overcast about half the time +Terrain: + mostly level to rolling interior plain surrounded by rugged hills and low + mountains; sea cliffs on west coast +Natural resources: + zinc, lead, natural gas, petroleum, barite, copper, gypsum, limestone, + dolomite, peat, silver +Land use: + arable land: + 14% + permanent crops: + 0% + meadows and pastures: + 71% + forest and woodland: + 5% + other: + 10% +Irrigated land: + NA km2 +Environment: + deforestation +Note: + strategic location on major air and sea routes between North American and + northern Europe + +*Ireland, People + +Population: + 3,529,566 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 0.26% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 14.39 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 8.71 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + -3.13 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 7.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 75.38 years + male: + 72.56 years + female: 78.36 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 2.02 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Irishman(men), Irishwoman(men), Irish (collective plural) + adjective: + Irish +Ethnic divisions: + Celtic, English +Religions: + Roman Catholic 93%, Anglican 3%, none 1%, unknown 2%, other 1% (1981) +Languages: + Irish (Gaelic), spoken mainly in areas located along the western seaboard, + English is the language generally used +Literacy: + age 15 and over can read and write (1981) + total population: + 98% + male: + NA% + female: + NA% +Labor force: + 1.37 million + by occupation: + services 57.0%, manufacturing and construction 28%, agriculture, forestry, + and fishing 13.5%, energy and mining 1.5% (1992) + +*Ireland, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + none + conventional short form: + Ireland +Digraph: + EI +Type: + republic +Capital: + Dublin +Administrative divisions: + 26 counties; Carlow, Cavan, Clare, Cork, Donegal, Dublin, Galway, Kerry, + Kildare, Kilkenny, Laois, Leitrim, Limerick, Longford, Louth, Mayo, Meath, + Monaghan, Offaly, Roscommon, Sligo, Tipperary, Waterford, Westmeath, + Wexford, Wicklow +Independence: + 6 December 1921 (from UK) +Constitution: + 29 December 1937; adopted 1937 +Legal system: + based on English common law, substantially modified by indigenous concepts; + judicial review of legislative acts in Supreme Court; has not accepted + compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + Saint Patrick's Day, 17 March +Political parties and leaders: + Democratic Left, Proinsias DE ROSSA; Fianna Fail, Albert REYNOLDS; Labor + Party, Richard SPRING; Fine Gael, John BRUTON; Communist Party of Ireland, + Michael O'RIORDAN; Sinn Fein, Gerry ADAMS; Progressive Democrats, Desmond + O'MALLEY + note: + Prime Minister REYNOLDS heads a coalition consisting of the Fianna Fail and + the Labor Party +Suffrage: + 18 years of age; universal +Elections: + President: + last held 9 November 1990 (next to be held November 1997); results - Mary + Bourke ROBINSON 52.8%, Brian LENIHAN 47.2% + Senate: + last held on NA February 1992 (next to be held February 1997); results - + percent of vote by party NA; seats - (60 total, 49 elected) Fianna Fail 26, + Fine Gael 16, Labor 9, Progressive Democrats 2, Democratic Left 1, + independents 6 + House of Representatives: + last held on 25 November 1992 (next to be held by June 1995); results - + Fianna Fail 39.1%, Fine Gael 24.5%, Labor Party 19.3%, Progressive Democrats + 4.7%, Democratic Left 2.8%, Sinn Fein 1.6%, Workers' Party 0.7%, + independents 5.9%; seats - (166 total) Fianna Fail 68, Fine Gael 45, Labor + Party 33, Progressive Democrats 10, Democratic Left 4, Greens 1, + independents 5 +Executive branch: + president, prime minister, deputy prime minister, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + bicameral Parliament (Oireachtas) consists of an upper house or Senate + (Seanad Eireann) and a lower house or House of Representatives (Dail + Eireann) + +*Ireland, Government + +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Mary Bourke ROBINSON (since 9 November 1990) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Albert REYNOLDS (since 11 February 1992) +Member of: + Australian Group, BIS, CCC, CE, COCOM (cooperating country), CSCE, EBRD, EC, + ECE, EIB, ESA, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, + IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, MINURSO, MTCR, NEA, NSG, + OECD, ONUSAL, UN, UNAVEM II, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNIKOM, + UNPROFRO, UNTAC, UNTSO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, ZC +Diplomatic representation in US: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Dermot A. GALLAGHER chancery: + 2234 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington DC 20008 + telephone: + (202) 462-3939 + consulates general: + Boston, Chicago, New York, and San Francisco +US diplomatic representation: + chief of mission: + Ambassador William Henry G. FITZGERALD; Ambassador Designate Jean Kennedy + SMITH (17 March 1993) + embassy: + 42 Elgin Road, Ballsbridge, Dublin + mailing address: + use embassy street address + telephone: + [353] (1) 687122 + FAX: + [353] (1) 689946 +Flag: + three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), white, and orange; similar + to the flag of the Cote d'Ivoire, which is shorter and has the colors + reversed - orange (hoist side), white, and green; also similar to the flag + of Italy, which is shorter and has colors of green (hoist side), white, and + red + +*Ireland, Economy + +Overview: + The economy is small and trade dependent. Agriculture, once the most + important sector, is now dwarfed by industry, which accounts for 37% of GDP, + about 80% of exports, and employs 28% of the labor force. Since 1987, real + GDP growth, led by exports, has averaged 4% annually. Over the same period, + inflation has fallen sharply and chronic trade deficits have been + transformed into annual surpluses. Unemployment, at 22.7% remains a serious + problem, however, and job creation is the main focus of government policy. + To ease unemployment, Dublin aggressively courts foreign investors and + recently created a new industrial development agency to aid small indigenous + firms. Government assistance is constrained by Dublin's continuing deficit + reduction measures. After five years of fiscal restraint, total government + debt still exceeds GDP. Growth probably will moderate in 1993 as the heavily + indebted and trade-dependent economy is highly sensitive to changes in + exchange rates and world interest rates. Exports to the UK, Ireland's major + export market, probably will be hurt by the recent appreciation of the Irish + currency against sterling - for the first time since 1979 the value of the + Irish pound exceeds that of its British counterpart. +National product: + GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $42.4 billion (1992) +National product real growth rate: + 2% (1992) +National product per capita: + $12,000 (1992) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 3.5% (1992) +Unemployment rate: 22.7% (1992) +Budget: + revenues $16.0 billion; expenditures $16.6 billion, including capital + expenditures of $1.6 billion (1992 est.) +Exports: + $28.3 billion (f.o.b., 1992) + commodities: + chemicals, data processing equipment, industrial machinery, live animals, + animal products + partners: + EC 75% (UK 32%, Germany 13%, France 10%), US 9% +Imports: + $23.3 billion (c.i.f., 1992) + commodities: + food, animal feed, data processing equipment, petroleum and petroleum + products, machinery, textiles, clothing + partners: + EC 66% (UK 41%, Germany 8%, Netherlands 4%), US 15% +External debt: + $15 billion (1990) +Industrial production: + growth rate 8.0% (1992 est.); accounts for 37% of GDP +Electricity: + 5,000,000 kW capacity; 14,500 million kWh produced, 4,120 kWh per capita + (1992) +Industries: + food products, brewing, textiles, clothing, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, + machinery, transportation equipment, glass and crystal + +*Ireland, Economy + +Agriculture: + accounts for 11% of GDP and 13% of the labor force; principal crops - + turnips, barley, potatoes, sugar beets, wheat; livestock - meat and dairy + products; 85% self-sufficient in food; food shortages include bread grain, + fruits, vegetables +Economic aid: + donor - ODA commitments (1980-89), $90 million +Currency: + 1 Irish pound (#Ir) = 100 pence +Exchange rates: + Irish pounds (#Ir) per US$1 - 0.6118 (January 1993), 0.5864 (1992), 0.6190 + (1991), 0.6030 (1990), 0.7472 (1989), 0.6553 (1988) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +*Ireland, Communications + +Railroads: + Irish National Railways (CIE) operates 1,947 km 1.602-meter gauge, + government owned; 485 km double track; 37 km electrified +Highways: 92,294 km total; 87,422 km paved, 4,872 km gravel or crushed stone +Inland waterways: + limited for commercial traffic +Pipelines: + natural gas 225 km +Ports: + Cork, Dublin, Waterford +Merchant marine: + 57 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 154,647 GRT/186,432 DWT; includes 4 + short-sea passenger, 33 cargo, 2 refrigerated cargo, 4 container, 3 oil + tanker, 3 specialized tanker, 3 chemical tanker, 5 bulk +Airports: + total: + 40 + usable: + 39 + with permanent-surface runways: + 13 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 2 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 6 +Telecommunications: + modern system using cable and digital microwave circuits; 900,000 + telephones; broadcast stations - 9 AM, 45 FM, 86 TV; 2 coaxial submarine + cables; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station + +*Ireland, Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army (including Naval Service and Air Corps), National Police (Garda + Siochana) +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 903,536; fit for military service 731,085; reach military + age (17) annually 33,932 (1993 est.) +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $569 million, 1-2% of GDP (1993 est.) + +*Israel, Header + +Affiliation: + (also see separate Gaza Strip and West Bank entries) +Note: + The Arab territories occupied by Israel since the 1967 war are not included + in the data below. As stated in the 1978 Camp David Accords and reaffirmed + by President Bush's post-Gulf crisis peace initiative, the final status of + the West Bank and Gaza Strip, their relationship with their neighbors, and a + peace treaty between Israel and Jordan are to be negotiated among the + concerned parties. The Camp David Accords further specify that these + negotiations will resolve the location of the respective boundaries. Pending + the completion of this process, it is US policy that the final status of the + West Bank and Gaza Strip has yet to be determined (see West Bank and Gaza + Strip entries). On 25 April 1982, Israel relinquished control of the Sinai + to Egypt. Statistics for the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights are included in + the Syria entry. + +*Israel, Geography + +Location: + Middle East, bordering the eastern Mediterranean Sea, between Egypt and + Lebanon +Map references: + Africa, Middle East, Standard Time Zones of the World +Area: + total area: + 20,770 km2 + land area: + 20,330 km2 + comparative area: + slightly larger than New Jersey +Land boundaries: + total 1,006 km, Egypt 255 km, Gaza Strip 51 km, Jordan 238 km, Lebanon 79 + km, Syria 76 km, West Bank 307 km +Coastline: + 273 km +Maritime claims: + continental shelf: + to depth of exploitation + territorial sea: + 12 nm +International disputes: + separated from Lebanon, Syria, and the West Bank by the 1949 Armistice Line; + differences with Jordan over the location of the 1949 Armistice Line that + separates the two countries; West Bank and Gaza Strip are Israeli occupied + with status to be determined; Golan Heights is Israeli occupied; Israeli + troops in southern Lebanon since June 1982; water-sharing issues with Jordan +Climate: + temperate; hot and dry in southern and eastern desert areas +Terrain: + Negev desert in the south; low coastal plain; central mountains; Jordan Rift + Valley +Natural resources: + copper, phosphates, bromide, potash, clay, sand, sulfur, asphalt, manganese, + small amounts of natural gas and crude oil +Land use: + arable land: + 17% + permanent crops: + 5% + meadows and pastures: + 40% + forest and woodland: + 6% + other: 32% +Irrigated land: + 2,140 km2 (1989) +Environment: + sandstorms may occur during spring and summer; limited arable land and + natural water resources pose serious constraints; deforestation +Note: + there are 175 Jewish settlements in the West Bank, 38 in the + Israeli-occupied Golan Heights, 18 in the Gaza Strip, and 14 Israeli-built + Jewish neighborhoods in East Jerusalem + +*Israel, People + +Population: + 4,918,946 (July 1993 est.) + note: + includes 102,000 Jewish settlers in the West Bank, 14,000 in the + Israeli-occupied Golan Heights, 4,000 in the Gaza Strip, and 134,000 in East + Jerusalem (1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 3.08% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 20.72 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 6.45 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + 16.51 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 8.9 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 77.77 years + male: + 75.72 years + female: + 79.93 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 2.86 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Israeli(s) + adjective: + Israeli +Ethnic divisions: + Jewish 83%, non-Jewish 17% (mostly Arab) +Religions: + Judaism 82%, Islam 14% (mostly Sunni Muslim), Christian 2%, Druze and other + 2% +Languages: + Hebrew (official), Arabic used officially for Arab minority, English most + commonly used foreign language +Literacy: + age 15 and over can read and write (1983) + total population: 92% + male: + 95% + female: + 89% +Labor force: + 1.4 million (1984 est.) + by occupation: + public services 29.3%, industry, mining, and manufacturing 22.8%, commerce + 12.8%, finance and business 9.5%, transport, storage, and communications + 6.8%, construction and public works 6.5%, personal and other services 5.8%, + agriculture, forestry, and fishing 5.5%, electricity and water 1.0% (1983) + +*Israel, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + State of Israel + conventional short form: + Israel + local long form: + Medinat Yisra'el + local short form: + Yisra'el +Digraph: + IS +Type: + republic +Capital: + Jerusalem + note: + Israel proclaimed Jerusalem its capital in 1950, but the US, like nearly all + other countries, maintains its Embassy in Tel Aviv +Administrative divisions: + 6 districts (mehozot, singular - mehoz); Central, Haifa, Jerusalem, + Northern, Southern, Tel Aviv +Independence: + 14 May 1948 (from League of Nations mandate under British administration) +Constitution: + no formal constitution; some of the functions of a constitution are filled + by the Declaration of Establishment (1948), the basic laws of the parliament + (Knesset), and the Israeli citizenship law +Legal system: + mixture of English common law, British Mandate regulations, and, in personal + matters, Jewish, Christian, and Muslim legal systems; in December 1985, + Israel informed the UN Secretariat that it would no longer accept compulsory + ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + Independence Day, 14 May 1948 (Israel declared independence on 14 May 1948, + but the Jewish calendar is lunar and the holiday may occur in April or May) +Political parties and leaders: + members of the government: + Labor Party, Prime Minister Yitzhak RABIN; MERETZ, Minister of Education + Shulamit ALONI; SHAS, Minister of Interior Arieh DERI + opposition parties: + Likud Party, Binyamin NETANYAHU; Tzomet, Rafael EITAN; National Religious + Party, Zevulun HAMMER; United Torah Jewry, Avraham SHAPIRA; Democratic Front + for Peace and Equality (Hadash), Hashim MAHAMID; Moledet, Rehavam ZEEVI; + Arab Democratic Party, Abd al Wahab DARAWSHAH + note: + Israel currently has a coalition government comprising 3 parties that hold + 62 seats of the Knesset's 120 seats +Other political or pressure groups: + Gush Emunim, Jewish nationalists advocating Jewish settlement on the West + Bank and Gaza Strip; Peace Now, critical of government's West Bank/Gaza + Strip and Lebanon policies +Suffrage: + 18 years of age; universal +Elections: + President: + last held 24 March 1993 (next to be held NA March 1999); results - Ezer + WEIZMAN elected by Knesset + +*Israel, Government + + Knesset: + last held June 1992 (next to be held by NA); results - percent of vote by + party NA; seats - (120 total) Labor Party 44, Likud bloc 32, Meretz 12, + Tzomet 8, National Religious Party 6, Shas 6, United Torah Jewry 4, + Democratic Front for Peace and Equality 3, Moledet 3, Arab Democratic Party + 2 +Executive branch: + president, prime minister, vice prime minister, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + unicameral parliament (Knesset) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Ezer WEIZMAN (since 13 May 1993) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Yitzhak RABIN (since July 1992) +Member of: + AG (observer), CCC, CERN (oberver), EBRD, ECE, FAO, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, + ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, + INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, OAS (observer), PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, + UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation in US: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Itamar RABINOVICH + chancery: + 3514 International Drive NW, Washington, DC 20008 + telephone: + (202) 364-5500 + consulates general: + Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, + Philadelphia, and San Francisco +US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: + Acting Ambassador William BROWN + embassy: + 71 Hayarkon Street, Tel Aviv + mailing address: + APO AE 09830 + telephone: + [972] (3) 654338 + FAX: + [972] (3) 663449 + consulate general: + Jerusalem +Flag: + white with a blue hexagram (six-pointed linear star) known as the Magen + David (Shield of David) centered between two equal horizontal blue bands + near the top and bottom edges of the flag + +*Israel, Economy + +Overview: + Israel has a market economy with substantial government participation. It + depends on imports of crude oil, grains, raw materials, and military + equipment. Despite limited natural resources, Israel has intensively + developed its agricultural and industrial sectors over the past 20 years. + Industry employs about 20% of Israeli workers, agriculture 5%, and services + most of the rest. Diamonds, high-technology equipment, and agricultural + products (fruits and vegetables) are leading exports. Israel usually posts + balance-of-payments deficits, which are covered by large transfer payments + from abroad and by foreign loans. Roughly half of the government's $17 + billion external debt is owed to the United States, which is its major + source of economic and military aid. To earn needed foreign exchange, Israel + has been targeting high-technology niches in international markets, such as + medical scanning equipment. The influx of Jewish immigrants from the former + USSR, which topped 400,000 during the period 1990-92, has increased + unemployment, intensified housing problems, and widened the government + budget deficit. At the same time, a considerable number of the immigrants + bring to the economy valuable scientific and professional expertise. +National product: + GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $57.4 billion (1992 est.) +National product real growth rate: + 6.4% (1992 est.) +National product per capita: + $12,100 (1992 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 10% (1992 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 11% (1992 est.) +Budget: + revenues $33.9 billion; expenditures $36.8 billion, including capital + expenditures of $9.3 billion (FY93) +Exports: + $11.8 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.) + commodities: + polished diamonds, citrus and other fruits, textiles and clothing, processed + foods, fertilizer and chemical products, military hardware, electronics + partners: + US, EC, Japan, Hong Kong, Switzerland +Imports: + $19.6 billion (c.i.f., 1992 est.) + commodities: + military equipment, rough diamonds, oil, chemicals, machinery, iron and + steel, cereals, textiles, vehicles, ships, aircraft + partners: + US, EC, Switzerland, Japan, South Africa, Canada, Hong Kong +External debt: + $25 billion of which government debt is $17 billion (December 1992 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 9.4% (1992 est.); accounts for about 20% of GDP +Electricity: + 5,835,000 kW capacity; 21,840 million kWh produced, 4,600 kWh per capita + (1992) +Industries: + food processing, diamond cutting and polishing, textiles, clothing, + chemicals, metal products, military equipment, transport equipment, + electrical equipment, miscellaneous machinery, potash mining, + high-technology electronics, tourism + +*Israel, Economy + +Agriculture: + accounts for about 3% of GDP; largely self-sufficient in food production, + except for grains; principal products - citrus and other fruits, vegetables, + cotton; livestock products - beef, dairy, poultry +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-90), $18.2 billion; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $2.8 billion +Currency: + 1 new Israeli shekel (NIS) = 100 new agorot +Exchange rates: + new Israeli shekels (NIS) per US$1 - 2.8000 (December 1992), 2.4591 (1992), + 2.2791 (1991), 2.0162 (1990), 1.9164 (1989), 1.5989 (1988), 1.5946 (1987) +Fiscal year: + calendar year (since 1 January 1992) + +*Israel, Communications + +Railroads: + 600 km 1.435-meter gauge, single track; diesel operated +Highways: + 4,750 km; majority is bituminous surfaced +Pipelines: + crude oil 708 km; petroleum products 290 km; natural gas 89 km +Ports: + Ashdod, Haifa +Merchant marine: + 35 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 678,584 GRT/785,220 DWT; includes 8 + cargo, 24 container, 2 refrigerated cargo, 1 roll-on/roll-off; note - Israel + also maintains a significant flag of convenience fleet, which is normally at + least as large as the Israeli flag fleet; the Israeli flag of convenience + fleet typically includes all of its oil tankers +Airports: + total: + 53 + usable: + 46 + with permanent-surface runways: + 28 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 7 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 12 +Telecommunications: + most highly developed in the Middle East although not the largest; good + system of coaxial cable and microwave radio relay; 1,800,000 telephones; + broadcast stations - 14 AM, 21 FM, 20 TV; 3 submarine cables; satellite + earth stations - 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT + +*Israel, Defense Forces + +Branches: + Israel Defense Forces (including ground, naval, and air components) + note: + historically, there have been no separate Israeli military services +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 1,240,757; females age 15-49 1,218,610; males fit for + military service 1,018,212; females fit for military service 996,089; males + reach military age (18) annually 46,131; females reach military age (18) + annually 44,134 (1993 est.); both sexes are liable for military service +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $12.5 billion, 18% of GDP (1993 est.) + +*Italy, Geography + +Location: + Southern Europe, a peninsula in the central Mediterranean Sea +Map references: + Africa, Europe, Standard Time Zones of the World +Area: + total area: + 301,230 km2 + land area: + 294,020 km2 + comparative area: + slightly larger than Arizona + note: + includes Sardinia and Sicily +Land boundaries: + total 1,899.2 km, Austria 430 km, France 488 km, Holy See (Vatican City) 3.2 + km, San Marino 39 km, Slovenia 199 km, Switzerland 740 km +Coastline: + 4,996 km +Maritime claims: + continental shelf: + 200 m depth or to depth of exploitation + territorial sea: + 12 nm +International disputes: + small vocal minority in northern Italy seeks the return of parts of + southwestern Slovenia +Climate: + predominantly Mediterranean; Alpine in far north; hot, dry in south +Terrain: + mostly rugged and mountainous; some plains, coastal lowlands +Natural resources: + mercury, potash, marble, sulfur, dwindling natural gas and crude oil + reserves, fish, coal +Land use: + arable land: + 32% + permanent crops: + 10% + meadows and pastures: + 17% + forest and woodland: + 22% + other: + 19% +Irrigated land: + 31,000 km2 (1989 est.) +Environment: + regional risks include landslides, mudflows, snowslides, earthquakes, + volcanic eruptions, flooding, pollution; land sinkage in Venice +Note: + strategic location dominating central Mediterranean as well as southern sea + and air approaches to Western Europe + +*Italy, People + +Population: + 58,018,540 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 0.2% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 10.65 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 9.66 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + 1.03 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 7.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 77.43 years + male: + 74.22 years + female: + 80.85 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 1.37 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Italian(s) + adjective: + Italian +Ethnic divisions: + Italian (includes small clusters of German-, French-, and Slovene-Italians + in the north and Albanian-Italians and Greek-Italians in the south), + Sicilians, Sardinians +Religions: + Roman Catholic 100% +Languages: + Italian, German (parts of Trentino-Alto Adige region are predominantly + German speaking), French (small French-speaking minority in Valle d'Aosta + region), Slovene (Slovene-speaking minority in the Trieste-Gorizia area) +Literacy: + age 15 and over can read and write (1990) + total population: + 97% + male: + 98% + female: + 96% +Labor force: + 23.988 million + by occupation: + services 58%, industry 32.2%, agriculture 9.8% (1988) + +*Italy, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Italian Republic + conventional short form: + Italy + local long form: + Repubblica Italiana + local short form: + Italia + former: + Kingdom of Italy +Digraph: + IT +Type: + republic +Capital: + Rome +Administrative divisions: + 20 regions (regioni, singular - regione); Abruzzi, Basilicata, Calabria, + Campania, Emilia-Romagna, Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Lazio, Liguria, Lombardia, + Marche, Molise, Piemonte, Puglia, Sardegna, Sicilia, Toscana, Trentino-Alto + Adige, Umbria, Valle d'Aosta, Veneto +Independence: + 17 March 1861 (Kingdom of Italy proclaimed) +Constitution: + 1 January 1948 +Legal system: + based on civil law system, with ecclesiastical law influence; appeals + treated as trials de novo; judicial review under certain conditions in + Constitutional Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + Anniversary of the Republic, 2 June (1946) +Political parties and leaders: + Christian Democratic Party (DC), Fermo Mino MARTINAZZOLI, general secretary; + Rosa Russo JERVOLINO, president; Socialist Party (PSI), Giorgio BENVENUTO, + party secretary; Social Democratic Party (PSDI), Enrico FERRI, party + secretary; Liberal Party (PLI); Democratic Party of the Left (PDS - was + Communist Party, or PCI, until January 1991), Achille OCCHETTO, secretary + general; Italian Social Movement (MSI), Gianfranco FINI, national secretary; + Republican Party (PRI), Giorgio BOGI, political secretary; Lega Nord + (Northern League), Umberto BOSSI, president; Communist Renewal (RC), Sergio + GARAVINI +Other political or pressure groups: + the Roman Catholic Church; three major trade union confederations (CGIL - + formerly Communist dominated, CISL - Christian Democratic, and UIL - Social + Democratic, Socialist, and Republican); Italian manufacturers association + (Confindustria); organized farm groups (Confcoltivatori, Confagricoltura) +Suffrage: + 18 years of age, universal (except in senatorial elections, where minimum + age is 25) +Elections: + Senate: + last held 5-6 April 1992 (next to be held by April 1997); results - DC + 27.3%, PDS 17.0%, PSI 13.6%, Northern Leagues 8.2%, other 33.9%; seats - + (326 total; 315 elected, 11 appointed senators-for-life) DC 107, PDS 64, PSI + 49, Leagues 25, other 70 + +*Italy, Government + + Chamber of Deputies: + last held 5-6 April 1992 (next to be held by April 1997); results - DC + 29.7%, PDS 16.1%, PSI 13.6%, Northern Leagues 8.7%, RC 5.6%, MSI 5.4%, PRI + 4.4%, PLI 2.8%, PSDI 2.7%, other 11%; seats - (630 total) DC 206, PDS 107, + PSI 92, Northern Leagues 55, RC 35, MSI 34, PRI 27, PLI 17, PSDI 16, other + 41 +Executive branch: + president, prime minister (president of the Council of Ministers) +Legislative branch: + bicameral Parliament (Parlamento) consists of an upper chamber or Senate of + the Republic (Senato della Repubblica) and a lower chamber or Chamber of + Deputies (Camera dei Deputati) +Judicial branch: + Constitutional Court (Corte Costituzionale) +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Oscar Luigi SCALFARO (since 28 May 1992) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Carlo Azeglio CIAMPI (29 April 1993) +Member of: + AfDB, AG (observer), Australia Group, AsDB, BIS, CCC, CDB (non-regional), + CE, CEI, CERN, COCOM, CSCE, EBRD, EC, ECE, ECLAC, EIB, ESA, FAO, G-7, G-10, + GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IEA, IFC, ILO, IMF, + IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LAIA (observer), + LORCS, MINURSO, MTCR, NACC, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, PCA, UN, + UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNIKOM, UNMOGIP, UNOMOZ, UNTSO, UPU, + WCL, WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC +Diplomatic representation in US: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Boris BIANCHERI CHIAPPORI + chancery: + 1601 Fuller Street NW, Washington DC 20009 + telephone: + (202) 328-5500 + consulates general: + Boston, Chicago, Houston, Miami, New York, Los Angeles, Philadelphia, San + Francisco + consulates: + Detroit, New Orleans, and Newark (New Jersey) +US diplomatic representation: + chief of mission: + (vacant) + embassy: + Via Veneto 119/A, 00187, Rome + mailing address: + PSC 59, Box 100, APO AE 09624 + telephone: + [39] (6) 46741 + FAX: + [39] (6) 488-2672 + consulates general: + Florence, Genoa, Milan, Naples, Palermo (Sicily) +Flag: + three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), white, and red; similar to + the flag of Ireland, which is longer and is green (hoist side), white, and + orange; also similar to the flag of the Cote d'Ivoire, which has the colors + reversed - orange (hoist side), white, and green + +*Italy, Economy + +Overview: + Since World War II the economy has changed from one based on agriculture + into a ranking industrial economy, with approximately the same total and per + capita output as France and the UK. The country is still divided into a + developed industrial north, dominated by private companies, and an + undeveloped agricultural south, dominated by large public enterprises. + Services account for 48% of GDP, industry 35%, agriculture 4%, and public + administration 13%. Most raw materials needed by industry and over 75% of + energy requirements must be imported. After growing at an annual average + rate of 3% in 1983-90, growth slowed to about 1% in 1991 and 1992. In the + second half of 1992, Rome became unsettled by the prospect of not qualifying + to participate in EC plans for economic and monetary union later in the + decade; thus it finally began to address its huge fiscal imbalances. Thanks + to the determination of Prime Minister AMATO, the government adopted a + fairly stringent budget for 1993, abandoned its highly inflationary wage + indexation system, and started to scale back its extremely generous social + welfare programs, including pension and health care benefits. Monetary + officials, who were forced to withdraw the lira from the European monetary + system in September 1992 when it came under extreme pressure in currency + markets, remain committed to bringing the currency back into the grid as + soon as conditions warrant. For the 1990s, Italy faces the problems of + refurbishing a tottering communications system, curbing pollution in major + industrial centers, and adjusting to the new competitive forces accompanying + the ongoing economic integration of the European Community. +National product: + GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $1.012 trillion (1992) +National product real growth rate: + 0.9% (1992) +National product per capita: + $17,500 (1992) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 5.4% (1992) +Unemployment rate: + 11% (1992 est.) +Budget: + revenues $447 billion; expenditures $581 billion, including capital + expenditures of $46 billion (1992 est.) +Exports: + $168.8 million (f.o.b., 1991) + commodities: + textiles, wearing apparel, metals, production machinery, motor vehicles, + transportation equipment, chemicals, other + partners: + EC 58.3%, US 6.8%, OPEC 5.1% (1992) +Imports: + $169.7 million (f.o.b., 1991) + commodities: + petroleum, industrial machinery, chemicals, metals, food, agricultural + products + partners: + EC 58.8%, OPEC 6.1%, US 5.5% (1992) +External debt: + $42 billion (September 1992) +Industrial production: + growth rate -0.5% (1992 est.); accounts for almost 35% of GDP +Electricity: + 58,000,000 kW capacity; 235,000 million kWh produced, 4,060 kWh per capita + (1992) + +*Italy, Economy + +Industries: + machinery, iron and steel, chemicals, food processing, textiles, motor + vehicles, clothing, footwear, ceramics +Agriculture: + accounts for about 4% of GDP and about 10% of the work force; + self-sufficient in foods other than meat, dairy products, and cereals; + principal crops - fruits, vegetables, grapes, potatoes, sugar beets, + soybeans, grain, olives; fish catch of 525,000 metric tons in 1990 +Illicit drugs: + increasingly important gateway country for Latin American cocaine entering + the European market +Economic aid: + donor - ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $25.9 billion +Currency: + 1 Italian lira (Lit) = 100 centesimi +Exchange rates: + Italian lire (Lit) per US$1 - 1,482.5 (January 1993), 1,232.4 (1992), + 1,240.6 (1991), 1,198.1 (1990), 1,372.1 (1989), 1,301.6 (1988) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +*Italy, Communications + +Railroads: + 20,011 km total; 16,066 km 1.435-meter government-owned standard gauge + (8,999 km electrified); 3,945 km privately owned - 2,100 km 1.435-meter + standard gauge (1,155 km electrified) and 1,845 km 0.950-meter narrow gauge + (380 km electrified) +Highways: + 298,000 km total; autostrada (expressway) 6,000 km, state highways 46,000 + km, provincial highways 103,000 km, communal highways 143,000 km; 270,000 km + paved, 23,000 km gravel and crushed stone, 5,000 km earth +Inland waterways: + 2,400 km for various types of commercial traffic, although of limited + overall value +Pipelines: + crude oil 1,703 km; petroleum products 2,148 km; natural gas 19,400 km +Ports: + Cagliari (Sardinia), Genoa, La Spezia, Livorno, Naples, Palermo (Sicily), + Taranto, Trieste, Venice +Merchant marine: + 536 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 6,788,938 GRT/10,128,468 DWT; + includes 15 passenger, 36 short-sea passenger, 87 cargo, 4 refrigerated + cargo, 21 container, 69 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 8 vehicle carrier, 1 + multifunction large-load carrier, 138 oil tanker, 34 chemical tanker, 45 + liquefied gas, 10 specialized tanker, 9 combination ore/oil, 57 bulk, 2 + combination bulk +Airports: + total: + 137 + usable: 133 + with permanent-surface runways: + 92 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 2 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 36 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 39 +Telecommunications: + modern, well-developed, fast; 25,600,000 telephones; fully automated + telephone, telex, and data services; high-capacity cable and microwave radio + relay trunks; broadcast stations - 135 AM, 28 (1,840 repeaters) FM, 83 + (1,000 repeaters) TV; international service by 21 submarine cables, 3 + satellite earth stations operating in INTELSAT with 3 Atlantic Ocean + antennas and 2 Indian Ocean antennas; also participates in INMARSAT and + EUTELSAT systems + +*Italy, Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy, Air Force, Carabinieri +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 14,898,913; fit for military service 12,989,142; reach + military age (18) annually 425,286 (1993 est.) +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $24.5 billion, 2% of GDP (1992) + +*Jamaica, Geography + +Location: + in the northern Caribbean Sea, about 160 km south of Cuba +Map references: + Central America and the Caribbean, North America, Standard Time Zones of the + World +Area: + total area: + 10,990 km2 + land area: + 10,830 km2 + comparative area: + slightly smaller than Connecticut +Land boundaries: + 0 km +Coastline: + 1,022 km +Maritime claims: + exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + territorial sea: + 12 nm +International disputes: none +Climate: + tropical; hot, humid; temperate interior +Terrain: + mostly mountains with narrow, discontinuous coastal plain +Natural resources: + bauxite, gypsum, limestone +Land use: + arable land: + 19% + permanent crops: + 6% + meadows and pastures: + 18% + forest and woodland: + 28% + other: + 29% +Irrigated land: + 350 km2 (1989 est.) +Environment: + subject to hurricanes (especially July to November); deforestation; water + pollution +Note: + strategic location between Cayman Trench and Jamaica Channel, the main sea + lanes for Panama Canal + +*Jamaica, People + +Population: + 2,529,981 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 0.96% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 22.24 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 5.72 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + -6.95 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 17.5 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 74.09 years + male: + 71.92 years + female: + 76.36 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 2.47 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Jamaican(s) + adjective: Jamaican +Ethnic divisions: + African 76.3%, Afro-European 15.1%, East Indian and Afro-East Indian 3%, + white 3.2%, Chinese and Afro-Chinese 1.2%, other 1.2% +Religions: + Protestant 55.9% (Church of God 18.4%, Baptist 10%, Anglican 7.1%, + Seventh-Day Adventist 6.9%, Pentecostal 5.2%, Methodist 3.1%, United Church + 2.7%, other 2.5%), Roman Catholic 5%, other, including some spiritual cults + 39.1% (1982) +Languages: + English, Creole +Literacy: + age 15 and over having ever attended school (1990) + total population: + 98% + male: + 98% + female: + 99% +Labor force: + 1,062,100 + by occupation: + services 41%, agriculture 22.5%, industry 19%, unemployed 17.5% (1989) + +*Jamaica, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + none + conventional short form: + Jamaica +Digraph: + JM +Type: + parliamentary democracy +Capital: + Kingston +Administrative divisions: + 14 parishes; Clarendon, Hanover, Kingston, Manchester, Portland, Saint + Andrew, Saint Ann, Saint Catherine, Saint Elizabeth, Saint James, Saint + Mary, Saint Thomas, Trelawny, Westmoreland +Independence: + 6 August 1962 (from UK) +Constitution: + 6 August 1962 +Legal system: + based on English common law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + Independence Day (first Monday in August) +Political parties and leaders: + People's National Party (PNP) P. J. PATTERSON; Jamaica Labor Party (JLP), + Edward SEAGA +Other political or pressure groups: + Rastafarians (black religious/racial cultists, pan-Africanists) +Suffrage: + 18 years of age; universal +Elections: + House of Representatives: + last held 30 March 1993 (next to be held by February 1998); results - + percent of vote by party NA; seats - (60 total) PNP 52, JLP 8 +Executive branch: + British monarch, governor general, prime minister, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + bicameral Parliament consists of an upper house or Senate and a lower house + or House of Representatives +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General + Sir Howard COOKE (since 1 August 1991) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister P. J. PATTERSON (since 30 March 1992) +Member of: + ACP, C, CARICOM, CCC, CDB, ECLAC, FAO, G-19, G-77, GATT, G-15, IADB, IAEA, + IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, + ITU, LAES, LORCS, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, + WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation in US: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Richard BERNAL + chancery: + Suite 355, 1850 K Street NW, Washington, DC 20006 + telephone: + (202) 452-0660 + +*Jamaica, Government + + consulates general: + Miami and New York +US diplomatic representation: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Glen A. HOLDEN + embassy: + Kingston + mailing address: + 3rd Floor, Jamaica Mutual Life Center, 2 Oxford Road, Kingston + telephone: + (809) 929-4850 through 4859 + FAX: + (809) 926-6743 +Flag: + diagonal yellow cross divides the flag into four triangles - green (top and + bottom) and black (hoist side and fly side) + +*Jamaica, Economy + +Overview: + The economy is based on sugar, bauxite, and tourism. In 1985 it suffered a + setback with the closure of some facilities in the bauxite and alumina + industry, a major source of hard currency earnings. Since 1986 an economic + recovery has been under way. In 1987 conditions began to improve for the + bauxite and alumina industry because of increases in world metal prices. The + recovery has also been supported by growth in the manufacturing and tourism + sectors. In September 1988, Hurricane Gilbert inflicted severe damage on + crops and the electric power system, a sharp but temporary setback to the + economy. By October 1989 the economic recovery from the hurricane was + largely complete, and real growth was up about 3% for 1989. In 1991, + however, growth dropped to 0.2% as a result of the US recession, lower world + bauxite prices, and monetary instability. In 1992, growth was 1.5%, + supported by a recovery in tourism and stabilization of the Jamaican dollar + in the second half of 1992. +National product: + GDP - exchange rate conversion - $3.7 billion (1992 est.) +National product real growth rate: + 1.5% (1992 est.) +National product per capita: + $1,500 (1992 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 52% (1992 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 15.4% (1992) +Budget: + revenues $600 million; expenditures $736 million, including capital + expenditures of $NA (FY91 est.) +Exports: + $1.2 billion (f.o.b., 1991) + commodities: + alumina, bauxite, sugar, bananas, rum + partners: + US 39%, UK 14%, Canada 12%, Netherlands 8%, Norway 7% +Imports: + $1.6 billion (f.o.b., 1991) + commodities: + fuel, other raw materials, construction materials, food, transport + equipment, other machinery and equipment + partners: + US 51%, UK 6%, Venezuela 5%, Canada 5%, Japan 4.5% +External debt: + $4.4 billion (1991 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 2.0% (1990); accounts for almost 25% of GDP +Electricity: + 1,127,000 kW capacity; 2,736 million kWh produced, 1,090 kWh per capita + (1992) +Industries: + tourism, bauxite mining, textiles, food processing, light manufactures +Agriculture: + accounts for about 9% of GDP, 22% of work force, and 17% of exports; + commercial crops - sugarcane, bananas, coffee, citrus, potatoes, vegetables; + livestock and livestock products include poultry, goats, milk; not + self-sufficient in grain, meat, and dairy products +Illicit drugs: + illicit cultivation of cannabis; transshipment point for cocaine from + Central and South America to North America; government has an active + cannabis eradication program + +*Jamaica, Economy + +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $1.2 billion; other countries, + ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1.6 billion +Currency: + 1 Jamaican dollar (J$) = 100 cents +Exchange rates: + Jamaican dollars (J$) per US$1 - 22.173 (September 1992), 12.116 (1991), + 7.184 (1990), 5.7446 (1989), 5.4886 (1988), 5.4867 (1987) +Fiscal year: + 1 April - 31 March + +*Jamaica, Communications + +Railroads: + 294 km, all 1.435-meter standard gauge, single track +Highways: + 18,200 km total; 12,600 km paved, 3,200 km gravel, 2,400 km improved earth +Pipelines: + petroleum products 10 km +Ports: + Kingston, Montego Bay, Port Antonio +Merchant marine: + 4 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 9,619 GRT/16,302 DWT; includes 1 + roll-on/roll-off cargo, 1 oil tanker, 2 bulk +Airports: + total: + 36 + usable: + 23 + with permanent-surface runways: + 10 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 2 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 1 +Telecommunications: + fully automatic domestic telephone network; 127,000 telephones; broadcast + stations - 10 AM, 17 FM, 8 TV; 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth stations; 3 + coaxial submarine cables + +*Jamaica, Defense Forces + +Branches: + Jamaica Defense Force (including Ground Forces, Coast Guard and Air Wing), + Jamaica Constabulary Force +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 651,931; fit for military service 461,980 (1993 est.); no + conscription; 26,445 reach minimum volunteer age (18) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $19.3 million, 1% of GDP (FY91/92) + +*Jan Mayen, Header + +Affiliation: + (territory of Norway) + +*Jan Mayen, Geography + +Location: + in the North Atlantic Ocean, north of the Arctic Circle about 590 km + north-northeast of Iceland, between the Greenland Sea and the Norwegian Sea +Map references: + Arctic Region +Area: + total area: + 373 km2 + land area: + 373 km2 + comparative area: + slightly more than twice the size of Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + 0 km +Coastline: + 124.1 km +Maritime claims: + contiguous zone: + 10 nm + continental shelf: + 200 m depth or to depth of exploitation + exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + territorial sea: + 4 nm +International disputes: + Denmark has challenged Norway's maritime claims between Greenland and Jan + Mayen +Climate: + arctic maritime with frequent storms and persistent fog +Terrain: + volcanic island, partly covered by glaciers; Beerenberg is the highest peak, + with an elevation of 2,277 meters +Natural resources: + none +Land use: + arable land: + 0% + permanent crops: + 0% + meadows and pastures: + 0% + forest and woodland: + 0% + other: + 100% +Irrigated land: + 0 km2 +Environment: + barren volcanic island with some moss and grass; volcanic activity resumed + in 1970 + +*Jan Mayen, People + +Population: + no permanent inhabitants; note - there are personnel who man the LORAN C + base and the weather and coastal services radio station + +*Jan Mayen, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + none + conventional short form: + Jan Mayen +Digraph: + JN +Type: + territory of Norway +Capital: + none; administered from Oslo, Norway, through a governor (sysselmann) + resident in Longyearbyen (Svalbard) +Independence: + none (territory of Norway) + +*Jan Mayen, Economy + +Overview: + Jan Mayen is a volcanic island with no exploitable natural resources. + Economic activity is limited to providing services for employees of Norway's + radio and meteorological stations located on the island. +Electricity: + 15,000 kW capacity; 40 million kWh produced, NA kWh per capita (1992) + +*Jan Mayen, Communications + +Ports: + none; offshore anchorage only +Airports: + total: + 1 + useable: + 1 + with permanent-surface runways: + 0 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 1 +Telecommunications: + radio and meteorological station + +*Jan Mayen, Defense Forces + +Note: + defense is the responsibility of Norway + +*Japan, Geography + +Location: + Northeast Asia, off the southeast coast of Russia and east of the Korean + peninsula +Map references: + Asia, Standard Time Zones of the World +Area: + total area: + 377,835 km2 + land area: + 374,744 km2 + comparative area: + slightly smaller than California + note: + includes Bonin Islands (Ogasawara-gunto), Daito-shoto, Minami-jima, + Okinotori-shima, Ryukyu Islands (Nansei-shoto), and Volcano Islands + (Kazan-retto) +Land boundaries: + 0 km +Coastline: + 29,751 km +Maritime claims: + exclusive fishing zone: + 200 nm + territorial sea: 12 nm + 3 nm in the international straits - La Perouse or Soya, Tsugaru, Osumi, and + Eastern and Western channels of the Korea or Tsushima Strait +International disputes: + Etorofu, Kunashiri, and Shikotan Islands and the Habomai island group + occupied by the Soviet Union in 1945, now administered by Russia, claimed by + Japan; Liancourt Rocks disputed with South Korea; Senkaku-shoto (Senkaku + Islands) claimed by China and Taiwan +Climate: + varies from tropical in south to cool temperate in north +Terrain: + mostly rugged and mountainous +Natural resources: + negligible mineral resources, fish +Land use: + arable land: + 13% + permanent crops: + 1% + meadows and pastures: + 1% + forest and woodland: + 67% + other: + 18% +Irrigated land: + 28,680 km2 (1989) +Environment: + many dormant and some active volcanoes; about 1,500 seismic occurrences + (mostly tremors) every year; subject to tsunamis +Note: + strategic location in northeast Asia + +*Japan, People + +Population: + 124,711,551 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 0.32% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 10.31 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 7.17 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 4.3 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 79.18 years + male: + 76.35 years + female: + 82.15 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 1.54 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Japanese (singular and plural) + adjective: + Japanese +Ethnic divisions: + Japanese 99.4%, other 0.6% (mostly Korean) +Religions: + Shinto 95.8%, Buddhist 76.3%, Christian 1.4%, other 12% + note: + most Japanese observe both Shinto and Buddhist rites so the percentages add + to more than 100% +Languages: + Japanese +Literacy: + age 15 and over can read and write (1970) + total population: + 99% + male: + NA% + female: + NA% +Labor force: + 63.33 million + by occupation: + trade and services 54%, manufacturing, mining, and construction 33%, + agriculture, forestry, and fishing 7%, government 3% (1988) + +*Japan, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + none + conventional short form: + Japan +Digraph: + JA +Type: + constitutional monarchy +Capital: + Tokyo +Administrative divisions: + 47 prefectures; Aichi, Akita, Aomori, Chiba, Ehime, Fukui, Fukuoka, + Fukushima, Gifu, Gumma, Hiroshima, Hokkaido, Hyogo, Ibaraki, Ishikawa, + Iwate, Kagawa, Kagoshima, Kanagawa, Kochi, Kumamoto, Kyoto, Mie, Miyagi, + Miyazaki, Nagano, Nagasaki, Nara, Niigata, Oita, Okayama, Okinawa, Osaka, + Saga, Saitama, Shiga, Shimane, Shizuoka, Tochigi, Tokushima, Tokyo, Tottori, + Toyama, Wakayama, Yamagata, Yamaguchi, Yamanashi +Independence: + 660 BC (traditional founding by Emperor Jimmu) +Constitution: + 3 May 1947 +Legal system: + modled after European civil law system with English-American influence; + judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court; accepts compulsory + ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations +National holiday: + Birthday of the Emperor, 23 December (1933) +Political parties and leaders: + Liberal Democratic Party (LDP), Kiichi MIYAZAWA, president; Seiroku + KAJIYAMA, secretary general; Social Democratic Party of Japan (SDPJ), Sadao + YAMAHANA, Chairman; Democratic Socialist Party (DSP), Keizo OUCHI, chairman; + Japan Communist Party (JCP), Tetsuzo FUWA, Presidium chairman; Komeito + (Clean Government Party, CGP), Koshiro ISHIDA, chairman; Japan New Party + (JNP), Morihiro HOSOKAWA, chairman +Suffrage: + 20 years of age; universal +Elections: + House of Councillors: + last held on 26 July 1992 (next to be held NA July 1995); results - percent + of vote by party NA; seats - (252 total) LDP 106, SDPJ 73, CGP 24, DSP 12, + JCP 11, JNP 4, other 22 + House of Representatives: + last held on 18 February 1990 (next to be held by NA February 1994); results + - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (512 total) LDP 274, SDPJ 137, CGP + 46, JCP 16, DSP 13, others 5, independents 6, vacant 15 +Executive branch: + Emperor, prime minister, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + bicameral Diet (Kokkai) consists of an upper house or House of Councillors + (Sangi-in) and a lower house or House of Representatives (Shugi-in) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Emperor AKIHITO (since 7 January 1989) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Kiichi MIYAZAWA (since 5 November 1991) + +*Japan, Government + +Member of: + AfDB, AG (observer), Australia Group, APEC, AsDB, BIS, CCC, COCOM, CP, CSCE + (observer), EBRD, ESCAP, FAO, G-2, G-5, G-7, G-8, G-10, GATT, IADB, IAEA, + IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, + INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, LORCS, MTCR, NEA, NSG, + OAS (observer), OECD, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNOMOZ, UNRWA, + UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC +Diplomatic representation in US: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Takakazu KURIYAMA + chancery: + 2520 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 + telephone: + (202) 939-6700 + consulates general: Agana (Guam), Anchorage, Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Honolulu, Houston, Kansas + City (Missouri), Los Angeles, New Orleans, New York, San Francisco, Seattle, + and Portland (Oregon) + consulates: + Saipan (Northern Mariana Islands) +US diplomatic representation: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Michael H. ARMACOST + embassy: + 10-5, Akasaka 1-chome, Minato-ku (107), Tokyo + mailing address: + APO AP 96337-0001 + telephone: + [81] (3) 3224-5000 + FAX: + [81] (3) 3505-1862 + consulates general: + Naha (Okinawa), Osaka-Kobe, Sapporo + consulate: + Fukuoka +Flag: + white with a large red disk (representing the sun without rays) in the + center + +*Japan, Economy + +Overview: + Government-industry cooperation, a strong work ethic, and a comparatively + small defense allocation have helped Japan advance with extraordinary + rapidity, notably in high-technology fields. Industry, the most important + sector of the economy, is heavily dependent on imported raw materials and + fuels. Self-sufficient in rice, Japan must import about 50% of its + requirements of other grain and fodder crops. Japan maintains one of the + world's largest fishing fleets and accounts for nearly 15% of the global + catch. Overall economic growth has been spectacular: a 10% average in the + 1960s, a 5% average in the 1970s and 1980s. Economic growth slowed markedly + in 1992 largely because of contractionary domestic policies intended to + wring speculative excesses from the stock and real estate markets. At the + same time, the stronger yen and slower global growth are containing export + growth. Unemployment and inflation remain low at 2%. Japan continues to run + a huge trade surplus - $107 billion in 1992, up nearly 40% from the year + earlier - which supports extensive investment in foreign assets. The + crowding of its habitable land area and the aging of its population are two + major long-run problems. +National product: + GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $2.468 trillion (1992) +National product real growth rate: + 1.5% (1992) +National product per capita: + $19,800 (1992) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 2.1% (1992) +Unemployment rate: + 2.2% (1992) +Budget: + revenues $490 billion; expenditures $579 billion, including capital + expenditures (public works only) of about $68 billion (FY93) +Exports: + $339.7 billion (f.o.b., 1992) + commodities: + manufactures 97% (including machinery 40%, motor vehicles 18%, consumer + electronics 10%) + partners: + Southeast Asia 31%, US 29%, Western Europe 23%, Communist countries 4%, + Middle East 3% +Imports: + $232.7 billion (c.i.f., 1992) + commodities: + manufactures 44%, fossil fuels 33%, foodstuffs and raw materials 23% + partners: + Southeast Asia 25%, US 22%, Western Europe 17%, Middle East 12%, former + Communist countries and China 8% +External debt: + $NA +Industrial production: + growth rate -6.0% (1992); accounts for 30% of GDP +Electricity: + 196,000,000 kW capacity; 835,000 million kWh produced, 6,700 kWh per capita + (1992) +Industries: + steel and non-ferrous metallurgy, heavy electrical equipment, construction + and mining equipment, motor vehicles and parts, electronic and + telecommunication equipment and components, machine tools and automated + production systems, locomotives and railroad rolling stock, shipbuilding, + chemicals, textiles, food processing + +*Japan, Economy + +Agriculture: + accounts for only 2% of GDP; highly subsidized and protected sector, with + crop yields among highest in world; principal crops - rice, sugar beets, + vegetables, fruit; animal products include pork, poultry, dairy and eggs; + about 50% self-sufficient in food production; shortages of wheat, corn, + soybeans; world's largest fish catch of 10 million metric tons in 1991 +Economic aid: + donor - ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $83.2 billion; ODA outlay of $9.1 + billion in 1990 (est.) +Currency: + 1 yen (Y) = 100 sen +Exchange rates: + yen (Y) per US$1 - 125.01 (January 1993), 126.65 (1992), 134.71 (1991), + 144.79 (1990), 137.96 (1989), 128.15 (1988) +Fiscal year: + 1 April - 31 March + +*Japan, Communications + +Railroads: + 27,327 km total; 2,012 km 1.435-meter standard gauge and 25,315 km + predominantly 1.067-meter narrow gauge; 5,724 km doubletrack and multitrack + sections, 9,038 km 1.067-meter narrow-gauge electrified, 2,012 km + 1.435-meter standard-gauge electrified (1987) +Highways: + 1,111,974 km total; 754,102 km paved, 357,872 km gravel, crushed stone, or + unpaved; 4,400 km national expressways; 46,805 km national highways; 128,539 + km prefectural roads; and 930,230 km city, town, and village roads, 6,400 km + other +Inland waterways: + about 1,770 km; seagoing craft ply all coastal inland seas +Pipelines: + crude oil 84 km; petroleum products 322 km; natural gas 1,800 km +Ports: + Chiba, Muroran, Kitakyushu, Kobe, Tomakomai, Nagoya, Osaka, Tokyo, + Yokkaichi, Yokohama, Kawasaki, Niigata, Fushiki-Toyama, Shimizu, Himeji, + Wakayama-Shimozu, Shimonoseki, Tokuyama-Shimomatsu +Merchant marine: + 950 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 21,080,149 GRT/32,334,270 DWT; + includes 10 passenger, 39 short-sea passenger, 1 passenger cargo, 81 cargo, + 43 container, 43 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 87 refrigerated cargo, 97 vehicle + carrier, 240 oil tanker, 11 chemical tanker, 39 liquefied gas, 9 combination + ore/oil, 2 specialized tanker, 247 bulk, 1 multi-function large load + carrier; note - Japan also owns a large flag of convenience fleet, including + up to 44% of the total number of ships under the Panamanian flag +Airports: + total: + 162 + usable: + 159 + with permanent-surface runways: + 132 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 2 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 32 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 50 +Telecommunications: + excellent domestic and international service; 64,000,000 telephones; + broadcast stations - 318 AM, 58 FM, 12,350 TV (196 major - 1 kw or greater); + satellite earth stations - 4 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Indian Ocean + INTELSAT; submarine cables to US (via Guam), Philippines, China, and Russia + +*Japan, Defense Forces + +Branches: + Japan Ground Self-Defense Force (Army), Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force + (Navy), Japan Air Self-Defense Force (Air Force), Maritime Safety Agency + (Coast Guard) +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 32,134,496; fit for military service 27,689,029; reach + military age (18) annually 1,002,998 (1993 est.) +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $37 billion, 0.94% of GDP (FY93/94 est.) + +*Jarvis Island, Header + +Affiliation: + (territory of the US) + +*Jarvis Island, Geography + +Location: + in the South Pacific Ocean, 2,090 km south of Honolulu, just south of the + Equator, about halfway between Hawaii and the Cook Islands +Map references: + Oceania +Area: + total area: + 4.5 km2 + land area: + 4.5 km2 + comparative area: + about 7.5 times the size of the Mall in Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + 0 km +Coastline: + 8 km +Maritime claims: + contiguous zone: + 24 nm + continental shelf: + 200 m or depth of exploitation + exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + territorial sea: + 12 nm +International disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical; scant rainfall, constant wind, burning sun +Terrain: + sandy, coral island surrounded by a narrow fringing reef +Natural resources: + guano (deposits worked until late 1800s) +Land use: + arable land: + 0% + permanent crops: + 0% + meadows and pastures: + 0% + forest and woodland: 0% + other: + 100% +Irrigated land: + 0 km2 +Environment: + sparse bunch grass, prostrate vines, and low-growing shrubs; lacks fresh + water; primarily a nesting, roosting, and foraging habitat for seabirds, + shorebirds, and marine wildlife; feral cats + +*Jarvis Island, People + +Population: + uninhabited; note - Millersville settlement on western side of island + occasionally used as a weather station from 1935 until World War II, when it + was abandoned; reoccupied in 1957 during the International Geophysical Year + by scientists who left in 1958; public entry is by special-use permit only + and generally restricted to scientists and educators + +*Jarvis Island, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + none + conventional short form: + Jarvis Island +Digraph: + DQ +Type: + unincorporated territory of the US administered by the Fish and Wildlife + Service of the US Department of the Interior as part of the National + Wildlife Refuge System +Capital: + none; administered from Washington, DC + +*Jarvis Island, Economy + +Overview: + no economic activity + +*Jarvis Island, Communications + +Ports: + none; offshore anchorage only - one boat landing area in the middle of the + west coast and another near the southwest corner of the island +Note: + there is a day beacon near the middle of the west coast + +*Jarvis Island, Defense Forces + + defense is the responsibility of the US; visited annually by the US Coast + Guard + +*Jersey, Header + +Affiliation: + (British crown dependency) + +*Jersey, Geography + +Location: + Western Europe, 27 km from France in the English Channel +Map references: + Europe +Area: + total area: + 117 km2 + land area: + 117 km2 + comparative area: + about 0.7 times the size of Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + 0 km +Coastline: + 70 km +Maritime claims: + exclusive fishing zone: + 200 nm + territorial sea: + 3 nm +International disputes: + none +Climate: + temperate; mild winters and cool summers +Terrain: + gently rolling plain with low, rugged hills along north coast +Natural resources: + agricultural land +Land use: + arable land: + 57% + permanent crops: + NA% + meadows and pastures: + NA% + forest and woodland: + NA% + other: NA% +Environment: + about 30% of population concentrated in Saint Helier +Note: + largest and southernmost of Channel Islands + +*Jersey, People + +Population: + 85,450 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 0.7% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 12.79 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 10.23 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + 4.42 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 4.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 76.4 years + male: + 73.28 years + female: + 79.86 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 1.42 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Channel Islander(s) + adjective: + Channel Islander +Ethnic divisions: + UK and Norman-French descent +Religions: + Anglican, Roman Catholic, Baptist, Congregational New Church, Methodist, + Presbyterian +Languages: + English (official), French (official), Norman-French dialect spoken in + country districts +Literacy: + total population: + NA% + male: + NA% + female: + NA% +Labor force: + NA + +*Jersey, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Bailiwick of Jersey + conventional short form: + Jersey +Digraph: + JE +Type: + British crown dependency +Capital: + Saint Helier +Administrative divisions: + none (British crown dependency) +Independence: + none (British crown dependency) +Constitution: + unwritten; partly statutes, partly common law and practice +Legal system: + English law and local statute +National holiday: + Liberation Day, 9 May (1945) +Political parties and leaders: + none; all independents +Suffrage: + universal adult at age NA +Elections: + Assembly of the States: + last held NA (next to be held NA); results - no percent of vote by party + since all are independents; seats - (56 total, 52 elected) 52 independents +Executive branch: + British monarch, lieutenant governor, bailiff +Legislative branch: + unicameral Assembly of the States +Judicial branch: + Royal Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952) + Head of Government: + Lieutenant Governor and Commander in Chief Air Marshal Sir John SUTTON + (since NA 1990); Bailiff Sir Peter J. CRILL (since NA) +Member of: + none +Diplomatic representation in US: + none (British crown dependency) +US diplomatic representation: + none (British crown dependency) +Flag: + white with the diagonal red cross of Saint Patrick (patron saint of Ireland) + extending to the corners of the flag + +*Jersey, Economy + +Overview: + The economy is based largely on financial services, agriculture, and + tourism. Potatoes, cauliflower, tomatoes, and especially flowers are + important export crops, shipped mostly to the UK. The Jersey breed of dairy + cattle is known worldwide and represents an important export earner. Milk + products go to the UK and other EC countries. In 1986 the finance sector + overtook tourism as the main contributor to GDP, accounting for 40% of the + island's output. In recent years the government has encouraged light + industry to locate in Jersey, with the result that an electronics industry + has developed alongside the traditional manufacturing of knitwear. All raw + material and energy requirements are imported, as well as a large share of + Jersey's food needs. +National product: + GDP $NA +National product real growth rate: + 8% (1987 est.) +National product per capita: + $NA +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 8% (1988 est.) +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $308.0 million; expenditures $284.4 million, including capital + expenditures of $NA (1985) +Exports: + $NA + commodities: + light industrial and electrical goods, foodstuffs, textiles + partners: + UK +Imports: + $NA + commodities: + machinery and transport equipment, manufactured goods, foodstuffs, mineral + fuels, chemicals + partners: + UK +External debt: + $NA +Industrial production: + growth rate NA% +Electricity: + 50,000 kW standby capacity (1992); power supplied by France +Industries: + tourism, banking and finance, dairy +Agriculture: + potatoes, cauliflowers, tomatoes; dairy and cattle farming +Economic aid: + none +Currency: + 1 Jersey pound (#J) = 100 pence +Exchange rates: + Jersey pounds (#J) per US$1 - 0.6527 (January 1993), 0.5664 (1992), 0.5652 + (1991), 0.5603 (1990), 0.6099 (1989), 0.5614 (1988); the Jersey pound is at + par with the British pound +Fiscal year: + 1 April - 31 March + +*Jersey, Communications + +Ports: + Saint Helier, Gorey, Saint Aubin +Airports: + total: + 1 + useable: + 1 + with permanent-surface runways: + 1 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 1 +Telecommunications: + 63,700 telephones; broadcast stations - 1 AM, no FM, 1 TV; 3 submarine + cables + +*Jersey, Defense Forces + +Note: + defense is the responsibility of the UK + +*Johnston Atoll, Header + +Affiliation: + (territory of the US) + +*Johnston Atoll, Geography + +Location: + in the North Pacific Ocean, 1,430 km west-southwest of Honolulu, about + one-third of the way between Hawaii and the Marshall Islands +Map references: + Oceania +Area: + total area: + 2.8 km2 + land area: + 2.8 km2 + comparative area: about 4.7 times the size of the Mall in Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + 0 km +Coastline: + 10 km +Maritime claims: + contiguous zone: + 24 nm + continental shelf: + 200 m or depth of exploitation + exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + territorial sea: + 12 nm +International disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical, but generally dry; consistent northeast trade winds with little + seasonal temperature variation +Terrain: + mostly flat with a maximum elevation of 4 meters +Natural resources: + guano (deposits worked until about 1890) +Land use: + arable land: + 0% + permanent crops: + 0% + meadows and pastures: + 0% + forest and woodland: + 0% + other: + 100% +Irrigated land: + 0 km2 +Environment: + some low-growing vegetation +Note: + strategic location in the North Pacific Ocean; Johnston Island and Sand + Island are natural islands; North Island (Akau) and East Island (Hikina) are + manmade islands formed from coral dredging; closed to the public; former + nuclear weapons test site; site of Johnston Atoll Chemical Agent Disposal + System (JACADS) + +*Johnston Atoll, People + +Population: + no indigenous inhabitants; note - there are 1,400 US Government personnel + and contractors + +*Johnston Atoll, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + none + conventional short form: + Johnston Atoll +Digraph: + JQ +Type: + unincorportated territory of the US administered by the US Defense Nuclear + Agency (DNA) and managed cooperatively by DNA and the Fish and Wildlife + Service of the US Department of the Interior as part of the National + Wildlife Refuge system +Capital: + none; administered from Washington, DC +Diplomatic representation in US: + none (territory of the US) +Flag: + the flag of the US is used + +*Johnston Atoll, Economy + +Overview: + Economic activity is limited to providing services to US military personnel + and contractors located on the island. All food and manufactured goods must + be imported. +Electricity: + supplied by the management and operations contractor + +*Johnston Atoll, Communications + +Airports: + total: + 1 + usable: + 1 + with permanent-surface runways: + 1 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 2,440 to 3,659 m: + 1 with TACAN and beacon + with runways 1,220 to 2,439 m: + 0 +Telecommunications: + excellent system including 60-channel submarine cable, Autodin/SRT terminal, + digital telephone switch, Military Affiliated Radio System (MARS station), + commercial satellite television system, and UHF/VHF air-ground radio + +*Johnston Atoll, Defense Forces + +Note: + defense is the responsibility of the US + +*Jordan, Header + +Affiliation: + (also see separate West Bank entry) + +*Jordan, Geography + +Location: + Middle East, between Israel and Saudi Arabia +Map references: + Africa, Middle East, Standard Time Zones of the World +Area: + total area: + 89,213 km2 + land area: + 88,884 km2 + comparative area: + slightly smaller than Indiana +Land boundaries: + total 1,619 km, Iraq 181 km, Israel 238 km, Saudi Arabia 728 km, Syria 375 + km, West Bank 97 km +Coastline: + 26 km +Maritime claims: + territorial sea: + 3 nm +International disputes: + differences with Israel over the location of the 1949 Armistice Line that + separates the two countries; water-sharing issues with Israel +Climate: + mostly arid desert; rainy season in west (November to April) +Terrain: + mostly desert plateau in east, highland area in west; Great Rift Valley + separates East and West Banks of the Jordan River +Natural resources: + phosphates, potash, shale oil +Land use: + arable land: + 4% + permanent crops: + 0.5% + meadows and pastures: + 1% + forest and woodland: + 0.5% + other: + 94% +Irrigated land: 570 km2 (1989 est.) +Environment: + lack of natural water resources; deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; + desertification + +*Jordan, People + +Population: + 3,823,636 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 3.57% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 39.48 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 4.32 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + 0.51 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 33.3 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 71.61 years + male: + 69.83 years + female: + 73.51 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 5.79 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Jordanian(s) + adjective: + Jordanian +Ethnic divisions: + Arab 98%, Circassian 1%, Armenian 1% +Religions: + Sunni Muslim 92%, Christian 8% +Languages: + Arabic (official), English widely understood among upper and middle classes +Literacy: + age 15 and over can read and write (1990) + total population: + 80% + male: + 89% + female: + 70% +Labor force: + 572,000 (1988) + by occupation: + agriculture 20%, manufacturing and mining 20% (1987 est.) + +*Jordan, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan + conventional short form: + Jordan + local long form: + Al Mamlakah al Urduniyah al Hashimiyah + local short form: + Al Urdun + former: + Transjordan +Digraph: + JO +Type: + constitutional monarchy +Capital: + Amman +Administrative divisions: + 8 governorates (muhafazat, singular - muhafazah); Al Balqa', Al Karak, Al + Mafraq, 'Amman, At Tafilah, Az Zarqa', Irbid, Ma'an +Independence: + 25 May 1946 (from League of Nations mandate under British administration) +Constitution: + 8 January 1952 +Legal system: + based on Islamic law and French codes; judicial review of legislative acts + in a specially provided High Tribunal; has not accepted compulsory ICJ + jurisdiction +National holiday: + Independence Day, 25 May (1946) +Political parties and leaders: + approximately 24 parties have been formed since the National Charter, but + the number fluctuates; after the 1989 parliamentary elections, King Hussein + promised to allow the formation of political parties; a national charter + that sets forth the ground rules for democracy in Jordan - including the + creation of political parties - was approved in principle by the special + National Conference on 9 June 1991, but its specific provisions have yet to + be passed by National Assembly +Suffrage: + 20 years of age; universal +Elections: + House of Representatives: + last held 8 November 1989 (next to be held November 1993); results - percent + of vote by party NA; seats - (80 total) Muslim Brotherhood (fundamentalist) + 22, Independent Islamic bloc (generally traditionalist) 6, Democratic bloc + (mostly leftist) 9, Constitutionalist bloc (traditionalist) 17, Nationalist + bloc (traditionalist) 16, independent 10 +Executive branch: + monarch, prime minister, deputy prime minister, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + bicameral National Assembly (Majlis al-'Umma) consists of an upper house or + House of Notables (Majlis al-A'ayan) and a lower house or House of + Representatives (Majlis al-Nuwaab); note - the House of Representatives has + been convened and dissolved by the King several times since 1974 and in + November 1989 the first parliamentary elections in 22 years were held +Judicial branch: + Court of Cassation + +*Jordan, Government + +Leaders: + Chief of State: + King HUSSEIN Ibn Talal Al Hashemi (since 11 August 1952) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Zayd bin SHAKIR (since 21 November 1991) +Member of: + ABEDA, ACC, AFESD, AL, AMF, CAEU, CCC, ESCWA, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, + ICC, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM + (observer), ISO (correspondent), ITU, LORCS, NAM, OIC, PCA, UN, UNAVEM II, + UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNOSOM, UNRWA, UNPROFOR, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, + WTO +Diplomatic representation in US: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Fayez A. TARAWNEH + chancery: + 3504 International Drive NW, Washington, DC 20008 + telephone: + (202) 966-2664 +US diplomatic representation: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Roger Gram HARRISON + embassy: + Jebel Amman, Amman + mailing address: + P. O. Box 354, Amman, or APO AE 09892 + telephone: + [962] (6) 644-371 +Flag: + three equal horizontal bands of black (top), white, and green with a red + isosceles triangle based on the hoist side bearing a small white + seven-pointed star; the seven points on the star represent the seven + fundamental laws of the Koran + +*Jordan, Economy + +Overview: + Jordan benefited from increased Arab aid during the oil boom of the late + 1970s and early 1980s, when its annual GNP growth averaged more than 10%. In + the remainder of the 1980s, however, reductions in both Arab aid and worker + remittances slowed economic growth to an average of roughly 2% per year. + Imports - mainly oil, capital goods, consumer durables, and food - have been + outstripping exports, with the difference covered by aid, remittances, and + borrowing. In mid-1989, the Jordanian Government began debt-rescheduling + negotiations and agreed to implement an IMF program designed to gradually + reduce the budget deficit and implement badly needed structural reforms. The + Persian Gulf crisis that began in August 1990, however, aggravated Jordan's + already serious economic problems, forcing the government to shelve the IMF + program, stop most debt payments, and suspend rescheduling negotiations. Aid + from Gulf Arab states and worker remittances have plunged, and refugees have + flooded the country, straining government resources. Economic recovery is + unlikely without substantial foreign aid, debt relief, and economic reform. +National product: + GDP - exchange rate conversion - $3.6 billion (1991 est.) +National product real growth rate: + 3% (1991 est.) +National product per capita: + $1,100 (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 9% (1991 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 40% (1991 est.) +Budget: + revenues $1.3 billion; expenditures $1.9 billion, including capital + expenditures of $440 million (1992 est.) +Exports: + $1.0 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.) + commodities: + phosphates, fertilizers, potash, agricultural products, manufactures + partners: + India, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Indonesia, Ethiopia, UAE, China +Imports: + $2.3 billion (c.i.f., 1991 est.) + commodities: + crude oil, machinery, transport equipment, food, live animals, manufactured + goods + partners: + EC countries, US, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Japan, Turkey +External debt: + $9 billion (December 1991 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 1% (1991 est.); accounts for 20% of GDP +Electricity: + 1,030,000 kW capacity; 3,814 million kWh produced, 1,070 kWh per capita + (1992) +Industries: + phosphate mining, petroleum refining, cement, potash, light manufacturing +Agriculture: + accounts for about 7% of GDP; principal products are wheat, barley, citrus + fruit, tomatoes, melons, olives; livestock - sheep, goats, poultry; large + net importer of food + +*Jordan, Economy + +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $1.7 billion; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1.5 billion; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $9.5 billion; Communist countries (1970-89), $44 + million +Currency: + 1 Jordanian dinar (JD) = 1,000 fils +Exchange rates: + Jordanian dinars (JD) per US$1 - 0.6890 (January 1993), 0.6797 (1992), + 0.6808 (1991), 0.6636 (1990), 0.5704 (1989), 0.3709 (1988) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +*Jordan, Communications + +Railroads: + 789 km 1.050-meter gauge, single track +Highways: + 7,500 km; 5,500 km asphalt, 2,000 km gravel and crushed stone +Pipelines: + crude oil 209 km +Ports: + Al 'Aqabah +Merchant marine: + 2 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 60,378 GRT/113,557 DWT; includes 1 + cargo and 1 oil tanker +Airports: + total: + 19 + usable: + 15 + with permanent-surface runways: + 14 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 1 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 13 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 0 +Telecommunications: + adequate telephone system of microwave, cable, and radio links; 81,500 + telephones; broadcast stations - 5 AM, 7 FM, 8 TV; satellite earth stations + - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT, 1 ARABSAT, 1 domestic + TV receive-only; coaxial cable and microwave to Iraq, Saudi Arabia, and + Syria; microwave link to Lebanon is inactive; participant in MEDARABTEL, a + microwave radio relay network linking Syria, Jordan, Egypt, Libya, Tunisia, + Algeria, and Morocco + +*Jordan, Defense Forces + +Branches: + Royal Jordanian Land Force, Royal Jordanian Air Force, Royal Naval Force, + Public Security Force +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 936,213; fit for military service 664,095; reach military + age (18) annually 42,093 (1993 est.) +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $434.8 million, 7.9% of GDP (1993 est.) + +*Juan de Nova Island, Header + +Affiliation: + (possession of France) + +*Juan de Nova Island, Geography + +Location: + Southern Africa, in the central Mozambique Channel about one-third of the + way between Madagascar and Mozambique +Map references: + Africa +Area: + total area: + 4.4 km2 + land area: + 4.4 km2 + comparative area: + about 7.5 times the size of the Mall in Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + 0 km +Coastline: + 24.1 km +Maritime claims: + contiguous zone: + 12 nm + continental shelf: + 200 m depth or to depth of exploitation + exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + territorial sea: + 12 nm +International disputes: + claimed by Madagascar +Climate: + tropical +Terrain: + NA +Natural resources: + guano deposits and other fertilizers +Land use: + arable land: + 0% + permanent crops: + 0% + meadows and pastures: + 0% + forest and woodland: + 90% + other: + 10% +Irrigated land: 0 km2 +Environment: + subject to periodic cyclones; wildlife sanctuary + +*Juan de Nova Island, People + +Population: + uninhibited + +*Juan de Nova Island, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + none + conventional short form: + Juan de Nova Island + local long form: + none + local short form: + Ile Juan de Nova +Digraph: + JU +Type: + French possession administered by Commissioner of the Republic, resident in + Reunion +Capital: + none; administered by France from Reunion +Independence: + none (possession of France) + +*Juan de Nova Island, Economy + +Overview: + no economic activity + +*Juan de Nova Island, Communications + +Railroads: + short line going to a jetty +Ports: + none; offshore anchorage only +Airports: + total: + 1 + usable: + 1 + with permament-surface runways: + 0 with runways over 3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 2,439-3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 1 + +*Juan de Nova Island, Defense Forces + +Note: + defense is the responsibility of France + +*Kazakhstan, Geography + +Location: + South Asia, between Russia and Uzbekistan, bordering on the Caspian Sea and + the Aral Sea +Map references: + Asia, Commonwealth of Independent States - Central Asian States, Standard + Time Zones of the World +Area: + total area: + 2,717,300 km2 + land area: + 2,669,800 km2 + comparative area: + slightly less than four times the size of Texas +Land boundaries: + total 12,012 km, China 1,533 km, Kyrgyzstan 1,051 km, Russia 6,846 km, + Turkmenistan 379 km, Uzbekistan 2,203 km +Coastline: + 0 km + note: + Kazakhstan borders the Aral Sea (1,015 km) and the Caspian Sea (1,894 km) +Maritime claims: + landlocked, but boundaries with Uzbekistan in the Sea of Azov and with + Russia, Azerbaijan, and Turkmenistan in the Caspian Sea are yet to be + determined +International disputes: + none +Climate: + continental, arid and semiarid +Terrain: + extends from the Volga to the Altai Mountains and from the plains in western + Siberia to oasis and desert in Central Asia +Natural resources: + petroleum, coal, iron, manganese, chrome, nickel, cobalt, copper, + molybdenum, lead, zinc, bauxite, gold, uranium, iron +Land use: + arable land: + 15% + permanent crops: 0% + meadows and pastures: + 57% + forest and woodland: + 4% + other: + 24% +Irrigated land: + 23,080 km2 (1990) +Environment: + drying up of Aral Sea is causing increased concentrations of chemical + pesticides and natural salts; industrial pollution +Note: + landlocked + +*Kazakhstan, People + +Population: + 17,156,370 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 0.65% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 19.55 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 7.95 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + -5.06 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 41.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 67.83 years + male: + 63.17 years + female: + 72.73 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 2.45 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Kazakhstani(s) + adjective: + Kazakhstani +Ethnic divisions: + Kazakh (Qazaq) 41.9%, Russian 37%, Ukrainian 5.2%, German 4.7%, Uzbek 2.1%, + Tatar 2%, other 7.1% +Religions: + Muslim 47%, Russian Orthodox 15%, Protestant 2%, other 36% +Languages: + Kazakh (Qazaq; official language), Russian (language of interethnic + communication) +Literacy: + age 9-49 can read and write (1970) + total population: 100% + male: + 100% + female: + 100% +Labor force: + 7.563 million + by occupation: + industry and construction 32%, agriculture and forestry 23%, other 45% + (1990) + +*Kazakhstan, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Republic of Kazakhstan + conventional short form: + Kazakhstan + local long form: + Kazakhstan Respublikasy + local short form: + none + former: + Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic +Digraph: + KZ +Type: + republic +Capital: + Almaty (Alma-Ata) +Administrative divisions: + 19 oblasts (oblystar, singular - oblys) and 1 city (qalalar, singular - + qala)*; Almaty*, Almaty, Aqmola, Aqtobe, Atyrau, Batys Qazaqstan, Kokshetau,, Mangghystau, +Ongtustik Qazaqstan, Qaraghandy, Qostanay, Qyzylorda, Pavlodar, + Semey, Shyghys Qazaqstan, Soltustik Qazaqstan, Taldyqorghan, Torghay, + Zhambyl, Zhezqazghan, +Independence: + 16 December 1991 (from the Soviet Union) +Constitution: + adopted 18 January 1993 +Legal system: + based on civil law system +National holiday: + Independence Day, 16 December +Political parties and leaders: + Peoples Congress, Olzhas SULEYMENOV and Mukhtar SHAKHANOV, co-chairmen; + Kazakh Socialist Party (former Communist Party), Nursultan NAZARBAYEV, + chairman; December (Zheltoksan) Movement, Khasan KOZHAKMETOV, chairman; + Freedom (AZAT) Party, Kamal ORMANTAYEV, chairman +Other political or pressure groups: + Independent Trade Union Center (Birlesu; an association of independent trade + union and business associations), Leonid SOLOMIN, president +Suffrage: + 18 years of age; universal +Elections: + President: + last held 1 December 1991 (next to be held NA 1996); percent of vote by + party NA; Nursultan A. NAZARBAYEV ran unopposed + Supreme Council: + last held NA April 1990 (next to be held NA December 1994); results - + percent of vote by party NA; seats - (358 total) Socialist Party 338 +Executive branch: + president, cabinet of ministers, prime minister +Legislative branch: + unicameral Supreme Soviet +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Nursultan A. NAZARBAYEV (sinceNA April 1990); Vice President Yerik + ASANBAYEV (since 1 December 1991) + +*Kazakhstan, Government + + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Sergey TERESHENKO (since 14 October 1991); First Deputy Prime + Minister Davlat SEMBAYEV (since NA November 1990); Supreme Council Chairman + Serikbolsyn ABDILDIN (since NA July 1991) +Member of: + CIS, CSCE, EBRD, ECO, IBRD, IDA, IMF, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU +Diplomatic representation in US: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Alim S. DJAMBOURCHINE + chancery: + 3421 Massachusetts Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20007 + telephone: + (202) 333-4504 +US diplomatic representation: + chief of mission: + Ambassador William H. COURTNEY + embassy: + Furumanova 99/97, Almaty + mailing address: + US Department of State, Washington, D.C. 20521-7030 + telephone: + (3272) 63-24-26 +Flag: + sky blue background representing the endless sky and a gold sun with 32 rays + soaring above a golden steppe eagle in the center; on the hoist side is a + "national ornamentation" in yellow + +*Kazakhstan, Economy + +Overview: + The second-largest in area of the 15 former Soviet republics, Kazakhstan has + vast oil, coal, and agricultural resources. Kazakhstan is highly dependent + on trade with Russia, exchanging its natural resources for finished consumer + and industrial goods. Kazakhstan now finds itself with serious pollution + problems, backward technology, and little experience in foreign markets. The + government in 1992 continued to push privatization of the economy and freed + many prices. Output in 1992 dropped because of problems common to the + ex-Soviet Central Asian republics, especially the cumulative effects of the + disruption of old supply channels and the slow process of creating new + economic institutions. Kazakhstan lacks the funds, technology, and + managerial skills for a quick recovery of output. US firms have been + enlisted to increase oil output but face formidable obstacles; for example, + oil can now reach Western markets only through pipelines that run across + independent former Soviet republics. Finally, the end of monolithic + Communist control has brought ethnic grievances into the open. The 6 million + Russians in the republic, formerly the favored class, now face the hostility + of a society dominated by Muslims. Ethnic rivalry will be just one of the + formidable obstacles to the prioritization of national objectives and the + creation of a productive, technologically advancing society. +National product: + GDP $NA +National product real growth rate: + -15% (1992 est.) +National product per capita: + $NA +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 28% per month (first quarter 1993) +Unemployment rate: + 0.4% includes only officially registered unemployed; also large numbers of + underemployed workers +Budget: + revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $1.76 + billion (1991) +Exports: + $1.5 billion to outside the successor states of the former USSR (1992) + commodities: + oil, ferrous and nonferrous metals, chemicals, grain, wool, meat (1991) + partners: + Russia, Ukraine, Uzbekistan +Imports: + $500 million from outside the successor states of the former USSR (1992) + commodities: + machinery and parts, industrial materials + partners: + Russia and other former Soviet republics, China +External debt: + $2.6 billion (1991 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate -15% (1992 est.); accounts for 30% of net material product +Electricity: + 19,135,000 kW capacity; 81,300 million kWh produced, 4,739 kWh per capita + (1992) +Industries: + extractive industries (oil, coal, iron ore, manganese, chromite, lead, zinc, + copper, titanium, bauxite, gold, silver, phosphates, sulfur), iron and + steel, nonferrous metal, tractors and other agricultural machinery, electric + motors, construction materials + +*Kazakhstan, Economy + +Agriculture: + accounts for almost 40% of net material product; employs about 25% of the + labor force; grain, mostly spring wheat; meat, cotton, wool +Illicit drugs: + illicit producers of cannabis and opium; mostly for CIS consumption; limited + government eradication program; used as transshipment point for illicit + drugs to Western Europe +Economic aid: + recipient of limited foreign aid (1992) +Currency: + retaining Russian ruble as currency (May 1993) +Exchange rates: + rubles per US$1 - 415 (24 December 1992) but subject to wide fluctuations +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +*Kazakhstan, Communications + +Railroads: + 14,460 km (all 1.520-meter gauge); does not include industrial lines (1990) +Highways: + 189,000 km total; 108,100 km hard surfaced (paved or gravel), 80,900 km + earth (1990) +Inland waterways: + Syr Darya +Pipelines: + crude oil 2,850 km, refined products 1,500 km, natural gas 3,480 km (1992) +Ports: + inland - Atyrau (Guryev; on Caspian Sea) +Airports: + total: + 365 + useable: + 152 + with permanent-surface runways: + 49 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 8 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 38 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 71 +Telecommunications: + telephone service is poor, with only about 6 telephones for each 100 + persons; of the approximately 1 million telephones, Almaty (Alma-Ata) has + 184,000; international traffic with other former USSR republics and China + carried by landline and microwave, and with other countries by satellite and + through 8 international telecommunications circuits at the Moscow + international gateway switch; satellite earth stations - INTELSAT and Orbita + (TV receive only); new satellite ground station established at Almaty with + Turkish financial help (December 1992) with 2500 channel band width + +*Kazakhstan, Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy, National Guard, Security Forces (internal and border troops) +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 4,349,509; fit for military service 3,499,718; reach + military age (18) annually 154,727 (1993 est.) +Defense expenditures: + 69,326 million rubles, NA% of GDP (forecast for 1993); note - conversion of + the military budget into US dollars using the current exchange rate could + produce misleading results + +*Kenya, Geography + +Location: + Eastern Africa, bordering the northwestern India Ocean between Tanzania and + Somalia +Map references: + Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World +Area: + total area: + 582,650 km2 + land area: + 569,250 km2 + comparative area: + slightly more than twice the size of Nevada +Land boundaries: + total 3,446 km, Ethiopia 830 km, Somalia 682 km, Sudan 232 km, Tanzania 769 + km, Uganda 933 km +Coastline: + 536 km +Maritime claims: + exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + territorial sea: + 12 nm +International disputes: + administrative boundary with Sudan does not coincide with international + boundary; possible claim by Somalia based on unification of ethnic Somalis +Climate: + varies from tropical along coast to arid in interior +Terrain: + low plains rise to central highlands bisected by Great Rift Valley; fertile + plateau in west +Natural resources: + gold, limestone, soda ash, salt barytes, rubies, fluorspar, garnets, + wildlife +Land use: + arable land: + 3% permanent crops: + 1% + meadows and pastures: + 7% + forest and woodland: + 4% + other: + 85% +Irrigated land: + 520 km2 (1989) +Environment: + unique physiography supports abundant and varied wildlife of scientific and + economic value; deforestation; soil erosion; desertification; glaciers on + Mt. Kenya +Note: + the Kenyan Highlands comprise one of the most successful agricultural + production regions in Africa + +*Kenya, People + +Population: + 27,372,266 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 3.18% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 43.18 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 11.41 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 74.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 54.07 years + male: + 52.27 years + female: + 55.92 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 6.06 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Kenyan(s) + adjective: + Kenyan +Ethnic divisions: + Kikuyu 21%, Luhya 14%, Luo 13%, Kalenjin 11%, Kamba 11%, Kisii 6%, Meru 6%, + Asian, European, and Arab 1% +Religions: + Roman Catholic 28%, Protestant (including Anglican) 26%, indigenous beliefs + 18%, Muslim 6% +Languages: + English (official), Swahili (official), numerous indigenous languages +Literacy: + age 15 and over can read and write (1990) + total population: + 69% + male: + 80% + female: + 58% +Labor force: + 9.2 million (includes unemployed); the total employed is 1,370,000 (14.8% of + the labor force) + by occupation: + services 54.8%, industry 26.2%, agriculture 19.0% (1989) + +*Kenya, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Republic of Kenya + conventional short form: + Kenya + former: + British East Africa +Digraph: + KE +Type: + republic +Capital: + Nairobi +Administrative divisions: + 8 provinces; Central, Coast, Eastern, Nairobi, North Eastern, Nyanza, Rift + Valley, Western +Independence: + 12 December 1963 (from UK) +Constitution: + 12 December 1963, amended as a republic 1964; reissued with amendments 1979, + 1983, 1986, 1988, 1991, and 1992 +Legal system: + based on English common law, tribal law, and Islamic law; judicial review in + High Court; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations; + constitutional amendment of 1982 making Kenya a de jure one-party state + repealed in 1991 +National holiday: + Independence Day, 12 December (1963) +Political parties and leaders: + ruling party is Kenya African National Union (KANU), Daniel T. arap MOI, + president; opposition parties include Forum for the Restoration of Democracy + (FORD-Kenya), Oginga ODINGA; FORD-Asili, Kenneth MATIBA; Democratic Party of + Kenya (DP), Mwai KIBAKI; Kenya National Congress (KNC), Titus MBATHI; Kenya + Social Congress (KSC), George ANYONA; Kenya National Democratic Alliance + (KENYA), Mukara NG'ANG'A; Party for Independent Candidates of Kenya (PKK), + Otieno OTOERA +Other political or pressure groups: + labor unions; exile opposition - Mwakenya and other groups +Suffrage: + 18 years of age; universal +Elections: + President: + last held on 29 December 1992; results - President Daniel T. arap MOI was + reelected with 37% of the vote; Kenneth Matiba (FORD-ASILI) 26%; Mwai Kibaki + (SP) 19%, Oginga Odinga (FORD-Kenya) 17% + National Assembly: + last held on 29 December 1992; results - (188 total) KANU 100, FORD-Kenya + 31, FORD-Asili 31, DP 23, smaller parties 3; president nominates 12 + additional members + note: + first multiparty election since repeal of one-party state law +Executive branch: + president, vice president, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + unicameral National Assembly (Bunge) +Judicial branch: + Court of Appeal, High Court + +*Kenya, Government + +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + President Daniel Teroitich arap MOI (since 14 October 1978); Vice President + George SAITOTI (since 10 May 1989) +Member of: + ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, EADB, ECA, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, + IFC, IGADD, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LORCS, + MINURSO, NAM, OAU, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNPROFOR, UPU, WCL, + WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation in US: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Denis Daudi AFANDE + chancery: + 2249 R Street NW, Washington, DC 20008 + telephone: + (202) 387-6101 + consulates general: + Los Angeles and New York +US diplomatic representation: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Smith HEMPSTONE, Jr. + embassy: + corner of Moi Avenue and Haile Selassie Avenue, Nairobi + mailing address: + P. O. Box 30137, Nairobi or APO AE 09831 + telephone: + [254] (2) 334141 + FAX: + [254] (2) 340838 + consulate: + Mombasa +Flag: three equal horizontal bands of black (top), red, and green; the red band is + edged in white; a large warrior's shield covering crossed spears is + superimposed at the center + +*Kenya, Economy + +Overview: + Kenya's 3.6% annual population growth rate - one of the highest in the world + - presents a serious problem for the country's economy. In the meantime, GDP + growth in the near term has kept slightly ahead of population - annually + averaging 4.9% in the 1986-90 period. Undependable weather conditions and a + shortage of arable land hamper long-term growth in agriculture, the leading + economic sector. In 1991, deficient rainfall, stagnant export volume, and + sagging export prices held economic growth below the all-important + population growth figure, and in 1992 output fell. +National product: + GDP - exchange rate conversion - $8.3 billion (1992 est.) +National product real growth rate: + -1% (1992 est.) +National product per capita: + $320 (1992 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 30% (1992 est.) +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $2.4 billion; expenditures $2.8 billion, including capital + expenditures of $0.74 billion (FY90) +Exports: + $1.0 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.) + commodities: + tea 25%, coffee 18%, petroleum products 11% (1990) + partners: + EC 44%, Africa 25%, Asia 5%, US 5%, Middle East 4% (1990) +Imports: + $2.05 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.) + commodities: + machinery and transportation equipment 29%, petroleum and petroleum products + 15%, iron and steel 7%, raw materials, food and consumer goods (1989) + partners: + EC 45%, Asia 11%, Middle East 12%, US 5% (1988) +External debt: + $7 billion (1992 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 5.4% (1989 est.); accounts for 13% of GDP +Electricity: + 730,000 kW capacity; 2,540 million kWh produced, 100 kWh per capita (1990) +Industries: + small-scale consumer goods (plastic, furniture, batteries, textiles, soap, + cigarettes, flour), agricultural processing, oil refining, cement, tourism +Agriculture: + most important sector, accounting for 25% of GDP and 65% of exports; cash + crops - coffee, tea, sisal, pineapple; food products - corn, wheat, + sugarcane, fruit, vegetables, dairy products, beef, pork, poultry, eggs; + food output not keeping pace with population growth, and crop production has + been extended into marginal land +Illicit drugs: + widespread wild, small-plot cultivation of marijuana and gat; most locally + consumed; transit country for Southwest Asian heroin moving to West Africa + and onward to Europe and North America; Indian methaqualone also transits on + way to South Africa + +*Kenya, Economy + +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $839 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $7,490 million; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $74 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $83 + million +Currency: + 1 Kenyan shilling (KSh) = 100 cents +Exchange rates: + Kenyan shillings (KSh) per US$1 -36.227 (January 1993), 32.217 (1992), + 27.508 (1991), 22.915 (1990), 20.572 (1989), 17.747 (1988) +Fiscal year: + 1 July - 30 June + +*Kenya, Communications + +Railroads: + 2,040 km 1.000-meter gauge +Highways: + 64,590 km total; 7,000 km paved, 4,150 km gravel, remainder improved earth +Inland waterways: + part of Lake Victoria system is within boundaries of Kenya +Pipelines: + petroleum products 483 km +Ports: + coastal - Mombasa, Lamu; inland - Kisumu +Merchant marine: + 1 oil tanker ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 3,727 GRT/5,558 DWT +Airports: + total: + 247 + usable: + 208 + with permanent-surface runways: + 18 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 2 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 3 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 43 +Telecommunications: + in top group of African systems; consists primarily of radio relay links; + over 260,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 16 AM; 4 FM, 6 TV; satellite + earth stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT + +*Kenya, Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy, Air Force, paramilitary General Service Unit of the Police +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 5,912,744; fit for military service 3,654,738 (1993 est.); + no conscription +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $294 million, 4.9% of GDP (FY88/89 est.) + +*Kingman Reef, Header + +Affiliation: + (territory of the US) + +*Kingman Reef, Geography + +Location: + in the North Pacific Ocean, 1,600 km south-southwest of Honolulu, about + halfway between Hawaii and American Samoa +Map references: + Oceania +Area: + total area: + 1 km2 + land area: + 1 km2 + comparative area: + about 1.7 times the size of the Mall in Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + 0 km +Coastline: + 3 km +Maritime claims: + contiguous zone: + 24 nm + continental shelf: + 200 m or depth of exploitation + exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + territorial sea: + 12 nm +International disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical, but moderated by prevailing winds +Terrain: low and nearly level with a maximum elevation of about 1 meter +Natural resources: + none +Land use: + arable land: + 0% + permanent crops: + 0% + meadows and pastures: + 0% + forest and woodland: + 0% + other: + 100% +Irrigated land: + 0 km2 +Environment: + barren coral atoll with deep interior lagoon; wet or awash most of the time +Note: + maximum elevation of about 1 meter makes this a navigational hazard; closed + to the public + +*Kingman Reef, People + +Population: + uninhabited + +*Kingman Reef, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + none + conventional short form: + Kingman Reef +Digraph: + KQ +Type: + unincorporated territory of the US administered by the US Navy +Capital: + none; administered from Washington, DC + +*Kingman Reef, Economy + +Overview: + no economic activity + +*Kingman Reef, Communications + +Ports: + none; offshore anchorage only +Airports: + lagoon was used as a halfway station between Hawaii and American Samoa by + Pan American Airways for flying boats in 1937 and 1938 + +*Kingman Reef, Defense Forces + +Note: + defense is the responsibility of the US + +*Kiribati, Geography + +Location: + Oceania, straddling the equator in the Pacific Ocean, about halfway between + Hawaii and Australia +Map references: + Oceania +Area: + total area: + 717 km2 + land area: + 717 km2 + comparative area: + slightly more than four times the size of Washington, DC + note: + includes three island groups - Gilbert Islands, Line Islands, Phoenix + Islands +Land boundaries: + 0 km +Coastline: + 1,143 km +Maritime claims: + exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + territorial sea: + 12 nm +International disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical; marine, hot and humid, moderated by trade winds +Terrain: + mostly low-lying coral atolls surrounded by extensive reefs +Natural resources: + phosphate (production discontinued in 1979) +Land use: + arable land: + 0% + permanent crops: + 51% + meadows and pastures: + 0% forest and woodland: + 3% + other: + 46% +Irrigated land: + NA km2 +Environment: + typhoons can occur any time, but usually November to March; 20 of the 33 + islands are inhabited +Note: + Banaba (Ocean Island) in Kiribati is one of the three great phosphate rock + islands in the Pacific Ocean - the others are Makatea in French Polynesia + and Nauru + +*Kiribati, People + +Population: + 76,320 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 2.03% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 32.03 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 12.31 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + 0.56 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 98.4 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 54.16 years + male: + 52.56 years + female: + 55.78 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 3.82 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + I-Kiribati (singular and plural) + adjective: + I-Kiribati +Ethnic divisions: + Micronesian +Religions: + Roman Catholic 52.6%, Protestant (Congregational) 40.9%, Seventh-Day + Adventist, Baha'i, Church of God, Mormon 6% (1985) +Languages: + English (official), Gilbertese +Literacy: + total population: + NA% + male: + NA% female: + NA% +Labor force: + 7,870 economically active, not including subsistence farmers (1985 est.) + +*Kiribati, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Republic of Kiribati + conventional short form: + Kiribati + former: + Gilbert Islands +Digraph: + KR +Type: + republic +Capital: + Tarawa +Administrative divisions: + 3 units; Gilbert Islands, Line Islands, Phoenix Islands + note: + a new administrative structure of 6 districts (Banaba, Central Gilberts, + Line Islands, Northern Gilberts, Southern Gilberts, Tarawa) may have been + changed to 21 island councils (one for each of the inhabited islands) named + Abaiang, Abemama, Aranuka, Arorae, Banaba, Beru, Butaritari, Canton, + Kiritimati, Kuria, Maiana, Makin, Marakei, Nikunau, Nonouti, Onotoa, + Tabiteuea, Tabuaeran, Tamana, Tarawa, Teraina +Independence: + 12 July 1979 (from UK) +Constitution: + 12 July 1979 +Legal system: + NA +National holiday: + Independence Day, 12 July (1979) +Political parties and leaders: + National Progressive Party, Teatao TEANNAKI; Christian Democratic Party, + Teburoro TITO; New Movement Party, leader NA; Liberal Party, Tewareka + TENTOA; Maneaba Party, Roniti TEIWAKI + note: + there is no tradition of formally organized political parties in Kiribati; + they more closely resemble factions or interest groups because they have no + party headquarters, formal platforms, or party structures +Suffrage: + 18 years of age; universal +Elections: + President: + last held on 8 July 1991 (next to be held by NA 1996); results - Teatao + TEANNAKI 52%, Roniti TEIWAKI 28% + House of Assembly: + last held on 8 May 1991 (next to be held by NA 1996); results - percent of + vote by party NA; seats - (40 total; 39 elected) percent of seats by party + NA +Executive branch: + president (Beretitenti), vice president (Kauoman-ni-Beretitenti), Cabinet +Legislative branch: + unicameral House of Assembly (Maneaba Ni Maungatabu) +Judicial branch: + Court of Appeal, High Court +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + President Teatao TEANNAKI (since 8 July 1991); Vice President Taomati IUTA + (since 8 July 1991) + +*Kiribati, Government + +Member of: + ACP, AsDB, C, ESCAP, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFC, IMF, INTERPOL, ITU, + SPARTECA, SPC, SPF, UNESCO, UPU, WHO +Diplomatic representation in US: + chief of mission: + (vacant) +US diplomatic representation: + the ambassador to Fiji is accredited to Kiribati +Flag: + the upper half is red with a yellow frigate bird flying over a yellow rising + sun, and the lower half is blue with three horizontal wavy white stripes to + represent the ocean + +*Kiribati, Economy + +Overview: + The country has few national resources. Commercially viable phosphate + deposits were exhausted at the time of independence in 1979. Copra and fish + now represent the bulk of production and exports. The economy has fluctuated + widely in recent years. Real GDP declined about 8% in 1987, as the fish + catch fell sharply to only one-fourth the level of 1986 and copra production + was hampered by repeated rains. Output rebounded strongly in 1988, with real + GDP growing by 17%. The upturn in economic growth came from an increase in + copra production and a good fish catch. Following the strong surge in output + in 1988, GNP increased 1% in both 1989 and 1990. +National product: + GDP - exchange rate conversion - $36.8 million (1990 est.) +National product real growth rate: + 1% (1990 est.) +National product per capita: + $525 (1990 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 4.8% (1991 est.) +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $29.9 million; expenditures $16.3 million, including capital + expenditures of $14.0 million (1990 est.) +Exports: + $5.8 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.) + commodities: + copra 18%, fish 17%, seaweed 13% + partners: + EC 50%, Fiji 22%, US 18% (1990) +Imports: + $26.7 million (c.i.f., 1990 est.) + commodities: + foodstuffs, machinery and equipment, miscellaneous manufactured goods, fuel + partners: + Australia 33%, Japan 24%, Fiji 19%, NZ 6%, US 6% (1990) +External debt: + $2 million (December 1989 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 0% (1988 est.); accounts for less than 4% of GDP +Electricity: + 5,000 kW capacity; 13 million kWh produced, 190 kWh per capita (1990) +Industries: + fishing, handicrafts +Agriculture: + accounts for 15% of GDP (including fishing); copra and fish contribute about + 95% to exports; subsistence farming predominates; food crops - taro, + breadfruit, sweet potatoes, vegetables; not self-sufficient in food +Economic aid: + Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), + $273 million +Currency: + 1 Australian dollar ($A) = 100 cents +Exchange rates: + Australian dollars ($A) per US$1 - 1.4837 (January 1993), 1.3600 (1992), + 1.2835 (1991), 1.2799 (1990), 1.2618 (1989), 1.2752 (1988) +Fiscal year: + NA + +*Kiribati, Communications + +Highways: + 640 km of motorable roads +Inland waterways: + small network of canals, totaling 5 km, in Line Islands +Ports: + Banaba and Betio (Tarawa) +Airports: + total: + 21 + useable: + 20 + with permanent-surface runways: + 4 + with runways over 3,659 m : + 0 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 0 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 5 +Telecommunications: + 1,400 telephones; broadcast stations - 1 AM, no FM, no TV; 1 Pacific Ocean + INTELSAT earth station + +*Kiribati, Defense Forces + +Branches: + Police Force (carries out law enforcement functions and paramilitary duties; + there are small police posts on all islands); no military force is + maintained +Manpower availability: + NA +Defense expenditures: + $NA, NA% of GDP + +*Korea, North, Geography + +Location: + Northeast Asia, between China and South Korea +Map references: + Asia, Standard Time Zones of the World +Area: + total area: + 120,540 km2 + land area: + 120,410 km2 + comparative area: + slightly smaller than Mississippi +Land boundaries: + total 1,673 km, China 1,416 km, South Korea 238 km, Russia 19 km +Coastline: + 2,495 km +Maritime claims: + territorial sea: + 12 nm + exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + military boundary line: + 50 nm in the Sea of Japan and the exclusive economic zone limit in the + Yellow Sea where all foreign vessels and aircraft without permission are + banned +International disputes: + short section of boundary with China is indefinite; Demarcation Line with + South Korea +Climate: + temperate with rainfall concentrated in summer +Terrain: + mostly hills and mountains separated by deep, narrow valleys; coastal plains + wide in west, discontinuous in east +Natural resources: coal, lead, tungsten, zinc, graphite, magnesite, iron ore, copper, gold, + pyrites, salt, fluorspar, hydropower +Land use: + arable land: + 18% + permanent crops: + 1% + meadows and pastures: + 0% + forest and woodland: + 74% + other: + 7% +Irrigated land: + 14,000 km2 (1989) +Environment: + mountainous interior is isolated, nearly inaccessible, and sparsely + populated; late spring droughts often followed by severe flooding +Note: + strategic location bordering China, South Korea, and Russia + +*Korea, North, People + +Population: + 22,645,811 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 1.86% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 24.09 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 5.52 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 28.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 69.51 years + male: + 66.42 years + female: + 72.75 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 2.4 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Korean(s) + adjective: + Korean +Ethnic divisions: + racially homogeneous +Religions: + Buddhism and Confucianism, some Christianity and syncretic Chondogyo + note: autonomous religious activities now almost nonexistent; government-sponsored + religious groups exist to provide illusion of religious freedom +Languages: + Korean +Literacy: + age 15 and over can read and write (1990) + total population: + 99% + male: + 99% + female: + 99% +Labor force: + 9.615 million + by occupation: + agricultural 36%, nonagricultural 64% + note: + shortage of skilled and unskilled labor (mid-1987 est.) + +*Korea, North, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Democratic People's Republic of Korea + conventional short form: + North Korea + local long form: + Choson-minjujuui-inmin-konghwaguk + local short form: + none +Abbreviation: + DPRK +Digraph: + KN +Type: + Communist state; Stalinist dictatorship +Capital: + P'yongyang +Administrative divisions: + 9 provinces (do, singular and plural) and 3 special cities* (jikhalsi,, singular and plural); +Chagang-do (Chagang Province), Hamgyong-bukto (North + Hamgyong Province), Hamgyong-namdo (South Hamgyong Province), Hwanghae-bukto + (North Hwanghae Province), Hwanghae-namdo (South Hwanghae Province), + Kaesong-si* (Kaesong City), Kangwon-do (Kangwon Province), Namp'o-si*, (Namp'o City), +P'yongan-bukto (North P'yongan Province), P'yongan-namdo + (South P'yongan Province), P'yongyang-si* (P'yongyang City), Yanggang-do, (Yanggang Province) +Independence: + 9 September 1948 + note: + 15 August 1945, date of independence from the Japanese and celebrated in + North Korea as National Liberation Day +Constitution: + adopted 1948, completely revised 27 December 1972, revised again in April + 1992 +Legal system: + based on German civil law system with Japanese influences and Communist + legal theory; no judicial review of legislative acts; has not accepted + compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + DPRK Foundation Day, 9 September (1948) +Political parties and leaders: + major party - Korean Workers' Party (KWP), KIM Il-song, general secretary, + and his son, KIM Chong-il, secretary, Central Committee; Korean Social + Democratic Party, KIM Yong-ho, vice-chairman; Chondoist Chongu Party, CHONG + Sin-hyok, chairman +Suffrage: + 17 years of age; universal +Elections: + President: + last held 24 May 1990 (next to be held by NA 1994); results - President KIM + Il-song was reelected without opposition + Supreme People's Assembly: + last held on 7-9 April 1993 (next to be held NA); results - percent of vote + by party NA; seats - (687 total) the KWP approves a single list of + candidates who are elected without opposition; minor parties hold a few + seats +Executive branch: + president, two vice presidents, premier, ten vice premiers, State + Administration Council (cabinet) + +*Korea, North, Government + +Legislative branch: + unicameral Supreme People's Assembly (Ch'oego Inmin Hoeui) +Judicial branch: + Central Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President KIM Il-song (national leader since 1948, president since 28 + December 1972); designated successor KIM Chong-il (son of president, born 16 + February 1942) + Head of Government: + Premier KANG Song-san (since December 1992) +Member of: + ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IAEA, ICAO, IFAD, IMF (observer), IMO, IOC, ISO, ITU, + LORCS, NAM, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation in US: + none +US diplomatic representation: + none +Flag: + three horizontal bands of blue (top), red (triple width), and blue; the red + band is edged in white; on the hoist side of the red band is a white disk + with a red five-pointed star + +*Korea, North, Economy + +Overview: + More than 90% of this command economy is socialized; agricultural land is + collectivized; and state-owned industry produces 95% of manufactured goods. + State control of economic affairs is unusually tight even for a Communist + country because of the small size and homogeneity of the society and the + strict rule of KIM Il-song and his son, KIM Chong-il. Economic growth during + the period 1984-88 averaged 2-3%, but output declined by 3-5% annually + during 1989-92 because of systemic problems and disruptions in + socialist-style economic relations with the former USSR and China. In 1992, + output dropped sharply, by perhaps 10-15%, as the economy felt the + cumulative effect of the reduction in outside support. The leadership + insisted in maintaining its high level of military outlays from a shrinking + economic pie. Moreover, a serious drawdown in inventories and critical + shortages in the energy sector have led to increasing interruptions in + industrial production. Abundant mineral resources and hydropower have formed + the basis of industrial development since WWII. Output of the extractive + industries includes coal, iron ore, magnesite, graphite, copper, zinc, lead, + and precious metals. Manufacturing is centered on heavy industry, including + military industry, with light industry lagging far behind. Despite the use + of improved seed varieties, expansion of irrigation, and the heavy use of + fertilizers, North Korea has not yet become self-sufficient in food + production. Five consecutive years of poor harvests, coupled with + distribution problems, have led to chronic food shortages. North Korea + remains far behind South Korea in economic development and living standards. +National product: + GNP - purchasing power equivalent - $22 billion (1992 est.) +National product real growth rate: + -10% to -15% (1992 est.) +National product per capita: + $1,000 (1992 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + NA% +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $18.5 billion; expenditures $18.4 billion, including capital + expenditures of $NA (1992) +Exports: + $1.3 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.) + commodities: + minerals, metallurgical products, agricultural and fishery products, + manufactures (including armaments) + partners: + China, Japan, Russia, South Korea, Germany, Hong Kong, Mexico +Imports: + $1.9 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.) + commodities: + petroleum, grain, coking coal, machinery and equipment, consumer goods + partners: + China, Russia, Japan, Hong Kong, Germany, Singapore +External debt: + $8 billion (1992 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate -15% (1992 est.) +Electricity: + 7,300,000 kW capacity; 26,000 million kWh produced, 1,160 kWh per capita + (1992) + +*Korea, North, Economy + +Industries: + machine building, military products, electric power, chemicals, mining, + metallurgy, textiles, food processing +Agriculture: + accounts for about 25% of GNP and 36% of work force; principal crops - rice, + corn, potatoes, soybeans, pulses; livestock and livestock products - cattle, + hogs, pork, eggs; not self-sufficient in grain; fish catch estimated at 1.7 + million metric tons in 1987 +Economic aid: + Communist countries, $1.4 billion a year in the 1980s +Currency: + 1 North Korean won (Wn) = 100 chon +Exchange rates: + North Korean won (Wn) per US$1 - 2.13 (May 1992), 2.14 (September 1991), 2.1 + (January 1990), 2.3 (December 1989), 2.13 (December 1988), 0.94 (March 1987) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +*Korea, North, Communications + +Railroads: + 4,915 km total; 4,250 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, 665 km 0.762-meter + narrow gauge; 159 km double track; 3,084 km electrified; government owned + (1989) +Highways: + about 30,000 km (1991); 92.5% gravel, crushed stone, or earth surface; 7.5% + paved +Inland waterways: + 2,253 km; mostly navigable by small craft only +Pipelines: + crude oil 37 km +Ports: + primary - Ch'ongjin, Hungnam (Hamhung), Najin, Namp'o, Wonsan; secondary - + Haeju, Kimchaek, Kosong, Sinuiju, Songnim, Sonbong (formerly Unggi), Ungsang +Merchant marine: + 80 ships (1,000 GRT and over) totaling 675,666 GRT/1,057,815 DWT; includes 1 + passenger, 1 short-sea passenger, 2 passenger-cargo, 67 cargo, 2 oil tanker, + 5 bulk, 1 combination bulk, 1 container +Airports: + total: + 55 + usable : + 55 (est.) + with permanent-surface runways: + about 30 + with runways over 3,659 m: fewer than 5 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 20 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 30 +Telecommunications: + broadcast stations - 18 AM, no FM, 11 TV; 300,000 TV sets (1989); 3,500,000 + radio receivers; 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth station + +*Korea, North, Defense Forces + +Branches: + Korean People's Army (including the Army, Navy, Air Force), Civil Security + Forces +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 6,567,684; fit for military service 3,996,893; reach + military age (18) annually 208,132 (1993 est.) +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - about $5 billion, 20-25% of GNP (1991 est.); note + - the officially announced but suspect figure is $1.9 billion (1991) 8% of + GNP (1991 est.) + +*Korea, South, Geography + +Location: + Northeast Asia, between North Korea and Japan +Map references: + Asia, Standard Time Zones of the World +Area: + total area: + 98,480 km2 + land area: + 98,190 km2 + comparative area: + slightly larger than Indiana +Land boundaries: + total 238 km, North Korea 238 km +Coastline: + 2,413 km +Maritime claims: + continental shelf: + not specified + territorial sea: + 12 nm; 3 nm in the Korea Strait +International disputes: + Demarcation Line with North Korea; Liancourt Rocks claimed by Japan +Climate: + temperate, with rainfall heavier in summer than winter +Terrain: + mostly hills and mountains; wide coastal plains in west and south +Natural resources: + coal, tungsten, graphite, molybdenum, lead, hydropower +Land use: + arable land: + 21% + permanent crops: + 1% + meadows and pastures: + 1% + forest and woodland: + 67% + other: + 10% +Irrigated land: + 13,530 km2 (1989) +Environment: + occasional typhoons bring high winds and floods; earthquakes in southwest; + air pollution in large cities + +*Korea, South, People + +Population: + 44,613,993 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 1.05% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 15.72 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 6.16 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + 0.91 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 22.5 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 70.29 years + male: + 67.1 years + female: + 73.68 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 1.64 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Korean(s) + adjective: + Korean +Ethnic divisions: + homogeneous (except for about 20,000 Chinese) +Religions: + Christianity 48.6%, Buddhism 47.4%, Confucianism 3%, pervasive folk religion + (Shamanism), Chondogyo (religion of the heavenly way) 0.2% +Languages: + Korean, English widely taught in high school +Literacy: + age 15 and over can read and write (1990) + total population: + 96% + male: + 99% + female: + 94% +Labor force: + 19 million + by occupation: + services and other 52%, mining and manufacturing 27%, agriculture, fishing, + forestry 21% (1991) + +*Korea, South, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Republic of Korea + conventional short form: + South Korea + local long form: + Taehan-min'guk + local short form: + none +Abbreviation: + ROK +Digraph: + KS +Type: + republic +Capital: + Seoul +Administrative divisions: + 9 provinces (do, singular and plural) and 6 special cities* (jikhalsi,, singular and plural); +Cheju-do, Cholla-bukto, Cholla-namdo, + Ch'ungch'ong-bukto, Ch'ungch'ong-namdo, Inch'on-jikhalsi*, Kangwon-do,, Kwangju-jikhalsi*,, +Kyonggi-do, Kyongsang-bukto, Kyongsang-namdo, + Pusan-jikhalsi*, Soul-t'ukpyolsi*, Taegu-jikhalsi*, Taejon-jikhalsi*, Independence: + 15 August 1948 +Constitution: + 25 February 1988 +Legal system: + combines elements of continental European civil law systems, Anglo-American + law, and Chinese classical thought +National holiday: + Independence Day, 15 August (1948) +Political parties and leaders: + majority party: + Democratic Liberal Party (DLP), KIM Young Sam, president + opposition: + Democratic Party (DP), LEE Ki Taek, executive chairman; United People's + Party (UPP), CHUNG Ju Yung, chairman; several smaller parties + note: + the DLP resulted from a merger of the Democratic Justice Party (DJP), + Reunification Democratic Party (RDP), and New Democratic Republican Party + (NDRP) on 9 February 1990 +Other political or pressure groups: + Korean National Council of Churches; National Democratic Alliance of Korea; + National Federation of Student Associations; National Federation of Farmers' + Associations; National Council of Labor Unions; Federation of Korean Trade + Unions; Korean Veterans' Association; Federation of Korean Industries; + Korean Traders Association +Suffrage: + 20 years of age; universal +Elections: + President: + last held on 18 December 1992 (next to be held NA December 1997); results - + KIM Young Sam (DLP) 41.9%, KIM Dae Jung (DP) 33.8%, CHUNG Ju Yung (UPP) + 16.3%, other 8% + +*Korea, South, Government + + National Assembly: + last held on 24 March 1992; results - DLP 38.5%, DP 29.2%, Unification + National Party (UNP) 17.3% (name later changed to UPP), other 15%; seats - + (299 total) DLP 149, DP 97, UNP 31, other 22; the distribution of seats as + of May 1993 was DLP 167, DP 95, UPP 14, other 23 + note: + the change in the distribution of seats reflects the fluidity of the current + situation where party members are constantly switching from one party to + another +Executive branch: + president, prime minister, two deputy prime ministers, State Council + (cabinet) +Legislative branch: + unicameral National Assembly (Kuk Hoe) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President KIM Young Sam (since 25 February 1993) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister HWANG In Sung (since 25 February 1993); Deputy Prime Minister + LEE Kyung Shick (since 25 February 1993) and Deputy Prime Minister HAN Wan + Sang (since 25 February 1993) +Member of: + AfDB, APEC, AsDB, CCC, COCOM (cooperating country), CP, EBRD, ESCAP, FAO, + G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, + INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LORCS, OAS (observer), UN, + UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation in US: + chief of mission: + Ambassador HAN Seung Soo + chancery: + 2370 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 + telephone: + (202) 939-5600 + consulates general: Agana (Guam), Anchorage, Atlanta, Chicago, Honolulu, Houston, Los Angeles, + New York, San Francisco, and Seattle +US diplomatic representation: + chief of mission: + (vacant), Charge d'Affaires Raymond BURGHARDT + embassy: + 82 Sejong-Ro, Chongro-ku, Seoul, AMEMB, Unit 15550 + mailing address: + APO AP 96205-0001 + telephone: + [82] (2) 732-2601 through 2618 + FAX: + [82] (2) 738-8845 + consulate: + Pusan +Flag: + white with a red (top) and blue yin-yang symbol in the center; there is a + different black trigram from the ancient I Ching (Book of Changes) in each + corner of the white field + +*Korea, South, Economy + +Overview: + The driving force behind the economy's dynamic growth has been the planned + development of an export-oriented economy in a vigorously entrepreneurial + society. Real GNP increased more than 10% annually between 1986 and 1991. + This growth ultimately led to an overheated situation characterized by a + tight labor market, strong inflationary pressures, and a rapidly rising + current account deficit. As a result, in 1992, focusing attention on slowing + the growth rate of inflation and reducing the deficit is leading to a + slow-down in growth. The economy remains the envy of the great majority of + the world's peoples. +National product: + GNP - purchasing power equivalent - $287 billion (1992 est.) +National product real growth rate: + 5% (1992 est.) +National product per capita: + $6,500 (1992 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 4.5% (1992 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 2.4% (1992 est.) +Budget: + revenues $48.4 billion; expenditures $48.4 billion, including capital + expenditures of $NA (1993) +Exports: + $76.8 billion (f.o.b., 1992) + commodities: + textiles, clothing, electronic and electrical equipment, footwear, + machinery, steel, automobiles, ships, fish + partners: + US 24%, Japan 15% (1992) +Imports: + $81.7 billion (c.i.f., 1992) + commodities: + machinery, electronics and electronic equipment, oil, steel, transport + equipment, textiles, organic chemicals, grains + partners: + Japan 24%, US 22% (1992) +External debt: + $42 billion (1992) +Industrial production: + growth rate 5.0% (1992 est.); accounts for about 45% of GNP +Electricity: + 24,000,000 kW capacity; 105,000 million kWh produced, 2,380 kWh per capita + (1992) +Industries: + textiles, clothing, footwear, food processing, chemicals, steel, + electronics, automobile production, shipbuilding +Agriculture: + accounts for 8% of GNP and employs 21% of work force (including fishing and + forestry); principal crops - rice, root crops, barley, vegetables, fruit; + livestock and livestock products - cattle, hogs, chickens, milk, eggs; + self-sufficient in food, except for wheat; fish catch of 2.9 million metric + tons, seventh-largest in world +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $3.9 billion; non-US countries + (1970-89), $3.0 billion +Currency: + 1 South Korean won (W) = 100 chon (theoretical) + +*Korea, South, Economy + +Exchange rates: + South Korean won (W) per US$1 - 791.99 (January 1993), 780.65 (1992), 733.35 + (1991), 707.76 (1990), 671.46 (1989), 731.47 (1988) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +*Korea, South, Communications + +Railroads: + 3,091 km total (1991); 3,044 km 1.435 meter standard gauge, 47 km + 0.610-meter narrow gauge, 847 km double track; 525 km electrified, + government owned +Highways: + 63,201 km total (1991); 1,551 expressways, 12,190 km national highway, + 49,460 km provincial and local roads +Inland waterways: + 1,609 km; use restricted to small native craft +Pipelines: + petroleum products 455 km +Ports: + Pusan, Inchon, Kunsan, Mokpo, Ulsan +Merchant marine: + 431 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 6,689,227 GRT/11,016,014 DWT; + includes 2 short-sea passenger, 138 cargo, 61 container, 11 refrigerated + cargo, 9 vehicle carrier, 45 oil tanker, 12 chemical tanker, 13 liquefied + gas, 2 combination ore/oil, 135 bulk, 2 combination bulk, 1 multifunction + large-load carrier +Airports: + total: + 103 + usable: + 93 + with permanent-surface runways: + 59 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 22 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 18 +Telecommunications: + excellent domestic and international services; 13,276,449 telephone + subscribers; broadcast stations - 79 AM, 46 FM, 256 TV (57 of 1 kW or + greater); satellite earth stations - 2 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Indian + Ocean INTELSAT + +*Korea, South, Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy, Marine Corps, Air Force +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 13,286,969; fit for military service 8,542,640; reach + military age (18) annually 432,434 (1993 est.) +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $12.2 billion, 3.6% of GNP (1993 est.) + +*Kuwait, Geography + +Location: + Middle East, at the head of the Persian Gulf, between Iraq and Saudi Arabia +Map references: + Africa, Middle East, Standard Time Zones of the World +Area: + total area: + 17,820 km2 + land area: + 17,820 km2 + comparative area: + slightly smaller than New Jersey +Land boundaries: + total 464 km, Iraq 242 km, Saudi Arabia 222 km +Coastline: + 499 km +Maritime claims: + continental shelf: not specified + territorial sea: + 12 nm +International disputes: + in April 1991 Iraq officially accepted UN Security Council Resolution 687, + which demands that Iraq accept the inviolability of the boundary set forth + in its 1963 agreement with Kuwait, ending earlier claims to Bubiyan and + Warbah Islands, or to all of Kuwait; the 20 May 1993 final report of the UN + Iraq/Kuwait Boundary Demarcation Commission was welcomed by the Security + Council in Resolution 833 of 27 May 1993, which also reaffirmed that the + decisions of the commission on the boundary were final, bringing to a + completion the official demarcation of the Iraq-Kuwait boundary; Iraqi + officials still make public statements claiming Kuwait; ownership of Qaruh + and Umm al Maradim Islands disputed by Saudi Arabia +Climate: + dry desert; intensely hot summers; short, cool winters +Terrain: + flat to slightly undulating desert plain +Natural resources: + petroleum, fish, shrimp, natural gas +Land use: + arable land: + 0% + permanent crops: + 0% + meadows and pastures: + 8% + forest and woodland: + 0% + other: + 92% +Irrigated land: + 20 km2 (1989 est.) +Environment: + some of world's largest and most sophisticated desalination facilities + provide most of water; air and water pollution; desertification +Note: + strategic location at head of Persian Gulf + +*Kuwait, People + +Population: + 1,698,077 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 8.67% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 30.29 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 2.39 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + 58.74 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 13.1 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: total population: + 74.62 years + male: + 72.47 years + female: + 76.87 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 4.11 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Kuwaiti(s) + adjective: + Kuwaiti +Ethnic divisions: + Kuwaiti 45%, other Arab 35%, South Asian 9%, Iranian 4%, other 7% +Religions: + Muslim 85% (Shi'a 30%, Sunni 45%, other 10%), Christian, Hindu, Parsi, and + other 15% +Languages: + Arabic (official), English widely spoken +Literacy: + age 15 and over can read and write (1990) + total population: + 73% + male: + 77% + female: + 67% +Labor force: + 566,000 (1986) + by occupation: + services 45.0%, construction 20.0%, trade 12.0%, manufacturing 8.6%, finance + and real estate 2.6%, agriculture 1.9%, power and water 1.7%, mining and + quarrying 1.4% + note: + 70% of labor force was non-Kuwaiti (1986) + +*Kuwait, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + State of Kuwait + conventional short form: + Kuwait + local long form: + Dawlat al Kuwayt + local short form: + Al Kuwayt +Digraph: + KU +Type: + nominal constitutional monarchy +Capital: + Kuwait +Administrative divisions: + 5 governorates (mu'hafaz'at, singular - muh'afaz'ah); Al Ah'madi, Al Jahrah, + Al Kuwayt, 'Hawalli; Farwaniyah +Independence: + 19 June 1961 (from UK) +Constitution: + 16 November 1962 (some provisions suspended since 29 August 1962) +Legal system: + civil law system with Islamic law significant in personal matters; has not + accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + National Day, 25 February +Political parties and leaders: + none +Other political or pressure groups: + 40,000 Palestinian community; small, clandestine leftist and Shi'a + fundamentalist groups are active; several groups critical of government + policies are active +Suffrage: + adult males who resided in Kuwait before 1920 and their male descendants at + age 21 + note: + out of all citizens, only 10% are eligible to vote and only 5% actually vote +Elections: + National Assembly: + dissolved 3 July 1986; new elections were held on 5 October 1992 with a + second election in the 14th and 16th constituencies scheduled for 15 + February 1993 +Executive branch: + amir, prime minister, deputy prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet) +Legislative branch: + unicameral National Assembly (Majlis al 'umma) dissolved 3 July 1986; + elections for new Assembly held 5 October 1992 +Judicial branch: + High Court of Appeal +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Amir Shaykh JABIR al-Ahmad al-Jabir al-Sabah (since 31 December 1977) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister and Crown Prince SA'D al-'Abdallah al-Salim al-Sabah (since 8 + February 1978); Deputy Prime Minister SABAH al-Ahmad al-Jabir al-Sabah + (since 17 October 1992) + +*Kuwait, Government + +Member of: + ABEDA, AfDB, AFESD, AL, AMF, BDEAC, CAEU, ESCWA, FAO, G-77, GATT, GCC, IAEA, + IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, + INTERPOL, IOC, ISO (correspondent), ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAPEC, OIC, OPEC, UN, + UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation in US: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Muhammad al-Sabah al-Salim al-SABAH + chancery: 2940 Tilden Street NW, Washington, DC 20008 + telephone: + (202) 966-0702 +US diplomatic representation: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Edward (Skip) GNEHM, Jr. + embassy: + Bneid al-Gar (opposite the Kuwait International Hotel), Kuwait City + mailing address: + P.O. Box 77 SAFAT, 13001 SAFAT, Kuwait; APO AE 09880 + telephone: + [965] 242-4151 through 4159 + FAX: + [956] 244-2855 +Flag: + three equal horizontal bands of green (top), white, and red with a black + trapezoid based on the hoist side + +*Kuwait, Economy + +Overview: + Kuwait is a small and relatively open economy with proven crude oil reserves + of about 94 billion barrels - 10% of world reserves. Kuwait is rebuilding + its war-ravaged petroleum sector and the increase in crude oil production to + nearly 2.0 million barrels per day by the end of 1992 led to an enormous + increase in GDP for the year. The government ran a cumulative fiscal deficit + of approximately $70 billion over its last two fiscal years, reducing its + foreign asset position and increasing its public debt to roughly $40 + billion. Petroleum accounts for nearly half of GDP and over 90% of export + and government revenue. +National product: + GDP - exchange rate conversion - $15.3 billion (1992 est.) +National product real growth rate: + 80% (1992 est.) +National product per capita: + $11,100 (1992 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 5% (1992 est.) +Unemployment rate: + NEGL% (1992 est.) +Budget: + revenues $7.1 billion; expenditures $10.5 billion, including capital + expenditures of $3.1 billion (FY88) +Exports: + $750 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.) + commodities: + oil + partners: + France 16%, Italy 15%, Japan 12%, UK 11% +Imports: + $4.7 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.) + commodities: + food, construction materials, vehicles and parts, clothing + partners: US 35%, Japan 12%, UK 9%, Canada 9% +External debt: + $7.2 billion (December 1989 est.) + note: + external debt has grown substantially in 1991 and 1992 to pay for + restoration of war damage +Industrial production: + growth rate NA%; accounts for NA% of GDP +Electricity: + 6,873,000 kW available out of 7,398,000 kW capacity due to Persian Gulf war; + 12,264 million kWh produced, 8,890 kWh per capita (1992) +Industries: + petroleum, petrochemicals, desalination, food processing, building + materials, salt, construction +Agriculture: + practically none; dependent on imports for food; about 75% of potable water + must be distilled or imported +Economic aid: + donor - pledged $18.3 billion in bilateral aid to less developed countries + (1979-89) +Currency: + 1 Kuwaiti dinar (KD) = 1,000 fils +Exchange rates: + Kuwaiti dinars (KD) per US$1 - 0.3044 (January 1993), 0.2934 (1992), 0.2843 + (1991), 0.2915 (1990), 0.2937 (1989), 0.2790 (1988) + +*Kuwait, Economy + +Fiscal year: + 1 July - 30 June + +*Kuwait, Communications + +Railroads: + none +Highways: + 3,900 km total; 3,000 km bituminous; 900 km earth, sand, light gravel +Pipelines: + crude oil 877 km; petroleum products 40 km; natural gas 165 km +Ports: + Ash Shu'aybah, Ash Shuwaykh, Mina' al 'Ahmadi +Merchant marine: + 42 ships (1,000 GRT or over), totaling 1,996,052 GRT/3,373,088 DWT; includes + 7 cargo, 4 livestock carrier, 24 oil tanker, 4 liquefied gas, 3 container +Airports: + total: + 7 + usable: + 4 + with permanent-surface runways: + 4 + with runways over 3,659 m: 0 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 4 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 0 +Telecommunications: + civil network suffered extensive damage as a result of Desert Storm and + reconstruction is still under way with some restored international and + domestic capabilities; broadcast stations - 3 AM, 0 FM, 3 TV; satellite + earth stations - destroyed during Persian Gulf War and not rebuilt yet; + temporary mobile satellite ground stations provide international + telecommunications; coaxial cable and microwave radio relay to Saudi Arabia; + service to Iraq is nonoperational + +*Kuwait, Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy, Air Force, National Police Force, National Guard +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 498,254; fit for military service 298,865; reach military + age (18) annually 14,459 (1993 est.) +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $2.5 billion, 7.3% of GDP (FY92/93) + +*Kyrgyzstan, Geography + +Location: + South Asia, between China and Kazakhstan +Map references: + Asia, Commonwealth of Independent States - Central Asian States, Standard + Time Zones of the World +Area: + total area: + 198,500 km2 + land area: + 191,300 km2 + comparative area: + slightly smaller than South Dakota +Land boundaries: + total 3,878 km, China 858 km, Kazakhstan 1,051 km, Tajikistan 870 km, + Uzbekistan 1,099 km +Coastline: + 0 km (landlocked) +Maritime claims: + none; landlocked +International disputes: + territorial dispute with Tajikistan on southern boundary in Isfara Valley + area +Climate: + dry continental to polar in high Tien Shan; subtropical in south (Fergana + Valley) +Terrain: peaks of Tien Shan rise to 7,000 meters, and associated valleys and basins + encompass entire nation +Natural resources: + small amounts of coal, natural gas, oil, nepheline, rare earth metals, + mercury, bismuth, gold, lead, zinc, hydroelectric power +Land use: + arable land: + NA% + permanent crops: + NA% + meadows and pastures: + NA% + forest and woodland: + NA% + other: + NA% +Irrigated land: + 10,320 km2 (1990) +Environment: + NA +Note: + landlocked + +*Kyrgyzstan, People + +Population: + 4,625,954 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 1.56% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 26.69 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 7.45 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + -3.62 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 47.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 67.71 years + male: + 63.47 years + female: + 72.15 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 3.39 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Kirghiz(s) + adjective: + Kirghiz +Ethnic divisions: + Kirghiz 52.4%, Russian 21.5%, Uzbek 12.9%, Ukrainian 2.5%, German 2.4%, + other 8.3% +Religions: + Muslim 70%, Russian Orthodox NA% +Languages: + Kirghiz (Kyrgyz) - official language, Russian +Literacy: + age 9-49 can read and write (1970) + total population: + 100% + male: + 100% + female: + 100% +Labor force: + 1.748 million + by occupation: + agriculture and forestry 33%, industry and construction 28%, other 39% + (1990) + +*Kyrgyzstan, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Republic of Kyrgyzstan + conventional short form: + Kyrgyzstan + local long form: + Kyrgyzstan Respublikasy + local short form: + none + former: + Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic +Digraph: + KG +Type: + republic +Capital: + Bishkek (Frunze) +Administrative divisions: + 6 oblasts (oblastey, singular - oblast'); Chu, Jalal-Abad, Ysyk-Kul', Naryn, + Osh, Talas +Independence: + 31 August 1991 (from Soviet Union) +Constitution: + adopted 5 May 1993 +Legal system: + based on civil law system +National holiday: + National Day, 2 December +Political parties and leaders: + Kyrgyz Democratic Movement, Kazat AKMAKOV, chairman; Civic Accord, Coalition + representing nonnative minority groups; National Revived Asaba (Banner) + Party, Asan ORMUSHEV, chairman; Communist Party was banned but has + registered as political party 18 September 1992 +Other political or pressure groups: National Unity Democratic Movement; Peasant Party; Council of +Free Trade + Unions; Union of Entrepreneurs +Suffrage: + 18 years of age; universal +Elections: + President: + last held 12 October 1991 (next to be held NA 1996); results - Askar AKAYEV + won in uncontested election with 95% of vote with 90% of electorate voting; + note - president elected by Supreme Soviet 28 October 1990, then by popular + vote 12 October 1991 + Zhogorku Keneshom: + last held 25 February 1990 for the Supreme Soviet (next to be held no later + than NA November 1994 for the Zhgorku Keneshom); results - Commnunists 90%; + seats - (350 total) Communists 310 +Executive branch: + president, Cabinet of Ministers, prime minister +Legislative branch: + unicameral Zhogorku Keneshom +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Askar AKAYEV (since 28 October 1990); Vice President Feliks KULOV + (since 12 October 1992) + +*Kyrgyzstan, Government + + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Tursenbek CHYNGYSHEV (since 2 March 1992); Deputy Prime + Minister Abdygani ERKEBAYEV; Supreme Soviet Chairman Medetkan SHERIMKULOV + (since NA) +Member of: + CIS, CSCE, EBRD, ECO, ESCAP, IBRD, IDA, ILO, IMF, NACC, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, + UNESCO, WHO +Diplomatic representation in US: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Roza OTUNBAYEVA + chancery: + 1511 K Street, NW, Washington, DC + telephone: + (202) 347-5029 +US diplomatic representation: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Edward HURWITZ + embassy: + (temporary) Erkindik Prospekt #66, Bishkek + mailing address: + APO AE 09721 + telephone: + 7-3312 22-26-93, 22-35-51, 22-29-20 + FAX: + 7-3312 22-35-51 +Flag: + red field with a yellow sun in the center having 40 rays representing the 40 + Krygyz tribes; on the obverse side the rays run counterclockwise, on the + reverse, clockwise; in the center of the sun is a red ring crossed by two + sets of three lines, a stylized representation of the roof of the + traditional Kyrgyz yurt + +*Kyrgyzstan, Economy + +Overview: + Kyrgyzstan's small economy (less than 1% of the total for the former Soviet + Union) is oriented toward agriculture, producing mainly livestock such as + goats and sheep, as well as cotton, grain, and tobacco. Industry, + concentrated around Bishkek, produces small quantities of electric motors, + livestock feeding equipment, washing machines, furniture, cement, paper, and + bricks. Mineral extraction is small, the most important minerals being coal, + rare earth metals and gold. Kyrgyzstan is a net importer of many types of + food and fuel but is a net exporter of electricity. In 1992, the Kirghiz + leadership made progress on reform, primarily by privatizing business, + granting life-long tenure to farmers, and freeing most prices. Nonetheless, + in 1992 overall industrial and livestock output declined because of acute + fuel shortages and a widespread lack of spare parts. +National product: + GDP $NA +National product real growth rate: + -25% (1992 est.) +National product per capita: + $NA +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 29% per month (first quarter 1993) +Unemployment rate: + 0.1% includes officially registered unemployed; also large numbers of + underemployed workers +Budget: + revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA +Exports: + $NA + commodities: + wool, chemicals, cotton, ferrous and nonferrous metals, shoes, machinery, + tobacco + partners: + Russia 70%, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, and others +Imports: + $NA + commodities: + lumber, industrial products, ferrous metals, fuel, machinery, textiles, + footwear + partners: + other CIS republics +External debt: + $650 million (1991) +Industrial production: + growth rate NA% (1992) +Electricity: + 4,100,000 kW capacity; 11,800 million kWh produced, 2,551 kWh per capita + (1992) +Industries: + small machinery, textiles, food-processing industries, cement, shoes, sawn + logs, refrigerators, furniture, electric motors, gold, and rare earth metals +Agriculture: + wool, tobacco, cotton, livestock (sheep, goats, cattle), vegetables, meat, + grapes, fruits and berries, eggs, milk, potatoes +Illicit drugs: + illicit producer of cannabis and opium; mostly for CIS consumption; limited + government eradication program; used as transshipment point for illicit + drugs to Western Europel +Economic aid: + $300 million official and commitments by foreign donors (1992) + +*Kyrgyzstan, Economy + +Currency: + introduced national currency, the som (10 May 1993) +Exchange rates: + rubles per US$1 - 415 (24 December 1992) but subject to wide fluctuations +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +*Kyrgyzstan, Communications + +Railroads: + 370 km; does not include industrial lines (1990) +Highways: + 30,300 km total; 22,600 km paved or graveled, 7,700 km earth(1990) +Pipelines: + natural gas 200 km +Ports: + none; landlocked +Airports: + total: + 52 + useable: + 27 + with permanent-surface runways: + 12 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 1 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 4 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 13 +Telecommunications: + poorly developed; 56 telephones per 1000 persons (December 1990); + connections with other CIS countries by landline or microwave and with other + countries by leased connections with Moscow international gateway switch; + satellite earth stations - Orbita and INTELSAT (TV receive only); new + intelsat earth station provide TV receive-only capability for Turkish + broadcasts + +*Kyrgyzstan, Defense Forces + +Branches: + National Guard, Security Forces (internal and border troops), Civil Defense +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 1,093,694; fit for military service 890,961 (1993 est.) +Defense expenditures: + $NA, NA% of GDP + +*Laos, Geography + +Location: + Southeast Asia, between Vietnam and Thailand +Map references: + Southeast Asia, Standard Time Zones of the World +Area: + total area: + 236,800 km2 + land area: + 230,800 km2 + comparative area: + slightly larger than Utah +Land boundaries: + total 5,083 km, Burma 235 km, Cambodia 541 km, China 423 km, Thailand 1,754 + km, Vietnam 2,130 km +Coastline: + 0 km (landlocked) +Maritime claims: + none; landlocked +International disputes: + boundary dispute with Thailand +Climate: + tropical monsoon; rainy season (May to November); dry season (December to + April) +Terrain: + mostly rugged mountains; some plains and plateaus +Natural resources: + timber, hydropower, gypsum, tin, gold, gemstones +Land use: + arable land: + 4% + permanent crops: + 0% + meadows and pastures: + 3% + forest and woodland: + 58% + other: + 35% +Irrigated land: + 1,200 km2 (1989 est.) +Environment: + deforestation; soil erosion; subject to floods +Note: + landlocked + +*Laos, People + +Population: + 4,569,327 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 2.86% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 43.82 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 15.22 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 104.4 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 51.18 years + male: + 49.67 years + female: + 52.77 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 6.16 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Lao(s) or Laotian(s) + adjective: + Lao or Laotian +Ethnic divisions: + Lao 50%, Phoutheung (Kha) 15%, tribal Thai 20%, Meo, Hmong, Yao, and other + 15% +Religions: + Buddhist 85%, animist and other 15% +Languages: + Lao (official), French, English +Literacy: + age 15-45 can read and write (1985) + total population: + 84% + male: + 92% + female: + 76% +Labor force: + 1-1.5 million + by occupation: + agriculture 85-90% (est.) + +*Laos, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Lao People's Democratic Republic + conventional short form: + Laos + local long form: + Sathalanalat Paxathipatai Paxaxon Lao + local short form: + none +Digraph: + LA +Type: + Communist state +Capital: + Vientiane +Administrative divisions: + 16 provinces (khoueng, singular and plural) and 1 municipality* (kampheng, nakhon, singular and +plural); Attapu, Bokeo, Bolikhamsai, Champasak, + Houaphan, Khammouan, Louang Namtha, Louangphrabang, Oudomxai, Phongsali, + Saravan, Savannakhet, Sekong, Vientiane, Vientiane*, Xaignabouri,, Xiangkhoang +Independence: + 19 July 1949 (from France) +Constitution: + promulgated August 1991 +Legal system: + based on civil law system; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + National Day, 2 December (1975) (proclamation of the Lao People's Democratic + Republic) +Political parties and leaders: + Lao People's Revolutionary Party (LPRP), KHAMTAI Siphandon, party president; + includes Lao Front for National Construction (LFNC); other parties moribund +Other political or pressure groups: + non-Communist political groups moribund; most leaders fled the country in + 1975 +Suffrage: + 18 years of age; universal +Elections: + Third National Assembly: + last held on 20 December 1992 (next to be held NA); results - percent of + vote by party NA; seats - (85 total) number of seats by party NA +Executive branch: + president, prime minister and two deputy prime ministers, Council of + Ministers (cabinet) +Legislative branch: + National Assembly +Judicial branch: + Supreme People's Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President NOUHAK Phoumsavan (since 25 November 1992) + Head of Government: Prime Minister Gen. KHAMTAI Siphandon (since 15 August 1991) +Member of: + ACCT (associate), AsDB, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, + ILO, IMF, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, + UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTO + +*Laos, Government + +Diplomatic representation in US: + chief of mission: + Ambassador HIEM Phommachanh + chancery: + 2222 S Street NW, Washington, DC 20008 + telephone: + (202) 332-6416 or 6417 +US diplomatic representation: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Charles B. SALMON, Jr. + embassy: + Rue Bartholonie, Vientiane + mailing address: + B. P. 114, Vientiane, or AMEMB, Box V, APO AP 96546 + telephone: + (856) 2220, 2357, 2384 + FAX: + (856) 4675 +Flag: + three horizontal bands of red (top), blue (double width), and red with a + large white disk centered in the blue band + +*Laos, Economy + +Overview: + One of the world's poorest nations, Laos has had a Communist centrally + planned economy with government ownership and control of productive + enterprises of any size. In recent years, however, the government has been + decentralizing control and encouraging private enterprise. Laos is a + landlocked country with a primitive infrastructure; that is, it has no + railroads, a rudimentary road system, limited external and internal + telecommunications, and electricity available in only a limited area. + Subsistence agriculture is the main occupation, accounting for over 60% of + GDP and providing about 85-90% of total employment. The predominant crop is + rice. For the foreseeable future the economy will continue to depend for its + survival on foreign aid from the IMF and other international sources; aid + from the former USSR and Eastern Europe has been cut sharply. +National product: + GDP - exchange rate conversion - $900 million (1991) +National product real growth rate: + 4% (1991) +National product per capita: + $200 (1991) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): 10% (1991) +Unemployment rate: + 21% (1989 est.) +Budget: + revenues $83 million; expenditures $188.5 million, including capital + expenditures of $94 million (1990 est.) +Exports: + $72 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.) + commodities: + electricity, wood products, coffee, tin + partners: + Thailand, Malaysia, Vietnam, USSR, US, China +Imports: + $238 million (c.i.f., 1990 est.) + commodities: + food, fuel oil, consumer goods, manufactures + partners: + Thailand, USSR, Japan, France, Vietnam, China +External debt: + $1.1 billion (1990 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 12% (1991 est.); accounts for about 18% of GDP (1991 est.) +Electricity: + 226,000 kW capacity; 990 million kWh produced, 220 kWh per capita (1992) +Industries: + tin and gypsum mining, timber, electric power, agricultural processing, + construction +Agriculture: + accounts for 60% of GDP and employs most of the work force; subsistence + farming predominates; normally self-sufficient in nondrought years; + principal crops - rice (80% of cultivated land), sweet potatoes, vegetables, + corn, coffee, sugarcane, cotton; livestock - buffaloes, hogs, cattle, + poultry +Illicit drugs: + illicit producer of cannabis, opium poppy for the international drug trade, + third-largest opium producer + +*Laos, Economy + +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-79), $276 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $605 million; + Communist countries (1970-89), $995 million +Currency: + 1 new kip (NK) = 100 at +Exchange rates: + new kips (NK) per US$1 - 710 (May 1992), 710 (December 1991), 700 (September + 1990), 576 (1989), 385 (1988), 200 (1987) +Fiscal year: + 1 July - 30 June + +*Laos, Communications + +Railroads: + none +Highways: + about 27,527 km total; 1,856 km bituminous or bituminous treated; 7,451 km + gravel, crushed stone, or improved earth; 18,220 km unimproved earth and + often impassable during rainy season mid-May to mid-September +Inland waterways: + about 4,587 km, primarily Mekong and tributaries; 2,897 additional + kilometers are sectionally navigable by craft drawing less than 0.5 m +Pipelines: + petroleum products 136 km +Ports: + none +Airports: + total: + 54 + usable: + 41 + with permanent-surface runways: + 8 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 1 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 15 +Telecommunications: + service to general public practically non-existant; radio communications + network provides generally erratic service to government users; 7,390 + telephones (1986); broadcast stations - 10 AM, no FM, 1 TV; 1 satellite + earth station + +*Laos, Defense Forces + +Branches: + Lao People's Army (LPA; including naval, aviation, and militia elements), + Air Force, National Police Department +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 980,274; fit for military service 528,450; reach military + age (18) annually 43,849 (1993 est.) +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP + +*Latvia, Geography + +Location: + Eastern Europe, bordering on the Baltic Sea, between Sweden and Russia +Map references: + Arctic Region, Asia, Europe, Standard Time Zones of the World +Area: + total area: 64,100 km2 + land area: + 64,100 km2 + comparative area: + slightly larger than West Virginia +Land boundaries: + total 1,078 km, Belarus 141 km, Estonia 267 km, Lithuania 453 km, Russia 217 + km +Coastline: + 531 km +Maritime claims: + exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + territorial sea: + 12 nm +International disputes: + the Abrene section of border ceded by the Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic + to Russia in 1944 +Climate: + maritime; wet, moderate winters +Terrain: + low plain +Natural resources: + minimal; amber, peat, limestone, dolomite +Land use: + arable land: + 27% + permanent crops: + 0% + meadows and pastures: + 13% + forest and woodland: + 39% + other: + 21% +Irrigated land: + 160 km2 (1990) +Environment: + heightened levels of air and water pollution because of a lack of waste + conversion equipment; Gulf of Riga and Daugava River heavily polluted; + contamination of soil and groundwater with chemicals and petroleum products + at military bases + +*Latvia, People + +Population: + 2,735,573 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 0.5% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 13.99 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 12.73 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: 3.72 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 22 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 69.23 years + male: + 64.15 years + female: + 74.55 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 2 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Latvian(s) + adjective: + Latvian +Ethnic divisions: + Latvian 51.8%, Russian 33.8%, Belarusian 4.5%, Ukrainian 3.4%, Polish 2.3%, + other 4.2% +Religions: + Lutheran, Roman Catholic, Russian Orthodox +Languages: + Latvian (official), Lithuanian, Russian, other +Literacy: + age 9-49 can read and write (1970) + total population: + 100% + male: + 100% + female: + 100% +Labor force: + 1.407 million + by occupation: + industry and construction 41%, agriculture and forestry 16%, other 43% + (1990) + +*Latvia, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Republic of Latvia + conventional short form: + Latvia + local long form: + Latvijas Republika + local short form: + Latvija + former: + Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic +Digraph: + LG +Type: republic +Capital: + Riga +Administrative divisions: + none (all districts are under direct republic jurisdiction) +Independence: + 6 September 1991 (from Soviet Union) +Constitution: + adopted NA May 1922, considering rewriting constitution +Legal system: + based on civil law system +National holiday: + Independence Day, 18 November (1918) +Political parties and leaders: + Democratic Labor Party of Latvia, Juris BOJARS, chairman; Inter-Front of the + Working People of Latvia, Igor LOPATIN, chairman (Inter-Front was banned + after the coup); Latvian National Movement for Independence, Eduards + BERKLAVS, chairman; Latvian Democratic Party, Janis DINEVICS, chairman; + Latvian Social Democratic Workers' Party, Uldis BERZINS, chairman; Latvian + People's Front, Uldis AUGST-KALNS, chairman; Latvian Liberal Party, Georg + LANSMANIS, chairman +Suffrage: + 18 years of age; universal +Elections: + President: + last held October 1988 (next to be held NA); note - Anatolijs V. GORBUNOVS + elected by Supreme Soviet; elected to restyled post of Chairman of the + Supreme Council on 3 May 1990; new elections have not been scheduled + Supreme Council: + last held 18 March 1990 for the Supreme Soviet (next to be held 5-6 June + 1993 for the Saeima); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (234 + total) Latvian Communist Party 59, Latvian Democratic Workers Party 31, + Social Democratic Party of Latvia 4, Green Party of Latvia 7, Latvian + Farmers Union 7, Latvian Popular Front 126; note - the Supreme Council is an + interim 201-seats legislative body; a new parliament or Saiema to be elected + in June 1993 + Congress of Latvia: + last held April 1990 (next to be held NA); results - percent of vote by + party NA; seats - (231 total) number of seats by party NA; note - the + Congress of Latvia is a quasi-governmental structure +Executive branch: + Chairman of Supreme Council (president), prime minister, cabinet +Legislative branch: + unicameral Supreme Council + +*Latvia, Government + +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Chairman Supreme Council Anatolijs V. GORBUNOVS (since NA October 1988) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Ivars GODMANIS (since NA May 1990) +Member of: + CBSS, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, FAO, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, ILO, IMF, IOM (observer), ITU, + NACC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO +Diplomatic representation in US: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Ojars KALNINS + chancery: + 4325 17th Street NW, Washington, DC 20011 + telephone: + (202) 726-8213 and 8214 +US diplomatic representation: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Ints M, SILINS; + embassy: + Raina Boulevard 7, Riga 226050 + mailing address: + APO AE 09862 + telephone: + 0-11 [358] (49) 311-348 (cellular) + FAX: + [358] (49) 314-665 (cellular), (7) (01-32) 220-502 + note: + dialing to the Baltics still requires use of an international operator, + unless you use the cellular phone lines +Flag: + two horizontal bands of maroon (top and bottom), white (middle, narrower + than other two bands) + +*Latvia, Economy + +Overview: + Latvia is in the process of reforming the centrally planned economy + inherited from the former USSR into a market economy. Prices have been + freed, and privatization of shops and farms has begun. Latvia lacks natural + resources, aside from its arable land and small forests. Its most valuable + economic asset is its work force, which is better educated and disciplined + than in most of the former Soviet republics. Industrial production is highly + diversified, with products ranging from agricultural machinery to consumer + electronics. One conspicuous vulnerability: Latvia produces only 10% of its + electric power needs. Latvia in the near term must retain key commercial + ties to Russia, Belarus, and Ukraine while moving in the long run toward + joint ventures with technological support from, and trade ties to the West. + Because of the efficiency of its mostly individual farms, Latvians enjoy a + diet that is higher in meat, vegetables, and dairy products and lower in + grain and potatoes than diets in the 12 non-Baltic republics of the former + USSR. Good relations with Russia are threatened by animosity between ethnic + Russians (34% of the population) and native Latvians. The cumulative + difficulties in replacing old sources of supply and old markets, together + with the phasing out of the Russian ruble as the medium of exchange, help + account for the sharp 30% drop in GDP in 1992. +National product: + GDP $NA +National product real growth rate: + -30% (1992) +National product per capita: + $NA +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 2% per month (first quarter 1993) +Unemployment rate: + 3.6% (March 1993); but large numbers of underemployed workers +Budget: + revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA +Exports: + $NA + commodities: + NA + partners: + NA +Imports: + $NA + commodities: + NA + partners: + NA +External debt: + $650 million (1991 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate -35% (1992 est.) +Electricity: + 2,140,000 kW capacity; 5,800 million kWh produced, 2,125 kWh per capita + (1992) +Industries: + employs 33% of labor force; highly diversified; dependent on imports for + energy, raw materials, and intermediate products; produces buses, vans, + street and railroad cars, synthetic fibers, agricultural machinery, + fertilizers, washing machines, radios, electronics, pharmaceuticals, + processed foods, textiles + +*Latvia, Economy + +Agriculture: + employs 16% of labor force; principally dairy farming and livestock feeding; + products - meat, milk, eggs, grain, sugar beets, potatoes, vegetables; + fishing and fish packing +Illicit drugs: + transshipment point for illicit drugs from Central and Southwest Asia to + Western Europe; limited producer of illicit opium; mostly for domestic + consumption; also produces illicit amphetamines for export +Economic aid: + NA +Currency: + 1 lat = 100 NA; introduced NA March 1993 +Exchange rates: + lats per US$1 - 1.32 (March 1993) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +*Latvia, Communications + +Railroads: + 2,400 km; does not include industrial lines (1990) +Highways: + 59,500 km total; 33,000 km hard surfaced 26,500 km earth (1990) +Inland waterways: + 300 km perennially navigable +Pipelines: + crude oil 750 km, refined products 780 km, natural gas 560 km (1992) +Ports: + coastal - Riga, Ventspils, Liepaja; inland - Daugavpils +Merchant marine: + 96 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 905,006 GRT/1,178,844 DWT; includes 14 + cargo, 27 refrigerated cargo, 2 container, 9 roll-on/roll-off, 44 oil tanker +Airports: + total: + 50 + useable: + 15 + with permanent-surface runways: + 11 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 7 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 7 +Telecommunications: + NMT-450 analog cellular network is operational covering Riga, Ventspils, + Daugavpils, Rezekne, and Valmiera; broadcast stations - NA; international + traffic carried by leased connection to the Moscow international gateway + switch and through new independent international automatic telephone + exchange in Riga and the Finnish cellular net + +*Latvia, Defense Forces + +Branches: + Ground Forces, Navy, Air Force, Security Forces (internal and border + troops), Border Guard, Home Guard (Zemessardze) +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 648,273; fit for military service 511,297; reach military + age (18) annually 18,767 (1993 est.) +Defense expenditures: + 176 million rubles, 3-5% of GDP; note - conversion of the military budget + into US$ using the current exchange rate could produce misleading results + +*Lebanon, Header + +Note: + Lebanon has made progress toward rebuilding its political institutions and + regaining its national sovereignty since the end of the devastating 16-year + civil war in October 1990. Under the Ta'if accord - the blueprint for + national reconciliation - the Lebanese have established a more equitable + political system, particularly by giving Muslims a greater say in the + political process. Since December 1990, the Lebanese have formed three + cabinets and conducted the first legislative election in 20 years. Most of + the militias have been weakened or disbanded. The Lebanese Armed Forces + (LAF) has seized vast quantities of weapons used by the militias during the + war and extended central government authority over about one-half of the + country. Hizballah, the radical Sh'ia party, is the only significant group + that retains most of its weapons. Foreign forces still occupy areas of + Lebanon. Israel continues to support a proxy militia, The Army of South + Lebanon (ASL), along a narrow stretch of territory contiguous to its border. + The ASL's enclave encompasses this self-declared security zone and about 20 + kilometers north to the strategic town of Jazzine. As of December 1992, + Syria maintained about 30,000 troops in Lebanon. These troops are based + mainly in Beirut, North Lebanon, and the Bekaa Valley. Syria's deployment + was legitimized by the Arab League early in Lebanon's civil war and in the + Ta'if accord. Citing the continued weakness of the LAF, Beirut's requests, + and failure of the Lebanese Government to implement all of the + constitutional reforms in the Ta'if accord, Damascus has so far refused to + withdraw its troops from Beirut. + +*Lebanon, Geography + +Location: + Middle East, in the eastern Mediterranean Sea, between Israel and Syria +Map references: + Africa, Middle East, Standard Time Zones of the World +Area: + total area: + 10,400 km2 + land area: + 10,230 km2 + comparative area: + about 0.8 times the size of Connecticut +Land boundaries: + total 454 km, Israel 79 km, Syria 375 km +Coastline: + 225 km +Maritime claims: + territorial sea: + 12 nm +International disputes: + separated from Israel by the 1949 Armistice Line; Israeli troops in southern + Lebanon since June 1982; Syrian troops in northern, central, and eastern + Lebanon since October 1976 +Climate: + Mediterranean; mild to cool, wet winters with hot, dry summers; Lebanon + mountians experience heavy winter snows +Terrain: + narrow coastal plain; Al Biqa' (Bekaa Valley) separates Lebanon and + Anti-Lebanon Mountains +Natural resources: limestone, iron ore, salt, water-surplus state in a water-deficit region +Land use: + arable land: + 21% + permanent crops: + 9% + meadows and pastures: + 1% + forest and woodland: + 8% + other: + 61% +Irrigated land: + 860 km2 (1989 est.) +Environment: + rugged terrain historically helped isolate, protect, and develop numerous + factional groups based on religion, clan, ethnicity; deforestation; soil + erosion; air and water pollution; desertification +Note: + Nahr al Litani only major river in Near East not crossing an international + boundary + +*Lebanon, People + +Population: + 3,552,369 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 1.81% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 27.86 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 6.66 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + -3.1 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 41 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 69.01 years + male: + 66.63 years + female: + 71.52 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 3.47 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Lebanese (singular and plural) + adjective: + Lebanese +Ethnic divisions: + Arab 95%, Armenian 4%, other 1% +Religions: + Islam 70% (5 legally recognized Islamic groups - Alawite or Nusayri, Druze, + Isma'ilite, Shi'a, Sunni), Christian 30% (11 legally recognized Christian + groups - 4 Orthodox Christian, 6 Catholic, 1 Protestant), Judaism NEGL% +Languages: + Arabic (official), French (official), Armenian, English +Literacy: + age 15 and over can read and write (1990) + total population: + 80% + male: + 88% + female: + 73% +Labor force: + 650,000 + by occupation: + industry, commerce, and services 79%, agriculture 11%, government 10% (1985) + +*Lebanon, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Republic of Lebanon + conventional short form: + Lebanon + local long form: + Al Jumhuriyah al Lubnaniyah + local short form: + none +Digraph: + LE +Type: + republic +Capital: + Beirut +Administrative divisions: + 5 governorates (muhafazat, singular - muhafazah); Al Biqa, 'Al Janub, Ash + Shamal, Bayrut, Jabal Lubnan +Independence: + 22 November 1943 (from League of Nations mandate under French + administration) +Constitution: + 26 May 1926 (amended) +Legal system: + mixture of Ottoman law, canon law, Napoleonic code, and civil law; no + judicial review of legislative acts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ + jurisdiction +National holiday: + Independence Day, 22 November (1943) +Political parties and leaders: + political party activity is organized along largely sectarian lines; + numerous political groupings exist, consisting of individual political + figures and followers motivated by religious, clan, and economic + considerations +Suffrage: 21 years of age; compulsory for all males; authorized for women at age 21 + with elementary education +Elections: + National Assembly: + Lebanon's first legislative election in 20 years was held in the summer of + 1992; the National Assembly is composed of 128 deputies, one-half Christian + and one-half Muslim; its mandate expires in 1996 +Executive branch: + president, prime minister, Cabinet; note - by custom, the president is a + Maronite Christian, the prime minister is a Sunni Muslim, and the speaker of + the legislature is a Shi'a Muslim +Legislative branch: + unicameral National Assembly (Arabic - Majlis Alnuwab, French - Assemblee + Nationale) +Judicial branch: + four Courts of Cassation (three courts for civil and commercial cases and + one court for criminal cases) +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Ilyas HARAWI (since 24 November 1989) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Rafiq HARIRI (since 22 October 1992) + +*Lebanon, Government + +Member of: + ABEDA, AFESD, AL, AMF, CCC, ESCWA, FAO, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, + ICFTU, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, + LORCS, NAM, OIC, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNRWA, UPU, WFTU, + WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation in US: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Simon KARAM + chancery: + 2560 28th Street NW, Washington, DC 20008 + telephone: + (202) 939-6300 + consulates general: + Detroit, New York, and Los Angeles +US diplomatic representation: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Ryan C. CROCKER + mailing embassy: + Antelias, Beirut + address: + P. O. Box 70-840, Beirut, or Box B, FPO AE 09836 + telephone: + [961] 417774 or 415802, 415803, 402200, 403300 +Flag: + three horizontal bands of red (top), white (double width), and red with a + green and brown cedar tree centered in the white band + +*Lebanon, Economy + +Overview: + Since 1975 civil war has seriously damaged Lebanon's economic + infrastructure, cut national output by half, and all but ended Lebanon's + position as a Middle Eastern entrepot and banking hub. Following October + 1990, however, a tentative peace has enabled the central government to begin + restoring control in Beirut, collect taxes, and regain access to key port + and government facilities. The battered economy has also been propped up by + a financially sound banking system and resilient small- and medium-scale + manufacturers. Family remittances, banking transactions, manufactured and + farm exports, the narcotics trade, and international emergency aid are main + sources of foreign exchange. In the relatively settled year of 1991, + industrial production, agricultural output, and exports showed substantial + gains. The further rebuilding of the war-ravaged country was delayed in 1992 + because of an upturn in political wrangling. Hope for restoring economic + momentum in 1993 rests with the new, business-oriented Prime Minister + HARIRI. +National product: + GDP - exchange rate conversion - $4.8 billion (1991 est.) +National product real growth rate: + NA% +National product per capita: + $1,400 (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 100% (1992 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 35% (1991 est.) +Budget: + revenues $533 million; expenditures $1.3 billion, including capital + expenditures of $NA (1991 est.) +Exports: + $490 million (f.o.b., 1991) + commodities: + agricultural products, chemicals, textiles, precious and semiprecious metals + and jewelry, metals and metal products + partners: + Saudi Arabia 21%, Switzerland 9.5%, Jordan 6%, Kuwait 12%, US 5% +Imports: + $3.7 billion (c.i.f., 1991) + commodities: + Consumer goods, machinery and transport equipment, petroleum products + partners: + Italy 14%, France 12%, US 6%, Turkey 5%, Saudi Arabia 3% +External debt: + $400 million (1992 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate NA% +Electricity: + 1,300,000 kW capacity; 3,413 million kWh produced, 990 kWh per capita (1992) +Industries: + banking, food processing, textiles, cement, oil refining, chemicals, + jewelry, some metal fabricating +Agriculture: + accounts for about one-third of GDP; principal products - citrus fruits, + vegetables, potatoes, olives, tobacco, hemp (hashish), sheep, goats; not + self-sufficient in grain + +*Lebanon, Economy + +Illicit drugs: + illicit producer of opium, hashish, and heroin for the international drug + trade; opium poppy production in Al Biqa almost completely eradicated this + year; hashish production is shipped to Western Europe, Israel, US, the + Middle East, and South America +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $356 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $664 million; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $962 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $9 + million +Currency: + 1 Lebanese pound (#L) = 100 piasters +Exchange rates: + Lebanese pounds (#L) per US$1 - 1,742.00 (April 1993), 1,712.80 (1992), + 928.23 (1991), 695.09 (1990), 496.69 (1989), 409.23 (1988) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +*Lebanon, Communications + +Railroads: + system in disrepair, considered inoperable +Highways: + 7,300 km total; 6,200 km paved, 450 km gravel and crushed stone, 650 km + improved earth +Pipelines: + crude oil 72 km (none in operation) +Ports: + Beirut, Tripoli, Ra'Sil'ata, Juniyah, Sidon, Az Zahrani, Tyre, Jubayl, + Shikka Jadidah +Merchant marine: + 63 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 270,505 GRT/403,328 DWT; includes 39 + cargo, 1 refrigerated cargo, 2 vehicle carrier, 3 roll-on/roll-off, 1 + container, 9 livestock carrier, 2 chemical tanker, 1 specialized tanker, 4 + bulk, 1 combination bulk +Airports: + total: + 9 + usable: + 8 + with permanent-surface runways: + 6 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 3 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 2 +Telecommunications: + telecommunications system severely damaged by civil war; rebuilding still + underway; 325,000 telephones (95 telephones per 1,000 persons); domestic + traffic carried primarily by microwave radio relay and a small amount of + cable; international traffic by satellite - 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth + station and 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station (erratic operations), + coaxial cable to Syria; microwave radio relay to Syria but inoperable beyond + Syria to Jordan, 3 submarine coaxial cables; broadcast stations - 5 AM, 3 + FM, 13 TV (numerous AM and FM stations are operated sporadically by various + factions) + +*Lebanon, Defense Forces + +Branches: + Lebanese Armed Forces (LAF; including Army, Navy, and Air Force) +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 798,299; fit for military service 495,763 (1993 est.) +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $271 million, 8.2% of GDP (1992 budget) + +*Lesotho, Geography + +Location: + Southern Africa, an enclave of South Africa +Map references: + Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World +Area: + total area: + 30,350 km2 + land area: + 30,350 km2 + comparative area: + slightly larger than Maryland +Land boundaries: + total 909 km, South Africa 909 km +Coastline: + 0 km (landlocked) +Maritime claims: + none; landlocked +International disputes: + none +Climate: + temperate; cool to cold, dry winters; hot, wet summers +Terrain: + mostly highland with some plateaus, hills, and mountains +Natural resources: + some diamonds and other minerals, water, agricultural and grazing land +Land use: + arable land: + 10% + permanent crops: + 0% meadows and pastures: + 66% + forest and woodland: + 0% + other: + 24% +Irrigated land: + NA km2 +Environment: + population pressure forcing settlement in marginal areas results in + overgrazing, severe soil erosion, soil exhaustion; desertification +Note: + landlocked; surrounded by South Africa; Highlands Water Project will + control, store, and redirect water to South Africa + +*Lesotho, People + +Population: + 1,896,484 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 2.52% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 34.64 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 9.44 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 71.5 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 61.73 years + male: + 59.91 years + female: + 63.6 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 4.6 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Mosotho (singular), Basotho (plural) + adjective: + Basotho +Ethnic divisions: + Sotho 99.7%, Europeans 1,600, Asians 800 +Religions: + Christian 80%, rest indigenous beliefs +Languages: + Sesotho (southern Sotho), English (official), Zulu, Xhosa +Literacy: + age 15 and over can read and write (1966) + total population: + 59% + male: 44% + female: + 68% +Labor force: + 689,000 economically active + by occupation: + 86.2% of resident population engaged in subsistence agriculture; roughly 60% + of active male labor force works in South Africa + +*Lesotho, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Kingdom of Lesotho + conventional short form: + Lesotho + former: + Basutoland +Digraph: + LT +Type: + constitutional monarchy +Capital: + Maseru +Administrative divisions: + 10 districts; Berea, Butha-Buthe, Leribe, Mafeteng, Maseru, Mohale's Hoek, + Mokhotlong, Qacha's Nek, Quthing, Thaba-Tseka +Independence: + 4 October 1966 (from UK) +Constitution: + 4 October 1966, suspended January 1970 +Legal system: + based on English common law and Roman-Dutch law; judicial review of + legislative acts in High Court and Court of Appeal; has not accepted + compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + Independence Day, 4 October (1966) +Political parties and leaders: + Basotho National Party (BNP), Evaristus SEKHONYANA; Basutoland Congress + Party (BCP), Ntsu MOKHEHLE; National Independent Party (NIP), A. C. MANYELI; + Marematlou Freedom Party (MFP), Vincent MALEBO; United Democratic Party, + Charles MOFELI; Communist Party of Lesotho (CPL), JCOB M. KENA +Suffrage: + 21 years of age; universal +Elections: + National Assembly: + dissolved following the military coup in January 1986; military has pledged + elections will take place in March 1993 +Executive branch: + monarch, chairman of the Military Council, Military Council, Council of + Ministers (cabinet) +Legislative branch: + none - the bicameral Parliament was dissolved following the military coup in + January 1986; note - a National Constituent Assembly convened in June 1990 + to rewrite the constitution and debate issues of national importance, but it + has no legislative authority +Judicial branch: + High Court, Court of Appeal +Leaders: + Chief of State: + King LETSIE III (since 12 November 1990 following dismissal of his father, + exiled King MOSHOESHOE II, by Maj. Gen. LEKHANYA) + Head of Government: + Chairman of the Military Council Gen. Elias Phisoana RAMAEMA (since 30 April + 1991) +Member of: + ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA, FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, + ILO, IMF, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, SACU, SADC, UN, UNCTAD, + UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO + +*Lesotho, Government + +Diplomatic representation in US: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Designate Teboho KITLEI + chancery: + 2511 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 + telephone: + (202) 797-5534 +US diplomatic representation: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Leonard H.O. SPEARMAN, Sr. + embassy: + address NA, Maseru + mailing address: + P. O. Box 333, Maseru 100 Lesotho + telephone: + [266] 312-666 + FAX: + (266) 310-116 +Flag: + divided diagonally from the lower hoist side corner; the upper half is white + bearing the brown silhouette of a large shield with crossed spear and club; + the lower half is a diagonal blue band with a green triangle in the corner + +*Lesotho, Economy + +Overview: + Small, landlocked, and mountainous, Lesotho has no important natural + resources other than water. Its economy is based on agriculture, light + manufacturing, and remittances from laborers employed in South Africa ($439 + million in 1991). The great majority of households gain their livelihoods + from subsistence farming and migrant labor. Manufacturing depends largely on + farm products to support the milling, canning, leather, and jute industries; + other industries include textile, clothing, and construction (in particular, + a major water improvement project which will permit the sale of water to + South Africa). Industry's share of GDP rose from 6% in 1982 to 15% in 1989. + Political and economic instability in South Africa raises uncertainty for + Lesotho's economy, especially with respect to migrant worker remittances - + recently the equivalent of nearly three-fourths of domestic output. +National product: + GDP - exchange rate conversion - $620 million (1991 est.) + note: + GNP of $1.0 billion (1991 est.) +National product real growth rate: + 5.3% (1991 est.); GNP 2.2% (1991 est.) +National product per capita: + $340 (1991 est.); GNP $570 (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 17.9% (1991) +Unemployment rate: + at least 55% among adult males (1991 est.) +Budget: + revenues $388 million; expenditures $399 million, including capital + expenditures of $132 million (FY93) +Exports: + $57 million (f.o.b., 1991) + commodities: + wool, mohair, wheat, cattle, peas, beans, corn, hides, skins, baskets + partners: + South Africa 53%, EC 30%, North and South America 13% (1989) +Imports: + $805 million (c.i.f., 1991) + commodities: + mainly corn, building materials, clothing, vehicles, machinery, medicines, + petroleum + partners: + South Africa 95%, EC 2% (1989) +External debt: + $358 million (for public sector) (December 1990/91 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 5.0% (1991 est.); accounts for 11% of GDP +Electricity: + power supplied by South Africa +Industries: + food, beverages, textiles, handicrafts, tourism +Agriculture: + accounts for 19% of GDP (1990 est.) and employs 60-70% of all households; + exceedingly primitive, mostly subsistence farming and livestock; principal + crops corn, wheat, pulses, sorghum, barley +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $268 million; US, $10.3 million + (1992), $10.1 million (1993 est.); Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF + bilateral commitments (1970-89), $819 million; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), + $4 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $14 million + +*Lesotho, Economy + +Currency: + 1 loti (L) = 100 lisente +Exchange rates: + maloti (M) per US$1 - 3.1576 (May 1993), 2.8497 (1992), 2.7563 (1991), + 2.5863 (1990), 2.6166 (1989), 2.2611 (1988); note - the Basotho loti is at + par with the South African rand +Fiscal year: + 1 April - 31 March + +*Lesotho, Communications + +Railroads: + 2.6 km; owned, operated by, and included in the statistics of South Africa +Highways: + 7,215 km total; 572 km paved; 2,337 km crushed stone, gravel, or stabilized + soil; 1,806 km improved earth, 2,500 km unimproved earth +Airports: + total: + 28 + usable: + 28 + with permanent-surface runways: + 3 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 1 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 2 +Telecommunications: + rudimentary system consisting of a few landlines, a small microwave system, + and minor radio communications stations; 5,920 telephones; broadcast + stations - 3 AM, 2 FM, 1 TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station + +*Lesotho, Defense Forces + +Branches: + Royal Lesotho Defense Force (RLDF; including Army, Air Wing), Royal Lesotho + Mounted Police +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 422,802; fit for military service 228,102 (1993 est.) +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $55 million, 13% of GDP (1990 est.) + +*Liberia, Geography + +Location: + Western Africa, bordering the North Pacific Ocean between Cote d'Ivoire and + Sierra Leone +Map references: + Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World +Area: total area: + 111,370 km2 + land area: + 96,320 km2 + comparative area: + slightly larger than Tennessee +Land boundaries: + total 1,585 km, Guinea 563 km, Cote d'Ivoire 716 km, Sierra Leone 306 km +Coastline: + 579 km +Maritime claims: + continental shelf: + 200 m depth or to depth of exploitation + territorial sea: + 200 nm +International disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical; hot, humid; dry winters with hot days and cool to cold nights; + wet, cloudy summers with frequent heavy showers +Terrain: + mostly flat to rolling coastal plains rising to rolling plateau and low + mountains in northeast +Natural resources: + iron ore, timber, diamonds, gold +Land use: + arable land: + 1% + permanent crops: + 3% + meadows and pastures: + 2% + forest and woodland: + 39% + other: + 55% +Irrigated land: + 20 km2 (1989 est.) +Environment: + West Africa's largest tropical rain forest, subject to deforestation + +*Liberia, People + +Population: + 2,874,881 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 3.37% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 43.9 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 12.38 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + 2.15 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: 115.9 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 57.28 years + male: + 54.88 years + female: + 59.76 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 6.42 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Liberian(s) + adjective: + Liberian +Ethnic divisions: + indigenous African tribes 95% (including Kpelle, Bassa, Gio, Kru, Grebo, + Mano, Krahn, Gola, Gbandi, Loma, Kissi, Vai, and Bella), Americo-Liberians + 5% (descendants of repatriated slaves) +Religions: + traditional 70%, Muslim 20%, Christian 10% +Languages: + English 20% (official), Niger-Congo language group about 20 local languages + come from this group +Literacy: + age 15 and over can read and write (1990) + total population: + 40% + male: + 50% + female: + 29% +Labor force: + 510,000 including 220,000 in the monetary economy + by occupation: + agriculture 70.5%, services 10.8%, industry and commerce 4.5%, other 14.2% + note: + non-African foreigners hold about 95% of the top-level management and + engineering jobs; 52% of population of working age + +*Liberia, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Republic of Liberia + conventional short form: + Liberia +Digraph: + LI +Type: + republic +Capital: + Monrovia +Administrative divisions: 13 counties; Bomi, Bong, Grand Bassa, Cape Mount, Grand Gedeh, Grand +Kru, + Lofa, Margibi, Maryland, Montserrado, Nimba, River Cess, Sinoe +Independence: + 26 July 1847 +Constitution: + 6 January 1986 +Legal system: + dual system of statutory law based on Anglo-American common law for the + modern sector and customary law based on unwritten tribal practices for + indigenous sector +National holiday: + Independence Day, 26 July (1847) +Political parties and leaders: + National Democratic Party of Liberia (NDPL), Augustus CAINE, chairman; + Liberian Action Party (LAP), Emmanuel KOROMAH, chairman; Unity Party (UP), + Carlos SMITH, chairman; United People's Party (UPP), Gabriel Baccus + MATTHEWS, chairman +Suffrage: + 18 years of age; universal +Elections: + President: + last held on 15 October 1985 (next to be held NA); results - Gen. Dr. Samuel + Kanyon DOE (NDPL) 50.9%, Jackson DOE (LAP) 26.4%, other 22.7%; note - + President Doe was killed by rebel forces on 9 September 1990 + Senate: + last held on 15 October 1985 (next to be held NA); results - percent of vote + by party NA; seats - (26 total) NDPL 21, LAP 3, UP 1, UPP 1 + House of Representatives: + last held on 15 October 1985 (next to be held NA); results - percent of vote + by party NA; seats - (64 total) NDPL 51, LAP 8, UP 3, UPP 2 +Executive branch: + president, vice president, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + bicameral National Assembly consists of an upper house or Senate and a lower + house or House of Representatives +Judicial branch: + People's Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + interim President Dr. Amos SAWYER (since 15 November 1990) + note: + this is an interim government appointed by the Economic Community of West + African States (ECOWAS) that will be replaced after elections are held under + a West African-brokered peace plan; a rebel faction led by Charles TAYLOR is + challenging the SAWYER government's legitimacy; former president, Gen. Dr. + Samuel Kanyon DOE, was killed on 9 September 1990 by Prince Y. JOHNSON + +*Liberia, Government + +Member of: + ACP, AfDB, CCC, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, + IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, UN, + UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO +Diplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: + Ambassador James TARPEH + chancery: + 5201 16th Street NW, Washington, DC 20011 + telephone: + (202) 723-0437 through 0440 + consulate general: + New York +US diplomatic representation: + chief of mission: + Ambassador William H. TWADDELL + embassy: + 111 United Nations Drive, Monrovia + mailing address: + P. O. Box 98, Monrovia, or APO AE 09813 + telephone: + [231] 222991 through 222994 + FAX: + (231) 223710 +Flag: + 11 equal horizontal stripes of red (top and bottom) alternating with white; + there is a white five-pointed star on a blue square in the upper hoist-side + corner; the design was based on the US flag + +*Liberia, Economy + +Overview: + Civil war since 1990 has destroyed much of Liberia's economy, especially the + infrastructure in and around Monrovia. Businessmen have fled the country, + taking capital and expertise with them. Many will not return. Richly endowed + with water, mineral resources, forests, and a climate favorable to + agriculture, Liberia had been a producer and exporter of basic products, + while local manufacturing, mainly foreign owned, had been small in scope. + Political instability threatens prospects for economic reconstruction and + repatriation of some 750,000 Liberian refugees who have fled to neighboring + countries. The political impasse between the interim government and rebel + leader Charles Taylor has prevented restoration of normal economic life, + including the re-establishment of a strong central government with effective + economic development programs. +National product: + GDP - exchange rate conversion - $988 million (1988) +National product real growth rate: + 1.5% (1988) +National product per capita: + $400 (1988) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 12% (1989) +Unemployment rate: + 43% urban (1988) +Budget: + revenues $242.1 million; expenditures $435.4 million, including capital + expenditures of $29.5 million (1989) +Exports: + $505 million (f.o.b., 1989 est.) + commodities: + iron ore 61%, rubber 20%, timber 11%, coffee + partners: + US, EC, Netherlands +Imports: + $394 million (c.i.f., 1989 est.) + commodities: + rice, mineral fuels, chemicals, machinery, transportation equipment, other + foodstuffs + partners: + US, EC, Japan, China, Netherlands, ECOWAS +External debt: + $1.6 billion (December 1990 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 1.5% in manufacturing (1987); accounts for 22% of GDP +Electricity: + 410,000 kW capacity; 750 million kWh produced, 275 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + rubber processing, food processing, construction materials, furniture, palm + oil processing, mining (iron ore, diamonds) +Agriculture: + accounts for about 40% of GDP (including fishing and forestry); principal + products - rubber, timber, coffee, cocoa, rice, cassava, palm oil, + sugarcane, bananas, sheep, goats; not self-sufficient in food, imports 25% + of rice consumption +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $665 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $870 million; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $25 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $77 + million + +*Liberia, Economy + +Currency: + 1 Liberian dollar (L$) = 100 cents +Exchange rates: + Liberian dollars (L$) per US$1 - 1.00 (fixed rate since 1940); unofficial + parallel exchange rate of L$7 = US$1, January 1992 +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +*Liberia, Communications + +Railroads: + 480 km total; 328 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, 152 km 1.067-meter narrow + gauge; all lines single track; rail systems owned and operated by foreign + steel and financial interests in conjunction with Liberian Government +Highways: + 10,087 km total; 603 km bituminous treated, 2,848 km all weather, 4,313 km + dry weather; there are also 2,323 km of private, laterite-surfaced roads + open to public use, owned by rubber and timber companies +Ports: Monrovia, Buchanan, Greenville, Harper (or Cape Palmas) +Merchant marine: + 1,618 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 57,769,476 DWT/ 101,391,576 DWT; + includes 20 passenger, 1 short-sea passenger, 132 cargo, 56 refrigerated + cargo, 21 roll-on/roll-off, 58 vehicle carrier, 97 container, 3 barge + carrier, 499 oil tanker, 108 chemical, 68 combination ore/oil, 62 liquefied + gas, 6 specialized tanker, 456 bulk, 31 combination bulk; note - a flag of + convenience registry; all ships are foreign owned; the top 4 owning flags + are US 16%, Japan 14%, Norway 11%, and Hong Kong 9% +Airports: + total: + 59 + usable: + 41 + with permanent-surface runways: + 2 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 1 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 4 +Telecommunications: + telephone and telegraph service via radio relay network; main center is + Monrovia; broadcast stations - 3 AM, 4 FM, 5 TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT + earth station; most telecommunications services inoperable due to insurgency + movement + +*Liberia, Defense Forces + +Branches: + the ultimate structure of the Liberian military force will depend on who is + the victor in the ongoing civil war +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 684,681; fit for military service 365,518 (1993 est.) +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP + +*Libya, Geography + +Location: + Northern Africa, on the southern coast of the Mediterranean Sea, between + Egypt and Tunisia +Map references: + Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World +Area: + total area: + 1,759,540 km2 + land area: + 1,759,540 km2 + comparative area: + slightly larger than Alaska +Land boundaries: + total 4,383 km, Algeria 982 km, Chad 1,055 km, Egypt 1,150 km, Niger 354 km, + Sudan 383 km, Tunisia 459 km +Coastline: + 1,770 km +Maritime claims: + territorial sea: + 12 nm + Gulf of Sidra closing line: + 32 degrees 30 minutes north +International disputes: + claims and occupies the Aozou Strip in northern Chad; maritime boundary + dispute with Tunisia; Libya claims part of northern Niger and part of + southeastern Algeria +Climate: + Mediterranean along coast; dry, extreme desert interior +Terrain: + mostly barren, flat to undulating plains, plateaus, depressions +Natural resources: + petroleum, natural gas, gypsum +Land use: + arable land: + 2% + permanent crops: + 0% + meadows and pastures: + 8% + forest and woodland: + 0% + other: + 90% +Irrigated land: + 2,420 km2 (1989 est.) +Environment: + hot, dry, dust-laden ghibli is a southern wind lasting one to four days in + spring and fall; desertification; sparse natural surface-water resources +Note: + the Great Manmade River Project, the largest water development scheme in the + world, is being built to bring water from large aquifers under the Sahara to + coastal cities + +*Libya, People + +Population: + 4,872,598 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 3.73% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 45.66 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 8.37 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: 65.5 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 63.47 years + male: + 61.35 years + female: + 65.7 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 6.44 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Libyan(s) + adjective: + Libyan +Ethnic divisions: + Berber and Arab 97%, Greeks, Maltese, Italians, Egyptians, Pakistanis, + Turks, Indians, Tunisians +Religions: + Sunni Muslim 97% +Languages: + Arabic, Italian, English, all are widely understood in the major cities +Literacy: + age 15 and over can read and write (1990) + total population: + 64% + male: + 75% + female: + 50% +Labor force: + 1 million includes about 280,000 resident foreigners + by occupation: + industry 31%, services 27%, government 24%, agriculture 18% + +*Libya, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya + conventional short form: + Libya + local long form: + Al Jumahiriyah al Arabiyah al Libiyah ash Shabiyah al Ishirakiyah + local short form: + none +Digraph: + LY +Type: + Jamahiriya (a state of the masses) in theory, governed by the populace + through local councils; in fact, a military dictatorship +Capital: + Tripoli +Administrative divisions: 25 municipalities (baladiyah, singular - baladiyat); Ajdabiya, Al +'Aziziyah, + Al Fatih, Al Jabal al Akhdar, Al Jufrah, Al Khums, Al Kufrah, An Nuqat al + Khams, Ash Shati', Awbari, Az Zawiyah, Banghazi, Darnah, Ghadamis, Gharyan, + Misratah, Murzuq, Sabha, Sawfajjin, Surt, Tarabulus, Tarhunah, Tubruq, + Yafran, Zlitan +Independence: + 24 December 1951 (from Italy) +Constitution: + 11 December 1969, amended 2 March 1977 +Legal system: + based on Italian civil law system and Islamic law; separate religious + courts; no constitutional provision for judicial review of legislative acts; + has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + Revolution Day, 1 September (1969) +Political parties and leaders: + none +Other political or pressure groups: + various Arab nationalist movements and the Arab Socialist Resurrection + (Ba'th) party with almost negligible memberships may be functioning + clandestinely, as well as some Islamic elements +Suffrage: + 18 years of age; universal and compulsory +Elections: + national elections are indirect through a hierarchy of peoples' committees +Executive branch: + revolutionary leader, chairman of the General People's Committee (premier), + General People's Committee (cabinet) +Legislative branch: + unicameral General People's Congress +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Revolutionary Leader Col. Mu'ammar Abu Minyar al-QADHAFI (since 1 September + 1969) + Head of Government: + Chairman of the General People's Committee (Premier) Abu Zayd 'umar DURDA + (since 7 October 1990) + +*Libya, Government + +Member of: + ABEDA, AfDB, AFESD, AL, AMF, AMU, CAEU, CCC, ECA, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, + ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, + LORCS, NAM, OAPEC, OAU, OIC, OPEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, + WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation in US: + none +US diplomatic representation: + none +Flag: + plain green; green is the traditional color of Islam (the state religion) + +*Libya, Economy + +Overview: + The socialist-oriented economy depends primarily upon revenues from the oil + sector, which contributes practically all export earnings and about + one-third of GDP. In 1990 per capita GDP was the highest in Africa at + $5,410, but GDP growth rates have slowed and fluctuate sharply in response + to changes in the world oil market. Import restrictions and inefficient + resource allocations have led to shortages of basic goods and foodstuffs, + although the reopening of the Libyan-Tunisian border in April 1988 and the + Libyan-Egyptian border in December 1989 have eased shortages. Austerity + budgets and a lack of trained technicians have undermined the government's + ability to implement a number of planned infrastructure development + projects. Windfall revenues from the hike in world oil prices in late 1990 + improved the foreign payments position and resulted in a current account + surplus for the first time in five years. The nonoil manufacturing and + construction sectors, which account for about 20% of GDP, have expanded from + processing mostly agricultural products to include petrochemicals, iron, + steel, and aluminum. Although agriculture accounts for only 5% of GDP, it + employs about 20% of the labor force. Climatic conditions and poor soils + severely limit farm output, and Libya imports about 75% of its food + requirements. +National product: + GDP - exchange rate conversion - $26.1 billion (1992 est.) +National product real growth rate: + 0.2% (1992 est.) +National product per capita: + $5,800 (1992 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 7% (1991 est.) +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $8.1 billion; expenditures $9.8 billion, including capital + expenditures of $3.1 billion (1989 est.) +Exports: + $9.71 billion (f.o.b., 1992) + commodities: + crude oil, refined petroleum products, natural gas + partners: + Italy, former USSR, Germany, Spain, France, Belgium/Luxembourg, Turkey +Imports: + $8.66 billion (f.o.b., 1992) + commodities: + machinery, transport equipment, food, manufactured goods + partners: + Italy, former USSR, Germany, UK, Japan, Korea +External debt: + $3.5 billion excluding military debt (1991 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 10.5%; accounts for 7.6% of GDP (not including oil) (1990) +Electricity: + 4,935,000 kW capacity; 14,385 million kWh produced, 2,952 kWh per capita + (1992) +Industries: + petroleum, food processing, textiles, handicrafts, cement +Agriculture: + 5% of GNP; cash crops - wheat, barley, olives, dates, citrus fruits, + peanuts; 75% of food is imported + +*Libya, Economy + +Economic aid: + Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), + $242 million; no longer a recipient +Currency: + 1 Libyan dinar (LD) = 1,000 dirhams +Exchange rates: + Libyan dinars (LD) per US$1 - 0.2998 (January 1993), 0.3013 (1992), 0.2684 + (1991), 0.2699 (1990), 0.2922 (1989), 0.2853 (1988) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +*Libya, Communications + +Railroads: + Libya has had no railroad in operation since 1965, all previous systems + having been dismantled; current plans are to construct a standard gauge + (1.435 m) line from the Tunisian frontier to Tripoli and Misratah, then + inland to Sabha, center of a mineral rich area, but there has been no + progress; other plans made jointly with Egypt would establish a rail line + from As Sallum, Egypt to Tobruk with completion set for mid-1994, progress + unknown +Highways: + 19,300 km total; 10,800 km bituminous/bituminous treated, 8,500 km crushed + stone or earth +Inland waterways: + none +Pipelines: + crude oil 4,383 km; natural gas 1,947 km; petroleum products 443 km + (includes liquified petroleum gas 256 km) +Ports: + Tobruk, Tripoli, Banghazi, Misratah, Marsa al Burayqah, Ra's Lanuf, Ra's al + Unif +Merchant marine: + 32 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 694,883 GRT/1,215,494 DWT; includes 4 + short-sea passenger, 11 cargo, 4 roll-on/roll-off, 10 oil tanker, 1 chemical + tanker, 2 liquefied gas +Airports: + total: + 138 + usable: + 124 + with permanent-surface runways: + 56 + with runways over 3,659 m: 9 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 27 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 47 +Telecommunications: + modern telecommunications system using radio relay, coaxial cable, + tropospheric scatter, and domestic satellite stations; 370,000 telephones; + broadcast stations - 17 AM, 3 FM, 12 TV; satellite earth stations - 1 + Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT, and 14 domestic; submarine + cables to France and Italy; radio relay to Tunisia and Egypt; tropospheric + scatter to Greece; planned ARABSAT and Intersputnik satellite stations + +*Libya, Defense Forces + +Branches: + Armed Peoples of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriyah (including Army, Navy, Air and + Air Defense Command) +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 1,058,134; fit for military service 628,285; reach military + age (17) annually 50,997 (1993 est.); conscription now being implemented +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $3.3 billion, 15% of GDP (1989 est.) + +*Liechtenstein, Geography + +Location: + Western Europe, between Austria and Switzerland +Map references: + Europe, Standard Time Zones of the World +Area: + total area: + 160 km2 + land area: + 160 km2 + comparative area: + about 0.9 times the size of Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + total 78 km, Austria 37 km, Switzerland 41 km +Coastline: + 0 km (landlocked) +Maritime claims: + none; landlocked +International disputes: + claims 620 square miles of Czech territory confiscated from its royal family + in 1918; the Czech Republic insists that restitution does not go back before + February 1948, when the Communists seized power +Climate: + continental; cold, cloudy winters with frequent snow or rain; cool to + moderately warm, cloudy, humid summers +Terrain: + mostly mountainous (Alps) with Rhine Valley in western third +Natural resources: + hydroelectric potential +Land use: + arable land: + 25% + permanent crops: + 0% + meadows and pastures: + 38% + forest and woodland: + 19% + other: + 18% +Irrigated land: + NA km2 +Environment: + variety of microclimatic variations based on elevation +Note: + landlocked + +*Liechtenstein, People + +Population: + 29,894 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 1.32% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 13.15 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 6.62 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + 6.66 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 5.3 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 77.29 years + male: + 73.65 years + female: + 80.9 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 1.45 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Liechtensteiner(s) + adjective: + Liechtenstein +Ethnic divisions: + Alemannic 95%, Italian and other 5% +Religions: + Roman Catholic 87.3%, Protestant 8.3%, unknown 1.6%, other 2.8% (1988) +Languages: + German (official), Alemannic dialect +Literacy: + age 10 and over can read and write (1981) + total population: + 100% + male: + 100% + female: + 100% +Labor force: + 19,905 of which 11,933 are foreigners; 6,885 commute from Austria and + Switzerland to work each day + by occupation: + industry, trade, and building 53.2%, services 45%, agriculture, fishing, + forestry, and horticulture 1.8% (1990) + +*Liechtenstein, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Principality of Liechtenstein + conventional short form: + Liechtenstein + local long form: + Furstentum Liechtenstein + local short form: + Liechtenstein +Digraph: + LS +Type: + hereditary constitutional monarchy +Capital: + Vaduz +Administrative divisions: + 11 communes (gemeinden, singular - gemeinde); Balzers, Eschen, Gamprin, + Mauren, Planken, Ruggell, Schaan, Schellenberg, Triesen, Triesenberg, Vaduz +Independence: + 23 January 1719 (Imperial Principality of Liechtenstein established) +Constitution: + 5 October 1921 +Legal system: + local civil and penal codes; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with + reservations +National holiday: + Assumption Day, 15 August +Political parties and leaders: + Fatherland Union (VU), Dr. Otto HASLER; Progressive Citizens' Party (FBP), + Emanuel VOGT; Free Electoral List (FL) +Suffrage: + 18 years of age; universal +Elections: + Diet: + last held on 7 February 1993 (next to be held by March 1997); results - + percent of vote by party NA; seats - (25 total) FBP 12, VU 11, FL 2 +Executive branch: reigning prince, hereditary prince, head of government, deputy head of + government +Legislative branch: + unicameral Diet (Landtag) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court (Oberster Gerichtshof) for criminal cases, Superior Court + (Obergericht) for civil cases +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Prince Hans ADAM II (since 13 November 1989; assumed executive powers 26 + August 1984); Heir Apparent Prince ALOIS von und zu Liechtenstein (born 11 + June 1968) + Head of Government: + Markus BUECHEL (since 7 February 1993); Deputy Head of Government Dr. + Herbert WILLE (since 2 February 1986) +Member of: + CE, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, EFTA, IAEA, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, UN, + UNCTAD, UPU, WCL, WIPO +Diplomatic representation in US: + in routine diplomatic matters, Liechtenstein is represented in the US by the + Swiss Embassy + +*Liechtenstein, Government + +US diplomatic representation: + the US has no diplomatic or consular mission in Liechtenstein, but the US + Consul General at Zurich (Switzerland) has consular accreditation at Vaduz +Flag: + two equal horizontal bands of blue (top) and red with a gold crown on the + hoist side of the blue band + +*Liechtenstein, Economy + +Overview: + The prosperous economy is based primarily on small-scale light industry and + tourism. Industry accounts for 53% of total employment, the service sector + 45% (mostly based on tourism), and agriculture and forestry 2%. The sale of + postage stamps to collectors is estimated at $10 million annually. Low + business taxes (the maximum tax rate is 20%) and easy incorporation rules + have induced about 25,000 holding or so-called letter box companies to + establish nominal offices in Liechtenstein. Such companies, incorporated + solely for tax purposes, provide 30% of state revenues. The economy is tied + closely to Switzerland's economy in a customs union, and incomes and living + standards parallel those of the more prosperous Swiss groups. +National product: + GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $630 million (1990 est.) +National product real growth rate: + NA% +National product per capita: + $22,300 (1990 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 5.4% (1990) +Unemployment rate: + 1.5% (1990) +Budget: + revenues $259 million; expenditures $292 million, including capital + expenditures of $NA (1990) +Exports: + $1.6 billion + commodities: + small specialty machinery, dental products, stamps, hardware, pottery + partners: + EFTA countries 20.9% (Switzerland 15.4%), EC countries 42.7%, other 36.4% + (1990) +Imports: + $NA + commodities: + machinery, metal goods, textiles, foodstuffs, motor vehicles + partners: + NA +External debt: + $NA +Industrial production: + growth rate NA% +Electricity: + 23,000 kW capacity; 150 million kWh produced, 5,230 kWh per capita (1992) +Industries: + electronics, metal manufacturing, textiles, ceramics, pharmaceuticals, food + products, precision instruments, tourism +Agriculture: + livestock, vegetables, corn, wheat, potatoes, grapes +Economic aid: + none +Currency: + 1 Swiss franc, franken, or franco (SwF) = 100 centimes, rappen, or centesimi +Exchange rates: + Swiss francs, franken, or franchi (SwF) per US$1 - 1.4781 (January 1993), + 1.4062 (1992), 1.4340 (1991), 1.3892 (1990), 1.6359 (1989), 1.4633 (1988) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +*Liechtenstein, Communications + +Railroads: + 18.5 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, electrified; owned, operated, and + included in statistics of Austrian Federal Railways +Highways: + 130.66 km main roads, 192.27 km byroads +Airports: + none +Telecommunications: + limited, but sufficient automatic telephone system; 25,400 telephones; + linked to Swiss networks by cable and radio relay for international + telephone, radio, and TV services + +*Liechtenstein, Defense Forces + +Note: + defense is responsibility of Switzerland + +*Lithuania, Geography + +Location: + Eastern Europe, bordering the Baltic Sea, between Sweden and Russia +Map references: + Asia, Europe, Standard Time Zones of the World +Area: + total area: + 65,200 km2 + land area: + 65,200 km2 + comparative area: + slightly larger than West Virginia +Land boundaries: + total 1,273 km, Belarus 502 km, Latvia 453 km, Poland 91 km, Russia + (Kaliningrad) 227 km +Coastline: + 108 km +Maritime claims: + territorial sea: + 12 nm +International disputes: + dispute with Russia (Kaliningrad Oblast) over the position of the Neman + River border presently located on the Lithuanian bank and not in midriver as + by international standards +Climate: + maritime; wet, moderate winters +Terrain: + lowland, many scattered small lakes, fertile soil +Natural resources: + peat +Land use: + arable land: + 49.1% + permanent crops: + 0% + meadows and pastures: + 22.2% + forest and woodland: + 16.3% + other: + 12.4% +Irrigated land: + 430 km2 (1990) +Environment: + risk of accidents from the two Chernobyl-type reactors at the Ignalina + Nuclear Power Plant; contamination of soil and groundwater with petroleum + products and chemicals at military bases + +*Lithuania, People + +Population: + 3,819,638 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 0.76% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 14.95 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 10.94 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + 3.62 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 16.9 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 71.12 years + male: + 66.39 years + female: + 76.08 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 2.03 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Lithuanian(s) + adjective: + Lithuanian +Ethnic divisions: + Lithuanian 80.1%, Russian 8.6%, Polish 7.7%, Belarusian 1.5%, other 2.1% +Religions: + Roman Catholic, Lutheran, other +Languages: + Lithuanian (official), Polish, Russian +Literacy: + age 9-49 can read and write (1970) + total population: + 100% + male: + 100% + female: + 100% +Labor force: + 1.836 million + by occupation: + industry and construction 42%, agriculture and forestry 18%, other 40% + (1990) + +*Lithuania, Government + +Names: conventional long form: + Republic of Lithuania + conventional short form: + Lithuania + local long form: + Lietuvos Respublika + local short form: + Lietuva + former: + Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic +Digraph: + LH +Type: + republic +Capital: + Vilnius +Administrative divisions: + NA districts +Independence: + 6 September 1991 (from Soviet Union) +Constitution: + adopted 25 October 1992 +Legal system: + based on civil law system; no judicial review of legislative acts +National holiday: + Independence Day, 16 February +Political parties and leaders: + Christian Democratic Party, Egidijus KLUMBYS, chairman; Democratic Labor + Party of Lithuania, Algirdas Mykolas BRAZAUSKAS, chairman; Lithuanian + Democratic Party, Sauluis PECELIUNAS, chairman; Lithuanian Green Party, + Irena IGNATAVICIENE, chairwoman; Lithuanian Humanism Party, Vytautas + KAZLAUSKAS, chairman; Lithuanian Independence Party, Virgilijus CEPAITIS, + chairman; Lithuanian Liberty League, Antanas TERLECKAS; Lithuanian Liberal + Union, Vytautus RADZVILAS, chairman; Lithuanian Nationalist Union, Rimantas + SMETONA, chairman; Lithuanian Social Democratic Party, Aloizas SAKALAS, + chairman; Union of the Motherland, Vytavtas LANDSBERGIS, chairman +Other political or pressure groups: + Sajudis; Lithuanian Future Forum; Farmers Union +Suffrage: + 18 years of age; universal +Elections: + President: + last held 14 February 1993 (next to be held NA); results - Algirdas + BRAZAUSKAS was elected + Seimas (parliament): + last held 26 October and 25 November 1992 (next to be held NA); results - + Democratic Labor Party 51%; seats - (141 total) Democratic Labor Party 73 +Executive branch: + president, prime minister, cabinet +Legislative branch: + unicameral Seimas (parliament) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court, Court of Appeals +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Seimas Chairman and Acting President Algirdas Mykolas BRAZAUSKAS (since 15 + November 1992); Deputy Seimas Chairmen Aloyzas SAKALAS (since NA December + 1992) and Egidius BICKAUSKAS (since NA December 1992) + +*Lithuania, Government + + Head of Government: + Premier Adolfas SLEZEVICIUS (since NA) +Member of: + CBSS, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, FAO, IBRD, ICAO, ILO, IMF, INTERPOL, ITU, NACC, UN, + UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO +Diplomatic representation in US: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Stasys LOZORAITIS, Jr. + chancery: + 2622 16th St. NW, Washington, DC 20009 + telephone: + (202) 234-5860, 2639 + FAX: + (202) 328-0466 + consulate general: + New York +US diplomatic representation: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Darryl N. JOHNSON + embassy: + Akmenu 6, Vilnius 232600 + mailing address: + APO AE 09723 + telephone: + 011 [7] (012-2) 222-031 + FAX: + 011 [7] (012-2) 222-779 +Flag: + three equal horizontal bands of yellow (top), green, and red + +*Lithuania, Economy + +Overview: + Lithuania is striving to become an independent privatized economy. Although + it was substantially above average in living standards and technology in the + old USSR, Lithuania historically lagged behind Latvia and Estonia in + economic development. The country has no important natural resources aside + from its arable land and strategic location. Industry depends entirely on + imported materials that have come from the republics of the former USSR. + Lithuania benefits from its ice-free port at Klaipeda on the Baltic Sea and + its rail and highway hub at Vilnius, which provides land communication + between Eastern Europe and Russia, Latvia, Estonia, and Belarus. Industry + produces a small assortment of high-quality products, ranging from complex + machine tools to sophisticated consumer electronics. Because of nuclear + power, Lithuania is presently self-sufficient in electricity, exporting its + surplus to Latvia and Belarus; the nuclear facilities inherited from the + USSR, however, have come under world scrutiny as seriously deficient in + safety standards. Agriculture is efficient compared with most of the former + Soviet Union. Lithuania held first place in per capita consumption of meat, + second place for eggs and potatoes, and fourth place for milk and dairy + products. Grain must be imported to support the meat and dairy industries. + Lithuania is pressing ahead with plans to privatize at least 60% of + state-owned property (industry, agriculture, and housing), having already + sold almost all housing and many small enterprises using a voucher system. + Other government priorities include encouraging foreign investment by + protecting the property rights of foreign firms and redirecting foreign + trade away from Eastern markets to the more competitive Western markets. For + the moment, Lithuania will remain highly dependent on Russia for energy, raw + materials, grains, and markets for its products. In 1992, output plummeted + by 30% because of cumulative problems with inputs and with markets, problems + that were accentuated by the phasing out of the Russian ruble as the medium + of exchange. +National product: + GDP $NA +National product real growth rate: + -30% (1992 est.) +National product per capita: + $NA +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 10%-20% per month (first quarter 1993) +Unemployment rate: + 1% (February 1993); but large numbers of underemployed workers +Budget: + revenues $258.5 million; expenditures $270.2 million, including capital + expenditures of $NA (1992 est.) +Exports: + $NA + commodities: + electronics 18%, petroleum products 5%, food 10%, chemicals 6% (1989) + partners: + Russia 40%, Ukraine 16%, other former Soviet republics 32%, West 12% +Imports: + $NA + commodities: + oil 24%, machinery 14%, chemicals 8%, grain NA% (1989) + partners: + Russia 62%, Belarus 18%, former Soviet republics 10%, West 10% +External debt: + $650 million (1991 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate -50% (1992 est.) + +*Lithuania, Economy + +Electricity: + 5,925,000 kW capacity; 25,000 million kWh produced, 6,600 kWh per capita + (1992) +Industries: + employs 25% of the labor force; shares in the total production of the former + USSR are: metal-cutting machine tools 6.6%; electric motors 4.6%; television + sets 6.2%; refrigerators and freezers 5.4%; other branches: petroleum + refining, shipbuilding (small ships), furniture making, textiles, food + processing, fertilizers, agricultural machinery, optical equipment, + electronic components, computers, and amber +Agriculture: + employs around 20% of labor force; sugar, grain, potatoes, sugarbeets, + vegetables, meat, milk, dairy products, eggs, fish; most developed are the + livestock and dairy branches, which depend on imported grain; net exporter + of meat, milk, and eggs +Illicit drugs: + transshipment point for illicit drugs from Central and Southwest Asia to + Western Europe; limited producer of illicit opium; mostly for domestic + consumption +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (1992), $10 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-86), $NA million; + Communist countries (1971-86), $NA million +Currency: + using talonas as temporary currency (March 1993), but planning introduction + of convertible litas (late 1993) +Exchange rates: + NA +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +*Lithuania, Communications + +Railroads: + 2,100 km; does not include industrial lines (1990) +Highways: + 44,200 km total 35,500 km hard surfaced, 8,700 km earth (1990) +Inland waterways: + 600 km perennially navigable +Pipelines: + crude oil 105 km, natural gas 760 km (1992) +Ports: + coastal - Klaipeda; inland - Kaunas +Merchant marine: + 46 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 282,633 GRT/332,447 DWT; includes 31 + cargo, 3 railcar carrier, 1 roll-on/roll-off, 11 combination bulk +Airports: + total: + 96 + useable: + 19 + with permanent-surface runways: + 12 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 5 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 11 +Telecommunications: + better developed than in most other former USSR republics; operational + NMT-450 analog cellular network in Vilnius; fiber optic cable installed + beween Vilnius and Kaunas; 224 telephones per 1000 persons; broadcast + stations - 13 AM, 26 FM, 1 SW, 1 LW, 3 TV; landlines or microwave to former + USSR republics; leased connection to the Moscow international switch for + traffic with other countries; satellite earth stations - (8 channels to + Norway); new international digital telephone exchange in Kaunas for direct + access to 13 countries via satellite link out of Copenhagen, Denmark + +*Lithuania, Defense Forces + +Branches: + Ground Forces, Navy, Air Force, Security Forces (internal and border + troops), National Guard (Skat) +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 933,245; fit for military service 739,400; reach military + age (18) annually 27,056 (1993 est.) +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $NA, 5.5% of GDP (1993 est.) + +*Luxembourg, Geography + +Location: + Western Europe, between Belgium and Germany +Map references: + Europe, Standard Time Zones of the World +Area: + total area: + 2,586 km2 + land area: + 2,586 km2 + comparative area: + slightly smaller than Rhode Island +Land boundaries: + total 359 km, Belgium 148 km, France 73 km, Germany 138 km +Coastline: + 0 km (landlocked) +Maritime claims: + none; landlocked +International disputes: + none +Climate: + modified continental with mild winters, cool summers +Terrain: + mostly gently rolling uplands with broad, shallow valleys; uplands to + slightly mountainous in the north; steep slope down to Moselle floodplain in + the southeast +Natural resources: + iron ore (no longer exploited) +Land use: + arable land: + 24% + permanent crops: 1% + meadows and pastures: + 20% + forest and woodland: + 21% + other: + 34% +Irrigated land: + NA km2 +Environment: + deforestation +Note: + landlocked + +*Luxembourg, People + +Population: + 398,220 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 1.04% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 12.96 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 9.56 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + 6.97 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 6.9 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 76.43 years + male: + 72.71 years + female: + 80.3 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 1.63 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Luxembourger(s) + adjective: + Luxembourg +Ethnic divisions: + Celtic base (with French and German blend), Portuguese, Italian, and + European (guest and worker residents) +Religions: + Roman Catholic 97%, Protestant and Jewish 3% +Languages: + Luxembourgisch, German, French, English +Literacy: + age 15 and over can read and write (1980) + total population: + 100% + male: 100% + female: + 100% +Labor force: + 177,300 one-third of labor force is foreign workers, mostly from Portugal, + Italy, France, Belgium, and Germany + by occupation: + services 65%, industry 31.6%, agriculture 3.4% (1988) + +*Luxembourg, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Grand Duchy of Luxembourg + conventional short form: + Luxembourg + local long form: + Grand-Duche de Luxembourg + local short form: + Luxembourg +Digraph: + LU +Type: + constitutional monarchy +Capital: + Luxembourg +Administrative divisions: + 3 districts; Diekirch, Grevenmacher, Luxembourg +Independence: + 1839 +Constitution: + 17 October 1868, occasional revisions +Legal system: + based on civil law system; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + National Day, 23 June (1921) (public celebration of the Grand Duke's + birthday) +Political parties and leaders: + Christian Social Party (CSV), Jacques SANTER; Socialist Workers Party + (LSAP), Jacques POOS; Liberal (DP), Colette FLESCH; Communist (KPL), Andre + HOFFMANN; Green Alternative (GAP), Jean HUSS +Other political or pressure groups: + group of steel companies representing iron and steel industry; Centrale + Paysanne representing agricultural producers; Christian and Socialist labor + unions; Federation of Industrialists; Artisans and Shopkeepers Federation +Suffrage: + 18 years of age; universal and compulsory +Elections: + Chamber of Deputies: + last held on 18 June 1989 (next to be held by June 1994); results - CSV + 31.7%, LSAP 27.2%, DP 16.2%, Greens 8.4%, PAC 7.3%, KPL 5.1%, other 4.1%; + seats - (60 total) CSV 22, LSAP 18, DP 11, Greens 4, PAC 4, KPL 1 +Executive branch: + grand duke, prime minister, vice prime minister, Council of Ministers + (cabinet) +Legislative branch: + unicameral Chamber of Deputies (Chambre des Deputes); note - the Council of + State (Conseil d'Etat) is an advisory body whose views are considered by the + Chamber of Deputies +Judicial branch: + Superior Court of Justice (Cour Superieure de Justice) +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Grand Duke JEAN (since 12 November 1964); Heir Apparent Prince HENRI (son of + Grand Duke Jean, born 16 April 1955) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Jacques SANTER (since 21 July 1984); Vice Prime Minister + Jacques F. POOS (since 21 July 1984) + +*Luxembourg, Government + +Member of: + ACCT, Australia Group, Benelux, CCC, CE, COCOM, CSCE, EBRD, EC, ECE, EIB, + FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, + INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ITU, LORCS, MTCR, NACC, NATO, NEA, NSG, OECD, + PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNPROFOR, UPU, WCL, WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, ZC +Diplomatic representation in US: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Alphonse BERNS + chancery: + 2200 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 + telephone: + (202) 265-4171 + FAX: + (202) 328-8270 + consulates general: + New York and San Francisco +US diplomatic representation: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Edward M. ROWELL + embassy: + 22 Boulevard Emmanuel-Servais, 2535 Luxembourg City + mailing address: + PSC 11, APO AE 09132-5380 + telephone: + [352] 460123 + FAX: + [352] 461401 +Flag: + three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and light blue; similar to + the flag of the Netherlands, which uses a darker blue and is shorter; design + was based on the flag of France + +*Luxembourg, Economy + +Overview: The stable economy features moderate growth, low inflation, and negligible + unemployment. Agriculture is based on small but highly productive + family-owned farms. The industrial sector, until recently dominated by + steel, has become increasingly more diversified, particularly toward + high-technology firms. During the past decade, growth in the financial + sector has more than compensated for the decline in steel. Services, + especially banking, account for a growing proportion of the economy. + Luxembourg participates in an economic union with Belgium on trade and most + financial matters and is also closely connected economically to the + Netherlands. +National product: + GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $8.5 billion (1992) +National product real growth rate: + 2.5% (1992) +National product per capita: + $21,700 (1992) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 3.6% (1992) +Unemployment rate: + 1.4% (1991) +Budget: + revenues $3.5 billion; expenditures $3.5 billion, including capital + expenditures of $NA (1992) +Exports: + $6.4 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.) + commodities: + finished steel products, chemicals, rubber products, glass, aluminum, other + industrial products + partners: + EC 76%, US 5% +Imports: + $8.3 billion (c.i.f., 1991 est.) + commodities: + minerals, metals, foodstuffs, quality consumer goods + partners: + Belgium 37%, FRG 31%, France 12%, US 2% +External debt: + $131.6 million (1989 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate -0.5% (1990); accounts for 25% of GDP +Electricity: + 1,238,750 kW capacity; 1,375 million kWh produced, 3,450 kWh per capita + (1990) +Industries: + banking, iron and steel, food processing, chemicals, metal products, + engineering, tires, glass, aluminum +Agriculture: + accounts for less than 3% of GDP (including forestry); principal products - + barley, oats, potatoes, wheat, fruits, wine grapes; cattle raising + widespread +Illicit drugs: + money-laundering hub +Economic aid: + none +Currency: + 1 Luxembourg franc (LuxF) = 100 centimes + +*Luxembourg, Economy + +Exchange rates: + Luxembourg francs (LuxF) per US$1 - 33.256 (January 1993), 32.150 (1992), + 34.148 (1991), 33.418 (1990), 39.404 (1989), 36.768 (1988); note - the + Luxembourg franc is at par with the Belgian franc, which circulates freely + in Luxembourg +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +*Luxembourg, Communications + +Railroads: + Luxembourg National Railways (CFL) operates 272 km 1.435-meter standard + gauge; 178 km double track; 178 km electrified +Highways: + 5,108 km total; 4,995 km paved, 57 km gravel, 56 km earth; about 80 km + limited access divided highway +Inland waterways: + 37 km; Moselle River +Pipelines: + petroleum products 48 km +Ports: + Mertert (river port) +Merchant marine: + 53 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,570,466 GRT/2,614,154 DWT; includes + 2 cargo, 5 container, 5 roll-on/roll-off, 6 oil tanker, 4 chemical tanker, 3 + combination ore/oil, 8 liquefied gas, 2 passenger, 8 bulk, 6 combination + bulk, 4 refrigerated cargo +Airports: + total: + 2 + usable: + 2 + with permanent-surface runways: + 1 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 1 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 1 +Telecommunications: + highly developed, completely automated and efficient system, mainly buried + cables; 230,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 2 AM, 3 FM, 3 TV; 3 + channels leased on TAT-6 coaxial submarine cable; 1 direct-broadcast + satellite earth station; nationwide mobile phone system + +*Luxembourg, Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, National Gendarmerie +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 103,607; fit for military service 86,003; reach military age + (19) annually 2,227 (1993 est.) +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $100 million, 1.2% of GDP (1992) + +*Macau, Header + +Affiliation: + (overseas territory of Portugal) + +*Macau, Geography + +Location: + East Asia, 27 km west-southwest of Hong Kong on the southeast coast of China + bordering the South China Sea +Map references: + Asia, Oceania, Southeast Asia, Standard Time Zones of the World +Area: + total area: + 16 km2 + land area: + 16 km2 + comparative area: + about 0.1 times the size of Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + total 0.34 km, China 0.34 km +Coastline: + 40 km +Maritime claims: + not specified +International disputes: + none +Climate: + subtropical; marine with cool winters, warm summers +Terrain: + generally flat +Natural resources: + negligible +Land use: + arable land: + 0% + permanent crops: + 0% + meadows and pastures: + 0% + forest and woodland: + 0% + other: 100% +Irrigated land: + NA km2 +Environment: + essentially urban; one causeway and one bridge connect the two islands to + the peninsula on mainland + +*Macau, People + +Population: + 477,850 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 1.44% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 14.99 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 4.05 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + 3.45 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 5.5 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 79.64 years + male: + 77.24 years + female: + 82.17 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 1.44 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Macanese (singular and plural) + adjective: + Macau +Ethnic divisions: + Chinese 95%, Portuguese 3%, other 2% +Religions: + Buddhist 45%, Roman Catholic 7%, Protestant 1%, none 45.8%, other 1.2% + (1981) +Languages: + Portuguese (official), Cantonese is the language of commerce +Literacy: + age 15 and over can read and write (1981) + total population: + 90% + male: + 93% + female: + 86% +Labor force: + 180,000 (1986) + by occupation: + NA + +*Macau, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + none + conventional short form: + Macau + local long form: + none + local short form: + Ilha de Macau +Digraph: + MC +Type: + overseas territory of Portugal scheduled to revert to China in 1999 +Capital: + Macau +Administrative divisions: + 2 districts (concelhos, singular - concelho); Ilhas, Macau +Independence: + none (territory of Portugal; Portugal signed an agreement with China on 13 + April 1987 to return Macau to China on 20 December 1999; in the joint + declaration, China promises to respect Macau's existing social and economic + systems and lifestyle for 50 year after transition) +Constitution: + 17 February 1976, Organic Law of Macau; basic law drafted primarily by + Beijing awaiting final approval +Legal system: + Portuguese civil law system +National holiday: + Day of Portugal, 10 June +Political parties and leaders: + Association to Defend the Interests of Macau; Macau Democratic Center; Group + to Study the Development of Macau; Macau Independent Group +Other political or pressure groups: + wealthy Macanese and Chinese representing local interests, wealthy + pro-Communist merchants representing China's interests; in January 1967 the + Macau Government acceded to Chinese demands that gave China veto power over + administration +Suffrage: + 18 years of age; universal +Elections: + Legislative Assembly: + last held on 10 March 1991; results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - + (23 total; 8 elected by universal suffrage, 8 by indirect suffrage, and 7 + appointed by the governor) number of seats by party NA +Executive branch: + president of Portugal, governor, Consultative Council (cabinet) +Legislative branch: + unicameral Legislative Assembly +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: Chief of State: + President (of Portugal) Mario Alberto SOARES (since 9 March 1986) + Head of Government: + Governor Gen. Vasco Joachim Rocha VIEIRA (since 20 March 1991) +Member of: + ESCAP (associate), GATT, IMO (associate), WTO (associate) + +*Macau, Government + +Diplomatic representation in US: + as Chinese territory under Portuguese administration, Macanese interests in + the US are represented by Portugal +US diplomatic representation: + the US has no offices in Macau, and US interests are monitored by the US + Consulate General in Hong Kong +Flag: + the flag of Portugal is used + +*Macau, Economy + +Overview: + The economy is based largely on tourism (including gambling) and textile and + fireworks manufacturing. Efforts to diversify have spawned other small + industries - toys, artificial flowers, and electronics. The tourist sector + has accounted for roughly 25% of GDP, and the clothing industry has provided + about two-thirds of export earnings; the gambling industry represented well + over 40% of GDP in 1992. Macau depends on China for most of its food, fresh + water, and energy imports. Japan and Hong Kong are the main suppliers of raw + materials and capital goods. +National product: + GDP - exchange rate conversion - $3.1 billion (1991) +National product real growth rate: + 3.1% (1991) +National product per capita: + $6,700 (1991) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 8.2% (1991 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 2% (1991 est.) +Budget: + revenues $305 million; expenditures $298 million, including capital + expenditures of $NA (1989) +Exports: + $1.8 billion (1992 est.) + commodities: + textiles, clothing, toys + partners: + US 36%, Hong Kong 13%, Germany 12%, France 8% (1991) +Imports: + $2.0 billion (1992 est.) + commodities: + raw materials, foodstuffs, capital goods + partners: + Hong Kong 35%, China 22%, Japan 17% (1991) +External debt: + $91 million (1985) +Industrial production: + NA +Electricity: + 258,000 kW capacity; 855 million kWh produced, 1,806 kWh per capita (1992) +Industries: + clothing, textiles, toys, plastic products, furniture, tourism +Agriculture: + rice, vegetables; food shortages - rice, vegetables, meat; depends mostly on + imports for food requirements +Economic aid: + none +Currency: + 1 pataca (P) = 100 avos +Exchange rates: + patacas (P) per US$1 - 8.034 (1991), 8.024 (1990), 8.030 (1989), 8.044 + (1988), 7.993 (1987); note - linked to the Hong Kong dollar at the rate of + 1.03 patacas per Hong Kong dollar +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +*Macau, Communications + +Highways: + 42 km paved +Ports: + Macau +Airports: + none useable, 1 under construction; 1 seaplane station +Telecommunications: + fairly modern communication facilities maintained for domestic and + international services; 52,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 4 AM, 3 FM, + no TV (TV programs received from Hong Kong); 115,000 radio receivers (est.); + international high-frequency radio communication facility; access to + international communications carriers provided via Hong Kong and China; 1 + Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth station + +*Macau, Defense Forces + +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 137,738; fit for military service 77,159 (1993 est.) +Note: + defense is responsibility of Portugal + +*Macedonia, Header + + Macedonia has proclaimed independent statehood but has not been formally + recognized as a state by the United States. + +*Macedonia, Geography + +Location: + Southern Europe, between Serbia and Montenegro and Greece +Map references: + Ethnic Groups in Eastern Europe, Europe, Standard Time Zones of the World +Area: + total area: + 25,333 km2 + land area: + 24,856 km2 + comparative area: + slightly larger than Vermont +Land boundaries: + total 748 km, Albania 151 km, Bulgaria 148 km, Greece 228 km, Serbia and + Montenegro 221 km (all with Serbia) +Coastline: + 0 km (landlocked) +Maritime claims: + none; landlocked +International disputes: + Greece claims republic's name implies territorial claims against Aegean + Macedonia +Climate: + hot, dry summers and autumns and relatively cold winters with heavy snowfall +Terrain: + mountainous territory covered with deep basins and valleys; there are three + large lakes, each divided by a frontier line +Natural resources: + chromium, lead, zinc, manganese, tungsten, nickel, low-grade iron ore, + asbestos, sulphur, timber +Land use: + arable land: + 5% + permanent crops: + 5% + meadows and pastures: + 20% + forest and woodland: + 30% + other: + 40% +Irrigated land: + NA km2 +Environment: + Macedonia suffers from high seismic hazard; air pollution from metallurgical + plants +Note: + landlocked; major transportation corridor from Western and Central Europe to + Aegean Sea and Southern Europe to Western Europe + +*Macedonia, People + +Population: + 2,193,951 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 0.91% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 15.91 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 6.79 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 29.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 73.19 years + male: + 71.15 years + female: + 75.41 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 2 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Macedonian(s) + adjective: + Macedonian +Ethnic divisions: + Macedonian 67%, Albanian 21%, Turkish 4%, Serb 2%, other 6% +Religions: + Eastern Orthodox 59%, Muslim 26%, Catholic 4%, Protestant 1%, other 10% +Languages: + Macedonian 70%, Albanian 21%, Turkish 3%, Serbo-Croatian 3%, other 3% +Literacy: + total population: + NA% + male: + NA% + female: + NA% +Labor force: + 507,324 + by occupation: + agriculture 8%, manufacturing and mining 40% (1990) + +*Macedonia, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Republic of Macedonia + conventional short form: + Macedonia local long form: + Republika Makedonija + local short form: + Makedonija +Digraph: + MK +Type: + emerging democracy +Capital: + Skopje +Administrative divisions: + 34 districts (opcine, singular - opcina) Berovo, Bitola, Brod, Debar, + Delcevo, Demir Hisar, Gevgelija, Gostivar, Kavadarci, Kicevo, Kocani, + Kratovo, Kriva Palanka, Krusevo, Kumanovo, Negotino, Ohrid, Prilep, + Probistip, Radovis, Resen, Skopje-Centar, Skopje-Cair, Skopje-Karpos, + Skopje-Kisela Voda, Skopje-Gazi Baba, Stip, Struga, Strumica, Sveti Nikole, + Tetovo, Titov Veles, Valandovo, Vinica +Independence: + 20 November 1991 (from Yugoslavia) +Constitution: + adopted 17 November 1991, effective 20 November 1991 +Legal system: + based on civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts +National holiday: + NA +Political parties and leaders: + Social-Democratic League of Macedonia (SDSM; former Communist Party), Branko + CRVENKOVSKI, president; Party for Democratic Prosperity in Macedonia (PDPM), + Nevzat HALILI, president; National Democratic Party (PDP), Ilijas HALINI, + president; Alliance of Reform Forces of Macedonia (SRSM), Stojan ANDOV, + president; Socialist Party of Macedonia (SPM), Kiro POPOVSKI, president; + Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization - Democratic Party for + Macedonian National Unity (VMRO-DPMNE), Ljupco GEORGIEVSKI, president; Party + of Yugoslavs in Macedonia (SJM), Milan DURCINOV, president +Other political or pressure groups: + Movement for All Macedonian Action (MAAK); League for Democracy; Albanian + Democratic Union-Liberal Party +Suffrage: + 18 years of age; universal +Elections: + President: + last held 27 January 1991 (next to be held NA); results - Kiro GLIGOROV was + elected by the Assembly + Assembly: + last held 11 and 25 November and 9 December 1990 (next to be held NA); + results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (120 total) VMRO-DPMNE 37, + SDSM 31, PDPM 25, SRSM 17, SJM 1, SPM 5, others 4 +Executive branch: + president, Council of Ministers, prime minister +Legislative branch: + unicameral Assembly (Sobranje) +Judicial branch: + Constitutional Court, Judicial Court of the Republic + +*Macedonia, Government + +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Kiro GLIGOROV (since 27 January 1991) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Branko CRVENKOVSKI (since NA September 1992), Deputy Prime + Ministers Jovan ANDONOV (since NA March 1991), Stevo CRVENKOVSKI (since NA + September 1992), and Becir ZUTA (since NA March 1991) +Member of: + EBRD, ICAO, IMF, UN, UNCTAD, WMO +Diplomatic representation in US: + none; US does not recognize Macedonia +US diplomatic representation: + none; US does not recognize Macedonia +Flag: + 16-point gold sun (Vergino, Sun) centered on a red field + +*Macedonia, Economy + +Overview: + Macedonia, although the poorest among the six republics of a dissolved + Yugoslav federation, can meet basic food and energy needs through its own + agricultural and coal resources. It will, however, move down toward a bare + subsistence level of life unless economic ties are reforged or enlarged with + its neighbors Serbia and Montenegro, Albania, Greece, and Bulgaria. The + economy depends on outside sources for all of its oil and gas and its modern + machinery and parts. Continued political turmoil, both internally and in the + region as a whole, prevents any swift readjustments of trade patterns and + economic programs. Inflation in early 1992 was out of control, the result of + fracturing trade links, the decline in economic activity, and general + uncertainties about the future status of the country; prices rose 38% in + March 1992 alone. In August 1992, Greece, angry at the use of "Macedonia" as + the republic's name, imposed a partial blockade for several months. This + blockade, combined with the effects of the UN sanctions on Serbia and + Montenegro, cost the economy approximately $1 billion in 1992 according to + official figures. Macedonia's geographical isolation, technological + backwardness, and potential political instability place it far down the list + of countries of interest to Western investors. Resolution of the dispute + with Greece and an internal commitment to economic reform would help to + encourage foreign investment over the long run. In the immediate future, the + worst scenario for the economy would be the spread of fighting across its + borders. +National product: + GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $7.1 billion (1991 est.) +National product real growth rate: + -18% (1991 est.) +National product per capita: + $3,110 (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 114.9% (1991 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 20% (1991 est.) +Budget: revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA +Exports: + $578 million (1990) + commodities: + manufactured goods 40%, machinery and transport equipment 14%, miscellaneous + manufactured articles 23%, raw materials 7.6%, food (rice) and live animals + 5.7%, beverages and tobacco 4.5%, chemicals 4.7% + partners: + principally Serbia and Montenegro and the other former Yugoslav republics, + Germany, Greece, Albania +Imports: + $1,112 million (1990) + commodities: + fuels and lubricants 19%, manufactured goods 18%, machinery and transport + equipment 15%, food and live animals 14%, chemicals 11.4%, raw materials + 10%, miscellaneous manufactured articles 8.0%, beverages and tobacco 3.5% + partners: + other former Yugoslav republics, Greece, Albania, Germany, Bulgaria +External debt: + $845.8 million +Industrial production: + growth rate -18% (1991 est.) +Electricity: + 1,600,000 kw capacity; 6,300 million kWh produced, 2,900 kWh per capita + (1992) + +*Macedonia, Economy + +Industries: + low levels of technology predominate, such as, oil refining by distillation + only; produces basic liquid fuels, coal, metallic chromium, lead, zinc, and + ferronickel; light industry produces basic textiles, wood products, and + tobacco +Agriculture: + provides 12% of GDP and meets the basic need for food; principal crops are + rice, tobacco, wheat, corn, and millet; also grown are cotton, sesame, + mulberry leaves, citrus fruit, and vegetables; Macedonia is one of the seven + legal cultivators of the opium poppy for the world pharmaceutical industry, + including some exports to the US; agricultural production is highly labor + intensive +Illicit drugs: + NA +Economic aid: + $10 million from the US for humanitarian and technical assistance; EC + promised a 100 ECU million economic aid package +Currency: + 1 denar (abbreviation NA) = 100 NA +Exchange rates: + denar per US$1 - 240 (January 1991) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +*Macedonia, Communications + +Railroads: + NA +Highways: + 10,591 km total (1991); 5,091 km paved, 1,404 km gravel, 4,096 km earth +Inland waterways: + NA km +Pipelines: + none +Ports: + none; landlocked +Airports: + total: + 17 + useable: + 17 + with permanent-surface runways: + 9 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 2 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 2 +Telecommunications: + 125,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 6 AM, 2 FM, 5 (2 relays) TV; + 370,000 radios, 325,000 TV; satellite communications ground stations - none + +*Macedonia, Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy, Air and Air Defense Force, Police Force +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 597,024; fit for military service 484,701; reach military + age (19) annually 18,979 (1993 est.) +Defense expenditures: + 7 billion denars, NA% of GNP (1993 est.); note - conversion of the military + budget into US dollars using the current exchange rate could produce + misleading results + +*Madagascar, Geography + +Location: + in the western Indian Ocean, 430 km east of Mozambique in Southern Africa +Map references: + Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World +Area: + total area: + 587,040 km2 + land area: + 581,540 km2 comparative area: + slightly less than twice the size of Arizona +Land boundaries: + 0 km +Coastline: + 4,828 km +Maritime claims: + exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + territorial sea: + 12 nm +International disputes: + claims Bassas da India, Europa Island, Glorioso Islands, Juan de Nova + Island, and Tromelin Island (all administered by France) +Climate: + tropical along coast, temperate inland, arid in south +Terrain: + narrow coastal plain, high plateau and mountains in center +Natural resources: + graphite, chromite, coal, bauxite, salt, quartz, tar sands, semiprecious + stones, mica, fish +Land use: + arable land: + 4% + permanent crops: + 1% + meadows and pastures: + 58% + forest and woodland: + 26% + other: + 11% +Irrigated land: + 9,000 km2 (1989 est.) +Environment: + subject to periodic cyclones; deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; + desertification +Note: + world's fourth-largest island; strategic location along Mozambique Channel + +*Madagascar, People + +Population: + 13,005,989 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 3.2% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 45.66 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 13.71 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 91 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 53.52 years + male: + 51.65 years + female: + 55.45 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 6.75 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Malagasy (singular and plural) + adjective: + Malagasy +Ethnic divisions: + Malayo-Indonesian (Merina and related Betsileo), Cotiers (mixed African, + Malayo-Indonesian, and Arab ancestry - Betsimisaraka, Tsimihety, Antaisaka, + Sakalava), French, Indian, Creole, Comoran +Religions: + indigenous beliefs 52%, Christian 41%, Muslim 7% +Languages: + French (official), Malagasy (official) +Literacy: + age 15 and over can read and write (1990) + total population: + 80% + male: + 88% + female: + 73% +Labor force: + 4.9 million 90% nonsalaried family workers engaged in subsistence + agriculture; 175,000 wage earners + by occupation: + agriculture 26%, domestic service 17%, industry 15%, commerce 14%, + construction 11%, services 9%, transportation 6%, other 2% + note: + 51% of population of working age (1985) + +*Madagascar, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Republic of Madagascar + conventional short form: + Madagascar + local long form: + Republique de Madagascar + local short form: + Madagascar + former: + Malagasy Republic +Digraph: + MA +Type: + republic +Capital: + Antananarivo +Administrative divisions: + 6 provinces - Antananarivo, Antsiranana, Fianarantsoa, Mahajanga, Toamasina, + Toliary +Independence: + 26 June 1960 (from France) +Constitution: + 12 September 1992 +Legal system: + based on French civil law system and traditional Malagasy law; has not + accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + Independence Day, 26 June (1960) +Political parties and leaders: + some 30 political parties now exist in Madagascar, the most important of + which are Advance Guard of the Malagasy Revolution (AREMA), Didier + RATSIRAKA; Congress Party for Malagasy Independence (AKFM), + RAKOTOVAO-ANDRIATIANA; Movement for National Unity (VONJY), Dr. Marojama + RAZANABAHINY; Malagasy Christian Democratic Union (UDECMA), Norbert + ANDRIAMORASATA; Militants for the Establishment of a Proletarian Regime + (MFM), Manandafy RAKOTONIRINA; National Movement for the Independence of + Madagascar (MONIMA), Monja JAONA; National Union for the Defense of + Democracy (UNDD), Albert ZAFY +Other political or pressure groups: + National Council of Christian Churches (FFKM), leader NA; Federalist + Movement, leader NA +Suffrage: + 18 years of age; universal +Elections: + President: + last held on 10 February 1993 (next to be held 1998); results - Albert ZAFY + (UNDD), 67%; Didier RATSIRAKA (AREMA), 33% + Popular National Assembly: + last held on 28 May 1989 (next to be held May 1993); results - AREMA 88.2%, + MFM 5.1%, AKFM 3.7%, VONJY 2.2%, other 0.8%; seats - (137 total) AREMA 120, + MFM 7, AKFM 5, VONJY 4, MONIMA 1 +Executive branch: + president, prime minister, Council of Ministers + +*Madagascar, Government + +Legislative branch: + unicameral Popular National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale Populaire); note - + the National Assembly has suspended its operations during 1992 and early + 1993 in preparation for new legislative elections. In its place, an interim + High Authority of State and a Social and Economic Recovery Council have been + established +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court (Cour Supreme), High Constitutional Court (Haute Cour + Constitutionnelle) +Leaders: Chief of State: + President Adm. Didier RATSIRAKA (since 15 June 1975) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Guy RAZANAMASY (since 8 August 1991) +Member of: + ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CCC, ECA, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, + IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, + OAU, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation in US: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Pierrot Jocelyn RAJAONARIVELO + chancery: + 2374 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 + telephone: + (202) 265-5525 or 5526 + consulate general: + New York +US diplomatic representation: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Douglas BARRETT + embassy: + 14 and 16 Rue Rainitovo, Antsahavola, Antananarivo + mailing address: + B. P. 620, Antananarivo + telephone: + [261] (2) 212-57, 209-56, 200-89, 207-18 + FAX: + 261-234-539 +Flag: + two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and green with a vertical white band + of the same width on hoist side + +*Madagascar, Economy + +Overview: + Madagascar is one of the poorest countries in the world. Agriculture, + including fishing and forestry, is the mainstay of the economy, accounting + for over 30% of GDP and contributing to more than 70% of total export + earnings. Industry is largely confined to the processing of agricultural + products and textile manufacturing; in 1991 it accounted for only 13% of + GDP. In 1986 the government introduced a five-year development plan that + stressed self-sufficiency in food (mainly rice) by 1990, increased + production for exports, and reduced energy imports. After mid-1991, however, + output dropped sharply because of protracted antigovernment strikes and + demonstrations for political reform. +National product: + GDP - exchange rate conversion - $2.5 billion (1992 est.) +National product real growth rate: + 1% (1992 est.) +National product per capita: + $200 (1992 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 20% (1992 est.) +Unemployment rate: NA% +Budget: + revenues $250 million; expenditures $265 million, including capital + expenditures of $180 million (1991) +Exports: + $312 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.) + commodities: + coffee 45%, vanilla 20%, cloves 11%, sugar, petroleum products + partners: + France, Japan, Italy, Germany, US +Imports: + $350 million (f.o.b., 1992 est.) + commodities: + intermediate manufactures 30%, capital goods 28%, petroleum 15%, consumer + goods 14%, food 13% + partners: + France, Germany, UK, other EC, US +External debt: + $4.4 billion (1991) +Industrial production: + growth rate 5.2% (1990 est.); accounts for 13% of GDP +Electricity: + 125,000 kW capacity; 450 million kWh produced, 35 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + agricultural processing (meat canneries, soap factories, breweries, + tanneries, sugar refining plants), light consumer goods industries + (textiles, glassware), cement, automobile assembly plant, paper, petroleum +Agriculture: + accounts for 31% of GDP; cash crops - coffee, vanilla, sugarcane, cloves, + cocoa; food crops - rice, cassava, beans, bananas, peanuts; cattle raising + widespread; almost self-sufficient in rice +Illicit drugs: + illicit producer of cannabis (cultivated and wild varieties) used mostly for + domestic consumption +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $136 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $3,125 million; + Communist countries (1970-89), $491 million + +*Madagascar, Economy + +Currency: + 1 Malagasy franc (FMG) = 100 centimes +Exchange rates: + Malagasy francs (FMG) per US$1 - 1,910.2 (December 1992), 1,867.9 (1992), + 1,835.4 (1991), 1,454.6 (December 1990), 1,603.4 (1989), 1,407.1 (1988), + 1,069.2 (1987) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +*Madagascar, Communications + +Railroads: + 1,020 km 1.000-meter gauge +Highways: + 40,000 km total; 4,694 km paved, 811 km crushed stone, gravel, or stabilized + soil, 34,495 km improved and unimproved earth (est.) +Inland waterways: + of local importance only; isolated streams and small portions of Canal des + Pangalanes +Ports: + Toamasina, Antsiranana, Mahajanga, Toliara +Merchant marine: + 11 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 35,359 GRT/48,772 DWT; includes 6 + cargo, 2 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 1 oil tanker, 1 chemical tanker, 1 + liquefied gas +Airports: + total: + 146 + usable: + 103 + with permanent-surface runways: + 30 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 3 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 36 +Telecommunications: + above average system includes open-wire lines, coaxial cables, radio relay, + and troposcatter links; submarine cable to Bahrain; satellite earth stations + - 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT and broadcast stations - 17 AM, 3 FM, 1 (36 + repeaters) TV + +*Madagascar, Defense Forces + +Branches: + Popular Armed Forces (including Intervention Forces, Development Forces, + Aeronaval Forces - including Navy and Air Force), Gendarmerie, Presidential + Security Regiment +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 2,826,018; fit for military service 1,681,553; reach + military age (20) annually 118,233 (1993 est.) +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $37 million, 2.2% of GDP (1991 est.) + +*Malawi, Geography + +Location: + Southern Africa, between Mozambique and Zambia +Map references: + Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World +Area: total area: + 118,480 km2 + land area: + 94,080 km2 + comparative area: + slightly larger than Pennsylvania +Land boundaries: + total 2,881 km, Mozambique 1,569 km, Tanzania 475 km, Zambia 837 km +Coastline: + 0 km (landlocked) +Maritime claims: + none; landlocked +International disputes: + dispute with Tanzania over the boundary in Lake Nyasa (Lake Malawi) +Climate: + tropical; rainy season (November to May); dry season (May to November) +Terrain: + narrow elongated plateau with rolling plains, rounded hills, some mountains +Natural resources: + limestone, unexploited deposits of uranium, coal, and bauxite +Land use: + arable land: + 25% + permanent crops: + 0% + meadows and pastures: + 20% + forest and woodland: + 50% + other: + 5% +Irrigated land: + 200 km2 (1989 est.) +Environment: + deforestation +Note: + landlocked + +*Malawi, People + +Population: + 9,831,935 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + -0.95% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 51.1 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 22.87 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + -37.71 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 141.9 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: 40.48 years + male: + 39.61 years + female: + 41.37 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 7.5 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Malawian(s) + adjective: + Malawian +Ethnic divisions: + Chewa, Nyanja, Tumbuko, Yao, Lomwe, Sena, Tonga, Ngoni, Ngonde, Asian, + European +Religions: + Protestant 55%, Roman Catholic 20%, Muslim 20%, traditional indigenous + beliefs +Languages: + English (official), Chichewa (official), other languages important + regionally +Literacy: + age 15 and over can read and write (1966) + total population: + 22% + male: + 34% + female: + 12% +Labor force: + 428,000 wage earners + by occupation: + agriculture 43%, manufacturing 16%, personal services 15%, commerce 9%, + construction 7%, miscellaneous services 4%, other permanently employed 6% + (1986) + +*Malawi, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Republic of Malawi + conventional short form: + Malawi + former: + Nyasaland +Digraph: + MI +Type: + one-party republic + note: + a referendum to determine whether Malawi should remain a one-party state is + scheduled to be held on 14 June 1993 +Capital: + Lilongwe +Administrative divisions: + 24 districts; Blantyre, Chikwawa, Chiradzulu, Chitipa, Dedza, Dowa, Karonga, + Kasungu, Lilongwe, Machinga (Kasupe), Mangochi, Mchinji, Mulanje, Mwanza, + Mzimba, Ntcheu, Nkhata Bay, Nkhotakota, Nsanje, Ntchisi, Rumphi, Salima, + Thyolo, Zomba +Independence: + 6 July 1964 (from UK) +Constitution: + 6 July 1964; republished as amended January 1974 +Legal system: + based on English common law and customary law; judicial review of + legislative acts in the Supreme Court of Appeal; has not accepted compulsory + ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + Independence Day, 6 July (1964) +Political parties and leaders: + only party - Malawi Congress Party (MCP), Wadson DELEZA, administrative + secretary; John TEMBO, treasurer general; top party position of secretary + general vacant since 1983 +Other political or pressure groups: + Alliance for Democracy (AFORD), Chakufwa CHIHANA; United Democratic Front + (UDF) Bakili MULUZI; Malawi Democratic People (MDP), leader NA +Suffrage: + 21 years of age; universal +Elections: + President: + President BANDA sworn in as President for Life on 6 July 1971 + National Assembly: + last held 26-27 June 1987 (next to be held by June 1997); results - MCP is + the only party; seats - (141 total, 136 elected) MCP 141 +Executive branch: + president, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + unicameral National Assembly +Judicial branch: + High Court, Supreme Court of Appeal +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + President Dr. Hastings Kamuzu BANDA (since 6 July 1966; sworn in as + President for Life 6 July 1971) + +*Malawi, Government + +Member of: + ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA, FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, + ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO (correspondent), ITU, LORCS, + NAM, OAU, SADC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation in US: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Robert B. MBAYA + chancery: + 2408 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 + telephone: + (202) 797-1007 +US diplomatic representation: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Michael T. F. PISTOR + embassy: + address NA, in new capital city development area in Lilongwe + mailing address: + P. O. Box 30016, Lilongwe + telephone: + [265] 730-166 + FAX: + [265] 732-282 +Flag: + three equal horizontal bands of black (top), red, and green with a radiant, + rising, red sun centered in the black band; similar to the flag of + Afghanistan, which is longer and has the national coat of arms superimposed + on the hoist side of the black and red bands + +*Malawi, Economy + +Overview: + Landlocked Malawi ranks among the world's least developed countries. The + economy is predominately agricultural, with about 90% of the population + living in rural areas. Agriculture accounts for 40% of GDP and 90% of export + revenues. After two years of weak performance, economic growth improved + significantly in 1988-91 as a result of good weather and a broadly based + economic adjustment effort by the government. Drought cut overall output + sharply in 1992. The economy depends on substantial inflows of economic + assistance from the IMF, the World Bank, and individual donor nations. +National product: + GDP - exchange rate conversion - $1.9 billion (1992 est.) +National product real growth rate: + -7.7% (1992 est.) +National product per capita: + $200 (1992 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 21% (1992 est.) +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $398 million; expenditures $510 million, including capital + expenditures of $154 million (FY91 est.) +Exports: + $400 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.) + commodities: + tobacco, tea, sugar, coffee, peanuts, wood products + partners: + US, UK, Zambia, South Africa, Germany +Imports: + $660 million (c.i.f., 1991 est.) + commodities: + food, petroleum products, semimanufactures, consumer goods, transportation + equipment + partners: + South Africa, Japan, US, UK, Zimbabwe +External debt: + $1.8 billion (December 1991 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 4.0% (1990 est.); accounts for about 18% of GDP (1988) +Electricity: + 190,000 kW capacity; 620 million kWh produced, 65 kWh per capita (1992) +Industries: + agricultural processing (tea, tobacco, sugar), sawmilling, cement, consumer + goods +Agriculture: + accounts for 40% of GDP; cash crops - tobacco, sugarcane, cotton, tea, and + corn; subsistence crops - potatoes, cassava, sorghum, pulses; livestock - + cattle, goats +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $215 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $2,150 million +Currency: + 1 Malawian kwacha (MK) = 100 tambala +Exchange rates: + Malawian kwacha (MK) per US$1 - 4.3418 (November 1992), 2.8033 (1991), + 2.7289 (1990), 2.7595 (1989), 2.5613 (1988), 2.2087 (1987) +Fiscal year: + 1 April - 31 March + +*Malawi, Communications + +Railroads: + 789 km 1.067-meter gauge +Highways: + 13,135 km total; 2,364 km paved; 251 km crushed stone, gravel, or stabilized + soil; 10,520 km earth and improved earth +Inland waterways: + Lake Nyasa (Lake Malawi); Shire River, 144 km +Ports: + Chipoka, Monkey Bay, Nkhata Bay, and Nkotakota - all on Lake Nyasa (Lake + Malawi) +Airports: + total: + 47 + usable: + 41 + with permanent-surface runways: + 5 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 1 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 10 +Telecommunications: + fair system of open-wire lines, radio relay links, and radio communications + stations; 42,250 telephones; broadcast stations - 10 AM, 17 FM, no TV; + satellite earth stations - 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Atlantic Ocean + INTELSAT +Note: + a majority of exports would normally go through Mozambique on the Beira, + Nacala, and Limgogo railroads, but now most go through South Africa because + of insurgent activity and damage to rail lines + +*Malawi, Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army (including Air Wing and Naval Detachment), Police (including + paramilitary Mobile Force Unit), paramilitary Malawi Young Pioneers +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 2,059,509; fit for military service 1,048,986 (1993 est.) +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $22 million, 1.6% of GDP (1989 est.) + +*Malaysia, Geography + +Location: + Southeast Asia, bordering the South China Sea, between Vietnam and Indonesia +Map references: + Asia, Oceania, Southeast Asia, Standard Time Zones of the World +Area: + total area: + 329,750 km2 + land area: + 328,550 km2 + comparative area: + slightly larger than New Mexico +Land boundaries: + total 2,669 km, Brunei 381 km, Indonesia 1,782 km, Thailand 506 km +Coastline: + 4,675 km (Peninsular Malaysia 2,068 km, East Malaysia 2,607 km) +Maritime claims: + continental shelf: + 200 m depth or to depth of exploitation; specified boundary in the South + China Sea + exclusive fishing zone: + 200 nm + exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + territorial sea: + 12 nm +International disputes: + involved in a complex dispute over the Spratly Islands with China, + Philippines, Taiwan, Vietnam, and possibly Brunei; State of Sabah claimed by + the Philippines; Brunei may wish to purchase the Malaysian salient that + divides Brunei into two parts; two islands in dispute with Singapore; two + islands in dispute with Indonesia +Climate: + tropical; annual southwest (April to October) and northeast (October to + February) monsoons +Terrain: coastal plains rising to hills and mountains +Natural resources: + tin, petroleum, timber, copper, iron ore, natural gas, bauxite +Land use: + arable land: + 3% + permanent crops: + 10% + meadows and pastures: + 0% + forest and woodland: + 63% + other: + 24% +Irrigated land: + 3,420 km2 (1989 est.) +Environment: + subject to flooding; air and water pollution +Note: + strategic location along Strait of Malacca and southern South China Sea + +*Malaysia, People + +Population: + 18,845,340 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 2.32% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 28.93 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 5.77 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 26.5 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 68.82 years + male: + 65.96 years + female: + 71.81 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 3.54 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Malaysian(s) + adjective: + Malaysian +Ethnic divisions: + Malay and other indigenous 59%, Chinese 32%, Indian 9% +Religions: + Peninsular Malaysia: + Muslim (Malays) + Buddhist (Chinese), Hindu (Indians) + Sabah: + Muslim 38% + Christian 17%, other 45% + Sarawak: + tribal religion 35% + Buddhist and Confucianist 24%, Muslim 20%, Christian 16%, other 5% +Languages: + Peninsular Malaysia: + Malay (official) + English, Chinese dialects, Tamil + State of Sabah: + English + Malay, numerous tribal dialects, Chinese (Mandarin and Hakka dialects + predominate) + State of Sarawak: + English + Malay, Mandarin, numerous tribal languages, +Literacy: + age 15 and over can read and write (1990) + total population: + 78% + male: + 86% + female: + 70% +Labor force: + 7.258 million (1991 est.) + +*Malaysia, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + none + conventional short form: + Malaysia + former: + Malayan Union +Digraph: + MY +Type: + constitutional monarchy + note: + Federation of Malaysia formed 9 July 1963; nominally headed by the paramount + ruler (king) and a bicameral Parliament; Peninsular Malaysian states - + hereditary rulers in all but Melaka, where governors are appointed by + Malaysian Pulau Pinang Government; powers of state governments are limited + by federal Constitution; Sabah - self-governing state, holds 20 seats in + House of Representatives, with foreign affairs, defense, internal security, + and other powers delegated to federal government; Sarawak - self-governing + state within Malaysia, holds 27 seats in House of Representatives, with + foreign affairs, defense, internal security, and other powers delegated to + federal government +Capital: Kuala Lumpur +Administrative divisions: + 13 states (negeri-negeri, singular - negeri) and 2 federal territories*, (wilayah-wilayah +persekutuan, singular - wilayah persekutuan); Johor, Kedah, + Kelantan, Labuan*, Melaka, Negeri Sembilan, Pahang, Perak, Perlis, Pulau, Pinang, Sabah, +Sarawak, Selangor, Terengganu, Wilayah Persekutuan*, Independence: + 31 August 1957 (from UK) +Constitution: + 31 August 1957, amended 16 September 1963 +Legal system: + based on English common law; judicial review of legislative acts in the + Supreme Court at request of supreme head of the federation; has not accepted + compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + National Day, 31 August (1957) +Political parties and leaders: + Peninsular Malaysia: + National Front, a confederation of 13 political parties dominated by United + Malays National Organization Baru (UMNO Baru), MAHATHIR bin Mohamad; + Malaysian Chinese Association (MCA), LING Liong Sik; Gerakan Rakyat + Malaysia, Datuk LIM Keng Yaik; Malaysian Indian Congress (MIC), Datuk S. + Samy VELLU + Sabah: + Berjaya Party, Datuk Haji Mohammed NOOR Mansor; Bersatu Sabah (PBS), Joseph + Pairin KITINGAN; United Sabah National Organizaton (USNO), leader NA + Sarawak: + coalition Sarawak National Front composed of the Party Pesaka Bumiputra + Bersatu (PBB), Datuk Patinggi Amar Haji Abdul TAIB Mahmud; Sarawak United + People's Party (SUPP), Datuk Amar James WONG Soon Kai; Sarawak National + Party (SNAP), Datuk Amar James WONG; Parti Bansa Dayak Sarawak (PBDS), Datuk + Leo MOGGIE; major opposition parties are Democratic Action Party (DAP), LIM + Kit Siang and Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS), Fadzil NOOR +Suffrage: + 21 years of age; universal + +*Malaysia, Government + +Elections: + House of Representatives: + last held 21 October 1990 (next to be held by August 1995); results - + National Front 52%, other 48%; seats - (180 total) National Front 127, DAP + 20, PAS 7, independents 4, other 22; note - within the National Front, UMNO + got 71 seats and MCA 18 seats +Executive branch: + paramount ruler, deputy paramount ruler, prime minister, deputy prime + minister, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + bicameral Parliament (Parlimen) consists of an upper house or Senate (Dewan + Negara) and a lower house or House of Representatives (Dewan Rakyat) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: Paramount Ruler AZLAN Muhibbuddin Shah ibni Sultan Yusof Izzudin (since 26 + April 1989); Deputy Paramount Ruler JA'AFAR ibni Abdul Rahman (since 26 + April 1989) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Dr. MAHATHIR bin Mohamad (since 16 July 1981); Deputy Prime + Minister Abdul GHAFAR Bin Baba (since 7 May 1986) +Member of: + APEC, AsDB, ASEAN, C, CCC, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-15, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, + ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, + INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, MINURSO, NAM, OIC, UN, UNAVEM II, UNCTAD, + UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNOMOZ, UNTAC, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation in US: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Abdul MAJID Mohamed + chancery: + 2401 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 + telephone: + (202) 328-2700 + consulates general: + Los Angeles and New York +US diplomatic representation: + chief of mission: + Ambassador John S. WOLF + embassy: + 376 Jalan Tun Razak, 50400 Kuala Lumpur + mailing address: + P. O. Box No. 10035, 50700 Kuala Lumpur + telephone: + [60] (3) 248-9011 + FAX: + [60] (3) 242-2207 +Flag: + fourteen equal horizontal stripes of red (top) alternating with white + (bottom); there is a blue rectangle in the upper hoist-side corner bearing a + yellow crescent and a yellow fourteen-pointed star; the crescent and the + star are traditional symbols of Islam; the design was based on the flag of + the US + +*Malaysia, Economy + +Overview: + The Malaysian economy, a mixture of private enterprise and a soundly managed + public sector, has posted a remarkable record of 8%-9% average growth in + 1987-92. This growth has resulted in a substantial reduction in poverty and + a marked rise in real wages. Despite sluggish growth in the major world + economies in 1992, demand for Malaysian goods remained strong and foreign + investors continued to commit large sums in the economy. The government is + aware of the inflationary potential of this rapid development and is closely + monitoring fiscal and monetary policies. +National product: + GDP - exchange rate conversion - $54.5 billion (1992 est.) +National product real growth rate: + 8% (1992 est.) +National product per capita: $2,960 (1992 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 4.7% (1992 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 4.1% (1992 est.) +Budget: + revenues $15.6 billion; expenditures $18.0 billion, including capital + expenditures of $4.5 billion (1992 est.) +Exports: + $39.8 billion (f.o.b., 1992) + commodities: + electronic equipment, palm oil, petroleum and petroleum products, wood and + wood products, rubber, textiles + partners: + Singapore 23%, US 18.6%, Japan 13.2%, UK 4%, Germany 4% +Imports: + $39.1 billion (f.o.b., 1992) + commodities: + food, consumer goods, petroleum products, chemicals, capital equipment + partners: + Japan 26%, US 15.8%, Singapore 15.7%, Taiwan 5.6%, Germany 4.2% +External debt: + $25.7 billion (1992 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 13% (1992); accounts for NA% of GDP +Electricity: + 8,000,000 kW capacity; 30,000 million kWh produced, 1,610 kWh per capita + (1992) +Industries: + Peninsular Malaysia: + rubber and oil palm processing and manufacturing, light manufacturing + industry, electronics, tin mining and smelting, logging and processing + timber + Sabah: + logging, petroleum production + Sarawak: + agriculture processing, petroleum production and refining, logging +Agriculture: + accounts for 20% of GDP + Peninsular Malaysia: + natural rubber, palm oil, rice + Sabah: + mainly subsistence, but also rubber, timber, coconut, rice + +*Malaysia, Economy + + Sarawak: + rubber, timber, pepper; deficit of rice in all areas; fish catch of 608,000 + metric tons in 1987 +Illicit drugs: + transit point for Golden Triangle heroin going to the US, Western Europe, + and the Third World +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-84), $170 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $4.7 million; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $42 million +Currency: + 1 ringgit (M$) = 100 sen +Exchange rates: + ringgits (M$) per US$1 - 2.6238 (January 1993), 2.5475 (1992), 2.7501 + (1991), 1.7048 (1990), 2.7088 (1989), 2.6188 (1988) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +*Malaysia, Communications + +Railroads: + Peninsular Malaysia: + 1,665 km 1.04-meter gauge; 13 km double track, government owned + Sabah: + 136 km 1.000-meter gauge + Sarawak: + none +Highways: + Peninsular Malaysia: + 23,600 km; 19,352 km hard surfaced, mostly bituminous surface treatment, and + 4,248 km unpaved + Sabah: + 3,782 km + Sarawak: + 1,644 km +Inland waterways: + Peninsular Malaysia: + 3,209 km + Sabah: + 1,569 km + Sarawak: + 2,518 km +Pipelines: + crude oil 1,307 km; natural gas 379 km +Ports: + Tanjong Kidurong, Kota Kinabalu, Kuching, Pasir Gudang, Penang, Port Kelang, + Sandakan, Tawau +Merchant marine: + 184 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,869,817 GRT/2,786,765 DWT; includes + 1 passenger-cargo, 2 short-sea passenger, 71 cargo, 28 container, 2 vehicle + carrier, 2 roll-on/roll-off, 1 livestock carrier, 38 oil tanker, 6 chemical + tanker, 6 liquefied gas, 27 bulk +Airports: + total: + 111 + usable: + 102 + with permanent-surface runways: + 32 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 1 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 7 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 18 +Telecommunications: + good intercity service provided on Peninsular Malaysia mainly by microwave + radio relay; adequate intercity microwave radio relay network between Sabah + and Sarawak via Brunei; international service good; good coverage by radio + and television broadcasts; 994,860 telephones (1984); broadcast stations - + 28 AM, 3 FM, 33 TV; submarine cables extend to India and Sarawak; SEACOM + submarine cable links to Hong Kong and Singapore; satellite earth stations - + 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT, 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT, and 2 domestic + +*Malaysia, Defense Forces + +Branches: + Malaysian Army, Royal Malaysian Navy, Royal Malaysian Air Force, Royal + Malaysian Police Force, Marine Police, Sarawak Border Scouts +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 4,837,256; fit for military service 2,941,577; reach + military age (21) annually 181,435 (1993 est.) +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $2.4 billion, about 5% of GDP (1992) + +*Maldives, Geography + +Location: + South Asia, in the Indian Ocean off the southwest coast of India +Map references: + Asia, Standard Time Zones of the World +Area: + total area: + 300 km2 + land area: + 300 km2 + comparative area: + slightly more than 1.5 times the size of Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + 0 km +Coastline: + 644 km +Maritime claims: + exclusive economic zone: + 35-310 nm as defined by geographic coordinates; segment of zone coincides + with maritime boundary with India + territorial sea: + 12 nm +International disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical; hot, humid; dry, northeast monsoon (November to March); rainy, + southwest monsoon (June to August) +Terrain: flat with elevations only as high as 2.5 meters +Natural resources: + fish +Land use: + arable land: + 10% + permanent crops: + 0% + meadows and pastures: + 3% + forest and woodland: + 3% + other: + 84% +Irrigated land: + NA km2 +Environment: + 1,200 coral islands grouped into 19 atolls +Note: + archipelago of strategic location astride and along major sea lanes in + Indian Ocean + +*Maldives, People + +Population: + 243,094 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 3.64% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 44.34 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 7.91 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 57.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 63.86 years + male: + 62.5 years + female: + 65.28 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 6.36 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Maldivian(s) + adjective: + Maldivian +Ethnic divisions: + Sinhalese, Dravidian, Arab, African +Religions: + Sunni Muslim +Languages: + Divehi (dialect of Sinhala; script derived from Arabic), English spoken by + most government officials +Literacy: + age 15 and over can read and write (1985) + total population: + 92% + male: + 92% + female: + 92% +Labor force: + 66,000 (est.) + by occupation: + fishing industry 25% + +*Maldives, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Republic of Maldives + conventional short form: + Maldives +Digraph: + MV +Type: + republic +Capital: + Male +Administrative divisions: + 19 districts (atolls); Aliff, Baa, Daalu, Faafu, Gaafu Aliff, Gaafu Daalu, + Haa Aliff, Haa Daalu, Kaafu, Laamu, Laviyani, Meemu, Naviyani, Noonu, Raa, + Seenu, Shaviyani, Thaa, Waavu +Independence: + 26 July 1965 (from UK) +Constitution: + 4 June 1964 +Legal system: + based on Islamic law with admixtures of English common law primarily in + commercial matters; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + Independence Day, 26 July (1965) +Political parties and leaders: + no organized political parties; country governed by the Didi clan for the + past eight centuries +Suffrage: + 21 years of age; universal +Elections: + President: + last held 23 September 1988 (next to be held September 1993); results - + President Maumoon Abdul GAYOOM reelected + Citizens' Council: + last held on 7 December 1989 (next to be held 7 December 1994); results - + percent of vote NA; seats - (48 total, 40 elected) +Executive branch: + president, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + unicameral Citizens' Council (Majlis) +Judicial branch: + High Court +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + President Maumoon Abdul GAYOOM (since 11 November 1978) +Member of: + AsDB, C, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IMF, + IMO, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, NAM, OIC, SAARC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, + WHO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation in US: + Maldives does not maintain an embassy in the US, but does have a UN mission + in New York +US diplomatic representation: + chief of mission: + the US Ambassador to Sri Lanka is accredited to Maldives and makes periodic + visits there + consular agency: + Midhath Hilmy, Male + +*Maldives, Government + + telephone: + 2581 +Flag: + red with a large green rectangle in the center bearing a vertical white + crescent; the closed side of the crescent is on the hoist side of the flag + +*Maldives, Economy + +Overview: + The economy is based on fishing, tourism, and shipping. Agriculture is + limited to the production of a few subsistence crops that provide only 10% + of food requirements. Fishing is the largest industry, employing 25% of the + work force and accounting for over 60% of exports; it is also an important + source of government revenue. During the 1980s tourism became one of the + most important and highest growth sectors of the economy. In 1988 industry + accounted for about 5% of GDP. Real GDP is officially estimated to have + increased by about 10% annually during the period 1974-90. +National product: + GDP - exchange rate conversion - $140 million (1991 est.) +National product real growth rate: + 4.7% (1991 est.) +National product per capita: + $620 (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 11.5% (1991 est.) +Unemployment rate: + NEGL% +Budget: + revenues $52 million (excluding foreign transfers); expenditures $83 + million, including capital expenditures of $39 million (1991 est.) +Exports: + $53.7 million (f.o.b., 1991) + commodities: + fish, clothing + partners: + US, UK, Sri Lanka +Imports: + $150.9 million (c.i.f., 1991) + commodities: + consumer goods, intermediate and capital goods, petroleum products + partners: + Singapore, Germany, Sri Lanka, India +External debt: + $90 million (1991) +Industrial production: + growth rate 24.0% (1990); accounts for 6% of GDP +Electricity: + 5,000 kW capacity; 11 million kWh produced, 50 kWh per capita (1990) +Industries: + fishing and fish processing, tourism, shipping, boat building, some coconut + processing, garments, woven mats, coir (rope), handicrafts +Agriculture: + accounts for almost 25% of GDP (including fishing); fishing more important + than farming; limited production of coconuts, corn, sweet potatoes; most + staple foods must be imported; fish catch of 67,000 tons (1990 est.) +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $28 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $125 million; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $14 million +Currency: + 1 rufiyaa (Rf) = 100 laaris +Exchange rates: + rufiyaa (Rf) per US$1 - 10.506 (January 1993), 10.569 (1992), 10.253 (1991), + 9.509 (1990), 9.0408 (1989), 8.7846 (1988) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +*Maldives, Communications + +Highways: + Male has 9.6 km of coral highways within the city +Ports: + Male, Gan +Merchant marine: + 14 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 38,848 GRT/58,496 DWT; includes 12 + cargo, 1 container, 1 oil tanker +Airports: + total: + 2 + useable: + 2 with permanent-surface runways: + 2 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 2 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 0 +Telecommunications: + minimal domestic and international facilities; 2,804 telephones; broadcast + stations - 2 AM, 1 FM, 1 TV; 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth station + +*Maldives, Defense Forces + +Branches: + National Security Service (paramilitary police force) +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 53,730; fit for military service 30,014 (1993 est.) +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP + +*Mali, Geography + +Location: + Western Africa, between Mauritania and Niger +Map references: + Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World +Area: + total area: + 1.24 million km2 + land area: + 1.22 million km2 + comparative area: + slightly less than twice the size of Texas +Land boundaries: + total 7,243 km, Algeria 1,376 km, Burkina 1,000 km, Guinea 858 km, Cote + d'Ivoire 532 km, Mauritania 2,237 km, Niger 821 km, Senegal 419 km +Coastline: + 0 km (landlocked) +Maritime claims: + none; landlocked +International disputes: + the disputed international boundary between Burkina and Mali was submitted + to the International Court of Justice (ICJ) in October 1983 and the ICJ + issued its final ruling in December 1986, which both sides agreed to accept; + Burkina and Mali are proceeding with boundary demarcation, including the + tripoint with Niger +Climate: + subtropical to arid; hot and dry February to June; rainy, humid, and mild + June to November; cool and dry November to February +Terrain: + mostly flat to rolling northern plains covered by sand; savanna in south, + rugged hills in northeast +Natural resources: + gold, phosphates, kaolin, salt, limestone, uranium, bauxite, iron ore, + manganese, tin, and copper deposits are known but not exploited +Land use: + arable land: + 2% + permanent crops: + 0% + meadows and pastures: + 25% + forest and woodland: + 7% + other: + 66% +Irrigated land: + 50 km2 (1989 est.) +Environment: + hot, dust-laden harmattan; haze common during dry seasons; desertification +Note: + landlocked + +*Mali, People + +Population: + 8,868,617 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 2.66% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 51.73 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 20.81 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + -4.35 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 108 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 45.45 years + male: + 43.89 years + female: + 47.06 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 7.33 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Malian(s) + adjective: + Malian +Ethnic divisions: + Mande 50% (Bambara, Malinke, Sarakole), Peul 17%, Voltaic 12%, Songhai 6%, + Tuareg and Moor 10%, other 5% +Religions: Muslim 90%, indigenous beliefs 9%, Christian 1% +Languages: + French (official), Bambara 80%, numerous African languages +Literacy: + age 15 and over can read and write (1990) + total population: + 32% + male: + 41% + female: + 24% +Labor force: + 2.666 million (1986 est.) + by occupation: + agriculture 80%, services 19%, industry and commerce 1% (1981) + note: + 50% of population of working age (1985) + +*Mali, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Republic of Mali + conventional short form: + Mali + local long form: + Republique de Mali + local short form: + Mali + former: + French Sudan +Digraph: + ML +Type: + republic +Capital: + Bamako +Administrative divisions: + 8 regions (regions, singular - region); Gao, Kayes, Kidal, Koulikoro, Mopti, + Segou, Sikasso, Tombouctou +Independence: + 22 September 1960 (from France) +Constitution: + new constitution adopted in constitutional referendum in January 1992 +Legal system: + based on French civil law system and customary law; judicial review of + legislative acts in Constitutional Section of Court of State; has not + accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + Anniverary of the Proclamation of the Republic, 22 September (1960) +Political parties and leaders: + Alliance for Democracy (Adema), Alpha Oumar KONARE; National Committee for + Democratic Initiative (CNID), Mountaga TALL; Sudanese Union/African + Democratic Rally (US/RAD), Baba Hakib HAIDARA and Treoule Mamadon KONATE; + Popular Movement for the Development of the Republic of West Africa; Rally + for Democracy and Progress (RDP), Almamy SYLLA; Union for Democracy and + Development (UDD), Moussa Balla COULIBALY; Rally for Democracy and Labor + (RDT); Union of Democratic Forces for Progress (UFDP), Col. Youssouf TRAORE; + Party for Democracy and Progress (PDP), Idrissa TRAORE; Malian Union for + Democracy and Development (UMDD) +Suffrage: + 21 years of age; universal +Elections: + President: + last held in April 1992; Alpha KONARE was elected in runoff race against + Montaga TALL + National Assembly: + last held on 8 March 1992 (next to be held NA); results - percent of vote by + party NA; seats - (total 116) Adema 76, CNID 9, US/RAD 8, Popular Movement + for the Development of the Republic of West Africa 6, RDP 4, UDD 4, RDT 3, + UFDP 3, PDP 2, UMDD 1 +Executive branch: + Transition Committee for the Salvation of the People (CTSP) composed of 25 + members, predominantly civilian +Legislative branch: + unicameral National Assembly +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court (Cour Supreme) + +*Mali, Government + +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Alpha Oumar KONARE (since 8 June 1992) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Younoussi TOURE (since 8 June 1992) +Member of: + ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CCC, CEAO, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, FZ, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, + IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, + OAU, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WADB, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation in US: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Siragatou Ibrahim CISSE + chancery: + 2130 R Street NW, Washington, DC 20008 + telephone: + (202) 332-2249 or 939-8950 +US diplomatic representation: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Herbert Donald GELBER + embassy: + Rue Rochester NY and Rue Mohamed V., Bamako + mailing address: + B. P. 34, Bamako + telephone: + [223] 225470 + FAX: + [233] 228059 +Flag: + three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), yellow, and red; uses the + popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia + +*Mali, Economy + +Overview: + Mali is among the poorest countries in the world, with about 70% of its land + area desert or semidesert. Economic activity is largely confined to the + riverine area irrigated by the Niger. About 10% of the population live as + nomads and some 80% of the labor force is engaged in agriculture and + fishing. Industrial activity is concentrated on processing farm commodities. + In consultation with international lending agencies, the government has + adopted a structural adjustment program for 1992-95, aiming at GDP annual + growth of 4.6%, inflation of no more than 2.5% on average, and a substantial + reduction in the external current account deficit. +National product: + GDP - exchange rate conversion - $2.3 billion (1991 est.) +National product real growth rate: + -0.2% (1991 est.) +National product per capita: + $265 (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 1.4% (1991 est.) +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $329 million; expenditures $519 million, including capital + expenditures of $178 (1989 est.) +Exports: + $320 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.) + commodities: + livestock, peanuts, dried fish, cotton, skins + partners: + mostly franc zone and Western Europe +Imports: + $390 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.) + commodities: + textiles, vehicles, petroleum products, machinery, sugar, cereals + partners: + mostly franc zone and Western Europe +External debt: + $2.6 billion (1991 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 15.0% (1990 est.); accounts for 10.0% of GDP +Electricity: + 260,000 kW capacity; 750 million kWh produced, 90 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + small local consumer goods and processing, construction, phosphate, gold, + fishing +Agriculture: + accounts for 50% of GDP; most production based on small subsistence farms; + cotton and livestock products account for over 70% of exports; other crops - + millet, rice, corn, vegetables, peanuts; livestock - cattle, sheep, goats +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $349 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $3,020 million; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $92 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $190 + million +Currency: + 1 CFA franc (CFAF) = 100 centimes +Exchange rates: + Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF) per US$1 - 274.06 (January + 1993), 264.69 (1992), 282.11 (1991), 272.26 (1990), 319.01 (1989), 297.85 + (1988) + +*Mali, Economy + +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +*Mali, Communications + +Railroads: + 642 km 1.000-meter gauge; linked to Senegal's rail system through Kayes +Highways: + about 15,700 km total; 1,670 km paved, 3,670 km gravel and improved earth, + 10,360 km unimproved earth +Inland waterways: + 1,815 km navigable +Airports: + total: + 34 + usable: + 27 + with permanent-surface runways: + 8 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 5 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 10 +Telecommunications: + domestic system poor but improving; provides only minimal service with radio + relay, wire, and radio communications stations; expansion of radio relay in + progress; 11,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 2 AM, 2 FM, 2 TV; + satellite earth stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Indian Ocean + INTELSAT + +*Mali, Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Air Force, Gendarmerie, Republican Guard, National Police (Surete + Nationale) +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 1,749,662; fit for military service 995,554 (1993 est.); no + conscription +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $41 million, 2% of GDP (1989) + +*Malta, Geography + +Location: + in the central Mediterranean Sea, 93 km south of Sicily (Italy), 290 km + north of Libya +Map references: + Europe, Standard Time Zones of the World +Area: + total area: + 320 km2 + land area: + 320 km2 + comparative area: + slightly less than twice the size of Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + 0 km +Coastline: + 140 km +Maritime claims: + contiguous zone: + 24 nm + continental shelf: + 200 m depth or to depth of exploitation + exclusive fishing zone: + 25 nm + territorial sea: + 12 nm +International disputes: + none +Climate: + Mediterranean with mild, rainy winters and hot, dry summers +Terrain: + mostly low, rocky, flat to dissected plains; many coastal cliffs +Natural resources: + limestone, salt +Land use: + arable land: + 38% + permanent crops: + 3% + meadows and pastures: + 0% + forest and woodland: + 0% + other: + 59% +Irrigated land: 10 km2 (1989) +Environment: + numerous bays provide good harbors; fresh water very scarce; increasing + reliance on desalination +Note: + the country comprises an archipelago, with only the 3 largest islands + (Malta, Gozo, and Comino) being inhabited + +*Malta, People + +Population: + 363,791 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 0.84% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 13.9 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 7.52 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + 1.98 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 8.2 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 76.52 years + male: + 74.32 years + female: + 78.9 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 1.97 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Maltese (singular and plural) + adjective: + Maltese +Ethnic divisions: + Arab, Sicilian, Norman, Spanish, Italian, English +Religions: + Roman Catholic 98% +Languages: + Maltese (official), English (official) +Literacy: + age 15 and over can read and write (1985) + total population: + 84% + male: + 86% + female: + 82% +Labor force: + 127,200 + by occupation: + government (excluding job corps) 37%, services 26%, manufacturing 22%, + training programs 9%, construction 4%, agriculture 2% (1990) + +*Malta, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Republic of Malta + conventional short form: + Malta +Digraph: + MT +Type: + parliamentary democracy +Capital: + Valletta +Administrative divisions: + none (administration directly from Valletta) +Independence: + 21 September 1964 (from UK) +Constitution: + 26 April 1974, effective 2 June 1974 +Legal system: + based on English common law and Roman civil law; has accepted compulsory ICJ + jurisdiction, with reservations +National holiday: + Independence Day, 21 September +Political parties and leaders: + Nationalist Party (NP), Edward FENECH ADAMI; Malta Labor Party (MLP), Alfred + SANT +Suffrage: + 18 years of age; universal +Elections: + House of Representatives: + last held on 22 February 1992 (next to be held by February 1997); results - + NP 51.8%, MLP 46.5%; seats - (usually 65 total) MLP 36, NP 29; note - + additional seats are given to the party with the largest popular vote to + ensure a legislative majority; current total 69 (MLP 33, NP 36 after + adjustment) +Executive branch: + president, prime minister, deputy prime minister, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + unicameral House of Representatives +Judicial branch: + Constitutional Court, Court of Appeal +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Vincent (Censu) TABONE (since 4 April 1989) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Dr. Edward (Eddie) FENECH ADAMI (since 12 May 1987); Deputy + Prime Minister Dr. Guido DE MARCO (since 14 May 1987) +Member of: + C, CCC, CE, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IFAD, ILO, + IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ITU, NAM, PCA, UN, + UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation in US: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Albert BORG OLIVIER DE PUGET + chancery: + 2017 Connecticut Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 + telephone: + (202) 462-3611 or 3612 + FAX: + (202) 387-5470 + +*Malta, Government + + consulate: + New York +US diplomatic representation: + chief of mission: + (vacant) + embassy: + 2nd Floor, Development House, Saint Anne Street, Floriana, Valletta + mailing address: + P. O. Box 535, Valletta + telephone: + [356] 240424, 240425, 243216, 243217, 243653, 223654 + FAX: + same as telephone numbers +Flag: + two equal vertical bands of white (hoist side) and red; in the upper + hoist-side corner is a representation of the George Cross, edged in red + +*Malta, Economy + +Overview: + Significant resources are limestone, a favorable geographic location, and a + productive labor force. Malta produces only about 20% of its food needs, has + limited freshwater supplies, and has no domestic energy sources. + Consequently, the economy is highly dependent on foreign trade and services. + Manufacturing and tourism are the largest contributors to the economy. + Manufacturing accounts for about 27% of GDP, with the electronics and + textile industries major contributors and the state-owned Malta drydocks + employing about 4,300 people. In 1991, about 900,000 tourists visited the + island. Per capita GDP at $7,600 places Malta in the middle-income range of + the world's nations. +National product: + GDP - exchange rate conversion - $2.7 billion (1991 est.) +National product real growth rate: + 5.9% (1991) +National product per capita: + $7,600 (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 2.9% (1991) +Unemployment rate: + 3.6% (1992) +Budget: + revenues $1.1 billion; expenditures $1.1 billion, including capital + expenditures of $161 million (1992 est.) +Exports: + $l.2 billion (f.o.b., 1991) + commodities: + clothing, textiles, footwear, ships + partners: + Italy 30%, Germany 22%, UK 11% +Imports: + $2.1 billion (f.o.b., 1991) + commodities: + food, petroleum, machinery and semimanufactured goods + partners: + Italy 30%, UK 16%, Germany 13%, US 4% +External debt: + $127 million (1990 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 19.0% (1990); accounts for 27% of GDP +Electricity: + 328,000 kW capacity; 1,110 million kWh produced, 3,000 kWh per capita (1992) +Industries: + tourism, electronics, ship repair yard, construction, food manufacturing, + textiles, footwear, clothing, beverages, tobacco +Agriculture: + accounts for 3% of GDP and 2.5% of the work force (1992); overall, 20% + self-sufficient; main products - potatoes, cauliflower, grapes, wheat, + barley, tomatoes, citrus, cut flowers, green peppers, hogs, poultry, eggs; + generally adequate supplies of vegetables, poultry, milk, pork products; + seasonal or periodic shortages in grain, animal fodder, fruits, other basic + foodstuffs +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-81), $172 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $336 million; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $76 million; Communist countries (1970-88), $48 + million +Currency: + 1 Maltese lira (LM) = 100 cents + +*Malta, Economy + +Exchange rates: + Maltese liri (LM) per US$1 - 0.3687 (January 1993), 0.3178 (1992), 0.3226 + (1991), 0.3172 (1990), 0.3483 (1989), 0.3306 (1988) +Fiscal year: + 1 April - 31 March + +*Malta, Communications + +Highways: + 1,291 km total; 1,179 km paved (asphalt), 77 km crushed stone or gravel, 35 + km improved and unimproved earth +Ports: + Valletta, Marsaxlokk +Merchant marine: + 789 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 11,059,874 GRT/18,758,969 DWT; + includes 6 passenger, 17 short-sea passenger, 272 cargo, 26 container, 2 + passenger-cargo, 20 roll-on/roll-off, 2 vehicle carrier, 3 barge carrier, 17 + refrigerated cargo, 19 chemical tanker, 15 combination ore/oil, 3 + specialized tanker, 3 liquefied gas, 131 oil tanker, 223 bulk, 26 + combination bulk, 3 multifunction large load carrier, 1 railcar carrier; + note - a flag of convenience registry; China owns 2 ships, Russia owns 52 + ships, Cuba owns 10, Vietnam owns 6, Croatia owns 37, Romania owns 3 +Airports: + total: + 1 + useable: + 1 + with permanent-surface runways: + 1 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 1 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 0 +Telecommunications: + automatic system satisfies normal requirements; 153,000 telephones; + excellent service by broadcast stations - 8 AM, 4 FM, and 2 TV; submarine + cable and microwave radio relay between islands; international service by 1 + submarine cable and 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station + +*Malta, Defense Forces + +Branches: + Armed Forces, Maltese Police Force +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 97,446; fit for military service 77,481 (1993 est.) +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $21.9 million, 1.3% of GDP (1989 est.) + +*Man, Isle of, Header + +Affiliation: + (British crown dependency) + +*Man, Isle of, Geography + +Location: + in the Irish Sea, between Ireland and Great Britain +Map references: + Europe +Area: + total area: + 588 km2 + land area: + 588 km2 + comparative area: + nearly 3.5 times the size of Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + 0 km +Coastline: + 113 km +Maritime claims: + exclusive fishing zone: + 200 nm + territorial sea: + 3 nm +International disputes: + none +Climate: + cool summers and mild winters; humid; overcast about half the time +Terrain: + hills in north and south bisected by central valley +Natural resources: + lead, iron ore +Land use: + arable land: + NA% + permanent crops: + NA% + meadows and pastures: + NA% + forest and woodland: + NA% + other: + NA% (extensive arable land and forests) +Irrigated land: + NA km2 +Environment: + strong westerly winds prevail +Note: + one small islet, the Calf of Man, lies to the southwest, and is a bird + sanctuary + +*Man, Isle of, People + +Population: + 71,263 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 1.07% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 13.57 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 12.87 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: 9.99 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 8.5 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 75.98 years + male: + 73.25 years + female: + 78.92 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 1.8 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Manxman, Manxwoman + adjective: + Manx +Ethnic divisions: + Manx (Norse-Celtic descent), Briton +Religions: + Anglican, Roman Catholic, Methodist, Baptist, Presbyterian, Society of + Friends +Languages: + English, Manx Gaelic +Literacy: + total population: + NA% + male: + NA% + female: + NA% +Labor force: + 25,864 (1981) + by occupation: + NA + +*Man, Isle of, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + none + conventional short form: + Isle of Man +Digraph: + IM +Type: + British crown dependency +Capital: + Douglas +Administrative divisions: + none (British crown dependency) +Independence: + none (British crown dependency) +Constitution: 1961, Isle of Man Constitution Act +Legal system: + English law and local statute +National holiday: + Tynwald Day, 5 July +Political parties and leaders: + there is no party system and members sit as independents +Suffrage: + 21 years of age; universal +Elections: + House of Keys: + last held in 1991 (next to be held NA 1996); results - percent of vote NA; + no party system; seats - (24 total) independents 24 +Executive branch: + British monarch, lieutenant governor, president, prime minister, Council of + Ministers (cabinet) +Legislative branch: + bicameral Tynwald consists of an upper house or Legislative Council and a + lower house or House of Keys +Judicial branch: + Court of Tynwald +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Lord of Mann Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by + Lieutenant Governor Air Marshal Sir Laurence JONES (since NA 1990) + Head of Government: + President of the Legislative Council Sir Charles KERRUISH (since NA 1990) +Member of: + none +Diplomatic representation in US: + none (British crown dependency) +US diplomatic representation: + none (British crown dependency) +Flag: + red with the Three Legs of Man emblem (Trinacria), in the center; the three + legs are joined at the thigh and bent at the knee; in order to have the toes + pointing clockwise on both sides of the flag, a two-sided emblem is used + +*Man, Isle of, Economy + +Overview: + Offshore banking, manufacturing, and tourism are key sectors of the economy. + The government's policy of offering incentives to high-technology companies + and financial institutions to locate on the island has paid off in expanding + employment opportunities in high-income industries. As a result, agriculture + and fishing, once the mainstays of the economy, have declined in their + shares of GNP. Banking now contributes over 20% to GNP and manufacturing + about 15%. Trade is mostly with the UK. The Isle of Man enjoys free access + to European Community markets. +National product: + GNP - exchange rate conversion - $490 million (1988) +National product real growth rate: + NA% +National product per capita: $7,500 (1988) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 7% (1992 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 1% (1992 est.) +Budget: + revenues $130.4 million; expenditures $114.4 million, including capital + expenditures of $18.1 million (FY85 est.) +Exports: + $NA + commodities: + tweeds, herring, processed shellfish, meat + partners: + UK +Imports: + $NA + commodities: + timber, fertilizers, fish + partners: + UK +External debt: + $NA +Industrial production: + growth rate NA% +Electricity: + 61,000 kW capacity; 190 million kWh produced, 2,965 kWh per capita (1992) +Industries: + an important offshore financial center; financial services, light + manufacturing, tourism +Agriculture: + cereals and vegetables; cattle, sheep, pigs, poultry +Economic aid: + NA +Currency: + 1 Manx pound (#M) = 100 pence +Exchange rates: + Manx pounds (#M) per US$1 - 0.6527 (January 1993), 0.5664 (1992), 0.5652 + (1991), 0.5603 (1990), 0.6099 (1989), 0.5614 (1988); the Manx pound is at + par with the British pound +Fiscal year: + 1 April - 31 March + +*Man, Isle of, Communications + +Railroads: + 60 km; 36 km electric track, 24 km steam track +Highways: + 640 km motorable roads +Ports: + Douglas, Ramsey, Peel +Merchant marine: + 59 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,363,502 GRT/2,363,502 DWT; includes + 10 cargo, 6 container, 9 roll-on/roll-off, 14 oil tanker, 4 chemical tanker, + 4 liquefied gas, 12 bulk; note - a captive register of the United Kingdom, + although not all ships on the register are British owned +Airports: + total: + 1 + useable: + 1 + with permanent-surface runways: + 1 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 1 +Telecommunications: + 24,435 telephones; broadcast stations - 1 AM, 4 FM, 4 TV + +*Man, Isle of, Defense Forces + +Note: + defense is the responsibility of the UK + +*Marshall Islands, Geography + +Location: + Oceania, in the North Pacific Ocean, about two-thirds of the way between + Hawaii and Papua New Guinea +Map references: + Oceania, Standard Time Zones of the World +Area: + total area: + 181.3 km2 + land area: + 181.3 km2 + comparative area: + slightly larger than Washington, DC + note: + includes the atolls of Bikini, Eniwetok, and Kwajalein +Land boundaries: + 0 km +Coastline: + 370.4 km +Maritime claims: + contiguous zone: + 24 nm + exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + territorial sea: + 12 nm +International disputes: + claims US territory of Wake Island +Climate: wet season May to November; hot and humid; islands border typhoon belt +Terrain: + low coral limestone and sand islands +Natural resources: + phosphate deposits, marine products, deep seabed minerals +Land use: + arable land: + 0% + permanent crops: + 60% + meadows and pastures: + 0% + forest and woodland: + 0% + other: + 40% +Irrigated land: + NA km2 +Environment: + occasionally subject to typhoons; two archipelagic island chains of 30 + atolls and 1,152 islands +Note: + Bikini and Eniwetok are former US nuclear test sites; Kwajalein, the famous + World War II battleground, is now used as a US missile test range + +*Marshall Islands, People + +Population: + 51,982 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 3.87% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 46.65 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 7.91 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 50.5 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 62.79 years + male: + 61.27 years + female: + 64.38 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 6.99 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Marshallese (singular and plural) + adjective: + Marshallese +Ethnic divisions: Micronesian +Religions: + Christian (mostly Protestant) +Languages: + English (universally spoken and is the official language), two major + Marshallese dialects from the Malayo-Polynesian family, Japanese +Literacy: + age 15 and over can read and write (1980) + total population: + 93% + male: + 100% + female: + 88% +Labor force: + 4,800 (1986) + by occupation: + NA + +*Marshall Islands, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Republic of the Marshall Islands + conventional short form: + Marshall Islands + former: + Marshall Islands District (Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands) +Digraph: + RM +Type: + constitutional government in free association with the US; the Compact of + Free Association entered into force 21 October 1986 +Capital: + Majuro +Administrative divisions: + none +Independence: + 21 October 1986 (from the US-administered UN trusteeship) +Constitution: + 1 May 1979 +Legal system: + based on adapted Trust Territory laws, acts of the legislature, municipal, + common, and customary laws +National holiday: + Proclamation of the Republic of the Marshall Islands, 1 May (1979) +Political parties and leaders: + no formal parties; President KABUA is chief political (and traditional) + leader +Suffrage: + 18 years of age; universal +Elections: + President: + last held 6 January 1992 (next to be held NA; results - President Amata + KABUA was reelected + Parliament: + last held 18 November 1991 (next to be held November 1995); results - + percent of vote NA; seats - (33 total) +Executive branch: + president, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + unicameral Nitijela (parliament) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + President Amata KABUA (since 1979) +Member of: + AsDB, ESCAP, IBRD, ICAO, IFC, IMF, INTERPOL, SPARTECA, SPC, SPF, UN, UNCTAD, + WHO +Diplomatic representation in US: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Wilfred I. KENDALL + chancery: + 2433 Massachusetts Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20008 + telephone: + (202) 234-5414 +US diplomatic representation: + chief of mission: + Ambassador David C. FIELDS + +*Marshall Islands, Government + + embassy: + NA address, Majuro + mailing address: + P. O. Box 1379, Majuro, Republic of the Marshall Islands 96960-1379 + telephone: + (011) 692-4011 + FAX: + (011) 692-4012 +Flag: + blue with two stripes radiating from the lower hoist-side corner - orange + (top) and white; there is a white star with four large rays and 20 small + rays on the hoist side above the two stripes + +*Marshall Islands, Economy + +Overview: + Agriculture and tourism are the mainstays of the economy. Agricultural + production is concentrated on small farms, and the most important commercial + crops are coconuts, tomatoes, melons, and breadfruit. A few cattle ranches + supply the domestic meat market. Small-scale industry is limited to + handicrafts, fish processing, and copra. The tourist industry is the primary + source of foreign exchange and employs about 10% of the labor force. The + islands have few natural resources, and imports far exceed exports. In 1987 + the US Government provided grants of $40 million out of the Marshallese + budget of $55 million. +National product: + GDP - exchange rate conversion - $63 million (1989 est.) +National product real growth rate: + NA% +National product per capita: + $1,500 (1989 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + NA% +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $55 million; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of + $NA (1987 est.) +Exports: + $2.5 million (f.o.b., 1985) + commodities: + copra, copra oil, agricultural products, handicrafts + partners: + NA +Imports: + $29.2 million (c.i.f., 1985) + commodities: + foodstuffs, beverages, building materials + partners: + NA +External debt: + $NA +Industrial production: + growth rate NA% +Electricity: + 42,000 kW capacity; 80 million kWh produced, 1,840 kWh per capita (1990) +Industries: + copra, fish, tourism; craft items from shell, wood, and pearls; offshore + banking (embryonic) +Agriculture: + coconuts, cacao, taro, breadfruit, fruits, pigs, chickens +Economic aid: + under the terms of the Compact of Free Association, the US is to provide + approximately $40 million in aid annually +Currency: + US currency is used +Exchange rates: + US currency is used +Fiscal year: + 1 October - 30 September + +*Marshall Islands, Communications + +Highways: + paved roads on major islands (Majuro, Kwajalein), otherwise stone-, coral-, + or laterite-surfaced roads and tracks +Ports: Majuro +Merchant marine: + 29 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,786,070 GRT/3,498,895 DWT; includes + 2 cargo, 1 container, 9 oil tanker, 15 bulk carrier, 2 combination ore/oil; + note - a flag of convenience registry +Airports: + total: + 16 + usable: + 16 + with permanent-surface runways: + 4 + with runways over 3,659m: + 0 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 8 +Telecommunications: + telephone network - 570 lines (Majuro) and 186 (Ebeye); telex services; + islands interconnected by shortwave radio (used mostly for government + purposes); broadcast stations - 1 AM, 2 FM, 1 TV, 1 shortwave; 2 Pacific + Ocean INTELSAT earth stations; US Government satellite communications system + on Kwajalein + +*Marshall Islands, Defense Forces + +Note: + defense is the responsibility of the US + +*Martinique, Header + +Affiliation: + (overseas department of France) + +*Martinique, Geography + +Location: + in the Caribbean Sea, off the coast of Venezuela +Map references: + Central America and the Caribbean, South America +Area: + total area: + 1,100 km2 + land area: + 1,060 km2 + comparative area: + slightly more than six times the size of Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + 0 km +Coastline: + 290 km +Maritime claims: + exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + territorial sea: + 12 nm +International disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical; moderated by trade winds; rainy season (June to October) +Terrain: + mountainous with indented coastline; dormant volcano +Natural resources: + coastal scenery and beaches, cultivable land +Land use: + arable land: + 10% + permanent crops: + 8% + meadows and pastures: + 30% + forest and woodland: + 26% + other: + 26% +Irrigated land: + 60 km2 (1989 est.) +Environment: + subject to hurricanes, flooding, and volcanic activity that result in an + average of one major natural disaster every five years + +*Martinique, People + +Population: + 387,656 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 1.21% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 18.07 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 5.94 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 10.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 77.82 years + male: + 74.68 years + female: + 81.01 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: 1.94 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Martiniquais (singular and plural) + adjective: + Martiniquais +Ethnic divisions: + African and African-Caucasian-Indian mixture 90%, Caucasian 5%, East Indian, + Lebanese, Chinese less than 5% +Religions: + Roman Catholic 95%, Hindu and pagan African 5% +Languages: + French, Creole patois +Literacy: + age 15 and over can read and write (1982) + total population: + 93% + male: + 92% + female: + 93% +Labor force: + 100,000 + by occupation: + service industry 31.7%, construction and public works 29.4%, agriculture + 13.1%, industry 7.3%, fisheries 2.2%, other 16.3% + +*Martinique, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Department of Martinique + conventional short form: + Martinique + local long form: + Departement de la Martinique + local short form: + Martinique +Digraph: + MB +Type: + overseas department of France +Capital: + Fort-de-France +Administrative divisions: + none (overseas department of France) +Independence: + none (overseas department of France) +Constitution: + 28 September 1958 (French Constitution) +Legal system: + French legal system +National holiday: + National Day, Taking of the Bastille, 14 July (1789) +Political parties and leaders: + Rally for the Republic (RPR); Union for a Martinique of Progress (UMP); + Martinique Progressive Party (PPM); Socialist Federation of Martinique + (FSM); Martinique Communist Party (PCM); Martinique Patriots (PM); Union for + French Democracy (UDF) +Other political or pressure groups: + Proletarian Action Group (GAP); Alhed Marie-Jeanne Socialist Revolution + Group (GRS); Martinique Independence Movement (MIM); Caribbean Revolutionary + Alliance (ARC); Central Union for Martinique Workers (CSTM), Marc PULVAR; + Frantz Fanon Circle; League of Workers and Peasants +Suffrage: + 18 years of age; universal +Elections: + French Senate: + last held 24 September 1989 (next to be held NA); results - percent of vote + by party NA; seats - (2 total) UDF 1, PPM 1 + French National Assembly: + last held on 5 and 12 June 1988 (next to be held June 1993); results - + percent of vote by party NA; seats - (4 total) PPM 1, FSM 1, RPR 1, UDF 1 + General Council: + last held in 25 September and 8 October 1988 (next to be held by NA); + results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (44 total) number of seats by + party NA; note - a leftist coalition obtained a one-seat margin + Regional Assembly: + last held on NA March 1992 (next to be held by March 1998); results - + percent of vote by party NA; seats - (41 total) UMP 16 +Executive branch: + government commissioner +Legislative branch: + unicameral General Council +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court + +*Martinique, Government + +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Francois MITTERRAND (since 21 May 1981) + Head of Government: + Government Commissioner Jean Claude ROURE (since 5 May 1989); President of + the General Council Emile MAURICE (since NA 1988) +Member of: + FZ, WCL +Diplomatic representation in US: + as an overseas department of France, Martiniquais interests are represented + in the US by France +US diplomatic representation: + chief of mission: + Consul General Raymond G. ROBINSON + embassy: + Consulate General at 14 Rue Blenac, Fort-de-France + mailing address: + B. P. 561, Fort-de-France 97206 + telephone: [596] 63-13-03 +Flag: + the flag of France is used + +*Martinique, Economy + +Overview: + The economy is based on sugarcane, bananas, tourism, and light industry. + Agriculture accounts for about 10% of GDP and the small industrial sector + for 10%. Sugar production has declined, with most of the sugarcane now used + for the production of rum. Banana exports are increasing, going mostly to + France. The bulk of meat, vegetable, and grain requirements must be + imported, contributing to a chronic trade deficit that requires large annual + transfers of aid from France. Tourism has become more important than + agricultural exports as a source of foreign exchange. The majority of the + work force is employed in the service sector and in administration. Banana + workers launched protests late in 1992 because of falling banana prices and + fears of greater competition in the European market from other producers. +National product: + GDP - exchange rate conversion - $2 billion (1988) +National product real growth rate: + NA% +National product per capita: + $6,000 (1988) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 3.9% (1990) +Unemployment rate: + 32.1% (1990) +Budget: + revenues $268 million; expenditures $268 million, including capital + expenditures of $NA (1989 est.) +Exports: + $196 million (f.o.b., 1988) + commodities: + refined petroleum products, bananas, rum, pineapples + partners: + France 65%, Guadeloupe 24%, Germany (1987) +Imports: + $1.3 billion (c.i.f., 1988) + commodities: + petroleum products, crude oil, foodstuffs, construction materials, vehicles, + clothing and other consumer goods + partners: + France 65%, UK, Italy, Germany, Japan, US (1987) +External debt: + $NA +Industrial production: + growth rate NA% +Electricity: + 113,100 kW capacity; 588 million kWh produced, 1,580 kWh per capita (1992) +Industries: + construction, rum, cement, oil refining, sugar, tourism +Agriculture: + including fishing and forestry, accounts for about 12% of GDP; principal + crops - pineapples, avocados, bananas, flowers, vegetables, sugarcane for + rum; dependent on imported food, particularly meat and vegetables +Economic aid: + Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), + $10.1 billion +Currency: + 1 French franc (F) = 100 centimes +Exchange rates: + French francs (F) per US$1 - 5.4812 (January 1993), 5.2938 (1992), 5.6421 + (1991), 5.4453 (1990), 6.3801 (1989), 5.9569 (1988) + +*Martinique, Economy + +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +*Martinique, Communications + +Highways: + 1,680 km total; 1,300 km paved, 380 km gravel and earth +Ports: + Fort-de-France +Airports: + total: + 2 + useable: + 2 + with permanent-surface runways: + 1 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 1 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 0 +Telecommunications: + domestic facilities are adequate; 68,900 telephones; interisland microwave + radio relay links to Guadeloupe, Dominica, and Saint Lucia; broadcast + stations - 1 AM, 6 FM, 10 TV; 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth stations + +*Martinique, Defense Forces + +Branches: + French Forces, Gendarmerie +Note: + defense is the responsibility of France + +*Mauritania, Geography + +Location: + Northern Africa, along the North Atlantic Ocean, between Western Sahara and + Senegal +Map references: + Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World +Area: + total area: + 1,030,700 km2 + land area: + 1,030,400 km2 + comparative area: + slightly larger than three times the size of New Mexico +Land boundaries: + total 5,074 km, Algeria 463 km, Mali 2,237 km, Senegal 813 km, Western + Sahara 1,561 km +Coastline: + 754 km +Maritime claims: + contiguous zone: + 24 nm + continental shelf: + 200 nm or the edge of continental margin + exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + territorial sea: + 12 nm +International disputes: + boundary with Senegal +Climate: + desert; constantly hot, dry, dusty +Terrain: + mostly barren, flat plains of the Sahara; some central hills +Natural resources: + iron ore, gypsum, fish, copper, phosphate +Land use: + arable land: + 1% + permanent crops: + 0% + meadows and pastures: + 38% + forest and woodland: + 5% + other: + 56% +Irrigated land: + 120 km2 (1989 est.) +Environment: + hot, dry, dust/sand-laden sirocco wind blows primarily in March and April; + desertification; only perennial river is the Senegal + +*Mauritania, People + +Population: + 2,124,792 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 3.14% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 47.97 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 16.54 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 87 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 47.59 years + male: + 44.81 years + female: + 50.48 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 7.05 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Mauritanian(s) + adjective: + Mauritanian +Ethnic divisions: + mixed Maur/black 40%, Maur 30%, black 30% +Religions: + Muslim 100% +Languages: + Hasaniya Arabic (official), Pular, Soninke, Wolof (official) +Literacy: + age 10 and over can read and write (1990) + total population: + 34% + male: + 47% + female: + 21% +Labor force: + 465,000 (1981 est.); 45,000 wage earners (1980) + by occupation: + agriculture 47%, services 29%, industry and commerce 14%, government 10% + note: + 53% of population of working age (1985) + +*Mauritania, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Islamic Republic of Mauritania + conventional short form: + Mauritania local long form: + Al Jumhuriyah al Islamiyah al Muritaniyah + local short form: + Muritaniyah +Digraph: + MR +Type: + republic +Capital: + Nouakchott +Administrative divisions: + 12 regions(regions, singular - region); Adrar, Assaba, Brakna, Dakhlet + Nouadhibou, Gorgol, Guidimaka, Hodh ech Chargui, Hodh el Gharbi, Inchiri, + Tagant, Tiris Zemmour, Trarza + note: + there may be a new capital district of Nouakchott +Independence: + 28 November 1960 (from France) +Constitution: + 12 July 1991 +Legal system: + three-tier system: Islamic (Shari'a) courts, special courts, state security + courts (in the process of being eliminated) +National holiday: + Independence Day, 28 November (1960) +Political parties and leaders: + legalized by constitution passed 12 July 1991, however, politics continue to + be tribally based; emerging parties include Democratic and Social Republican + Party (PRDS), led by President Col. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed TAYA; Union of + Democratic Forces - New Era (UFD/NE), headed by Ahmed Ould DADDAH; Assembly + for Democracy and Unity (RDU), Ahmed Ould SIDI BABA; Popular Social and + Democratic Union (UPSD), Mohamed Mahmoud Ould MAH; Mauritanian Party for + Renewal (PMR), Hameida BOUCHRAYA; National Avant-Garde Party (PAN), Khattry + Ould JIDDOU; Mauritanian Party of the Democratic Center (PCDM), Bamba Ould + SIDI BADI +Other political or pressure groups: + Mauritanian Workers Union (UTM) +Suffrage: + 18 years of age; universal +Elections: + President: + last held January 1992 (next to be held January 1998); results - President + Col. Maaouya Ould Sid 'Ahmed TAYA elected + Senate: + last held 3 and 10 April 1992 (one-third of the seats up for re-election in + 1994) + National Assembly: + last held 6 and 13 March 1992 (next to be held March 1997) +Executive branch: + president +Legislative branch: + bicameral legislature consists of an upper house or Senate (Majlis + al-Shuyukh) and a lower house or National Assembly (Majlis al-Watani) + +*Mauritania, Government + +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court (Cour Supreme) +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + President Col. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed TAYA (since 12 December 1984) +Member of: + ABEDA, ACCT (associate), ACP, AfDB, AFESD, AL, AMF, AMU, CAEU, CCC, CEAO, + ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, + IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, + UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation in US: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Mohamed Fall OULD AININA + chancery: + 2129 Leroy Place NW, Washington, DC 20008 + telephone: + (202) 232-5700 +US diplomatic representation: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Gordon S. BROWN + embassy: + address NA, Nouakchott + mailing address: + B. P. 222, Nouakchott + telephone: + [222] (2) 526-60 or 526-63 + FAX: + [222] (2) 525-89 +Flag: + green with a yellow five-pointed star above a yellow, horizontal crescent; + the closed side of the crescent is down; the crescent, star, and color green + are traditional symbols of Islam + +*Mauritania, Economy + +Overview: + A majority of the population still depends on agriculture and livestock for + a livelihood, even though most of the nomads and many subsistence farmers + were forced into the cities by recurrent droughts in the 1970s and 1980s. + Mauritania has extensive deposits of iron ore, which account for almost 50% + of total exports. The decline in world demand for this ore, however, has led + to cutbacks in production. The nation's coastal waters are among the richest + fishing areas in the world, but overexploitation by foreigners threatens + this key source of revenue. The country's first deepwater port opened near + Nouakchott in 1986. In recent years, the droughts, the endemic conflict with + Senegal, rising energy costs, and economic mismanagement have resulted in a + substantial buildup of foreign debt. The government has begun the second + stage of an economic reform program in consultation with the World Bank, the + IMF, and major donor countries. But the reform process suffered a major + setback following the Gulf war of early 1991. Because of Mauritania's + support of SADDAM Husayn, bilateral aid from its two top donors, Saudi + Arabia and Kuwait, was suspended, and multilateral aid was reduced. +National product: + GDP - exchange rate conversion - $1.1 billion (1991 est.) +National product real growth rate: + 3% (1991 est.) +National product per capita: + $555 (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 6.2% (1991 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 20% (1991 est.) +Budget: + revenues $280 million; expenditures $346 million, including capital + expenditures of $61 million (1989 est.) +Exports: + $447 million (f.o.b., 1990) + commodities: + iron ore, processed fish, small amounts of gum arabic and gypsum; unrecorded + but numerically significant cattle exports to Senegal + partners: + EC 43%, Japan 27%, USSR 11%, Cote d'Ivoire 3% +Imports: + $385 million (c.i.f., 1990) + commodities: + foodstuffs, consumer goods, petroleum products, capital goods + partners: + EC 60%, Algeria 15%, China 6%, US 3% +External debt: + $1.9 billion (1990) +Industrial production: + growth rate 4.4% (1988 est.); accounts for almost 33% of GDP +Electricity: + 190,000 kW capacity; 135 million kWh produced, 70 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + fish processing, mining of iron ore and gypsum +Agriculture: + accounts for 50% of GDP (including fishing); largely subsistence farming and + nomadic cattle and sheep herding except in Senegal river valley; crops - + dates, millet, sorghum, root crops; fish products number-one export; large + food deficit in years of drought + +*Mauritania, Economy + +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $168 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1.3 billion; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $490 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $277 + million; Arab Development Bank (1991), $20 million +Currency: + 1 ouguiya (UM) = 5 khoums +Exchange rates: + ouguiya (UM) per US$1 - 116.990 (February 1993), 87.082 (1992), 81.946 + (1991), 80.609 (1990), 83.051 (1989), 75.261 (1988) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +*Mauritania, Communications + +Railroads: + 690 km 1.435-meter (standard) gauge, single track, owned and operated by + government mining company +Highways: + 7,525 km total; 1,685 km paved; 1,040 km gravel, crushed stone, or otherwise + improved; 4,800 km unimproved roads, trails, tracks +Inland waterways: + mostly ferry traffic on the Senegal River +Ports: + Nouadhibou, Nouakchott +Merchant marine: + 1 cargo ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,290 GRT/1,840 DWT +Airports: + total: + 29 + usable: + 29 + with permanent-surface runways: + 9 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 1 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 5 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 16 +Telecommunications: + poor system of cable and open-wire lines, minor microwave radio relay links, + and radio communications stations (improvements being made); broadcast + stations - 2 AM, no FM, 1 TV; satellite earth stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean + INTELSAT and 2 ARABSAT, with six planned + +*Mauritania, Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy, Air Force, National Gendarmerie, National Guard, National + Police, Presidential Guard +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 452,008; fit for military service 220,717 (1993 est.); + conscription law not implemented +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $40 million, 4.2% of GDP (1989) + +*Mauritius, Geography + +Location: + Southern Africa, in the western Indian Ocean, 900 km east of Madagascar +Map references: Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World +Area: + total area: + 1,860 km2 + land area: + 1,850 km2 + comparative area: + slightly less than 10.5 times the size of Washington, DC + note: + includes Agalega Islands, Cargados Carajos Shoals (Saint Brandon), and + Rodrigues +Land boundaries: + 0 km +Coastline: + 177 km +Maritime claims: + contiguous zone: + 24 nm + continental shelf: + 200 nm or the edge of continental margin + exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + territorial sea: + 12 nm +International disputes: + claims UK-administered Chagos Archipelago, which includes the island of + Diego Garcia in UK-administered British Indian Ocean Territory; claims + French-administered Tromelin Island +Climate: + tropical modified by southeast trade winds; warm, dry winter (May to + November); hot, wet, humid summer (November to May) +Terrain: + small coastal plain rising to discontinuous mountains encircling central + plateau +Natural resources: + arable land, fish +Land use: + arable land: + 54% + permanent crops: + 4% + meadows and pastures: + 4% + forest and woodland: + 31% + other: + 7% +Irrigated land: + 170 km2 (1989 est.) +Environment: + subject to cyclones (November to April); almost completely surrounded by + reefs + +*Mauritius, People + +Population: + 1,106,516 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 0.95% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 19.67 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 6.44 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + -3.71 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 19 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 70.24 years + male: + 66.34 years + female: + 74.3 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 2.23 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Mauritian(s) + adjective: + Mauritian +Ethnic divisions: + Indo-Mauritian 68%, Creole 27%, Sino-Mauritian 3%, Franco-Mauritian 2% +Religions: + Hindu 52%, Christian 28.3% (Roman Catholic 26%, Protestant 2.3%), Muslim + 16.6%, other 3.1% +Languages: + English (official), Creole, French, Hindi, Urdu, Hakka, Bojpoori +Literacy: + age 13 and over can read and write (1962) + total population: + 61% + male: + 72% + female: + 50% +Labor force: + 335,000 + by occupation: + government services 29%, agriculture and fishing 27%, manufacturing 22%, + other 22% + note: + 43% of population of working age (1985) + +*Mauritius, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: Republic of Mauritius + conventional short form: + Mauritius +Digraph: + MP +Type: + parliamentary democracy +Capital: + Port Louis +Administrative divisions: + 9 districts and 3 dependencies*; Agalega Islands*, Black River, Cargados, Carajos*, Flacq, +Grand, Port, Moka, Pamplemousses, Plaines Wilhems, Port + Louis, Riviere du Rempart, Rodrigues*, Savanne, Independence: + 12 March 1968 (from UK) +Constitution: + 12 March 1968 +Legal system: + based on French civil law system with elements of English common law in + certain areas +National holiday: + Independence Day, 12 March (1968) +Political parties and leaders: + government coalition: + Militant Socialist Movement (MSM), A. JUGNAUTH + Mauritian Militant Movement (MMM), Paul BERENGER; Organization of the People + of Rodrigues (OPR), Louis Serge CLAIR; Democratic Labor Movement (MTD), Anil + BAICHOO + opposition: + Mauritian Labor Party (MLP), Navin RAMGOOLMAN + Socialist Workers Front, Sylvio MICHEL; Mauritian Social Democratic Party + (PMSD), X. DUVAL +Other political or pressure groups: + various labor unions +Suffrage: + 18 years of age; universal +Elections: + Legislative Assembly: + last held on 15 September 1991 (next to be held by 15 September 1996); + results - MSM/MMM 53%, MLP/PMSD 38%; seats - (70 total, 62 elected) MSM/MMM + alliance 59 (MSM 29, MMM 26, OPR 2, MTD 2); MLP/PMSD 3 +Executive branch: + president, vice president, prime minister, deputy prime minister, Council of + Ministers (cabinet) +Legislative branch: + unicameral Legislative Assembly +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Cassam UTEEM (since 1 July 1992); Vice President Robin Dranooth + GHURBURRON (since 1 July 1992) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Sir Anerood JUGNAUTH (since 12 June 1982); Deputy Prime + Minister Prem NABABSING (since 26 September 1990) + +*Mauritius, Government + +Member of: + ACCT, ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, + IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO (correspondent), ITU, + LORCS, NAM, OAU, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, + WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation in US: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Chitmansing JESSERAMSING + chancery: + Suite 134, 4301 Connecticut Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 + telephone: + (202) 244-1491 or 1492 +US diplomatic representation: + chief of mission: + Ambassador vacant + embassy: + 4th Floor, Rogers House, John Kennedy Street, Port Louis + mailing address: + 4th Floor, Rogers House, John Kennedy Street, Port Louis + telephone: + [230] 208-9763 through 208-9767 + FAX: + [230] 208-9534 +Flag: + four equal horizontal bands of red (top), blue, yellow, and green + +*Mauritius, Economy + +Overview: + The economy is based on sugar, manufacturing (mainly textiles), and tourism. + Sugarcane is grown on about 90% of the cultivated land area and accounts for + 40% of export earnings. The government's development strategy is centered on + industrialization (with a view to exports), agricultural diversification, + and tourism. Economic performance in FY91 was impressive, with 6% real + growth and low unemployment. +National product: + GDP - exchange rate conversion - $2.5 billion (FY91 est.) +National product real growth rate: + 6.1% (FY91 est.) +National product per capita: + $2,300 (FY91 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 7% (FY91) +Unemployment rate: + 2.4% (1991 est.) +Budget: + revenues $557 million; expenditures $607 million, including capital + expenditures of $111 million (FY90) +Exports: + $1.2 billion (f.o.b., 1990) + commodities: + textiles 44%, sugar 40%, light manufactures 10% + partners: + EC and US have preferential treatment, EC 77%, US 15% +Imports: + $1.6 billion (f.o.b., 1990) + commodities: + manufactured goods 50%, capital equipment 17%, foodstuffs 13%, petroleum + products 8%, chemicals 7% + partners: + EC, US, South Africa, Japan +External debt: + $869 million (1991 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 7% (1990); accounts for 25% of GDP +Electricity: + 235,000 kW capacity; 630 million kWh produced, 570 kWh per capita (1992) +Industries: + food processing (largely sugar milling), textiles, wearing apparel, + chemicals, metal products, transport equipment, nonelectrical machinery, + tourism +Agriculture: + accounts for 10% of GDP; about 90% of cultivated land in sugarcane; other + products - tea, corn, potatoes, bananas, pulses, cattle, goats, fish; net + food importer, especially rice and fish +Illicit drugs: + illicit producer of cannabis for the international drug trade +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $76 million; Western (non-US) + countries (1970-89), $709 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $54 + million +Currency: + 1 Mauritian rupee (MauR) = 100 cents +Exchange rates: + Mauritian rupees (MauRs) per US$1 - 16.982 (January 1993), 15.563 (1992), + 15.652 (1991), 14.839 (1990), 15.250 (1989), 13.438 (1988) + +*Mauritius, Economy + +Fiscal year: + 1 July - 30 June + +*Mauritius, Communications + +Highways: + 1,800 km total; 1,640 km paved, 160 km earth +Ports: + Port Louis +Merchant marine: + 7 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 103,328 GRT/163,142 DWT; includes 3 + cargo, 1 liquefied gas, 3 bulk +Airports: total: + 5 + usable: + 4 + with permanent-surface runways: + 2 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 1 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 0 +Telecommunications: + small system with good service utilizing primarily microwave radio relay; + new microwave link to Reunion; high-frequency radio links to several + countries; over 48,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 2 AM, no FM, 4 TV; 1 + Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth station + +*Mauritius, Defense Forces + +Branches: + National Police Force (including the paramilitary Special Mobile Force + (SMF), Special Support Units (SSU), and National Coast Guard +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 312,056; fit for military service 159,408 (1993 est.) +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $5 million, 0.2% of GDP (FY89) + +*Mayotte, Header + +Affiliation: + (territorial collectivity of France) + +*Mayotte, Geography + +Location: + Southern Africa, in the northern Mozambique Channel about halfway between + Madagascar and Mozambique +Map references: + Africa +Area: + total area: + 375 km2 + land area: + 375 km2 + comparative area: + slightly more than twice the size of Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + 0 km +Coastline: 185.2 km +Maritime claims: + exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + territorial sea: + 12 nm +International disputes: + claimed by Comoros +Climate: + tropical; marine; hot, humid, rainy season during northeastern monsoon + (November to May); dry season is cooler (May to November) +Terrain: + generally undulating with ancient volcanic peaks, deep ravines +Natural resources: + negligible +Land use: + arable land: + NA% + permanent crops: + NA% + meadows and pastures: + NA% + forest and woodland: + NA% + other: + NA% +Irrigated land: + NA km2 +Environment: + subject to cyclones during rainy season +Note: + part of Comoro Archipelago + +*Mayotte, People + +Population: + 89,983 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 3.8% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 49.22 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 11.22 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 81.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 57.35 years + male: + 55.23 years + female: + 59.55 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 6.84 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Mahorais (singular and plural) + adjective: + Mahoran +Ethnic divisions: + NA +Religions: + Muslim 99%, Christian (mostly Roman Catholic) +Languages: + Mahorian (a Swahili dialect), French +Literacy: + total population: + NA + male: + NA + female: + NA +Labor force: + NA + +*Mayotte, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Territorial Collectivity of Mayotte + conventional short form: + Mayotte +Digraph: + MF +Type: + territorial collectivity of France +Capital: + Mamoutzou +Administrative divisions: + none (territorial collectivity of France) +Independence: + none (territorial collectivity of France) +Constitution: + 28 September 1958 (French Constitution) +Legal system: + French law +National holiday: + Taking of the Bastille, 14 July (1789) +Political parties and leaders: + Mahoran Popular Movement (MPM), Younoussa BAMANA; Party for the Mahoran + Democratic Rally (PRDM), Daroueche MAOULIDA; Mahoran Rally for the Republic + (RMPR), Mansour KAMARDINE; Union of the Center (UDC) +Suffrage: + 18 years of age; universal +Elections: + General Council: last held March 1991 (next to be held March 1996); results - percent of vote + by party NA; seats - (17 total) MPM 12, RPR 5 + French Senate: + last held on 24 September 1989 (next to be held September 1993); results - + percent of vote by party NA; seats - (1 total) MPM 1 + French National Assembly: + last held 5 and 12 June 1988 (next to be held June 1993); results - percent + of vote by party NA; seats - (1 total) UDC 1 +Executive branch: + government commissioner +Legislative branch: + unicameral General Council (Conseil General) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court (Tribunal Superieur d'Appel) +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Francois MITTERRAND (since 21 May 1981) + Head of Government: + Commissioner, Representative of the French Government Jean-Paul COSTE (since + NA 1991); President of the General Council Youssouf BAMANA (since NA 1976) +Member of: + FZ +Diplomatic representation in US: + as a territorial collectivity of France, Mahoran interests are represented + in the US by France +Flag: + the flag of France is used + +*Mayotte, Economy + +Overview: + Economic activity is based primarily on the agricultural sector, including + fishing and livestock raising. Mayotte is not self-sufficient and must + import a large portion of its food requirements, mainly from France. The + economy and future development of the island are heavily dependent on French + financial assistance. +National product: + GDP $NA +National product real growth rate: + NA% +National product per capita: + $NA +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + NA% +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $NA; expenditures $37.3 million, including capital expenditures of + $NA (1985) +Exports: + $4.0 million (f.o.b., 1984) + commodities: + ylang-ylang, vanilla + partners: France 79%, Comoros 10%, Reunion 9% +Imports: + $21.8 million (f.o.b., 1984) + commodities: + building materials, transportation equipment, rice, clothing, flour + partners: + France 57%, Kenya 16%, South Africa 11%, Pakistan 8% +External debt: + $NA +Industrial production: + growth rate NA% +Electricity: + NA kW capacity; NA million kWh produced, NA kWh per capita +Industries: + newly created lobster and shrimp industry +Agriculture: + most important sector; provides all export earnings; crops - vanilla, + ylang-ylang, coffee, copra; imports major share of food needs +Economic aid: + Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), + $402 million +Currency: + 1 French franc (F) = 100 centimes +Exchange rates: + French francs (F) per US$1 - 5.4812 (January 1993), 5.2938 (1992), 5.6421 + (1991), 5.4453 (1990), 6.3801 (1989), 5.9569 (1988) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +*Mayotte, Communications + +Highways: + 42 km total; 18 km bituminous +Ports: + Dzaoudzi +Airports: + total: + 1 + usable: + 1 + with permanet-surface runways: + 1 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 1 +Telecommunications: + small system administered by French Department of Posts and + Telecommunications; includes radio relay and high-frequency radio + communications for links to Comoros and international communications; 450 + telephones; broadcast stations - 1 AM, no FM, no TV + +*Mayotte, Defense Forces + +Note: + defense is the responsibility of France + +*Mexico, Geography + +Location: + Central America, between Guatemala and the US +Map references: + North America, Standard Time Zones of the World +Area: + total area: + 1,972,550 km2 + land area: + 1,923,040 km2 + comparative area: + slightly less than three times the size of Texas +Land boundaries: + total 4,538 km, Belize 250 km, Guatemala 962 km, US 3,326 km +Coastline: + 9,330 km +Maritime claims: + contiguous zone: + 24 nm + continental shelf: + 200 nm or the natural prolongation of continental margin + exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + territorial sea: + 12 nm +International disputes: + claims Clipperton Island (French possession) +Climate: + varies from tropical to desert +Terrain: + high, rugged mountains, low coastal plains, high plateaus, and desert +Natural resources: + petroleum, silver, copper, gold, lead, zinc, natural gas, timber +Land use: + arable land: + 12% + permanent crops: + 1% + meadows and pastures: + 39% + forest and woodland: + 24% + other: + 24% +Irrigated land: + 51,500 km2 (1989 est.) +Environment: + subject to tsunamis along the Pacific coast and destructive earthquakes in + the center and south; natural water resources scarce and polluted in north, + inaccessible and poor quality in center and extreme southeast; + deforestation; erosion widespread; desertification; serious air pollution in + Mexico City and urban centers along US-Mexico border +Note: + strategic location on southern border of US + +*Mexico, People + +Population: + 90,419,606 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 1.97% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 27.67 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 4.82 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + -3.15 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 28.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 72.55 years + male: + 68.99 years + female: + 76.3 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 3.25 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Mexican(s) + adjective: + Mexican +Ethnic divisions: + mestizo (Indian-Spanish) 60%, Amerindian or predominantly Amerindian 30%, + Caucasian or predominantly Caucasian 9%, other 1% +Religions: + nominally Roman Catholic 89%, Protestant 6% +Languages: + Spanish, various Mayan dialects +Literacy: + age 15 and over can read and write (1990) + total population: + 87% + male: + 90% + female: + 85% +Labor force: + 26.2 million (1990) + by occupation: + services 31.7%, agriculture, forestry, hunting, and fishing 28%, commerce + 14.6%, manufacturing 11.1%, construction 8.4%, transportation 4.7%, mining + and quarrying 1.5% + +*Mexico, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + United Mexican States + conventional short form: + Mexico + local long form: + Estados Unidos Mexicanos + local short form: + Mexico +Digraph: + MX +Type: + federal republic operating under a centralized government +Capital: + Mexico +Administrative divisions: + 31 states (estados, singular - estado) and 1 federal district* (distrito, federal); +Aguascalientes, Baja California, Baja California Sur, Campeche, + Chiapas, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Colima, Distrito Federal*, Durango,, Guanajuato, Guerrero, +Hidalgo, Jalisco, Mexico, Michoacan, Morelos, Nayarit, + Nuevo Leon, Oaxaca, Puebla, Queretaro, Quintana Roo, San Luis Potosi, + Sinaloa, Sonora, Tabasco, Tamaulipas, Tlaxcala, Veracruz, Yucatan, Zacatecas +Independence: + 16 September 1810 (from Spain) +Constitution: + 5 February 1917 +Legal system: + mixture of US constitutional theory and civil law system; judicial review of + legislative acts; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations +National holiday: + Independence Day, 16 September (1810) +Political parties and leaders: + (recognized parties) Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI), Fernando Ortiz + Arana; National Action Party (PAN), Carlos CASTILLO; Popular Socialist Party + (PPS), Indalecio SAYAGO Herrera; Democratic Revolutionary Party (PRD), + Roberto ROBLES Garnica; Cardenist Front for the National Reconstruction + Party (PFCRN), Rafael AGUILAR Talamantes; Authentic Party of the Mexican + Revolution (PARM), Carlos Enrique CANTU Rosas; Democratic Forum Party (PFD), + Pablo Emilio MADERO; Mexican Ecologist Party (PEM), Jorge GONZALEZ Torres +Other political or pressure groups: + Roman Catholic Church; Confederation of Mexican Workers (CTM); Confederation + of Industrial Chambers (CONCAMIN); Confederation of National Chambers of + Commerce (CONCANACO); National Peasant Confederation (CNC); Revolutionary + Workers Party (PRT); Revolutionary Confederation of Workers and Peasants + (CROC); Regional Confederation of Mexican Workers (CROM); Confederation of + Employers of the Mexican Republic (COPARMEX); National Chamber of + Transformation Industries (CANACINTRA); Coordinator for Foreign Trade + Business Organizations (COECE); Federation of Unions Provding Goods and + Services (FESEBES) +Suffrage: + 18 years of age; universal and compulsory (but not enforced) +Elections: + President: + last held on 6 July 1988 (next to be held August 1994); results - Carlos + SALINAS de Gortari (PRI) 50.74%, Cuauhtemoc CARDENAS Solorzano (FDN) 31.06%, + Manuel CLOUTHIER (PAN) 16.81%; other 1.39%; note - several of the smaller + parties ran a common candidate under a coalition called the National + Democratic Front (FDN) + +*Mexico, Government + + Senate: + last held on 18 August 1991 (next to be held midyear 1994); results - + percent of vote by party NA; seats in full Senate - (64 total) PRI 62, PRD + 1, PAN 1 + Chamber of Deputies: + last held on 18 August 1991 (next to be held midyear 1994); results - PRI + 53%, PAN 20%, PFCRN 10%, PPS 6%, PARM 7%, PMS (now part of PRD) 4%; seats - + (500 total) PRI 320, PAN 89, PRD 41, PFCRN 23, PARM 15, PPS 12 +Executive branch: + president, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + bicameral National Congress (Congreso de la Union) consists of an upper + chamber or Senate (Camara de Senadores) and a lower chamber or Chamber of + Deputies (Camara de Diputados) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court of Justice (Corte Suprema de Justicia) +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + President Carlos SALINAS de Gortari (since 1 December 1988) +Member of: + AG (observer), CARICOM (observer), CCC, CDB, CG, EBRD, ECLAC, FAO, G-3, G-6, + G-11, G-15, G-19, G-24, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, + IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, + LAES, LAIA, LORCS, NAM (observer), OAS, OPANAL, PCA, RG, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, + UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation in US: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Jorge MONTANO Martinez + chancery: + 1911 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20006 + telephone: + (202) 728-1600 + consulates general: + Chicago, Dallas, Denver, Los Angeles, New Orleans, New York, San Juan + (Puerto Rico) + consulates: + Albuquerque, Atlanta, Austin, Boston, Brownsville (Texas), Calexico + (California), Corpus Christi, Detroit, Fresno (California), Miami, Nogales + (Arizona), Philadelphia, Phoenix, St. Louis, Salt Lake City, Seattle +US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: + Ambassador John D. NEGROPONTE, Jr. + embassy: + Paseo de la Reforma 305, 06500 Mexico, D.F. + mailing address: + P. O. Box 3087, Laredo, TX 78044-3087 + telephone: + [52] (5) 211-0042 + FAX: + [52] (5) 511-9980, 208-3373 + consulates general: + Ciudad Juarez, Guadalajara, Monterrey, Tijuana + consulates: + Hermosillo, Matamoros, Mazatlan, Merida, Nuevo Laredo +Flag: + three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), white, and red; the coat + of arms (an eagle perched on a cactus with a snake in its beak) is centered + in the white band + +*Mexico, Economy + +Overview: + Mexico's economy is a mixture of state-owned industrial facilities (notably + oil), private manufacturing and services, and both large-scale and + traditional agriculture. In the 1980s, Mexico experienced severe economic + difficulties: the nation accumulated large external debts as world petroleum + prices fell; rapid population growth outstripped the domestic food supply; + and inflation, unemployment, and pressures to emigrate became more acute. + Growth in national output, however, has recovered, rising from 1.4% in 1988 + to 4% in 1990 and 3.6% in 1991 and coming in at 2.6% in 1992. The US is + Mexico's major trading partner, accounting for almost three-quarters of its + exports and imports. After petroleum, border assembly plants and tourism are + the largest earners of foreign exchange. The government, in consultation + with international economic agencies, has been implementing programs to + stabilize the economy and foster growth. For example, it has privatized more + than two-thirds of its state-owned companies (parastatals), including banks. + In 1991-92 the government conducted negotiations with the US and Canada on a + North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), which was still being discussed + by the three countries in early 1993. In January 1993, Mexico replaced its + old peso with a new peso, at the rate of 1,000 old to 1 new peso. + Notwithstanding the palpable improvements in economic performance in the + early 1990s, Mexico faces substantial problems for the remainder of the + decade - e.g., rapid population growth, unemployment, and serious pollution, + particularly in Mexico City. +National product: + GDP - exchange rate conversion - $328 billion (1992 est.) +National product real growth rate: + 2.6% (1992) +National product per capita: + $3,600 (1992 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 11.9% (1992) +Unemployment rate: + 14%-17% (1991 est.) +Budget: + revenues $58.9 billion; expenditures $48.3 billion, including capital + expenditures of $6.5 billion (1991); figures do not include state-owned + companies +Exports: + $27.5 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.) + commodities: + crude oil, oil products, coffee, shrimp, engines, motor vehicles, cotton, + consumer electronics + partners: + US 74%, Japan 8%, EC 4% (1992 est.) +Imports: + $48.1 billion (c.i.f., 1992 est.) + commodities: + metal-working machines, steel mill products, agricultural machinery, + electrical equipment, car parts for assembly, repair parts for motor + vehicles, aircraft, and aircraft parts + partners: + US 74%, Japan, 11%, EC 6% (1992) +External debt: + $104 billion (1992 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 5.5% (1991 est.); accounts for 28% of GDP +Electricity: + 27,000,000 kW capacity; 120,725 million kWh produced, 1,300 kWh per capita + (1992) + +*Mexico, Economy + +Industries: + food and beverages, tobacco, chemicals, iron and steel, petroleum, mining, + textiles, clothing, motor vehicles, consumer durables, tourism +Agriculture: + accounts for 9% of GDP and over 25% of work force; large number of small + farms at subsistence level; major food crops - corn, wheat, rice, beans; + cash crops - cotton, coffee, fruit, tomatoes; fish catch of 1.4 million + metric tons among top 20 nations (1987) +Illicit drugs: + illicit cultivation of opium poppy and cannabis continues in spite of active + government eradication program; major supplier to the US market; continues + as the primary transshipment country for US-bound cocaine from South America +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $3.1 billion; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $7.7 billion; + Communist countries (1970-89), $110 million +Currency: + 1 New Mexican peso (Mex$) = 100 centavos +Exchange rates: + market rate of Mexican pesos (Mex$) per US$1 - 3.100 (January 1993), 3,198 + (November 1992), 3,018.4 (1991), 2,812.6 (1990), 2,461.3 (1989), 2,273.1 + (1988); note - the new pesos replaced the old pesos on 1 January 1993; 1 new + pesos = 1,000 old pesos +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +*Mexico, Communications + +Railroads: + 24,500 km total +Highways: + 212,000 km total; 65,000 km paved, 30,000 km semipaved or cobblestone, + 62,000 km rural roads (improved earth) or roads under construction, 55,000 + km unimproved earth roads +Inland waterways: + 2,900 km navigable rivers and coastal canals +Pipelines: + crude oil 28,200 km; petroleum products 10,150 km; natural gas 13,254 km; + petrochemical 1,400 km +Ports: + Acapulco, Altamira, Coatzacoalcos, Ensenada, Guaymas, Manzanillo, Mazatlan, + Progreso, Puerto Vallarta, Salina Cruz, Tampico, Tuxpan, Veracruz +Merchant marine: + 58 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 858,162 GRT/1,278,488 DWT; includes 4 + short-sea passenger, 2 cargo, 2 refrigerated cargo, 2 roll-on/roll-off, 31 + oil tanker, 4 chemical tanker, 7 liquefied gas, 1 bulk, 5 container +Airports: + total: + 1,841 + usable: + 1,478 + with permanent-surface runways: + 200 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 3 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 35 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 273 +Telecommunications: + highly developed system with extensive microwave radio relay links; + privatized in December 1990; connected into Central America Microwave + System; 6,410,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 679 AM, no FM, 238 TV, 22 + shortwave; 120 domestic satellite terminals; earth stations - 4 Atlantic + Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT + +*Mexico, Defense Forces + +Branches: + National Defense (including Army and Air Force), Navy (including Marines) +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 22,201,567; fit for military service 16,205,926; reach + military age (18) annually 1,049,729 (1993 est.) +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP + +*Micronesia, Federated States of, Geography + +Location: + Oceania, in the North Pacific Ocean, about three-quarters of the way between + Hawaii and Indonesia +Map references: + Oceania, Southeast Asia, Standard Time Zones of the World +Area: + total area: + 702 km2 + land area: + 702 km2 + comparative area: + slightly less than four times the size of Washington, DC + note: + includes Pohnpei (Ponape), Truk (Chuuk), Yap, and Kosrae +Land boundaries: + 0 km +Coastline: + 6,112 km +Maritime claims: + exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + territorial sea: + 12 nm +International disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical; heavy year-round rainfall, especially in the eastern islands; + located on southern edge of the typhoon belt with occasional severe damage +Terrain: + islands vary geologically from high mountainous islands to low, coral + atolls; volcanic outcroppings on Pohnpei, Kosrae, and Truk +Natural resources: + forests, marine products, deep-seabed minerals +Land use: + arable land: + NA% + permanent crops: + NA% + meadows and pastures: + NA% + forest and woodland: + NA% + other: + NA% +Irrigated land: + NA km2 +Environment: + subject to typhoons from June to December; four major island groups totaling + 607 islands + +*Micronesia, Federated States of, People + +Population: + 117,588 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 3.37% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 28.48 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 6.46 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + 11.65 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 37.96 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 67.45 years + male: + 65.49 years + female: + 69.44 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 4.04 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Micronesian(s) + adjective: + Micronesian; Kosrae(s), Pohnpeian(s), Trukese, Yapese +Ethnic divisions: + nine ethnic Micronesian and Polynesian groups +Religions: + Christian (divided between Roman Catholic and Protestant; other churches + include Assembly of God, Jehovah's Witnesses, Seventh-Day Adventist, + Latter-Day Saints, and the Baha'i Faith) +Languages: + English (official and common language), Trukese, Pohnpeian, Yapese, Kosrean +Literacy: + age 15 and over can read and write (1980) + total population: + 90% + male: + 90% + female: + 85% +Labor force: + NA + by occupation: + two-thirds are government employees + note: + 45,000 people are between the ages of 15 and 65 + +*Micronesia, Federated States of, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: Federated States of Micronesia + conventional short form: + none + former: + Kosrae, Ponape, Truk, and Yap Districts (Trust Territory of the Pacific + Islands) +Abbreviation: + FSM +Digraph: + FM +Type: + constitutional government in free association with the US; the Compact of + Free Association entered into force 3 November 1986 +Capital: + Kolonia (on the island of Pohnpei) + note: + a new capital is being built about 10 km southwest in the Palikir valley +Administrative divisions: + 4 states; Kosrae, Pohnpei, Chuuk (Truk), Yap +Independence: + 3 November 1986 (from the US-administered UN Trusteeship) +Constitution: + 10 May 1979 +Legal system: + based on adapted Trust Territory laws, acts of the legislature, municipal, + common, and customary laws +National holiday: + Proclamation of the Federated States of Micronesia, 10 May (1979) +Political parties and leaders: + no formal parties +Suffrage: + 18 years of age; universal +Elections: + President: + last held ll May 1991 (next to be held March 1995); results - President + Bailey OLTER elected president; Vice-President Jacob NENA + Congress: + last held on 5 March 1991 (next to be held March 1993); results - percent of + vote NA; seats - (14 total) +Executive branch: + president, vice president, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + unicameral Congress +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + President Bailey OLTER (since 21 May 1991); Vice President Jacob NENA (since + 21 May 1991) +Member of: + AsDB, ESCAP, ICAO, SPARTECA, SPC, SPF, UN, UNCTAD, WHO +Diplomatic representation in US: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Jesse B. MAREHALAU + chancery: + 1725 N St., NW, Washington, DC 20036 + +*Micronesia, Federated States of, Government + + telephone: + (202) 223-4383 +US diplomatic representation: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Aurelia BRAZEAL + embassy: + address NA, Kolonia + mailing address: + P. O. Box 1286, Pohnpei, Federated States of Micronesia 96941 + telephone: + 691-320-2187 + FAX: + 691-320-2186 +Flag: + light blue with four white five-pointed stars centered; the stars are + arranged in a diamond pattern + +*Micronesia, Federated States of, Economy + +Overview: + Economic activity consists primarily of subsistence farming and fishing. The + islands have few mineral deposits worth exploiting, except for high-grade + phosphate. The potential for a tourist industry exists, but the remoteness + of the location and a lack of adequate facilities hinder development. + Financial assistance from the US is the primary source of revenue, with the + US pledged to spend $1 billion in the islands in the l990s. Geographical + isolation and a poorly developed infrastructure are major impediments to + long-term growth. +National product: + GNP - purchasing power equivalent - $150 million (1989 est.) + note: + GNP numbers reflect US spending +National product real growth rate: + NA% +National product per capita: + $1,500 (1989 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + NA% +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $165 million; expenditures $115 million, including capital + expenditures of $20 million (1988) +Exports: + $2.3 million (f.o.b., 1988) + commodities: + copra + partners: + NA +Imports: + $67.7 million (c.i.f., 1988) + commodities: + NA + partners: + NA +External debt: + $NA +Industrial production: + growth rate NA% +Electricity: + 18,000 kW capacity; 40 million kWh produced, 380 kWh per capita (1990) +Industries: + tourism, construction, fish processing, craft items from shell, wood, and + pearls +Agriculture: + mainly a subsistence economy; black pepper; tropical fruits and vegetables, + coconuts, cassava, sweet potatoes, pigs, chickens +Economic aid: + under terms of the Compact of Free Association, the US will provide $1.3 + billion in grant aid during the period 1986-2001 +Currency: + US currency is used +Exchange rates: + US currency is used +Fiscal year: + 1 October - 30 September + +*Micronesia, Federated States of, Communications + +Highways: + 39 km of paved roads on major islands; also 187 km stone-, coral-, or + laterite-surfaced roads +Ports: + Colonia (Yap), Truk, Okat and Lelu (Kosrae) +Airports: + total: + 6 + usable: + 5 + with permanent-surface runways: + 4 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 4 +Telecommunications: + telephone network - 960 telephone lines total at Kolonia and Truk; islands + interconnected by shortwave radio (used mostly for government purposes); + 16,000 radio receivers, 1,125 TV sets (est. 1987); broadcast stations - 5 + AM, 1 FM, 6 TV, 1 shortwave; 4 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth stations + +*Micronesia, Federated States of, Defense Forces + +Note: + defense is the responsibility of the US + +*Midway Islands, Header + +Affiliation: + (territory of the US) + +*Midway Islands, Geography + +Location: + located in the North Pacific Ocean, 2,350 km west-northwest of Honolulu, + about one-third of the way between Honolulu and Tokyo +Map references: + Oceania +Area: + total area: + 5.2 km2 + land area: + 5.2 km2 + comparative area: + about nine times the size of the Mall in Washington, DC + note: + includes Eastern Island and Sand Island +Land boundaries: + 0 km +Coastline: + 15 km +Maritime claims: + contiguous zone: + 24 nm + continental shelf: + 200 m (depth) + exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + territorial sea: + 12 nm +International disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical, but moderated by prevailing easterly winds +Terrain: + low, nearly level +Natural resources: + fish, wildlife +Land use: + arable land: + 0% permanent crops: + 0% + meadows and pastures: + 0% + forest and woodland: + 0% + other: + 100% +Irrigated land: + 0 km2 +Environment: + coral atoll +Note: + closed to the public + +*Midway Islands, People + +Population: + no indigenous inhabitants; note - there are 453 US military personnel + +*Midway Islands, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + none + conventional short form: + Midway Islands +Digraph: + MQ +Type: + unincorporated territory of the US administered by the US Navy, under + command of the Barbers Point Naval Air Station in Hawaii and managed + cooperatively by the US Navy and the Fish and Wildlife Service of the US + Department of the Interior as part of the National Wildlife Refuge System; + legislation before Congress in 1990 proposed inclusion of territory within + the State of Hawaii +Capital: + none; administered from Washington, DC +Flag: + the US flag is used + +*Midway Islands, Economy + +Overview: + The economy is based on providing support services for US naval operations + located on the islands. All food and manufactured goods must be imported. +Electricity: + supplied by US Military + +*Midway Islands, Communications + +Highways: + 32 km total +Pipelines: + 7.8 km +Ports: + Sand Island +Airports: + total: + 3 + usable: + 2 + with permanent-surface runways: + 1 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 1 + +*Midway Islands, Defense Forces + +Note: + defense is the responsibility of the US + +*Moldova, Geography + +Location: + Eastern Europe, between Ukraine and Romania +Map references: + Asia, Europe, Standard Time Zones of the World +Area: + total area: + 33,700 km2 + land area: + 33,700 km2 + comparative area: + slightly more than twice the size of Hawaii +Land boundaries: + total 1,389 km, Romania 450 km, Ukraine 939 km +Coastline: + 0 km (landlocked) +Maritime claims: + none; landlocked +International disputes: + potential dispute with Ukraine over former southern Bessarabian areas; + northern Bukovina ceded to Ukraine upon Moldova's incorporation into USSR +Climate: + mild winters, warm summers +Terrain: + rolling steppe, gradual slope south to Black Sea +Natural resources: + lignite, phosphorites, gypsum +Land use: + arable land: + 50% + permanent crops: + 0% + meadows and pastures: + 9% + forest and woodland: + 0% + other: + 41% +Irrigated land: + 2,920 km2 (1990) +Environment: + heavy use of agricultural chemicals, including banned pesticides such as + DDT, has contaminated soil and groundwater; extensive erosion from poor + farming methods +Note: + landlocked + +*Moldova, People + +Population: + 4,455,645 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 0.4% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 16.15 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 10.01 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + -2.15 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 30.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 67.92 years + male: + 64.49 years + female: + 71.53 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 2.2 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Moldovan(s) + adjective: + Moldovan +Ethnic divisions: + Moldovan/Romanian 64.5%, Ukrainian 13.8%, Russian 13%, Gagauz 3.5%, Jewish + 1.5%, Bulgarian 2%, other 1.7% (1989 figures) + note: + internal disputes with ethnic Russians and Ukrainians in the Dniester region + and Gagauz Turks in the south +Religions: + Eastern Orthodox 98.5%, Jewish 1.5%, Baptist (only about 1,000 members) + (1991) + note: + almost all churchgoers are ethnic Moldovan; the Slavic population are not + churchgoers +Languages: + Moldovan (official); note - virtually the same as the Romanian language, + Russian +Literacy: + age 9-49 can read and write (1970) + total population: + 100% + male: + 100% + female: + 99% +Labor force: + 2.095 million + by occupation: + agriculture 34.4%, industry 20.1%, other 45.5% (1985 figures) + +*Moldova, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Republic of Moldova + conventional short form: + Moldova + local long form: + Republica Moldoveneasca + local short form: + none + former: + Soviet Socialist Republic of Moldova; Moldavia +Digraph: + MD +Type: + republic +Capital: + Chisinau (Kishinev) +Administrative divisions: + previously divided into 40 rayons; to be divided into fewer, larger + districts at some future point +Independence: + 27 August 1991 (from Soviet Union) +Constitution: + as of mid-1993 the new constitution had not been adopted; old constitution + (adopted NA 1979) is still in effect but has been heavily amended during the + past few years +Legal system: + based on civil law system; no judicial review of legislative acts; does not + accept compulsory ICJ jurisdiction but accepts many UN and CSCE documents +National holiday: + Independence Day, 27 August 1991 +Political parties and leaders: + Christian Democratic Popular Front (formerly Moldovan Popular Front), Ivrie + ROSCA, chairman; Yedinstvo Intermovement, V. YAKOVLEV, chairman; Social + Democratic Party, Oazul NANTOI, chairman, two other chairmen; Agrarian + Democratic Party, Valery CHEBOTARV, leader; Democratic Party, Gheorghe + GHIMPU, chairman; Democratic Labor Party, Alexandru ARSENI, chairman +Other political or pressure groups: + United Council of Labor Collectives (UCLC), Igor SMIRNOV, chairman; The + Ecology Movement of Moldova (EMM), G. MALARCHUK, chairman; The Christian + Democratic League of Women of Moldova (CDLWM), L. LARI, chairman; National + Christian Party of Moldova (NCPM), D. TODIKE, M. BARAGA, V. NIKU, leaders; + The Peoples Movement Gagauz Khalky (GKh), S. GULGAR, leader; The Democratic + Party of Gagauzia (DPG), G. SAVOSTIN, chairman; The Alliance of Working + People of Moldova (AWPM), G. POLOGOV, president; Christian Alliance for + Greater Romania; Women's League; Stefan the Great Movement +Suffrage: + 18 years of age; universal +Elections: + President: + last held 8 December 1991 (next to be held NA1996); results - Mircea SNEGUR + ran unopposed and won 98.17% of vote + Parliament: + last held 25 February 1990 (next to be held NA 1995); results - percent of + vote by party NA; seats - (350 total) Christian Democratic Popular Front 50; + Club of Independent Deputies 25; Agrarian Club 90; Social Democrats 60-70; + Russian Conciliation Club 50; 60-70 seats belong to Dniester region deputies + who usually boycott Moldovan legislative proceedings; the remaining seats + filled by independents; note - until May 1991 was called Supreme Soviet + +*Moldova, Government + +Executive branch: + president, prime minister, Cabinet of Ministers +Legislative branch: + unicameral Parliament +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Mircea Ivanovich SNEGUR (since 3 September 1990) + Head of Legislature: + Chairman of the Parliament Petru LUCINSCHI (since 4 February 1993); Prime + Minister Andrei SANGHELI (since 1 July 1992) +Member of: + BSEC, CIS, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, IBRD, ICAO, ILO, IMF, NACC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, + WHO +Diplomatic representation in US: + chief of mission: + Permanent Representative to the UN Tudor PANTIRU (also acts as + representative to US) + chancery: + NA + telephone: + NA +US diplomatic representation: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Mary C. PENDLETON + embassy: + Strada Alexei Mateevich #103, Chisinau + mailing address: + APO AE 09862 + telephone: + 7-0422-23-37-72 or 23-34-94 + FAX: + 7-0422-23-34-94 +Flag: + same color scheme as Romania - 3 equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), + yellow, and red; emblem in center of flag is of a Roman eagle of gold + outlined in black with a red beak and talons carrying a yellow cross in its + beak and a green olive branch in its right talons and a yellow scepter in + its left talons; on its breast is a shield divided horizontally red over + blue with a stylized ox head, star, rose, and crescent all in black-outlined + yellow + +*Moldova, Economy + +Overview: + Moldova, the next-to-smallest of the former Soviet republics in area, is the + most densely inhabited. Moldova has a little more than 1% of the population, + labor force, capital stock, and output of the former Soviet Union. Living + standards have been below average for the European USSR. The country enjoys + a favorable climate, and economic development has been primarily based on + agriculture, featuring fruits, vegetables, wine, and tobacco. Industry + accounts for 20% of the labor force, whereas agriculture employs more than + one-third. Moldova has no major mineral resources and has depended on other + former Soviet republics for coal, oil, gas, steel, most electronic + equipment, machine tools, and major consumer durables such as automobiles. + Its industrial and agricultural products, in turn, have been exported to the + other republics. Moldova has freed prices on most goods and has legalized + private ownership of property. Moldova's near-term economic prospects are + dimmed, however, by the difficulties of moving toward a market economy, the + political problems of redefining ties to the other former Soviet republics + and Romania, and the ongoing separatist movements in the Dniester and Gagauz + regions. In 1992, national output fell substantially for the second + consecutive year - down 22% in the industrial sector and 20% in agriculture. + The decline is mainly attributable to the drop in energy supplies. +National product: + GDP $NA +National product real growth rate: + -26% (1992) +National product per capita: + $NA +Inflation rate (consumer prices): 27% per month (first quarter 1993) +Unemployment rate: + 0.7% (includes only officially registered unemployed; also large numbers of + underemployed workers) +Budget: + revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA +Exports: + 100 million to outside the successor states of the former USSR (1992) + commodities: + foodstuffs, wine, tobacco, textiles and footwear, machinery, chemicals + (1991) + partners: + Russia, Kazakhstan, Ukraine, Romania +Imports: + 100 million from outside the successor states of the former USSR (1992) + commodities: + oil, gas, coal, steel machinery, foodstuffs, automobiles, and other consumer + durables + partners: + Russia, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Romania +External debt: + $100 million (1993 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate -22% (1992) +Electricity: + 3,115,000 kW capacity; 11,100 million kWh produced, 2,491 kWh per capita + (1992) +Industries: + key products (with share of total former Soviet output in parentheses where + known): agricultural machinery, foundry equipment, refrigerators and + freezers (2.7%), washing machines (5.0%), hosiery (2.0%), refined sugar + (3.1%), vegetable oil (3.7%), canned food (8.6%), shoes, textiles + +*Moldova, Economy + +Agriculture: + Moldova's principal economic activity; products (shown in share of total + output of the former Soviet republics): Grain (1.6%), sugar beets (2.6%), + sunflower seed (4.4%), vegetables (4.4%), fruits and berries (9.7%), grapes + (20.1%), meat (1.7%), milk (1.4%), eggs (1.4%) +Illicit drugs: + illicit producer of opium and cannabis; mostly for CIS consumption; + transshipment point for illicit drugs to Western Europe +Economic aid: + IMF credit, $18.5 million (1992); EC agricultural credit, $30 million + (1992); US commitments, $10 million for grain (1992); World Bank credit, $31 + million +Currency: + plans to introduce the Moldovan lei in 1993 or 1994, until then retaining + Russian ruble as currency +Exchange rates: + rubles per US$1 - 415 (24 December 1992) but subject to wide fluctuations +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +*Moldova, Communications + +Railroads: + 1,150 km; does not include industrial lines (1990) +Highways: + 20,000 km total; 13,900 km hard-surfaced, 6,100 km earth (1990) +Pipelines: + natural gas 310 km (1992) +Ports: + none; landlocked +Airports: + total: + 26 + useable: + 15 + with permanent-surface runways: + 6 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 5 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 8 +Telecommunications: + poorly supplied with telephones (as of 1991, 494,000 telephones total, with + a density of 111 lines per 1000 persons); 215,000 unsatisfied applications + for telephone installations (31 January 1990); connected to Ukraine by + landline and to countries beyond the former USSR through the international + gateway switch in Moscow + +*Moldova, Defense Forces + +Branches: + Ground Forces, Air and Air Defence Force, Security Forces (internal and + border troops) +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 1,082,562; fit for military service 859,948; reach military + age (18) annually 35,769 (1993 est.) +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP + +*Monaco, Geography + +Location: + Western Europe, bordering the Mediterranean Sea, in southern France near the + border with Italy +Map references: + Europe, Standard Time Zones of the World +Area: total area: + 1.9 km2 + land area: + 1.9 km2 + comparative area: + about three times the size of the Mall in Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + total 4.4 km, France 4.4 km +Coastline: + 4.1 km +Maritime claims: + territorial sea: + 12 nm +International disputes: + none +Climate: + Mediterranean with mild, wet winters and hot, dry summers +Terrain: + hilly, rugged, rocky +Natural resources: + none +Land use: + arable land: + 0% + permanent crops: + 0% + meadows and pastures: + 0% + forest and woodland: + 0% + other: + 100% +Irrigated land: + NA km2 +Environment: + almost entirely urban +Note: + second smallest independent state in world (after Holy See) + +*Monaco, People + +Population: + 31,008 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 0.93% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 10.8 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 12.32 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + 10.77 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 7.3 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: total population: + 77.5 years + male: + 73.7 years + female: + 81.49 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 1.7 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Monacan(s) or Monegasque(s) + adjective: + Monacan or Monegasque +Ethnic divisions: + French 47%, Monegasque 16%, Italian 16%, other 21% +Religions: + Roman Catholic 95% +Languages: + French (official), English, Italian, Monegasque +Literacy: + total population: + NA% + male: + NA% + female: + NA% +Labor force: + NA + +*Monaco, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Principality of Monaco + conventional short form: + Monaco + local long form: + Principaute de Monaco + local short form: + Monaco +Digraph: + MN +Type: + constitutional monarchy +Capital: + Monaco +Administrative divisions: + 4 quarters (quartiers, singular - quartier); Fontvieille, La Condamine, + Monaco-Ville, Monte-Carlo +Independence: + 1419 (rule by the House of Grimaldi) +Constitution: + 17 December 1962 +Legal system: based on French law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + National Day, 19 November +Political parties and leaders: + National and Democratic Union (UND); Democratic Union Movement (MUD); Monaco + Action; Monegasque Socialist Party (PSM) +Suffrage: + 25 years of age; universal +Elections: + National Council: + last held on 24 January 1988 (next to be held 24 January 1993); results - + percent of vote by party NA; seats - (18 total) UND 18 +Executive branch: + prince, minister of state, Council of Government (cabinet) +Legislative branch: + unicameral National Council (Conseil National) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Tribunal (Tribunal Supreme) +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Prince RAINIER III (since NA November 1949); Heir Apparent Prince ALBERT + Alexandre Louis Pierre (born 14 March 1958) + Head of Government: + Minister of State Jacques DUPONT (since NA) +Member of: + ACCT, CSCE, IAEA, ICAO, IMF (observer), IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, + IOC, ITU, LORCS, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO +Diplomatic representation in US: + honorary consulates general: + Boston, Chicago, Los Angeles, New Orleans, New York, San Francisco, San Juan + (Puerto Rico) + honorary consulates: + Dallas, Honolulu, Palm Beach, Philadelphia, and Washington +US diplomatic representation: + no mission in Monaco, but the US Consul General in Marseille, France, is + accredited to Monaco + +*Monaco, Government + +Flag: + two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white; similar to the flag of + Indonesia which is longer and the flag of Poland which is white (top) and + red + +*Monaco, Economy + +Overview: + Monaco, situated on the French Mediterranean coast, is a popular resort, + attracting tourists to its casino and pleasant climate. The Principality has + successfully sought to diversify into services and small, high-value-added, + nonpolluting industries. The state has no income tax and low business taxes + and thrives as a tax haven both for individuals who have established + residence and for foreign companies that have set up businesses and offices. + About 50% of Monaco's annual revenue comes from value-added taxes on hotels, + banks, and the industrial sector; about 25% of revenue comes from tourism. + Living standards are high, that is, roughly comparable to those in + prosperous French metropolitan suburbs. +National product: + GDP - exchange rate conversion - $475 million (1991 est.) +National product real growth rate: + NA% +National product per capita: + $16,000 (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + NA% +Unemployment rate: + NEGL% +Budget: + revenues $424 million; expenditures $376 million, including capital + expenditures of $NA (1991) +Exports: + $NA; full customs integration with France, which collects and rebates + Monacan trade duties; also participates in EC market system through customs + union with France +Imports: + $NA; full customs integration with France, which collects and rebates + Monacan trade duties; also participates in EC market system through customs + union with France +External debt: + $NA +Industrial production: + growth rate NA% +Electricity: + 10,000 kW standby capacity (1992); power imported from France +Agriculture: + NA +Economic aid: + NA +Currency: + 1 French franc (F) = 100 centimes +Exchange rates: + French francs (F) per US$1 - 5.4812 (January 1993), 5.2938 (1992), 5.6421 + (1991), 5.4453 (1990), 6.3801 (1989), 5.9569 (1988) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +*Monaco, Communications + +Railroads: + 1.6 km 1.435-meter gauge +Highways: + none; city streets +Ports: + Monaco +Merchant marine: + 1 oil tanker (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 3,268 GRT/4,959 DWT +Airports: + 1 usable airfield with permanent-surface runways +Telecommunications: + served by cable into the French communications system; automatic telephone + system; 38,200 telephones; broadcast stations - 3 AM, 4 FM, 5 TV; no + communication satellite earth stations + +*Monaco, Defense Forces + +Note: + defense is the responsibility of France + +*Mongolia, Geography + +Location: + East Central Asia, between China and Russia +Map references: + Asia, Standard Time Zones of the World +Area: + total area: + 1.565 million km2 + land area: + 1.565 million km2 + comparative area: + slightly larger than Alaska +Land boundaries: + total 8,114 km, China 4,673 km, Russia 3,441 km +Coastline: + 0 km (landlocked) +Maritime claims: + none; landlocked +International disputes: + none +Climate: + desert; continental (large daily and seasonal temperature ranges) +Terrain: + vast semidesert and desert plains; mountains in west and southwest; Gobi + Desert in southeast +Natural resources: + oil, coal, copper, molybdenum, tungsten, phosphates, tin, nickel, zinc, + wolfram, fluorspar, gold +Land use: + arable land: + 1% + permanent crops: + 0% + meadows and pastures: + 79% + forest and woodland: + 10% + other: + 10% +Irrigated land: + 770 km2 (1989) +Environment: + harsh and rugged +Note: + landlocked; strategic location between China and Russia + +*Mongolia, People + +Population: + 2,367,054 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 2.62% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 33.41 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 7.16 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 44.9 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 65.77 years + male: + 63.53 years + female: + 68.13 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 4.41 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Mongolian(s) + adjective: + Mongolian +Ethnic divisions: + Mongol 90%, Kazakh 4%, Chinese 2%, Russian 2%, other 2% +Religions: + predominantly Tibetan Buddhist, Muslim 4% + note: + previously limited religious activity because of Communist regime +Languages: + Khalkha Mongol 90%, Turkic, Russian, Chinese +Literacy: + total population: + NA% + male: + NA% + female: + NA% +Labor force: + NA + by occupation: + primarily herding/agricultural + note: + over half the adult population is in the labor force, including a large + percentage of women; shortage of skilled labor + +*Mongolia, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + none + conventional short form: + Mongolia + local long form: + none + local short form: + Mongol Uls + former: + Outer Mongolia +Digraph: + MG +Type: + republic +Capital: + Ulaanbaatar +Administrative divisions: + 18 provinces (aymguud, singular - aymag) and 3 municipalities* (hotuud,, singular - hot); +Arhangay, Bayanhongor, Bayan-Olgiy, Bulgan, Darhan*,, Dornod, Dornogovi, Dundgovi, Dzavhan, +Erdenet*, Govi-Altay, Hentiy, Hovd,, Hovsgol, Omnogovi, Ovorhangay, Selenge, Suhbaatar, Tov, +Ulaanbaatar*, Uvs, Independence: + 13 March 1921 (from China) +Constitution: + adopted 13 January 1992 +Legal system: + blend of Russian, Chinese, and Turkish systems of law; no constitutional + provision for judicial review of legislative acts; has not accepted + compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + National Day, 11 July (1921) +Political parties and leaders: + Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party (MPRP), Budragchagiin DASH-YONDON, + presidium chairman; Mongolian Democratic Party (MDP), Erdenijiyn BAT-UUL, + general coordinator; National Progress Party (NPP), S. BYAMBAA and + Luusandambyn DASHNYAM, leaders; Social Democratic Party (SDP), BATBAYAR and + Tsohiogyyn ADYASUREN, leaders; Mongolian Independence Party (MIP), D. + ZORIGT, leader; United Party of Mongolia (made up of the MDP, SDP, and NPP); + Mongolian National Democratic Party (MNDP; merger of the MDP, United Party, + Renaissance Party, and PNP), D. GANBOLD + note: + opposition parties were legalized in May 1990; additional parties exist: The + Mongolian Green Party, The Buddhist Believers' Party, The Republican Party, + Mongolian People's Party, and United Herdsmen and Farmers Party (MHFUP), + Mongolian Bourgeois Party (BP), Mongolian Private Property Owners Party, + Mongolian Workers Party +Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal +Elections: + President: + last held 3 September 1990 (next to be held 6 June 1993); results - + Punsalmaagiyn OCHIRBAT elected by the People's Great Hural; other candidate + Lodongiyn TUDEV (MPRP) + State Great Hural: + first time held 28 June 1992 (next to be held NA); results - MPRP 56.9%; + seats - (76 total) MPRP 71, MDP/PNP 3, SDP 1, independent 1 + note: + the People's Small Hural no longer exists + +*Mongolia, Government + +Executive branch: + president, vice president, prime minister, first deputy prime minister, + cabinet +Legislative branch: + unicameral State Great Hural +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court serves as appeals court for people's and provincial courts, + but to date rarely overturns verdicts of lower courts +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Punsalmaagiyn OCHIRBAT (since 3 September 1990); Vice President + Radnaasumbereliyn GONCHIGDORJ (since 7 September 1990) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Putsagiyn JASRAY (since 3 August 1992); First Deputy Prime + Minister Puntsagiyn JASRAY (since NA) +Member of: + AsDB, CCC, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTERPOL, + IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, + WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation in US: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Luvsandorj DAWAGIV + chancery: + NA + telephone: + (301) 983-1962 + FAX: + (301) 983-2025 +US diplomatic representation: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Joseph E. LAKE + embassy: + address NA, Ulaanbaatar + mailing address: + Ulaanbaatar, c/o American Embassy Beijing, Micro Region II, Big Rind Road; + PSC 461, Box 300, FPO AP 96521-0002 + telephone: + [976] (1) 329095, 329606 + FAX: + Telex 080079253 AMEMB MH +Flag: + three equal, vertical bands of red (hoist side), blue, and red, centered on + the hoist-side red band in yellow is the national emblem ("soyombo" - a + columnar arrangement of abstract and geometric representation for fire, sun, + moon, earth, water, and the yin-yang symbol) + +*Mongolia, Economy + +Overview: + Mongolia's severe climate, scattered population, and wide expanses of + unproductive land have constrained economic development. Economic activity + traditionally has been based on agriculture and the breeding of livestock - + Mongolia has the highest number of livestock per person in the world. In + recent years extensive mineral resources have been developed with Soviet + support. The mining and processing of coal, copper, molybdenum, tin, + tungsten, and gold account for a large part of industrial production. Timber + and fishing are also important sectors. In 1992 the Mongolian leadership + continued its struggle with severe economic dislocations, mainly + attributable to the crumbling of the USSR, by far Mongolia's leading trade + and development partner. Moscow cut almost all aid in 1991, and little was + provided in 1992. Industry in 1992 was hit hard by energy shortages, mainly + due to disruptions in coal production and shortfalls in petroleum imports. + By the end of the year, the country was perilously close to a complete + shutdown of its centralized energy supply system, due to critical coal + shortages. The government is moving away from the Soviet-style, centrally + planned economy through privatization and price reform. +National product: + GDP - exchange rate conversion - $1.8 billion (1992 est.) +National product real growth rate: + -15% (1992 est.) +National product per capita: + $800 (1992 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 325% (1992 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 15% (1991 est.) +Budget: + deficit of $67 million (1991) +Exports: + $347 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.) + commodities: + copper, livestock, animal products, cashmere, wool, hides, fluorspar, other + nonferrous metals + partners: + USSR 75%, China 10%, Japan 4% +Imports: + $501 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.) + commodities: + machinery and equipment, fuels, food products, industrial consumer goods, + chemicals, building materials, sugar, tea + partners: + USSR 75%, Austria 5%, China 5% +External debt: + $16.8 billion (yearend 1990); 98.6% with USSR +Industrial production: + growth rate -15% (1992 est.) +Electricity: + 1,248,000 kW capacity; 3,740 million kWh produced, 1,622 kWh per capita + (1992) +Industries: + copper, processing of animal products, building materials, food and + beverage, mining (particularly coal) +Agriculture: + accounts for about 20% of GDP and provides livelihood for about 50% of the + population; livestock raising predominates (primarily sheep and goats, but + also cattle, camels, and horses); crops - wheat, barley, potatoes, forage + +*Mongolia, Economy + +Economic aid: + about $300 million in trade credits and $34 million in grant aid from USSR + and other CEMA countries, plus $7.4 million from UNDP (1990); in 1991, $170 + million in grants and technical assistance from Western donor countries, + including $30 million from World Bank and $30 million from the IMF; over + $200 million from donor countries projected in 1992 +Currency: + 1 tughrik (Tug) = 100 mongos +Exchange rates: + tughriks (Tug) per US$1 - 40 (1992), 7.1 (1991), 5.63 (1990), 3.00 (1989) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +*Mongolia, Communications + +Railroads: + 1,750 km 1.524-meter broad gauge (1988) +Highways: + 46,700 km total; 1,000 km hard surface; 45,700 km other surfaces (1988) +Inland waterways: + 397 km of principal routes (1988) +Airports: + total: + 81 + usable: + 31 + with permanent-surface runways: + 11 + with runways over 3,659 m: + fewer than 5 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + fewer than 20 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 12 +Telecommunications: + 63,000 telephones (1989); broadcast stations - 12 AM, 1 FM, 1 TV (with 18 + provincial repeaters); repeat of Russian TV; 120,000 TVs; 220,000 radios; at + least 1 earth station + +*Mongolia, Defense Forces + +Branches: + Mongolian People's Army (includes Internal Security Forces and Frontier + Guards), Air Force +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 569,135; fit for military service 371,162; reach military + age (18) annually 25,406 (1993 est.) +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $22.8 million of GDP, 1% of GDP (1992) + +*Montserrat, Header + +Affiliation: + (dependent territory of the UK) + +*Montserrat, Geography + +Location: + in the eastern Caribbean Sea, about 400 km southeast of Puerto Rico +Map references: + Central America and the Caribbean +Area: + total area: + 100 km2 + land area: + 100 km2 + comparative area: + about 0.6 times the size of Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + 0 km +Coastline: + 40 km +Maritime claims: + exclusive fishing zone: + 200 nm + territorial sea: + 3 nm +International disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical; little daily or seasonal temperature variation +Terrain: + volcanic islands, mostly mountainous, with small coastal lowland +Natural resources: + negligible +Land use: + arable land: 20% + permanent crops: + 0% + meadows and pastures: + 10% + forest and woodland: + 40% + other: + 30% +Irrigated land: + NA km2 +Environment: + subject to severe hurricanes from June to November +Note: + located 400 km east southeast of Puerto Rico in the Caribbean Sea + +*Montserrat, People + +Population: + 12,661 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 0.36% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 16.35 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 9.77 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + -3 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 11.51 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 75.76 years + male: + 74 years + female: + 77.56 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 2.11 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Montserratian(s) + adjective: + Montserratian +Ethnic divisions: + black, Europeans +Religions: + Anglican, Methodist, Roman Catholic, Pentecostal, Seventh-Day Adventist, + other Christian denominations +Languages: + English +Literacy: + age 15 and over having ever attended school (1970) + total population: 97% + male: + 97% + female: + 97% +Labor force: + 5,100 + by occupation: + community, social, and personal services 40.5%, construction 13.5%, trade, + restaurants, and hotels 12.3%, manufacturing 10.5%, agriculture, forestry, + and fishing 8.8%, other 14.4% (1983 est.) + +*Montserrat, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + none + conventional short form: + Montserrat +Digraph: + MH +Type: + dependent territory of the UK +Capital: + Plymouth +Administrative divisions: + 3 parishes; Saint Anthony, Saint Georges, Saint Peter +Independence: + none (dependent territory of the UK) +Constitution: + 1 January 1960 +Legal system: + English common law and statute law +National holiday: + Celebration of the Birthday of the Queen (second Saturday of June) +Political parties and leaders: + National Progressive Party (NPP) Reuben T. MEADE; People's Liberation + Movement (PLM), Noel TUITT; National Development Party (NDP), Bertrand + OSBORNE; Independent (IND), Ruby BRAMBLE +Suffrage: + 18 years of age; universal +Elections: + Legislative Council: + last held on 8 October 1991; results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - + (11 total, 7 elected) NPP 4, NDP 1, PLM 1, independent 1 +Executive branch: + monarch, governor, Executive Council (cabinet), chief minister +Legislative branch: + unicameral Legislative Council +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor David + TAYLOR (since NA 1990) + Head of Government: + Chief Minister Reuben T. MEADE (since October 1991) +Member of: + CARICOM, CDB, ECLAC (associate), ICFTU, OECS, WCL +Diplomatic representation in US: + none (dependent territory of the UK) +Flag: + blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the + Montserratian coat of arms centered in the outer half of the flag; the coat + of arms features a woman standing beside a yellow harp with her arm around a + black cross + +*Montserrat, Economy + +Overview: + The economy is small and open with economic activity centered on tourism and + construction. Tourism is the most important sector and accounts for roughly + one-fifth of GDP. Agriculture accounts for about 4% of GDP and industry 10%. + The economy is heavily dependent on imports, making it vulnerable to + fluctuations in world prices. Exports consist mainly of electronic parts + sold to the US. +National product: + GDP - exchange rate conversion - $73 million (1990 est.) +National product real growth rate: + 13.5% (1990 est.) +National product per capita: + $5,800 (1990 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 9% (1991) +Unemployment rate: + 3% (1987) +Budget: + revenues $12.1 million; expenditures $14.3 million, including capital + expenditures of $3.2 million (1988) +Exports: + $1.6 million (f.o.b., 1989) + commodities: + electronic parts, plastic bags, apparel, hot peppers, live plants, cattle + partners: + NA +Imports: + $31.0 million (c.i.f., 1989) + commodities: + machinery and transportation equipment, foodstuffs, manufactured goods, + fuels, lubricants, and related materials + partners: + NA +External debt: + $2.05 million (1987) +Industrial production: + growth rate 8.1% (1986); accounts for 10% of GDP +Electricity: + 5,271 kW capacity; 12 million kWh produced, 950 kWh per capita (1992) +Industries: + tourism; light manufacturing - rum, textiles, electronic appliances +Agriculture: + accounts for 4% of GDP; small-scale farming; food crops - tomatoes, onions, + peppers; not self-sufficient in food, especially livestock products +Economic aid: + Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $90 + million +Currency: + 1 EC dollar (EC$) = 100 cents +Exchange rates: + East Caribbean dollars (EC$) per US$1 - 2.70 (fixed rate since 1976) +Fiscal year: + 1 April - 31 March + +*Montserrat, Communications + +Highways: + 280 km total; about 200 km paved, 80 km gravel and earth +Ports: + Plymouth +Airports: + total: + 1 + usable: + 1 + with permanent-surface runways 1,036 m: + 1 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 0 +Telecommunications: + 3,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 8 AM, 4 FM, 1 TV + +*Montserrat, Defense Forces + +Branches: + Police Force +Note: + defense is the responsibility of the UK + +*Morocco, Geography + +Location: + Northern Africa, bordering the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea, + between Algeria and Western Sahara +Map references: Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World +Area: + total area: + 446,550 km2 + land area: + 446,300 km2 + comparative area: + slightly larger than California +Land boundaries: + total 2,002 km, Algeria 1,559 km, Western Sahara 443 km +Coastline: + 1,835 km +Maritime claims: + contiguous zone: + 24 nm + continental shelf: + 200 m depth or to depth of exploitation + exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + territorial sea: + 12 nm +International disputes: + claims and administers Western Sahara, but sovereignty is unresolved; the UN + is attempting to hold a referendum; the UN-administered cease-fire has been + currently in effect since September 1991; Spain controls five places of + sovereignty (plazas de soberania) on and off the coast of Morocco - the + coastal enclaves of Ceuta and Melilla which Morocco contests as well as the + islands of Penon de Alhucemas, Penon de Velez de la Gomera, and Islas + Chafarinas +Climate: + Mediterranean, becoming more extreme in the interior +Terrain: + mostly mountains with rich coastal plains +Natural resources: + phosphates, iron ore, manganese, lead, zinc, fish, salt +Land use: + arable land: + 18% + permanent crops: + 1% + meadows and pastures: + 28% + forest and woodland: + 12% + other: + 41% +Irrigated land: + 12,650 km2 (1989 est.) +Environment: + northern mountains geologically unstable and subject to earthquakes; + desertification +Note: + strategic location along Strait of Gibraltar + +*Morocco, People + +Population: + 27,955,090 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 2.16% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 29.23 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 6.56 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + -1.13 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 53.4 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 67.5 years + male: + 65.7 years + female: + 69.4 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 3.96 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Moroccan(s) + adjective: + Moroccan +Ethnic divisions: + Arab-Berber 99.1%, other 0.7%, Jewish 0.2% +Religions: + Muslim 98.7%, Christian 1.1%, Jewish 0.2% +Languages: + Arabic (official), Berber dialects, French often the language of business, + government, and diplomacy +Literacy: + age 15 and over can read and write (1990) + total population: + 50% + male: + 61% + female: + 38% +Labor force: + 7.4 million + by occupation: + agriculture 50%, services 26%, industry 15%, other 9% (1985) + +*Morocco, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Kingdom of Morocco + conventional short form: Morocco + local long form: + Al Mamlakah al Maghribiyah + local short form: + Al Maghrib +Digraph: + MO +Type: + constitutional monarchy +Capital: + Rabat +Administrative divisions: + 37 provinces and 5 municipalities* (wilayas, singular - wilaya); Agadir, Al, Hoceima, Azilal, +Beni Mellal, Ben Slimane, Boulemane, Casablanca*, Chaouen,, El Jadida, El Kelaa des Srarhna, Er +Rachidia, Essaouira, Fes, Fes*, Figuig,, Guelmim, Ifrane, Kenitra, Khemisset, Khenifra, Khouribga, +Laayoune, Larache, + Marrakech, Marrakech*, Meknes, Meknes*, Nador, Ouarzazate, Oujda,, Rabat-Sale*, Safi, Settat,, +Sidi Kacem, Tanger, Tan-Tan, Taounate, + Taroudannt, Tata, Taza, Tetouan, Tiznit +Independence: + 2 March 1956 (from France) +Constitution: + 10 March 1972, revised in September 1992 +Legal system: + based on Islamic law and French and Spanish civil law system; judicial + review of legislative acts in Constitutional Chamber of Supreme Court +National holiday: + National Day, 3 March (1961) (anniversary of King Hassan II's accession to + the throne) +Political parties and leaders: + Morocco has 15 political parties; the major ones are Constitutional Union + (UC), Maati BOUABID; National Assembly of Independents (RNI), Ahmed OSMAN; + Popular Movement (MP), Mohamed LAENSER; National Popular Movement (MPN), + Mahjoubi AHARDANE; Istiqlal, M'Hamed BOUCETTA; Socialist Union of Popular + Forces (USFP); National Democratic Party (PND), Mohamed Arsalane EL-JADIDI; + Party for Progress and Socialism (PPS), Ali YATA +Suffrage: + 21 years of age; universal +Elections: + Chamber of Representatives: + last held on 14 September 1984 (were scheduled for September 1990, but + postponed until June 1993 when 27 new seats will be added); results - + percent of vote by party NA; seats - (306 total, 206 elected) UC 83, RNI 61, + MP 47, Istiqlal 41, USFP 36, PND 24, other 14 +Executive branch: + monarch, prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet) +Legislative branch: + unicameral Chamber of Representatives (Majlis Nawab) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + King HASSAN II (since 3 March 1961) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Mohamed KARIM-LAMRANI (since October 1992) + +*Morocco, Government + +Member of: + ABEDA, ACCT (associate), AfDB, AFESD, AL, AMF, AMU, CCC, EBRD, ECA, FAO, + G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, + IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, LORCS, OAS + (observer), NAM, OIC, UN, UNAVEM II, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNOSOM, + UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation in US: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Mohamed BELKHAYAT + chancery: + 1601 21st Street NW, Washington, DC 20009; + telephone: + (202) 462-7979 + consulate general: + New York +US diplomatic representation: + chief of mission: + (vacant) + embassy: + 2 Avenue de Marrakech, Rabat + mailing address: + P. O. Box 120, Rabat, or PSC 74, APO AE 09718 + telephone: + [212] (7) 76-22-65 + FAX: + [212] (7) 76-56-61 + consulate general: + Casablanca +Flag: + red with a green pentacle (five-pointed, linear star) known as Solomon's + seal in the center of the flag; green is the traditional color of Islam + +*Morocco, Economy + +Overview: + The economy had recovered moderately in 1990 because of: the resolution of a + trade dispute with India over phosphoric acid sales, a rebound in textile + sales to the EC, lower prices for food imports, a sharp increase in worker + remittances, increased Arab donor aid, and generous debt rescheduling + agreements. Economic performance in 1991 was mixed. A record harvest helped + real GDP advance by 4.2%. Inflation accelerated slightly as easier financial + policies triggered rapid credit and monetary growth. Despite recovery of + domestic demand, import volume growth slowed while export volume was + adversely affected by phosphate marketing difficulties. In January 1992, + Morocco reached a new 12-month standby arrangement for $129 million with the + IMF. In February 1992, the Paris Club rescheduled $1.4 billion of Morocco's + commercial debt. This is thought to be Morocco's last rescheduling. By 1993 + the Moroccan authorities hope to be in a position to meet all debt service + obligations without additional rescheduling. Servicing this large debt, high + unemployment, and Morocco's vulnerability to external economic forces remain + severe long-term problems. In 1992 Morocco embarked on a program to + privatize 112 state-owned companies. A severe winter drought in 1991/92 cut + back agricultural output in 1992. +National product: + GDP - exchange rate conversion - $28.1 billion (1992 est.) +National product real growth rate: + 0% (1992 est.) +National product per capita: + $1,060 (1992 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 6% (1992 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 19% (1992 est.) +Budget: + revenues $7.5 billion; expenditures $7.7 billion, including capital + expenditures of $1.9 billion (1992) +Exports: + $4.7 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.) + commodities: + food and beverages 30%, semiprocessed goods 23%, consumer goods 21%, + phosphates 17% + partners: + EC 58%, India 7%, Japan 5%, former USSR 3%, US 2% +Imports: + $7.6 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.) + commodities: + capital goods 24%, semiprocessed goods 22%, raw materials 16%, fuel and + lubricants 16%, food and beverages 13%, consumer goods 9% + partners: + EC 53%, US 11%, Canada 4%, Iraq 3%, former USSR 3%, Japan 2% +External debt: + $20 billion (1991) +Industrial production: + growth rate 8.4%; accounts for 27% of GDP (1990) +Electricity: + 2,384,000 kW capacity; 8,864 million kWh produced, 317 kWh per capita (1992) +Industries: + phosphate rock mining and processing, food processing, leather goods, + textiles, construction, tourism + +*Morocco, Economy + +Agriculture: + accounts for 16% of GDP, 50% of employment, and 30% of export value; not + self-sufficient in food; cereal farming and livestock raising predominate; + barley, wheat, citrus fruit, wine, vegetables, olives; fish catch of 491,000 + metric tons in 1987 +Illicit drugs: + illicit producer of hashish; trafficking on the increase for both domestic + and international drug markets; shipments of hashish mostly directed to + Western Europe; occasional transit point for cocaine from South America + destined for Western Europe. +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $1.3 billion and an additional + $123.6 million for 1992; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral + commitments (1970-89), $7.5 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $4.8 + billion; Communist countries (1970-89), $2.5 billion; $2.8 billion debt + canceled by Saudi Arabia (1991); IMF standby agreement worth $13 million; + World Bank, $450 million (1991) +Currency: + 1 Moroccan dirham (DH) = 100 centimes +Exchange rates: + Moroccan dirhams (DH) per US$1 - 9.207 (February 1993), 8.538 (1992), 8.707 + (1991), 8.242 (1990), 8.488 (1989), 8.209 (1988) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +*Morocco, Communications + +Railroads: + 1,893 km 1.435-meter standard gauge (246 km double track, 974 km + electrified) +Highways: + 59,198 km total; 27,740 km paved, 31,458 km gravel, crushed stone, improved + earth, and unimproved earth +Pipelines: + crude oil 362 km; petroleum products (abandoned) 491 km; natural gas 241 km +Ports: + Agadir, Casablanca, El Jorf Lasfar, Kenitra, Mohammedia, Nador, Safi, + Tangier; also Spanish-controlled Ceuta and Melilla +Merchant marine: + 50 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 305,758 GRT/484,825 DWT; 10 cargo, 2 + container, 11 refrigerated cargo, 6 roll-on/roll-off, 4 oil tanker, 11 + chemical tanker, 4 bulk, 2 short-sea passenger +Airports: + total: + 73 + usable: + 65 + with permanent-surface runways: + 26 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 2 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 13 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 26 +Telecommunications: + good system composed of wire lines, cables, and microwave radio relay links; + principal centers are Casablanca and Rabat; secondary centers are Fes, + Marrakech, Oujda, Tangier, and Tetouan; 280,000 telephones (10.5 telephones + per 1,000 persons); broadcast stations - 20 AM, 7 FM, 26 TV and 26 + repeaters; 5 submarine cables; satellite earth stations - 2 Atlantic Ocean + INTELSAT and 1 ARABSAT; microwave radio relay to Gibraltar, Spain, and + Western Sahara; coaxial cable and microwave to Algeria; microwave radio + relay network linking Syria, Jordan, Egypt, Libya, Tunisia, Algeria, and + Morocco + +*Morocco, Defense Forces + +Branches: + Royal Moroccan Army, Royal Moroccan Navy, Royal Moroccan Air Force, Royal + Gendarmerie, Auxiliary Forces +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 6,852,698; fit for military service 4,355,670; reach + military age (18) annually 309,666 (1993 est.); limited conscription +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $1.1 billion, 3.8% of GDP (1993 budget) + +*Mozambique, Geography + +Location: + Southern Africa, bordering the Mozambique Channel between South Africa and + Tanzania opposite the island of Madagascar +Map references: + Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World +Area: + total area: + 801,590 km2 + land area: + 784,090 km2 + comparative area: + slightly less than twice the size of California +Land boundaries: + total 4,571 km, Malawi 1,569 km, South Africa 491 km, Swaziland 105 km, + Tanzania 756 km, Zambia 419 km, Zimbabwe 1,231 km +Coastline: + 2,470 km +Maritime claims: + exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + territorial sea: + 12 nm +International disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical to subtropical +Terrain: + mostly coastal lowlands, uplands in center, high plateaus in northwest, + mountains in west +Natural resources: + coal, titanium +Land use: + arable land: + 4% + permanent crops: + 0% + meadows and pastures: + 56% + forest and woodland: 20% + other: + 20% +Irrigated land: + 1,150 km2 (1989 est.) +Environment: + severe drought and floods occur in south; desertification + +*Mozambique, People + +Population: + 16,341,777 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 6.06% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 45.35 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 16.71 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + 31.95 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 131.4 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 48.03 years + male: + 46.22 years + female: + 49.9 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 6.31 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Mozambican(s) + adjective: + Mozambican +Ethnic divisions: + indigenous tribal groups, Europeans about 10,000, Euro-Africans 35,000, + Indians 15,000 +Religions: + indigenous beliefs 60%, Christian 30%, Muslim 10% +Languages: + Portuguese (official), indigenous dialects +Literacy: + age 15 and over can read and write (1990) + total population: + 33% + male: + 45% + female: + 21% +Labor force: + NA + by occupation: 90% engaged in agriculture + +*Mozambique, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Republic of Mozambique + conventional short form: + Mozambique + local long form: + Republica Popular de Mocambique + local short form: + Mocambique +Digraph: + MZ +Type: + republic +Capital: + Maputo +Administrative divisions: + 10 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia); Cabo Delgado, Gaza, + Inhambane, Manica, Maputo, Nampula, Niassa, Sofala, Tete, Zambezia +Independence: + 25 June 1975 (from Portugal) +Constitution: + 30 November 1990 +Legal system: + based on Portuguese civil law system and customary law +National holiday: + Independence Day, 25 June (1975) +Political parties and leaders: + Front for the Liberation of Mozambique (FRELIMO), Joaquim Alberto CHISSANO, + chairman; formerly a Marxist organization with close ties to the USSR; + FRELIMO was the only legal party before 30 November 1990, when the new + Constitution went into effect establishing a multiparty system + note: + the government plans multiparty elections as early as 1993; 14 parties, + including the Liberal Democratic Party of Mozambique (PALMO), the Mozambique + National Union (UNAMO), the Mozambique National Movement (MONAMO), and the + Mozambique National Resistance (RENAMO, Alfonso DHLAKAMA, president), have + already emerged +Suffrage: + 18 years of age; universal +Elections: + draft electoral law provides for periodic, direct presidential and Assembly + elections +Executive branch: + president, prime minister, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + unicameral Assembly of the Republic (Assembleia da Republica) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: President Joaquim Alberto CHISSANO (since 6 November 1986) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Mario da Graca MACHUNGO (since 17 July 1986) +Member of: + ACP, AfDB, CCC, ECA, FAO, FLS, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, + INMARSAT, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, SADC, UN, + UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WMO + +*Mozambique, Government + +Diplomatic representation in US: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Hipolito PATRICIO + chancery: + Suite 570, 1990 M Street NW, Washington, DC 20036 + telephone: + (202) 293-7146 +US diplomatic representation: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Townsend B. FRIEDMAN, Jr. + embassy: + Avenida Kenneth Kuanda, 193 Maputo + mailing address: + P. O. Box 783, Maputo + telephone: + [258] (1) 49-27-97, 49-01-67, 49-03-50 + FAX: + [258] (1) 49-01-14 +Flag: + three equal horizontal bands of green (top), black, and yellow with a red + isosceles triangle based on the hoist side; the black band is edged in + white; centered in the triangle is a yellow five-pointed star bearing a + crossed rifle and hoe in black superimposed on an open white book + +*Mozambique, Economy + +Overview: + One of Africa's poorest countries, Mozambique has failed to exploit the + economic potential of its sizable agricultural, hydropower, and + transportation resources. Indeed, national output, consumption, and + investment declined throughout the first half of the 1980s because of + internal disorders, lack of government administrative control, and a growing + foreign debt. A sharp increase in foreign aid, attracted by an economic + reform policy, resulted in successive years of economic growth in the late + 1980s, but aid has declined steadily since 1989. Agricultural output, + nevertheless, is at about only 75% of its 1981 level, and grain has to be + imported. Industry operates at only 20-40% of capacity. The economy depends + heavily on foreign assistance to keep afloat. The continuation of civil + strife has dimmed chances of foreign investment, and growth was a mere 0.3% + in 1992. Living standards, already abysmally low, fell further in 1991-92. +National product: + GDP - exchange rate conversion - $1.75 billion (1992 est.) +National product real growth rate: + 0.3% (1992 est.) +National product per capita: + $115 (1992 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 50% (1992 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 50% (1989 est.) +Budget: + revenues $252 million; expenditures $607 million, including capital + expenditures of $NA (1992 est.) +Exports: + $162 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.) + commodities: + shrimp 48%, cashews 21%, sugar 10%, copra 3%, citrus 3% + partners: + US, Western Europe, Germany, Japan +Imports: + $899 million (c.i.f., 1991 est.) + commodities: + food, clothing, farm equipment, petroleum + partners: + US, Western Europe, USSR +External debt: + $5.4 billion (1991 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 5% (1989 est.) +Electricity: + 2,270,000 kW capacity; 1,745 million kWh produced, 115 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + food, beverages, chemicals (fertilizer, soap, paints), petroleum products, + textiles, nonmetallic mineral products (cement, glass, asbestos), tobacco +Agriculture: + accounts for 50% of GDP and about 90% of exports; cash crops - cotton, + cashew nuts, sugarcane, tea, shrimp; other crops - cassava, corn, rice, + tropical fruits; not self-sufficient in food +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $350 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $4.4 billion; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $37 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $890 + million +Currency: + 1 metical (Mt) = 100 centavos + +*Mozambique, Economy + +Exchange rates: + meticais (Mt) per US$1 - 2,74.15 (January 1993), 2,433.34 (1992), 1,434.47 + (1991), 929.00 (1990), 800.00 (1989), 528.60 (1988) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +*Mozambique, Communications + +Railroads: + 3,288 km total; 3,140 km 1.067-meter gauge; 148 km 0.762-meter narrow gauge; + Malawi-Nacala, Malawi-Beira, and Zimbabwe-Maputo lines are subject to + closure because of insurgency +Highways: + 26,498 km total; 4,593 km paved; 829 km gravel, crushed stone, stabilized + soil; 21,076 km unimproved earth +Inland waterways: + about 3,750 km of navigable routes +Pipelines: + crude oil (not operating) 306 km; petroleum products 289 km +Ports: + Maputo, Beira, Nacala +Merchant marine: + 4 cargo ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 5,686 GRT/9,742 DWT +Airports: + total: + 194 + usable: + 131 + with permanent-surface runways: + 25 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 1 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 4 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 26 +Telecommunications: + fair system of troposcatter, open-wire lines, and radio relay; broadcast + stations - 29 AM, 4 FM, 1 TV; earth stations - 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and + 3 domestic Indian Ocean INTELSAT + +*Mozambique, Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Naval Command, Air and Air Defense Forces, Militia +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 3,675,189; fit for military service 2,110,489 (1993 est.) +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $118 million, 8% of GDP (1993 est.) + +*Namibia, Geography + +Location: + Southern Africa, bordering the South Atlantic Ocean between Angola and South + Africa +Map references: + Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World +Area: total area: + 824,290 km2 + land area: + 823,290 km2 + comparative area: + slightly more than half the size of Alaska +Land boundaries: + total 3,935 km, Angola 1,376 km, Botswana 1,360 km, South Africa 966 km, + Zambia 233 km +Coastline: + 1,489 km +Maritime claims: + contiguous zone: + 24 nm + exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + territorial sea: + 12 nm +International disputes: + short section of boundary with Botswana is indefinite; disputed island with + Botswana in the Chobe River; quadripoint with Botswana, Zambia, and Zimbabwe + is in disagreement; claim by Namibia to Walvis Bay and 12 offshore islands + administered by South Africa; Namibia and South Africa have agreed to + jointly administer the area for an interim period; the terms and dates to be + covered by joint administration arrangements have not been established at + this time, and Namibia will continue to maintain a claim to sovereignty over + the entire area; recent dispute with Botswana over uninhabited Kasikili + (Sidudu) Island in the Linyanti River +Climate: + desert; hot, dry; rainfall sparse and erratic +Terrain: + mostly high plateau; Namib Desert along coast; Kalahari Desert in east +Natural resources: + diamonds, copper, uranium, gold, lead, tin, lithium, cadmium, zinc, salt, + vanadium, natural gas, fish; suspected deposits of oil, natural gas, coal, + iron ore +Land use: + arable land: + 1% + permanent crops: + 0% + meadows and pastures: + 64% + forest and woodland: + 22% + other: + 13% +Irrigated land: + 40 km2 (1989 est.) +Environment: + inhospitable with very limited natural water resources; desertification +Note: + Walvis Bay area is an exclave of South Africa in Namibia + +*Namibia, People + +Population: + 1,541,321 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 3.46% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 43.77 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 9.13 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 63.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 61.2 years + male: + 58.57 years + female: + 63.91 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 6.46 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Namibian(s) + adjective: + Namibian +Ethnic divisions: + black 86%, white 6.6%, mixed 7.4% + note: + about 50% of the population belong to the Ovambo tribe and 9% to the + Kavangos tribe +Religions: + Christian +Languages: + English 7% (official), Afrikaans common language of most of the population + and about 60% of the white population, German 32%, indigenous languages +Literacy: + age 15 and over can read and write (1960) + total population: + 38% + male: + 45% + female: + 31% +Labor force: + 500,000 + by occupation: + agriculture 60%, industry and commerce 19%, services 8%, government 7%, + mining 6% (1981 est.) + +*Namibia, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Republic of Namibia + conventional short form: + Namibia +Digraph: + WA +Type: + republic +Capital: + Windhoek +Administrative divisions: + 13 districts; Erango, Hardap, Karas, Khomas, Kunene, Liambezi, Ohanguena, + Okarango, Omaheke, Omusat, Oshana, Oshikoto, Otjozondjupa + note: + the 26 districts were Bethanien, Boesmanland, Caprivi Oos, Damaraland, + Gobabis, Grootfontein, Hereroland Oos, Hereroland Wes, Kaokoland, Karasburg, + Karibib, Kavango, Keetmanshoop, Luderitz, Maltahohe, Mariental, Namaland, + Okahandja, Omaruru, Otjiwarongo, Outjo, Owambo, Rehoboth, Swakopmund, + Tsumeb, Windhoek +Independence: + 21 March 1990 (from South African mandate) +Constitution: + ratified 9 February 1990 +Legal system: + based on Roman-Dutch law and 1990 constitution +National holiday: + Independence Day, 21 March (1990) +Political parties and leaders: + South West Africa People's Organization (SWAPO), Sam NUJOMA; DTA of Namibia + (DTA; formerly Democratic Turnhalle Alliance of Namibia), Dirk MUDGE; United + Democratic Front (UDF), Justus GAROEB; Action Christian National (ACN), + Kosie PRETORIUS; National Patriotic Front (NPF), Moses KATJIUONGUA; Federal + Convention of Namibia (FCN), Hans DIERGAARDT; Namibia National Front (NNF), + Vekuii RUKORO +Other political or pressure groups: + NA +Suffrage: + 18 years of age; universal +Elections: + President: + last held 16 February 1990 (next to be held March 1995); results - Sam + NUJOMA was elected president by the Constituent Assembly (now the National + Assembly) + National Assembly: + last held on 7-11 November 1989 (next to be held by November 1994); results + - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (72 total) SWAPO 41, DTA 21, UDF 4, + ACN 3, NNF 1, FCN 1, NPF 1 + National Council: + last held 30 November-3 December 1992 (next to be held by December 1998); + seats - (26 total) SWAPO 19, DTA 6, UDF 1 +Executive branch: + president, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + bicameral legislature consists of an upper house or National Council and a + lower house or National Assembly +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court + +*Namibia, Government + +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + President Sam NUJOMA (since 21 March 1990) +Member of: + ACP, C, ECA, FAO, FLS, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IOM + (observer), ITU, NAM, OAU, SACU, SADC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, + UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO +Diplomatic representation in US: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Tuliameni KALOMOH + chancery: + 1605 New Hampshire Ave. NW, Washington, DC 20009 (mailing address is PO Box + 34738, Washington, DC 20043) + telephone: + (202) 986-0540 +US diplomatic representation: + chief of mission: + Charge d'Affaires Marshall MCCAULEY + embassy: + Ausplan Building, 14 Lossen St., Windhoek + mailing address: + P. O. Box 9890, Windhoek 9000 + telephone: + [264] (61) 221-601, 222-675, 222-680 + FAX: + [264] (61) 229-792 +Flag: + a large blue triangle with a yellow sunburst fills the upper left section, + and an equal green triangle (solid) fills the lower right section; the + triangles are separated by a red stripe that is contrasted by two narrow + white-edge borders + +*Namibia, Economy + +Overview: + The economy is heavily dependent on the mining industry to extract and + process minerals for export. Mining accounts for almost 25% of GDP. Namibia + is the fourth-largest exporter of nonfuel minerals in Africa and the world's + fifth-largest producer of uranium. Alluvial diamond deposits are among the + richest in the world, making Namibia a primary source for gem-quality + diamonds. Namibia also produces large quantities of lead, zinc, tin, silver, + and tungsten. More than half the population depends on agriculture (largely + subsistence agriculture) for its livelihood. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +National product: + GDP - exchange rate conversion - $2 billion (1992 est.) +National product real growth rate: + 2% (1992 est.) +National product per capita: + $1,300 (1992 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 10% (1992) in urban area +Unemployment rate: + 25-35% (1992) +Budget: + revenues $864 million; expenditures $1,112 million, including capital + expenditures of $144 million (FY 92) +Exports: + $1.184 billion (f.o.b., 1991) + commodities: + diamonds, copper, gold, zinc, lead, uranium, cattle, processed fish, karakul + skins + partners: + Switzerland, South Africa, Germany, Japan +Imports: + $1.238 billion (f.o.b., 1991) + +*Namibia, Economy + + commodities: + foodstuffs, petroleum products and fuel, machinery and equipment + partners: + South Africa, Germany, US, Switzerland +External debt: + about $220 million (1992 est.) +Industrial production: growth rate 4.9% (1991); accounts for 35% of GDP, including mining +Electricity: + 490,000 kW capacity; 1,290 million kWh produced, 850 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + meatpacking, fish processing, dairy products, mining (copper, lead, zinc, + diamond, uranium) +Agriculture: + accounts for 15% of GDP; mostly subsistence farming; livestock raising major + source of cash income; crops - millet, sorghum, peanuts; fish catch + potential of over 1 million metric tons not being fulfilled, 1988 catch + reaching only 384,000 metric tons; not self-sufficient in food +Economic aid: + Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), + $47.2 million +Currency: + 1 South African rand (R) = 100 cents +Exchange rates: + South African rand (R) per US$1 - 3.1576 (May 1993), 2.8497 (1992), 2.7653 + (1991), 2.5863 (1990), 2.6166 (1989), 2.2611 (1988) +Fiscal year: + 1 April - 31 March + +*Namibia, Communications + +Railroads: + 2,341 km 1.067-meter gauge, single track +Highways: + 54,500 km; 4,079 km paved, 2,540 km gravel, 47,881 km earth roads and tracks +Ports: + Luderitz; primary maritime outlet is Walvis Bay (South Africa) +Airports: + total: + 137 + usable: + 112 + with permanent-surface runways: + 21 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 1 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 4 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 62 +Telecommunications: + good urban, fair rural services; radio relay connects major towns, wires + extend to other population centers; 62,800 telephones; broadcast stations - + 4 AM, 40 FM, 3 TV + +*Namibia, Defense Forces + +Branches: + National Defense Force (Army), Police +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 324,599; fit for military service 192,381 (1993 est.) +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $66 million, 3.4% of GDP (FY92) + +*Nauru, Geography + +Location: + Oceania, 500 km north-northeast of Papua New Guinea +Map references: + Oceania, Standard Time Zones of the World +Area: + total area: + 21 km2 + land area: + 21 km2 + comparative area: + about one-tenth the size of Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + 0 km +Coastline: + 30 km +Maritime claims: + exclusive fishing zone: + 200 nm + territorial sea: + 12 nm +International disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical; monsoonal; rainy season (November to February) +Terrain: + sandy beach rises to fertile ring around raised coral reefs with phosphate + plateau in center +Natural resources: + phosphates +Land use: + arable land: + 0% + permanent crops: + 0% + meadows and pastures: + 0% + forest and woodland: + 0% + other: + 100% +Irrigated land: + NA km2 +Environment: + only 53 km south of Equator +Note: + Nauru is one of the three great phosphate rock islands in the Pacific Ocean + - the others are Banaba (Ocean Island) in Kiribati and Makatea in French + Polynesia + +*Nauru, People + +Population: + 9,882 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 1.42% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 18.92 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 5.1 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + 0.4 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 40.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 66.68 years + male: + 64.3 years + female: + 69.18 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 2.2 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Nauruan(s) + adjective: + Nauruan +Ethnic divisions: + Nauruan 58%, other Pacific Islander 26%, Chinese 8%, European 8% +Religions: + Christian (two-thirds Protestant, one-third Roman Catholic) +Languages: + Nauruan (official; a distinct Pacific Island language), English widely + understood, spoken, and used for most government and commercial purposes +Literacy: + total population: + NA% + male: + NA% + female: + NA% +Labor force: + by occupation: + NA + +*Nauru, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: Republic of Nauru + conventional short form: + Nauru + former: + Pleasant Island +Digraph: + NR +Type: + republic +Capital: + no official capital; government offices in Yaren +Administrative divisions: + 14 districts; Aiwo, Anabar, Anetan, Anibare, Baiti, Boe, Buada, Denigomodu, + Ewa, Ijuw, Meneng, Nibok, Uaboe, Yaren +Independence: + 31 January 1968 (from UN trusteeship under Australia, New Zealand, and UK) +Constitution: + 29 January 1968 +Legal system: + own Acts of Parliament and British common law +National holiday: + Independence Day, 31 January (1968) +Political parties and leaders: + none +Suffrage: + 20 years of age; universal and compulsory +Elections: + President: + last held 19 November 1992 (next to be held NA November 1995); results - + Bernard DOWIYOGO elected by Parliament + Parliament: + last held on 14 November 1992 (next to be held NA November 1995); results - + percent of vote NA; seats - (18 total) independents 18 +Executive branch: + president, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + unicameral Parliament +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + President Bernard DOWIYOGO (since 12 December 1989) +Member of: + AsDB, C (special), ESCAP, ICAO, INTERPOL, ITU, SPARTECA, SPC, SPF, UPU +Diplomatic representation in US: + there is a Nauruan Consulate in Agana (Guam) +US diplomatic representation: + the US Ambassador to Australia is accredited to Nauru +Flag: + blue with a narrow, horizontal, yellow stripe across the center and a large + white 12-pointed star below the stripe on the hoist side; the star indicates + the country's location in relation to the Equator (the yellow stripe) and + the 12 points symbolize the 12 original tribes of Nauru + +*Nauru, Economy + +Overview: + Revenues come from the export of phosphates, the reserves of which are + expected to be exhausted by the year 2000. Phosphates have given Nauruans + one of the highest per capita incomes in the Third World - $10,000 annually. + Few other resources exist, so most necessities must be imported, including + fresh water from Australia. The rehabilitation of mined land and the + replacement of income from phosphates are serious long-term problems. + Substantial amounts of phosphate income are invested in trust funds to help + cushion the transition. +National product: + GNP - exchange rate conversion - $90 million (1989 est.) +National product real growth rate: + NA% +National product per capita: + $10,000 (1989 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + NA% +Unemployment rate: + 0% +Budget: + revenues $69.7 million; expenditures $51.5 million, including capital + expenditures of $NA (FY86 est.) +Exports: + $93 million (f.o.b., 1984) + commodities: + phosphates + partners: + Australia, NZ +Imports: + $73 million (c.i.f., 1984) + commodities: + food, fuel, manufactures, building materials, machinery + partners: + Australia, UK, NZ, Japan +External debt: + $33.3 million +Industrial production: + growth rate NA% +Electricity: + 14,000 kW capacity; 50 million kWh produced, 5,430 kWh per capita (1990) +Industries: + phosphate mining, financial services, coconut products +Agriculture: + coconuts; other agricultural activity negligible; almost completely + dependent on imports for food and water +Economic aid: + Western (non-US) countries (1970-89), $2 million +Currency: + 1 Australian dollar ($A) = 100 cents +Exchange rates: + Australian dollars ($A) per US$1 - 1.4837 (January 1993), 1.3600 (1992), + 1.2834 (1991), 1.2799 (1990), 1.2618 (1989), 1.2752 (1988) +Fiscal year: + 1 July - 30 June + +*Nauru, Communications + +Railroads: + 3.9 km; used to haul phosphates from the center of the island to processing + facilities on the southwest coast +Highways: + about 27 km total; 21 km paved, 6 km improved earth +Ports: + Nauru +Merchant marine: + 1 bulk ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 4,426 GRT/5,750 DWT +Airports: + total: + 1 + useable: + 1 + with permanent-surface runways: + 1 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 1 +Telecommunications: + adequate local and international radio communications provided via + Australian facilities; 1,600 telephones; 4,000 radios; broadcast stations - + 1 AM, no FM, no TV; 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth station + +*Nauru, Defense Forces + +Branches: + Directorate of the Nauru Police Force + note: + no regular armed forces +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 NA; fit for military service NA +Defense expenditures: + $NA - no formal defense structure + +*Navassa Island, Header + +Affiliation: + (territory of the US) + +*Navassa Island, Geography + +Location: + in the Caribbean Sea, 160 km south of the US Naval Base at Guantanamo + (Cuba), between Cuba, Haiti, and Jamaica +Map references: + Central America and the Caribbean +Area: + total area: + 5.2 km2 + land area: + 5.2 km2 + comparative area: + about nine times the size of the Mall in Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + 0 km +Coastline: + 8 km +Maritime claims: + contiguous zone: + 24 nm + continental shelf: + 200 m or depth of exploitation + exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + territorial sea: + 12 nm +International disputes: + claimed by Haiti +Climate: + marine, tropical +Terrain: + raised coral and limestone plateau, flat to undulating; ringed by vertical + white cliffs (9 to 15 meters high) +Natural resources: + guano +Land use: + arable land: + 0% + permanent crops: + 0% + meadows and pastures: + 10% + forest and woodland: + 0% + other: + 90% +Irrigated land: + 0 km2 +Environment: + mostly exposed rock, but enough grassland to support goat herds; dense + stands of fig-like trees, scattered cactus +Note: + strategic location 160 km south of the US Naval Base at Guantanamo, Cuba + +*Navassa Island, People + +Population: + uninhabited; note - transient Haitian fishermen and others camp on the + island + +*Navassa Island, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + none + conventional short form: + Navassa Island +Digraph: + BQ +Type: + unincorporated territory of the US administered by the US Coast Guard +Capital: + none; administered from Washington, DC + +*Navassa Island, Economy + +Overview: + no economic activity + +*Navassa Island, Communications + +Ports: + none; offshore anchorage only + +*Navassa Island, Defense Forces + +Note: + defense is the responsibility of the US + +*Nepal, Geography + +Location: + South Asia, in the Himalayas, between China and India +Map references: + Asia, Standard Time Zones of the World +Area: + total area: + 140,800 km2 + land area: + 136,800 km2 + comparative area: slightly larger than Arkansas +Land boundaries: + total 2,926 km, China 1,236 km, India 1,690 km +Coastline: + 0 km (landlocked) +Maritime claims: + none; landlocked +International disputes: + none +Climate: + varies from cool summers and severe winters in north to subtropical summers + and mild winters in south +Terrain: + Terai or flat river plain of the Ganges in south, central hill region, + rugged Himalayas in north +Natural resources: + quartz, water, timber, hydroelectric potential, scenic beauty, small + deposits of lignite, copper, cobalt, iron ore +Land use: + arable land: + 17% + permanent crops: + 0% + meadows and pastures: + 13% + forest and woodland: + 33% + other: + 37% +Irrigated land: + 9,430 km2 (1989) +Environment: + contains eight of world's 10 highest peaks; deforestation; soil erosion; + water pollution +Note: + landlocked; strategic location between China and India + +*Nepal, People + +Population: + 20,535,466 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 2.43% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 37.99 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 13.66 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 85.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 51.98 years male: + 51.84 years + female: + 52.12 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 5.33 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Nepalese (singular and plural) + adjective: + Nepalese +Ethnic divisions: + Newars, Indians, Tibetans, Gurungs, Magars, Tamangs, Bhotias, Rais, Limbus, + Sherpas +Religions: + Hindu 90%, Buddhist 5%, Muslim 3%, other 2% (1981) + note: + only official Hindu state in world, although no sharp distinction between + many Hindu and Buddhist groups +Languages: + Nepali (official), 20 languages divided into numerous dialects +Literacy: + age 15 and over can read and write (1990) + total population: + 26% + male: + 38% + female: + 13% +Labor force: + 8.5 million (1991 est.) + by occupation: + agriculture 93%, services 5%, industry 2% + note: + severe lack of skilled labor + +*Nepal, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Kingdom of Nepal + conventional short form: + Nepal +Digraph: + NP +Type: + parliamentary democracy as of 12 May 1991 +Capital: + Kathmandu +Administrative divisions: + 14 zones (anchal, singular and plural); Bagmati, Bheri, Dhawalagiri, + Gandaki, Janakpur, Karnali, Kosi, Lumbini, Mahakali, Mechi, Narayani, Rapti, + Sagarmatha, Seti +Independence: 1768 (unified by Prithvi Narayan Shah) +Constitution: + 9 November 1990 +Legal system: + based on Hindu legal concepts and English common law; has not accepted + compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + Birthday of His Majesty the King, 28 December (1945) +Political parties and leaders: + ruling party: + Nepali Congress Party (NCP), Party president Krishna Prasad BHATTARAI, Prime + Minister Girija Prasad KOIRALA, Ganesh Man SINGH + center: + the NDP has two factions: National Democratic Party/Chand (NDP/Chand), + Lokendra Bahadur CHAND; and National Democratic Party/Thapa (NDP/Thapa), + Surya Bahadur THAPA; Terai Rights Sadbhavana (Goodwill) Party, Gayendra + Narayan SINGH + Communist: + Communist Party of Nepal/United Marxist and Leninist (CPN/UML), Man Mohan + ADIKHARY; United People's Front (UPF), N. K. PRASAI, Lila Mani POKHAREL; + Nepal Workers and Peasants Party, leader NA; Rohit Party, N. M. BIJUKCHHE; + Democratic Party, leader NA + note: + the two factions of the NDP announced a merger in late 1991 +Other political or pressure groups: + numerous small, left-leaning student groups in the capital; several small, + radical Nepalese antimonarchist groups +Suffrage: + 18 years of age; universal +Elections: + House of Representatives: + last held on 12 May 1991 (next to be held May 1996); results - NCP 38%, + CPN/UML 28%, NDP/Chand 6%, UPF 5%, NDP/Thapa 5%, Terai Rights Sadbhavana + Party 4%, Rohit 2%, CPN (Democratic) 1%, independents 4%, other 7%; seats - + (205 total) NCP 110, CPN/UML 69, UPF 9, Terai Rights Sadbhavana Party 6, + NDP/Chand 3, Rohit 2, CPN (Democratic) 2, NDP/Thapa 1, independents 3; note + - the new Constitution of 9 November 1990 gave Nepal a multiparty democracy + system for the first time in 32 years +Executive branch: + monarch, prime minister, Council of Ministers +Legislative branch: + bicameral Parliament consists of an upper house or National Council and a + lower house or House of Representatives + +*Nepal, Government + +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court (Sarbochha Adalat) +Leaders: + Chief of State: + King BIRENDRA Bir Bikram Shah Dev (since 31 January 1972, crowned King 24 + February 1985); Heir Apparent Crown Prince DIPENDRA Bir Bikram Shah Dev, son + of the King (born 21 June 1971) + Head of Government: Prime Minister Girija Prasad KOIRALA (since 29 May 1991) +Member of: + AsDB, CCC, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, + INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, SAARC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, + UNIFIL, UNPROFOR, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation in US: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Yog Prasad UPADHYAYA + chancery: + 2131 Leroy Place NW, Washington, DC 20008 + telephone: + (202) 667-4550 + consulate general: + New York +US diplomatic representation: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Julia Chang BLOCH + embassy: + Pani Pokhari, Kathmandu + mailing address: + use embassy street address + telephone: + [977] (1) 411179 or 412718, 411604, 411613, 413890 + FAX: + [977] (1) 419963 +Flag: + red with a blue border around the unique shape of two overlapping right + triangles; the smaller, upper triangle bears a white stylized moon and the + larger, lower triangle bears a white 12-pointed sun + +*Nepal, Economy + +Overview: + Nepal is among the poorest and least developed countries in the world. + Agriculture is the mainstay of the economy, providing a livelihood for over + 90% of the population and accounting for 60% of GDP. Industrial activity is + limited, mainly involving the processing of agricultural produce (jute, + sugarcane, tobacco, and grain). Production of textiles and carpets has + expanded recently and accounted for 85% of foreign exchange earnings in + FY91. Apart from agricultural land and forests, exploitable natural + resources are mica, hydropower, and tourism. Agricultural production in the + late 1980s grew by about 5%, as compared with annual population growth of + 2.6%. More than 40% of the population is undernourished partly because of + poor distribution. The top 10% of the population receives 47% of total + income, the bottom 20% less than 5% of the total. Since May 1991, the + government has been encouraging trade and foreign investment, e.g., by + eliminating business licenses and registration requirements in order to + simplify domestic and foreign investment. The government also has been + cutting public expenditures by reducing subsides, privatizing state + industries, and laying off civil servants. Prospects for foreign trade and + investment in the 1990s remain poor, however, because of the small size of + the economy, its technological backwardness, and its remoteness. +National product: + GDP - exchange rate conversion - $3.4 billion (FY92) +National product real growth rate: + 3.1% (FY92) +National product per capita: + $170 (FY92) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 14% (November 1992) +Unemployment rate: + 5% (1987); underemployment estimated at 25-40% +Budget: + revenues $308.0 million; expenditures $672.0 million, including capital + expenditures of $396 million (FY92 est.) +Exports: + $313 million (f.o.b., FY92 est.) but does not include unrecorded border + trade with India + commodities: + carpets, clothing, leather goods, jute goods, grain + partners: + US, Germany, India, UK +Imports: + $751 million (c.i.f., FY92 est.) + commodities: + petroleum products 20%, fertilizer 11%, machinery 10% + partners: + India, Singapore, Japan, Germany +External debt: + $2 billion (FY92 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 6% (FY91 est.); accounts for 7% of GDP +Electricity: + 300,000 kW capacity; 1,000 million kWh produced, 50 kWh per capita (1992) +Industries: + small rice, jute, sugar, and oilseed mills; cigarette, textile, carpet, + cement, and brick production; tourism +Agriculture: + accounts for 60% of GDP and 90% of work force; farm products - rice, corn, + wheat, sugarcane, root crops, milk, buffalo meat; not self-sufficient in + food, particularly in drought years + +*Nepal, Economy + +Illicit drugs: + illicit producer of cannabis for the domestic and international drug + markets; probable transit point for heroin from Southeast Asia to the West +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $304 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1980-89), $2,230 million; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $30 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $286 + million +Currency: + 1 Nepalese rupee (NR) = 100 paisa +Exchange rates: + Nepalese rupees (NRs) per US$1 - 43.200 (January 1993), 42.742 (1992), + 37.255 (1991), 29.370 (1990), 27.189 (1989), 23.289 (1988) +Fiscal year: 16 July - 15 July + +*Nepal, Communications + +Railroads: + 52 km (1990), all 0.762-meter narrow gauge; all in Terai close to Indian + border; 10 km from Raxaul to Birganj is government owned +Highways: + 7,080 km total (1990); 2,898 km paved, 1,660 km gravel or crushed stone; + also 2,522 km of seasonally motorable tracks +Airports: + total: + 37 + usable: + 37 + with permanent-surface runways: + 5 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 1 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 8 +Telecommunications: + poor telephone and telegraph service; fair radio communication and broadcast + service; international radio communication service is poor; 50,000 + telephones (1990); broadcast stations - 88 AM, no FM, 1 TV; 1 Indian Ocean + INTELSAT earth station + +*Nepal, Defense Forces + +Branches: + Royal Nepalese Army, Royal Nepalese Army Air Service, Nepalese Police Force +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 4,849,109; fit for military service 2,517,385; reach + military age (17) annually 234,060 (1993 est.) +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $34 million, 2% of GDP (FY91/92) + +*Netherlands, Geography + +Location: + Western Europe, bordering the North Sea, between Belgium and Germany +Map references: + Europe, Standard Time Zones of the World +Area: + total area: + 37,330 km2 + land area: + 33,920 km2 comparative area: + slightly less than twice the size of New Jersey +Land boundaries: + total 1,027 km, Belgium 450 km, Germany 577 km +Coastline: + 451 km +Maritime claims: + continental shelf: + not specified + exclusive fishing zone: + 200 nm + territorial sea: + 12 nm +International disputes: + none +Climate: + temperate; marine; cool summers and mild winters +Terrain: + mostly coastal lowland and reclaimed land (polders); some hills in southeast +Natural resources: + natural gas, petroleum, fertile soil +Land use: + arable land: + 26% + permanent crops: + 1% + meadows and pastures: + 32% + forest and woodland: + 9% + other: + 32% +Irrigated land: + 5,500 km2 (1989 est.) +Environment: + without an extensive system of dikes and dams, nearly one-half of the total + area would be inundated by sea water +Note: + located at mouths of three major European rivers (Rhine, Maas or Meuse, + Schelde) + +*Netherlands, People + +Population: + 15,274,942 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 0.63% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 12.81 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 8.53 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + 2.06 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: 6.2 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 77.55 years + male: + 74.48 years + female: + 80.78 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 1.59 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Dutchman(men), Dutchwoman(women) + adjective: + Dutch +Ethnic divisions: + Dutch 96%, Moroccans, Turks, and other 4% (1988) +Religions: + Roman Catholic 36%, Protestant 27%, other 6%, unaffiliated 31% (1988) +Languages: + Dutch +Literacy: + age 15 and over can read and write (1979) + total population: + 99% + male: + NA% + female: + NA% +Labor force: + 5.3 million + by occupation: + services 50.1%, manufacturing and construction 28.2%, government 15.9%, + agriculture 5.8% (1986) + +*Netherlands, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Kingdom of the Netherlands + conventional short form: + Netherlands + local long form: + Koninkrijk de Nederlanden + local short form: + Nederland +Digraph: + NL +Type: + constitutional monarchy +Capital: + Amsterdam; The Hague is the seat of government +Administrative divisions: + 12 provinces (provincien, singular - provincie); Drenthe, Flevoland, + Friesland, Gelderland, Groningen, Limburg, Noord-Brabant, Noord-Holland, + Overijssel, Utrecht, Zeeland, Zuid-Holland +Dependent areas: + Aruba, Netherlands Antilles +Independence: + 1579 (from Spain) +Constitution: + 17 February 1983 +Legal system: + civil law system incorporating French penal theory; judicial review in the + Supreme Court of legislation of lower order rather than Acts of the States + General; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations +National holiday: + Queen's Day, 30 April (1938) +Political parties and leaders: + Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA), Willem van VELZEN; Labor (PvdA), Wim KOK; + Liberal (VVD), Frederick BOLKSTEIN; Democrats '66 (D'66), Hans van MIERIO; a + host of minor parties +Other political or pressure groups: + large multinational firms; Federation of Netherlands Trade Union Movement + (comprising Socialist and Catholic trade unions) and a Protestant trade + union; Federation of Catholic and Protestant Employers Associations; the + nondenominational Federation of Netherlands Enterprises; and Interchurch + Peace Council (IKV) +Suffrage: + 18 years of age; universal +Elections: + First Chamber: + last held on 9 June l991 (next to be held 9 June 1995); results - elected by + the country's 12 provincial councils; seats - (75 total) percent of seats by + party NA + Second Chamber: + last held on 6 September 1989 (next to be held in May 1994); results - CDA + 35.3%, PvdA 31.9%, VVD 14.6%, D'66 7.9%, other 10.3%; seats - (150 total) + CDA 54, PvdA 49, VVD 22, D'66 12, other 13 +Executive branch: + monarch, prime minister, vice prime minister, Cabinet, Cabinet of Ministers +Legislative branch: + bicameral legislature (Staten Generaal) consists of an upper chamber or + First Chamber (Eerste Kamer) and a lower chamber or Second Chamber (Tweede + Kamer) + +*Netherlands, Government + +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court (De Hoge Raad) +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Queen BEATRIX Wilhelmina Armgard (since 30 April 1980); Heir Apparent + WILLEM-ALEXANDER, Prince of Orange, son of Queen Beatrix (born 27 April + 1967) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Ruud (Rudolph) F. M. LUBBERS (since 4 November 1982); Vice + Prime Minister Willem (Wim) KOK (since 2 November 1989) +Member of: + AfDB, AG (observer), AsDB, Australia Group, Benelux, BIS, CCC, CE, CERN, + COCOM, CSCE, EBRD, EC, ECE, ECLAC, EIB, ESA, ESCAP, FAO, G-10, GATT, IADB, + IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, + INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LORCS, MTCR, NACC, NAM (guest), + NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, PCA, UN, UNAVEM II, UNCTAD, UNESCO, + UNHCR, UNIDO, UNPROFOR, UNTAC, UNTSO, UPU, WCL, WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC +Diplomatic representation in US: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Johan Hendrick MEESMAN + chancery: + 4200 Linnean Avenue NW, Washington DC 20008 + telephone: + (202) 244-5300 + FAX: + (202) 362-3430 + consulates general: + Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Manila (Trust Territories of the Pacific + Islands), New York +US diplomatic representation: + chief of mission: + (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Thomas H. GEWECKE + embassy: + Lange Voorhout 102, The Hague + mailing address: + PSC 71, Box 1000, APO AE 09715 + telephone: + [31] (70) 310-9209 + FAX: + [31] (70) 361-4688 + consulate general: + Amsterdam +Flag: + three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and blue; similar to the + flag of Luxembourg, which uses a lighter blue and is longer + +*Netherlands, Economy + +Overview: + This highly developed and affluent economy is based on private enterprise. + The government makes its presence felt, however, through many regulations, + permit requirements, and welfare programs affecting most aspects of economic + activity. The trade and financial services sector contributes over 50% of + GDP. Industrial activity provides about 25% of GDP and is led by the + food-processing, oil-refining, and metalworking industries. The highly + mechanized agricultural sector employs only 5% of the labor force, but + provides large surpluses for export and the domestic food-processing + industry. Unemployment and a sizable budget deficit are currently the most + serious economic problems. Many of the economic issues of the 1990s will + reflect the course of European economic integration. +National product: + GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $259.8 billion (1992) +National product real growth rate: + 1.6% (1992) +National product per capita: + $17,200 (1992) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 3.5% (1992 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 5.3% (1992 est.) +Budget: + revenues $109.9 billion; expenditures $122.1 billion, including capital + expenditures of $NA (1992 est.) +Exports: + $128.5 billion (f.o.b., 1992) + commodities: + agricultural products, processed foods and tobacco, natural gas, chemicals, + metal products, textiles, clothing + partners: + EC 77% (Germany 27%, Belgium-Luxembourg 15%, UK 10%), US 4% (1991) +Imports: + $117.7 billion (f.o.b., 1992) + commodities: + raw materials and semifinished products, consumer goods, transportation + equipment, crude oil, food products + partners: + EC 64% (Germany 26%, Belgium-Luxembourg 14%, UK 8%), US 8% (1991) +External debt: + $0 +Industrial production: + growth rate 1.6% (1992 est.); accounts for 25% of GDP +Electricity: + 22,216,000 kW capacity; 63,500 million kWh produced, 4,200 kWh per capita + (1992) +Industries: + agroindustries, metal and engineering products, electrical machinery and + equipment, chemicals, petroleum, fishing, construction, microelectronics +Agriculture: + accounts for 4.6% of GDP; animal production predominates; crops - grains, + potatoes, sugar beets, fruits, vegetables; shortages of grain, fats, and + oils +Illicit drugs: + transit country for illicit narcotics produced in neighboring countries; + European producer of illicit amphetamines and other synthetic drugs +Economic aid: + donor - ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $19.4 billion + +*Netherlands, Economy + +Currency: + 1 Netherlands guilder, gulden, or florin (f.) = 100 cents +Exchange rates: + Netherlands guilders, gulden, or florins (f.) per US$1 - 1.8167 (January + 1993), 1.7585 (1992), 1.8697 (1991), 1.8209 (1990), 2.1207 (1989), 1.9766 + (1988) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +*Netherlands, Communications + +Railroads: + 2,828 km 1.435-meter standard gauge operated by Netherlands Railways (NS) + (includes 1,957 km electrified and 1,800 km double track) +Highways: + 108,360 km total; 92,525 km paved (including 2,185 km of limited access, + divided highways); 15,835 km gravel, crushed stone +Inland waterways: + 6,340 km, of which 35% is usable by craft of 1,000 metric ton capacity or + larger +Pipelines: + crude oil 418 km; petroleum products 965 km; natural gas 10,230 km +Ports: + coastal - Amsterdam, Delfzijl, Den Helder, Dordrecht, Eemshaven, Ijmuiden, + Rotterdam, Scheveningen, Terneuzen, Vlissingen; inland - 29 ports +Merchant marine: + 344 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,762,000 GRT/3,675,649 DWT; includes + 3 short-sea passenger, 193 cargo, 30 refrigerated cargo, 26 container, 13 + roll-on/roll-off, 1 livestock carrier, 11 multifunction large-load carrier, + 23 oil tanker, 22 chemical tanker, 10 liquefied gas, 2 specialized tanker, 6 + bulk, 4 combination bulk; note - many Dutch-owned ships are also registered + on the captive Netherlands Antilles register +Airports: + total: + 28 + usable: + 28 + with permanent-surface runways: + 20 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 11 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 6 +Telecommunications: + highly developed, well maintained, and integrated; extensive redundant + system of multiconductor cables, supplemented by microwave radio relay + microwave links; 9,418,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 3 (3 relays) AM, + 12 (39 repeaters) FM, 8 (7 repeaters) TV; 5 submarine cables; 1 + communication satellite earth station operating in INTELSAT (1 Indian Ocean + and 2 Atlantic Ocean antenna) and EUTELSAT systems; nationwide mobile phone + system + +*Netherlands, Defense Forces + +Branches: + Royal Netherlands Army, Royal Netherlands Navy (including Naval Air Service + and Marine Corps), Royal Netherlands Air Force, Royal Constabulary +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 4,183,167; fit for military service 3,677,445; reach + military age (20) annually 104,263 (1993 est.) +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $7.8 billion, 3% of GDP (1992) + +*Netherlands Antilles, Header + +Affiliation: + (part of the Dutch realm) + +*Netherlands Antilles, Geography + +Location: + two island groups - Curacas and Bonaire in the southern Caribbean Sea are + about 70 km north of Venezuela near Aruba and the rest of the country is + about 800 km to the northeast about one-third of the way between Antigua and + Barbuda and Puerto Rico +Map references: + Central America and the Caribbean +Area: + total area: + 960 km2 + land area: + 960 km2 + comparative area: + slightly less than 5.5 times the size of Washington, DC + note: + includes Bonaire, Curacao, Saba, Sint Eustatius, and Sint Maarten (Dutch + part of the island of Saint Martin) +Land boundaries: + 0 km +Coastline: + 364 km +Maritime claims: + exclusive fishing zone: + 12 nm + territorial sea: + 12 nm +International disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical; ameliorated by northeast trade winds +Terrain: + generally hilly, volcanic interiors +Natural resources: + phosphates (Curacao only), salt (Bonaire only) +Land use: + arable land: + 8% + permanent crops: + 0% + meadows and pastures: + 0% forest and woodland: + 0% + other: + 92% +Irrigated land: + NA km2 +Environment: + Curacao and Bonaire are south of Caribbean hurricane belt, so rarely + threatened; Sint Maarten, Saba, and Sint Eustatius are subject to hurricanes + from July to October + +*Netherlands Antilles, People + +Population: + 184,990 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 0.4% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 17.23 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 5.69 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + -7.57 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 10.4 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 75.73 years + male: + 73.55 years + female: + 78.03 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 1.99 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Netherlands Antillean(s) + adjective: + Netherlands Antillean +Ethnic divisions: + mixed African 85%, Carib Indian, European, Latin, Oriental +Religions: + Roman Catholic, Protestant, Jewish, Seventh-Day Adventist +Languages: + Dutch (official), Papiamento a Spanish-Portuguese-Dutch-English dialect + predominates, English widely spoken, Spanish +Literacy: + age 15 and over can read and write (1981) + total population: + 94% + male: + 94% + female: + 93% +Labor force: + 89,000 + by occupation: + government 65%, industry and commerce 28% (1983) + +*Netherlands Antilles, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + none + conventional short form: + Netherlands Antilles + local long form: + none + local short form: + Nederlandse Antillen +Digraph: + NA +Type: + part of the Dutch realm; full autonomy in internal affairs granted in 1954 +Capital: + Willemstad +Administrative divisions: + none (part of the Dutch realm) +Independence: + none (part of the Dutch realm) +Constitution: + 29 December 1954, Statute of the Realm of the Netherlands, as amended +Legal system: + based on Dutch civil law system, with some English common law influence +National holiday: + Queen's Day, 30 April (1938) +Political parties and leaders: + political parties are indigenous to each island + Bonaire: + Patriotic Union of Bonaire (UPB), Rudy ELLIS; Democratic Party of Bonaire + (PDB), Franklin CRESTIAN + Curacao: + National People's Party (PNP), Maria LIBERIA-PETERS; New Antilles Movement + (MAN), Domenico Felip Don MARTINA; Workers' Liberation Front (FOL), Wilson + (Papa) GODETT; Socialist Independent (SI), George HUECK and Nelson MONTE; + Democratic Party of Curacao (DP), Augustin DIAZ; Nos Patria, Chin BEHILIA + Saba: + Windward Islands People's Movement (WIPM Saba), Will JOHNSON; Saba + Democratic Labor Movement, Vernon HASSELL; Saba Unity Party, Carmen SIMMONDS + Sint Eustatius: + Democratic Party of Sint Eustatius (DP-St.E), K. Van PUTTEN; Windward + Islands People's Movement (WIPM); St. Eustatius Alliance (SEA), Ralph BERKEL + Sint Maarten: + Democratic Party of Sint Maarten (DP-St.M), Claude WATHEY; Patriotic + Movement of Sint Maarten (SPA), Vance JAMES +Suffrage: + 18 years of age; universal +Elections: Staten: + last held on 16 March 1990 (next to be held March 1994); results - percent + of vote by party NA; seats - (22 total) PNP 7, FOL-SI 3, UPB 3, MAN 2, + DP-St. M 2, DP 1, SPM 1, WIPM 1, DP-St. E 1, Nos Patria 1; note - the + government of Prime Minister Maria LIBERIA-PETERS is a coalition of several + parties +Executive branch: + Dutch monarch, governor, prime minister, vice prime minister, Council of + Ministers (cabinet) +Legislative branch: + unicameral legislature (Staten) + +*Netherlands Antilles, Government + +Judicial branch: + Joint High Court of Justice +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Queen BEATRIX Wilhelmina Armgard (since 30 April 1980), represented by + Governor General Jaime SALEH (since NA October 1989) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Maria LIBERIA-PETERS (since 17 May 1988, previously served + from September 1984 to November 1985) +Member of: + CARICOM (observer), ECLAC (associate), ICFTU, INTERPOL, IOC, UNESCO + (associate), UPU, WMO, WTO (associate) +Diplomatic representation in US: + as an autonomous part of the Netherlands, Netherlands Antillean interests in + the US are represented by the Netherlands +US diplomatic representation: + chief of mission: + Consul General Bernard J. WOERZ + consulate general: + Saint Anna Boulevard 19, Willemstad, Curacao + mailing address: + P. O. Box 158, Willemstad, Curacao + telephone: + [599] (9) 613066 + FAX: + [599] (9) 616489 +Flag: + white with a horizontal blue stripe in the center superimposed on a vertical + red band also centered; five white five-pointed stars are arranged in an + oval pattern in the center of the blue band; the five stars represent the + five main islands of Bonaire, Curacao, Saba, Sint Eustatius, and Sint + Maarten + +*Netherlands Antilles, Economy + +Overview: + Tourism, petroleum refining, and offshore finance are the mainstays of the + economy. The islands enjoy a high per capita income and a well-developed + infrastructure as compared with other countries in the region. Unlike many + Latin American countries, the Netherlands Antilles has avoided large + international debt. Almost all consumer and capital goods are imported, with + the US being the major supplier. +National product: + GDP - exchange rate conversion - $1.6 billion (1991 est.) +National product real growth rate: + 4% (1991 est.) +National product per capita: + $8,700 (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 4% (1992 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 16.4% (1991 est.) +Budget: + revenues $209 million; expenditures $232 million, including capital + expenditures of $8 million (1992 est.) +Exports: + $200 million (f.o.b., 1991) + commodities: + petroleum products 98% + partners: + US 40%, UK 7%, Guadeloupe 5% +Imports: + $1.2 billion (f.o.b., 1991) + commodities: + crude petroleum 64%, food, manufactures + partners: + Venezuela 42%, US 21%, Netherlands 8% +External debt: + $701 million (December 1987) +Industrial production: + growth rate NA% +Electricity: + 125,000 kW capacity; 365 million kWh produced, 1,980 kWh per capita (1992) +Industries: + tourism (Curacao and Sint Maarten), petroleum refining (Curacao), petroleum + transshipment facilities (Curacao and Bonaire), light manufacturing + (Curacao) +Agriculture: + hampered by poor soils and scarcity of water; chief products - aloes, + sorghum, peanuts, fresh vegetables, tropical fruit; not self-sufficient in + food +Economic aid: + Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), + $513 million +Currency: + 1 Netherlands Antillean guilder, gulden, or florin (NAf.) = 100 cents +Exchange rates: + Netherlands Antillean guilders, gulden, or florins (NAf.) per US$1 - 1.79 + (fixed rate since 1989; 1.80 fixed rate 1971-88) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +*Netherlands Antilles, Communications + +Highways: + 950 km total; 300 km paved, 650 km gravel and earth +Ports: + Willemstad, Philipsburg, Kralendijk +Merchant marine: + 89 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 781,646 GRT/962,138 DWT; includes 4 + passenger, 29 cargo, 14 refrigerated cargo, 7 container, 7 roll-on/roll-off, + 12 multifunction large-load carrier, 5 chemical tanker, 6 liquefied gas, 2 + bulk, 1 oil tanker, 1 railcar carrier, 1 combination ore/oil; note - all but + a few are foreign owned, mostly in the Netherlands +Airports: + total: + 5 + usable: + 4 + with permanent-surface runways: + 4 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 1 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 3 +Telecommunications: + generally adequate facilities; extensive interisland microwave radio relay + links; broadcast stations - 9 AM, 4 FM, 1 TV; 2 submarine cables; 2 Atlantic + Ocean INTELSAT earth stations + +*Netherlands Antilles, Defense Forces + +Branches: + Royal Netherlands Navy, Marine Corps, Royal Netherlands Air Force, National + Guard, Police Force +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 48,965; fit for military service 27,531; reach military age + (20) annually 1,638 (1993 est.) +Note: + defense is responsibility of the Netherlands + +*New Caledonia, Header + +Affiliation: + (overseas territory of France) + +*New Caledonia, Geography + +Location: + in the South Pacific Ocean, 1,750 km east of Australia +Map references: + Oceania +Area: + total area: + 19,060 km2 + land area: + 18,760 km2 + comparative area: + slightly smaller than New Jersey +Land boundaries: + 0 km +Coastline: + 2,254 km +Maritime claims: + exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + territorial sea: + 12 nm +International disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical; modified by southeast trade winds; hot, humid +Terrain: + coastal plains with interior mountains +Natural resources: + nickel, chrome, iron, cobalt, manganese, silver, gold, lead, copper +Land use: + arable land: + 0% + permanent crops: + 0% + meadows and pastures: + 14% + forest and woodland: + 51% + other: + 35% +Irrigated land: + NA km2 +Environment: + typhoons most frequent from November to March + +*New Caledonia, People + +Population: + 178,056 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 1.83% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 22.7 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 5.01 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + 0.58 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 15.9 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 73.22 years + male: + 69.92 years + female: + 76.7 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 2.67 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + New Caledonian(s) + adjective: + New Caledonian +Ethnic divisions: + Melanesian 42.5%, European 37.1%, Wallisian 8.4%, Polynesian 3.8%, + Indonesian 3.6%, Vietnamese 1.6%, other 3% +Religions: + Roman Catholic 60%, Protestant 30%, other 10% +Languages: + French, 28 Melanesian-Polynesian dialects +Literacy: + age 15 and over can read and write (1976) + total population: + 91% + male: + 91% + female: + 90% +Labor force: + 50,469 foreign workers for plantations and mines from Wallis and Futuna, + Vanuatu, and French Polynesia (1980 est.) + by occupation: + NA + +*New Caledonia, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Territory of New Caledonia and Dependencies + conventional short form: + New Caledonia + local long form: + Territoire des Nouvelle-Caledonie et Dependances + local short form: + Nouvelle-Caledonie +Digraph: + NC +Type: + overseas territory of France since 1956 +Capital: + Noumea +Administrative divisions: + none (overseas territory of France); there are no first-order administrative + divisions as defined by the US Government, but there are 3 provinces named + Iles Loyaute, Nord, and Sud +Independence: + none (overseas territory of France; a referendum on independence will be + held in 1998) +Constitution: + 28 September 1958 (French Constitution) +Legal system: + the 1988 Matignon Accords grant substantial autonomy to the islands; + formerly under French law +National holiday: + National Day, Taking of the Bastille, 14 July (1789) +Political parties and leaders: + white-dominated Rassemblement pour la Caledonie dans la Republique (RPCR), + conservative, Jacques LAFLEUR - affiliated to France's Rassemblement pour la + Republique (RPR); Melanesian proindependence Kanaka Socialist National + Liberation Front (FLNKS), Paul NEAOUTYINE; Melanesian moderate Kanak + Socialist Liberation (LKS), Nidoish NAISSELINE; National Front (FN), extreme + right, Guy GEORGE; Caledonie Demain (CD), right-wing, Bernard MARANT; Union + Oceanienne (UO), conservative, Michel HEMA; Front Uni de Liberation Kanak + (FULK), proindependence, UREGEI; Union Caledonian (UC), Francois BURCK +Suffrage: + 18 years of age; universal +Elections: + French Senate: + last held 27 September 1992 (next to be held September 2001); results - + percent of vote by party NA; seats - (1 total) RPCR 1 + French National Assembly: + last held 5 and 12 June 1988 (next to be held 21 and 28 March 1993); results + - RPR 83.5%, FN 13.5%, other 3%; seats - (2 total) RPCR 2 + Territorial Assembly: + last held 11 June 1989 (next to be held 1993); results - RPCR 44.5%, FLNKS + 28.5%, FN 7%, CD 5%, UO 4%, other 11%; seats - (54 total) RPCR 27, FLNKS 19, + FN 3, other 5; note - election boycotted by FULK +Executive branch: + French president, high commissioner, Consultative Committee (cabinet) +Legislative branch: + unicameral Territorial Assembly +Judicial branch: + Court of Appeal + +*New Caledonia, Government + +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Francois MITTERRAND (since 21 May 1981) + Head of Government: + High Commissioner and President of the Council of Government Alain + CHRISTNACHT (since 15 January 1991) +Member of: + ESCAP (associate), FZ, ICFTU, SPC, WMO +Diplomatic representation in US: as an overseas territory of France, New Caledonian interests are +represented + in the US by France +US diplomatic representation: + none (overseas territory of France) +Flag: + the flag of France is used + +*New Caledonia, Economy + +Overview: + New Caledonia has more than 25% of the world's known nickel resources. In + recent years the economy has suffered because of depressed international + demand for nickel, the principal source of export earnings. Only a + negligible amount of the land is suitable for cultivation, and food accounts + for about 25% of imports. +National product: + GNP - exchange rate conversion - $1 billion (1991 est.) +National product real growth rate: + 2.4% (1988) +National product per capita: + $6,000 (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 4.1% (1989) +Unemployment rate: + 16% (1989) +Budget: + revenues $224.0 million; expenditures $211.0 million, including capital + expenditures of $NA (1985) +Exports: + $671 million (f.o.b., 1989) + commodities: + nickel metal 87%, nickel ore + partners: + France 52.3%, Japan 15.8%, US 6.4% +Imports: + $764 million (c.i.f., 1989) + commodities: + foods, fuels, minerals, machines, electrical equipment + partners: + France 44.0%, US 10%, Australia 9% +External debt: + $NA +Industrial production: + growth rate NA% +Electricity: + 400,000 kW capacity; 2,200 million kWh produced, 12,790 kWh per capita + (1990) +Industries: + nickel mining and smelting +Agriculture: + large areas devoted to cattle grazing; coffee, corn, wheat, vegetables; 60% + self-sufficient in beef +Illicit drugs: + illicit cannabis cultivation is becoming a principal source of income for + some families +Economic aid: + Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), + $4,185 million +Currency: + 1 CFP franc (CFPF) = 100 centimes +Exchange rates: + Comptoirs Francais duPacifique francs (CFPF) per US$1 - 99.65 (January + 1993), 96.24 (1992), 102.57 (1991), 99.00 (1990), 115.99 (1989), 108.30 + (1988); note - linked at the rate of 18.18 to the French franc +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +*New Caledonia, Communications + +Highways: + 6,340 km total; only about 10% paved (1987) +Ports: + Noumea, Nepoui, Poro, Thio +Airports: + total: + 29 + usable: + 27 + with permanent-surface runways: + 2 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 1 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 2 +Telecommunications: + 32,578 telephones (1987); broadcast stations - 5 AM, 3 FM, 7 TV; 1 Pacific + Ocean INTELSAT earth station + +*New Caledonia, Defense Forces + +Branches: + Gendarmerie, Police Force +Note: + defense is the responsibility of France + +*New Zealand, Geography + +Location: + Oceania, southeast of Australia in the South Pacific Ocean +Map references: + Oceania, Standard Time Zones of the World +Area: total area: + 268,680 km2 + land area: + 268,670 km2 + comparative area: + about the size of Colorado + note: + includes Antipodes Islands, Auckland Islands, Bounty Islands, Campbell + Island, Chatham Islands, and Kermadec Islands +Land boundaries: + 0 km +Coastline: + 15,134 km +Maritime claims: + continental shelf: + 200 nm or the edge of continental margin + exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + territorial sea: + 12 nm +International disputes: + territorial claim in Antarctica (Ross Dependency) +Climate: + temperate with sharp regional contrasts +Terrain: + predominately mountainous with some large coastal plains +Natural resources: + natural gas, iron ore, sand, coal, timber, hydropower, gold, limestone +Land use: + arable land: + 2% + permanent crops: + 0% + meadows and pastures: + 53% + forest and woodland: + 38% + other: + 7% +Irrigated land: + 2,800 km2 (1989 est.) +Environment: + earthquakes are common, though usually not severe + +*New Zealand, People + +Population: + 3,368,774 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 0.61% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 15.93 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 8.11 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + -1.69 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 9.1 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 76.11 years + male: + 72.46 years + female: + 79.95 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 2.07 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + New Zealander(s) + adjective: + New Zealand +Ethnic divisions: + European 88%, Maori 8.9%, Pacific Islander 2.9%, other 0.2% +Religions: + Anglican 24%, Presbyterian 18%, Roman Catholic 15%, Methodist 5%, Baptist + 2%, other Protestant 3%, unspecified or none 9% (1986) +Languages: + English (official), Maori +Literacy: + age 15 and over can read and write (1980) + total population: + 99% + male: + NA% + female: + NA% +Labor force: + 1,603,500 (June 1991) + by occupation: + services 67.4%, manufacturing 19.8%, primary production 9.3% (1987) + +*New Zealand, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + none + conventional short form: + New Zealand +Abbreviation: + NZ +Digraph: + NZ +Type: + parliamentary democracy +Capital: + Wellington +Administrative divisions: 93 counties, 9 districts*, and 3 town districts**; Akaroa, Amuri,, +Ashburton, + Bay of Islands, Bruce, Buller, Chatham Islands, Cheviot, Clifton, Clutha, + Cook, Dannevirke, Egmont, Eketahuna, Ellesmere, Eltham, Eyre, Featherston, + Franklin, Golden Bay, Great Barrier Island, Grey, Hauraki Plains, Hawera*,, Hawke's Bay, +Heathcote, Hikurangi**, Hobson, Hokianga, Horowhenua, Hurunui,, Hutt, Inangahua, Inglewood, +Kaikoura, Kairanga, Kiwitea, Lake, Mackenzie, + Malvern, Manaia**, Manawatu, Mangonui, Maniototo, Marlborough, Masterton,, Matamata, Mount +Herbert, Ohinemuri, Opotiki, Oroua, Otamatea, Otorohanga*,, Oxford, Pahiatua, Paparua, Patea, +Piako, Pohangina, Raglan, Rangiora*,, Rangitikei, Rodney, Rotorua*, Runanga, Saint Kilda,, +Silverpeaks, Southland, + Stewart Island, Stratford, Strathallan, Taranaki, Taumarunui, Taupo, + Tauranga, Thames-Coromandel*, Tuapeka, Vincent, Waiapu, Waiheke, Waihemo,, Waikato, Waikohu, +Waimairi, Waimarino, Waimate, Waimate West, Waimea, Waipa, + Waipawa*, Waipukurau*, Wairarapa South, Wairewa, Wairoa, Waitaki, Waitomo*,, Waitotara, Wallace, +Wanganui, Waverley**, Westland, Whakatane*, Whangarei,, Whangaroa, Woodville +Dependent areas: + Cook Islands, Niue, Tokelau +Independence: + 26 September 1907 (from UK) +Constitution: + no formal, written constitution; consists of various documents, including + certain acts of the UK and New Zealand Parliaments; Constitution Act 1986 + was to have come into force 1 January 1987, but has not been enacted +Legal system: + based on English law, with special land legislation and land courts for + Maoris; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations +National holiday: + Waitangi Day, 6 February (1840) (Treaty of Waitangi established British + sovereignty) +Political parties and leaders: + National Party (NP; government), James BOLGER; New Zealand Labor Party + (NZLP; opposition), Michael MOORE; NewLabor Party (NLP), Jim ANDERTON; + Democratic Party, Dick RYAN; New Zealand Liberal Party, Hanmish MACINTYRE + and Gilbert MYLES; Green Party, no official leader; Mana Motuhake, Martin + RATA; Socialist Unity Party (SUP; pro-Soviet), Kenneth DOUGLAS + note: + the New Labor, Democratic, and Mana Motuhake parties formed a coalition + called the Alliance Party, Jim ANDERTON, president, in September 1991; the + Green Party joined the coalition in May 1992 +Suffrage: + 18 years of age; universal + +*New Zealand, Government + +Elections: + House of Representatives: + last held on 27 October 1990 (next to be held NA November 1993); results - + NP 49%, NZLP 35%, Green Party 7%, NLP 5%; seats - (97 total) NP 67, NZLP 29, + NLP 1 +Executive branch: + British monarch, governor general, prime minister, deputy prime minister, + Cabinet +Legislative branch: unicameral House of Representatives (commonly called Parliament) +Judicial branch: + High Court, Court of Appeal +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General + Dame Catherine TIZARD (since 12 December 1990) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister James BOLGER (since 29 October 1990); Deputy Prime Minister + Donald McKINNON (since 2 November 1990) +Member of: + ANZUS (US suspended security obligations to NZ on 11 August 1986), APEC, + AsDB, Australia Group, C, CCC, CP, COCOM (cooperating country), EBRD, ESCAP, + FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, + INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, LORCS, MTCR, + NAM (guest), OECD, PCA, SPARTECA, SPC, SPF, UN, UNAVEM II, UNCTAD, UNESCO, + UNIDO, UNOSOM, UNPROFOR, UNTAC, UNTSO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO +Diplomatic representation in US: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Denis Bazely Gordon McLEAN + chancery: + 37 Observatory Circle NW, Washington, DC 20008 + telephone: + (202) 328-4800 + consulates general: + Los Angeles and New York +US diplomatic representation: + chief of mission: + (vacant) + embassy: + 29 Fitzherbert Terrace, Thorndon, Wellington + mailing address: + P. O. Box 1190, Wellington; PSC 467, Box 1, FPO AP 96531-1001 + telephone: + [64] (4) 722-068 + FAX: + [64] (4) 723-537 + consulate general: + Auckland +Flag: + blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant with four red + five-pointed stars edged in white centered in the outer half of the flag; + the stars represent the Southern Cross constellation + +*New Zealand, Economy + +Overview: + Since 1984 the government has been reorienting an agrarian economy dependent + on a guaranteed British market to an open free market economy that can + compete on the global scene. The government has hoped that dynamic growth + would boost real incomes, broaden and deepen the technological capabilities + of the industrial sector, reduce inflationary pressures, and permit the + expansion of welfare benefits. The results have been mixed: inflation is + down from double-digit levels, but growth was sluggish in 1988-91, and + unemployment, always a highly sensitive issue, has exceeded 10% since May + 1991. In 1992, growth picked up to 3%, a sign that the new economic approach + is beginning to pay off. +National product: + GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $49.8 billion (1992) +National product real growth rate: + 3% (1992) +National product per capita: + $14,900 (1992) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 2.2% (1991) +Unemployment rate: + 10.1% (September 1992) +Budget: + revenues $14.0 billion; expenditures $15.2 billion, including capital + expenditures of $NA (1992) +Exports: + $3.65 billion (f.o.b., FY92) + commodities: + wool, lamb, mutton, beef, fruit, fish, cheese, manufactures, chemicals, + forestry products + partners: + EC 18.3%, Japan 17.9%, Australia 17.5%, US 13.5%, China 3.6%, South Korea + 3.1% +Imports: + $3.99 billion (f.o.b., FY92) + commodities: + petroleum, consumer goods, motor vehicles, industrial equipment + partners: + Australia 19.7%, Japan 16.9%, EC 16.9%, US 15.3%, Taiwan 3.0% +External debt: + $38.5 billion (September 1992) +Industrial production: + growth rate 1.9% (1990); accounts for about 20% of GDP +Electricity: + 8,000,000 kW capacity; 31,000 million kWh produced, 9,250 kWh per capita + (1992) +Industries: + food processing, wood and paper products, textiles, machinery, + transportation equipment, banking and insurance, tourism, mining +Agriculture: + accounts for about 9% of GDP and about 10% of the work force; livestock + predominates - wool, meat, dairy products all export earners; crops - wheat, + barley, potatoes, pulses, fruits, vegetables; surplus producer of farm + products; fish catch reached a record 503,000 metric tons in 1988 +Economic aid: + donor - ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $526 million +Currency: + 1 New Zealand dollar (NZ$) = 100 cents + +*New Zealand, Economy + +Exchange rates: + New Zealand dollars (NZ$) per US$1 - 1.9486 (January 1993), 1.8584 (1992), + 1.7265 (1991), 1.6750 (1990), 1.6711 (1989), 1.5244 (1988) +Fiscal year: + 1 July - 30 June + +*New Zealand, Communications + +Railroads: + 4,716 km total; all 1.067-meter gauge; 274 km double track; 113 km + electrified; over 99% government owned +Highways: + 92,648 km total; 49,547 km paved, 43,101 km gravel or crushed stone +Inland waterways: + 1,609 km; of little importance to transportation +Pipelines: + natural gas 1,000 km; petroleum products 160 km; condensate (liquified + petroleum gas - LPG) 150 km +Ports: + Auckland, Christchurch, Dunedin, Wellington, Tauranga +Merchant marine: + 18 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 182,206 GRT/246,446 DWT; includes 2 + cargo, 5 roll-on/roll-off, 1 railcar carrier, 4 oil tanker, 1 liquefied gas, + 5 bulk +Airports: + total: + 120 + usable: + 120 + with permanent-surface runways: + 33 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 1 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 2 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 42 +Telecommunications: + excellent international and domestic systems; 2,110,000 telephones; + broadcast stations - 64 AM, 2 FM, 14 TV; submarine cables extend to + Australia and Fiji; 2 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth stations + +*New Zealand, Defense Forces + +Branches: + New Zealand Army, Royal New Zealand Navy, Royal New Zealand Air Force +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 878,028; fit for military service 741,104; reach military + age (20) annually 29,319 (1993 est.) +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $792 million, 2% of GDP (FY90/91) + +*Nicaragua, Geography + +Location: + Central America, between Costa Rica and Honduras +Map references: + Central America and the Caribbean, South America +Area: + total area: + 129,494 km2 + land area: + 120,254 km2 + comparative area: + slightly larger than New York State +Land boundaries: + total 1,231 km, Costa Rica 309 km, Honduras 922 km +Coastline: + 910 km +Maritime claims: + contiguous zone: + 25 nm security zone (status of claim uncertain) + continental shelf: + not specified + territorial sea: + 200 nm +International disputes: + territorial disputes with Colombia over the Archipelago de San Andres y + Providencia and Quita Sueno Bank; International Court of Justice (ICJ) + referred the maritime boundary question in the Golfo de Fonseca to an + earlier agreement in this century and advised that some tripartite + resolution among El Salvador, Honduras and Nicaragua likely would be + required +Climate: + tropical in lowlands, cooler in highlands +Terrain: + extensive Atlantic coastal plains rising to central interior mountains; + narrow Pacific coastal plain interrupted by volcanoes +Natural resources: + gold, silver, copper, tungsten, lead, zinc, timber, fish +Land use: + arable land: + 9% + permanent crops: + 1% + meadows and pastures: + 43% + forest and woodland: + 35% + other: + 12% +Irrigated land: + 850 km2 (1989 est.) +Environment: + subject to destructive earthquakes, volcanoes, landslides, and occasional + severe hurricanes; deforestation; soil erosion; water pollution + +*Nicaragua, People + +Population: + 3,987,240 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 2.74% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 35.61 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 6.94 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + -1.25 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 54.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 63.5 years + male: + 60.7 years + female: + 66.41 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 4.48 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Nicaraguan(s) + adjective: + Nicaraguan +Ethnic divisions: + mestizo 69%, white 17%, black 9%, Indian 5% +Religions: + Roman Catholic 95%, Protestant 5% +Languages: + Spanish (official) + note: + English- and Indian-speaking minorities on Atlantic coast +Literacy: + age 15 and over can read and write (1971) + total population: + 57% + male: + 57% + female: + 57% +Labor force: + 1.086 million + by occupation: + service 43%, agriculture 44%, industry 13% (1986) + +*Nicaragua, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: Republic of Nicaragua + conventional short form: + Nicaragua + local long form: + Republica de Nicaragua + local short form: + Nicaragua +Digraph: + NU +Type: + republic +Capital: + Managua +Administrative divisions: + 17 departments (departamentos, singular - departamento); Boaco, Carazo, + Chinandega, Chontales, Esteli, Granada, Jinotega, Leon, Madriz, Managua, + Masaya, Matagalpa, North Atlantic Coast Autonomous Zone (RAAN), Nueva + Segovia, Rio San Juan, Rivas, South Atlantic Coast Autonomous Zone (RAAS) +Independence: + 15 September 1821 (from Spain) +Constitution: + January 1987 +Legal system: + civil law system; Supreme Court may review administrative acts +National holiday: + Independence Day, 15 September (1821) +Political parties and leaders: + ruling coalition: + National Opposition Union (UNO) is a 10-party alliance - moderate parties: + National Conservative Party (PNC), Silviano MATAMOROS Lacayo, president; + Liberal Constitutionalist Party (PLC), Jose Ernesto SOMARRIBA, Arnold + ALEMAN; Christian Democratic Union (UDC), Luis Humberto GUZMAN, Agustin + JARQUIN, Azucena FERREY, Roger MIRANDA, Francisco MAYORGA; National + Democratic Movement (MDN), Roberto URROZ; National Action Party (PAN), + Duilio BALTODANO; NOU - hardline parties: Independent Liberal Party (PLI), + Wilfredo NAVARRO,Virgilio GODOY Reyes; Social Democratic Party (PSD), + Guillermo POTOY, Alfredo CESAR Aguirre, secretary general; Conservative + Popular Alliance Party (PAPC), Myriam ARGUELLO; Communist Party of Nicaragua + (PCdeN), Eli ALTIMIRANO Perez; Neo-Liberal Party (PALI), Adolfo GARCIA + Esquivel + opposition parties: + Sandinista National Liberation Front (FSLN), Daniel ORTEGA; Central American + Unionist Party (PUCA), Blanca ROJAS; Democratic Conservative Party of + Nicaragua (PCDN), Jose BRENES; Liberal Party of National Unity (PLUIN), + Eduardo CORONADO; Movement of Revolutionary Unity (MUR), Francisco SAMPER; + Social Christian Party (PSC), Erick RAMIREZ; Revolutionary Workers' Party + (PRT), Bonifacio MIRANDA; Social Conservative Party (PSOC), Fernando + AGUERRO; Popular Action Movement - Marxist-Leninist (MAP-ML), Isidro TELLEZ; + Popular Social Christian Party (PPSC), Mauricio DIAZ + +*Nicaragua, Government + +Other political or pressure groups: + National Workers Front (FNT) is a Sandinista umbrella group of eight labor + unions: Sandinista Workers' Central (CST); Farm Workers Association (ATC); + Health Workers Federation (FETASALUD); National Union of Employees (UNE); + National Association of Educators of Nicaragua (ANDEN); Union of Journalists + of Nicaragua (UPN); Heroes and Martyrs Confederation of Professional + Associations (CONAPRO); and the National Union of Farmers and Ranchers + (UNAG); Permanent Congress of Workers (CPT) is an umbrella group of four + non-Sandinista labor unions: Confederation of Labor Unification (CUS); + Autonomous Nicaraguan Workers' Central (CTN-A); Independent General + Confederation of Labor (CGT-I); and Labor Action and Unity Central (CAUS); + Nicaraguan Workers' Central (CTN) is an independent labor union; Superior + Council of Private Enterprise (COSEP) is a confederation of business groups +Suffrage: + 16 years of age; universal +Elections: + President: + last held on 25 February 1990 (next to be held February 1996); results - + Violeta Barrios de CHAMORRO (UNO) 54.7%, Daniel ORTEGA Saavedra (FSLN) + 40.8%, other 4.5% + National Assembly: + last held on 25 February 1990 (next to be held February 1996); results - UNO + 53.9%, FSLN 40.8%, PSC 1.6%, MUR 1.0%; seats - (92 total) UNO 42, FSLN 39, + PSC 1, MUR 1, "Centrist" (Dissident UNO) 9 +Executive branch: + president, vice president, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + unicameral National Assembly (Asamblea Nacional) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court (Corte Suprema) +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + President Violeta Barrios de CHAMORRO (since 25 April 1990); Vice President + Virgilio GODOY Reyes (since 25 April 1990) +Member of: + BCIE, CACM, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, + IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ITU, LAES, LAIA + (observer), LORCS, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, + UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation in US: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Roberto MAYORGA (since January 1993) + chancery: + 1627 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20009 + telephone: + (202) 939-6570 +US diplomatic representation: + chief of mission: + Charge d'Affaires Ronald GODARD + embassy: + Kilometer 4.5 Carretera Sur., Managua + mailing address: + APO AA 34021 + telephone: + [505] (2) 666010 or 666013, 666015 through 18, 666026, 666027, 666032 + through 34 + FAX: + [505] (2) 666046 + +*Nicaragua, Government + +Flag: + three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, and blue with the + national coat of arms centered in the white band; the coat of arms features + a triangle encircled by the words REPUBLICA DE NICARAGUA on the top and + AMERICA CENTRAL on the bottom; similar to the flag of El Salvador, which + features a round emblem encircled by the words REPUBLICA DE EL SALVADOR EN + LA AMERICA CENTRAL centered in the white band; also similar to the flag of + Honduras, which has five blue stars arranged in an X pattern centered in the + white band + +*Nicaragua, Economy + +Overview: + Government control of the economy historically has been extensive, although + the CHAMORRO government has pledged to greatly reduce intervention. Four + private banks have been licensed, and the government has liberalized foreign + trade and abolished price controls on most goods. In early 1993, fewer than + 50% of the agricultural and industrial firms remain state owned. Sandinista + economic policies and the war had produced a severe economic crisis. The + foundation of the economy continues to be the export of agricultural + commodities, largely coffee and cotton. Farm production fell by roughly 7% + in 1989 and 4% in 1990, and remained about even in 1991-92. The agricultural + sector employs 44% of the work force and accounts for 15% of GDP and 80% of + export earnings. Industry, which employs 13% of the work force and + contributes about 25% to GDP, showed a drop of 7% in 1989, fell slightly in + 1990, and remained flat in 1991-92; output still is below pre-1979 levels. + External debt is one of the highest in the world on a per capita basis. In + 1992 the inflation rate was 8%, down sharply from the 766% of 1991. +National product: + GDP - exchange rate conversion - $1.7 billion (1992 est.) +National product real growth rate: + 0.5% (1992 est.) +National product per capita: + $425 (1992 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 8% (1992) +Unemployment rate: + 13% underemployment 50% (1991) +Budget: + revenues $347 million; expenditures $499 million, including capital + expenditures of $NA million (1991) +Exports: + $280 million (f.o.b., 1992 est.) + commodities: + coffee, cotton, sugar, bananas, seafood, meat, chemicals + partners: + OECD 75%, USSR and Eastern Europe 15%, other 10% +Imports: + $720 million (c.i.f., 1992 est.) + commodities: + petroleum, food, chemicals, machinery, clothing + partners: + Latin America 30%, US 25%, EC 20%, USSR and Eastern Europe 10%, other 15% + (1990 est.) +External debt: + $10 billion (December 1991) +Industrial production: + growth rate NA%; accounts for about 25% of GDP +Electricity: + 434,000 kW capacity; 1,118 million kWh produced, 290 kWh per capita (1992) +Industries: + food processing, chemicals, metal products, textiles, clothing, petroleum + refining and distribution, beverages, footwear +Agriculture: + accounts for 15% of GDP and 44% of work force; cash crops - coffee, bananas, + sugarcane, cotton; food crops - rice, corn, cassava, citrus fruit, beans; + variety of animal products - beef, veal, pork, poultry, dairy; normally + self-sufficient in food +Illicit drugs: + minor transshipment point for cocaine destined for the US + +*Nicaragua, Economy + +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $294 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1,381 million; + Communist countries (1970-89), $3.5 billion +Currency: + 1 cordoba (C$) = 100 centavos +Exchange rates: + cordobas (C$) per US$1 - 6 (10 January 1993), 25,000,000 (March 1992), + 21,354,000 (1991), 15,655 (1989), 270 (1988), 102.60 (1987); note - new gold + cordoba issued in 1992 +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +*Nicaragua, Communications + +Railroads: + 373 km 1.067-meter narrow gauge, government owned; majority of system not + operating; 3 km 1.435-meter gauge line at Puerto Cabezas (does not connect + with mainline) +Highways: + 25,930 km total; 4,000 km paved, 2,170 km gravel or crushed stone, 5,425 km + earth or graded earth, 14,335 km unimproved; Pan-American highway 368.5 km +Inland waterways: + 2,220 km, including 2 large lakes +Pipelines: + crude oil 56 km +Ports: + Corinto, El Bluff, Puerto Cabezas, Puerto Sandino, Rama +Merchant marine: + 2 cargo ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,161 GRT/2,500 DWT +Airports: + total: + 226 + usable: + 151 + with permanent-surface runways: + 11 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 2 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 12 +Telecommunications: + low-capacity radio relay and wire system being expanded; connection into + Central American Microwave System; 60,000 telephones; broadcast stations - + 45 AM, no FM, 7 TV, 3 shortwave; earth stations - 1 Intersputnik and 1 + Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT + +*Nicaragua, Defense Forces + +Branches: + Ground Forces, Navy, Air Force +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 911,397; fit for military service 561,448; reach military + age (18) annually 44,226 (1993 est.) +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $40 million, 2.7% of GDP (1992 budget) + +*Niger, Geography + +Location: + Western Africa, between Algeria and Nigeria +Map references: + Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World +Area: + total area: + 1.267 million km2 + land area: + 1,266,700 km2 + comparative area: + slightly less than twice the size of Texas +Land boundaries: + total 5,697 km, Algeria 956 km, Benin 266 km, Burkina 628 km, Chad 1,175 km, + Libya 354 km, Mali 821 km, Nigeria 1,497 km +Coastline: + 0 km (landlocked) +Maritime claims: + none; landlocked +International disputes: Libya claims about 19,400 km2 in northern Niger; demarcation of + international boundaries in Lake Chad, the lack of which has led to border + incidents in the past, is completed and awaiting ratification by Cameroon, + Chad, Niger, and Nigeria; Burkina and Mali are proceeding with boundary + demarcation, including the tripoint with Niger +Climate: + desert; mostly hot, dry, dusty; tropical in extreme south +Terrain: + predominately desert plains and sand dunes; flat to rolling plains in south; + hills in north +Natural resources: + uranium, coal, iron ore, tin, phosphates +Land use: + arable land: + 3% + permanent crops: + 0% + meadows and pastures: + 7% + forest and woodland: + 2% + other: + 88% +Irrigated land: + 320 km2 (1989 est.) +Environment: + recurrent drought and desertification severely affecting marginal + agricultural activities; overgrazing; soil erosion +Note: + landlocked + +*Niger, People + +Population: + 8,337,352 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 3.49% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 57.35 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 22.44 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 112.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 44.15 years + male: + 42.6 years + female: + 45.75 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 7.35 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Nigerien(s) + adjective: + Nigerien +Ethnic divisions: + Hausa 56%, Djerma 22%, Fula 8.5%, Tuareg 8%, Beri Beri (Kanouri) 4.3%, Arab, + Toubou, and Gourmantche 1.2%, about 4,000 French expatriates +Religions: + Muslim 80%, remainder indigenous beliefs and Christians +Languages: + French (official), Hausa, Djerma +Literacy: + age 15 and over can read and write (1990) + total population: + 28% + male: + 40% + female: + 17% +Labor force: + 2.5 million wage earners (1982) + by occupation: + agriculture 90%, industry and commerce 6%, government 4% + note: + 51% of population of working age (1985) + +*Niger, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Republic of Niger + conventional short form: + Niger + local long form: + Republique du Niger + local short form: + Niger +Digraph: + NG +Type: + transition government as of November 1991, appointed by national reform + conference; scheduled to turn over power to democratically elected + government in March 1993 +Capital: + Niamey +Administrative divisions: + 7 departments (departements, singular - departement); Agadez, Diffa, Dosso, + Maradi, Niamey, Tahoua, Zinder +Independence: + 3 August 1960 (from France) +Constitution: + December 1989 constitution revised November 1991 by National Democratic + Reform Conference +Legal system: + based on French civil law system and customary law; has not accepted + compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + Republic Day, 18 December (1958) +Political parties and leaders: + National Movement of the Development Society (MNSD-NASSARA), Tandja MAMADOU; + Niger Progressive Party - African Democratic Rally (PPN-RDA), Harou KOUKA; + Union of Popular Forces for Democracy and Progress (UDFP-SAWABA), Djibo + BAKARY; Niger Democratic Union (UDN-SAWABA), Mamoudou PASCAL; Union of + Patriots, Democrats, and Progressives (UPDP), Andre SALIFOU; other parties + forming +Suffrage: + 18 years of age; universal +Elections: + President: + President Ali SAIBOU has been in office since December 1989, but the + presidency is now a largely ceremonial position + National Assembly: + last held 10 December 1989 (next to be held NA); results - MNSD was the only + party; seats - (150 total) MNSD 150 (indirectly elected); note - Niger held + a national conference from July to November 1991 to decide upon a + transitional government and an agenda for multiparty elections +Executive branch: + president (ceremonial), prime minister, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + unicameral National Assembly +Judicial branch: + State Court (Cour d'Etat), Court of Appeal (Cour d'Apel) +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Brig. Gen. Ali SAIBOU (since 14 November 1987); ceremonial post + since national conference (1991) + +*Niger, Government + + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Amadou CHEIFFOU (since NA November 1991) +Member of: + ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CCC, CEAO, ECA, ECOWAS, Entente, FAO, FZ, G-77, GATT, IAEA, + IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, + LORCS, NAM, OAU, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WADB, WCL, WHO, WIPO, + WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation in US: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Adamou SEYDOU + chancery: + 2204 R Street NW, Washington, DC 20008 + telephone: + (202) 483-4224 through 4227 +US diplomatic representation: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Jennifer C. WARD + embassy: Avenue des Ambassades, Niamey + mailing address: + B. P. 11201, Niamey + telephone: + [227] 72-26-61 through 64 + FAX: + [227] 73-31-67 +Flag: + three equal horizontal bands of orange (top), white, and green with a small + orange disk (representing the sun) centered in the white band; similar to + the flag of India, which has a blue spoked wheel centered in the white band + +*Niger, Economy + +Overview: + About 90% of the population is engaged in farming and stock raising, + activities that generate almost half the national income. The economy also + depends heavily on exploitation of large uranium deposits. Uranium + production grew rapidly in the mid-1970s, but tapered off in the early 1980s + when world prices declined. France is a major customer, while Germany, + Japan, and Spain also make regular purchases. The depressed demand for + uranium has contributed to an overall sluggishness in the economy, a severe + trade imbalance, and a mounting external debt. +National product: + GDP - exchange rate conversion - $2.3 billion (1991 est.) +National product real growth rate: + 1.9% (1991 est.) +National product per capita: + $290 (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 1.3% (1991 est.) +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $193 million; expenditures $355 million, including capital + expenditures of $106 million (1991 est.) +Exports: + $294 million (f.o.b., 1991) + commodities: + uranium ore 60%, livestock products 20%, cowpeas, onions + partners: + France 77%, Nigeria 8%, Cote d'Ivoire, Italy +Imports: + $346 million (c.i.f., 1991) + commodities: + primary materials, machinery, vehicles and parts, electronic equipment, + cereals, petroleum products, pharmaceuticals, chemical products, foodstuffs + partners: + Germany 26%, Cote d'Ivoire 11%, France 5%, Italy 4%, Nigeria 2% +External debt: + $1.2 billion (December 1991 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate -2.7% (1991 est.); accounts for 13% of GDP +Electricity: 105,000 kW capacity; 230 million kWh produced, 30 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + cement, brick, textiles, food processing, chemicals, slaughterhouses, and a + few other small light industries; uranium mining began in 1971 +Agriculture: + accounts for roughly 40% of GDP and 90% of labor force; cash crops - + cowpeas, cotton, peanuts; food crops - millet, sorghum, cassava, rice; + livestock - cattle, sheep, goats; self-sufficient in food except in drought + years +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $380 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $3,165 million; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $504 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $61 + million +Currency: + 1 CFA franc (CFAF) = 100 centimes + +*Niger, Economy + +Exchange rates: + Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF) per US$1 - 274.06 (January + 1993), 264.69 (1992), 282.11 (1991), 272.26 (1990), 319.01 (1989), 297.85 + (1988) +Fiscal year: + 1 October - 30 September + +*Niger, Communications + +Highways: + 39,970 km total; 3,170 km bituminous, 10,330 km gravel and laterite, 3,470 + km earthen, 23,000 km tracks +Inland waterways: + Niger River is navigable 300 km from Niamey to Gaya on the Benin frontier + from mid-December through March +Airports: + total: + 28 + usable: + 26 + with permanent-surface runways: + 9 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 2 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 13 +Telecommunications: + small system of wire, radiocommunications, and radio relay links + concentrated in southwestern area; 14,260 telephones; broadcast stations - + 15 AM, 5 FM, 18 TV; satellite earth stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 1 + Indian Ocean INTELSAT, and 3 domestic, with 1 planned + +*Niger, Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Air Force, Gendarmerie, National Police, Republican Guard +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 1,784,966; fit for military service 961,593; reach military + age (18) annually 87,222 (1993 est.) +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $27 million, 1.3% of GDP (1989) + +*Nigeria, Geography + +Location: + Western Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean between Benin and + Cameroon +Map references: + Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World +Area: + total area: + 923,770 km2 + land area: + 910,770 km2 + comparative area: + slightly more than twice the size of California +Land boundaries: + total 4,047 km, Benin 773 km, Cameroon 1,690 km, Chad 87 km, Niger 1,497 km +Coastline: + 853 km +Maritime claims: + continental shelf: + 200 m depth or to depth of exploitation + exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + territorial sea: + 30 nm +International disputes: + demarcation of international boundaries in Lake Chad, the lack of which has + led to border incidents in the past, is completed and awaiting ratification + by Cameroon, Chad, Niger, and Nigeria; boundary commission, created with + Cameroon to discuss unresolved land and maritime boundaries, has not yet + convened +Climate: + varies; equatorial in south, tropical in center, arid in north +Terrain: + southern lowlands merge into central hills and plateaus; mountains in + southeast, plains in north +Natural resources: + petroleum, tin, columbite, iron ore, coal, limestone, lead, zinc, natural + gas +Land use: + arable land: 31% + permanent crops: + 3% + meadows and pastures: + 23% + forest and woodland: + 15% + other: + 28% +Irrigated land: + 8,650 km2 (1989 est.) +Environment: + recent droughts in north severely affecting marginal agricultural + activities; desertification; soil degradation, rapid deforestation + +*Nigeria, People + +Population: + 95,060,430 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 3.13% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 43.8 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 12.85 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + 0.37 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 77.3 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 54.7 years + male: + 53.54 years + female: + 55.88 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 6.43 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Nigerian(s) + adjective: + Nigerian +Ethnic divisions: + north: + Hausa and Fulani + southwest: + Yoruba + southeast: + Ibos + non-Africans 27,000 + note: + Hausa and Fulani, Yoruba, and Ibos together make up 65% of population +Religions: Muslim 50%, Christian 40%, indigenous beliefs 10% +Languages: + English (official), Hausa, Yoruba, Ibo, Fulani +Literacy: + age 15 and over can read and write (1990) + total population: + 51% + male: + 62% + female: + 40% +Labor force: + 42.844 million + by occupation: + agriculture 54%, industry, commerce, and services 19%, government 15% + note: + 49% of population of working age (1985) + +*Nigeria, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Federal Republic of Nigeria + conventional short form: + Nigeria +Digraph: + NI +Type: + military government since 31 December 1983; plans to turn over power to + elected civilians in August 1993 +Capital: + Abuja + note: + on 12 December 1991 the capital was officially moved from Lagos to Abuja; + many government offices remain in Lagos pending completion of facilities in + Abuja +Administrative divisions: + 30 states and 1 territory*; Abia, Abuja Capital Territory*, Adamawa, Akwa, Ibom, Anambra, +Bauchi, Benue, Borno, Cross River, Delta, Edo, Enugu, Imo, + Jigawa, Kaduna, Kano, Katsina, Kebbi, Kogi, Kwara, Lagos, Niger, Ogun, Ondo, + Osun, Oyo, Plateau, Rivers, Sokoto, Taraba, Yobe +Independence: + 1 October 1960 (from UK) +Constitution: + 1 October 1979, amended 9 February 1984, revised 1989 +Legal system: + based on English common law, Islamic law, and tribal law +National holiday: + Independence Day, 1 October (1960) +Political parties and leaders: + Social Democratic Party (SDP), Alhaji Baba Gana KINGIBE, chairman; National + Republican Convention (NRC), Chief Tom IKIMI, chairman + note: + these are the only two political parties, and they were established by the + government in 1989 +Suffrage: + 21 years of age; universal +Elections: + President: + first presidential elections since the 31 December 1983 coup scheduled for + June 1993 + Senate: + last held 4 July 1992 (next to be held NA 1996); results - percent of vote + by party NA; seats - (total 84) SDP 47, NRC 37 + House of Representatives: + last held 4 July 1992 (next to be held NA 1996); results - percent of vote + by party NA; seats - (total 577) SDP 310, NRC 267 +Executive branch: + president, vice-president, cabinet +Legislative branch: + bicameral National Assembly consists of an upper house or Senate and a lower + house or House of Representatives +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court, Federal Court of Appeal +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + President and Commander in Chief of Armed Forces Gen. Ibrahim BABANGIDA + (since 27 August 1985); Vice-President Admiral (Ret.) Augustus AIKHOMU + (since 30 August 1990) + +*Nigeria, Government + +Member of: + ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, G-15, G-19, G-24, G-77, GATT, IAEA, + IBRD, ICAO, ICC, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMO, IMF, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, + INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, MINURSO, NAM, OAU, OIC, OPEC, PCA, UN, + UNAVEM, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNPROFOR, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, + WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation in US: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Zubair Mahmud KAZAURE + chancery: + 2201 M Street NW, Washington, DC 20037 + telephone: + (202) 822-1500 + consulate general: + New York +US diplomatic representation: + chief of mission: + Ambassador William L. SWING + embassy: + 2 Eleke Crescent, Lagos + mailing address: + P. O. Box 554, Lagos + telephone: + [234] (1) 610097 + FAX: + [234] (1) 610257 branch office: + Abuja + consulate general: + Kaduna +Flag: + three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), white, and green + +*Nigeria, Economy + +Overview: + Although Nigeria is Africa's leading oil-producing country, it remains poor + with a $300 per capita GDP. In 1991-92 massive government spending, much of + it to help ensure a smooth transition to civilian rule, ballooned the budget + deficit and caused inflation and interest rates to rise. The lack of fiscal + discipline forced the IMF to declare Nigeria not in compliance with an + 18-month standby facility started in January 1991. Lagos has set ambitious + targets for expanding oil production capacity and is offering foreign + companies more attractive investment incentives. Government efforts to + reduce Nigeria's dependence on oil exports and to sustain noninflationary + growth, however, have fallen short because of inadequate new investment + funds and endemic corruption. Living standards remain below the level of the + early 1980s oil boom. +National product: + GDP - exchange rate conversion - $35 billion (1992 est.) +National product real growth rate: + 3.6% (1992 est.) +National product per capita: + $300 (1992 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 60% (1992 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 28% (1992 est.) +Budget: + revenues $9 billion; expenditures $10.8 billion, including capital + expenditures of $NA (1992 est.) +Exports: + $12.7 billion (f.o.b., 1991) + commodities: + oil 95%, cocoa, rubber + partners: + EC countries 43%, US 41% +Imports: + $7.8 billion (c.i.f., 1991) + commodities: + consumer goods, capital equipment, chemicals, raw materials + partners: + EC countries 70%, US 16% +External debt: + $33.4 billion (1991) +Industrial production: + growth rate 5.5% (1991); accounts for 8.5% of GDP +Electricity: + 4,740,000 kW capacity; 8,300 million kWh produced, 70 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: crude oil and mining - coal, tin, columbite; primary processing industries - + palm oil, peanut, cotton, rubber, wood, hides and skins; manufacturing + industries - textiles, cement, building materials, food products, footwear, + chemical, printing, ceramics, steel +Agriculture: + accounts for 32% of GDP and half of labor force; inefficient small-scale + farming dominates; once a large net exporter of food and now an importer; + cash crops - cocoa, peanuts, palm oil, rubber; food crops - corn, rice, + sorghum, millet, cassava, yams; livestock - cattle, sheep, goats, pigs; + fishing and forestry resources extensively exploited + +*Nigeria, Economy + +Illicit drugs: + passenger and cargo air hub for West Africa facilitates Nigeria's position + as a major transit country for heroin en route from Southeast and Southwest + Asia via Africa to Western Europe and North America; increasingly a transit + route for cocaine from South America intended for West European and North + American markets (some of that cocaine is also consumed in Nigeria) +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $705 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $3.0 billion; + Communist countries (1970-89), $2.2 billion +Currency: + 1 naira (N) = 100 kobo +Exchange rates: + naira (N) per US$1 - 19.661 (December 1992), 17.298 (1992), 9.909 (1991), + 8.038 (1990), 7.3647 (1989), 4.5370 (1988), 4.0160 (1987) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +*Nigeria, Communications + +Railroads: + 3,505 km 1.067-meter gauge +Highways: + 107,990 km total 30,019 km paved (mostly bituminous-surface treatment); + 25,411 km laterite, gravel, crushed stone, improved earth; 52,560 km + unimproved +Inland waterways: + 8,575 km consisting of Niger and Benue Rivers and smaller rivers and creeks +Pipelines: + crude oil 2,042 km; natural gas 500 km; petroleum products 3,000 km +Ports: + Lagos, Port Harcourt, Calabar, Warri, Onne, Sapele +Merchant marine: + 28 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 418,046 GRT/664,949 DWT; includes 17 + cargo, 1 refrigerated cargo, 1 roll-on/roll-off, 7 oil tanker, 1 chemical + tanker, 1 bulk +Airports: + total: + 76 usable: + 63 + with permanent-surface runways: + 34 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 1 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 15 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 23 +Telecommunications: + above-average system limited by poor maintenance; major expansion in + progress; radio relay microwave and cable routes; broadcast stations - 35 + AM, 17 FM, 28 TV; satellite earth stations - 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 1 + Indian Ocean INTELSAT, 20 domestic stations; 1 coaxial submarine cable + +*Nigeria, Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy, Air Force, National Guard, paramilitary Police Force +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 21,790,956; fit for military service 12,447,547; reach + military age (18) annually 1,297,790 (1993 est.) +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $172 million, about 1% of GDP (1992) + +*Niue, Header + +Affiliation: + (free association with New Zealand) + +*Niue, Geography + +Location: + Oceania, 460 km east of Tonga in the South Pacific Ocean +Map references: + Oceania +Area: + total area: + 260 km2 + land area: + 260 km2 + comparative area: + slightly less than 1.5 times the size of Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + 0 km +Coastline: + 64 km +Maritime claims: + exclusive economic zone: 200 nm + territorial sea: + 12 nm +International disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical; modified by southeast trade winds +Terrain: + steep limestone cliffs along coast, central plateau +Natural resources: + fish, arable land +Land use: + arable land: + 61% + permanent crops: + 4% + meadows and pastures: + 4% + forest and woodland: + 19% + other: + 12% +Irrigated land: + NA km2 +Environment: + subject to typhoons +Note: + one of world's largest coral islands + +*Niue, People + +Population: + 1,977 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + -3.66% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + NA births/1,000 population +Death rate: + NA deaths/1,000 population +Net migration rate: + NA migrant(s)/1,000 population +Infant mortality rate: + NA deaths/1,000 live births +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + NA years + male: + NA years + female: + NA years +Total fertility rate: + NA children born/woman +Nationality: + noun: Niuean(s) + adjective: + Niuean +Ethnic divisions: + Polynesian (with some 200 Europeans, Samoans, and Tongans) +Religions: + Ekalesia Nieue (Niuean Church) 75% - a Protestant church closely related to + the London Missionary Society, Morman 10%, other 15% (mostly Roman + Catholic, Jehovah's Witnesses, Seventh-Day Adventist) +Languages: + Polynesian closely related to Tongan and Samoan, English +Literacy: + total population: + NA% + male: + NA% + female: + NA% +Labor force: + 1,000 (1981 est.) + by occupation: + most work on family plantations; paid work exists only in government + service, small industry, and the Niue Development Board + +*Niue, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + none + conventional short form: + Niue +Digraph: + NE +Type: + self-governing territory in free association with New Zealand; Niue fully + responsible for internal affairs; New Zealand retains responsibility for + external affairs +Capital: + Alofi +Administrative divisions: + none +Independence: + 19 October 1974 (became a self-governing territory in free association with + New Zealand on 19 October 1974) +Constitution: + 19 October 1974 (Niue Constitution Act) +Legal system: + English common law +National holiday: + Waitangi Day, 6 February (1840) (Treaty of Waitangi established British + sovereignty) +Political parties and leaders: + Niue Island Party (NIP), Young VIVIAN +Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal +Elections: + Legislative Assembly: + last held on 8 April 1990 (next to be held March 1993); results - percent of + vote NA; seats - (20 total, 6 elected) NIP 1, independents 5 +Executive branch: + British monarch, premier, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + unicameral Legislative Assembly +Judicial branch: + Appeal Court of New Zealand, High Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by New Zealand + Representative John SPRINGFORD (since NA 1974) + Head of Government: + Acting Premier Young VIVIAN (since the death of Sir Robert R. REX on 12 + December 1992) +Member of: + ESCAP (associate), SPARTECA, SPC, SPF +Diplomatic representation in US: + none (self-governing territory in free association with New Zealand) +US diplomatic representation: + none (self-governing territory in free association with New Zealand) +Flag: + yellow with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant; the flag of + the UK bears five yellow five-pointed stars - a large one on a blue disk in + the center and a smaller one on each arm of the bold red cross + +*Niue, Economy + +Overview: + The economy is heavily dependent on aid from New Zealand. Government + expenditures regularly exceed revenues, with the shortfall made up by grants + from New Zealand - the grants are used to pay wages to public employees. The + agricultural sector consists mainly of subsistence gardening, although some + cash crops are grown for export. Industry consists primarily of small + factories to process passion fruit, lime oil, honey, and coconut cream. The + sale of postage stamps to foreign collectors is an important source of + revenue. The island in recent years has suffered a serious loss of + population because of migration of Niueans to New Zealand. +National product: + GNP - exchange rate conversion - $2.1 million (1989 est.) +National product real growth rate: + NA% +National product per capita: + $1,000 (1989 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 9.6% (1984) +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $5.5 million; expenditures $6.3 million, including capital + expenditures of $NA (FY85 est.) +Exports: + $175,274 (f.o.b., 1985) + commodities: + canned coconut cream, copra, honey, passion fruit products, pawpaw, root + crops, limes, footballs, stamps, handicrafts + partners: + NZ 89%, Fiji, Cook Islands, Australia +Imports: + $3.8 million (c.i.f., 1985) + commodities: + food, live animals, manufactured goods, machinery, fuels, lubricants, + chemicals, drugs + partners: + NZ 59%, Fiji 20%, Japan 13%, Western Samoa, Australia, US +External debt: + $NA +Industrial production: + growth rate NA% +Electricity: + 1,500 kW capacity; 3 million kWh produced, 1,490 kWh per capita (1990) +Industries: + tourist, handicrafts, coconut products +Agriculture: + coconuts, passion fruit, honey, limes; subsistence crops - taro, yams, + cassava (tapioca), sweet potatoes; pigs, poultry, beef cattle +Economic aid: + Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $62 + million +Currency: + 1 New Zealand dollar (NZ$) = 100 cents +Exchange rates: + New Zealand dollars (NZ$) per US$1 - 1.9486 (January 1993), 1.8584 (1992), + 1.7265 (1991), 1.6750 (1990), 1.6711 (1989), 1.5244 (1988) +Fiscal year: + 1 April - 31 March + +*Niue, Communications + +Highways: + 123 km all-weather roads, 106 km access and plantation roads +Ports: + none; offshore anchorage only +Airports: + total: + 1 + useable: + 1 + with permanent-surface runways: + 1 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 1 +Telecommunications: + single-line telephone system connects all villages on island; 383 + telephones; 1,000 radio receivers (1987 est.); broadcast stations - 1 AM, 1 + FM, no TV + +*Niue, Defense Forces + +Branches: + Police Force +Note: + defense is the responsibility of New Zealand + +*Norfolk Island, Header + +Affiliation: + (territory of Australia) + +*Norfolk Island, Geography + +Location: + Oceania, 1,575 km east of Australia in the South Pacific Ocean +Map references: + Oceania +Area: + total area: + 34.6 km2 + land area: + 34.6 km2 + comparative area: + about 0.2 times the size of Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + 0 km +Coastline: + 32 km +Maritime claims: + exclusive fishing zone: + 200 nm + territorial sea: + 3 nm +International disputes: + none +Climate: + subtropical, mild, little seasonal temperature variation +Terrain: + volcanic formation with mostly rolling plains +Natural resources: + fish +Land use: + arable land: 0% + permanent crops: + 0% + meadows and pastures: + 25% + forest and woodland: + 0% + other: + 75% +Irrigated land: + NA km2 +Environment: + subject to typhoons (especially May to July) + +*Norfolk Island, People + +Population: + 2,665 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 1.69% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + NA births/1,000 population +Death rate: + NA deaths/1,000 population +Net migration rate: + NA migrant(s)/1,000 population +Infant mortality rate: + NA deaths/1,000 live births +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + NA years + male: + NA years + female: + NA years +Total fertility rate: + NA children born/woman +Nationality: + noun: + Norfolk Islander(s) + adjective: + Norfolk Islander(s) +Ethnic divisions: + descendants of the Bounty mutineers, Australian, New Zealander +Religions: + Anglican 39%, Roman Catholic 11.7%, Uniting Church in Australia 16.4%, + Seventh-Day Adventist 4.4%, none 9.2%, unknown 16.9%, other 2.4% (1986) +Languages: + English (official), Norfolk a mixture of 18th century English and ancient + Tahitian +Literacy: + total population: + NA% + male: NA% + female: + NA% +Labor force: + NA + +*Norfolk Island, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Territory of Norfolk Island + conventional short form: + Norfolk Island +Digraph: + NF +Type: + territory of Australia +Capital: + Kingston (administrative center); Burnt Pine (commercial center) +Administrative divisions: + none (territory of Australia) +Independence: + none (territory of Australia) +Constitution: + Norfolk Island Act of 1957 +Legal system: + wide legislative and executive responsibility under the Norfolk Island Act + of 1979; Supreme Court +National holiday: + Pitcairners Arrival Day Anniversary, 8 June (1856) +Political parties and leaders: + NA +Suffrage: + 18 years of age; universal +Elections: + Legislative Assembly: + last held 1989 (held every three years); results - percent of vote by party + NA; seats - (9 total) percent of seats by party NA +Executive branch: + British monarch, governor general of Australia, administrator, Executive + Council (cabinet) +Legislative branch: + unicameral Legislative Assembly +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Administrator A. + G. KERR (since NA 1990), who is appointed by the Governor General of + Australia + Head of Government: + Assembly President and Chief Minister John Terence BROWN (since NA) +Member of: + none +Diplomatic representation in US: + none (territory of Australia) +US diplomatic representation: + none (territory of Australia) +Flag: + three vertical bands of green (hoist side), white, and green with a large + green Norfolk Island pine tree centered in the slightly wider white band + +*Norfolk Island, Economy + +Overview: + The primary economic activity is tourism, which has brought a level of + prosperity unusual among inhabitants of the Pacific Islands. The number of + visitors has increased steadily over the years and reached 29,000 in FY89. + Revenues from tourism have given the island a favorable balance of trade and + helped the agricultural sector to become self-sufficient in the production + of beef, poultry, and eggs. +National product: + GDP $NA +National product real growth rate: + NA% +National product per capita: + $NA +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + NA% +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $NA; expenditures $4.2 million, including capital expenditures of + $400,000 (FY89) +Exports: + $1.7 million (f.o.b., FY86) + commodities: + postage stamps, seeds of the Norfolk Island pine and Kentia Palm, small + quantities of avocados + partners: + Australia, Pacific Islands, NZ, Asia, Europe +Imports: + $15.6 million (c.i.f., FY86) + commodities: + NA + partners: + Australia, Pacific Islands, NZ, Asia, Europe +External debt: + $NA +Industrial production: + growth rate NA% +Electricity: + 7,000 kW capacity; 8 million kWh produced, 3,160 kWh per capita (1990) +Industries: + tourism +Agriculture: + Norfolk Island pine seed, Kentia palm seed, cereals, vegetables, fruit, + cattle, poultry +Economic aid: + none +Currency: + 1 Australian dollar ($A) = 100 cents +Exchange rates: + Australian dollars ($A) per US$1 - 1.4837 (January 1993), 1.3600 (1992), + 1.2835 (1991), 1.2799 (1990), 1.2618 (1989), 1.2752 (1988) +Fiscal year: + 1 July - 30 June + +*Norfolk Island, Communications + +Highways: + 80 km of roads, including 53 km paved; remainder are earth formed or coral + surfaced +Ports: + none; loading jetties at Kingston and Cascade +Airports: + total: + 1 + useable: + 1 + with permanent-surface runways : + 1 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 1 +Telecommunications: + 1,500 radio receivers (1982); radio link service with Sydney; 987 telephones + (1983); broadcast stations - 1 AM, no FM, no TV + +*Norfolk Island, Defense Forces + +Note: + defense is the responsibility of Australia + +*Northern Mariana Islands, Header + +Affiliation: + (commonwealth in political union with the US) + +*Northern Mariana Islands, Geography + +Location: + in the North Pacific Ocean, 5,635 km west-southwest of Honolulu, about + three-quarters of the way between Hawaii and the Philippines +Map references: + Oceania +Area: + total area: + 477 km2 + land area: + 477 km2 + comparative area: + slightly more than 2.5 times the size of Washington, DC + note: + includes 14 islands including Saipan, Rota, and Tinian +Land boundaries: + 0 km +Coastline: + 1,482 km +Maritime claims: + contiguous zone: + 24 nm + continental shelf: + 200 m (depth) + exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + territorial sea: + 12 nm +International disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical marine; moderated by northeast trade winds, little seasonal + temperature variation; dry season December to June, rainy season July to + October +Terrain: + southern islands are limestone with level terraces and fringing coral reefs; + northern islands are volcanic; highest elevation is 471 meters (Mt. Okso' + Takpochao on Saipan) +Natural resources: + arable land, fish +Land use: + arable land: + 5% on Saipan + permanent crops: + NA% + meadows and pastures: + 19% + forest and woodland: + NA% + other: + NA% +Irrigated land: + NA km2 +Environment: + active volcanos on Pagan and Agrihan; subject to typhoons (most during + August through November) +Note: + strategic location in the North Pacific Ocean + +*Northern Mariana Islands, People + +Population: + 48,581 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 3.04% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 35.05 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 4.61 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 37.96 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 67.43 years + male: + 65.53 years + female: + 69.48 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 2.69 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + NA + adjective: + NA +Ethnic divisions: + Chamorro, Carolinians and other Micronesians, Caucasian, Japanese, Chinese, + Korean +Religions: + Christian (Roman Catholic majority, although traditional beliefs and taboos + may still be found) +Languages: + English, Chamorro, Carolinian + note: + 86% of population speaks a language other than English at home +Literacy: + age NA and over can read and write (1980) + total population: + 97% + male: + 97% + female: + 96% +Labor force: + 7,476 total indigenous labor force, 2,699 unemployed; 21,188 foreign workers + (1990) + by occupation: + NA + +*Northern Mariana Islands, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands + conventional short form: + Northern Mariana Islands +Digraph: + CQ +Type: + commonwealth in political union with the US; self-governing with locally + elected governor, lieutenant governor, and legislature; federal funds to the + Commonwealth administered by the US Department of the Interior, Office of + Territorial and International Affairs +Capital: + Saipan +Administrative divisions: + none +Independence: + none (commonwealth in political union with the US) +Constitution: + Covenant Agreement effective 3 November 1986 and the constitution of the + Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands +Legal system: + based on US system except for customs, wages, immigration laws, and taxation +National holiday: + Commonwealth Day, 8 January (1978) +Political parties and leaders: + Republican Party, Governor Lorenzo GUERRERO; Democratic Party, Carlos SHODA, + chairman +Suffrage: + 18 years of age; universal; indigenous inhabitants are US citizens but do + not vote in US presidential elections +Elections: + Governor: + last held in NA November 1989 (next to be held NA November 1993); results - + Lorenzo I. DeLeon GUERRERO, Republican Party, was elected governor + Senate: + last held NA November 1991 (next to be held NA November 1993); results - + percent of vote by party NA; seats - (9 total) Republicans 6, Democrats 3 + House of Representatives: + last held NA November 1991 (next to be held NA November 1993); results - + percent of vote by party NA; seats - (18 total) Republicans 10, Democrats 6, + Independent 2 + US House of Representatives: + the Commonwealth does not have a nonvoting delegate in Congress; instead, it + has an elected official "resident representative" located in Washington, DC; + seats - (1 total) Republican (Juan N. BABAUTA) +Executive branch: + US president; governor, lieutenant governor +Legislative branch: + bicameral Legislature consists of an upper house or Senate and a lower house + or House of Representatives +Judicial branch: + Commonwealth Supreme Court, Superior Court, Federal District Court +Leaders: Chief of State: + President William Jefferson CLINTON (since 20 January 1993); Vice President + Albert GORE, Jr. (since 20 January 1993) + +*Northern Mariana Islands, Government + + Head of Government: + Governor Lorenzo I. DeLeon GUERRERO (since 9 January 1990); Lieutenant + Governor Benjamin T. MANGLONA (since 9 January 1990) +Member of: + ESCAP (associate), SPC +Flag: + blue with a white five-pointed star superimposed on the gray silhouette of a + latte stone (a traditional foundation stone used in building) in the center + +*Northern Mariana Islands, Economy + +Overview: + The economy benefits substantially from financial assistance from the US. + The rate of funding has declined as locally generated government revenues + have grown. An agreement for the years 1986 to 1992 entitled the islands to + $228 million for capital development, government operations, and special + programs. A rapidly growing major source of income is the tourist industry, + which now employs about 50% of the work force. Japanese tourists + predominate. The agricultural sector is made up of cattle ranches and small + farms producing coconuts, breadfruit, tomatoes, and melons. Industry is + small scale, mostly handicrafts and light manufacturing. +National product: + GNP - purchasing power equivalent - $541 million (1992) + note: + GNP numbers reflect US spending +National product real growth rate: + NA% +National product per capita: + $11,500 (1992) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 6.5-7.5% (1991 est.) +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $147.0 million; expenditures $127.7 million, including capital + expenditures of $NA (1991) +Exports: + $263.4 million (f.o.b. 1991 est.) + commodities: + manufactured goods, garments, bread, pastries, concrete blocks, light iron + work + partners: + NA +Imports: + $392.4 million (c.i.f. 1991 est.) + commodities: food, construction, equipment, materials + partners: + NA +External debt: + $0 +Industrial production: + growth rate NA% +Electricity: + 25,000 kW capacity; 35 million kWh produced, 740 kWh per capita (1990) +Industries: + tourism, construction, light industry, handicrafts +Agriculture: + coconuts, fruits, cattle, vegetables +Economic aid: + none +Currency: + US currency is used +Fiscal year: + 1 October - 30 September + +*Northern Mariana Islands, Communications + +Railroads: + none +Highways: + 381.5 km total; 134.5 km primary, 55 km secondary, 192 km local (1991) +Inland waterways: + none +Ports: + Saipan, Tinian +Airports: + total: + 6 + usable: + 5 + with permanent-surface runways: + 3 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 2 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 2 +Telecommunications: + broadcast stations - 2 AM, 1 FM (1984), 1 TV, 2 cable TV stations; 2 Pacific + Ocean INTELSAT earth stations + +*Northern Mariana Islands, Defense Forces + +Note: + defense is the responsibility of the US + +*Norway, Geography + +Location: + Northern Europe, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean, west of Sweden +Map references: + Arctic Region, Europe, Standard Time Zones of the World +Area: + total area: + 324,220 km2 + land area: + 307,860 km2 + comparative area: + slightly larger than New Mexico +Land boundaries: + total 2,515 km, Finland 729 km, Sweden 1,619 km, Russia 167 km +Coastline: + 21,925 km (includes mainland 3,419 km, large islands 2,413 km, long fjords, + numerous small islands, and minor indentations 16,093 km) +Maritime claims: + contiguous zone: + 10 nm + continental shelf: + to depth of exploitation + exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + territorial sea: + 4 nm +International disputes: + territorial claim in Antarctica (Queen Maud Land); dispute between Denmark + and Norway over maritime boundary in Arctic Ocean between Greenland and Jan + Mayen is before the Interntional Court of Justice; maritime boundary dispute + with Russia over portion of Barents Sea +Climate: + temperate along coast, modified by North Atlantic Current; colder interior; + rainy year-round on west coast +Terrain: + glaciated; mostly high plateaus and rugged mountains broken by fertile + valleys; small, scattered plains; coastline deeply indented by fjords; + arctic tundra in north +Natural resources: + petroleum, copper, natural gas, pyrites, nickel, iron ore, zinc, lead, fish, + timber, hydropower +Land use: + arable land: + 3% + permanent crops: + 0% + meadows and pastures: + 0% + forest and woodland: + 27% + other: + 70% +Irrigated land: 950 km2 (1989) +Environment: + air and water pollution; acid rain; note - strategic location adjacent to + sea lanes and air routes in North Atlantic; one of most rugged and longest + coastlines in world; Norway and Turkey only NATO members having a land + boundary with Russia + +*Norway, Geography + +Note: + about two-thirds mountains; some 50,000 islands off its much indented + coastline + +*Norway, People + +Population: + 4,297,436 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 0.41% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 13.75 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 10.54 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + 0.87 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 6.4 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 77.16 years + male: + 73.79 years + female: + 80.73 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 1.86 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Norwegian(s) + adjective: + Norwegian +Ethnic divisions: + Germanic (Nordic, Alpine, Baltic), Lapps 20,000 +Religions: + Evangelical Lutheran 87.8% (state church), other Protestant and Roman + Catholic 3.8%, none 3.2%, unknown 5.2% (1980) +Languages: + Norwegian (official) + note: + small Lapp- and Finnish-speaking minorities +Literacy: + age 15 and over can read and write (1976) + total population: + 99% + male: + NA% + female: + NA% +Labor force: + 2.004 million (1992) + by occupation: + services 39.1%, commerce 17.6%, mining, oil, and manufacturing 16.0%, + banking and financial services 7.6%, transportation and communications 7.8%, + construction 6.1%, agriculture, forestry, and fishing 5.5% (1989) + +*Norway, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Kingdom of Norway + conventional short form: + Norway + local long form: + Kongeriket Norge + local short form: + Norge +Digraph: + NO +Type: + constitutional monarchy +Capital: + Oslo +Administrative divisions: + 19 provinces (fylker, singular - fylke); Akershus, Aust-Agder, Buskerud, + Finnmark, Hedmark, Hordaland, More og Romsdal, Nordland, Nord-Trondelag, + Oppland, Oslo, Ostfold, Rogaland, Sogn og Fjordane, Sor-Trondelag, Telemark, + Troms, Vest-Agder, Vestfold +Dependent areas: + Bouvet Island, Jan Mayen, Svalbard +Independence: + 26 October 1905 (from Sweden) +Constitution: + 17 May 1814, modified in 1884 +Legal system: + mixture of customary law, civil law system, and common law traditions; + Supreme Court renders advisory opinions to legislature when asked; accepts + compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations +National holiday: + Constitution Day, 17 May (1814) +Political parties and leaders: + Labor Party, Gro Harlem BRUNDTLAND; Conservative Party, Kaci Kullmann FIVE; + Center Party, Anne ENGER LAHNSTEIN; Christian People's Party, Kjell Magne + BONDEVIK; Socialist Left, Eric SOLHEIM; Norwegian Communist, Ingre IVERSEN; + Progress Party, Carl I. HAGEN; Liberal, Odd Einar DORUM; Finnmark List, + leader NA +Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal +Elections: + Storting: + last held on 11 September 1989 (next to be held 6 September 1993); results - + Labor 34.3%, Conservative 22.2%, Progress 13.0%, Socialist Left 10.1%, + Christian People's 8.5%, Center Party 6.6%, Finnmark List 0.3%, other 5%; + seats - (165 total) Labor 63, Conservative 37, Progress 22, Socialist Left + 17, Christian People's 14, Center Party 11, Finnmark List 1 +Executive branch: + monarch, prime minister, State Council (cabinet) +Legislative branch: + unicameral Parliament (Storting) with an Upper Chamber (Lagting) and a Lower + Chamber (Odelsting) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court (Hoyesterett) +Leaders: + Chief of State: + King HARALD V (since 17 January 1991); Heir Apparent Crown Prince HAAKON + MAGNUS (born 20 July 1973) + +*Norway, Government + + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Gro Harlem BRUNDTLAND (since 3 November 1990) +Member of: + AfDB, AsDB, Australia Group, BIS, CBSS, CCC, CE, CERN, COCOM, CSCE, EBRD, + ECE, EFTA, ESA, FAO, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IEA, + IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, + LORCS, MTCR, NACC, NAM (guest), NATO, NC, NEA, NIB, NSG, OECD, PCA, UN, + UNAVEM II, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNIKOM, UNMOGIP, UNOSOM, + UNPROFOR, UNTSO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, ZC +Diplomatic representation in US: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Kjeld VIBE + chancery: + 2720 34th Street NW, Washington DC 20008 + telephone: + (202) 333-6000 + FAX: + (202) 337-0870 + consulates general: + Houston, Los Angeles, Minneapolis, New York, and San Francisco + consulate: + Miami +US diplomatic representation: + chief of mission: + (vacant) + embassy: + Drammensveien 18, 0244 Oslo 2 + mailing address: + PSC 69, Box 1000, APO AE 09707 + telephone: + [47] (2) 44-85-50 + FAX: [47] (2) 43-07-77 +Flag: + red with a blue cross outlined in white that extends to the edges of the + flag; the vertical part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side in the + style of the Dannebrog (Danish flag) + +*Norway, Economy + +Overview: + Norway has a mixed economy involving a combination of free market activity + and government intervention. The government controls key areas, such as the + vital petroleum sector (through large-scale state enterprises) and + extensively subsidizes agriculture, fishing, and areas with sparse + resources. Norway also maintains an extensive welfare system that helps + propel public sector expenditures to slightly more than 50% of the GDP and + results in one of the highest average tax burdens in the world (54%). A + small country with a high dependence on international trade, Norway is + basically an exporter of raw materials and semiprocessed goods, with an + abundance of small- and medium-sized firms, and is ranked among the major + shipping nations. The country is richly endowed with natural resources - + petroleum, hydropower, fish, forests, and minerals - and is highly dependent + on its oil sector to keep its economy afloat. Although one of the + government's main priorities is to reduce this dependency, this situation is + not likely to improve for years to come. The government also hopes to reduce + unemployment and strengthen and diversify the economy through tax reform and + a series of expansionary budgets. The budget deficit is expected to hit a + record 8% of GDP because of welfare spending and bail-outs of the banking + system. Unemployment continues at record levels of over 10% - including + those in job programs - because of the weakness of the economy outside the + oil sector. Overall economic growth is expected to be around 2% in 1993 + while inflation is likely to rise slightly to 4%. Oslo, a member of the + European Free Trade Area, has applied for EC membership and continues to + deregulate and harmonize with EC regulations to prepare for the European + Economic Area (EEA) - which creates an EC/EFTA market with free movement of + capital, goods, services, and labor - to take effect in late 1993 and its EC + bid. +National product: + GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $76.1 billion (1992) +National product real growth rate: + 2.9% (1992) +National product per capita: + $17,700 (1992) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 2.3% (1992) +Unemployment rate: + 5.9% (excluding people in job-training programs) (1992) +Budget: + revenues $50.6 billion; expenditures $57.0 billion, including capital + expenditures of $NA (1992) +Exports: + $35.3 billion (f.o.b., 1992) + commodities: + petroleum and petroleum products 37.8%, metals and products 10.7%, natural + gas 7.3%, fish 6.6%, chemicals 6.3%, ships 5.4% + partners: + EC 67%, Nordic countries 18.2%, developing countries 7.9%, US 5.1%, Japan + 1.6% (1992) +Imports: + $26.8 billion (c.i.f., 1992) + commodities: + machinery, fuels and lubricants, transportation equipment, chemicals, + foodstuffs, clothing, ships + partners: + EC 48.7%, Nordic countries 26.8%, developing countries 9.3%, US 8.6%, Japan + 6.3% (1992) +External debt: + $6.5 billion (1992 est.) + +*Norway, Economy + +Industrial production: + growth rate 7.3% (1992) +Electricity: + 26,900,000 kW capacity; 111,000 million kWh produced, 25,850 kWh per capita + (1992) +Industries: + petroleum and gas, food processing, shipbuilding, pulp and paper products, + metals, chemicals, timber, mining, textiles, fishing +Agriculture: + accounts for 2.6% of GDP and 5.5% of labor force; among world's top 10 + fishing nations; livestock output exceeds value of crops; over half of food + needs imported; fish catch of 1.76 million metric tons in 1989 +Illicit drugs: + increasingly used as transshipment point for Latin American cocaine to + Europe and gateway for Asian heroin shipped via the CIS and Baltic states + for the European market +Economic aid: + donor - ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $4.4 billion +Currency: + 1 Norwegian krone (NKr) = 100 re +Exchange rates: + Norwegian kroner (NKr) per US$1 - 6.8774 (January 1993), 6.2145 (1992), + 6.4829 (1991), 6.2597 (1990), 6.9045 (1989), 6.5170 (1988) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +*Norway, Communications + +Railroads: + 4,223 km 1.435-meter standard gauge; Norwegian State Railways (NSB) operates + 4,219 km (2,450 km electrified and 96 km double track); 4 km other +Highways: + 79,540 km total; 38,580 km paved; 40,960 km gravel, crushed stone, and earth +Inland waterways: + 1,577 km along west coast; 2.4 m draft vessels maximum +Pipelines: refined products 53 km +Ports: + Oslo, Bergen, Fredrikstad, Kristiansand, Stavanger, Trondheim +Merchant marine: + 829 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 22,312,412 GRT/38,532,109 DWT; + includes 13 passenger, 20 short-sea passenger, 106 cargo, 2 passenger-cargo, + 19 refrigerated cargo, 15 container, 49 roll-on/roll-off, 23 vehicle + carrier, 1 railcar carrier, 174 oil tanker, 91 chemical tanker, 82 liquefied + gas, 25 combination ore/oil, 201 bulk, 8 combination bulk; note - the + government has created a captive register, the Norwegian International Ship + Register (NIS), as a subset of the Norwegian register; ships on the NIS + enjoy many benefits of flags of convenience and do not have to be crewed by + Norwegians; the majority of ships (777) under the Norwegian flag are now + registered with the NIS +Airports: + total: + 103 + usable: + 102 + with permanent-surface runways: + 63 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 12 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 16 +Telecommunications: + high-quality domestic and international telephone, telegraph, and telex + services; 2 buried coaxial cable systems; 3,102,000 telephones; broadcast + stations - 46 AM, 350 private and 143 government FM, 54 (2,100 repeaters) + TV; 4 coaxial submarine cables; 3 communications satellite earth stations + operating in the EUTELSAT, INTELSAT (1 Atlantic Ocean), MARISAT, and + domestic systems + +*Norway, Defense Forces + +Branches: + Norwegian Army, Royal Norwegian Navy, Royal Norwegian Air Force, Home Guard +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 1,120,744; fit for military service 934,968; reach military + age (20) annually 31,903 (1993 est.) +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $3.8 billion, 3.4% of GDP (1992) + + +*Oman, Geography + +Location: + Middle East, along the Arabian Sea, between Yemen and the United Arab + Emirates +Map references: Middle East, Standard Time Zones of the World +Area: + total area: + 212,460 km2 + land area: + 212,460 km2 + comparative area: + slightly smaller than Kansas +Land boundaries: + total 1,374 km, Saudi Arabia 676 km, UAE 410 km, Yemen 288 km +Coastline: + 2,092 km +Maritime claims: + contiguous zone: + 24 nm + continental shelf: + to be defined + exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + territorial sea: + 12 nm +International disputes: + no defined boundary with most of UAE; Administrative Line with UAE in far + north; a treaty with Yemen to settle the Omani-Yemeni boundary was ratified + in December 1992 +Climate: + dry desert; hot, humid along coast; hot, dry interior; strong southwest + summer monsoon (May to September) in far south +Terrain: + vast central desert plain, rugged mountains in north and south +Natural resources: + petroleum, copper, asbestos, some marble, limestone, chromium, gypsum, + natural gas +Land use: + arable land: + less than 2% + permanent crops: + 0% + meadows and pastures: + 5% + forest and woodland: + 0% + other: + 93% +Irrigated land: + 410 km2 (1989 est.) +Environment: + summer winds often raise large sandstorms and duststorms in interior; sparse + natural freshwater resources +Note: + strategic location with small foothold on Musandam Peninsula controlling + Strait of Hormuz (17% of world's oil production transits this point going + from Persian Gulf to Arabian Sea) + +*Oman, People + +Population: + 1,643,579 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 3.46% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 40.56 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 5.94 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 38.4 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 67.32 years + male: + 65.47 years + female: + 69.27 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 6.58 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Omani(s) + adjective: + Omani +Ethnic divisions: + Arab, Balochi, Zanzibari, South Asian (Indian, Pakistani, Bangladeshi) +Religions: + Ibadhi Muslim 75%, Sunni Muslim, Shi'a Muslim, Hindu +Languages: + Arabic (official), English, Balochi, Urdu, Indian dialects +Literacy: + total population: + NA% + male: + NA% + female: + NA% +Labor force: + 430,000 + by occupation: + agriculture 40% (est.) + +*Oman, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Sultanate of Oman + conventional short form: + Oman + local long form: Saltanat Uman + local short form: + Uman +Digraph: + MU +Type: + absolute monarchy with residual UK influence +Capital: + Muscat +Administrative divisions: + there are no first-order administrative divisions as defined by the US + Government, but there are 3 governorates (muhafazah, singular - muhafazat); + Musqat, Musandam, Zufar +Independence: + 1650 (expulsion of the Portuguese) +Constitution: + none +Legal system: + based on English common law and Islamic law; ultimate appeal to the sultan; + has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + National Day, 18 November +Political parties and leaders: + none +Other political or pressure groups: + outlawed Popular Front for the Liberation of Oman (PFLO), based in Yemen +Suffrage: + none +Elections: + elections scheduled for October 1992 +Executive branch: + sultan, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + unicameral National Assembly +Judicial branch: + none; traditional Islamic judges and a nascent civil court system +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + Sultan and Prime Minister QABOOS bin Sa'id Al Sa'id (since 23 July 1970) +Member of: + ABEDA, AFESD, AL, AMF, ESCWA, FAO, G-77, GCC, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, + IFC, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO (correspondent), ITU, + NAM, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO +Diplomatic representation in US: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Awadh bin Badr AL-SHANFARI + chancery: + 2342 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 + telephone: + (202) 387-1980 through 1982 +US diplomatic representation: + chief of mission: + Ambassador David DUNFORD + +*Oman, Government + + embassy: + address NA, Muscat + mailing address: + P. O. Box 50202 Madinat Qaboos, Muscat + telephone: + [968] 698-989 + FAX: + [968] 604-316 +Flag: + three horizontal bands of white (top, double width), red, and green (double + width) with a broad, vertical, red band on the hoist side; the national + emblem (a khanjar dagger in its sheath superimposed on two crossed swords in + scabbards) in white is centered at the top of the vertical band + +*Oman, Economy + +Overview: + Economic performance is closely tied to the fortunes of the oil industry. + Petroleum accounts for more than 85% of export earnings, about 80% of + government revenues, and roughly 40% of GDP. Oman has proved oil reserves of + 4 billion barrels, equivalent to about 20 years' supply at the current rate + of extraction. Agriculture is carried on at a subsistence level and the + general population depends on imported food. +National product: + GDP - exchange rate conversion - $10.2 billion (1991) +National product real growth rate: + 7.4% (1991) +National product per capita: + $6,670 (1991) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 1.6% (1991) +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $4.1 billion; expenditures $4.8 billion, including capital + expenditures of $1 billion (1991) +Exports: + $4.9 billion (f.o.b., 1991) + commodities: + petroleum 87%, reexports, fish, processed copper, textiles + partners: + UAE 30%, Japan 27%, South Korea 10%, Singapore 5% +Imports: + $3.0 billion (f.o.b, 1991) + commodities: + machinery, transportation equipment, manufactured goods, food, livestock, + lubricants + partners: + Japan 20%, UAE 19%, UK 19%, US 7% +External debt: + $3.1 billion (December 1989 est.) +Industrial production: growth rate 10% (1989), including petroleum sector +Electricity: + 1,142,400 kW capacity; 5,100 million kWh produced, 3,200 kWh per capita + (1992) +Industries: + crude oil production and refining, natural gas production, construction, + cement, copper +Agriculture: + accounts for 6% of GDP and 40% of the labor force (including fishing); less + than 2% of land cultivated; largely subsistence farming (dates, limes, + bananas, alfalfa, vegetables, camels, cattle); not self-sufficient in food; + annual fish catch averages 100,000 metric tons +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $137 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $148 million; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $797 million +Currency: + 1 Omani rial (RO) = 1,000 baiza +Exchange rates: + Omani rials (RO) per US$1 - 0.3845 (fixed rate since 1986) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +*Oman, Communications + +Highways: + 26,000 km total; 6,000 km paved, 20,000 km motorable track +Pipelines: + crude oil 1,300 km; natural gas 1,030 km +Ports: + Mina' Qabus, Mina' Raysut, Mina' al Fahl +Merchant marine: + 1 passenger ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 4,442 GRT/1,320 DWT +Airports: + total: + 138 + usable: + 130 + with permanent-surface runways: + 6 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 1 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 9 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 74 +Telecommunications: + modern system consisting of open-wire, microwave, and radio communications + stations; limited coaxial cable; 50,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 2 + AM, 3 FM, 7 TV; satellite earth stations - 2 Indian Ocean INTELSAT, 1 + ARABSAT, and 8 domestic + +*Oman, Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy, Air Force, Royal Oman Police +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 370,548; fit for military service 210,544; reach military + age (14) annually 20,810 (1993 est.) +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $1.6 billion, 16% of GDP (1993 est.) + +*Pacific Islands, Trust Territory of the (Palau), Header + +Affiliation: + (UN trusteeship administered by the US) + +*Pacific Islands, Trust Territory of the (Palau), Geography + +Location: + in the North Pacific Ocean, 850 km southeast of the Philippines +Map references: + Oceania +Area: + total area: + 458 km2 + land area: + 458 km2 + comparative area: + slightly more than 2.5 times the size of Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + 0 km +Coastline: + 1,519 km +Maritime claims: + contiguous zone: + 24 nm + continental shelf: + 200 m or depth of exploitation + exclusive fishing zone: + 200 nm + territorial sea: + 12 nm +International disputes: + none +Climate: + wet season May to November; hot and humid +Terrain: + about 200 islands varying geologically from the high, mountainous main + island of Babelthuap to low, coral islands usually fringed by large barrier + reefs +Natural resources: + forests, minerals (especially gold), marine products, deep-seabed minerals +Land use: arable land: + NA% + permanent crops: + NA% + meadows and pastures: + NA% + forest and woodland: + NA% + other: + NA% +Irrigated land: + NA km2 +Environment: + subject to typhoons from June to December; archipelago of six island groups + totaling over 200 islands in the Caroline chain +Note: + includes World War II battleground of Peleliu and world-famous rock islands + +*Pacific Islands, Trust Territory of the (Palau), People + +Population: + 16,071 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 1.84% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 22.9 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 6.61 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + 2.12 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 25.07 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 71.01 years + male: + 69.14 years + female: + 73.02 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 2.96 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Palauan(s) + adjective: + Palauan +Ethnic divisions: + Palauans are a composite of Polynesian, Malayan, and Melanesian races +Religions: + Christian (Catholics, Seventh-Day Adventists, Jehovah's Witnesses, the + Assembly of God, the Liebenzell Mission, and Latter-Day Saints), Modekngei + religion (one-third of the population observes this religion which is + indigenous to Palau) +Languages: English (official in all of Palau's 16 states), Sonsorolese (official in the + state of Sonsoral), Angaur and Japanese (in the state of Anguar), Tobi (in + the state of Tobi), Palauan (in the other 13 states) +Literacy: + age 15 and over can read and write (1980) + total population: + 92% + male: + 93% + female: + 91% +Labor force: + NA + by occupation: + NA + +*Pacific Islands, Trust Territory of the (Palau), Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands + conventional short form: + none + note: + may change to Republic of Palau after independence; the native form of Palau + is Belau and is sometimes used incorrectly in English and other languages +Digraph: + NQ +Type: + UN trusteeship administered by the US + note: + constitutional government signed a Compact of Free Association with the US + on 10 January 1986, which was never approved in a series of UN-observed + plebiscites; until the UN trusteeship is terminated with entry into force of + the Compact, Palau remains under US administration as the Palau District of + the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands; administrative authority resides + in the Department of the Interior and is exercised by the Assistant + Secretary for Territorial and International Affairs through the Palau + Office, Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, J. Victor HOBSON Jr., + Director (since 16 December 1990) +Capital: + Koror + note: + a new capital is being built about 20 km northeast in eastern Babelthuap +Administrative divisions: + there are no first-order administrative divisions as defined by the US + Government, but there are 16 states: Aimeliik, Airai, Angaur, Kayangel, + Koror, Melekeok, Ngaraard, Ngardmau, Ngaremlengui, Ngatpang, Ngchesar, + Ngerchelong, Ngiwal, Peleliu, Sonsorol, Tobi +Independence: + the last polity remaining under the US-administered UN trusteeship following + the departure of the Republic of the Marshall Islands, the Federated States + of Micronesia, and the Commonwealth of the Northern Marianas from the + trusteeship; administered by the Office of Territorial and International + Affairs, US Department of Interior +Constitution: + 1 January 1981 +Legal system: + based on Trust Territory laws, acts of the legislature, municipal, common, + and customary laws +National holiday: + Constitution Day, 9 July (1979) +Suffrage: + 18 years of age; universal +Elections: + President: + last held on 4 November 1992 (next to be held NA November 1996); results - + Kuniwo NAKAMURA 50.7%, Johnson TORIBIONG 49.3% + Senate: + last held 4 November 1992 (next to be held NA November 1996); results - + percent of vote by party NA; seats - (14 total); number of seats by party NA + House of Delegates: + last held 4 November 1992 (next to be held NA November 1996); results - + percent of vote by party NA; seats - (16 total); number of seats by party NA +Executive branch: + national president, national vice president + +*Pacific Islands, Trust Territory of the (Palau), Government + +Legislative branch: + bicameral Parliament (Olbiil Era Kelulau or OEK) consists of an upper house + or Senate and a lower house or House of Delegates +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court, National Court, Court of Common Pleas +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + President Kuniwo NAKAMURA (since 1 January 1993), Vice-President Tommy E. + REMENGESAU Jr. (since 1 January 1993) +Member of: + ESCAP (associate), SPC, SPF (observer) +Diplomatic representation in US: + administrative officer: + Charles UONG, + address: + Palau Liaison Office, 444 North Capitol St., N.W., Suite 308, Washington, DC + 20001 +US diplomatic representation: + director: + US Liaison Officer Lloyd W. MOSS + liaison office: + US Liaison Office at Top Side, Neeriyas, Koror + mailing address: + P.O. Box 6028, Koror, PW 96940 + telephone: + (680) 488-2920; (680) 488-2911 +Flag: + light blue with a large yellow disk (representing the moon) shifted slightly + to the hoist side + +*Pacific Islands, Trust Territory of the (Palau), Economy + +Overview: + The economy consists primarily of subsistence agriculture and fishing. + Tourism provides some foreign exchange, although the remote location of + Palau and a shortage of suitable facilities has hindered development. The + government is the major employer of the work force, relying heavily on + financial assistance from the US. +National product: + GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $31.6 million (1986) + note: + GDP numbers reflect US spending +National product real growth rate: + NA% +National product per capita: + $2,260 (1986) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + NA% +Unemployment rate: + 20% (1986) +Budget: + revenues $6.0 million; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of + $NA (1986) +Exports: + $0.5 million (f.o.b., 1986) + commodities: + NA + partners: + US, Japan +Imports: + $27.2 million (c.i.f., 1986) + commodities: + NA + partners: + US +External debt: + about $100 million (1989) +Industrial production: + growth rate NA% +Electricity: + 16,000 kW capacity; 22 million kWh produced, 1,540 kWh per capita (1990) +Industries: + tourism, craft items (shell, wood, pearl), some commercial fishing and + agriculture +Agriculture: + subsistence-level production of coconut, copra, cassava, sweet potatoes +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $2,560 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $92 million +Currency: + US currency is used +Fiscal year: + 1 October - 30 September + +*Pacific Islands, Trust Territory of the (Palau), Communications + +Highways: + 22.3 km paved, some stone-, coral-, or laterite-surfaced roads (1991) +Ports: + Koror +Airports: + total: + 3 + usable: + 3 + with permanent-surface runways: + 1 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 3 +Telecommunications: + broadcast stations - 1 AM, 1 FM, 2 TV; 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth + station + +*Pacific Islands, Trust Territory of the (Palau), Defense Forces + +Note: + defense is the responsibility of the US and that will not change when the UN + trusteeship terminates if the Compact of Free Association with the US goes + into effect + +*Pacific Ocean, Geography + +Location: + body of water between the Western Hemisphere and Asia/Australia +Map references: + Asia, North America, Oceania, South America, Standard Time Zones of the + World +Area: + total area: + 165.384 million km2 + comparative area: + about 18 times the size of the US; the largest ocean (followed by the + Atlantic Ocean, the Indian Ocean, and the Arctic Ocean); covers about + one-third of the global surface; larger than the total land area of the + world + note: + includes Arafura Sea, Banda Sea, Bellingshausen Sea, Bering Sea, Bering + Strait, Coral Sea, East China Sea, Gulf of Alaska, Makassar Strait, + Philippine Sea, Ross Sea, Sea of Japan, Sea of Okhotsk, South China Sea, + Tasman Sea, and other tributary water bodies +Coastline: + 135,663 km +International disputes: + some maritime disputes (see littoral states) +Climate: + the western Pacific is monsoonal - a rainy season occurs during the summer + months, when moisture-laden winds blow from the ocean over the land, and a + dry season during the winter months, when dry winds blow from the Asian land + mass back to the ocean +Terrain: + surface currents in the northern Pacific are dominated by a clockwise, + warm-water gyre (broad circular system of currents) and in the southern + Pacific by a counterclockwise, cool-water gyre; in the northern Pacific sea + ice forms in the Bering Sea and Sea of Okhotsk in winter; in the southern + Pacific sea ice from Antarctica reaches its northernmost extent in October; + the ocean floor in the eastern Pacific is dominated by the East Pacific + Rise, while the western Pacific is dissected by deep trenches, including the + world's deepest, the 10,924 meter Marianas Trench +Natural resources: + oil and gas fields, polymetallic nodules, sand and gravel aggregates, placer + deposits, fish +Environment: + endangered marine species include the dugong, sea lion, sea otter, seals, + turtles, and whales; oil pollution in Philippine Sea and South China Sea; + dotted with low coral islands and rugged volcanic islands in the + southwestern Pacific Ocean; subject to tropical cyclones (typhoons) in + southeast and east Asia from May to December (most frequent from July to + October); tropical cyclones (hurricanes) may form south of Mexico and strike + Central America and Mexico from June to October (most common in August and + September); southern shipping lanes subject to icebergs from Antarctica; + occasional El Nino phenomenon occurs off the coast of Peru when the trade + winds slacken and the warm Equatorial Countercurrent moves south, killing + the plankton that is the primary food source for anchovies; consequently, + the anchovies move to better feeding grounds, causing resident marine birds + to starve by the thousands because of their lost food source + +*Pacific Ocean, Geography + +Note: + the major choke points are the Bering Strait, Panama Canal, Luzon Strait, + and the Singapore Strait; the Equator divides the Pacific Ocean into the + North Pacific Ocean and the South Pacific Ocean; ships subject to + superstructure icing in extreme north from October to May and in extreme + south from May to October; persistent fog in the northern Pacific from June + to December is a hazard to shipping; surrounded by a zone of violent + volcanic and earthquake activity sometimes referred to as the Pacific Ring + of Fire + +*Pacific Ocean, Government + +Digraph: ZN + +*Pacific Ocean, Economy + +Overview: + The Pacific Ocean is a major contributor to the world economy and + particularly to those nations its waters directly touch. It provides + low-cost sea transportation between East and West, extensive fishing + grounds, offshore oil and gas fields, minerals, and sand and gravel for the + construction industry. In 1985 over half (54%) of the world's total fish + catch came from the Pacific Ocean, which is the only ocean where the fish + catch has increased every year since 1978. Exploitation of offshore oil and + gas reserves is playing an ever-increasing role in the energy supplies of + Australia, New Zealand, China, US, and Peru. The high cost of recovering + offshore oil and gas, combined with the wide swings in world prices for oil + since 1985, has slowed but not stopped new drillings. +Industries: + fishing, oil and gas production + +*Pacific Ocean, Communications + +Ports: + Bangkok (Thailand), Hong Kong, Los Angeles (US), Manila (Philippines), Pusan + (South Korea), San Francisco (US), Seattle (US), Shanghai (China), + Singapore, Sydney (Australia), Vladivostok (Russia), Wellington (NZ), + Yokohama (Japan) +Telecommunications: + several submarine cables with network nodal points on Guam and Hawaii + +*Pakistan, Geography + +Location: + South Asia, along the Arabian Sea, between India and Afghanistan +Map references: + Asia, Standard Time Zones of the World +Area: + total area: + 803,940 km2 + land area: + 778,720 km2 + comparative area: + slightly less than twice the size of California +Land boundaries: + total 6,774 km, Afghanistan 2,430 km, China 523 km, India 2,912 km, Iran 909 + km +Coastline: + 1,046 km +Maritime claims: + contiguous zone: + 24 nm + continental shelf: + 200 nm or the edge of continental margin + exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + territorial sea: + 12 nm +International disputes: + status of Kashmir with India; border question with Afghanistan (Durand + Line); water-sharing problems (Wular Barrage) over the Indus with upstream + riparian India +Climate: + mostly hot, dry desert; temperate in northwest; arctic in north +Terrain: + flat Indus plain in east; mountains in north and northwest; Balochistan + plateau in west +Natural resources: + land, extensive natural gas reserves, limited petroleum, poor quality coal, + iron ore, copper, salt, limestone +Land use: + arable land: + 26% + permanent crops: + 0% + meadows and pastures: + 6% + forest and woodland: + 4% + other: + 64% +Irrigated land: + 162,200 km2 (1989) +Environment: + frequent earthquakes, occasionally severe especially in north and west; + flooding along the Indus after heavy rains (July and August); deforestation; + soil erosion; desertification; water logging +Note: + controls Khyber Pass and Bolan Pass, traditional invasion routes between + Central Asia and the Indian Subcontinent + +*Pakistan, People + +Population: + 125,213,732 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 2.87% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 42.59 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 12.6 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + -1.28 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 103.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: total population: + 57.11 years + male: + 56.54 years + female: + 57.72 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 6.5 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Pakistani(s) + adjective: + Pakistani +Ethnic divisions: + Punjabi, Sindhi, Pashtun (Pathan), Baloch, Muhajir (immigrants from India + and their descendents) +Religions: + Muslim 97% (Sunni 77%, Shi'a 20%), Christian, Hindu, and other 3% +Languages: + Urdu (official), English (official; lingua franca of Pakistani elite and + most government ministries, but official policies are promoting its gradual + replacement by Urdu), Punjabi 64%, Sindhi 12%, Pashtu 8%, Urdu 7%, Balochi + and other 9% +Literacy: + age 15 and over can read and write (1990) + total population: + 35% + male: + 47% + female: + 21% +Labor force: + 28.9 million + by occupation: + agriculture 54%, mining and manufacturing 13%, services 33%, extensive + export of labor (1987 est.) + +*Pakistan, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Islamic Republic of Pakistan + conventional short form: + Pakistan + former: + West Pakistan +Digraph: + PK +Type: + republic +Capital: + Islamabad +Administrative divisions: + 4 provinces, 1 territory*, and 1 capital territory**; Balochistan, Federally, Administered +Tribal Areas*, Islamabad Capital Territory**, North-West, Frontier, Punjab, Sindh + note: + the Pakistani-administered portion of the disputed Jammu and Kashmir region + includes Azad Kashmir and the Northern Areas +Independence: + 14 August 1947 (from UK) +Constitution: + 10 April 1973, suspended 5 July 1977, restored with amendments, 30 December + 1985 +Legal system: + based on English common law with provisions to accommodate Pakistan's + stature as an Islamic state; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with + reservations +National holiday: + Pakistan Day, 23 March (1956) (proclamation of the republic) +Political parties and leaders: + government: + Pakistan Muslim League-Nawaz (PML-N), Mian Nawaz SHARIF; Jamhoori Watan + Party (JWP), Mohammad Akbar Khan BUGTI; Jamiat Ulema-i-Islam (JUI), + Fazl-ur-REHMAN and Sami-ul-HAQ; Awami National Party (ANP), Khan Abdul WALI + KHAN; Jamiat Ulema-i-Pakistan-Niazi, Maulana Abdul Sattar Khan NIAZI; + Pakhtun Khwa Milli Awami Party (PKMAP), Mahmood Khan ACHAKZAI + opposition: + Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP), Benazir BHUTTO and Nusrat BHUTTO; Pakistan + Muslim League-Chattha (PML-C), Hamid Nasir CHATTHA; Jamaat-i-Islami (JI), + Qazi Hussain AHMED; National People's Party (NPP), Ghulam Mustapha JATOI + (formerly the PNP); Tehrik-i-Istiqlal (TI), Air Marshal (Ret.) Mohammad + ASGHAR KHAN; Tehrik-i-Nifaz-i-Fiqah-i-Jafaria (TNFJ), Agha Hamid Ali MUSAVI; + Jamiat Ulema-i-Pakistan-Noorani (JUP-Noorani), Maulana Shah Ahmed NOORANI; + Mohajir Quami Mahaz-Haqiqi (MQM-H), Afaq AHMED +Other political or pressure groups: + military remains important political force; ulema (clergy), landowners, + industrialists, and small merchants also influential +Suffrage: + 21 years of age; universal +Elections: + President: + last held on 12 December 1988 (next to be held by NA November 1993); results + - Ghulam ISHAQ KHAN was elected by Parliament and the four provincial + assemblies + +*Pakistan, Government + + Senate: + last held March 1991 (next to be held NA March 1994); seats - (87 total) PML + 52, Tribal Area Representatives (nonparty) 8, PPP 5, ANP 5, JWP 4, MQM 3, + PNP 2 (name later chaged to NPP), JI 2, JUP 2, JUI 2, PKMAP 1, independent 1 + National Assembly: + last held on 24 October 1990 (next to be held by October 1995); results - + percent of vote by party NA; seats - (217 total) number of seats by party + NA; note - President GHULAM ISHAQ Khan dismissed the National Assembly on 18 + April 1993; it was reestablished, however, on 26 May 1993 by the Supreme + Court, which ruled the dismissal order unconstitutional +Executive branch: + president, prime minister, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + bicameral Parliament (Majlis-e-Shoora) consists of an upper house or Senate + and a lower house or National Assembly +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court, Federal Islamic (Shari'at) Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Ghulam ISHAQ KHAN (since 13 December 1988) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Mian Nawaz SHARIF (since 6 November 1990); note - President + GHULAM ISHAQ Khan dismissed Prime Minister SHARIF on 18 April 1993, but he + was reinstated by the Supreme Court on 26 May 1993 +Member of: + AsDB, C, CCC, CP, ECO, ESCAP, FAO, G-19, G-24, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, + ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, + INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, LORCS, MINURSO, NAM, OAS + (observer), OIC, PCA, SAARC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIKOM, + UNOSOM, UNTAC, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation in US: + chief of mission: + (vacant) + chancery: + 2315 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 + telephone: + (202) 939-6200 + consulate general: + New York +US diplomatic representation: + chief of mission: + Ambassador John MONJO + embassy: + Diplomatic Enclave, Ramna 5, Islamabad + mailing address: + P. O. Box 1048, PSC 1212, Box 2000, Islamabad or APO AE 09812-2000 + telephone: + [92] (51) 826161 through 79 + FAX: + [92] (51) 822004 + consulates general: + Karachi, Lahore + consulate: + Peshawar +Flag: + green with a vertical white band (symbolizing the role of religious + minorities) on the hoist side; a large white crescent and star are centered + in the green field; the crescent, star, and color green are traditional + symbols of Islam + +*Pakistan, Economy + +Overview: + Pakistan is a poor Third World country faced with the usual problems of + rapidly increasing population, sizable government deficits, and heavy + dependence on foreign aid. In addition, the economy must support a large + military establishment. A real economic growth rate averaging 5-6% in recent + years has helped the country to cope with these problems. Almost all + agriculture and small-scale industry is in private hands. In 1990, Pakistan + embarked on a sweeping economic liberalization program to boost foreign and + domestic private investment and lower foreign aid dependence. The SHARIF + government denationalized several state-owned firms and attracted some + foreign investment. Pakistan likely will have difficulty raising living + standards because of its rapidly expanding population. At the current rate + of growth, population would double in 25 years. +National product: + GNP - exchange rate conversion - $48.3 billion (FY92 est.) +National product real growth rate: + 6.4% (FY92 est.) +National product per capita: + $410 (FY92 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 12.7% (FY91) +Unemployment rate: + 10% (FY91 est.) +Budget: + revenues $9.4 billion; expenditures $10.9 billion, including capital + expenditures of $3.1 billion (FY93 est.) +Exports: + $6.8 billion (f.o.b., FY92) + commodities: + cotton, textiles, clothing, rice + partners: + EC 35%, US 11%, Japan 8% (FY91) +Imports: + $9.1 billion (f.o.b., FY92) + commodities: + petroleum, petroleum products, machinery, transportation, equipment, + vegetable oils, animal fats, chemicals + partners: + EC 29%, Japan 13%, US 12% (FY91) +External debt: + $16.5 billion (1992 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 5.7% (FY91); accounts for almost 20% of GNP +Electricity: + 10,000,000 kW capacity; 43,000 million kWh produced, 350 kWh per capita + (1992) +Industries: + textiles, food processing, beverages, construction materials, clothing, + paper products, shrimp +Agriculture: + 25% of GNP, over 50% of labor force; world's largest contiguous irrigation + system; major crops - cotton, wheat, rice, sugarcane, fruits, vegetables; + livestock products - milk, beef, mutton, eggs; self-sufficient in food grain +Illicit drugs: + illicit producer of opium and hashish for the international drug trade; + government eradication efforts on poppy cultivation of limited success; + largest producer of Southwest Asian heroin + +*Pakistan, Economy + +Economic aid: + (including Bangladesh prior to 1972) US commitments, including Ex-Im + (FY70-89), $4.5 billion; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral + commitments (1980-89), $9.1 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $2.3 + billion; Communist countries (1970-89), $3.2 billion +Currency: + 1 Pakistani rupee (PRe) = 100 paisa +Exchange rates: + Pakistani rupees (PRs) per US$1 - 25.904 (January 1993), 25.083 (1992), + 23.801 (1991), 21.707 (1990), 20.541 (1989), 18.003 (1988) +Fiscal year: + 1 July - 30 June + +*Pakistan, Communications + +Railroads: + 8,773 km total; 7,718 km broad gauge, 445 km 1-meter gauge, and 610 km less + than 1-meter gauge; 1,037 km broad-gauge double track; 286 km electrified; + all government owned (1985) +Highways: + 101,315 km total (1987); 40,155 km paved, 23,000 km gravel, 29,000 km + improved earth, and 9,160 km unimproved earth or sand tracks (1985) +Pipelines: + crude oil 250 km; natural gas 4,044 km; petroleum products 885 km (1987) +Ports: + Gwadar, Karachi, Port Muhammad bin Qasim +Merchant marine: + 29 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 350,916 GRT/530,855 DWT; includes 3 + passenger-cargo, 24 cargo, 1 oil tanker, 1 bulk +Airports: + total: + 111 + usable: + 104 + with permanent-surface runways: + 75 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 1 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 31 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 42 +Telecommunications: + the domestic telephone system is poor, adequate only for government and + business use; about 7 telephones per 1,000 persons; the system for + international traffic is better and employs both microwave radio relay and + satellites; satellite ground stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 2 + Indian Ocean INTELSAT; broadcast stations - 19 AM, 8 FM, 29 TV + +*Pakistan, Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy, Air Force, Civil Armed Forces, National Guard +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 28,657,084; fit for military service 17,585,542; reach + military age (17) annually 1,337,352 (1993 est.) +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $3.2 billion, 6% of GNP (FY91/92) + +*Palmyra Atoll, Header + +Affiliation: + (territory of the US) + +*Palmyra Atoll, Geography + +Location: + in the North Pacific Ocean, 1,600 km south-southwest of Honolulu, almost + halfway between Hawaii and American Samoa +Map references: + Oceania +Area: + total area: + 11.9 km2 + land area: + 11.9 km2 + comparative area: + about 20 times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + 0 km +Coastline: + 14.5 km +Maritime claims: + contiguous zone: + 12 nm + continental shelf: + 200 m (depth) + exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + territorial sea: + 12 nm +International disputes: + none +Climate: + equatorial, hot, and very rainy +Terrain: + low, with maximum elevations of about 2 meters +Natural resources: + none +Land use: arable land: + 0% + permanent crops: + 0% + meadows and pastures: + 0% + forest and woodland: + 100% + other: + 0% +Irrigated land: + 0 km2 +Environment: + about 50 islets covered with dense vegetation, coconut trees, and balsa-like + trees up to 30 meters tall + +*Palmyra Atoll, People + +Population: + uninhabited + +*Palmyra Atoll, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + none + conventional short form: + Palmyra Atoll +Digraph: + LQ +Type: + unincorporated territory of the US; privately owned, but administered by the + Office of Territorial and International Affairs, US Department of the + Interior +Capital: + none; administered from Washington, DC + +*Palmyra Atoll, Economy + +Overview: + no economic activity + +*Palmyra Atoll, Communications + +Ports: + the main harbor is West Lagoon, which is entered by a channel on the + southwest side of the atoll; both the channel and harbor will accommodate + vessels drawing 4 meters of water; much of the road and many causeways built + during the war are unserviceable and overgrown +Airports: + total: + 1 + usable: + 1 + with permanent-surface runways: + 1 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 1 + +*Palmyra Atoll, Defense Forces + +Note: + defense is the responsibility of the US + +*Panama, Geography + +Location: + extreme southern Central America, between Colombia and Costa Rica +Map references: + Central America and the Caribbean, South America, Standard Time Zones of the + World +Area: + total area: + 78,200 km2 + land area: + 75,990 km2 + comparative area: + slightly smaller than South Carolina +Land boundaries: + total 555 km, Colombia 225 km, Costa Rica 330 km +Coastline: + 2,490 km +Maritime claims: + territorial sea: + 200 nm +International disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical; hot, humid, cloudy; prolonged rainy season (May to January), short + dry season (January to May) +Terrain: + interior mostly steep, rugged mountains and dissected, upland plains; + coastal areas largely plains and rolling hills +Natural resources: + copper, mahogany forests, shrimp +Land use: arable land: + 6% + permanent crops: + 2% + meadows and pastures: + 15% + forest and woodland: + 54% + other: + 23% +Irrigated land: + 320 km2 (1989 est.) +Environment: + dense tropical forest in east and northwest +Note: + strategic location on eastern end of isthmus forming land bridge connecting + North and South America; controls Panama Canal that links North Atlantic + Ocean via Caribbean Sea with North Pacific Ocean + +*Panama, People + +Population: + 2,579,047 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 1.98% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 25.08 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 4.94 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + -0.38 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 17.2 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 74.56 years + male: + 71.99 years + female: + 77.27 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 2.9 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Panamanian(s) + adjective: + Panamanian +Ethnic divisions: + mestizo (mixed Indian and European ancestry) 70%, West Indian 14%, white + 10%, Indian 6% +Religions: + Roman Catholic 85%, Protestant 15% +Languages: + Spanish (official), English 14% note: + many Panamanians bilingual +Literacy: + age 15 and over can read and write (1990) + total population: + 88% + male: + 88% + female: + 88% +Labor force: + 921,000 (1992 est.) + by occupation: + government and community services 31.8%, agriculture, hunting, and fishing + 26.8%, commerce, restaurants, and hotels 16.4%, manufacturing and mining + 9.4%, construction 3.2%, transportation and communications 6.2%, finance, + insurance, and real estate 4.3% + note: + shortage of skilled labor, but an oversupply of unskilled labor + +*Panama, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Republic of Panama + conventional short form: + Panama + local long form: + Republica de Panama + local short form: + Panama +Digraph: + PM +Type: + centralized republic +Capital: + Panama +Administrative divisions: + 9 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia) and 1 territory* (comarca);, Bocas del Toro, +Chiriqui, Cocle, Colon, Darien, Herrera, Los Santos, Panama, + San Blas*, Veraguas, Independence: + 3 November 1903 (from Colombia; became independent from Spain 28 November + 1821) +Constitution: + 11 October 1972; major reforms adopted April 1983 +Legal system: + based on civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts in the + Supreme Court of Justice; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with + reservations +National holiday: + Independence Day, 3 November (1903) +Political parties and leaders: + government alliance: Nationalist Republican Liberal Movement (MOLIRENA), Alfredo RAMIREZ; + Authentic Liberal Party (PLA), Arnulfo ESCALONA; Arnulfista Party (PA), + Mireya MOSCOSO DE GRUBER + other parties: + Christian Democratic Party (PDC), Ricardo ARIAS Calderon; Democratic + Revolutionary Party (PRD), Gerardo GONZALEZ; Agrarian Labor Party (PALA), + Nestor Tomas GUERRA; Liberal Party (PL), Roberto ALEMAN Zubieta; Doctrinaire + Panamenista Party (PPD), Jose Salvador MUNOZ; Papa Egoro Movement, Ruben + BLADES; Renovacion Civilista, Manuel BURGOS; Civic Renewal Party (PRC), + Tomas HERRERA; National Integration Movement (MINA), Arrigo GUARDIA; + National Unity Mission Party (MUN), Jose Manuel PAREDES; Independent + Democratic Union Party (UDI), leader NA; Popular Nationalist Party (PNP), + leader NA +Other political or pressure groups: + National Council of Organized Workers (CONATO); National Council of Private + Enterprise (CONEP); Panamanian Association of Business Executives (APEDE); + National Civic Crusade; National Committee for the Right to Life; Chamber of + Commerce; Panamanian Industrialists Society (SIP); Workers Confederation of + the Republic of Panama (CTRP) +Suffrage: + 18 years of age; universal and compulsory +Elections: + President: + last held on 7 May 1989, annulled but later upheld (next to be held May + 1994); results - anti-NORIEGA coalition believed to have won about 75% of + the total votes cast + +*Panama, Government + + Legislative Assembly: + last held on 27 January 1991 (next to be held NA May 1994); results - + percent of vote by party NA; seats - (67 total) + progovernment parties: + PDC 28, MOLIRENA 15, PA 8, PLA 4 + opposition parties: + PRD 10, PALA 1, PL 1; note - the PDC went into opposition after President + Guillermo ENDARA ousted the PDC from the coalition government in April 1991 +Executive branch: + president, two vice presidents, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + unicameral Legislative Assembly (Asamblea Legislativa) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court of Justice (Corte Suprema de Justicia), 5 superior courts, 3 + courts of appeal +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + President Guillermo ENDARA (since 20 December 1989, elected 7 May 1989); + First Vice President Guillermo FORD Boyd (since 24 December 1992); Second + Vice President (vacant) +Member of: + AG (associate), CG, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, + IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ITU, LAES, + LAIA (observer), LORCS, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, + UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation in US: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Jaime FORD + chancery: + 2862 McGill Terrace NW, Washington, DC 20008 + telephone: + (202) 483-1407; + note: + the status of the consulates general and consulates has not yet been + determined +US diplomatic representation: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Deane R. HINTON + embassy: + Avenida Balboa and Calle 38, Apartado 6959, Panama City 5 + mailing address: + Box E, APO AA 34002 + telephone: + (507) 27-1777 + FAX: + (507) 27-1713 +Flag: + divided into four, equal rectangles; the top quadrants are white with a blue + five-pointed star in the center (hoist side) and plain red, the bottom + quadrants are plain blue (hoist side) and white with a red five-pointed star + in the center + +*Panama, Economy + +Overview: + GDP expanded by roughly 8% in 1992, following growth of 9.3% in 1991. The + economy thus continues to recover from the crisis that preceded the ouster + of Manuel NORIEGA, even though the government's structural adjustment + program has been hampered by a lack of popular support and a passive + administration. Public investment has been limited as the administration has + kept the fiscal deficit below 3% of GDP. Unemployment and economic reform + are the two major issues the government must face in 1993-94. +National product: + GDP - exchange rate conversion - $6 billion (1992 est.) +National product real growth rate: + 8% (1992 est.) +National product per capita: + $2,400 (1992 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 1.8% (1992 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 15% (1992 est.) +Budget: + revenues $1.8 billion; expenditures $1.9 billion, including capital + expenditures of $200 million (1992 est.) +Exports: + $486 million (f.o.b., 1992 est.) + commodities: + bananas 43%, shrimp 11%, sugar 4%, clothing 5%, coffee 2% + partners: + US 38%, Central America and Caribbean, EC (1992 est.) +Imports: + $2.0 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.) + commodities: + capital goods 21%, crude oil 11%, foodstuffs 9%, consumer goods, chemicals + partners: + US 36%, Japan, EC, Central America and Caribbean, Mexico, Venezuela (1992 + est.) +External debt: + $5.2 billion (year-end 1992 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 7.6% (1992 est.); accounts for about 9% of GDP +Electricity: + 1,584,000 kW capacity; 4,360 billion kWh produced, 1,720 kWh per capita + (1992) +Industries: + manufacturing and construction activities, petroleum refining, brewing, + cement and other construction material, sugar milling +Agriculture: + accounts for 10.5% of GDP (1992 est.), 27% of labor force (1992); crops - + bananas, rice, corn, coffee, sugarcane; livestock; fishing; importer of food + grain, vegetables +Illicit drugs: + major cocaine transshipment point and drug money laundering center +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $516 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $582 million; + Communist countries (1970-89), $4 million +Currency: + 1 balboa (B) = 100 centesimos +Exchange rates: + balboas (B) per US$1 - 1.000 (fixed rate) + +*Panama, Economy + +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +*Panama, Communications + +Railroads: + 238 km total; 78 km 1.524-meter gauge, 160 km 0.914-meter gauge +Highways: + 8,530 km total; 2,745 km paved, 3,270 km gravel or crushed stone, 2,515 km + improved and unimproved earth +Inland waterways: + 800 km navigable by shallow draft vessels; 82 km Panama Canal +Pipelines: + crude oil 130 km +Ports: + Cristobal, Balboa, Bahia Las Minas +Merchant marine: + 3,244 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 51,353,963 GRT/82,138,537 DWT; + includes 22 passenger, 26 short-sea passenger, 3 passenger-cargo, 1,091 + cargo, 246 refrigerated cargo, 196 container, 63 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 121 + vehicle carrier, 9 livestock carrier, 5 multifunction large-load carrier, + 403 oil tanker, 180 chemical tanker, 26 combination ore/oil, 121 liquefied + gas, 9 specialized tanker, 688 bulk, 34 combination bulk, 1 barge carrier; + note - all but 5 are foreign owned and operated; the top 4 foreign owners + are Japan 36%, Greece 8%, Hong Kong 8%, and Taiwan 5%; (China owns at least + 131 ships, Vietnam 3, Croatia 3, Cuba 4, Cyprus 6, and Russia 16) +Airports: + total: + 112 + usable: + 104 + with permanent-surface runways: + 39 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 2 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 15 +Telecommunications: + domestic and international facilities well developed; connection into + Central American Microwave System; 220,000 telephones; broadcast stations - + 91 AM, no FM, 23 TV; 1 coaxial submarine cable; satellite ground stations - + 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT + +*Panama, Defense Forces + +Branches: + the Panamanian Defense Forces (PDF) ceased to exist as a military + institution shortly after the United States invaded Panama on 20 December + 1989; President ENDARA has restructured the forces, under the new name of + Panamanian Public Forces (PPF) and worked to assert civilian control over + them; the PPF is divided into the National Police, Maritime Service, and + National Air Service; the Judicial Technical Police serve under the Attorney + General; the Council of Public Security and National Defense under Menalco + SOLIS in the Office of the President is analogous to the US National + Security Council; the Institutional Protection Service under Carlos BARES is + attached to the presidency +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 671,059; fit for military service 461,471 (1993 est.); no + conscription +Defense expenditures: + expenditures for the Panamanian Public Forces for internal security amounted + to $104.7 million, 1.7% of GDP (1993 est.) + +*Papua New Guinea, Geography + +Location: Southeast Asia, just north of Australia, between Indonesia and the Solomon + Islands +Map references: + Oceania, Southeast Asia, Standard Time Zones of the World +Area: + total area: + 461,690 km2 + land area: + 451,710 km2 + comparative area: + slightly larger than California +Land boundaries: + total 820 km, Indonesia 820 km +Coastline: + 5,152 km +Maritime claims: + measured from claimed archipelagic baselines + continental shelf: + 200 m depth or to depth of exploitation + exclusive fishing zone: + 200 nm + territorial sea: + 12 nm +International disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical; northwest monsoon (December to March), southeast monsoon (May to + October); slight seasonal temperature variation +Terrain: + mostly mountains with coastal lowlands and rolling foothills +Natural resources: + gold, copper, silver, natural gas, timber, oil potential +Land use: + arable land: + 0% + permanent crops: + 1% + meadows and pastures: + 0% + forest and woodland: + 71% + other: + 28% +Irrigated land: + NA km2 +Environment: + one of world's largest swamps along southwest coast; some active volcanos; + frequent earthquakes +Note: + shares island of New Guinea with Indonesia + +*Papua New Guinea, People + +Population: 4,100,714 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 2.32% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 33.77 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 10.57 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 64.9 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 56.02 years + male: + 55.19 years + female: + 56.88 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 4.75 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Papua New Guinean(s) + adjective: + Papua New Guinean +Ethnic divisions: + Melanesian, Papuan, Negrito, Micronesian, Polynesian +Religions: + Roman Catholic 22%, Lutheran 16%, Presbyterian/Methodist/London Missionary + Society 8%, Anglican 5%, Evangelical Alliance 4%, Seventh-Day Adventist 1%, + other Protestant sects 10%, indigenous beliefs 34% +Languages: + English spoken by 1-2%, pidgin English widespread, Motu spoken in Papua + region + note: + 715 indigenous languages +Literacy: + age 15 and over can read and write (1990) + total population: + 52% + male: + 65% + female: + 38% +Labor force: + NA + +*Papua New Guinea, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Independent State of Papua New Guinea + conventional short form: + Papua New Guinea +Digraph: + PP +Type: + parliamentary democracy +Capital: + Port Moresby +Administrative divisions: + 20 provinces; Central, Chimbu, Eastern Highlands, East New Britain, East + Sepik, Enga, Gulf, Madang, Manus, Milne Bay, Morobe, National Capital, New + Ireland, Northern, North Solomons, Sandaun, Southern Highlands, Western, + Western Highlands, West New Britain +Independence: + 16 September 1975 (from UN trusteeship under Australian administration) +Constitution: + 16 September 1975 +Legal system: + based on English common law +National holiday: + Independence Day, 16 September (1975) +Political parties and leaders: + Papua New Guinea United Party (Pangu Party), Jack GENIA; People's Democratic + Movement (PDM), Paias WINGTI; People's Action Party (PAP), Akoka DOI; + People's Progress Party (PPP), Sir Julius CHAN; United Party (UP), Paul + TORATO; Papua Party (PP), Galeva KWARARA; National Party (NP), Paul PORA; + Melanesian Alliance (MA), Fr. John MOMIS +Suffrage: + 18 years of age; universal +Elections: + National Parliament: + last held 13-26 June 1992 (next to be held NA 1997); results - percent by + party NA; seats - (109 total) Pangu Party 24, PDM 17, PPP 10, PAP 10, + independents 30, others 18 (association with political parties is fluid) +Executive branch: + British monarch, governor general, prime minister, deputy prime minister, + National Executive Council (cabinet) +Legislative branch: + unicameral National Parliament (sometimes referred to as the House of + Assembly) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General + Wiwa KOROWI (since NA November 1991) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Paias WINGTI (since 17 July 1992) +Member of: + ACP, AsDB, ASEAN (observer), C, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, + IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, + NAM, SPARTECA, SPC, SPF, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO +Diplomatic representation in US: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Margaret TAYLOR + +*Papua New Guinea, Government + + chancery: + 3rd floor, 1615 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20009 + telephone: + (202) 745-3680 +US diplomatic representation: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Robert W. FARRAND + embassy: + Armit Street, Port Moresby + mailing address: + P. O. Box 1492, Port Moresby, or APO AE 96553 + telephone: + [675] 211-455 or 594, 654 + FAX: + [675] 213-423 +Flag: + divided diagonally from upper hoist-side corner; the upper triangle is red + with a soaring yellow bird of paradise centered; the lower triangle is black + with five white five-pointed stars of the Southern Cross constellation + centered + +*Papua New Guinea, Economy + +Overview: + Papua New Guinea is richly endowed with natural resources, but exploitation + has been hampered by the rugged terrain and the high cost of developing an + infrastructure. Agriculture provides a subsistence livelihood for 85% of the + population. Mining of numerous deposits, including copper and gold, accounts + for about 60% of export earnings. Budgetary support from Australia and + development aid under World Bank auspices have helped sustain the economy. + Robust growth in 1991-92 was led by the mining sector; the opening of a + large new gold mine helped the advance. +National product: + GDP - exchange rate conversion - $3.4 billion (1992) +National product real growth rate: + 8.5% (1992) +National product per capita: + $850 (1992) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 4.5% (1992-93) +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $1.33 billion; expenditures $1.49 billion, including capital + expenditures of $NA (1993 est.) +Exports: + $1.3 billion (f.o.b., 1990) + commodities: + gold, copper ore, coffee, logs, palm oil, cocoa, lobster + partners: + FRG, Japan, Australia, UK, Spain, US +Imports: $1.6 billion (c.i.f., 1990) + commodities: + machinery and transport equipment, food, fuels, chemicals, consumer goods + partners: + Australia, Singapore, Japan, US, New Zealand, UK +External debt: + $2.2 billion (April 1991) +Industrial production: + growth rate NA%; accounts for 21% of GDP +Electricity: + 400,000 kW capacity; 1,600 million kWh produced, 400 kWh per capita (1992) +Industries: + copra crushing, palm oil processing, plywood production, wood chip + production, mining of gold, silver, and copper, construction, tourism +Agriculture: + one-third of GDP; livelihood for 85% of population; fertile soils and + favorable climate permits cultivating a wide variety of crops; cash crops - + coffee, cocoa, coconuts, palm kernels; other products - tea, rubber, sweet + potatoes, fruit, vegetables, poultry, pork; net importer of food for urban + centers +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $40.6 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $6.5 billion; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $17 million +Currency: + 1 kina (K) = 100 toea +Exchange rates: + kina (K) per US$1 - 1.0065 (January 1993), 1.0367 (1992), 1.0504 (1991), + 1.0467 (1990), 1.1685 (1989), 1.1538 (1988) + +*Papua New Guinea, Economy + +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +*Papua New Guinea, Communications + +Railroads: + none +Highways: + 19,200 km total; 640 km paved, 10,960 km gravel, crushed stone, or + stabilized-soil surface, 7,600 km unimproved earth +Inland waterways: + 10,940 km +Ports: + Anewa Bay, Lae, Madang, Port Moresby, Rabaul +Merchant marine: + 11 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 20,523 GRT/24,774 DWT; includes 2 + cargo, 1 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 5 combination ore/oil, 2 bulk, 1 container +Airports: + total: + 504 usable: + 457 + with permanent-surface runways: + 18 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 1 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 39 +Telecommunications: + services are adequate and being improved; facilities provide radiobroadcast, + radiotelephone and telegraph, coastal radio, aeronautical radio, and + international radiocommunication services; submarine cables extend to + Australia and Guam; more than 70,000 telephones (1987); broadcast stations - + 31 AM, 2 FM, 2 TV (1987); 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth station + +*Papua New Guinea, Defense Forces + +Branches: + Papua New Guinea Defense Force (including Army, Navy, Air Force) +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 1,046,929; fit for military service 582,685 (1993 est.) +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $55 million, 1.8% of GDP (1993 est.) + +*Paracel Islands, Geography + +Location: + Southeast Asia, 400 km east of Vietnam in the South China Sea, about + one-third of the way between Vietnam and the Philippines +Map references: + Asia +Area: + total area: + NA km2 + land area: + NA km2 + comparative area: + NA +Land boundaries: + 0 km +Coastline: + 518 km +Maritime claims: + NA +International disputes: + occupied by China, but claimed by Taiwan and Vietnam +Climate: + tropical +Terrain: + NA +Natural resources: + none +Land use: + arable land: + 0% + permanent crops: + 0% + meadows and pastures: + 0% + forest and woodland: + 0% + other: + 100% +Irrigated land: + 0 km2 +Environment: + subject to typhoons + +*Paracel Islands, People + +Population: + no indigenous inhabitants; note - there are scattered Chinese garrisons + +*Paracel Islands, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + none + conventional short form: + Paracel Islands +Digraph: + PF + +*Paracel Islands, Economy + +Overview: + no economic activity + +*Paracel Islands, Communications + +Ports: + small Chinese port facilities on Woody Island and Duncan Island currently + under expansion +Airports: + 1 on Woody Island + +*Paracel Islands, Defense Forces + +Note: + occupied by China + +*Paraguay, Geography + +Location: + Central South America, between Argentina and Brazil +Map references: + South America, Standard Time Zones of the World +Area: + total area: + 406,750 km2 + land area: + 397,300 km2 + comparative area: + slightly smaller than California +Land boundaries: + total 3,920 km, Argentina 1,880 km, Bolivia 750 km, Brazil 1,290 km +Coastline: + 0 km (landlocked) +Maritime claims: + none; landlocked +International disputes: + short section of the boundary with Brazil (just west of Guaira Falls on the + Rio Parana) has not been determined +Climate: + varies from temperate in east to semiarid in far west +Terrain: + grassy plains and wooded hills east of Rio Paraguay; Gran Chaco region west + of Rio Paraguay mostly low, marshy plain near the river, and dry forest and + thorny scrub elsewhere +Natural resources: + hydropower, timber, iron ore, manganese, limestone +Land use: + arable land: + 20% + permanent crops: + 1% + meadows and pastures: + 39% + forest and woodland: + 35% + other: + 5% +Irrigated land: + 670 km2 (1989 est.) +Environment: + local flooding in southeast (early September to June); poorly drained plains + may become boggy (early October to June) +Note: + landlocked; buffer between Argentina and Brazil + +*Paraguay, People + +Population: + 5,070,856 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 2.8% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 32.61 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 4.58 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 26.4 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 72.98 years + male: + 71.42 years + female: + 74.62 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 4.37 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Paraguayan(s) + adjective: + Paraguayan +Ethnic divisions: + mestizo (Spanish and Indian) 95%, white and Indian 5% +Religions: + Roman Catholic 90%, Mennonite and other Protestant denominations +Languages: + Spanish (official), Guarani +Literacy: + age 15 and over can read and write (1990) + total population: + 90% + male: + 92% + female: + 88% +Labor force: + 1.641 million (1992 est.) + by occupation: + agriculture, industry and commerce, services, government (1986) + +*Paraguay, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Republic of Paraguay conventional short form: + Paraguay + local long form: + Republica del Paraguay + local short form: + Paraguay +Digraph: + PA +Type: + republic +Capital: + Asuncion +Administrative divisions: + 19 departments (departamentos, singular - departamento); Alto Paraguay, Alto + Parana, Amambay, Boqueron, Caaguazu, Caazapa, Canindeyu, Central, Chaco, + Concepcion, Cordillera, Guaira, Itapua, Misiones, Neembucu, Nueva Asuncion, + Paraguari, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro +Independence: + 14 May 1811 (from Spain) +Constitution: + 25 August 1967; Constituent Assembly rewrote the Constitution that was + promulgated on 20 June 1992 +Legal system: + based on Argentine codes, Roman law, and French codes; judicial review of + legislative acts in Supreme Court of Justice; does not accept compulsory ICJ + jurisdiction +National holiday: + Independence Days, 14-15 May (1811) +Political parties and leaders: + Colorado Party, Blas N. RIQUELME, president; Authentic Radical Liberal Party + (PLRA), Domingo LAINO; Christian Democratic Party (PDC), Jose Angel BURRO; + Febrerista Revolutionary Party (PRF), Euclides ACEUEDO; Popular Democratic + Party (PDP), Hugo RICHER; National Encounter (EN), Guillermo Caballero + VARGAS +Other political or pressure groups: + Confederation of Workers (CUT); Roman Catholic Church +Suffrage: + 18 years of age; universal and compulsory up to age 60 +Elections: + President: + last held 1 May 1989 (next to be held 9 May 1993); results - Gen. RODRIGUEZ + 75.8%, Domingo LAINO 19.4% + Chamber of Senators: + last held 1 May 1989 (next to be held by 9 May 1993); results - percent of + vote by party NA; seats - (36 total) Colorado Party 24, PLRA 10, PLR 1, PRF + 1 + Chamber of Deputies: + last held on 1 May 1989 (next to be held by 9 May 1993); results - percent + of vote by party NA; seats - (72 total) Colorado Party 48, PLRA 19, PRF 2, + PDC 1, other 2 +Executive branch: + president, Council of Ministers (cabinet), Council of State +Legislative branch: + bicameral Congress (Congreso) consists of an upper chamber or Chamber of + Senators (Camara de Senadores) and a lower chamber or Chamber of Deputies + (Camara de Diputados) + +*Paraguay, Government + +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court of Justice (Corte Suprema de Justicia) +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + President Gen. Andres RODRIGUEZ Pedotti (since 15 May 1989) +Member of: + AG (observer), CCC, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, + IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ITU, LAES, LAIA, LORCS, + MERCOSUR, OAS, OPANAL, PCA, RG, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, + WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation in US: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Juan Esteban Aguirre MARTINEZ + chancery: + 2400 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 + telephone: + (202) 483-6960 through 6962 + consulates general: + New Orleans and New York + consulate: + Houston +US diplomatic representation: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Jon David GLASSMAN + embassy: + 1776 Avenida Mariscal Lopez, Asuncion + mailing address: + C. P. 402, Asuncion, or APO AA 34036-0001 + telephone: + [595] (21) 213-715 + FAX: + [595] (21) 213-728 +Flag: + three equal, horizontal bands of red (top), white, and blue with an emblem + centered in the white band; unusual flag in that the emblem is different on + each side; the obverse (hoist side at the left) bears the national coat of + arms (a yellow five-pointed star within a green wreath capped by the words + REPUBLICA DEL PARAGUAY, all within two circles); the reverse (hoist side at + the right) bears the seal of the treasury (a yellow lion below a red Cap of + Liberty and the words Paz y Justicia (Peace and Justice) capped by the words + REPUBLICA DEL PARAGUAY, all within two circles) + +*Paraguay, Economy + +Overview: + Agriculture, including forestry, accounts for about 25% of GDP, employs + about 45% of the labor force, and provides the bulk of exports. Paraguay + lacks substantial mineral or petroleum resources but does have a large + hydropower potential. Since 1981 economic performance has declined compared + with the boom period of 1976-81, when real GDP grew at an average annual + rate of nearly 11%. During the period 1982-86 real GDP fell in three of five + years, inflation jumped to an annual rate of 32%, and foreign debt rose. + Factors responsible for the erratic behavior of the economy were the + completion of the Itaipu hydroelectric dam, bad weather for crops, and weak + international commodity prices for agricultural exports. In 1987 the economy + experienced a minor recovery because of improved weather conditions and + stronger international prices for key agricultural exports. The recovery + continued through 1990, on the strength of bumper crops in 1988-89. In a + major step to increase its economic activity in the region, Paraguay in + March 1991 joined the Southern Cone Common Market (MERCOSUR), which includes + Brazil, Argentina, and Uruguay. In 1992, the government, through an + unorthodox approach, reduced external debt with both commercial and official + creditors by purchasing a sizable amount of the delinquent commercial debt + in the secondary market at a substantial discount. The government had paid + 100% of remaining official debt arrears to the US, Germany, France, and + Spain. All commercial debt arrears have been rescheduled. For the long run, + the government must press forward with general, market-oriented economic + reforms. +National product: + GDP - exchange rate conversion - $7.3 billion (1992 est.) +National product real growth rate: + 1.7% (1992 est.) +National product per capita: + $1,500 (1992 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 20% (1992 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 10% (1992 est.) +Budget: + revenues $1.2 billion; expenditures $1.2 billion, including capital + expenditures of $487 million (1991) +Exports: + $719 million (f.o.b., 1992) + commodities: + cotton, soybean, timber, vegetable oils, coffee, tung oil, meat products + partners: + EC 37%, Brazil 25%, Argentina 10%, Chile 6%, US 6% +Imports: + $1.33 billion (c.i.f., 1992) + commodities: + capital goods 35%, consumer goods 20%, fuels and lubricants 19%, raw + materials 16%, foodstuffs, beverages, and tobacco 10% + partners: + Brazil 30%, EC 20%, US 18%, Argentina 8%, Japan 7% +External debt: + $1.2 billion (1992 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 5.9% (1989 est.); accounts for 17% of GDP +Electricity: + 5,257,000 kW capacity; 16,200 million kWh produced, 3,280 kWh per capita + (1992) + +*Paraguay, Economy + +Industries: + meat packing, oilseed crushing, milling, brewing, textiles, other light + consumer goods, cement, construction +Agriculture: + accounts for 25% of GDP and 44% of labor force; cash crops - cotton, + sugarcane; other crops - corn, wheat, tobacco, soybeans, cassava, fruits, + vegetables; animal products - beef, pork, eggs, milk; surplus producer of + timber; self-sufficient in most foods +Illicit drugs: + illicit producer of cannabis for the international drug trade; important + transshipment point for Bolivian cocaine headed for the US and Europe +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $172 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1.1 billion +Currency: + 1 guarani (G) = 100 centimos +Exchange rates: + guaranies (G) per US$ - 1,637.6 (January 1993), 1,500.3 (1992), 447.5 (March + 1992), 1,325.2 (1991), 1,229.8 (1990), 1,056.2 (1989), 550.00 (fixed rate + 1986-February 1989) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +*Paraguay, Communications + +Railroads: + 970 km total; 440 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, 60 km 1.000-meter gauge, + 470 km various narrow gauge (privately owned) +Highways: + 21,960 km total; 1,788 km paved, 474 km gravel, and 19,698 km earth +Inland waterways: + 3,100 km +Ports: + Asuncion, Villeta, Ciudad del Este +Merchant marine: + 13 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 16,747 GRT/19,865 DWT; includes 11 + cargo, 2 oil tanker; note - 1 naval cargo ship is sometimes used + commercially +Airports: + total: + 862 + usable: + 719 + with permanent-surface runways: + 7 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 4 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 64 +Telecommunications: + principal center in Asuncion; fair intercity microwave net; 78,300 + telephones; broadcast stations - 40 AM, no FM, 5 TV, 7 shortwave; 1 Atlantic + Ocean INTELSAT earth station + +*Paraguay, Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy (including Naval Air and Marines), Air Force +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 1,210,171; fit for military service 879,601; reach military + age (17) annually 51,361 (1993 est.) +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $84 million, 1.4% of GDP (1988 est.) + +*Peru, Geography + +Location: + Western South America, bordering the South Pacific Ocean between Chile and + Ecuador +Map references: + South America, Standard Time Zones of the World +Area: + total area: + 1,285,220 km2 + land area: + 1.28 million km2 + comparative area: + slightly smaller than Alaska +Land boundaries: + total 6,940 km, Bolivia 900 km, Brazil 1,560 km, Chile 160 km, Colombia + 2,900 km, Ecuador 1,420 km +Coastline: + 2,414 km +Maritime claims: + territorial sea: + 200 nm +International disputes: + three sections of the boundary with Ecuador are in dispute +Climate: + varies from tropical in east to dry desert in west +Terrain: + western coastal plain (costa), high and rugged Andes in center (sierra), + eastern lowland jungle of Amazon Basin (selva) +Natural resources: + copper, silver, gold, petroleum, timber, fish, iron ore, coal, phosphate, + potash +Land use: + arable land: + 3% + permanent crops: + 0% + meadows and pastures: + 21% forest and woodland: + 55% + other: + 21% +Irrigated land: + 12,500 km2 (1989 est.) +Environment: + subject to earthquakes, tsunamis, landslides, mild volcanic activity; + deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification; air pollution in + Lima +Note: + shares control of Lago Titicaca, world's highest navigable lake, with + Bolivia + +*Peru, People + +Population: + 23,210,352 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 1.9% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 26.19 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 7.15 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 56.4 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 65.17 years + male: + 63.02 years + female: + 67.44 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 3.22 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Peruvian(s) + adjective: + Peruvian +Ethnic divisions: + Indian 45%, mestizo (mixed Indian and European ancestry) 37%, white 15%, + black, Japanese, Chinese, and other 3% +Religions: + Roman Catholic +Languages: + Spanish (official), Quechua (official), Aymara +Literacy: + age 15 and over can read and write (1990) + total population: + 85% + male: 92% + female: + 29% +Labor force: + 8 million (1992) + by occupation: + government and other services 44%, agriculture 37%, industry 19% (1988 est.) + +*Peru, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Republic of Peru + conventional short form: + Peru + local long form: + Republica del Peru + local short form: + Peru +Digraph: + PE +Type: + republic +Capital: + Lima +Administrative divisions: + 24 departments (departamentos, singular - departamento) and 1 constitutional + province* (provincia constitucional); Amazonas, Ancash, Apurimac, Arequipa,, Ayacucho, +Cajamarca, Callao*, Cusco, Huancavelica, Huanuco, Ica, Junin, La, Libertad, Lambayeque, Lima, +Loreto, Madre de Dios, Moquegua, Pasco, Piura, + Puno, San Martin, Tacna, Tumbes, Ucayali + note: + the 1979 Constitution and legislation enacted from 1987 to 1990 mandate the + creation of regions (regiones, singular - region) intended to function + eventually as autonomous economic and administrative entities; so far, 12 + regions have been constituted from 23 existing departments - Amazonas (from + Loreto), Andres Avelino Caceres (from Huanuco, Pasco, Junin), Arequipa (from + Arequipa), Chavin (from Ancash), Grau (from Tumbes, Piura), Inca (from + Cusco, Madre de Dios, Apurimac), La Libertad (from La Libertad), Los + Libertadores-Huari (from Ica, Ayacucho, Huancavelica), Mariategui (from + Moquegua, Tacna, Puno), Nor Oriental del Maranon (from Lambayeque, + Cajamarca, Amazonas), San Martin (from San Martin), Ucayali (from Ucayali); + formation of another region has been delayed by the reluctance of the + constitutional province of Callao to merge with the department of Lima; + because of inadequate funding from the central government, the regions have + yet to assume their responsibilities and at the moment coexist with the + departmental structure +Independence: + 28 July 1821 (from Spain) +Constitution: + 28 July 1980 (often referred to as the 1979 Constitution because the + Constituent Assembly met in 1979, but the Constitution actually took effect + the following year); suspended 5 April 1992; being revised or replaced +Legal system: based on civil law system; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + Independence Day, 28 July (1821) +Political parties and leaders: + New Majority/Change 90 (Cambio 90), Alberto FUJIMORI; Popular Christian + Party (PPC), Luis BEDOYA Reyes; Popular Action Party (AP), Eduardo CALMELL + del Solar; Liberty Movement (ML), Luis BUSTAMANTE; American Popular + Revolutionary Alliance (APRA), Alan GARCIA; Independent Moralizing Front + (FIM), Fernando OLIVERA Vega; National Renewal, Rafael REY; Democratic + Coordinator, Jose Barba CAHALLERO; Democratic Left Movement, Gloria HOFLER +Other political or pressure groups: + leftist guerrilla groups include Shining Path, Abimael GUZMAN (imprisoned); + Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement, Nestor SERPA and Victor POLAY + (imprisoned) + +*Peru, Government + +Suffrage: + 18 years of age; universal +Elections: + President: + last held on 10 June 1990 (next to be held NA April 1995); results - Alberto + FUJIMORI 56.53%, Mario VARGAS Llosa 33.92%, other 9.55% + Democratic Constituent Congress: + last held 25 November 1992 (next to be held NA); seats - (80 total) New + Majority/Change 90 44, Popular Christian Party 8, Independent Moralization + Front 7, Renewal 6, Movement of the Democratic Left 4, Democratic + Coordinator 4, others 7; several major parties (American Popular + Revolutionary Alliance, Popular Action) did not participate +Executive branch: + president, prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet) +Legislative branch: + unicameral Democratic Constituent Congress (CCD) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court of Justice (Corte Suprema de Justicia) +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Alberto Kenyo FUJIMORI Fujimori (since 28 July 1990) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Oscar DE LA PUENTE Raygada (since 6 April 1992) +Member of: + AG, CCC, ECLAC, FAO, G-11, G-15, G-19, G-24, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, + ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, + IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LAES, LAIA, LORCS, MINURSO, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, PCA, RG + (suspended), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation in US: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Ricardo LUNA + chancery: + 1700 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036 + telephone: + (202) 833-9860 through 9869) + consulates general: + Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, Paterson (New Jersey), San + Francisco, and San Juan (Puerto Rico) +US diplomatic representation: + chief of mission: + (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Charles H. BRAYSHAW + embassy: + corner of Avenida Inca Garcilaso de la Vega and Avenida Espana, Lima + mailing address: + P. O. Box 1991, Lima 1, or APO AA 34031 + telephone: + [51] (14) 33-8000 + FAX: + [51] (14) 31-6682 +Flag: + three equal, vertical bands of red (hoist side), white, and red with the + coat of arms centered in the white band; the coat of arms features a shield + bearing a llama, cinchona tree (the source of quinine), and a yellow + cornucopia spilling out gold coins, all framed by a green wreath + +*Peru, Economy + +Overview: + The Peruvian economy is becoming increasingly market oriented, with a large + dose of government ownership remaining in mining, energy, and banking. In + the 1980s the economy suffered from hyperinflation, declining per capita + output, and mounting external debt. Peru was shut off from IMF and World + Bank support in the mid-1980s because of its huge debt arrears. An austerity + program implemented shortly after the FUJIMORI government took office in + July 1990 contributed to a third consecutive yearly contraction of economic + activity, but the slide halted late that year, and output rose 2.4% in 1991. + After a burst of inflation as the austerity program eliminated government + price subsidies, monthly price increases eased to the single-digit level and + by December 1991 dropped to the lowest increase since mid-1987. Lima + obtained a financial rescue package from multilateral lenders in September + 1991, although it faced $14 billion in arrears on its external debt. By + working with the IMF and World Bank on new financial conditions and + arrangements, the government succeeded in ending its arrears by March 1993. + In 1992, GDP fell by 2.8%, in part because a warmer-than-usual El Nino + current resulted in a 30% drop in the fish catch. Meanwhile, revival of + growth in GDP continued to be restricted by the large amount of public and + private resources being devoted to strengthening internal security. +National product: + GDP - exchange rate conversion - $25 billion (1992 est.) +National product real growth rate: + -2.8% (1992 est.) +National product per capita: + $1,100 (1992 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 56.7% (1992) +Unemployment rate: + 15% (1992 est.); underemployment 70% (1992 est.) +Budget: + revenues $2.0 billion; expenditures $2.7 billion, including capital + expenditures of $300 million (1992 est.) +Exports: $3.5 billion (f.o.b., 1992) + commodities: + copper, fishmeal, zinc, crude petroleum and byproducts, lead, refined + silver, coffee, cotton + partners: + EC 28%, US 22%, Japan 13%, Latin America 12%, former USSR 2% (1991) +Imports: + $4.1 billion (f.o.b., 1992) + commodities: + foodstuffs, machinery, transport equipment, iron and steel semimanufactures, + chemicals, pharmaceuticals + partners: + US 32%, Latin America 22%, EC 17%, Switzerland 6%, Japan 3% (1991) +External debt: + $21 billion (December 1992 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate -5% (1992 est.); accounts for almost 24% of GDP +Electricity: + 5,042,000 kW capacity; 17,434 million kWh produced, 760 kWh per capita + (1992) +Industries: + mining of metals, petroleum, fishing, textiles, clothing, food processing, + cement, auto assembly, steel, shipbuilding, metal fabrication + +*Peru, Economy + +Agriculture: + accounts for 10% of GDP, about 35% of labor force; commercial crops - + coffee, cotton, sugarcane; other crops - rice, wheat, potatoes, plantains, + coca; animal products - poultry, red meats, dairy, wool; not self-sufficient + in grain or vegetable oil; fish catch of 6.9 million metric tons (1990) +Illicit drugs: + world's largest coca leaf producer with about 121,000 hectares under + cultivation; source of supply for most of the world's coca paste and cocaine + base; at least 85% of coca cultivation is for illicit production; most of + cocaine base is shipped to Colombian drug dealers for processing into + cocaine for the international drug market +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $1.7 billion; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $4.3 billion; + Communist countries (1970-89), $577 million +Currency: + 1 nuevo sol (S/.) = 100 centavos +Exchange rates: + nuevo sol (S/. per US$1 - 1.690 (January 1993), 1.245 (1992), 0.772 (1991), + 0.187 (1990), 2.666 (1989), 0.129 (1988) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +*Peru, Communications + +Railroads: 1,801 km total; 1,501 km 1.435-meter gauge, 300 km 0.914-meter gauge +Highways: + 69,942 km total; 7,459 km paved, 13,538 km improved, 48,945 km unimproved + earth +Inland waterways: + 8,600 km of navigable tributaries of Amazon system and 208 km Lago Titicaca +Pipelines: + crude oil 800 km, natural gas and natural gas liquids 64 km +Ports: + Callao, Ilo, Iquitos, Matarani, Talara +Merchant marine: + 21 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 194,473 GRT/307,845 DWT; includes 13 + cargo, 1 refrigerated cargo, 1 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 2 oil tanker, 4 bulk; + note - in addition, 6 naval tankers and 1 naval cargo are sometimes used + commercially +Airports: + total: + 228 + usable: + 199 + with permanent-surface runways: + 37 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 2 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 23 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 46 +Telecommunications: + fairly adequate for most requirements; nationwide microwave system; 544,000 + telephones; broadcast stations - 273 AM, no FM, 140 TV, 144 shortwave; + satellite earth stations - 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 12 domestic + +*Peru, Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army (Ejercito Peruano), Navy (Marina de Guerra del Peru), Air Force (Fuerza + Aerea del Peru), National Police +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 6,030,354; fit for military service 4,076,197; reach + military age (20) annually 241,336 (1993 est.) +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $500 million, about 2% of GDP (1991) + +*Philippines, Geography + +Location: + Southeast Asia, between Indonesia and China +Map references: + Asia, Oceania, Southeast Asia, Standard Time Zones of the World +Area: + total area: 300,000 km2 + land area: + 298,170 km2 + comparative area: + slightly larger than Arizona +Land boundaries: + 0 km +Coastline: + 36,289 km +Maritime claims: + measured from claimed archipelagic baselines + continental shelf: + to depth of exploitation + exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + territorial sea: + irregular polygon extending up to 100 nm from coastline as defined by 1898 + treaty; since late 1970s has also claimed polygonal-shaped area in South + China Sea up to 285 nm in breadth +International disputes: + involved in a complex dispute over the Spratly Islands with China, Malaysia, + Taiwan, Vietnam, and possibly Brunei; claims Malaysian state of Sabah +Climate: + tropical marine; northeast monsoon (November to April); southwest monsoon + (May to October) +Terrain: + mostly mountains with narrow to extensive coastal lowlands +Natural resources: + timber, petroleum, nickel, cobalt, silver, gold, salt, copper +Land use: + arable land: + 26% + permanent crops: + 11% + meadows and pastures: + 4% + forest and woodland: + 40% + other: + 19% +Irrigated land: + 16,200 km2 (1989 est.) +Environment: + astride typhoon belt, usually affected by 15 and struck by five to six + cyclonic storms per year; subject to landslides, active volcanoes, + destructive earthquakes, tsunami; deforestation; soil erosion; water + pollution + +*Philippines, People + +Population: + 68,464,368 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 1.97% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 27.9 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 7.03 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + -1.19 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 51.9 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 65.13 years + male: + 62.59 years + female: + 67.79 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 3.45 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Filipino(s) + adjective: + Philippine +Ethnic divisions: + Christian Malay 91.5%, Muslim Malay 4%, Chinese 1.5%, other 3% +Religions: + Roman Catholic 83%, Protestant 9%, Muslim 5%, Buddhist and other 3% +Languages: + Pilipino (official; based on Tagalog), English (official) +Literacy: + age 15 and over can read and write (1990) + total population: + 90% + male: + 90% + female: + 90% +Labor force: + 24.12 million + by occupation: + agriculture 46%, industry and commerce 16%, services 18.5%, government 10%, + other 9.5% (1989) + +*Philippines, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Republic of the Philippines + conventional short form: + Philippines + local long form: + Republika ng Pilipinas + local short form: + Pilipinas +Digraph: RP +Type: + republic +Capital: + Manila +Administrative divisions: + 73 provinces and 61 chartered cities*; Abra, Agusan del Norte, Agusan del, Sur, Aklan, Albay, +Angeles*, Antique, Aurora, Bacolod*, Bago*, Baguio*,, Bais*, Basilan, Basilan City*, Bataan,, +Batanes, Batangas, Batangas City*,, Benguet, Bohol, Bukidnon, Bulacan, Butuan*, Cabanatuan*,, +Cadiz*, Cagayan,, Cagayan de Oro*, Calbayog*, Caloocan*, Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur,, +Camiguin, Canlaon*, Capiz, Catanduanes, Cavite, Cavite City*, Cebu, Cebu, City*, Cotabato*,, +Dagupan*, Danao*, Dapitan*, Davao City* Davao, Davao del, Sur, Davao Oriental, Dipolog*,, +Dumaguete*, Eastern Samar, General Santos*,, Gingoog*, Ifugao, Iligan*, Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur,, +Iloilo, Iloilo City*,, Iriga*, Isabela, Kalinga-Apayao, La Carlota*, Laguna, Lanao del Norte,, +Lanao + del Sur, Laoag*, Lapu-Lapu*, La Union, Legaspi*, Leyte, Lipa*, Lucena*,, Maguindanao, Mandaue*,, +Manila*, Marawi*, Marinduque, Masbate, Mindoro, Occidental, Mindoro Oriental, Misamis Occidental, +Misamis Oriental, + Mountain, Naga*, Negros Occidental, Negros Oriental, North Cotabato,, Northern Samar, Nueva +Ecija, Nueva Vizcaya, Olongapo*, Ormoc*, Oroquieta*,, Ozamis*, Pagadian*, Palawan, Palayan*,, +Pampanga, Pangasinan, Pasay*, Puerto, Princesa*, Quezon, Quezon City*, Quirino, Rizal, Romblon,, +Roxas*, Samar, San, Carlos* (in Negros Occidental), San Carlos* (in Pangasinan), San Jose*, San, +Pablo*, Silay*, Siquijor, Sorsogon, South Cotabato, Southern Leyte, Sultan, Kudarat, Sulu, +Surigao*, Surigao del Norte, Surigao del Sur, Tacloban*,, Tagaytay*, Tagbilaran*, Tangub*, +Tarlac,, Tawitawi, Toledo*, Trece Martires*,, Zambales, Zamboanga*, Zamboanga del Norte, +Zamboanga, del Sur +Independence: + 4 July 1946 (from US) +Constitution: + 2 February 1987, effective 11 February 1987 +Legal system: + based on Spanish and Anglo-American law; accepts compulsory ICJ + jurisdiction, with reservations +National holiday: + Independence Day, 12 June (1898) (from Spain) +Political parties and leaders: + Democratic Filipino Struggle (Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipinas, Laban), + Edgardo ESPIRITU; People Power-National Union of Christian Democrats (Lakas + ng Edsa, NUCD and Partido Lakas Tao, Lakas/NUCD); Fidel V. RAMOS, President + of the Republic, Raul MANGLAPUS, Jose de VENECIA, secretary general; + Nationalist People's Coalition (NPC), Eduardo COJUANGCO; Liberal Party, + Jovito SALONGA; People's Reform Party (PRP), Miriam DEFENSOR-SANTIAGO; New + Society Movement (Kilusan Bagong Lipunan; KBL), Imelda MARCOS; Nacionalista + Party (NP), Salvador H. LAUREL, president +Suffrage: + 15 years of age; universal + +*Philippines, Government + +Elections: + President: + last held 11 May 1992 (next election to be held NA May 1998); results - + Fidel Valdes RAMOS won 23.6% of votes, a narrow plurality + Senate: + last held 11 May 1992 (next election to be held NA May 1995); results - LDP + 66%, NPC 20%, Lakas-NUCD 8%, Liberal 6%; seats - (24 total) LDP 15, NPC 5, + Lakas-NUCD 2, Liberal 1, Independent 1 + House of Representatives: + last held 11 May 1992 (next election to be held NA May 1995); results - LDP + 43.5%; Lakas-NUCD 25%, NPC 23.5%, Liberal 5%, KBL 3%; seats - (200 total) + LDP 87, NPC 45, Lakas-NUCD 41, Liberal 15, NP 6, KBL 3, Independent 3 +Executive branch: + president, vice president, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + bicameral Congress (Kongreso) consists of an upper house or Senate (Senado) + and a lower house or House of Representatives (Kapulungan Ng Mga Kinatawan) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + President Fidel Valdes RAMOS (since 30 June 1992); Vice President Joseph + Ejercito ESTRADA (since 30 June 1992) +Member of: + APEC, AsDB, ASEAN, CCC, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-24, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, + ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, + IOM, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, + UNTAC, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation in US: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Raul RABE + chancery: + 1617 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036 + telephone: + (202) 483-1414 + consulates general: + Agana (Guam), Chicago, Honolulu, Houston, Los Angeles, New York, San + Francisco, and Seattle +US diplomatic representation: + chief of mission: + (vacant); Charge d'affaires Donald WESTMORE + embassy: + 1201 Roxas Boulevard, Manila + mailing address: + APO AP 96440 + telephone: + [63] (2) 521-7116 + FAX: + [63] (2) 522-4361 + consulate general: + Cebu +Flag: + two equal horizontal bands of blue (top) and red with a white equilateral + triangle based on the hoist side; in the center of the triangle is a yellow + sun with eight primary rays (each containing three individual rays) and in + each corner of the triangle is a small yellow five-pointed star + +*Philippines, Economy + +Overview: + Domestic output in this primarily agricultural economy remained the same in + 1992 as in 1991. Drought and power supply problems hampered production, + while inadequate revenues prevented government pump priming. Despite a flat + GDP performance, GNP mustered a small 0.6% expansion, attributable to + inflows of workers' remittances combined with smaller foreign interest + payments. A marked increase in capital goods imports, particularly power + generations equipment, telecommunications equipment, and electronic data + processors, contributed to a 20.5% import growth in 1992. Exports rose 11%, + led by earnings from the Philippines' two leading manufactures - electronics + and garments. +National product: + GDP - exchange rate conversion - $54.1 billion (1992 est.) +National product real growth rate: + 0.6% (1992 est.) +National product per capita: + $860 (1992 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 8.9% (1992 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 9.8% (1992 est.) +Budget: + $11.0 billion; expenditures $12.0 billion, including capital expenditures of + $NA (1992 est.) +Exports: + $9.8 billion (f.o.b., 1992) + commodities: + electronics, textiles, coconut oil, copper + partners: + US 39%, EC, Japan, ASEAN +Imports: + $14.5 billion (f.o.b., 1992) + commodities: + raw materials 45%, capital goods 26%, petroleum products 18% + partners: + US, Japan, Taiwan, Saudi Arabia +External debt: + $29.8 billion (1992) +Industrial production: + growth rate -1% (1992 est.); accounts for 34% of GDP +Electricity: + 7,850,000 kW capacity; 28,000 million kWh produced, 420 kWh per capita + (1992) +Industries: + textiles, pharmaceuticals, chemicals, wood products, food processing, + electronics assembly, petroleum refining, fishing +Agriculture: + accounts for about one-third of GNP and about 45% of labor force; major + crops - rice, coconuts, corn, sugarcane, bananas, pineapples, mangos; animal + products - pork, eggs, beef; net exporter of farm products; fish catch of 2 + million metric tons annually +Illicit drugs: + illicit producer of cannabis for the international drug trade; growers are + producing more and better quality cannabis despite government eradication + efforts + +*Philippines, Economy + +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $3.6 billion; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-88), $7.9 billion; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $5 million; Communist countries (1975-89), $123 + million +Currency: + 1 Philippine peso (P) = 100 centavos +Exchange rates: + Philippine pesos (P) per US$1 - 25.817 (April 1993), 25.512 (1992), 27.479 + (1991), 24.311 (1990), 21.737 (1989), 21.095 (1988) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +*Philippines, Communications + +Railroads: + 378 km operable on Luzon, 34% government owned (1982) +Highways: + 157,450 km total (1988); 22,400 km paved; 85,050 km gravel, crushed-stone, + or stabilized-soil surface; 50,000 km unimproved earth +Inland waterways: + 3,219 km; limited to shallow-draft (less than 1.5 m) vessels +Pipelines: + petroleum products 357 km +Ports: + Cagayan de Oro, Cebu, Davao, Guimaras, Iloilo, Legaspi, Manila, Subic Bay +Merchant marine: + 562 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 8,282,936 GRT/13,772,023 DWT; + includes 1 passenger, 11 short-sea passenger, 13 passenger-cargo, 155 cargo, + 27 refrigerated cargo, 25 vehicle carrier, 9 livestock carrier, 13 + roll-on/roll-off cargo, 8 container, 38 oil tanker, 1 chemical tanker, 3 + liquefied gas, 1 combination ore/oil, 249 bulk, 8 combination bulk; note - + many Philippine flag ships are foreign owned and are on the register for the + purpose of long-term bare-boat charter back to their original owners who are + principally in Japan and Germany +Airports: + total: + 270 + usable: + 238 + with permanent-surface runways: + 73 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 9 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 57 +Telecommunications: + good international radio and submarine cable services; domestic and + interisland service adequate; 872,900 telephones; broadcast stations - 267 + AM (including 6 US), 55 FM, 33 TV (including 4 US); submarine cables + extended to Hong Kong, Guam, Singapore, Taiwan, and Japan; satellite earth + stations - 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT, 2 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT, and 11 + domestic + +*Philippines, Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy (including Coast Guard and Marine Corps), Air Force +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 17,188,695; fit for military service 12,144,278; reach + military age (20) annually 716,881 (1993 est.) +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $915 million, 1.9% of GNP (1991) + +*Pitcairn Islands, Header + +Affiliation: + (dependent territory of the UK) + +*Pitcairn Islands, Geography + +Location: + in the South Pacific Ocean, about halfway between Peru and New Zealand +Map references: + Oceania +Area: + total area: + 47 km2 + land area: + 47 km2 + comparative area: + about 0.3 times the size of Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + 0 km +Coastline: + 51 km +Maritime claims: + exclusive fishing zone: + 200 nm + territorial sea: + 3 nm +International disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical, hot, humid, modified by southeast trade winds; rainy season + (November to March) +Terrain: + rugged volcanic formation; rocky coastline with cliffs +Natural resources: + miro trees (used for handicrafts), fish +Land use: + arable land: + NA% + permanent crops: + NA% + meadows and pastures: + NA% + forest and woodland: + NA% + other: + NA% +Irrigated land: + NA km2 +Environment: + subject to typhoons (especially November to March) + +*Pitcairn Islands, People + +Population: + 52 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 0% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + NA births/1,000 population +Death rate: + NA deaths/1,000 population +Net migration rate: + NA migrant(s)/1,000 population +Infant mortality rate: + NA deaths/1,000 live births +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + NA years + male: + NA years + female: + NA years +Total fertility rate: + NA children born/woman +Nationality: + noun: + Pitcairn Islander(s) + adjective: + Pitcairn Islander +Ethnic divisions: + descendants of the Bounty mutineers +Religions: + Seventh-Day Adventist 100% +Languages: + English (official), Tahitian/English dialect +Literacy: + total population: + NA% + male: + NA% + female: + NA% +Labor force: + NA + by occupation: + no business community in the usual sense; some public works; subsistence + farming and fishing + +*Pitcairn Islands, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Pitcairn, Henderson, Ducie, and Oeno Islands + conventional short form: + Pitcairn Islands +Digraph: + PC +Type: + dependent territory of the UK +Capital: + Adamstown +Administrative divisions: + none (dependent territory of the UK) +Independence: + none (dependent territory of the UK) +Constitution: + Local Government Ordinance of 1964 +Legal system: + local island by-laws +National holiday: + Celebration of the Birthday of the Queen, 10 June (1989) (second Saturday in + June) +Political parties and leaders: + NA +Other political or pressure groups: + NA +Suffrage: + 18 years of age; universal with three years residency +Elections: + Island Council: + last held NA (next to be held NA); results - percent of vote by party NA; + seats - (11 total, 5 elected) number of seats by party NA +Executive branch: + British monarch, governor, island magistrate +Legislative branch: + unicameral Island Council +Judicial branch: + Island Court +Leaders: Chief of State: + Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by the Governor and + UK High Commissioner to New Zealand David Joseph MOSS (since NA 1990) + Head of Government: + Island Magistrate and Chairman of the Island Council Jay WARREN (since NA) +Member of: + SPC +Diplomatic representation in US: + none (dependent territory of the UK) +US diplomatic representation: + none (dependent territory of the UK) +Flag: + blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the + Pitcairn Islander coat of arms centered on the outer half of the flag; the + coat of arms is yellow, green, and light blue with a shield featuring a + yellow anchor + +*Pitcairn Islands, Economy + +Overview: + The inhabitants exist on fishing and subsistence farming. The fertile soil + of the valleys produces a wide variety of fruits and vegetables, including + citrus, sugarcane, watermelons, bananas, yams, and beans. Bartering is an + important part of the economy. The major sources of revenue are the sale of + postage stamps to collectors and the sale of handicrafts to passing ships. +National product: + GDP $NA +National product real growth rate: + NA% +National product per capita: + $NA +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + NA% +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $430,440; expenditures $429,983, including capital expenditures of + $NA (FY87 est.) +Exports: + $NA + commodities: + fruits, vegetables, curios + partners: + NA +Imports: + $NA + commodities: + fuel oil, machinery, building materials, flour, sugar, other foodstuffs + partners: + NA +External debt: + $NA +Industrial production: + growth rate NA% +Electricity: + 110 kW capacity; 0.30 million kWh produced, 5,360 kWh per capita (1990) +Industries: + postage stamp sales, handicrafts +Agriculture: + based on subsistence fishing and farming; wide variety of fruits and + vegetables grown; must import grain products +Economic aid: + none +Currency: + 1 New Zealand dollar (NZ$) = 100 cents +Exchange rates: + New Zealand dollars (NZ$) per US$1 - 1.9486 (January 1993), 1.8584 (1992), + 1.7265 (1991), 1.6750 (1990), 1.6711 (1989), 1.5244 (1988) +Fiscal year: + 1 April - 31 March + +*Pitcairn Islands, Communications + +Railroads: + none +Highways: + 6.4 km dirt roads +Ports: + Bounty Bay +Airports: + none +Telecommunications: + 24 telephones; party line telephone service on the island; broadcast + stations - 1 AM, no FM, no TV; diesel generator provides electricity + +*Pitcairn Islands, Defense Forces + +Note: + defense is the responsibility of the UK + +*Poland, Geography + +Location: + Central Europe, between Germany and Belarus +Map references: + Asia, Ethnic Groups in Eastern Europe, Europe, Standard Time Zones of the + World +Area: + total area: + 312,680 km2 + land area: + 304,510 km2 + comparative area: + slightly smaller than New Mexico +Land boundaries: + total 3,114 km, Belarus 605 km, Czech Republic 658 km, Germany 456 km, + Lithuania 91 km, Russia (Kaliningrad Oblast) 432 km, Slovakia 444 km, + Ukraine 428 km +Coastline: + 491 km +Maritime claims: + exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + territorial sea: + 12 nm +International disputes: + none +Climate: + temperate with cold, cloudy, moderately severe winters with frequent + precipitation; mild summers with frequent showers and thundershowers +Terrain: + mostly flat plain; mountains along southern border +Natural resources: + coal, sulfur, copper, natural gas, silver, lead, salt +Land use: + arable land: + 46% + permanent crops: + 1% + meadows and pastures: + 13% + forest and woodland: + 28% + other: + 12% +Irrigated land: + 1,000 km2 (1989 est.) +Environment: + plain crossed by a few north flowing, meandering streams; severe air and + water pollution in south +Note: + historically, an area of conflict because of flat terrain and the lack of + natural barriers on the North European Plain + +*Poland, People + +Population: + 38,519,486 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 0.35% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 13.59 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 9.59 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + -0.52 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 13.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 72.2 years + male: + 68.14 years + female: + 76.51 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 1.97 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Pole(s) + adjective: + Polish +Ethnic divisions: + Polish 97.6%, German 1.3%, Ukrainian 0.6%, Belarusian 0.5% (1990 est.) +Religions: + Roman Catholic 95% (about 75% practicing), Eastern Orthodox, Protestant, and + other 5% +Languages: + Polish +Literacy: + age 15 and over can read and write (1978) + total population: + 98% + male: + 99% + female: + 98% +Labor force: + 15.609 million + by occupation: + industry and construction 34.4%, agriculture 27.3%, trade, transport, and + communications 16.1%, government and other 22.2% (1991) + +*Poland, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Republic of Poland + conventional short form: + Poland + local long form: + Rzeczpospolita Polska + local short form: + Polska +Digraph: + PL +Type: + democratic state +Capital: + Warsaw +Administrative divisions: + 49 provinces (wojewodztwa, singular - wojewodztwo); Biala Podlaska, + Bialystok, Bielsko Biala, Bydgoszcz, Chelm, Ciechanow, Czestochowa, Elblag, + Gdansk, Gorzow, Jelenia Gora, Kalisz, Katowice, Kielce, Konin, Koszalin, + Krakow, Krosno, Legnica, Leszno, Lodz, Lomza, Lublin, Nowy Sacz, Olsztyn, + Opole, Ostroleka, Pila, Piotrkow, Plock, Poznan, Przemysl, Radom, Rzeszow, + Siedlce, Sieradz, Skierniewice, Slupsk, Suwalki, Szczecin, Tarnobrzeg, + Tarnow, Torun, Walbrzych, Warszawa, Wloclawek, Wroclaw, Zamosc, Zielona Gora +Independence: + 11 November 1918 (independent republic proclaimed) +Constitution: + interim "small constitution" came into effect in December 1992 replacing the + Communist-imposed Constitution of 22 July 1952; new democratic Constitution + being drafted +Legal system: + mixture of Continental (Napoleonic) civil law and holdover Communist legal + theory; changes being gradually introduced as part of broader + democratization process; limited judicial review of legislative acts; has + not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + Constitution Day, 3 May (1791) +Political parties and leaders: + post-Solidarity parties: + Democratic Union (UD), Tadeusz MAZOWIECKI; Christian-National Union (ZCHN), + Wieslaw CHRZANOWSKI; Centrum (PC), Jaroslaw KACZYNSKI; Liberal-Democratic + Congress, Donald TUSK; Peasant Alliance (PL), Gabriel JANOWSKI; Solidarity + Trade Union (NSZZ), Marian KRZAKLEWSKI; Union of Labor (UP), Ryszard BUGAJ; + Christian-Democratic Party (PCHD), Pawel LACZKOWSKI; Conservative Party, + Alexander HALL + non-Communist, non-Solidarity: + Confederation for an Independent Poland (KPN), Leszek MOCZULSKI; Polish + Economic Program (PPG), Janusz REWINSKI; Christian Democrats (CHD), Andrzej + OWSINSKI; German Minority (MN), Henryk KROL; Union of Real Politics (UPR), + Janusz KORWIN-MIKKE; Democratic Party (SD), Antoni MACKIEWICZ; Party X, + Stanislaw Tyminski + Communist origin or linked: + Social Democracy (SDRP, party of Poland), Wlodzimierz Cimoszewicz; Polish + Peasants' Party (PSL), Waldemar PAWLAK +Other political or pressure groups: + powerful Roman Catholic Church; Solidarity (trade union); All Poland Trade + Union Alliance (OPZZ), populist program +Suffrage: + 18 years of age; universal + +*Poland, Government + +Elections: + president: + first round held 25 November 1990, second round held 9 December 1990 (next + to be held NA November 1995); results - second round Lech WALESA 74.7%, + Stanislaw TYMINSKI 25.3% + Senat: + last held 27 October 1991 (next to be held no later than NA October 1995); + seats - (100 total) + post-Solidarity bloc: + UD 21, NSZZ 11, ZCHN 9, PC 9, Liberal-Democratic Congress 6, PL 7, PCHD 3, + other local candidates 11; + non-Communist, non-Solidarity: + KPN 4, CHD 1, MN 1, local candidates 5 + Communist origin or linked: + PSL 8, SLD 4 + Sejm: + last held 27 October 1991 (next to be held no later than NA October 1995); + seats - (460 total) + post-Solidarity bloc: + UD 62, ZCHN 49, PC 44, Liberal-Democratic Congress 37, PL 28, NSZZ 27, SP 4, + PCHD 4, RDS 1, Krackow Coalition in Solidarity with the President 1, Piast + Agreement 1, Bydgoszcz Peasant List 1, Solidarity 80 1 + non-Communist, non-Solidarity: + KPN 46, PPPP 16, MN 7, CHD 5, Western Union 4, UPR 3, Autonomous Silesia 2, + SD 1, Orthodox Election Committee 1, Committee of Women Against Hardships 1, + Podhale Union 1, Wielkopolska Group 1, Wielkopolska and Lubuski Inhabitants + 1, Party X 3 + Communist origin or linked: + SLD 60, PSL 48 +Executive branch: + president, prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet) +Legislative branch: + bicameral National Assembly (Zgromadzenie Narodowe) consists of an upper + house or Senate (Senat) and a lower house or Diet (Sejm) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Lech WALESA (since 22 December 1990) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Hanna SUCHOCKA (since 10 July 1992) +Member of: + BIS, CBSS, CCC, CE, CEI, CERN, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, + ICFTU, IDA, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), + ISO, ITU, LORCS, MINURSO, NACC, NAM (guest), NSG, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, + UNDOF, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNIKOM, UNPROFOR, UNTAC, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, + WTO, ZC +Diplomatic representation in US: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Kazimierz DZIEWANOWSKI + chancery: + 2640 16th Street NW, Washington DC 20009 + telephone: + (202) 234-3800 through 3802 + FAX: + (202) 328-6271 + consulates general: + Chicago, Los Angeles, and New York + +*Poland, Government + +US diplomatic representation: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Thomas W. SIMONS, Jr. embassy: + Aleje Ujazdowskie 29/31, Warsaw + mailing address: + American Embassy Warsaw, Box 5010, Unit 25402, or APO AE 09213-5010 + telephone: + [48] (2) 628-3041 + FAX: + [48] (2) 628-8298 + consulates general: + Krakow, Poznan +Flag: + two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and red; similar to the flags of + Indonesia and Monaco which are red (top) and white + +*Poland, Economy + +Overview: + Poland is undergoing a difficult transition from a Soviet-style economy - + with state ownership and control of productive assets - to a market economy. + On January 1, 1990, the new Solidarity-led government implemented shock + therapy by slashing subsidies, decontrolling prices, tightening the money + supply, stabilizing the foreign exchange rate, lowering import barriers, and + restraining state sector wages. As a result, consumer goods shortages and + lines disappeared, and inflation fell from 640% in 1989 to 44% in 1992. + Western governments, which hold two-thirds of Poland's $48 billion external + debt, pledged in 1991 to forgive half of Poland's official debt by 1994. The + private sector accounted for 29% of industrial production and nearly half of + nonagricultural output in 1992. Production fell in state enterprises, + however, and the unemployment rate climbed steadily from virtually nothing + in 1989 to 13.6% in December 1992. Poland fell out of compliance with its + IMF program by mid-1991, and talks with commercial creditors stalled. The + increase in unemployment and the decline in living standards led to strikes + in the coal, auto, copper, and railway sectors in 1992. Large state + enterprises in the coal, steel, and defense sectors plan to halve employment + over the next decade, and the government expects unemployment to reach 3 + million (16%) in 1993. A shortfall in tax revenues caused the budget deficit + to reach 6% of GDP in 1992, but industrial production began a slow, uneven + upturn. In 1993, the government will struggle to win legislative approval + for faster privatization and to keep the budget deficit within IMF-approved + limits. +National product: + GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $167.6 billion (1992 est.) +National product real growth rate: + 2% (1992 est.) +National product per capita: + $4,400 (1992 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 44% (1992) +Unemployment rate: + 13.6% (December 1992) +Budget: + revenues $17.5 billion; expenditures $22.0 billion, including capital + expenditures of $1.5 billion (1992 est.) +Exports: $12.8 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.) + commodities: + machinery 22%, metals 16%, chemicals 12%, fuels and power 11%, food 10% + (1991) + partners: + Germany 28.0%, former USSR 11.7%, UK 8.8%, Switzerland 5.5% (1991) +Imports: + $12.9 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.) + commodities: + machinery 38%, fuels and power 20%, chemicals 13%, food 10%, light industry + 6% (1991) + partners: + Germany 17.4%, former USSR 25.6%, Italy 5.3%, Austria 5.2% (1991) +External debt: + $48.5 billion (January 1992); note - Poland's Western government creditors + promised in 1991 to forgive 30% of Warsaw's official debt - currently $33 + billion - immediately and to forgive another 20% in 1994, if Poland adheres + to its IMF program +Industrial production: + growth rate 3.5% (1992) + +*Poland, Economy + +Electricity: + 31,530,000 kW capacity; 137,000 million kWh produced, 3,570 kWh per capita + (1992) +Industries: + machine building, iron and steel, extractive industries, chemicals, + shipbuilding, food processing, glass, beverages, textiles +Agriculture: + accounts for 15% of GDP and 27% of labor force; 75% of output from private + farms, 25% from state farms; productivity remains low by European standards; + leading European producer of rye, rapeseed, and potatoes; wide variety of + other crops and livestock; major exporter of pork products; normally + self-sufficient in food +Illicit drugs: + illicit producers of opium for domestic consumption and amphetamines for the + international market; emerging as a transshipment point for illicit drugs to + Western Europe +Economic aid: + donor - bilateral aid to non-Communist less developed countries, $2.2 + billion (1954-89); the G-24 has pledged $8 billion in grants and credit + guarantees to Poland +Currency: + 1 zloty (Zl) = 100 groszy +Exchange rates: + zlotych (Zl) per US$1 - 15,879 (January 1993), 13,626 (1992), 10,576 (1991), + 9,500 (1990), 1,439.18 (1989), 430.55 (1988) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +*Poland, Communications + +Railroads: + 26,250 km total; 23,857 km 1.435-meter gauge, 397 km 1.520-meter gauge, + 1,996 km narrow gauge; 8,987 km double track; 11,510 km electrified; + government owned (1991) +Highways: + 360,629 km total (excluding farm, factory and forest roads); 220 km limited + access expressways, 45,257 km main highways, 128,775 km regional roads, + 186,377 urban or village roads (local traffic); 220,000 km are paved + (including all main and regional highways) (1988) +Inland waterways: + 3,997 km navigable rivers and canals (1991) +Pipelines: + natural gas 4,600 km, crude oil 1,986 km, petroleum products 360 km (1992) +Ports: + Gdansk, Gdynia, Szczecin, Swinoujscie; principal inland ports are Gliwice on + Kana Gliwice, Wrocaw on the Oder, and Warsaw on the Vistula +Merchant marine: + 209 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,747,631 GRT/3,992,053 DWT; includes + 5 short-sea passenger, 76 cargo, 1 refrigerated cargo, 11 roll-on/roll-off + cargo, 9 container, 1 oil tanker, 4 chemical tanker, 101 bulk, 1 passenger; + Poland owns 1 ship of 6,333 DWT operating under Liberian registry +Airports: + total: + 163 + usable: + 163 + with permanent-surface runways: + 100 + with runway over 3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 51 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 95 +Telecommunications: + severely underdeveloped and outmoded system; cable, open wire and microwave; + phone density is 10.5 phones per 100 residents (October 1990); 3.6 million + telephone subscribers; exchanges are 86% automatic (1991); broadcast + stations - 27 AM, 27 FM, 40 (5 Soviet repeaters) TV; 9.6 million TVs; 1 + satellite earth station using INTELSAT, EUTELSAT, INMARSAT and Intersputnik + +*Poland, Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy, Air and Air Defense Force +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 9,914,128; fit for military service 7,774,499; reach + military age (19) annually 304,956 (1993 est.) +Defense expenditures: + 30.8 trillion zlotych, 1.8% of GNP (1993 est.); note - conversion of defense + expenditures into US dollars using the current exchange rate could produce + misleading results + +*Portugal, Geography + +Location: + Southern Europe, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean west of Spain +Map references: + Africa, Europe, Standard Time Zones of the World +Area: + total area: + 92,080 km2 + land area: + 91,640 km2 + comparative area: + slightly smaller than Indiana + note: + includes Azores and Madeira Islands +Land boundaries: + total 1,214 km, Spain 1,214 km +Coastline: + 1,793 km +Maritime claims: + continental shelf: + 200 m depth or to depth of exploitation + exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + territorial sea: + 12 nm +International disputes: + sovereignty over Timor Timur (East Timor Province) disputed with Indonesia +Climate: + maritime temperate; cool and rainy in north, warmer and drier in south +Terrain: + mountainous north of the Tagus, rolling plains in south +Natural resources: + fish, forests (cork), tungsten, iron ore, uranium ore, marble +Land use: + arable land: + 32% + permanent crops: + 6% + meadows and pastures: + 6% + forest and woodland: + 40% + other: + 16% +Irrigated land: + 6,340 km2 (1989 est.) +Environment: + Azores subject to severe earthquakes +Note: + Azores and Madeira Islands occupy strategic locations along western sea + approaches to Strait of Gibraltar + +*Portugal, People + +Population: + 10,486,140 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 0.36% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 11.59 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 9.77 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + 1.8 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 9.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 74.89 years + male: + 71.43 years + female: + 78.56 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 1.45 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Portuguese (singular and plural) + adjective: + Portuguese +Ethnic divisions: + homogeneous Mediterranean stock in mainland, Azores, Madeira Islands; + citizens of black African descent who immigrated to mainland during + decolonization number less than 100,000 +Religions: + Roman Catholic 97%, Protestant denominations 1%, other 2% +Languages: + Portuguese +Literacy: + age 15 and over can read and write (1990) + total population: + 85% + male: + 89% + female: + 82% +Labor force: + 4,605,700 + by occupation: + services 45%, industry 35%, agriculture 20% (1988) + +*Portugal, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: Portuguese Republic + conventional short form: + Portugal + local long form: + Republica Portuguesa + local short form: + Portugal +Digraph: + PO +Type: + republic +Capital: + Lisbon +Administrative divisions: + 18 districts (distritos, singular - distrito) and 2 autonomous regions*, (regioes autonomas, +singular - regiao autonoma); Aveiro, Acores (Azores)*,, Beja, Braga, Braganca, Castelo Branco, +Coimbra, Evora, Faro, Guarda, Leiria, + Lisboa, Madeira*, Portalegre, Porto, Santarem, Setubal, Viana do Castelo,, Vila Real, Viseu +Dependent areas: + Macau (scheduled to become a Special Administrative Region of China on 20 + December 1999) +Independence: + 1140 (independent republic proclaimed 5 October 1910) +Constitution: + 25 April 1976, revised 30 October 1982 and 1 June 1989 +Legal system: + civil law system; the Constitutional Tribunal reviews the constitutionality + of legislation; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations +National holiday: + Day of Portugal, 10 June +Political parties and leaders: + Social Democratic Party (PSD), Anibal CAVACO Silva; Portuguese Socialist + Party (PS), Antonio GUTERRES; Party of Democratic Renewal (PRD), Pedro + CANAVARRO; Portuguese Communist Party (PCP), Carlos CARVALHAS; Social + Democratic Center (CDS), Manuel MONTEIRO; National Solidarity Party, Manuel + SERGIO; Center Democratic Party; United Democratic Coalition (CDU; + Communists) +Suffrage: + 18 years of age; universal +Elections: + President: + last held 13 February 1991 (next to be held NA February 1996); results - Dr. + Mario Lopes SOARES 70%, Basilio HORTA 14%, Carlos CARVALHAS 13%, Carlos + MARQUES 3% + Assembly of the Republic: + last held 6 October 1991 (next to be held NA October 1995); results - PSD + 50.4%, PS 29.3%, CDU 8.8%, Center Democrats 4.4%, National Solidarity Party + 1.7%, PRD 0.6%, other 4.8%; seats - (230 total) PSD 135, PS 72, CDU 17, + Center Democrats 5, National Solidarity Party 1 +Executive branch: + president, Council of State, prime minister, deputy prime minister, Council + of Ministers (cabinet) +Legislative branch: + unicameral Assembly of the Republic (Assembleia da Republica) +Judicial branch: Supreme Tribunal of Justice (Supremo Tribunal de Justica) + +*Portugal, Government + +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Dr. Mario Alberto Nobre Lopes SOARES (since 9 March 1986) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Anibal CAVACO SILVA (since 6 November 1985) +Member of: + AfDB, Australian Group, BIS, CCC, CE, CERN, COCOM, CSCE, EBRD, EC, ECE, + ECLAC, EIB, FAO, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IEA, IFAD, IFC, + ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LAIA + (observer), LORCS, MTCR, NACC, NAM (guest), NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), + OECD, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNOMOZ, UNPROFOR, UPU, WCL, WEU, WHO, + WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC +Diplomatic representation in US: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Francisco Jose Laco Treichler KNOPFLI + chancery: + 2125 Kalorama Road NW, Washington DC 20008 + telephone: + (202) 328-8610 + consulates general: + Boston, New York, Newark (New Jersey), and San Francisco + consulates: + Los Angeles, New Bedford (Massachusetts), and Providence (Rhode Island) +US diplomatic representation: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Everett Ellis BRIGGS + embassy: + Avenida das Forcas Armadas, 1600 Lisbon + mailing address: + PSC 83, APO AE 09726 + telephone: + [351] (1) 726-6600 or 6659, 8670, 8880 + FAX: + [351] (1) 726-9109 + consulate: + Ponta Delgada (Azores) +Flag: + two vertical bands of green (hoist side, two-fifths) and red (three-fifths) + with the Portuguese coat of arms centered on the dividing line + +*Portugal, Economy + +Overview: + Although Portugal has experienced strong growth since joining the EC in 1986 + - at least 4% each year through 1990 - it remains one of the poorest + members. To prepare for the European single market, the government is + restructuring and modernizing the economy and in 1989 embarked on a major + privatization program. As of 1 January 1993, Lisbon has fully liberalized + its capital markets and most trade markets. The global slowdown and tight + monetary policies to counter inflation caused growth to slow in 1991 and + 1992. Growth probably will remain depressed in 1993, but should pick up + again in 1994. +National product: + GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $93.7 billion (1992) +National product real growth rate: + 1.1% (1992) +National product per capita: + $9,000 (1992) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 9% (1992) +Unemployment rate: + 5% (1992) +Budget: + revenues $27.3 billion; expenditures $33.2 billion, including capital + expenditures of $4.5 billion (1991) +Exports: + $16.3 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.) + commodities: + cotton textiles, cork and paper products, canned fish, wine, timber and + timber products, resin, machinery, appliances + partners: + EC 75.4%, other developed countries 12.4%, US 3.8% (1991) +Imports: + $26.0 billion (c.i.f., 1992 est.) + commodities: + machinery and transport equipment, agricultural products, chemicals, + petroleum, textiles + partners: + EC 72%, other developed countries 10.9% less developed countries 12.9%, US + 3.4% +External debt: + $16.9 billion (1992 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 9.1% (1990); accounts for 40% of GDP +Electricity: + 6,624,000 kW capacity; 26,400 million kWh produced, 2,520 kWh per capita + (1992) +Industries: + textiles and footwear; wood pulp, paper, and cork; metalworking; oil + refining; chemicals; fish canning; wine; tourism +Agriculture: + accounts for 6.1% of GDP and 20% of labor force; small, inefficient farms; + imports more than half of food needs; major crops - grain, potatoes, olives, + grapes; livestock sector - sheep, cattle, goats, poultry, meat, dairy + products +Illicit drugs: + increasingly important gateway country for Latin American cocaine entering + the European market +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $1.8 billion; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1.2 billion + +*Portugal, Economy + +Currency: + 1 Portuguese escudo (Esc) = 100 centavos +Exchange rates: + Portuguese escudos (Esc) per US$1 - 145.51 (January 1993), 135.00 (1992), + 144.48 (1991), 142.55 (1990), 157.46 (1989), 143.95 (1988) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +*Portugal, Communications + +Railroads: + 3,625 km total; state-owned Portuguese Railroad Co. (CP) operates 2,858 km + 1.665-meter gauge (434 km electrified and 426 km double track), 755 km + 1.000-meter gauge; 12 km (1.435-meter gauge) electrified, double track, + privately owned +Highways: + 73,661 km total; 61,599 km surfaced (bituminous, gravel, and crushed stone), + including 140 km of limited-access divided highway; 7,962 km improved earth; + 4,100 km unimproved earth (motorable tracks) +Inland waterways: + 820 km navigable; relatively unimportant to national economy, used by + shallow-draft craft limited to 300-metric-ton cargo capacity +Pipelines: + crude oil 11 km; petroleum products 58 km +Ports: + Leixoes, Lisbon, Porto, Ponta Delgada (Azores), Velas (Azores), Setubal, + Sines +Merchant marine: + 51 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 634,072 GRT/1,130,515 DWT; includes 1 + short-sea passenger, 21 cargo, 3 refrigerated cargo, 3 container, 1 + roll-on/roll-off cargo, 13 oil tanker, 2 chemical tanker, 5 bulk, 2 + liquified gas; note - Portugal has created a captive register on Madeira + (MAR) for Portuguese-owned ships that will have the taxation and crewing + benefits of a flag of convenience; although only one ship currently is known + to fly the Portuguese flag on the MAR register, it is likely that a majority + of Portuguese flag ships will transfer to this subregister in a few years +Airports: + total: + 64 + usable: + 62 + with permanent-surface runways: + 36 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 2 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 10 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 11 +Telecommunications: + generally adequate integrated network of coaxial cables, open wire and + microwave radio relay; 2,690,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 57 AM, 66 + (22 repeaters) FM, 66 (23 repeaters) TV; 6 submarine cables; 3 INTELSAT + earth stations (2 Atlantic Ocean, 1 Indian Ocean), EUTELSAT, domestic + satellite systems (mainland and Azores); tropospheric link to Azores + +*Portugal, Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy (including Marines), Air Force, National Republican Guard, Fiscal + Guard, Public Security Police +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 2,696,325; fit for military service 2,188,041; reach + military age (20) annually 88,735 (1993 est.) +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $2.4 billion, 2.9% of GDP (1992) + +*Puerto Rico, Header + +Affiliation: + (commonwealth associated with the US) + +*Puerto Rico, Geography + +Location: + in the North Atlantic Ocean, between the Dominican Republic and the Virgin + Islands group +Map references: + Central America and the Caribbean +Area: + total area: + 9,104 km2 + land area: + 8,959 km2 + comparative area: + slightly less than three times the size of Rhode Island +Land boundaries: + 0 km +Coastline: + 501 km +Maritime claims: + contiguous zone: + 24 nm + continental shelf: + 200 m (depth) + exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + territorial sea: + 12 nm +International disputes: + none +Climate: tropical marine, mild, little seasonal temperature variation +Terrain: + mostly mountains with coastal plain belt in north; mountains precipitous to + sea on west coast; sandy beaches along most coastal areas +Natural resources: + some copper and nickel, potential for onshore and offshore crude oil +Land use: + arable land: + 8% + permanent crops: + 9% + meadows and pastures: + 41% + forest and woodland: + 20% + other: + 22% +Irrigated land: + 390 km2 (1989 est.) +Environment: + many small rivers and high central mountains ensure land is well watered; + south coast relatively dry; fertile coastal plain belt in north +Note: + important location along the Mona Passage - a key shipping lane to the + Panama Canal; San Juan is one of the biggest and best natural harbors in the + Caribbean + +*Puerto Rico, People + +Population: + 3,797,082 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 0.13% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 16.93 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 7.88 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + -7.75 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 14 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 73.84 years + male: + 70.25 years + female: + 77.61 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 2.08 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Puerto Rican(s) + adjective: Puerto Rican +Ethnic divisions: + Hispanic +Religions: + Roman Catholic 85%, Protestant denominations and other 15% +Languages: + Spanish (official), English widely understood +Literacy: + age 15 and over can read and write (1980) + total population: + 89% + male: + 90% + female: + 88% +Labor force: + 1.17 million (1992) + by occupation: + government 20%, manufacturing 14%, trade 17%, construction 5%, + communications and transportation 5%, other 39% (1992) + +*Puerto Rico, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Commonwealth of Puerto Rico + conventional short form: + Puerto Rico +Digraph: + QR +Type: + commonwealth associated with the US +Capital: + San Juan +Administrative divisions: + none (commonwealth associated with the US), note: there are 78 + municipalities +Independence: + none (commonwealth associated with the US) +Constitution: + ratified 3 March 1952; approved by US Congress 3 July 1952; effective 25 + July 1952 +Legal system: + based on Spanish civil code +National holiday: + US Independence Day, 4 July (1776) +Political parties and leaders: + National Republican Party of Puerto Rico, Freddy VALENTIN; Popular + Democratic Party (PPD), Rafael HERNANDEZ Colon; New Progressive Party (PNP), + Carlos ROMERO Barcelo; Puerto Rican Socialist Party (PSP), Juan MARI Bras + and Carlos GALLISA; Puerto Rican Independence Party (PIP), Ruben BERRIOS + Martinez; Puerto Rican Communist Party (PCP), leader(s) unknown +Other political or pressure groups: + all have engaged in terrorist activities - Armed Forces for National + Liberation (FALN); Volunteers of the Puerto Rican Revolution; Boricua + Popular Army (also known as the Macheteros); Armed Forces of Popular + Resistance +Suffrage: + 18 years of age; universal; indigenous inhabitants are US citizens but do + not vote in US presidential elections +Elections: + Governor: + last held 3 November 1992 (next to be held NA November 1996); results - + Pedro ROSSELLO (PND) 50%, Victoria MUNOZ (PPD) 46%, Fernando MARTIN (PIP) 4% + Senate: + last held 3 November 1992 (next to be held NA November 1996); results - + percent of vote by party NA; seats - (27 total) seats by party NA + US House of Representatives: + last held 3 November 1992 (next to be held NA November 1996); results - + percent of vote by party NA; seats - (1 total) seats by party NA; note - + Puerto Rico elects one representative to the US House of Representatives, + Carlos Romero BARCELO + House of Representatives: + last held 3 November 1992 (next to be held NA November 1996); results - + percent of vote by party NA; seats - (53 total) seats by party NA +Executive branch: + US president, US vice president, governor +Legislative branch: + bicameral Legislative Assembly consists of an upper house or Senate and a + lower house or House of Representatives +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court + +*Puerto Rico, Government + +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President William Jefferson CLINTON (since 20 January 1993); Vice President + Albert GORE, Jr. (since 20 January 1993) + Head of Government: + Governor Pedro ROSSELLO (since NA January 1993) +Member of: + CARICOM (observer), ECLAC (associate), FAO (associate), ICFTU, IOC, WCL, + WFTU, WHO (associate), WTO (associate) +Diplomatic representation in US: + none (commonwealth associated with the US) +Flag: + five equal horizontal bands of red (top and bottom) alternating with white; + a blue isosceles triangle based on the hoist side bears a large white + five-pointed star in the center; design based on the US flag + +*Puerto Rico, Economy + +Overview: + Puerto Rico has one of the most dynamic economies in the Caribbean region. + Industry has surpassed agriculture as the primary sector of economic + activity and income. Encouraged by duty free access to the US and by tax + incentives, US firms have invested heavily in Puerto Rico since the 1950s. + US minimum wage laws apply. Important industries include pharmaceuticals, + electronics, textiles, petrochemicals, and processed foods. Sugar production + has lost out to dairy production and other livestock products as the main + source of income in the agricultural sector. Tourism has traditionally been + an important source of income for the island, with estimated arrivals of + nearly 3 million tourists in 1989. +National product: + GNP - purchasing power equivalent - $22.8 billion (1991) +National product real growth rate: + 2.2% (FY90) +National product per capita: + $6,200 (1991) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 1.3% (October 1990-91) +Unemployment rate: + 17% (1992 est.) +Budget: + revenues $5.8 billion; expenditures $5.8 billion, including capital + expenditures of $258 million (FY89) +Exports: + 20.4 billion (1990) + commodities: + pharmaceuticals, electronics, apparel, canned tuna, rum, beverage + concentrates, medical equipment, instruments + partners: + US 87.8% (1990) +Imports: + 16.2 billion (1990) + commodities: + chemicals, clothing, food, fish, petroleum products + partners: + US 66.6% (1990) +External debt: + $NA +Industrial production: + growth rate 1.2% (FY92) +Electricity: + 5,040,000 kW capacity; 16,100 million kWh produced, 4,260 kWh per capita + (1992) +Industries: + manufacturing accounts for 55.5 % of GDP: manufacturing of pharmaceuticals, + electronics, apparel, food products, instruments; tourism +Agriculture: + accounts for only 3% of labor force and less than 2% of GDP: crops - + sugarcane, coffee, pineapples, plantains, bananas; livestock - cattle, + chickens; imports a large share of food needs (1992) +Economic aid: + none +Currency: + US currency is used +Fiscal year: + 1 July - 30 June + +*Puerto Rico, Communications + +Railroads: + 96 km rural narrow-gauge system for hauling sugarcane; no passenger + railroads +Highways: + 13,762 km paved (1982) +Ports: + San Juan, Ponce, Mayaguez, Arecibo +Airports: + total: + 30 + usable: + 23 + with permanent-surface runways: + 19 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 3 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 5 +Telecommunications: + modern system, integrated with that of the US by high capacity submarine + cable and INTELSAT with high-speed data capability; digital telephone system + with about 1 million lines; cellular telephone service; broadcast stations - + 50 AM, 63 FM, 9 TV; cable television available with US programs (1990) + +*Puerto Rico, Defense Forces + +Branches: + paramilitary National Guard, Police Force +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 830,133; fit for military service NA (1993 est.) +Note: + defense is the responsibility of the US + +*Qatar, Geography + +Location: + Middle East, peninsula jutting into the central Persian Gulf, between Iran + and Saudi Arabia +Map references: + Middle East, Standard Time Zones of the World +Area: + total area: + 11,000 km2 + land area: + 11,000 km2 + comparative area: + slightly smaller than Connecticut +Land boundaries: + total 60 km, Saudi Arabia 60 km +Coastline: + 563 km +Maritime claims: + continental shelf: + not specified + exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + territorial sea: + 12 nm +International disputes: + territorial dispute with Bahrain over the Hawar Islands; maritime boundary + with Bahrain +Climate: + desert; hot, dry; humid and sultry in summer +Terrain: + mostly flat and barren desert covered with loose sand and gravel +Natural resources: + petroleum, natural gas, fish +Land use: + arable land: + 0% + permanent crops: + 0% + meadows and pastures: + 5% + forest and woodland: + 0% + other: + 95% +Irrigated land: + NA km2 +Environment: + haze, duststorms, sandstorms common; limited freshwater resources mean + increasing dependence on large-scale desalination facilities +Note: + strategic location in central Persian Gulf near major petroleum deposits + +*Qatar, People + +Population: + 499,115 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 2.84% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 19.61 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 3.53 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + 12.36 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 22.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: total population: + 72.25 years + male: + 69.73 years + female: + 74.68 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 3.88 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Qatari(s) + adjective: + Qatari +Ethnic divisions: + Arab 40%, Pakistani 18%, Indian 18%, Iranian 10%, other 14% +Religions: + Muslim 95% +Languages: + Arabic (official), English commonly used as a second language +Literacy: + age 15 and over can read and write (1986) + total population: + 76% + male: + 77% + female: + 72% +Labor force: + 104,000 85% non-Qatari in private sector (1983) + +*Qatar, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + State of Qatar + conventional short form: + Qatar + local long form: + Dawlat Qatar + local short form: + Qatar +Digraph: + QA +Type: + traditional monarchy +Capital: + Doha +Administrative divisions: + there are no first-order administrative divisions as defined by the US + Government, but there are 9 municipalities (baladiyat, singular - + baladiyah); Ad Dawhah, Al Ghuwayriyah, Al Jumayliyah, Al Khawr, Al Rayyan, + Al Wakrah, Ash Shamal, Jarayan al Batnah, Umm Salal +Independence: + 3 September 1971 (from UK) +Constitution: + provisional constitution enacted 2 April 1970 +Legal system: + discretionary system of law controlled by the amir, although civil codes are + being implemented; Islamic law is significant in personal matters +National holiday: + Independence Day, 3 September (1971) +Political parties and leaders: + none +Suffrage: + none +Elections: + Advisory Council: + constitution calls for elections for part of this consultative body, but no + elections have been held; seats - (30 total) +Executive branch: + amir, Council of Ministers (cabinet) +Legislative branch: + unicameral Advisory Council (Majlis al-Shura) +Judicial branch: + Court of Appeal +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + Amir and Prime Minister KHALIFA bin Hamad Al Thani (since 22 February 1972); + Crown Prince HAMAD bin Khalifa Al Thani (appointed 31 May 1977; son of Amir) +Member of: + ABEDA, AFESD, AL, AMF, CCC, ESCWA, FAO, G-77, GCC, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDB, + IFAD, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, + OAPEC, OIC, OPEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO +Diplomatic representation in US: + chief of mission: + Ambassador 'Abd al-Rahman bin Sa'ud ALTHANI + chancery: + Suite 1180, 600 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20037 + telephone: + (202) 338-0111 + +*Qatar, Government + +US diplomatic representation: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Kenton W. KEITH + embassy: + 149 Ali Bin Ahmed St., Farig Bin Omran (opposite the television station), + Doha + mailing address: + P. O. Box 2399, Doha + telephone: + (0974) 864701 through 864703 + FAX: + (0974) 861669 +Flag: + maroon with a broad white serrated band (nine white points) on the hoist + side + +*Qatar, Economy + +Overview: + Oil is the backbone of the economy and accounts for more than 85% of export + earnings and roughly 75% of government revenues. Proved oil reserves of 3.3 + billion barrels should ensure continued output at current levels for about + 25 years. Oil has given Qatar a per capita GDP of about $17,000, comparable + to the leading industrial countries. Production and export of natural gas is + becoming increasingly important. +National product: + GDP - exchange rate conversion - $8.1 billion (1991 est.) +National product real growth rate: + 3% (1991 est.) +National product per capita: + $17,000 (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 3% (1990) +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $2.5 billion; expenditures $3.0 billion, including capital + expenditures of $440 million (FY92 est.) +Exports: + $3.2 billion (f.o.b., 1991) + commodities: + petroleum products 85%, steel, fertilizers + partners: + Japan 61%, Brazil 6%, South Korea 5%, UAE 4% +Imports: + $1.4 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.) + commodities: + machinery and equipment, consumer goods, food, chemicals + partners: + France 13%, Japan 12%, UK 11%, Germany 9% +External debt: + $1.1 billion (December 1989 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 0.6% (1987); accounts for 64% of GDP, including oil +Electricity: + 1,596,000 kW capacity; 4,818 million kWh produced, 9,655 kWh per capita + (1992) +Industries: + crude oil production and refining, fertilizers, petrochemicals, steel (rolls + reinforcing bars for concrete construction), cement +Agriculture: + farming and grazing on small scale, less than 2% of GDP; agricultural area + is small and government-owned; commercial fishing increasing in importance; + most food imported +Economic aid: + donor - pledged $2.7 billion in ODA to less developed countries (1979-88) +Currency: + 1 Qatari riyal (QR) = 100 dirhams +Exchange rates: Qatari riyals (QR) per US$1 - 3.6400 riyals (fixed rate) +Fiscal year: + 1 April - 31 March + +*Qatar, Communications + +Highways: + 1,500 km total; 1,000 km paved, 500 km gravel or natural surface (est.) +Pipelines: + crude oil 235 km, natural gas 400 km +Ports: + Doha, Umm Sa'id, Halul Island +Merchant marine: + 20 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 390,072 GRT/593,508 DWT; includes 13 + cargo, 4 container, 2 oil tanker, 1 refrigerated cargo +Airports: + total: + 4 + usable: + 4 + with permanent-surface runways: + 1 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 1 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 2 +Telecommunications: + modern system centered in Doha; 110,000 telephones; tropospheric scatter to + Bahrain; microwave radio relay to Saudi Arabia and UAE; submarine cable to + Bahrain and UAE; satellite earth stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 1 + Indian Ocean INTELSAT, 1 ARABSAT; broadcast stations - 2 AM, 3 FM, 3 TV + +*Qatar, Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy, Air Force, Public Security +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 214,977; fit for military service 113,514; reach military + age (18) annually 3,578 (1993 est.) +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA%, of GDP + +*Reunion, Header + +Affiliation: + (overseas department of France) + +*Reunion, Geography + +Location: + Southern Africa, in the western Indian Ocean, 750 km east of Madagascar +Map references: + World +Area: + total area: + 2,510 km2 + land area: + 2,500 km2 + comparative area: + slightly smaller than Rhode Island +Land boundaries: + 0 km +Coastline: + 201 km +Maritime claims: + exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + territorial sea: + 12 nm +International disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical, but moderates with elevation; cool and dry from May to November, + hot and rainy from November to April +Terrain: + mostly rugged and mountainous; fertile lowlands along coast +Natural resources: + fish, arable land +Land use: + arable land: + 20% + permanent crops: + 2% + meadows and pastures: + 4% + forest and woodland: + 35% + other: + 39% +Irrigated land: + 60 km2 (1989 est.) +Environment: + periodic devastating cyclones + +*Reunion, People + +Population: + 639,622 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 2.07% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 25.64 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 4.94 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 8.1 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 73.68 years + male: + 70.61 years + female: + 76.91 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 2.81 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Reunionese (singular and plural) + adjective: + Reunionese +Ethnic divisions: + French, African, Malagasy, Chinese, Pakistani, Indian +Religions: + Roman Catholic 94% +Languages: + French (official), Creole widely used +Literacy: + age 15 and over can read and write (1982) + total population: + 69% + male: + 67% + female: + 74% +Labor force: + NA + by occupation: + agriculture 30%, industry 21%, services 49% (1981) + note: + 63% of population of working age (1983) + +*Reunion, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Department of Reunion + conventional short form: + Reunion + local long form: + none + local short form: + Ile de la Reunion +Digraph: + RE +Type: + overseas department of France +Capital: + Saint-Denis +Administrative divisions: + none (overseas department of France) +Independence: + none (overseas department of France) +Constitution: + 28 September 1958 (French Constitution) +Legal system: + French law +National holiday: + Taking of the Bastille, 14 July (1789) +Political parties and leaders: + Rally for the Republic (RPR), Francois MAS; Union for French Democracy + (UDF), Gilbert GERARD; Communist Party of Reunion (PCR), Paul VERGES; + France-Reunion Future (FRA), Andre THIEN AH KOON; Socialist Party (PS), + Jean-Claude FRUTEAU; Social Democrats (CDS); other small parties +Suffrage: + 18 years of age; universal +Elections: + General Council: + last held 22 March 1991 (next to be held March 1997); results - percent of + vote by party NA; seats - (44 total) + Regional Council: + last held 28 March 1992 (next to be held NA March 1998); results - UDF + 25.6%, PRC 17.9%, PS 10.5%, Independent 30.7%, other 15.3%; seats - (45 + total) Independent 17, UDF 14, PRC 9, PS 5 + French Senate: + last held 24 September 1989 (next to be held NA September 1993); results - + percent of vote by party NA; seats - (3 total) RPR-UDF 1, PS 1, independent + 1 + French National Assembly: + last held 5 and 12 June 1988 (next to be held NA June 1993); results - + percent of vote by party NA; seats - (5 total) PCR 2, RPR 1, UDF-CDS 1, FRA + 1; note - Reunion elects 3 members to the French Senate and 5 members to the + French National Assembly who are voting members +Executive branch: + French president, commissioner of the Republic +Legislative branch: + unicameral General Council and unicameral Regional Council +Judicial branch: + Court of Appeals (Cour d'Appel) +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Francois MITTERRAND (since 21 May 1981) + +*Reunion, Government + + Head of Government: + Commissioner of the Republic Jacques DEWATRE (since NA July 1991) +Member of: + FZ +Diplomatic representation in US: + as an overseas department of France, Reunionese interests are represented in + the US by France +Flag: + the flag of France is used + +*Reunion, Economy + +Overview: + The economy has traditionally been based on agriculture. Sugarcane has been + the primary crop for more than a century, and in some years it accounts for + 85% of exports. The government has been pushing the development of a tourist + industry to relieve high unemployment, which recently amounted to one-third + of the labor force. The gap in Reunion between the well-off and the poor is + extraordinary and accounts for the persistent social tensions. The white and + Indian communities are substantially better off than other segments of the + population, often approaching European standards, whereas indigenous groups + suffer the poverty and unemployment typical of the poorer nations of the + African continent. The outbreak of severe rioting in February 1991 + illustrates the seriousness of socioeconomic tensions. The economic + well-being of Reunion depends heavily on continued financial assistance from + France. +National product: + GDP - exchange rate conversion - $3.37 billion (1987 est.) +National product real growth rate: + 9% (1987 est.) +National product per capita: + $6,000 (1987 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 1.3% (1988) +Unemployment rate: + 35% (February 1991) +Budget: + revenues $358 million; expenditures $914 million, including capital + expenditures of $NA (1986) +Exports: + $166 million (f.o.b., 1988) + commodities: + sugar 75%, rum and molasses 4%, perfume essences 4%, lobster 3%, vanilla and + tea 1% + partners: + France, Mauritius, Bahrain, South Africa, Italy +Imports: + $1.7 billion (c.i.f., 1988) + commodities: + manufactured goods, food, beverages, tobacco, machinery and transportation + equipment, raw materials, and petroleum products + partners: + France, Mauritius, Bahrain, South Africa, Italy +External debt: + $NA +Industrial production: growth rate NA%; about 25% of GDP +Electricity: + 245,000 kW capacity; 750 million kWh produced, 1,230 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + sugar, rum, cigarettes, several small shops producing handicraft items +Agriculture: + accounts for 30% of labor force; dominant sector of economy; cash crops - + sugarcane, vanilla, tobacco; food crops - tropical fruits, vegetables, corn; + imports large share of food needs +Economic aid: + Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), + $14.8 billion +Currency: + 1 French franc (F) = 100 centimes + +*Reunion, Economy + +Exchange rates: + French francs (F) per US$1 - 5.4812 (January 1993), 5.2938 (1992), 5.6421 + (1991), 5.4453 (1990), 6.3801 (1989), 5.9569 (1988) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +*Reunion, Communications + +Highways: + 2,800 km total; 2,200 km paved, 600 km gravel, crushed stone, or stabilized + earth +Ports: + Pointe des Galets +Airports: + total: + 2 + usable: + 2 + with permanent-surface runways: + 2 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 0 + with runway 2,440-3,659 m: + 1 + with runway 1,220-2,439 m: + 1 +Telecommunications: + adequate system; modern open-wire and microwave network; principal center + Saint-Denis; radiocommunication to Comoros, France, Madagascar; new + microwave route to Mauritius; 85,900 telephones; broadcast stations - 3 AM, + 13 FM, 1 (18 repeaters) TV; 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth station + +*Reunion, Defense Forces + +Branches: + French Forces (including Army, Navy, Air Force, Gendarmerie) +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 167,925; fit for military service 86,764; reach military age + (18) annually 5,975 (1993 est.) +Note: + defense is the responsibility of France + +*Romania, Geography + +Location: + Southeastern Europe, bordering the Black Sea between Bulgaria and the + Ukraine +Map references: + Ethnic Groups in Eastern Europe, Europe, Standard Time Zones of the World +Area: + total area: + 237,500 km2 + land area: + 230,340 km2 + comparative area: + slightly smaller than Oregon +Land boundaries: + total 2,508 km, Bulgaria 608 km, Hungary 443 km, Moldova 450 km, Serbia and + Montenegro 476 km (all with Serbia), Ukraine (north) 362 km, Ukraine (south) + 169 km +Coastline: + 225 km +Maritime claims: + contiguous zone: + 24 nm + continental shelf: + 200 m depth or to depth of exploitation + exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + territorial sea: + 12 nm +International disputes: + none +Climate: + temperate; cold, cloudy winters with frequent snow and fog; sunny summers + with frequent showers and thunderstorms +Terrain: + central Transylvanian Basin is separated from the plain of Moldavia on the + east by the Carpathian Mountains and separated from the Walachian Plain on + the south by the Transylvanian Alps +Natural resources: + petroleum (reserves being exhausted), timber, natural gas, coal, iron ore, + salt +Land use: + arable land: + 43% + permanent crops: 3% + meadows and pastures: + 19% + forest and woodland: + 28% + other: + 7% +Irrigated land: + 34,500 km2 (1989 est.) +Environment: + frequent earthquakes most severe in south and southwest; geologic structure + and climate promote landslides; air pollution in south +Note: + controls most easily traversable land route between the Balkans, Moldova, + and Ukraine + +*Romania, People + +Population: + 23,172,362 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 0.02% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 13.66 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 10.17 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + -3.27 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 21.2 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 71.25 years + male: + 68.32 years + female: + 74.34 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 1.83 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Romanian(s) + adjective: + Romanian +Ethnic divisions: + Romanian 89.1%, Hungarian 8.9%, German 0.4%, Ukrainian, Serb, Croat, + Russian, Turk, and Gypsy 1.6% +Religions: + Romanian Orthodox 70%, Roman Catholic 6% (of which 3% are Uniate), + Protestant 6%, unaffiliated 18% +Languages: + Romanian, Hungarian, German +Literacy: + age 15 and over can read and write (1978) + total population: + 98% + male: + NA% + female: + NA% +Labor force: + 10,945,700 + by occupation: + industry 38%, agriculture 28%, other 34% (1989) + +*Romania, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + none + conventional short form: + Romania + local long form: + none + local short form: + Romania +Digraph: + RO +Type: + republic +Capital: + Bucharest +Administrative divisions: + 40 counties (judete, singular - judet) and 1 municipality* (municipiu);, Alba, Arad, Arges, +Bacau, Bihor, Bistrita-Nasaud, Botosani, Braila, Brasov, + Bucuresti*, Buzau, Calarasi, Caras-Severin, Cluj, Constanta, Covasna,, Dimbovita, Dolj, Galati, +Gorj, Giurgiu, Harghita, Hunedoara, Ialomita, Iasi, + Maramures, Mehedinti, Mures, Neamt, Olt, Prahova, Salaj, Satu Mare, Sibiu, + Suceava, Teleorman, Timis, Tulcea, Vaslui, Vilcea, Vrancea +Independence: + 1881 (from Turkey; republic proclaimed 30 December 1947) +Constitution: + 8 December 1991 +Legal system: + former mixture of civil law system and Communist legal theory that + increasingly reflected Romanian traditions is being revised +National holiday: + National Day of Romania, 1 December (1990) +Political parties and leaders: + National Salvation Front (FSN), Petre ROMAN; Democratic National Salvation + Front (DNSF), Oliviu GHERMAN; Magyar Democratic Union (UDMR), Geza DOMOKOS; + National Liberal Party (PNL), Mircea IONESCU-QUINTUS; National Peasants' + Christian and Democratic Party (PNTCD), Corneliu COPOSU; Romanian National + Unity Party (PUNR), Gheorghe FUNAR; Socialist Labor Party (PSM), Ilie + VERDET; Agrarian Democratic Party of Romania (PDAR), Victor SURDU; The + Democratic Convention (CDR), Emil CONSTANTINESCU; Romania Mare Party (PRM), + Corneliu Vadim TUDOR + note: there are dozens of smaller parties; although the Communist Party has ceased + to exist, small proto-Communist parties, notably the Socialist Labor Party, + have been formed +Other political or pressure groups: + various human right and professional associations +Suffrage: + 18 years of age; universal +Elections: + President: + last held 27 September 1992 - with runoff between top two candidates on 11 + October 1992 (next to be held NA 1998); results - Ion ILIESCU 61.4%, Emil + CONSTANTINESCU 38.6% + Senate: + last held 27 September 1992 (next to be held NA 1998); results - DFSN 27.5%, + CDR 22.5%, FSN 11%, others 39%; seats - (143 total) DFSN 49, CDR 34, FSN 18, + PUNR 14, UDMR 12, PRM 6, PDAR 5, PSM 5 + +*Romania, Government + + House of Deputies: + last held 27 September 1992 (next to be held NA 1998); results - DFSN 27.5%, + CDR 22.5%, FSN 11%, others 38.5%; seats - (341 total) DFSN 117, CDR 82, FSN + 43, PUNR 30, UDMR 27, PRM 16, PSM 13, other 13 +Executive branch: + president, prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet) +Legislative branch: + bicameral Parliament consists of an upper house or Senate (Senat) and a + lower house or House of Deputies (Adunarea Deputatilor) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court of Justice, Constitutional Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Ion ILIESCU (since 20 June 1990, previously President of + Provisional Council of National Unity since 23 December 1989) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Nicolae VACAROIU (since November 1992) +Member of: + BIS, BSEC, CCC, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, FAO, G-9, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, + IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), + ITU, LORCS, NACC, NAM (guest), NSG, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIKOM, + UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC +Diplomatic representation in US: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Aurel-Dragos MUNTEANU + chancery: + 1607 23rd Street NW, Washington, DC 20008 + telephone: + (202) 232-4747, 6634, 5693 + FAX: + (202) 232-4748 +US diplomatic representation: + chief of mission: + Ambassador John R. DAVIS, Jr. + embassy: Strada Tudor Arghezi 7-9, Bucharest + mailing address: + AmConGen (Buch), Unit 25402, APO AE 09213-5260 + telephone: + [40] (0) 10-40-40 + FAX: + [40] (0) 12-03-95 +Flag: + three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, and red; the + national coat of arms that used to be centered in the yellow band has been + removed; now similar to the flags of Andorra and Chad + +*Romania, Economy + +Overview: + Industry, which accounts for about one-third of the labor force and + generates over half the GDP, suffers from an aging capital plant and + persistent shortages of energy. The year 1991 witnessed a 17% drop in + industrial production because of energy and input shortages and labor + unrest. In recent years the agricultural sector has had to contend with + flooding, mismanagement, shortages of inputs, and disarray caused by the + dismantling of cooperatives. A shortage of inputs and a severe drought in + 1991 contributed to a poor harvest, a problem compounded by corruption and + an obsolete distribution system. The new government has instituted moderate + land reforms, with more than one-half of cropland now in private hands, and + it has liberalized private agricultural output. Private enterprises form an + increasingly important portion of the economy largely in services, + handicrafts, and small-scale industry. Little progress on large scale + privatization has been made since a law providing for the privatization of + large state firms was passed in August 1991. Most of the large state firms + have been converted into joint-stock companies, but the selling of shares + and assets to private owners has been delayed. While the government has + halted the old policy of diverting food from domestic consumption to hard + currency export markets, supplies remain scarce in some areas. The new + government continues to impose price ceilings on key consumer items. In 1992 + the economy muddled along toward the new, more open system, yet output and + living standards continued to fall. +National product: + GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $63.4 billion (1992 est.) +National product real growth rate: + -15% (1992 est.) +National product per capita: + $2,700 (1992 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 200% (1992 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 9% (January 1993) +Budget: + revenues $19 billion; expenditures $20 billion, including capital + expenditures of $2.1 billion (1991 est.) +Exports: + $3.5 billion (f.o.b., 1991) + commodities: + machinery and equipment 29.3%, fuels, minerals and metals 32.1%, + manufactured consumer goods 18.1%, agricultural materials and forestry + products 9.0%, other 11.5% (1989) + partners: + USSR 27%, Eastern Europe 23%, EC 15%, US 5%, China 4% (1987) +Imports: + $5.1 billion (f.o.b., 1991) + commodities: + fuels, minerals, and metals 56.0%, machinery and equipment 25.5%, + agricultural and forestry products 8.6%, manufactured consumer goods 3.4%, + other 6.5% (1989) + partners: + Communist countries 60%, non-Communist countries 40% (1987) +External debt: + $3 billion (1992) +Industrial production: + growth rate -17% (1991 est.); accounts for 48% of GDP +Electricity: + 22,500,000 kW capacity; 59,000 million kWh produced, 2,540 kWh per capita + (1992) + +*Romania, Economy + +Industries: + mining, timber, construction materials, metallurgy, chemicals, machine + building, food processing, petroleum production and refining +Agriculture: + accounts for 18% of GDP and 28% of labor force; major wheat and corn + producer; other products - sugar beets, sunflower seed, potatoes, milk, + eggs, meat, grapes +Illicit drugs: + transshipment point for southwest Asian heroin transiting the Balkan route +Economic aid: + donor - $4.4 billion in bilateral aid to non-Communist less developed + countries (1956-89) +Currency: + 1 leu (L) = 100 bani +Exchange rates: + lei (L) per US$1 - 470.10 (January 1993), 307.95 (1992), 76.39 (1991), + 22.432 (1990), 14.922 (1989), 14.277 (1988) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +*Romania, Communications + +Railroads: + 11,275 km total; 10,860 km 1.435-meter gauge, 370 km narrow gauge, 45 km + broad gauge; 3,411 km electrified, 3,060 km double track; government owned + (1987) +Highways: + 72,799 km total; 35,970 km paved; 27,729 km gravel, crushed stone, and other + stabilized surfaces; 9,100 km unsurfaced roads (1985) +Inland waterways: 1,724 km (1984) +Pipelines: + crude oil 2,800 km, petroleum products 1,429 km, natural gas 6,400 km (1992) +Ports: + Constanta, Galati, Braila, Mangalia; inland ports are Giurgiu, Drobeta-Turnu + Severin, Orsova +Merchant marine: + 249 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,882,727 GRT/4,463,879 DWT; includes + 1 passenger-cargo, 170 cargo, 2 container, 1 rail-car carrier, 9 + roll-on/roll-off cargo, 15 oil tanker, 51 bulk +Airports: + total: + 158 + usable: + 158 + with permanent-surface runways: + 27 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 21 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 26 +Telecommunications: + poor service; about 2.3 million telephone customers; 89% of phone network is + automatic; cable and open wire; trunk network is microwave; present phone + density is 9.85 per 100 residents; roughly 3,300 villages with no service + (February 1990); broadcast stations - 12 AM, 5 FM, 13 TV (1990); 1 satellite + ground station using INTELSAT + +*Romania, Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy, Air and Air Defense Forces, Paramilitary Forces, Civil Defense +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 5,846,332; fit for military service 4,942,746; reach + military age (20) annually 185,714 (1993 est.) +Defense expenditures: + 137 billion lei, 3% of GDP (1993); note - conversion of defense expenditures + into US dollars using the current exchange rate could produce misleading + results + +*Russia, Geography + +Location: + Europe/North Asia, between Europe and the North Pacific Ocean +Map references: + Asia, Commonwealth of Independent States - Central Asian States, + Commonwealth of Independent States - European States, Standard Time Zones of + the World +Area: + total area: 17,075,200 km2 + land area: + 16,995,800 km2 + comparative area: + slightly more than 1.8 times the size of the US +Land boundaries: + total 20,139 km, Azerbaijan 284 km, Belarus 959 km, China (southeast) 3,605 + km, China (south) 40 km, Estonia 290 km, Finland 1,313 km, Georgia 723 km, + Kazakhstan 6,846 km, North Korea 19 km, Latvia 217 km, Lithuania + (Kaliningrad Oblast) 227 km, Mongolia 3,441 km, Norway 167 km, Poland + (Kaliningrad Oblast) 432 km, Ukraine 1,576 km +Coastline: + 37,653 km +Maritime claims: + continental shelf: + 200 m depth or to depth of exploitation + exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + territorial sea: + 12 nm +International disputes: + inherited disputes from former USSR including: sections of the boundary with + China; boundary with Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia; Etorofu, Kunashiri, and + Shikotan Islands and the Habomai island group occupied by the Soviet Union + in 1945, claimed by Japan; maritime dispute with Norway over portion of the + Barents Sea; has made no territorial claim in Antarctica (but has reserved + the right to do so) and does not recognize the claims of any other nation +Climate: + ranges from steppes in the south through humid continental in much of + European Russia; subarctic in Siberia to tundra climate in the polar north; + winters vary from cool along Black Sea coast to frigid in Siberia; summers + vary from warm in the steppes to cool along Arctic coast +Terrain: + broad plain with low hills west of Urals; vast coniferous forest and tundra + in Siberia; uplands and mountains along southern border regions +Natural resources: + wide natural resource base including major deposits of oil, natural gas, + coal, and many strategic minerals, timber + note: + formidable obstacles of climate, terrain, and distance hinder exploitation + of natural resources +Land use: + arable land: + NA% + permanent crops: + NA% + meadows and pastures: + NA% + forest and woodland: + NA% + +*Russia, Geography + + other: NA% + note: + agricultural land accounts for 13% of the total land area +Irrigated land: + 61,590 km2 (1990) +Environment: + despite its size, only a small percentage of land is arable and much is too + far north for cultivation; permafrost over much of Siberia is a major + impediment to development; catastrophic pollution of land, air, water, + including both inland waterways and sea coasts +Note: + largest country in the world in terms of area but unfavorably located in + relation to major sea lanes of the world + +*Russia, People + +Population: + 149,300,359 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 0.21% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 12.73 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 11.32 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + 0.69 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 27.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 68.69 years + male: + 63.59 years + female: + 74.04 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 1.83 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Russian(s) + adjective: + Russian +Ethnic divisions: + Russian 81.5%, Tatar 3.8%, Ukrainian 3%, Chuvash 1.2%, Bashkir 0.9%, + Belarusian 0.8%, Moldavian 0.7%, other 8.1% +Religions: + Russian Orthodox, Muslim, other +Languages: + Russian, other +Literacy: + age 9-49 can read and write (1970) + total population: + 100% + male: 100% + female: + 100% +Labor force: + 75 million (1993 est.) + by occupation: + production and economic services 83.9%, government 16.1% + +*Russia, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Russian Federation + conventional short form: + Russia + local long form: + Rossiyskaya Federatsiya + local short form: + Rossiya + former: + Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic +Digraph: + RS +Type: + federation +Capital: + Moscow +Administrative divisions: + 21 autonomous republics (avtomnykh respublik, singular - avtomnaya + respublika); Adygea (Maykop), Bashkortostan (Ufa), Buryatia (Ulan-Ude), + Chechenia, Chuvashia (Cheboksary), Dagestan (Makhachkala), Gorno-Altay + (Gorno-Altaysk), Ingushetia, Kabardino-Balkaria (Nal'chik), Kalmykia + (Elista), Karachay-Cherkessia (Cherkessk), Karelia (Petrozavodsk), Khakassia + (Abakan), Komi (Syktyvkar), Mari El (Yoshkar-Ola), Mordvinia (Saransk), + North Ossetia (Vladikavkaz; formerly Ordzhonikidze), Tatarstan (Kazan'), + Tuva (Kyzyl), Udmurtia (Izhevsk), Yakutia (Yakutsk); 49 oblasts (oblastey, + singular - oblast'); Amur (Blagoveshchensk), Arkhangel'sk, Astrakhan', + Belgorod, Bryansk, Chelyabinsk, Chita, Irkutsk, Ivanovo, Kaliningrad, + Kaluga, Kamchatka (Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy), Kemerovo, Kirov, Kostroma, + Kurgan, Kursk, St. Petersburg (Leningrad), Lipetsk, Magadan, Moscow, + Murmansk, Nizhniy Novgorod (formerly Gor'kiy), Novgorod, Novosibirsk, Omsk, + Orel, Orenburg, Penza, Perm', Pskov, Rostov, Ryazan', Sakhalin + (Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk), Samara (formerly Kuybyshev), Saratov, Smolensk, + Sverdlovsk (Yekaterinburg), Tambov, Tomsk, Tula, Tver' (formerly Kalinin), + Tyumen', Ul'yanovsk, Vladimir, Volgograd, Vologda, Voronezh, Yaroslavl'; 6 + krays (krayev, singular - kray); Altay (Barnaul), Khabarovsk, Krasnodar, + Krasnoyarsk, Primorskiy (Vladivostok), Stavropol' + note: + the autonomous republics of Chechenia and Ingushetia were formerly the + automous republic of Checheno-Ingushetia (the boundary between Chechenia and + Ingushetia has yet to be determined); the cities of Moscow and St. + Petersburg have oblast status; an administrative division has the same name + as its administrative center (exceptions have the administrative center name + following in parentheses); 4 more administrative divisions may be added +Independence: + 24 August 1991 (from Soviet Union) +Constitution: + adopted in 1978; a new constitution is in the process of being drafted +Legal system: + based on civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts; does not + accept compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + Independence Day, June 12 + +*Russia, Government + +Political parties and leaders: + proreformers: + Christian Democratic Party, Aleksandr CHUYEV; Christian Democratic Union of + Russia, Aleksandr OGORODNIKOV; Democratic Russia Movement, pro-government + faction, Lev PONOMAREV, Gleb YAKUNIN, Vladimir BOKSER; Democratic Russia + Movement, radical-liberal faction, Yuriy AFANAS'YEV, Marina SAL'YE; Economic + Freedom Party, Konstantin BOROVOY, Svyatoslav FEDOROV; Free Labor Party, + Igor' KOROVIKOV; Party of Constitutional Democrats, Viktor ZOLOTAREV; + Republican Party of Russia, Vladimir LYSENKO, Vyacheslav SHOSTAKOVSKIY; + Russian Democratic Reform Movement, Gavriil POPOV; Social Democratic Party, + Boris ORLOV; Social Liberal Party, Vladimir FILIN + moderate reformers: + All-Russian Renewal Union (member Civic Union), Arkadiy VOL'SKIY, Aleksandr + VLADISLAVLEV; Democratic Party of Russia (member Civic Union), Nikolay + TRAVKIN, Valeriy KHOMYAKOV; People's Party of Free Russia (member Civic + Union), Aleksandr RUTSKOY, Vasiliy LIPITSKIY; Russian Union of + Industrialists and Entrepreneurs, Arkadiy VOL'SKIY, Aleksandr VLADISLAVLEV + antireformers: + Communists and neo-Communists have 7 parties - All-Union Communist Party of + Bolsheviks, Nina ANDREYEVA; Labor Party, Boris KAGARLITSKIY; Russian + Communist Worker's Party, Viktor ANPILOV, Gen. Albert MAKASHOV; Russian + Party of Communists, Anatoliy KRYUCHKOV; Socialist Party of Working People, + Roy MEDVEDEV; Union of Communists, Aleksey PRIGARIN; Working Russia + Movement, Viktor ANPILOV; National Patriots have 6 parties - Constitutional + Democratic Party, Mikhail ASTAF'YEV; Council of People and Patriotic Forces + of Russia, Gennadiy ZYUGANOV; National Salvation Front, Mikhail ASTAF'YEV, + Sergey BABURIN, Vladimir ISAKOV, Il'ya KONSTANTINOV, Aleksandr STERLIGOV; + Russian Christian Democratic Movement, Viktor AKSYUCHITS; Russian National + Assembly, Aleksandr STERLIGOV; Russian National Union, Sergey BABURIN, + Nikolay PAVLOV; extremists have 5 parties - Liberal Democratic Party, + Vladimir ZHIRNOVKSKIY; Nashi Movement, Viktor ALKSNIS; National Republican + Party of Russia, Nikolay LYSENKO; Russian Party, Viktor KORCHAGIN; Russian + National Patriotic Front (Pamyat), Dmitriy VASIL'YEV +Other political or pressure groups: + Civic Union, Aleksandr RUTSKOY, Nikolay TRAVKIN, Arkadiy VOL'SKIY, chairmen +Suffrage: + 18 years of age; universal +Elections: + President: + last held 12 June 1991 (next to be held 1996); results - percent of vote by + party NA% + Congress of People's Deputies: last held March 1990 (next to be held 1995); results - percent of +vote by + party NA%; seats - (1,063 total) number of seats by party NA; election held + before parties were formed + Supreme Soviet: + last held May 1990 (next to be held 1995); results - percent of vote by + party NA%; seats - (252 total) number of seats by party NA; elected from + Congress of People's Deputies +Executive branch: + president, vice president, Security Council, Presidential Administration, + Council of Ministers, Group of Assistants, Council of Heads of Republics +Legislative branch: + unicameral Congress of People's Deputies, bicameral Supreme Soviet +Judicial branch: + Constitutional Court, Supreme Court + +*Russia, Government + +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Boris Nikolayevich YEL'TSIN (since 12 June 1991); Vice President + Aleksandr Vladimirovich RUTSKOY (since 12 June 1991); Chairman of the + Supreme Soviet Ruslan KHASBULATOV (28 October 1991) + Head of Government: + Chairman of the Council of Ministers Viktor Stepanovich CHERNOMYRDIN (since + NA December 1992); First Deputy Chairmen of the Council of Ministers + Vladimir SHUMEYKO (since 9 June 1992), Oleg LOBW (since NA April 1993), Oleg + SOSKOVETS (since NA April 1993) +Member of: + BSEC, CBSS, CCC, CERN (observer), CIS, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, ESCAP, IAEA, IBRD, + ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM + (observer), ISO, ITU, LORCS, MINURSO, NACC, NSG, OAS (observer), PCA, UN, + UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNPROFOR, UN Security Council, UNTAC, UN + Trusteeship Council, UNTSO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC +Diplomatic representation in US: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Vladimir Petrovich LUKIN + chancery: + 1125 16th Street NW, Washington, DC 20036 + telephone: + (202) 628-7551 and 8548 + consulates general: + New York and San Francisco +US diplomatic representation: + chief of mission: + (vacant) + embassy: + Ulitsa Chaykovskogo 19/21/23, Moscow + mailing address: + APO AE 09721 + telephone: + [7] (095) 252-2450 through 2459 + FAX: + [7] (095) 255-9965 + consulates: St. Petersburg (formerly Leningrad), Vladivostok +Flag: + three equal horizontal bands of white (top), blue, and red + +*Russia, Economy + + +*Russia, Economy + +Overview: + Russia, a vast country with a wealth of natural resources and a diverse + industrial base, continues to experience great difficulties in moving from + its old centrally planned economy to a modern market economy. President + YEL'TSIN's government made significant strides toward a market economy in + 1992 by freeing most prices, slashing defense spending, unifying foreign + exchange rates, and launching an ambitious privatization program. At the + same time, GDP fell 19%, according to official statistics, largely + reflecting government efforts to restructure the economy, shortages of + essential imports caused by the breakdown in former Bloc and interstate + trade, and reduced demand following the freeing of prices in January. The + actual decline, however, may have been less steep, because industrial and + agricultural enterprises had strong incentives to understate output to avoid + taxes, and official statistics may not have fully captured the output of the + growing private sector. Despite the large drop in output, unemployment at + yearend stood at an estimated 3%-4% of Russia's 74-million-person labor + force; many people, however, are working shortened weeks or are on forced + leave. Moscow's financial stabilization program got off to a good start at + the beginning of 1992 but began to falter by midyear. Under pressure from + industrialists and the Supreme Soviet, the government loosened fiscal + policies in the second half. In addition, the Russian Central Bank relaxed + its tight credit policy in July at the behest of new Acting Chairman, Viktor + GERASHCHENKO. This loosening of financial policies led to a sharp increase + in prices during the last quarter, and inflation reached about 25% per month + by yearend. The situation of most consumers worsened in 1992. The January + price liberalization and a blossoming of private vendors filled shelves + across the country with previously scarce food items and consumer goods, but + wages lagged behind inflation, making such goods unaffordable for many + consumers. Falling real wages forced most Russians to spend a larger share + of their income on food and to alter their eating habits. Indeed, many + Russians reduced their consumption of higher priced meat, fish, milk, + vegetables, and fruit, in favor of more bread and potatoes. As a result of + higher spending on food, consumers reduced their consumption of nonfood + goods and services. Despite a slow start and some rough going, the Russian + government by the end of 1992 scored some successes in its campaign to break + the state's stranglehold on property and improve the environment for private + businesses. More peasant farms were created than expected; the number of + consumers purchasing goods from private traders rose sharply; the portion of + the population working in the private sector increased to nearly one-fifth; + and the nine-month-long slump in the privatization of small businesses was + ended in the fall. Although the output of weapons fell sharply in 1992, most + defense enterprises continued to encounter numerous difficulties developing + and marketing consumer products, establishing new supply links, and securing + resources for retooling. Indeed, total civil production by the defense + sector fell in 1992 because of shortages of inputs and lower consumer demand + caused by higher prices. Ruptured ties with former trading partners, output + declines, and sometimes erratic efforts to move to world prices and + decentralize trade - foreign and interstate - took a heavy toll on Russia's + commercial relations with other countries. For the second year in a row, + foreign trade was down sharply, with exports falling by as much as 25% and + imports by 21%. The drop in imports would have been much greater if foreign + aid - worth an estimated $8 billion - had not allowed the continued inflow + of essential products. Trade with the other former Soviet republics + continued to decline, and support for the ruble as a common currency eroded + in the face of Moscow's loose monetary policies and rapidly rising prices + throughout the region. At the same time, Russia paid only a fraction of the + $20 billion due on the former USSR's roughly $80 billion debt; debt + rescheduling remained hung up because of a dispute between Russia and + Ukraine over division of the former USSR's assets. Capital flight also + remained a serious problem in 1992. Russia's economic difficulties did not + +*Russia, Economy + + abate in the first quarter of 1993. Monthly inflation remained at + double-digit levels and industrial production continued to slump. To reduce + the threat of hyperinflation, the government proposed to restrict subsidies + to enterprises; raise interest rates; set quarterly limits on credits, the + budget deficit, and money supply growth; and impose temporary taxes and cut + spending if budget targets are not met. But many legislators and Central + Bank officials oppose various of these austerity measures and failed to + approve them in the first part of 1993. +National product: + GDP $NA +National product real growth rate: + -19% (1992) +National product per capita: + $NA +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 25% per month (December 1992) +Unemployment rate: + 3%-4% of labor force (1 January 1993 est.) +Budget: + revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA +Exports: + $39.2 billion (f.o.b., 1992) + commodities: + petroleum and petroleum products, natural gas, wood and wood products, + metals, chemicals, and a wide variety of civilian and military manufactures + partners: + Europe +Imports: + $35.0 billion (f.o.b., 1992) + commodities: + machinery and equipment, chemicals, consumer goods, grain, meat, sugar, + semifinished metal products + partners: + Europe, North America, Japan, Third World countries, Cuba +External debt: + $80 billion (yearend 1992 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate -19% (1992) +Electricity: + 213,000,000 KW capacity; 1,014.8 billion kWh produced, 6,824 kWh per capita + (1 January 1992) +Industries: + complete range of mining and extractive industries producing coal, oil, gas, + chemicals, and metals; all forms of machine building from rolling mills to + high-performance aircraft and space vehicles; ship- building; road and rail + transportation equipment; communications equipment; agricultural machinery, + tractors, and construction equipment; electric power generating and + transmitting equipment; medical and scientific instruments; consumer + durables +Agriculture: + grain, sugar beet, sunflower seeds, meat, milk, vegetables, fruits; because + of its northern location does not grow citrus, cotton, tea, and other warm + climate products +Illicit drugs: + illicit producer of cannabis and opium; mostly for domestic consumption; + government has active eradication program; used as transshipment point for + illicit drugs to Western Europe +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (1990-92), $9.0 billion; other countries, + ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1988-92), $91 billion + +*Russia, Economy + +Currency: + 1 ruble (R) = 100 kopeks +Exchange rates: + rubles per US$1 - 415 (24 December 1992) but subject to wide fluctuations +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +*Russia, Communications + +Railroads: + 158,100 km all 1.520-meter broad gauge; 86,800 km in common carrier service, + of which 48,900 km are diesel traction and 37,900 km are electric traction; + 71,300 km serves specific industry and is not available for common carrier + use (31 December 1991) +Highways: + 893,000 km total, of which 677,000 km are paved or gravelled and 216,000 km + are dirt; 456,000 km are for general use and are maintained by the Russian + Highway Corporation (formerly Russian Highway Ministry); the 437,000 km not + in general use are the responsibility of various other organizations + (formerly ministries); of the 456,000 km in general use, 265,000 km are + paved, 140,000 km are gravelled, and 51,000 km are dirt; of the 437,000 km + not in general use, 272,000 km are paved or gravelled and 165,000 are dirt + (31 December 1991) +Inland waterways: + total navigable routes 102,000 km; routes with navigation guides serving the + Russian River Fleet 97,300 km (including illumination and light reflecting + guides); routes with other kinds of navigational aids 34,300 km; man-made + navigable routes 16,900 km (31 December 1991) +Pipelines: + crude oil 72,500 km, petroleum products 10,600 km, natural gas 136,000 km + (1992) +Ports: + coastal - St. Petersburg (Leningrad), Kaliningrad, Murmansk, Petropavlovsk, + Arkhangel'sk, Novorossiysk, Vladivostok, Nakhodka, Kholmsk, Korsakov, + Magadan, Tiksi, Tuapse, Vanino, Vostochnyy, Vyborg; inland - Astrakhan', + Nizhniy Novgorod (Gor'kiy), Kazan', Khabarovsk, Krasnoyarsk, Samara + (Kuybyshev), Moscow, Rostov, Volgograd +Merchant marine: + 865 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 8,073,954 GRT/11,138,336 DWT; + includes 457 cargo, 82 container, 3 multi-function large load carrier, 2 + barge carrier, 72 roll-on/roll-off, 124 oil tanker, 25 bulk cargo, 9 + chemical tanker, 2 specialized tanker, 16 combination ore/oil, 5 passenger + cargo, 18 short-sea passenger, 6 passenger, 28 combination bulk, 16 + refrigerated cargo +Airports: + total: + 2,550 + useable: + 964 + with permanent surface runways: + 565 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 19 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 275 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 426 + +*Russia, Communications + +Telecommunications: + NMT-450 analog cellular telephone networks are opertional in Moscow and St. + Petersburg; expanding access to international E-mail service via Sprint + networks; the inadequacy of Russian telecommunications is a severe handicap + to the economy, especially with respect to international connections; total + installed telephones 24,400,000, of which in urban areas 20,900,000 and in + rural areas 3,500,000; of these, total installed in homes 15,400,000; total + pay phones for long distant calls 34,100; telephone density is about 164 + telephones per 1,000 persons; international traffic is handled by an + inadequate system of satellites, land lines, microwave radio relay and + outdated submarine cables; this traffic passes through the international + gateway switch in Moscow which carries most of the international traffic for + the other countries of the Confederation of Independent States; a new + Russian Raduga satellite will soon link Moscow and St. Petersburg with Rome + from whence calls will be relayed to destinations in Europe and overseas; + satellite ground stations - INTELSAT, Intersputnik, Eutelsat (Moscow), + INMARSAT, Orbita; broadcast stations - 1,050 AM/FM/SW (reach 98.6% of + population), 7,183 TV; receiving sets - 54,200,000 TV, 48,800,000 radio + receivers; intercity fiberoptic cables installation remains limited + +*Russia, Defense Forces + +Branches: + Ground Forces, Navy, Air Forces, Air Defense Forces, Strategic Rocket + Forces, Command and General Support, Security Forces + note: + strategic nuclear units and warning facilities are under joint CIS control; + Russian defense forces will be comprised of those ground-, air-, and + sea-based conventional assets currently on Russian soil and those still + scheduled to be withdrawn from other countries +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 37,092,361; fit for military service 29,253,668; reach + military age (18) annually 1,082,115 (1993 est.) +Defense expenditures: + $NA, NA% of GDP + +*Rwanda, Geography + +Location: + Central Africa, between Tanzania and Zaire +Map references: + Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World +Area: + total area: + 26,340 km2 + land area: + 24,950 km2 + comparative area: + slightly smaller than Maryland +Land boundaries: + total 893 km, Burundi 290 km, Tanzania 217 km, Uganda 169 km, Zaire 217 km +Coastline: + 0 km (landlocked) +Maritime claims: + none; landlocked +International disputes: + none +Climate: + temperate; two rainy seasons (February to April, November to January); mild + in mountains with frost and snow possible +Terrain: + mostly grassy uplands and hills; mountains in west +Natural resources: + gold, cassiterite (tin ore), wolframite (tungsten ore), natural gas, + hydropower +Land use: + arable land: + 29% + permanent crops: 11% + meadows and pastures: + 18% + forest and woodland: + 10% + other: + 32% +Irrigated land: + 40 km2 (1989 est.) +Environment: + deforestation; overgrazing; soil exhaustion; soil erosion; periodic droughts +Note: + landlocked + +*Rwanda, People + +Population: + 8,139,272 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 2.9% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 49.92 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 20.87 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 119.4 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 41.23 years + male: + 40.2 years + female: + 42.28 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 8.27 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Rwandan(s) + adjective: + Rwandan +Ethnic divisions: + Hutu 90%, Tutsi 9%, Twa (Pygmoid) 1% +Religions: + Roman Catholic 65%, Protestant 9%, Muslim 1%, indigenous beliefs and other + 25% +Languages: + Kinyarwanda (official), French (official), Kiswahili used in commercial + centers +Literacy: + age 15 and over can read and write (1990) + total population: + 50% male: + 64% + female: + 37% +Labor force: + 3.6 million + by occupation: + agriculture 93%, government and services 5%, industry and commerce 2% + note: + 49% of population of working age (1985) + +*Rwanda, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Republic of Rwanda + conventional short form: + Rwanda + local long form: + Republika y'u Rwanda + local short form: + Rwanda +Digraph: + RW +Type: + republic; presidential system + note: + a new, all-party transitional government is to assume office later this + year, replacing the current MRND-dominated coalition +Capital: + Kigali +Administrative divisions: + 10 prefectures (prefectures, singular - prefecture in French; plural - NA, + singular - prefegitura in Kinyarwanda); Butare, Byumba, Cyangugu, Gikongoro, + Gisenyi, Gitarama, Kibungo, Kibuye, Kigali, Ruhengeri +Independence: + 1 July 1962 (from UN trusteeship under Belgian administration) +Constitution: + 18 June 1991 +Legal system: + based on German and Belgian civil law systems and customary law; judicial + review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court; has not accepted compulsory + ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + Independence Day, 1 July (1962) +Political parties and leaders: + Republican National Movement for Democracy and Development (MRND), President + HABYARIMANA's political movement, remains the dominant party; significant + independent parties include: Democratic Republican Movement (MDR), Faustin + TWAGIRAMUNGU; Liberal Party (PL), Justin MUGENZI; Democratic and Socialist + Party (PSD), Frederic NZAMURAMBAHO; Coalition for the Defense of the + Republic (CDR), Martin BUCYANA; Party for Democracy in Rwanda (PADER), Jean + NTAGUNGIRA; Christian Democratic Party (PDL), Nayinzira NEPOMUSCENE + note: formerly a one-party state, Rwanda legalized independent parties in + mid-1991; since then, at least 10 new political parties have registered +Other political or pressure groups: + since October 1990, Rwanda has been involved in a low-intensity conflict + with the Rwandan Patriotic Front/Rwandan Patriotic Army (RPF/RPA) +Suffrage: + universal adult at age NA +Elections: + President: + last held 19 December 1988 (next to be held NA December 1993); results - + President Juvenal HABYARIMANA reelected + National Development Council: + last held 19 December 1988 (next to be held NA December 1993); results - + MRND was the only party; seats - (70 total) MRND 70 +Executive branch: + president, prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet) +Legislative branch: + unicameral National Development Council (Conseil National de Developpement) + +*Rwanda, Government + +Judicial branch: + Constitutional Court (consists of the Court of Cassation and the Council of + State in joint session) +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Juvenal HABYARIMANA (since 5 July 1973) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Dismas NSENGIYAREMYE (since NA April 1992) +Member of: + ACCT, ACP, AfDB, ECA, CCC, CEEAC, CEPGL, FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, + IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, UN, + UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation in US: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Aloys UWIMANA + chancery: + 1714 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20009 + telephone: + (202) 232-2882 +US diplomatic representation: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Robert A. FLATEN + embassy: + Boulevard de la Revolution, Kigali + mailing address: + B. P. 28, Kigali + telephone: + [250] 75601 through 75603 + FAX: + [250] 72128 +Flag: + three equal vertical bands of red (hoist side), yellow, and green with a + large black letter R centered in the yellow band; uses the popular + pan-African colors of Ethiopia; similar to the flag of Guinea, which has a + plain yellow band + +*Rwanda, Economy + +Overview: + Almost 50% of GDP comes from the agricultural sector; coffee and tea make up + 80-90% of total exports. The amount of fertile land is limited, however, and + deforestation and soil erosion have created problems. The industrial sector + in Rwanda is small, contributing only 17% to GDP. Manufacturing focuses + mainly on the processing of agricultural products. The Rwandan economy + remains dependent on coffee exports and foreign aid. Weak international + prices since 1986 have caused the economy to contract and per capita GDP to + decline. A structural adjustment program with the World Bank began in + October 1990. An outbreak of insurgency, also in October 1990, has dampened + prospects for economic improvement. +National product: + GDP - exchange rate conversion - $2.35 billion (1992 est.) +National product real growth rate: + 1.3% (1992 est.) +National product per capita: + $290 (1992 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 6% (1992 est.) +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $350 million; expenditures $453.7 million, including capital + expenditures of $NA million (1992 est.) +Exports: + $66.6 million (f.o.b., 1992 est.) + commodities: + coffee 85%, tea, tin, cassiterite, wolframite, pyrethrum + partners: + Germany, Belgium, Italy, Uganda, UK, France, US +Imports: + $259.5 million (f.o.b., 1992 est.) + commodities: + textiles, foodstuffs, machines and equipment, capital goods, steel, + petroleum products, cement and construction material + partners: + US, Belgium, Germany, Kenya, Japan +External debt: + $911 million (1990 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 1.2% (1988); accounts for 17% of GDP +Electricity: + 30,000 kW capacity; 130 million kWh produced, 15 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + mining of cassiterite (tin ore) and wolframite (tungsten ore), tin, cement, + agricultural processing, small-scale beverage production, soap, furniture, + shoes, plastic goods, textiles, cigarettes +Agriculture: + accounts for almost 50% of GDP and about 90% of the labor force; cash crops + - coffee, tea, pyrethrum (insecticide made from chrysanthemums); main food + crops - bananas, beans, sorghum, potatoes; stock raising; self-sufficiency + declining; country imports foodstuffs as farm production fails to keep up + with a 3.8% annual growth in population + +*Rwanda, Economy + +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $128 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $2.0 billion; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $45 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $58 + million; note - in October 1990 Rwanda launched a Structural Adjustment + Program with the IMF; since September 1991, the EC has given $46 million and + the US $25 million in support of this program +Currency: + 1 Rwandan franc (RF) = 100 centimes +Exchange rates: + Rwandan francs (RF) per US$1 - 146.34 (January 1993), 133.35 (1992), 125.14 + (1991), 82.60 (1990), 79.98 (1989), 76.45 (1988) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +*Rwanda, Communications + +Highways: + 4,885 km total; 460 km paved, 1,725 km gravel and/or improved earth, 2,700 + km unimproved +Inland waterways: + Lac Kivu navigable by shallow-draft barges and native craft +Airports: + total: + 8 + usable: + 7 + with permanent-surface runways: + 3 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 1 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 2 +Telecommunications: + fair system with low-capacity radio relay system centered on Kigali; + broadcast stations - 2 AM, 1 (7 repeaters) FM, no TV; satellite earth + stations - 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT and 1 SYMPHONIE + +*Rwanda, Defense Forces + +Branches: Army (including Air Wing), Gendarmerie +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 1,675,160; fit for military service 853,467 (1993 est.); no + conscription +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $37 million, 1.6% of GDP (1988 est.) + +*Saint Helena, Header + +Affiliation: + (dependent territory of the UK) + +*Saint Helena, Geography + +Location: + in the South Atlantic Ocean, 1,920 km west of Angola, about two-thirds of + the way between South America and Africa +Map references: + Africa +Area: + total area: + 410 km2 + land area: + 410 km2 + comparative area: + slightly more than 2.3 times the size of Washington, DC + note: + includes Ascension, Gough Island, Inaccessible Island, Nightingale Island, + and Tristan da Cunha +Land boundaries: + 0 km +Coastline: + 60 km +Maritime claims: + exclusive fishing zone: + 200 nm + territorial sea: + 12 nm +International disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical; marine; mild, tempered by trade winds +Terrain: + rugged, volcanic; small scattered plateaus and plains +Natural resources: + fish; Ascension is a breeding ground for sea turtles and sooty terns, no + minerals +Land use: + arable land: + 7% + permanent crops: + 0% meadows and pastures: + 7% + forest and woodland: + 3% + other: + 83% +Irrigated land: + NA km2 +Environment: + very few perennial streams +Note: + Napoleon Bonaparte's place of exile and burial; harbors at least 40 species + of plants unknown anywhere else in the world + +*Saint Helena, People + +Population: + 6,720 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 0.32% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 9.82 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 6.67 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 38.39 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 74.43 years + male: + 72.36 years + female: + 76.27 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 1.16 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Saint Helenian(s) + adjective: + Saint Helenian +Ethnic divisions: + NA +Religions: + Anglican (majority), Baptist, Seventh-Day Adventist, Roman Catholic +Languages: + English +Literacy: + age 15 and over can read and write (1987) + total population: + 98% + male: + 97% female: + 98% +Labor force: + 2,516 + by occupation: + professional, technical, and related workers 8.7%, managerial, + administrative, and clerical 12.8%, sales people 8.1%, farmer, fishermen, + etc. 5.4%, craftspersons, production process workers 14.7%, others 50.3% + (1987) + +*Saint Helena, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + none + conventional short form: + Saint Helena +Digraph: + SH +Type: + dependent territory of the UK +Capital: + Jamestown +Administrative divisions: + 1 administrative area and 2 dependencies*; Ascension*, Saint Helena, Tristan, da Cunha*, +Independence: + none (dependent territory of the UK) +Constitution: + 1 January 1989 +Legal system: + NA +National holiday: + Celebration of the Birthday of the Queen, 10 June 1989 (second Saturday in + June) +Political parties and leaders: + Saint Helena Labor Party; Saint Helena Progressive Party + note: + both political parties inactive since 1976 +Suffrage: + NA +Elections: + Legislative Council: + last held October 1984 (next to be held NA); results - percent of vote by + party NA; seats - (15 total, 12 elected) number of seats by party NA +Executive branch: + British monarch, governor commander-in-chief, Executive Council (cabinet) +Legislative branch: + unicameral Legislative Council +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952) Head of Government: + Governor A. N. HOOLE (since NA) +Member of: + ICFTU +Diplomatic representation in US: + none (dependent territory of the UK) +US diplomatic representation: + none (dependent territory of the UK) +Flag: + blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the Saint + Helenian shield centered on the outer half of the flag; the shield features + a rocky coastline and three-masted sailing ship + +*Saint Helena, Economy + +Overview: + The economy depends primarily on financial assistance from the UK. The local + population earns some income from fishing, the raising of livestock, and + sales of handicrafts. Because there are few jobs, a large proportion of the + work force has left to seek employment overseas. +National product: + GDP $NA +National product real growth rate: + NA% +National product per capita: + $NA +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + -1.1% (1986) +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $3.2 million; expenditures $2.9 million, including capital + expenditures of $NA (1984) +Exports: + $23,900 (f.o.b., 1984) + commodities: + fish (frozen and salt-dried skipjack, tuna), handicrafts + partners: + South Africa, UK +Imports: + $2.4 million (c.i.f., 1984) + commodities: + food, beverages, tobacco, fuel oils, animal feed, building materials, motor + vehicles and parts, machinery and parts + partners: + UK, South Africa +External debt: + $NA +Industrial production: + growth rate NA% +Electricity: + 9,800 kW capacity; 10 million kWh produced, 1,390 kWh per capita (1989) +Industries: + crafts (furniture, lacework, fancy woodwork), fishing +Agriculture: + maize, potatoes, vegetables; timber production being developed; crawfishing + on Tristan da Cunha +Economic aid: + Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), + $198 million +Currency: + 1 Saint Helenian pound (#S) = 100 pence +Exchange rates: + Saint Helenian pounds (#S) per US$1 - 0.6527 (January 1993), 0.5664 (1992), + 0.5652 (1991), 0.5603 (1990), 0.6099 (1989), 0.5614 (1988); note - the Saint + Helenian pound is at par with the British pound +Fiscal year: + 1 April - 31 March + +*Saint Helena, Communications + +Highways: + 87 km paved roads and 20 km earth roads on Saint Helena; 80 km paved roads + on Ascension; 2.7 km paved roads on Tristan da Cunha +Ports: + Jamestown (Saint Helena), Georgetown (Ascension) +Airports: + total: + 1 + useable: + 1 + with permanent-surface runways: + 1 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 1 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 0 +Telecommunications: + 1,500 radio receivers; broadcast stations - 1 AM, no FM, no TV; 550 + telephones in automatic network; HF radio links to Ascension, then into + worldwide submarine cable and satellite networks; major coaxial submarine + cable relay point between South Africa, Portugal, and UK at Ascension; 2 + Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth stations + +*Saint Helena, Defense Forces + +Note: + defense is the responsibility of the UK + +*Saint Kitts and Nevis, Geography + +Location: in the eastern Caribbean Sea, about one-third of the way between Puerto Rico + and Trinidad and Tobago +Map references: + Central America and the Caribbean, Standard Time Zones of the World +Area: + total area: + 269 km2 + land area: + 269 km2 + comparative area: + slightly more than 1.5 times the size of Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + 0 km +Coastline: + 135 km +Maritime claims: + contiguous zone: + 24 nm + exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + territorial sea: + 12 nm +International disputes: + none +Climate: + subtropical tempered by constant sea breezes; little seasonal temperature + variation; rainy season (May to November) +Terrain: + volcanic with mountainous interiors +Natural resources: + negligible +Land use: + arable land: + 22% + permanent crops: + 17% + meadows and pastures: + 3% + forest and woodland: + 17% + other: + 41% +Irrigated land: + NA km2 +Environment: + subject to hurricanes (July to October) + +*Saint Kitts and Nevis, People + +Population: + 40,407 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 0.59% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: 23.93 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 10.39 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + -7.67 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 20.5 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 65.72 years + male: + 62.78 years + female: + 68.85 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 2.64 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Kittsian(s), Nevisian(s) + adjective: + Kittsian, Nevisian +Ethnic divisions: + black African +Religions: + Anglican, other Protestant sects, Roman Catholic +Languages: + English +Literacy: + age 15 and over having ever attended school (1970) + total population: + 98% + male: + 98% + female: + 98% +Labor force: + 20,000 (1981) + +*Saint Kitts and Nevis, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis + conventional short form: + Saint Kitts and Nevis + former: + Federation of Saint Christopher and Nevis +Digraph: + SC +Type: + constitutional monarchy +Capital: + Basseterre +Administrative divisions: 14 parishs; Christ Church Nichola Town, Saint Anne Sandy Point, Saint +George + Basseterre, Saint George Gingerland, Saint James Windward, Saint John + Capesterre, Saint John Figtree, Saint Mary Cayon, Saint Paul Capesterre, + Saint Paul Charlestown, Saint Peter Basseterre, Saint Thomas Lowland, Saint + Thomas Middle Island, Trinity Palmetto Point +Independence: + 19 September 1983 (from UK) +Constitution: + 19 September 1983 +Legal system: + based on English common law +National holiday: + Independence Day, 19 September (1983) +Political parties and leaders: + People's Action Movement (PAM), Dr. Kennedy SIMMONDS; Saint Kitts and Nevis + Labor Party (SKNLP), Dr. Denzil DOUGLAS; Nevis Reformation Party (NRP), + Simeon DANIEL; Concerned Citizens Movement (CCM), Vance AMORY +Suffrage: + universal adult at age NA +Elections: + House of Assembly: + last held 21 March 1989 (next to be held by 21 March 1994); results - + percent of vote by party NA; seats - (14 total, 11 elected) PAM 6, SKNLP 2, + NRP 2, CCM 1 +Executive branch: + British monarch, governor general, prime minister, deputy prime minister, + Cabinet +Legislative branch: + unicameral House of Assembly +Judicial branch: + Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General + Sir Clement Athelston ARRINDELL (since 19 September 1983, previously + Governor General of the Associated State since NA November 1981) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Dr. Kennedy Alphonse SIMMONDS (since 19 September 1983, + previously Premier of the Associated State since NA February 1980); Deputy + Prime Minister Sydney Earl MORRIS (since NA) +Member of: + ACP, C, CARICOM, CDB, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IMF, + INTERPOL, OAS, OECS, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO + +*Saint Kitts and Nevis, Government + +Diplomatic representation in US: + chief of mission: + Minister-Counselor (Deputy Chief of Mission), Charge d'Affaires ad interim + Aubrey Eric HART + chancery: + Suite 608, 2100 M Street NW, Washington, DC 20037 + telephone: + (202) 833-3550 +US diplomatic representation: + no official presence since the Charge d'Affaires resides in Saint John's + (Antigua and Barbuda) +Flag: + divided diagonally from the lower hoist side by a broad black band bearing + two white five-pointed stars; the black band is edged in yellow; the upper + triangle is green, the lower triangle is red + +*Saint Kitts and Nevis, Economy + +Overview: + The economy has historically depended on the growing and processing of + sugarcane and on remittances from overseas workers. In recent years, tourism + and export-oriented manufacturing have assumed larger roles. +National product: + GDP - exchange rate conversion - $142 million (1991) +National product real growth rate: + 6.8% (1991) +National product per capita: + $3,500 (1991) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 4.2% (1991) +Unemployment rate: + 12.2% (1990) +Budget: + revenues $85.7 million; expenditures $85.8 million, including capital + expenditures of $42.4 million (1993) +Exports: + $24.6 million (f.o.b., 1990) + commodities: + sugar, clothing, electronics, postage stamps + partners: + US 53%, UK 22%, Trinidad and Tobago 5%, OECS 5% (1988) +Imports: + $103.2 million (f.o.b., 1990) + commodities: + foodstuffs, intermediate manufactures, machinery, fuels + partners: + US 36%, UK 17%, Trinidad and Tobago 6%, Canada 3%, Japan 3%, OECS 4% (1988) +External debt: + $37.2 million (1990) +Industrial production: + growth rate 11.8% (1988 est.); accounts for 11% of GDP +Electricity: + 15,800 kW capacity; 45 million kWh produced, 1,120 kWh per capita (1992) +Industries: + sugar processing, tourism, cotton, salt, copra, clothing, footwear, + beverages +Agriculture: + accounts for 7% of GDP; cash crop - sugarcane; subsistence crops - rice, + yams, vegetables, bananas; fishing potential not fully exploited; most food + imported +Illicit drugs: + transshipment point for South American drugs destined for the US +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY85-88), $10.7 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $67 million +Currency: + 1 EC dollar (EC$) = 100 cents +Exchange rates: + East Caribbean dollars (EC$) per US$1 - 2.70 (fixed rate since 1976) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +*Saint Kitts and Nevis, Communications + +Railroads: + 58 km 0.760-meter gauge on Saint Kitts for sugarcane +Highways: + 300 km total; 125 km paved, 125 km otherwise improved, 50 km unimproved + earth +Ports: + Basseterre (Saint Kitts), Charlestown (Nevis) +Airports: + total: + 2 + usable: + 2 + with permanent-surface runways: + 2 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 1 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 0 +Telecommunications: + good interisland VHF/UHF/SHF radio connections and international link via + Antigua and Barbuda and Saint Martin; 2,400 telephones; broadcast stations - + 2 AM, no FM, 4 TV + +*Saint Kitts and Nevis, Defense Forces + +Branches: + Royal Saint Kitts and Nevis Police Force, Coast Guard +Manpower availability: + NA +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP + +*Saint Lucia, Geography + +Location: + in the eastern Caribbean Sea, about two-thirds of the way between Puerto + Rico and Trinidad and Tobago +Map references: + Central America and the Caribbean, South America, Standard Time Zones of the + World +Area: + total area: + 620 km2 + land area: + 610 km2 + comparative area: + slightly less than 3.5 times the size of Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + 0 km +Coastline: + 158 km +Maritime claims: + contiguous zone: + 24 nm + exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + territorial sea: + 12 nm +International disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical, moderated by northeast trade winds; dry season from January to + April, rainy season from May to August +Terrain: + volcanic and mountainous with some broad, fertile valleys +Natural resources: + forests, sandy beaches, minerals (pumice), mineral springs, geothermal + potential +Land use: + arable land: + 8% + permanent crops: + 20% + meadows and pastures: + 5% + forest and woodland: + 13% + other: + 54% +Irrigated land: + 10 km2 (1989 est.) +Environment: + subject to hurricanes and volcanic activity; deforestation; soil erosion + +*Saint Lucia, People + +Population: + 144,337 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 0.52% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 23.97 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 5.91 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + -12.87 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 18.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 69.26 years + male: + 66.98 years + female: + 71.69 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 2.62 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Saint Lucian(s) + adjective: + Saint Lucian +Ethnic divisions: + African descent 90.3%, mixed 5.5%, East Indian 3.2%, Caucasian 0.8% +Religions: + Roman Catholic 90%, Protestant 7%, Anglican 3% +Languages: + English (official), French patois +Literacy: + age 15 and over having ever attended school (1980) + total population: + 67% + male: + 65% + female: + 69% +Labor force: + 43,800 + by occupation: + agriculture 43.4%, services 38.9%, industry and commerce 17.7% (1983 est.) + +*Saint Lucia, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + none + conventional short form: + Saint Lucia +Digraph: + ST +Type: + parliamentary democracy +Capital: + Castries +Administrative divisions: + 11 quarters; Anse La Raye, Castries, Choiseul, Dauphin, Dennery, Gros Islet, + Laborie, Micoud, Praslin, Soufriere, Vieux Fort +Independence: + 22 February 1979 (from UK) +Constitution: + 22 February 1979 +Legal system: + based on English common law +National holiday: + Independence Day, 22 February (1979) +Political parties and leaders: + United Workers' Party (UWP), John COMPTON; Saint Lucia Labor Party (SLP), + Julian HUNTE; Progressive Labor Party (PLP), George ODLUM +Suffrage: + 18 years of age; universal +Elections: + House of Assembly: + last held 27 April 1992 (next to be held by April 1997); results - percent + of vote by party NA; seats - (17 total) UWP 11, SLP 6 +Executive branch: + British monarch, governor general, prime minister, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + bicameral Parliament consists of an upper house or Senate and a lower house + or House of Assembly +Judicial branch: + Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Acting Governor + General Sir Stanislaus Anthony JAMES (since 10 October 1988) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister John George Melvin COMPTON (since 3 May 1982) +Member of: + ACCT (associate), ACP, C, CARICOM, CDB, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, + IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, LORCS, NAM, OAS, OECS, UN, UNCTAD, + UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WMO +Diplomatic representation in US: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Dr. Joseph Edsel EDMUNDS + chancery: + Suite 309, 2100 M Street NW, Washington, DC 30037 + telephone: + (202) 463-7378 or 7379 + consulate general: + New York +US diplomatic representation: + no official presence since the Ambassador resides in Bridgetown (Barbados) + +*Saint Lucia, Government + +Flag: + blue with a gold isosceles triangle below a black arrowhead; the upper edges + of the arrowhead have a white border + +*Saint Lucia, Economy + +Overview: + Since 1983 the economy has shown an impressive average annual growth rate of + almost 5% because of strong agricultural and tourist sectors. Saint Lucia + also possesses an expanding industrial base supported by foreign investment + in manufacturing and other activities, such as in data processing. The + economy, however, remains vulnerable because the important agricultural + sector is dominated by banana production, which is subject to periodic + droughts and/or tropical storms. +National product: + GDP - exchange rate conversion - $250 million (1991 est.) +National product real growth rate: + 2.5% (1991 est.) +National product per capita: + $1,650 (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 6.1% (1991) +Unemployment rate: + 16% (1988) +Budget: + revenues $131 million; expenditures $149 million, including capital + expenditures of $71 million (FY90 est.) +Exports: + $105 million (f.o.b., 1991) + commodities: + bananas 58%, clothing, cocoa, vegetables, fruits, coconut oil + partners: + UK 56%, US 22%,CARICOM 19% +Imports: + $267 million (f.o.b., 1991) + commodities: + manufactured goods 21%, machinery and transportation equipment 21%, food and + live animals, chemicals, fuels + partners: + US 34%, CARICOM 17%, UK 14%, Japan 7%, Canada 4% +External debt: + $65.7 million (1991 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 3.5% (1990 est.); accounts for 12% of GDP +Electricity: + 32,500 kW capacity; 112 million kWh produced, 740 kWh per capita (1992) +Industries: + clothing, assembly of electronic components, beverages, corrugated boxes, + tourism, lime processing, coconut processing +Agriculture: + accounts for 12% of GDP and 43% of labor force; crops - bananas, coconuts, + vegetables, citrus fruit, root crops, cocoa; imports food for the tourist + industry +Economic aid: + Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), + $120 million +Currency: 1 EC dollar (EC$) = 100 cents +Exchange rates: + East Caribbean dollars (EC$) per US$1 - 2.70 (fixed rate since 1976) + +*Saint Lucia, Communications + +Highways: + 760 km total; 500 km paved; 260 km otherwise improved +Ports: + Castries, Vieux Fort +Airports: + total: + 2 + usable: + 2 + with permanent-surface runways: + 2 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 1 + with runways 1,220-2,439: + 1 +Telecommunications: + fully automatic telephone system; 9,500 telephones; direct microwave link + with Martinique and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines; interisland + troposcatter link to Barbados; broadcast stations - 4 AM, 1 FM, 1 TV (cable) + +*Saint Lucia, Defense Forces + +Branches: + Royal Saint Lucia Police Force, Coast Guard +Manpower availability: + NA +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP + +*Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Header + +Affiliation: + (territorial collectivity of France) + +*Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Geography + +Location: + in the North Atlantic Ocean, 25 km south of Newfoundland (Canada) +Map references: + North America +Area: + total area: + 242 km2 + land area: + 242 km2 + comparative area: + slightly less than 1.5 times the size of Washington, DC + note: + includes eight small islands in the Saint Pierre and the Miquelon groups +Land boundaries: + 0 km +Coastline: + 120 km +Maritime claims: + exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + territorial sea: + 12 nm +International disputes: + focus of maritime boundary dispute between Canada and France +Climate: + cold and wet, with much mist and fog; spring and autumn are windy +Terrain: + mostly barren rock +Natural resources: + fish, deepwater ports +Land use: + arable land: + 13% + permanent crops: + 0% + meadows and pastures: + 0% + forest and woodland: + 4% + other: + 83% +Irrigated land: + NA km2 +Environment: + vegetation scanty + +*Saint Pierre and Miquelon, People + +Population: + 6,652 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 0.79% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 13.44 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 6.14 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + 0.59 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 12.73 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 75.19 years + male: + 73.56 years + female: + 77.16 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 1.73 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Frenchman(men), Frenchwoman(women) + adjective: + French +Ethnic divisions: + Basques and Bretons (French fishermen) +Religions: + Roman Catholic 98% +Languages: + French +Literacy: + age 15 and over can read and write (1982) + total population: + 99% + male: + 99% + female: + 99% +Labor force: + 2,850 (1988) + by occupation: + NA + +*Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Territorial Collectivity of Saint Pierre and Miquelon + conventional short form: + Saint Pierre and Miquelon + local long form: + Departement de Saint-Pierre et Miquelon + local short form: + Saint-Pierre et Miquelon +Digraph: + SB +Type: + territorial collectivity of France +Capital: + Saint-Pierre +Administrative divisions: + none (territorial collectivity of France) +Independence: + none (territorial collectivity of France; has been under French control + since 1763) +Constitution: + 28 September 1958 (French Constitution) +Legal system: + French law +National holiday: + National Day, Taking of the Bastille, 14 July +Political parties and leaders: + Socialist Party (PS), Albert PEN; Union for French Democracy (UDF/CDS), + Gerard GRIGNON +Suffrage: + 18 years of age; universal +Elections: + French President: + last held 8 May 1988 (next to be held NA May 1995); results - (second + ballot) Jacques CHIRAC 56%, Francois MITTERRAND 44% + French Senate: + last held NA September 1986 (next to be held NA September 1995); results - + percent of vote by party NA; seats - (1 total) PS 1 + French National Assembly: + last held 21 and 28 March 1993 (next to be held NA June 1998); results - + percent of vote by party NA; seats - (1 total) number of seats by party NA; + note - Saint Pierre and Miquelon elects 1 member each to the French Senate + and the French National Assembly who are voting members + General Council: + last held September-October 1988 (next to be held NA September 1994); + results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (19 total) Socialist and + other left-wing parties 13, UDF and right-wing parties 6 +Executive branch: + French president, commissioner of the Republic +Legislative branch: + unicameral General Council +Judicial branch: + Superior Tribunal of Appeals (Tribunal Superieur d'Appel) +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Francois MITTERRAND (since 21 May 1981) + Head of Government: + Commissioner of the Republic Kamel KHRISSATE (since NA); President of the + General Council Marc PLANTEGENET (since NA) + +*Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Government + +Member of: + FZ +Diplomatic representation in US: + as a territorial collectivity of France, local interests are represented in + the US by France +US diplomatic representation: + none (territorial collectivity of France) +Flag: + the flag of France is used + +*Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Economy + +Overview: + The inhabitants have traditionally earned their livelihood by fishing and by + servicing fishing fleets operating off the coast of Newfoundland. The + economy has been declining, however, because the number of ships stopping at + Saint Pierre has dropped steadily over the years. In March 1989, an + agreement between France and Canada set fish quotas for Saint Pierre's + trawlers fishing in Canadian and Canadian-claimed waters for three years. + The agreement settles a longstanding dispute that had virtually brought fish + exports to a halt. The islands are heavily subsidized by France. Imports + come primarily from Canada and France. +National product: + GDP - exchange rate conversion - $60 million (1991 est.) +National product real growth rate: + NA% +National product per capita: + $9,500 (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + NA% +Unemployment rate: + 9.6% (1990) +Budget: + revenues $18.3 million; expenditures $18.3 million, including capital + expenditures of $5.5 million (1989) +Exports: + $25.5 million (f.o.b., 1990) + commodities: + fish and fish products, fox and mink pelts + partners: + US 58%, France 17%, UK 11%, Canada, Portugal +Imports: + $87.2 million (c.i.f., 1990) + commodities: + meat, clothing, fuel, electrical equipment, machinery, building materials + partners: + Canada, France, US, Netherlands, UK +External debt: + $NA +Industrial production: + growth rate NA% +Electricity: + 10,000 kW capacity; 25 million kWh produced, 3,840 kWh per capita (1992) +Industries: + fish processing and supply base for fishing fleets; tourism +Agriculture: + vegetables, cattle, sheep, pigs for local consumption; fish catch of 20,500 + metric tons (1989) +Economic aid: + Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), + $500 million +Currency: + 1 French franc (F) = 100 centimes +Exchange rates: + French francs (F) per US$1 - 5.4812 (January 1993), 5.2938 (1992), 5.6421 + (1991), 5.4453 (1990), 6.3801 (1989), 5.9569 (1988) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +*Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Communications + +Highways: + 120 km total; 60 km paved (1985) +Ports: + Saint Pierre +Airports: + total: + 2 + usable: + 2 + with permanent-surface runways: + 2 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 1 +Telecommunications: + 3,601 telephones; broadcast stations - 1 AM, 3 FM, no TV; radio + communication with most countries in the world; 1 earth station in French + domestic satellite system + +*Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Defense Forces + +Note: + defense is the responsibility of France + +*Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Geography + +Location: + in the eastern Caribbean Sea about three-fourths of the way between Puerto + Rico and Trinidad and Tobago +Map references: + Central America and the Caribbean, South America, Standard Time Zones of the + World +Area: + total area: + 340 km2 + land area: + 340 km2 + comparative area: + slightly less than twice the size of Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + 0 km +Coastline: + 84 km +Maritime claims: + contiguous zone: + 24 nm + exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + territorial sea: + 12 nm +International disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical; little seasonal temperature variation; rainy season (May to + November) +Terrain: + volcanic, mountainous; Soufriere volcano on the island of Saint Vincent +Natural resources: + negligible +Land use: + arable land: + 38% + permanent crops: + 12% + meadows and pastures: + 6% + forest and woodland: + 41% + other: + 3% +Irrigated land: + 10 km2 (1989 est.) +Environment: + subject to hurricanes; Soufriere volcano is a constant threat +Note: + some islands of the Grenadines group are administered by Grenada + +*Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, People + +Population: + 114,562 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 0.76% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 20.86 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 5.39 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + -7.92 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 18.3 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: 71.72 years + male: + 70.21 years + female: + 73.28 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 2.16 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Saint Vincentian(s) or Vincentian(s) + adjective: + Saint Vincentian or Vincentian +Ethnic divisions: + black African descent, white, East Indian, Carib Indian +Religions: + Anglican, Methodist, Roman Catholic, Seventh-Day Adventist +Languages: + English, French patois +Literacy: + age 15 and over having ever attended school (1970) + total population: + 96% + male: + 96% + female: + 96% +Labor force: + 67,000 (1984 est.) + by occupation: + NA + +*Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + none + conventional short form: + Saint Vincent and the Grenadines +Digraph: + VC +Type: + constitutional monarchy +Capital: + Kingstown +Administrative divisions: + 6 parishes; Charlotte, Grenadines, Saint Andrew, Saint David, Saint George, + Saint Patrick +Independence: + 27 October 1979 (from UK) +Constitution: + 27 October 1979 +Legal system: + based on English common law +National holiday: Independence Day, 27 October (1979) +Political parties and leaders: + New Democratic Party (NDP), James (Son) MITCHELL; Saint Vincent Labor Party + (SVLP), Stanley JOHN; United People's Movement (UPM), Adrian SAUNDERS; + Movement for National Unity (MNU), Ralph GONSALVES; National Reform Party + (NRP), Joel MIGUEL +Suffrage: + 18 years of age; universal +Elections: + House of Assembly: + last held 16 May 1989 (next to be held NA July 1994); results - percent of + vote by party NA; seats - (21 total; 15 elected representatives and 6 + appointed senators) NDP 15 +Executive branch: + British monarch, governor general, prime minister, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + unicameral House of Assembly +Judicial branch: + Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General + David JACK (since 29 September 1989) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister James F. MITCHELL (since 30 July 1984) +Member of: + ACP, C, CARICOM, CDB, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IMF, + IMO, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, OAS, OECS, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, + WCL, WFTU, WHO +Diplomatic representation in US: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Kingsley LAYNE + chancery: + 1717 Massachusetts Avenue, NW, Suite 102, Washington, DC 20036 + telephone: + NA +US diplomatic representation: + no official presence since the Ambassador resides in Bridgetown (Barbados) + +*Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Government + +Flag: + three vertical bands of blue (hoist side), gold (double width), and green; + the gold band bears three green diamonds arranged in a V pattern + +*Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Economy + +Overview: + Agriculture, dominated by banana production, is the most important sector of + the economy. The services sector, based mostly on a growing tourist + industry, is also important. The economy continues to have a high + unemployment rate of 35%-40% because of an overdependence on the + weather-plagued banana crop as a major export earner. Government progress + toward diversifying into new industries has been relatively unsuccessful. +National product: + GDP - exchange rate conversion - $171 million (1992 est.) +National product real growth rate: + 3% (1992 est.) +National product per capita: + $1,500 (1992 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 2.3% (1991 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 35%-40% (1992 est.) +Budget: + revenues $62 million; expenditures $67 million, including capital + expenditures of $21 million (FY90 est.) +Exports: + $65.7 million (f.o.b., 1991) + commodities: + bananas, eddoes and dasheen (taro), arrowroot starch, tennis racquets + partners: + UK 43%, CARICOM 37%, US 15% +Imports: + $110.7 million (f.o.b., 1991) + commodities: + foodstuffs, machinery and equipment, chemicals and fertilizers, minerals and + fuels + partners: + US 42%, CARICOM 19%, UK 15% +External debt: + $50.9 million (1989) +Industrial production: + growth rate 0% (1989); accounts for 14% of GDP +Electricity: + 16,600 kW capacity; 64 million kWh produced, 555 kWh per capita (1992) +Industries: + food processing, cement, furniture, clothing, starch +Agriculture: + accounts for 15% of GDP and 60% of labor force; provides bulk of exports; + products - bananas, coconuts, sweet potatoes, spices; small numbers of + cattle, sheep, hogs, goats; small fish catch used locally +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-87), $11 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $81 million +Currency: + 1 EC dollar (EC$) = 100 cents +Exchange rates: + East Caribbean dollars (EC$) per US$1 - 2.70 (fixed rate since 1976) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +*Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Communications + +Highways: + 1,000 km total; 300 km paved; 400 km improved; 300 km unimproved (est.) +Ports: + Kingstown +Merchant marine: + 407 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 3,388,427 GRT/5,511,325 DWT; includes + 3 passenger, 2 passenger-cargo, 222 cargo, 22 container, 19 roll-on/roll-off + cargo, 14 refrigerated cargo, 24 oil tanker, 7 chemical tanker, 4 liquefied + gas, 73 bulk, 13 combination bulk, 2 vehicle carrier, 1 livestock carrier, 1 + specialized tanker; note - China owns 3 ships; a flag of convenience + registry +Airports: + total: + 6 + usable: + 6 + with permanent-surface runways: + 5 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 1 +Telecommunications: + islandwide fully automatic telephone system; 6,500 telephones; VHF/UHF + interisland links from Saint Vincent to Barbados and the Grenadines; new SHF + links to Grenada and Saint Lucia; broadcast stations - 2 AM, no FM, 1 TV + (cable) + +*Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Defense Forces + +Branches: + Royal Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Police Force, Coast Guard +Manpower availability: + NA +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP + +*San Marino, Geography + +Location: + Southern Europe, an enclave in central Italy +Map references: + Europe, Standard Time Zones of the World +Area: + total area: + 60 km2 + land area: + 60 km2 + comparative area: + about 0.3 times the size of Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + total 39 km, Italy 39 km +Coastline: + 0 km (landlocked) +Maritime claims: + none; landlocked +International disputes: + none +Climate: + Mediterranean; mild to cool winters; warm, sunny summers +Terrain: + rugged mountains +Natural resources: + building stone +Land use: + arable land: + 17% + permanent crops: + 0% + meadows and pastures: + 0% + forest and woodland: + 0% + other: + 83% +Irrigated land: + NA +Environment: + dominated by the Appenines +Note: + landlocked; smallest independent state in Europe after the Holy See and + Monaco + +*San Marino, People + +Population: + 23,855 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 1.01% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 11.32 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 7.25 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + 6.08 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 5.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 81.18 years + male: + 77.09 years + female: + 85.27 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 1.54 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Sammarinese (singular and plural) + adjective: + Sammarinese +Ethnic divisions: + Sammarinese, Italian +Religions: + Roman Catholic +Languages: + Italian +Literacy: + age 14 and over can read and write (1976) + total population: + 96% + male: + 96% + female: + 95% +Labor force: + 4,300 (est.) + by occupation: + NA + +*San Marino, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Republic of San Marino + conventional short form: + San Marino + local long form: + Repubblica di San Marino + local short form: + San Marino +Digraph: + SM +Type: + republic +Capital: + San Marino +Administrative divisions: + 9 municipalities (castelli, singular - castello); Acquaviva, Borgo Maggiore, + Chiesanuova, Domagnano, Faetano, Fiorentino, Monte Giardino, San Marino, + Serravalle +Independence: + 301 AD (by tradition) +Constitution: + 8 October 1600; electoral law of 1926 serves some of the functions of a + constitution +Legal system: + based on civil law system with Italian law influences; has not accepted + compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: Anniversary of the Foundation of the Republic, 3 September +Political parties and leaders: + Christian Democratic Party (DCS), Piermarino MENICUCCI; San Marino + Democratic Progressive Party (PPDS) formerly San Marino Communist Party + (PCS), Gilberto GHIOTTI; San Marino Socialist Party (PSS), Remy GIACOMINI; + Unitary Socialst Party (PSU); Democratic Movement (MD), Emilio Della BALDA; + San Marino Social Democratic Party (PSDS), Augusto CASALI; San Marino + Republican Party (PRS), Cristoforo BUSCARINI +Suffrage: + 18 years of age; universal +Elections: + Great and General Council: + last held 29 May 1988 (next to be held by NA May 1993); results - percent of + vote by party NA; seats - (60 total) DCS 27, PCS 18, PSU 8, PSS 7 +Executive branch: + two captains regent, Congress of State (cabinet); real executive power is + wielded by the secretary of state for foreign affairs and the secretary of + state for internal affairs +Legislative branch: + unicameral Great and General Council (Consiglio Grande e Generale) +Judicial branch: + Council of Twelve (Consiglio dei XII) +Leaders: + Co-Chiefs of State: + Captain Regent Patricia BUSIGNANI and Captain Regent Salvatore TONELLI (for + the period 1 April - 30 September 1993) + Head of Government: + Secretary of State Gabriele GATTI (since July 1986) +Member of: + CE, CSCE, ECE, ICAO, ICFTU, ILO, IMF, IOC, IOM (observer), ITU, LORCS, NAM + (guest), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WTO + +*San Marino, Government + +Diplomatic representation in US: + honorary consulates general: + Washington and New York + honorary consulate: + Detroit +US diplomatic representation: + no mission in San Marino, but the Consul General in Florence (Italy) is + accredited to San Marino +Flag: + two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and light blue with the national + coat of arms superimposed in the center; the coat of arms has a shield + (featuring three towers on three peaks) flanked by a wreath, below a crown + and above a scroll bearing the word LIBERTAS (Liberty) + +*San Marino, Economy + +Overview: + The tourist industry contributes over 50% of GDP. In 1991 over 3.1 million + tourists visited San Marino, 2.7 million of whom were Italians. The key + industries are wearing apparel, electronics, and ceramics. Main agricultural + products are wine and cheeses. The per capita level of output and standard + of living are comparable to northern Italy. +National product: + GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $465 million (1992 est.) +National product real growth rate: + NA% +National product per capita: + $20,000 (1992 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 5% (1992 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 3% (1991) +Budget: + revenues $NA; expenditures $300 million, including capital expenditures of + $NA (1991) +Exports: + trade data are included with the statistics for Italy; commodity trade + consists primarily of exchanging building stone, lime, wood, chestnuts, + wheat, wine, baked goods, hides, and ceramics for a wide variety of consumer + manufactures +Imports: + see exports +External debt: + $NA +Industrial production: + growth rate NA%; accounts for 42% of workforce +Electricity: + supplied by Italy +Industries: + wine, olive oil, cement, leather, textile, tourism +Agriculture: + employs 3% of labor force; products - wheat, grapes, maize, olives, meat, + cheese, hides; small numbers of cattle, pigs, horses; depends on Italy for + food imports +Economic aid: + NA +Currency: + Italian currency is used; note - also mints its own coins +Exchange rates: + Italian lire (Lit) per US$1 - 1,482.5 (January 1993), 1,232.4 (1992), + 1,240.6 (1991), 1,198.1 (1990), 1,372.1 (1989), 1,301.6 (1988) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +*San Marino, Communications + +Highways: + 104 km +Telecommunications: + automatic telephone system completely integrated into Italian system; 11,700 + telephones; broadcast services from Italy; microwave and cable links into + Italian networks; no communication satellite facilities + +*San Marino, Defense Forces + +Branches: + public security or police force +Manpower availability: + all fit men ages 16-60 constitute a militia that can serve as an army +Defense expenditures: + $NA, NA% of GDP + +*Sao Tome and Principe, Geography + +Location: + Western Africa, in the Atlantic Ocean, 340 km off the coast of Gabon + straddling the equator +Map references: + Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World +Area: + total area: + 960 km2 + land area: + 960 km2 + comparative area: + slightly less than 5.5 times the size of Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + 0 km +Coastline: + 209 km +Maritime claims: + measured from claimed archipelagic baselines + exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + territorial sea: + 12 nm +International disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical; hot, humid; one rainy season (October to May) +Terrain: + volcanic, mountainous +Natural resources: + fish +Land use: + arable land: + 1% + permanent crops: + 20% + meadows and pastures: + 1% + forest and woodland: + 75% + other: 3% +Irrigated land: + NA km2 +Environment: + deforestation; soil erosion + +*Sao Tome and Principe, People + +Population: + 133,225 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 2.63% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 35.39 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 9.06 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 64.9 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 63.02 years + male: + 61.19 years + female: + 64.9 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 4.6 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Sao Tomean(s) + adjective: + Sao Tomean +Ethnic divisions: + mestico, angolares (descendents of Angolan slaves), forros (descendents of + freed slaves), servicais (contract laborers from Angola, Mozambique, and + Cape Verde), tongas (children of servicais born on the islands), Europeans + (primarily Portuguese) +Religions: + Roman Catholic, Evangelical Protestant, Seventh-Day Adventist +Languages: + Portuguese (official) +Literacy: + age 15 and over can read and write (1981) + total population: + 57% + male: + 73% + female: + 42% +Labor force: + 21,096 (1981); most of population engaged in subsistence agriculture and + fishing; labor shortages on plantations and of skilled workers; 56% of + population of working age (1983) + +*Sao Tome and Principe, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Democratic Republic of Sao Tome and Principe + conventional short form: + Sao Tome and Principe + local long form: + Republica Democratica de Sao Tome e Principe + local short form: + Sao Tome e Principe +Digraph: + TP +Type: + republic +Capital: + Sao Tome +Administrative divisions: + 2 districts (concelhos, singular - concelho); Principe, Sao Tome +Independence: + 12 July 1975 (from Portugal) +Constitution: + 5 November 1975, approved 15 December 1982 +Legal system: + based on Portuguese law system and customary law; has not accepted + compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + Independence Day, 12 July (1975) +Political parties and leaders: + Party for Democratic Convergence-Reflection Group (PCD-GR), Daniel Lima Dos + Santos DAIO, secretary general; Movement for the Liberation of Sao Tome and + Principe (MLSTP), Carlos da GRACA; Christian Democratic Front (FDC), + Alphonse Dos SANTOS; Democratic Opposition Coalition (CODO), leader NA; + other small parties +Suffrage: + 18 years of age; universal +Elections: + President: + last held 3 March 1991 (next to be held NA March 1996); results - Miguel + TROVOADA was elected without opposition in Sao Tome's first multiparty + presidential election + National People's Assembly: + last held 20 January 1991 (next to be held NA January 1996); results - + PCD-GR 54.4%, MLSTP 30.5%, CODO 5.2%, FDC 1.5%, other 8.4%; seats - (55 + total) PCD-GR 33, MLSTP 21, CODO 1; note - this was the first multiparty + election in Sao Tome and Principe +Executive branch: + president, prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet) +Legislative branch: + unicameral National People's Assembly (Assembleia Popular Nacional) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Miguel TROVOADA (since 4 April 1991) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Noberto Jose D'Alva COSTA ALEGRE (since 16 May 1992) +Member of: + ACP, AfDB, CEEAC, ECA, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, ILO, IMF, IMO, + INTERPOL, IOM (observer), ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, + UPU, WHO, WMO, WTO + +*Sao Tome and Principe, Government + +Diplomatic representation in US: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Joaquim Rafael BRANCO + chancery: + (temporary) 801 Second Avenue, Suite 603, New York, NY 10017 + telephone: + (212) 697-4211 +US diplomatic representation: + ambassador to Gabon is accredited to Sao Tome and Principe on a nonresident + basis and makes periodic visits to the islands +Flag: + three horizontal bands of green (top), yellow (double width), and green with + two black five-pointed stars placed side by side in the center of the yellow + band and a red isosceles triangle based on the hoist side; uses the popular + pan-African colors of Ethiopia + +*Sao Tome and Principe, Economy + +Overview: + The economy has remained dependent on cocoa since the country gained + independence nearly 15 years ago. Since then, however, cocoa production has + gradually deteriorated because of drought and mismanagement, so that by 1987 + output had fallen to less than 50% of its former levels. As a result, a + shortage of cocoa for export has created a serious balance-of-payments + problem. Production of less important crops, such as coffee, copra, and palm + kernels, has also declined. The value of imports generally exceeds that of + exports by a ratio of 4:1. The emphasis on cocoa production at the expense + of other food crops has meant that Sao Tome has to import 90% of food needs. + It also has to import all fuels and most manufactured goods. Over the years, + Sao Tome has been unable to service its external debt, which amounts to + roughly 80% of export earnings. Considerable potential exists for + development of a tourist industry, and the government has taken steps to + expand facilities in recent years. The government also implemented a + Five-Year Plan covering 1986-90 to restructure the economy and reschedule + external debt service payments in cooperation with the International + Development Association and Western lenders. +National product: + GDP - exchange rate conversion - $41.4 million (1992 est.) +National product real growth rate: + 1.5% (1992 est.) +National product per capita: + $315 (1992 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 27% (1992 est.) +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $10.2 million; expenditures $36.8 million, including capital + expenditures of $22.5 million (1989) +Exports: + $5.5 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.) + commodities: + cocoa 85%, copra, coffee, palm oil + partners: + Germany, Netherlands, China +Imports: + $24.5 million (f.o.b., 1991) + commodities: + machinery and electrical equipment 54%, food products 23%, other 23% + partners: + Portugal, Germany, Angola, China +External debt: + $163.6 million (1992) +Industrial production: + growth rate 7.1% (1986) +Electricity: + 5,000 kW capacity; 10 million kWh produced, 80 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + light construction, shirts, soap, beer, fisheries, shrimp processing +Agriculture: + dominant sector of economy, primary source of exports; cash crops - cocoa + (85%), coconuts, palm kernels, coffee; food products - bananas, papaya, + beans, poultry, fish; not self-sufficient in food grain and meat +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $8 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $89 million + +*Sao Tome and Principe, Economy + +Currency: + 1 dobra (Db) = 100 centimos +Exchange rates: + dobras (Db) per US$1 - 230 (1992), 260.0 (November 1991), 122.48 (December + 1988), 72.827 (1987), 36.993 (1986) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +*Sao Tome and Principe, Communications + +Highways: + 300 km (two-thirds are paved); roads on Principe are mostly unpaved and in + need of repair +Ports: + Sao Tome, Santo Antonio +Merchant marine: + 1 cargo ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,096 GRT/1,105 DWT +Airports: + total: + 2 + usable: + 2 + with permanent-surface runways : + 2 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 2 +Telecommunications: + minimal system; broadcast stations - 1 AM, 2 FM, no TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean + INTELSAT earth station + +*Sao Tome and Principe, Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy, National Police +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 31,326; fit for military service 16,507 (1993 est.) +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP + +*Saudi Arabia, Geography + +Location: + Middle East, between the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf +Map references: + Africa, Middle East, Standard Time Zones of the World +Area: + total area: + 1,960,582 km2 + land area: + 1,960,582 km2 + comparative area: + slightly less than one-fourth the size of the US +Land boundaries: + total 4,415 km, Iraq 814 km, Jordan 728 km, Kuwait 222 km, Oman 676 km, + Qatar 60 km, UAE 457 km, Yemen 1,458 km +Coastline: + 2,640 km +Maritime claims: + contiguous zone: + 18 nm + continental shelf: not specified + territorial sea: + 12 nm +International disputes: + large section of boundary with Yemen not defined; status of boundary with + UAE not final; Kuwaiti ownership of Qaruh and Umm al Maradim Islands is + disputed by Saudi Arabia +Climate: + harsh, dry desert with great extremes of temperature +Terrain: + mostly uninhabited, sandy desert +Natural resources: + petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, gold, copper +Land use: + arable land: + 1% + permanent crops: + 0% + meadows and pastures: + 39% + forest and woodland: + 1% + other: + 59% +Irrigated land: + 4,350 km2 (1989 est.) +Environment: + no perennial rivers or permanent water bodies; developing extensive coastal + seawater desalination facilities; desertification +Note: + extensive coastlines on Persian Gulf and Red Sea provide great leverage on + shipping (especially crude oil) through Persian Gulf and Suez Canal + +*Saudi Arabia, People + +Population: + 17,615,310 (July 1993 est.) + note: + the population figure is consistent with a 3.3% growth rate; a 1992 census + gives the number of Saudi citizens as 12,304,835 and the number of residents + who are not citizens as 4,624,459 +Population growth rate: + 3.3% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 38.59 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 6.05 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 55.3 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 67.32 years male: + 65.71 years + female: + 69.01 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 6.7 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Saudi(s) + adjective: + Saudi or Saudi Arabian +Ethnic divisions: + Arab 90%, Afro-Asian 10% +Religions: + Muslim 100% +Languages: + Arabic +Literacy: + age 15 and over can read and write (1990) + total population: + 62% + male: + 73% + female: + 48% +Labor force: + 5 million + by occupation: + government 34%, industry and oil 28%, services 22%, agriculture 16% + +*Saudi Arabia, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Kingdom of Saudi Arabia + conventional short form: + Saudi Arabia + local long form: + Al Mamlakah al 'Arabiyah as Su'udiyah + local short form: + Al 'Arabiyah as Su'udiyah +Digraph: + SA +Type: + monarchy +Capital: + Riyadh +Administrative divisions: + 14 emirates (imarat, singular - imarah); Al Bahah, Al Hudud ash Shamaliyah, + Al Jawf, Al Madinah, Al Qasim, Al Qurayyat, Ar Riyad, Ash Sharqiyah, 'Asir, + Ha'il, Jizan, Makkah, Najran, Tabuk +Independence: + 23 September 1932 (unification) +Constitution: none; governed according to Shari'a (Islamic law) +Legal system: + based on Islamic law, several secular codes have been introduced; commercial + disputes handled by special committees; has not accepted compulsory ICJ + jurisdiction +National holiday: + Unification of the Kingdom, 23 September (1932) +Political parties and leaders: + none allowed +Suffrage: + none +Elections: + none +Executive branch: + monarch and prime minister, crown prince and deputy prime minister, Council + of Ministers +Legislative branch: + none +Judicial branch: + Supreme Council of Justice +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + King and Prime Minister FAHD bin 'Abd al-'Aziz Al Sa'ud (since 13 June + 1982); Crown Prince and Deputy Prime Minister 'ABDALLAH bin 'Abd al-'Aziz Al + Sa'ud (half-brother to the King, appointed heir to the throne 13 June 1982) +Member of: + ABEDA, AfDB, AFESD, AL, AMF, CCC, ESCWA, FAO, G-19, G-77, GCC, IAEA, IBRD, + ICAO, ICC, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, + IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAPEC, OAS (observer), OIC, OPEC, UN, UNCTAD, + UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO +Diplomatic representation in US: + chief of mission: + Ambassador BANDAR Bin Sultan + chancery: + 601 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20037 + telephone: + (202) 342-3800 + +*Saudi Arabia, Government + + consulates general: + Houston, Los Angeles, and New York +US diplomatic representation: + chief of mission: + (vacant); Charge d'Affaires C. David Welch + embassy: + Collector Road M, Diplomatic Quarter, Riyadh + mailing address: + American Embassy, Unit 61307, Riyadh; International Mail: P. O. Box 94309, + Riyadh 11693; or APO AE 09803-1307 + telephone: + [966] (1) 488-3800 + FAX: + Telex 406866 consulates general: + Dhahran, Jiddah (Jeddah) +Flag: + green with large white Arabic script (that may be translated as There is no + God but God; Muhammad is the Messenger of God) above a white horizontal + saber (the tip points to the hoist side); green is the traditional color of + Islam + +*Saudi Arabia, Economy + +Overview: + The petroleum sector accounts for roughly 75% of budget revenues, 35% of + GDP, and almost all export earnings. Saudi Arabia has the largest reserves + of petroleum in the world, ranks as the largest exporter of petroleum, and + plays a leading role in OPEC. For the 1990s the government intends to + encourage private economic activity and to foster the gradual process of + turning Saudi Arabia into a modern industrial state that retains traditional + Islamic values. Four million foreign workers play an important role in the + Saudi economy, for example, in the oil and banking sectors. +National product: + GDP - exchange rate conversion - $111 billion (1992 est.) +National product real growth rate: + 3.6% (1992 est.) +National product per capita: + $6,500 (1992 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 2.5% (1992 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 6.5% (1992 est.) +Budget: + revenues $45.1 billion; expenditures $52.5 billion, including capital + expenditures of $NA (1993 est.) +Exports: + $48.2 billion (f.o.b., 1991) + commodities: + petroleum and petroleum products 92% + partners: + US 21%, Japan 18%, Singapore 6%, France 6%, Korea 5% +Imports: + $26.1 billion (f.o.b., 1991) + commodities: + food stuffs, manufactured goods, transportation equipment, chemical + products, textiles + partners: + US 21%, UK 13%, Japan 12%, Germany 8%, France 6% +External debt: + $18.9 billion (December 1989 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate -1.1% (1989 est.); accounts for 37% of GDP, including petroleum +Electricity: + 28,554,000 kW capacity; 63,000 million kWh produced, 3,690 kWh per capita + (1992) +Industries: + crude oil production, petroleum refining, basic petrochemicals, cement, two + small steel-rolling mills, construction, fertilizer, plastics +Agriculture: + accounts for about 10% of GDP, 16% of labor force; subsidized by government; + products - wheat, barley, tomatoes, melons, dates, citrus fruit, mutton, + chickens, eggs, milk; approaching self-sufficiency in food +Illicit drugs: + death penalty for traffickers +Economic aid: + donor - pledged $64.7 billion in bilateral aid (1979-89) +Currency: + 1 Saudi riyal (SR) = 100 halalas +Exchange rates: + Saudi riyals (SR) per US$1 - 3.7450 (fixed rate since late 1986), 3.7033 + (1986) + +*Saudi Arabia, Economy + +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +*Saudi Arabia, Communications + +Railroads: + 1390 km 1.435-meter standard gauge; 448 km are double tracked +Highways: + 74,000 km total; 35,000 km paved, 39,000 km gravel and improved earth +Pipelines: + crude oil 6,400 km, petroleum products 150 km, natural gas 2,200 km, + includes natural gas liquids 1,600 km +Ports: + Jiddah, Ad Dammam, Ras Tanura, Jizan, Al Jubayl, Yanbu al Bahr, Yanbu al + Sinaiyah +Merchant marine: + 77 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 860,818 GRT/1,219,345 DWT; includes 1 + passenger, 6 short-sea passenger, 11 cargo, 13 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 3 + container, 6 refrigerated cargo, 5 livestock carrier, 23 oil tanker, 6 + chemical tanker, 1 liquefied gas, 1 specialized tanker, 1 bulk +Airports: + total: + 213 + usable: + 193 + with permanent-surface runways: + 71 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 14 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 36 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 107 +Telecommunications: + modern system with extensive microwave and coaxial and fiber optic cable + systems; 1,624,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 43 AM, 13 FM, 80 TV; + microwave radio relay to Bahrain, Jordan, Kuwait, Qatar, UAE, Yemen, and + Sudan; coaxial cable to Kuwait and Jordan; submarine cable to Djibouti, + Egypt and Bahrain; earth stations - 3 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 2 Indian + Ocean INTELSAT, 1 ARABSAT, 1 INMARSAT + +*Saudi Arabia, Defense Forces + +Branches: + Land Force (Army), Navy, Air Force, Air Defense Force, National Guard, Coast + Guard, Frontier Forces, Special Security Force, Public Security Force +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 5,650,492; fit for military service 3,128,620; reach + military age (17) annually 140,283 (1993 est.) +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $16.5 billion, 13% of GDP (1993 budget) + +*Senegal, Geography + +Location: + Western Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean between Guinea-Bissau and + Mauritania +Map references: + Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World +Area: + total area: + 196,190 km2 + land area: + 192,000 km2 + comparative area: + slightly smaller than South Dakota +Land boundaries: + total 2,640 km, The Gambia 740 km, Guinea 330 km, Guinea-Bissau 338 km, Mali + 419 km, Mauritania 813 km +Coastline: + 531 km +Maritime claims: + contiguous zone: + 24 nm + continental shelf: + 200 nm or the edge of continental margin + exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + territorial sea: + 12 nm +International disputes: + short section of the boundary with The Gambia is indefinite; the + International Court of Justice (ICJ) on 12 November 1991 rendered its + decision on the Guinea-Bissau/Senegal maritime boundary in favor of Senegal + - that decision has been rejected by Guinea-Bissau; boundary with Mauritania +Climate: + tropical; hot, humid; rainy season (December to April) has strong southeast + winds; dry season (May to November) dominated by hot, dry harmattan wind +Terrain: + generally low, rolling, plains rising to foothills in southeast +Natural resources: + fish, phosphates, iron ore +Land use: + arable land: + 27% + permanent crops: + 0% + meadows and pastures: + 30% + forest and woodland: + 31% + other: + 12% +Irrigated land: + 1,800 km2 (1989 est.) +Environment: + lowlands seasonally flooded; deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; + desertification +Note: + The Gambia is almost an enclave + +*Senegal, People + +Population: + 8,463,225 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 3.1% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 43.42 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 12.38 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 77.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 56.01 years + male: + 54.59 years + female: + 57.48 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 6.15 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Senegalese (singular and plural) + adjective: + Senegalese +Ethnic divisions: + Wolof 36%, Fulani 17%, Serer 17%, Toucouleur 9%, Diola 9%, Mandingo 9%, + European and Lebanese 1%, other 2% +Religions: + Muslim 92%, indigenous beliefs 6%, Christian 2% (mostly Roman Catholic) +Languages: + French (official), Wolof, Pulaar, Diola, Mandingo +Literacy: + age 15 and over can read and write (1990) + total population: + 38% + male: + 52% + female: + 25% +Labor force: + 2.509 million (77% are engaged in subsistence farming; 175,000 wage earners) + by occupation: + private sector 40%, government and parapublic 60% + note: + 52% of population of working age (1985) + +*Senegal, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Republic of Senegal + conventional short form: + Senegal + local long form: + Republique du Senegal + local short form: + Senegal +Digraph: + SG +Type: + republic under multiparty democratic rule +Capital: + Dakar +Administrative divisions: + 10 regions (regions, singular - region); Dakar, Diourbel, Fatick, Kaolack, + Kolda, Louga, Saint-Louis, Tambacounda, Thies, Ziguinchor +Independence: + 20 August 1960 (from France; The Gambia and Senegal signed an agreement on + 12 December 1981 that called for the creation of a loose confederation to be + known as Senegambia, but the agreement was dissolved on 30 September 1989) +Constitution: + 3 March 1963, last revised in 1991 +Legal system: + based on French civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts in + Supreme Court, which also audits the government's accounting office; has not + accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + Independence Day, 4 April (1960) +Political parties and leaders: + Socialist Party (PS), President Abdou DIOUF; Senegalese Democratic Party + (PDS), Abdoulaye WADE; 13 other small uninfluential parties +Other political or pressure groups: + students; teachers; labor; Muslim Brotherhoods +Suffrage: + 18 years of age; universal +Elections: + President: + last held 21 February 1993 (next to be held NA); results - Abdou DIOUF (PS) + 58.4%, Abdoulaye WADE (PDS) 32.03%, other 9.57% + National Assembly: + last held 28 February 1988 (next to be held NA May 1993); results - PS 71%, + PDS 25%, other 4%; seats - (120 total) PS 103, PDS 17 +Executive branch: + president, prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet) +Legislative branch: + unicameral National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court (Cour Supreme) +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Abdou DIOUF (since 1 January 1981) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Habib THIAM (since 7 April 1991) + +*Senegal, Government + +Member of: + ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CCC, CEAO, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, FZ, G-15, G-77, GATT, IAEA, + IBRD, ICAO, ICC, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, + IOC, IOM (observer), ISO (correspondent), ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, OIC, PCA, + UN, UNAVEM II, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNTAC, UPU, WADB, WCL, WFTU, + WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation in US: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Ibra Deguene KA + chancery: + 2112 Wyoming Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 + telephone: + (202) 234-0540 or 0541 +US diplomatic representation: + chief of mission: + (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Robert J. KOTT + embassy: + Avenue Jean XXIII at the corner of Avenue Kleber, Dakar + mailing address: + B. P. 49, Dakar + telephone: + [221] 23-42-96 or 23-34-24 + FAX: + [221] 22-29-91 +Flag: + three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), yellow, and red with a + small green five-pointed star centered in the yellow band; uses the popular + pan-African colors of Ethiopia + +*Senegal, Economy + +Overview: + The agricultural sector accounts for about 12% of GDP and provides + employment for about 80% of the labor force. About 40% of the total + cultivated land is used to grow peanuts, an important export crop. Another + principal economic resource is fishing, which brought in about 23% of total + foreign exchange earnings in 1990. Mining is dominated by the extraction of + phosphate, but production has faltered because of reduced worldwide demand + for fertilizers in recent years. Over the past 10 years tourism has become + increasingly important to the economy. +National product: + GDP - exchange rate conversion - $5.4 billion (1991 est.) +National product real growth rate: + 1.2% (1991 est.) +National product per capita: + $780 (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 2% (1990) +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $921 million; expenditures $1,024 million; including capital + expenditures of $14 million (FY89 est.) +Exports: + $904 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.) + commodities: + manufactures 30%, fish products 23%, peanuts 12%, petroleum products 16%, + phosphates 9% + partners: + France, other EC members, Mali, Cote d'Ivoire, India +Imports: + $1.2 billion (c.i.f., 1991 est.) + commodities: + semimanufactures 30%, food 27%, durable consumer goods 17%, petroleum 12%, + capital goods 14% + partners: + France, other EC, Cote d'Ivoire, Nigeria, Algeria, China, Japan +External debt: + $2.9 billion (1990) +Industrial production: + growth rate 4.7% (1989); accounts for 15% of GDP +Electricity: + 215,000 kW capacity; 760 million kWh produced, 100 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + agricultural and fish processing, phosphate mining, petroleum refining, + building materials +Agriculture: + major products - peanuts (cash crop), millet, corn, sorghum, rice, cotton, + tomatoes, green vegetables; estimated two-thirds self-sufficient in food; + fish catch of 354,000 metric tons in 1990 +Illicit drugs: + increasingly active as a transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin + moving to Europe and North America +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $551 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $5.23 billion; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $589 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $295 + million +Currency: + 1 CFA franc (CFAF) = 100 centimes + +*Senegal, Economy + +Exchange rates: + Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF) per US$1 - 274.06 (January + 1993), 264.69 (1992), 282.11 (1991), 272.26 (1990), 319.01 (1989), 297.85 + (1988) +Fiscal year: + 1 July - 30 June; in January 1993, Senegal will switch to a calendar year + +*Senegal, Communications + +Railroads: + 1,034 km 1.000-meter gauge; all single track except 70 km double track Dakar + to Thies +Highways: + 14,007 km total; 3,777 km paved, 10,230 km laterite or improved earth +Inland waterways: + 897 km total; 785 km on the Senegal, 112 km on the Saloum +Ports: + Dakar, Kaolack, Foundiougne, Ziguinchor +Merchant marine: + 1 bulk ship (1,000 GRT and over) totaling 1,995 GRT/3,775 DWT +Airports: + total: + 25 + usable: + 19 + with permanent-surface runways: + 10 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 1 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 15 +Telecommunications: + above-average urban system, using microwave and cable; broadcast stations - + 8 AM, no FM, 1 TV; 3 submarine cables; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth + station + +*Senegal, Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy, Air Force, Gendarmerie, National Police +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 1,882,551; fit for military service 983,137; reach military + age (18) annually 91,747 (1993 est.) +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $100 million, 2% of GDP (1989 est.) + +*Serbia and Montenegro, Header + +Note: + Serbia and Montenegro have asserted the formation of a joint independent + state, but this entity has not been formally recognized as a state by the + US; the US view is that the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY) + has dissolved and that none of the successor republics represents its + continuation + +*Serbia and Montenegro, Geography + +Location: + Southern Europe, bordering the Adriatic Sea, between Bosnia and Herzegovina + and Bulgaria +Map references: + Ethnic Groups in Eastern Europe, Europe, Standard Time Zones of the World +Area: + total area: + 102,350 km2 + land area: + 102,136 km2 + comparative area: + slightly larger than Kentucky + note: + Serbia has a total area and a land area of 88,412 km2 making it slightly + larger than Maine; Montenegro has a total area of 13,938 km2 and a land area + of 13,724 km2 making it slightly larger than Connecticut +Land boundaries: + total 2,234 km, Albania 287 km (114 km with Serbia; 173 km with Motenegro), + Bosnia and Herzegovina 527 km (312 km with Serbia; 215 km with Montenegro), + Bulgaria 318 km, Croatia (north) 239 km, Croatia (south) 15 km, Hungary 151 + km, Macedonia 221 km, Romania 476 km + note: + the internal boundary between Montenegro and Serbia is 211 km +Coastline: + 199 km (Montenegro 199 km, Serbia 0 km) +Maritime claims: + territorial sea: + 12 nm +International disputes: + Sandzak region bordering northern Montenegro and southeastern Serbia - + Muslims seeking autonomy; Vojvodina taken from Hungary and awarded to the + former Yugoslavia by Treaty of Trianon in 1920; disputes with Bosnia and + Herzegovina and Croatia over Serbian populated areas; Albanian minority in + Kosovo seeks independence from Serbian Republic +Climate: + in the north, continental climate (cold winter and hot, humid summers with + well distributed rainfall); central portion, continental and Mediterranean + climate; to the south, Adriatic climate along the coast, hot, dry summers + and autumns and relatively cold winters with heavy snowfall inland +Terrain: + extremely varied; to the north, rich fertile plains; to the east, limestone + ranges and basins; to the southeast, ancient mountain and hills; to the + southwest, extremely high shoreline with no islands off the coast; home of + largest lake in former Yugoslavia, Lake Scutari +Natural resources: + oil, gas, coal, antimony, copper, lead, zinc, nickel, gold, pyrite, chrome +Land use: + arable land: + 30% + permanent crops: + 5% + meadows and pastures: + 20% + forest and woodland: + 25% + other: + 20% +Irrigated land: + NA km2 + +*Serbia and Montenegro, Geography + +Environment: + coastal water pollution from sewage outlets, especially in tourist-related + areas such as Kotor; air pollution around Belgrade and other industrial + cities; water pollution along Danube from industrial waste dumped into the + Sava which drains into the Danube; subject to destructive earthquakes +Note: + controls one of the major land routes from Western Europe to Turkey and the + Near East; strategic location along the Adriatic coast + +*Serbia and Montenegro, People + +Population: + 10,699,539 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + NA% +Birth rate: + NA births/1,000 population +Death rate: + NA deaths/1,000 population +Net migration rate: + NA migrant(s)/1,000 population +Infant mortality rate: NA deaths/1,000 live births +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + NA years + male: + NA years + female: + NA years +Total fertility rate: + NA children born/woman +Nationality: + noun: + Serb(s) and Montenegrin(s) + adjective: + Serbian and Montenegrin +Ethnic divisions: + Serbs 63%, Albanians 14%, Montenegrins 6%, Hungarians 4%, other 13% +Religions: + Orthodox 65%, Muslim 19%, Roman Catholic 4%, Protestant 1%, other 11% +Languages: + Serbo-Croatian 95%, Albanian 5% +Literacy: + total population: + NA% + male: + NA% + female: + NA% +Labor force: + 2,640,909 + by occupation: + industry, mining 40%, agriculture 5% (1990) + +*Serbia and Montenegro, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + none + conventional short form: + Serbia and Montenegro + local long form: + none + local short form: + Srbija-Crna Gora +Digraph: + SR +Type: + republic +Capital: + Belgrade +Administrative divisions: + 2 republics (pokajine, singular - pokajina); and 2 autonomous provinces*;, Kosovo*, Montenegro,, +Serbia, Vojvodina*, Independence: 11 April 1992 (from Yugoslavia) +Constitution: + 27 April 1992 +Legal system: + based on civil law system +National holiday: + NA +Political parties and leaders: + Serbian Socialist Party (SPS; former Communist Party), Slobodan MILOSEVIC; + Serbian Radical Party (SRS), Vojislav SESELJ; Serbian Renewal Party (SPO), + Vuk DRASKOVIC; Democratic Party (DS), Dragoljub MICUNOVIC; Democratic Party + of Serbia, Vojislav KOSTUNICA; Democratic Party of Socialists (DSSCG), Momir + BULATOVIC; People's Party of Montenegro (NS), Novak KILIBARDA; Liberal + Alliance of Montenegro, Slavko PEROVIC; Democratic Community of Vojvodina + Hungarians (DZVM), Agoston ANDRAS; League of Communists-Movement for + Yugoslavia (SK-PJ), Dragan ATANASOVSKI +Other political or pressure groups: + Serbian Democratic Movement (DEPOS; coalition of opposition parties) +Suffrage: + 16 years of age, if employed; 18 years of age, universal +Elections: + President: + Federal Assembly elected Zoran LILIC on 25 June 1993 + Chamber of Republics: + last held 31 May 1992 (next to be held NA 1996); results - percent of vote + by party NA; seats - (40 total; 20 Serbian, 20 Montenegrin) + Chamber of Citizens: + last held 31 May 1992 (next to be held NA 1996); results - percent of votes + by party NA; seats (138 total; 108 Serbian, 30 Montenegrin) - SPS 73, SRS + 33, DSSCG 23, SK-PJ 2, DZVM 2, independents 2, vacant 3 +Executive branch: + president, vice president, prime minister, deputy prime minister, cabinet +Legislative branch: + bicameral Federal Assembly consists of an upper house or Chamber of + Republics and a lower house or Chamber of Deputies +Judicial branch: + Savezni Sud (Federal Court), Constitutional Court + +*Serbia and Montenegro, Government + +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Zoran LILIC (since 25 June 1993); note - Slobodan MILOSEVIC is president of + Serbia (since 9 December 1990); Momir BULATOVIC is president of Montenegro + (since 23 December 1990) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Radoje KONTIC (since NA December 1992); Deputy Prime + Ministers Jovan ZEBIC (since NA March 1993), Asim TELACEVIC (since NA March + 1993), Lovre KOVILJKO (since NA March 1993) +Diplomatic representation in US: + US and Serbia and Montenegro do not maintain full diplomatic relations; the + Embassy of the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia continues to + function in the US +US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: + (vacant) + embassy: + address NA, Belgrade + mailing address: + American Embassy Box 5070, Unit 25402, APO AE 09213-5070 + telephone: + [38] (11) 645-655 + FAX: + [38] (11) 645-221 +Flag: + three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, and red + +*Serbia and Montenegro, Economy + +Overview: + The swift collapse of the Yugoslav federation has been followed by bloody + ethnic warfare, the destabilization of republic boundaries, and the breakup + of important interrepublic trade flows. The situation in Serbia and + Montenegro remains fluid in view of the extensive political and military + strife. Serbia and Montenegro faces major economic problems. First, like the + other former Yugoslav republics, it depended on its sister republics for + large amounts of foodstuffs, energy supplies, and manufactures. Wide + varieties in climate, mineral resources, and levels of technology among the + republics accentuate this interdependence, as did the Communist practice of + concentrating much industrial output in a small number of giant plants. The + breakup of many of the trade links, the sharp drop in output as industrial + plants lost suppliers and markets, and the destruction of physical assets in + the fighting all have contributed to the economic difficulties of the + republics. One singular factor in the economic situation of Serbia and + Montenegro is the continuation in office of a Communist government that is + primarily interested in political and military mastery, not economic reform. + A further complication is the imposition of economic sanctions by the UN. +National product: + GDP - exchange rate conversion - $27-37 billion (1992 est.) +National product real growth rate: + NA% +National product per capita: + $2,500-$3,500 (1992 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 81% (1991) +Unemployment rate: + 25%-40% (1991 est.) +Budget: + revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA +Exports: + $4.4 billion (f.o.b., 1990) + commodities: + machinery and transport equipment 29%, manufactured goods 28.5%, + miscellaneous manufactured articles 13.5%, chemicals 11%, food and live + animals 9%, raw materials 6%, fuels and lubricants 2%, beverages and tobacco + 1% + partners: + prior to the imposition of sanctions by the UN Security Council trade + partners were principally the other former Yugoslav republics; Italy, + Germany, other EC, the successor states of the former USSR, East European + countries, US +Imports: + $6.4 billion (c.i.f., 1990) + commodities: + machinery and transport equipment 26%, fuels and lubricants 18%, + manufactured goods 16%, chemicals 12.5%, food and live animals 11%, + miscellaneous manufactured items 8%, raw materials, including coking coal + for the steel industry, 7%, beverages, tobacco, and edible oils 1.5% + partners: + prior to the imposition of sanctions by the UN Security Council the trade + partners were principally the other former Yugoslav republics; the successor + states of the former USSR, EC countries (mainly Italy and Germany), East + European countries, US +External debt: + $4.2 billion (may assume some part of foreign debt of former Yugoslavia) +Industrial production: + growth rate -20% or greater (1991 est.) + +*Serbia and Montenegro, Economy + +Electricity: + 8,850,000 kW capacity; 42,000 million kWh produced, 3,950 kWh per capita + (1992) +Industries: + machine building (aircraft, trucks, and automobiles; armored vehicles and + weapons; electrical equipment; agricultural machinery), metallurgy (steel, + aluminum, copper, lead, zinc, chromium, antimony, bismuth, cadmium), mining + (coal, bauxite, nonferrous ore, iron ore, limestone), consumer goods + (textiles, footwear, foodstuffs, appliances), electronics, petroleum + products, chemicals, and pharmaceuticals +Agriculture: + the fertile plains of Vojvodina produce 80% of the cereal production of the + former Yugoslavia and most of the cotton, oilseeds, and chicory; Vojvodina + also produces fodder crops to support intensive beef and dairy production; + Serbia proper, although hilly, has a well-distributed rainfall and a long + growing season; produces fruit, grapes, and cereals; in this area, livestock + production (sheep and cattle) and dairy farming prosper; Kosovo produces + fruits, vegetables, tobacco, and a small amount of cereals; the mountainous + pastures of Kosovo and Montenegro support sheep and goat husbandry; + Montenegro has only a small agriculture sector, mostly near the coast where + a Mediterranean climate permits the culture of olives, citrus, grapes, and + rice +Illicit drugs: + NA +Economic aid: + NA +Currency: + 1 Yugoslav New Dinar (YD) = 100 paras +Exchange rates: + Yugoslav New Dinars (YD) per US $1 - 28.230 (December 1991), 15.162 (1990), + 15.528 (1989), 0.701 (1988), 0.176 (1987) +Fiscal year: calendar year + +*Serbia and Montenegro, Communications + +Railroads: + NA +Highways: + 46,019 km total (1990); 26,949 km paved, 10,373 km gravel, 8,697 km earth +Inland waterways: + NA km +Pipelines: + crude oil 415 km, petroleum products 130 km, natural gas 2,110 km +Ports: + coastal - Bar; inland - Belgrade +Merchant marine: + Montenegro: + 40 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 620,455 GRT/1,024,227 DWT; includes 17 + cargo, 5 container, 17 bulk, 1 passenger ship; note - most under Maltese + flag except 2 bulk under Panamian flag + Serbia: + 4 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 246,631 GRT/451,843 DWT; includes 2 + bulk, 2 conbination tanker/ore carrier; note - all under the flag of Saint + Vincent and the Grenadines +Airports: + total: + 48 + useable: + 48 + with permanent-surface runways: + 16 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 6 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 9 +Telecommunications: + 700,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 26 AM, 9 FM, 18 TV; 2,015,000 + radios; 1,000,000 TVs; satellite ground stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT + +*Serbia and Montenegro, Defense Forces + +Branches: + People's Army - Ground Forces (internal and border troops), Naval Forces, + Air and Air Defense Forces, Frontier Guard, Territorial Defense Force, Civil + Defense +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 2,700,485; fit for military service 2,178,128; reach + military age (19) annually 83,783 (1993 est.) +Defense expenditures: + 245 billion dinars, 4-6% of GDP (1992 est.); note - conversion of defense + expenditures into US dollars using the current exchange rate could produce + misleading results + +*Seychelles, Geography + +Location: + in the western Indian Ocean northeast of Madagascar +Map references: + Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World +Area: + total area: + 455 km2 + land area: + 455 km2 + comparative area: + slightly more than 2.5 times the size of Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + 0 km +Coastline: + 491 km +Maritime claims: + continental shelf: + 200 nm or the edge of continental margin + exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + territorial sea: + 12 nm +International disputes: + claims Tromelin Island +Climate: + tropical marine; humid; cooler season during southeast monsoon (late May to + September); warmer season during northwest monsoon (March to May) +Terrain: + Mahe Group is granitic, narrow coastal strip, rocky, hilly; others are + coral, flat, elevated reefs +Natural resources: + fish, copra, cinnamon trees +Land use: + arable land: + 4% + permanent crops: + 18% + meadows and pastures: + 0% + forest and woodland: + 18% + other: + 60% +Irrigated land: + NA km2 +Environment: + lies outside the cyclone belt, so severe storms are rare; short droughts + possible; no fresh water - catchments collect rain; 40 granitic and about 50 + coralline islands + +*Seychelles, People + +Population: + 71,494 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 0.88% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 22.35 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 7.12 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + -6.43 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 12.1 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 69.26 years + male: + 65.56 years + female: + 73.07 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 2.3 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Seychellois (singular and plural) + adjective: + Seychelles +Ethnic divisions: + Seychellois (mixture of Asians, Africans, Europeans) +Religions: + Roman Catholic 90%, Anglican 8%, other 2% +Languages: + English (official), French (official), Creole +Literacy: + age 15 and over can read and write (1971) + total population: + 58% + male: + 56% + female: + 60% +Labor force: + 27,700 (1985) + by occupation: + industry and commerce 31%, services 21%, government 20%, agriculture, + forestry, and fishing 12%, other 16% (1985) + note: + 57% of population of working age (1983) + +*Seychelles, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Republic of Seychelles + conventional short form: + Seychelles +Digraph: + SE +Type: + republic +Capital: + Victoria +Administrative divisions: + 23 administrative districts; Anse aux Pins, Anse Boileau, Anse Etoile, Anse + Louis, Anse Royale, Baie Lazare, Baie Sainte Anne, Beau Vallon, Bel Air, Bel + Ombre, Cascade, Glacis, Grand' Anse (on Mahe Island), Grand' Anse (on + Praslin Island), La Digue, La Riviere Anglaise, Mont Buxton, Mont Fleuri, + Plaisance, Pointe Larue, Port Glaud, Saint Louis, Takamaka +Independence: + 29 June 1976 (from UK) +Constitution: + 5 June 1979 + note: + new constitution now being drafted by multiparty conference, to take effect + in mid-1993 +Legal system: + based on English common law, French civil law, and customary law +National holiday: + Liberation Day, 5 June (1977) (anniversary of coup) +Political parties and leaders: + ruling party - Seychelles People's Progressive Front (SPPF), France Albert + RENE; Democratic Party (DP), Sir James MANCHAM; Seychelles Party (PS), Wavel + RAMKALAWAN; Seychelles Democratic Movement (MSPD), Jacques HONDOUL; + Seychelles Liberal Party (SLP), Ogilvie BERLOUIS +Other political or pressure groups: + trade unions; Roman Catholic Church +Suffrage: + 17 years of age; universal +Elections: + note: + presidential and legislative elections are scheduled to be held once the + new, multiparty consititution is ratified later this year + President: + last held 9-11 June 1989 (next to be held NA 1993); results - President + France Albert RENE reelected without opposition + People's Assembly: + last held 5 December 1987 (next to be held mid-1993); results - SPPF was the + only legal party; seats - (25 total, 23 elected) SPPF 23 +Executive branch: + president, Council of Ministers +Legislative branch: + unicameral People's Assembly (Assemblee du Peuple) +Judicial branch: + Court of Appeal, Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + President France Albert RENE (since 5 June 1977) + +*Seychelles, Government + +Member of: + ACCT, ACP, AfDB, C, ECA, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, + IMO, INTERPOL, IOC, NAM, OAU, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WMO, + WTO +Diplomatic representation in US: + chief of mission: + Second Secretary, Charge d'Affaires ad interim Marc R. MARENGO + chancery: + (temporary) 820 Second Avenue, Suite 900F, New York, NY 10017 + telephone: + (212) 687-9766 +US diplomatic representation: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Matthew F. MATTINGLY + embassy: + 4th Floor, Victoria House, Victoria + mailing address: + Victoria House, Box 251, Victoria, Mahe, or Box 148, Unit 62501, APO AE + 09815-2501 + telephone: + (248) 25256 + FAX: + (248) 25189 +Flag: + three horizontal bands of red (top), white (wavy), and green; the white band + is the thinnest, the red band is the thickest + +*Seychelles, Economy + +Overview: + In this small, open, tropical island economy, the tourist industry employs + about 30% of the labor force and provides more than 70% of hard currency + earnings. In recent years the government has encouraged foreign investment + in order to upgrade hotels and other services. At the same time, the + government has moved to reduce the high dependence on tourism by promoting + the development of farming, fishing, and small-scale manufacturing. +National product: + GDP - exchange rate conversion - $350 million (1991 est.) +National product real growth rate: + -4.5% (1991 est.) +National product per capita: + $5,200 (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 1.8% (1990 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 9% (1987) +Budget: + revenues $180 million; expenditures $202 million, including capital + expenditures of $32 million (1989) +Exports: + $40 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.) + commodities: + fish, copra, cinnamon bark, petroleum products (reexports) + partners: + France 63%, Pakistan 12%, Reunion 10%, UK 7% (1987) +Imports: + $186 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.) + commodities: + manufactured goods, food, tobacco, beverages, machinery and transportation + equipment, petroleum products + partners: + UK 20%, France 14%, South Africa 13%, Yemen 13%, Singapore 8%, Japan 6% + (1987) +External debt: + $189 million (1991 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 7% (1987); accounts for 10% of GDP +Electricity: + 30,000 kW capacity; 80 million kWh produced, 1,160 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + tourism, processing of coconut and vanilla, fishing, coir rope factory, boat + building, printing, furniture, beverage +Agriculture: + accounts for 7% of GDP, mostly subsistence farming; cash crops - coconuts, + cinnamon, vanilla; other products - sweet potatoes, cassava, bananas; + broiler chickens; large share of food needs imported; expansion of tuna + fishing under way +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY78-89), $26 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1978-89), $315 million; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $5 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $60 + million +Currency: + 1 Seychelles rupee (SRe) = 100 cents +Exchange rates: + Seychelles rupees (SRe) per US$1 - 5.2545 (January 1993), 5.1220 (1992), + 5.2893 (1991), 5.3369 (1990), 5.6457 (1989), 5.3836 (1988) + +*Seychelles, Economy + +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +*Seychelles, Communications + +Highways: + 260 km total; 160 km paved, 100 km crushed stone or earth +Ports: + Victoria +Merchant marine: + 1 refrigerated cargo totaling 1,827 GRT/2,170 DWT +Airports: + total: + 14 + usable: + 14 + with permanent-surface runways: + 8 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 1 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 1 +Telecommunications: + direct radio communications with adjacent islands and African coastal + countries; 13,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 2 AM, no FM, 2 TV; 1 + Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth station; USAF tracking station + +*Seychelles, Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, National Guard, Marines, Coast Guard, Presidential Protection Unit, + Police Force +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 18,982; fit for military service 9,710 (1993 est.) +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $12 million, 4% of GDP (1990 est.) + +*Sierra Leone, Geography + +Location: + Western Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean between Guinea and + Liberia +Map references: + Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World +Area: + total area: + 71,740 km2 + land area: + 71,620 km2 + comparative area: + slightly smaller than South Carolina +Land boundaries: + total 958 km, Guinea 652 km, Liberia 306 km +Coastline: + 402 km +Maritime claims: + territorial sea: + 200 nm +International disputes: + none +Climate: tropical; hot, humid; summer rainy season (May to December); winter dry + season (December to April) +Terrain: + coastal belt of mangrove swamps, wooded hill country, upland plateau, + mountains in east +Natural resources: + diamonds, titanium ore, bauxite, iron ore, gold, chromite +Land use: + arable land: + 25% + permanent crops: + 2% + meadows and pastures: + 31% + forest and woodland: + 29% + other: + 13% +Irrigated land: + 340 km2 (1989 est.) +Environment: + extensive mangrove swamps hinder access to sea; deforestation; soil + degradation + +*Sierra Leone, People + +Population: + 4,510,571 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 2.61% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 45.47 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 19.39 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 145 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 45.87 years + male: + 43.1 years + female: + 48.71 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 6.01 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Sierra Leonean(s) + adjective: + Sierra Leonean +Ethnic divisions: + 13 native African tribes 99% (Temne 30%, Mende 30%, other 39%), Creole, + European, Lebanese, and Asian 1% +Religions: + Muslim 30%, indigenous beliefs 30%, Christian 10%, other or none 30% +Languages: + English (official; regular use limited to literate minority), Mende + principal vernacular in the south, Temne principal vernacular in the north, + Krio the language of the re-settled ex-slave population of the Freetown area + and is lingua franca +Literacy: + age 15 and over can read and write English, Merde, Temne, or Arabic (1990) + total population: + 21% + male: + 31% + female: + 11% +Labor force: + 1.369 million (1981 est.) + by occupation: + agriculture 65%, industry 19%, services 16% (1981 est.) + note: + only about 65,000 wage earners (1985); 55% of population of working age + +*Sierra Leone, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Republic of Sierra Leone + conventional short form: + Sierra Leone +Digraph: + SL +Type: + military government +Capital: + Freetown +Administrative divisions: + 3 provinces and 1 area*; Eastern, Northern, Southern, Western*, Independence: + 27 April 1961 (from UK) +Constitution: + 1 October 1991; amended September 1991 +Legal system: + based on English law and customary laws indigenous to local tribes; has not + accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + Republic Day, 27 April (1961) +Political parties and leaders: + status of existing political parties is unknown following 29 April 1992 coup +Suffrage: + 18 years of age; universal +Elections: + suspended after 29 April 1992 coup; Chairman STRASSER promises multi-party + elections sometime within three years +Executive branch: + National Provisional Ruling Council +Legislative branch: + unicameral House of Representatives (suspended after coup of 29 April 1992) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court (suspended after coup of 29 April 1992) +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + Chairman of the Supreme Council of State Capt. Valentine E. M. STRASSER + (since 29 April 1992) +Member of: + ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, + IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, + OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation in US: + chief of mission: + (vacant) + chancery: + 1701 19th Street NW, Washington, DC 20009 + telephone: + (202) 939-9261 +US diplomatic representation: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Lauralee M. PETERS + embassy: + Walpole and Siaka Stevens Street, Freetown + mailing address: + use embassy street address + telephone: + [232] (22) 226-481 + +*Sierra Leone, Government + + FAX: + [232] (22) 225-471 +Flag: + three equal horizontal bands of light green (top), white, and light blue + +*Sierra Leone, Economy + +Overview: + The economic and social infrastructure is not well developed. Subsistence + agriculture dominates the economy, generating about one-third of GDP and + employing about two-thirds of the working population. Manufacturing, which + accounts for roughly 10% of GDP, consists mainly of the processing of raw + materials and of light manufacturing for the domestic market. Diamond mining + provides an important source of hard currency. The economy suffers from high + unemployment, rising inflation, large trade deficits, and a growing + dependency on foreign assistance. The government in 1990 was attempting to + get the budget deficit under control and, in general, to bring economic + policy in line with the recommendations of the IMF and the World Bank. Since + March 1991, however, military incursions by Liberian rebels in southern and + eastern Sierra Leone have severely strained the economy and have undermined + efforts to institute economic reforms. +National product: + GDP - exchange rate conversion - $1.4 billion (FY92 est.) +National product real growth rate: + -1% (FY92 est.) +National product per capita: + $330 (FY92 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 5% (1992) +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $68 million; expenditures $118 million, including capital + expenditures of $28 million (FY92 est.) +Exports: + $75 million (f.o.b., FY92 est.) + commodities: + rutile 50%, bauxite 17%, cocoa 11%, diamonds 3%, coffee 3% + partners: + US, UK, Belgium, Germany, other Western Europe +Imports: + $62 million (c.i.f., FY92 est.) + commodities: + capital goods 40%, food 32%, petroleum 12%, consumer goods 7%, light + industrial goods + partners: + US, EC countries, Japan, China, Nigeria +External debt: + $633 million (FY92 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate NA% +Electricity: + 85,000 kW capacity; 185 million kWh produced, 45 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + mining (diamonds, bauxite, rutile), small-scale manufacturing (beverages, + textiles, cigarettes, footwear), petroleum refinery +Agriculture: + accounts for over 30% of GDP and two-thirds of the labor force; largely + subsistence farming; cash crops - coffee, cocoa, palm kernels; harvests of + food staple rice meets 80% of domestic needs; annual fish catch averages + 53,000 metric tons +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $161 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $848 million; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $18 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $101 + million + +*Sierra Leone, Economy + +Currency: + 1 leone (Le) = 100 cents +Exchange rates: + leones (Le) per US$1 - 552.43 (January 1993), 499.44 (1992), 295.34 (1991), + 144.9275 (1990), 58.1395 (1989), 31.2500 (1988) +Fiscal year: + 1 July - 30 June + +*Sierra Leone, Communications + +Railroads: + 84 km 1.067-meter narrow-gauge mineral line is used on a limited basis + because the mine at Marampa is closed +Highways: + 7,400 km total; 1,150 km paved, 490 km laterite (some gravel), 5,760 km + improved earth +Inland waterways: + 800 km; 600 km navigable year round +Ports: + Freetown, Pepel, Bonthe +Merchant marine: + 1 cargo ship totaling 5,592 GRT/9,107 DWT +Airports: + total: + 11 + usable: + 7 + with permanent-surface runways: + 4 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 1 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 3 +Telecommunications: + marginal telephone and telegraph service; national microwave radio relay + system unserviceable at present; 23,650 telephones; broadcast stations - 1 + AM, 1 FM, 1 TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station + +*Sierra Leone, Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy, Police, Security Forces +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 983,281; fit for military service 475,855 (1993 est.); no + conscription +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $6 million, 0.7% of GDP (1988 est.) + +*Singapore, Geography + +Location: + Southeast Asia, between Malaysia and Indonesia +Map references: + Asia, Southeast Asia, Standard Time Zones of the World +Area: + total area: + 632.6 km2 + land area: + 622.6 km2 + comparative area: + slightly less than 3.5 times the size of Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + 0 km +Coastline: + 193 km +Maritime claims: + exclusive fishing zone: + 12 nm + territorial sea: + 3 nm +International disputes: + two islands in dispute with Malaysia +Climate: + tropical; hot, humid, rainy; no pronounced rainy or dry seasons; + thunderstorms occur on 40% of all days (67% of days in April) +Terrain: + lowland; gently undulating central plateau contains water catchment area and + nature preserve +Natural resources: + fish, deepwater ports +Land use: + arable land: + 4% + permanent crops: + 7% + meadows and pastures: + 0% + forest and woodland: + 5% + other: + 84% +Irrigated land: + NA km2 +Environment: + mostly urban and industrialized +Note: + focal point for Southeast Asian sea routes + +*Singapore, People + +Population: + 2,826,331 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 1.19% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 17.12 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 5.25 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 5.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 75.75 years + male: + 73.07 years + female: + 78.63 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 1.89 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Singaporean(s) + adjective: + Singapore +Ethnic divisions: + Chinese 76.4%, Malay 14.9%, Indian 6.4%, other 2.3% +Religions: + Buddhist (Chinese), Atheist (Chinese), Muslim (Malays), Christian, Hindu, + Sikh, Taoist, Confucianist +Languages: + Chinese (official), Malay (official and national), Tamil (official), English + (official) +Literacy: + age 15 and over can read and write (1990) + total population: + 88% + male: + 93% + female: + 84% +Labor force: + 1,485,800 + by occupation: + financial, business, and other services 30.2%, manufacturing 28.4%, commerce + 22.0%, construction 9.0%, other 10.4% (1990) + +*Singapore, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Republic of Singapore + conventional short form: + Singapore +Digraph: + SN +Type: + republic within Commonwealth +Capital: Singapore +Administrative divisions: + none +Independence: + 9 August 1965 (from Malaysia) +Constitution: + 3 June 1959, amended 1965; based on preindependence State of Singapore + Constitution +Legal system: + based on English common law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + National Day, 9 August (1965) +Political parties and leaders: + government: + People's Action Party (PAP), GOH Chok Tong, secretary general + opposition: + Workers' Party (WP), J. B. JEYARETNAM; Singapore Democratic Party (SDP), + CHIAM See Tong; National Solidarity Party (NSP), leader NA; Barisan Sosialis + (BS, Socialist Front), leader NA +Suffrage: + 20 years of age; universal and compulsory +Elections: + President: + last held 31 August 1989 (next to be held NA August 1993); results - + President WEE Kim Wee was reelected by Parliament without opposition + Parliament: + last held 31 August 1991 (next to be held 31 August 1996); results - percent + of vote by party NA; seats - (81 total) PAP 77, SDP 3, WP 1 +Executive branch: + president, prime minister, two deputy prime ministers, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + unicameral Parliament +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President WEE Kim Wee (since 3 September 1985) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister GOH Chok Tong (since 28 November 1990); Deputy Prime Minister + LEE Hsien Loong (since 28 November 1990); Deputy Prime Minister ONG Teng + Cheong (since 2 January 1985) +Member of: + APEC, AsDB, ASEAN, C, CCC, COCOM (cooperating country), CP, ESCAP, G-77, + GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, + INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, UN, UNAVEM II, UNCTAD, UNIKOM, UPU, + WHO, WIPO, WMO +Diplomatic representation in US: + chief of mission: + Ambassador S. R. NATHAN + +*Singapore, Government + + chancery: + 1824 R Street NW, Washington, DC 20009 telephone: + (202) 667-7555 +US diplomatic representation: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Jon M. HUNTSMAN, Jr. + embassy: + 30 Hill Street, Singapore 0617 + mailing address: + FPO AP 96534 + telephone: + [65] 338-0251 + FAX: + [65] 338-4550 +Flag: + two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white; near the hoist side of + the red band, there is a vertical, white crescent (closed portion is toward + the hoist side) partially enclosing five white five-pointed stars arranged + in a circle + +*Singapore, Economy + +Overview: + Singapore has an open entrepreneurial economy with strong service and + manufacturing sectors and excellent international trading links derived from + its entrepot history. The economy appears to have pulled off a soft landing + from the 9% growth rate of the late 1980s, registering higher than expected + growth in 1992 while stemming inflation. Economic activity slowed early in + 1992, primarily as a result of slackened demand in Singapore's export + markets. But after bottoming out in the second quarter, the economy picked + up in line with a gradual recovery in the United States. The year's best + performers were the construction and financial services industries and + manufacturers of computer-related components. Rising labor costs continue to + be a threat to Singapore's competitiveness, but there are indications that + productivity is catching up. Government surpluses and the rate of gross + national savings remain high. In technology, per capita output, and labor + discipline, Singapore is well on its way toward its goal of becoming a + developed country. +National product: + GDP - exchange rate conversion - $45.9 billion (1992) +National product real growth rate: + 5.8% (1992) +National product per capita: + $16,500 (1992) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 2.3% (1992) +Unemployment rate: + 2.7% (June 1992) +Budget: + revenues $10.4 billion; expenditures $9.4 billion, including capital + expenditures of $NA (1993) +Exports: + $61.5 billion (f.o.b., 1992) + commodities: + computer equipment, rubber and rubber products, petroleum products, + telecommunications equipment + partners: + US 21%, Malaysia 13%, Hong Kong 8%, Japan 7%, Thailand 6% +Imports: + $66.4 billion (f.o.b., 1992) + commodities: + aircraft, petroleum, chemicals, foodstuffs + partners: + Japan 21%, US 16%, Malaysia 14%, Taiwan 4% +External debt: + $0 Singapore is a net creditor +Industrial production: + growth rate 2.3% (1992); accounts for 28% of GDP +Electricity: + 4,860,000 kW capacity; 18,000 million kWh produced, 6,420 kWh per capita + (1992) +Industries: + petroleum refining, electronics, oil drilling equipment, rubber processing + and rubber products, processed food and beverages, ship repair, entrepot + trade, financial services, biotechnology +Agriculture: + occupies a position of minor importance in the economy; self-sufficient in + poultry and eggs; must import much of other food; major crops - rubber, + copra, fruit, vegetables + +*Singapore, Economy + +Illicit drugs: + transit point for Golden Triangle heroin going to the US, Western Europe, + and the Third World; also a major money-laundering center +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-83), $590 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1.0 billion +Currency: + 1 Singapore dollar (S$) = 100 cents +Exchange rates: + Singapore dollars (S$) per US$1 - 1.6531 (January 1993), 1.6290 (1992), + 1.7276 (1991), 1.8125 (1990), 1.9503 (1989), 2.0124 (1988) +Fiscal year: + 1 April - 31 March + +*Singapore, Communications + +Railroads: + 38 km of 1.000-meter gauge +Highways: + 2,644 km total (1985) +Ports: + Singapore +Merchant marine: + 492 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 9,763,511 GRT/15,816,384 DWT; + includes 1 passenger-cargo, 125 cargo, 72 container, 7 roll-on/roll-off + cargo, 4 refrigerated cargo, 18 vehicle carrier, 1 livestock carrier, 165 + oil tanker, 8 chemical tanker, 7 combination ore/oil, 2 specialized tanker, + 5 liquefied gas, 74 bulk, 3 combination bulk; note - many Singapore flag + ships are foreign owned +Airports: + total: + 10 + usable: + 10 + with permanent-surface runways: + 10 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 2 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 4 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 3 +Telecommunications: + good domestic facilities; good international service; good radio and + television broadcast coverage; 1,110,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 13 + AM, 4 FM, 2 TV; submarine cables extend to Malaysia (Sabah and peninsular + Malaysia), Indonesia, and the Philippines; satellite earth stations - 1 + Indian Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT + +*Singapore, Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy, Air Force, People's Defense Force, Police Force +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 853,440; fit for military service 629,055 (1993 est.) +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $1.7 billion, 4% of GDP (1990 est.) + +*Slovakia, Geography + +Location: + Eastern Europe, between Hungary and Poland +Map references: + Ethnic Groups in Eastern Europe, Europe, Standard Time Zones of the World +Area: + total area: + 48,845 km2 + land area: + 48,800 km2 + comparative area: + about twice the size of New Hampshire +Land boundaries: + total 1,355 km, Austria 91 km, Czech Republic 215 km, Hungary 515 km, Poland + 444 km, Ukraine 90 km +Coastline: + 0 km (landlocked) +Maritime claims: none; landlocked +International disputes: + Gabcikovo-Nagymaros Dam dispute with Hungary; unresolved property issues + with Czech Republic over redistribution of former Czechoslovak federal + property; establishment of international border between the Czech Republic + and Slovakia +Climate: + temperate; cool summers; cold, cloudy, humid winters +Terrain: + rugged mountains in the central and northern part and lowlands in the south +Natural resources: + brown coal and lignite; small amounts of iron ore, copper and manganese ore; + salt; gas +Land use: + arable land: + NA% + permanent crops: + NA% + meadows and pastures: + NA% + forest and woodland: + NA% + other: + NA% +Irrigated land: + NA km2 +Environment: + severe damage to forests from "acid rain" caused by coal-fired power + stations +Note: + landlocked + +*Slovakia, People + +Population: + 5,375,501 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 0.51% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 14.59 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 9.47 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 10.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 72.39 years + male: + 68.18 years + female: + 76.85 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: 1.99 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Slovak(s) + adjective: + Slovak +Ethnic divisions: + Slovak 85.6%, Hungarian 10.8%, Gypsy 1.5% (the 1992 census figures + underreport the Gypsy/Romany community, which could reach 500,000 or more), + Czech 1.1%, Ruthenian 15,000, Ukrainian 13,000, Moravian 6,000, German + 5,000, Polish 3,000 +Religions: + Roman Catholic 60.3%, atheist 9.7%, Protestant 8.4%, Orthodox 4.1%, other + 17.5% +Languages: + Slovak (official), Hungarian +Literacy: + total population: + NA% + male: + NA% + female: + NA% +Labor force: + 2.484 million + by occupation: + industry 33.2%, agriculture 12.2%, construction 10.3%, communication and + other 44.3% (1990) + +*Slovakia, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Slovak Republic + conventional short form: + Slovakia + local long form: + Slovenska Republika + local short form: + Slovensko +Digraph: + LO +Type: + parliamentary democracy +Capital: + Bratislava +Administrative divisions: + 4 departments (departamentos, singular - departamento) Bratislava, + Zapadoslovensky, Stredoslovensky, Vychodoslovensky +Independence: + 1 January 1993 (from Czechoslovakia) +Constitution: + ratified 3 September 1992; fully effective 1 January 1993 +Legal system: civil law system based on Austro-Hungarian codes; has not accepted + compulsory ICJ jurisdiction; legal code modified to comply with the + obligations of Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE) and + to expunge Marxist-Leninist legal theory +National holiday: + Slovak National Uprising, August 29 (1944) +Political parties and leaders: + Hungarian Christian Democratic Movement, Vojtech BUGAR; Christian Democratic + Movement, Jan CARNOGURSKY; Movement for a Democratic Slovakia, Vladimir + MECIAR, chairman; Party of the Democratic Left, Peter WEISS, chairman; + Slovak National Party, Ludovit CERNAK, chairman; Coexistence, Miklos DURAY, + chairman; Party of Conservative Democrats, leader NA +Other political or pressure groups: + Green Party; Democratic Party; Social Democratic Party in Slovakia; Movement + for Czech-Slovak Accord; Freedom Party; Slovak Christian Union; Hungarian + Civic Party +Suffrage: + 18 years of age; universal +Elections: + President: + last held 8 February 1993 (next to be held NA 1998); results - Michal KOVAC + elected by the National Council + National Council: + last held 5-6 June 1992 (next to be held NA June 1996); results - Movement + for a Democratic Slovakia 37%, Party of the Democratic Left 15%, Christian + Democratic Movement 9%, Slovak National Party 8%, Hungarian Christian + Democratic Movement/Coexistence 7%; seats - (150 total) Movement for a + Democratic Slovakia, 74, Party of the Democratic Left 29, Christian + Democratic Movement 18, Slovak National Party 15, Hungarian Christian + Democratic Movement/Coexistence 14 +Executive branch: + president, prime minister, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + unicameral National Council (Narodni Rada) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court + +*Slovakia, Government + +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Michal KOVAC (since 8 February 1993) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Vladimir MECIAR (since NA), Deputy Prime Minister Roman KOVAC + (since NA) +Member of: + BIS, CCC, CE, CEI, CERN, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, + ICFTU, IDA, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM + (observer), ISO, ITU, LORCS, NACC, NAM (guest), NSG, PCA, UN (as of 8 + January 1993), UNAVEM II, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNOSOM, UNPROFOR, UPU, WHO, + WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC +Diplomatic representation in US: + chief of mission: + Charge d'Affaires Dr. Milan ERBAN chancery: + 3900 Spring of Freedom Street NW, Washington, DC 20008 + telephone: + (202) 363-6315 or 6316 +US diplomatic representation: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Elect Eleanor SUTTER + embassy: + Hviczdoslavovo Namestie 4, 81102 Bratislava + mailing address: + use embassy street address + telephone: + 427 330 861 +Flag: + three equal horizontal bands of white (top), blue, and red superimposed with + a crest with a white double cross on three blue mountains + +*Slovakia, Economy + +Overview: + The dissolution of Czechoslovakia into two independent states - the Czech + Republic and Slovakia - on 1 January 1993 has complicated the task of moving + toward a more open and decentralized economy. The old Czechoslovakia, even + though highly industrialized by East European standards, suffered from an + aging capital plant, lagging technology, and a deficiency in energy and many + raw materials. In January 1991, approximately one year after the end of + communist control of Eastern Europe, the Czech and Slovak Federal Republic + launched a sweeping program to convert its almost entirely state-owned and + controlled economy to a market system. In 1991-92 these measures resulted in + privatization of some medium- and small-scale economic activity and the + setting of more than 90% of prices by the market - but at a cost in + inflation, unemployment, and lower output. For Czechoslovakia as a whole + inflation in 1991 was roughly 50% and output fell 15%. In 1992 in Slovakia, + inflation slowed to an estimated 8.7% and the estimated fall in GDP was a + more moderate 7%. In 1993 the government anticipates up to a 7% drop in GDP, + with the disruptions from the separation from the Czech lands probably + accounting for half the decline; inflation, according to government + projections, may rise to 15-20% and unemployment may reach 12-15%. The + Slovak government is moving ahead less enthusiastically than the Czech + government in the further dismantling of the old centrally controlled + economic system. Although the governments of Slovakia and the Czech Republic + had envisaged retaining the koruna as a common currency at least in the + short run, the two countries ended the currency union in February 1993. +National product: + GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $32.1 billion (1992 est.) +National product real growth rate: + -7% (1992 est.) +National product per capita: + $6,100 (1992 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 8.7% (1992 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 11.3% (1992 est.) +Budget: revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA +Exports: + $3.6 billion (f.o.b., 1992) + commodities: + machinery and transport equipment; chemicals; fuels, minerals, and metals; + agricultural products + partners: + Czech Republic, CIS republics, Germany, Poland, Austria, Hungary, Italy, + France, US, UK +Imports: + $3.6 billion (f.o.b., 1992) + commodities: + machinery and transport equipment; fuels and lubricants; manufactured goods; + raw materials; chemicals; agricultural products + partners: + Czech Republic, CIS republics, Germany, Austria, Poland, Switzerland, + Hungary, UK, Italy +External debt: + $1.9 billion hard currency indebtedness (December 1992) +Industrial production: + growth rate NA% +Electricity: + 6,800,000 kW capacity; 24,000 million kWh produced, 4,550 kWh per capita + (1992) + +*Slovakia, Economy + +Industries: + brown coal mining, chemicals, metal-working, consumer appliances, + fertilizer, plastics, armaments +Agriculture: + largely self-sufficient in food production; diversified crop and livestock + production, including grains, potatoes, sugar beets, hops, fruit, hogs, + cattle, and poultry; exporter of forest products +Illicit drugs: + the former Czechoslavakia was a transshipment point for Southwest Asian + heroin and was emerging as a transshipment point for Latin American cocaine + (1992) +Economic aid: + the former Czechoslovakia was a donor - $4.2 billion in bilateral aid to + non-Communist less developed countries (1954-89) +Currency: + 1 koruna (Kc) = 100 haleru +Exchange rates: + koruny (Kcs) per US$1 - 28.59 (December 1992), 28.26 (1992), 29.53 (1991), + 17.95 (1990), 15.05 (1989), 14.36 (1988) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +*Slovakia, Communications + +Railroads: 3,669 km total (1990) +Highways: + 17,650 km total (1990) +Inland waterways: + NA km +Pipelines: + natural gas 2,700 km; petroleum products NA km +Ports: + maritime outlets are in Poland (Gdynia, Gdansk, Szczecin), Croatia (Rijeka), + Slovenia (Koper), Germany (Hamburg, Rostock); principal river ports are + Komarno on the Danube and Bratislava on the Danube +Merchant marine: + the former Czechoslovakia had 22 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 290,185 + GRT/437,291 DWT; includes 13 cargo, 9 bulk; may be shared with the Czech + Republic +Airports: + total: + 34 + usable: + 34 + with permanent-surface runways: + 9 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 1 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 5 +Telecommunications: + NA + +*Slovakia, Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Air and Air Defense Forces, Civil Defense, Railroad Units +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 1,407,908; fit for military service 1,082,790; reach + military age (18) annually 47,973 (1993 est.) +Defense expenditures: + 8.2 billion koruny, NA% of GDP (1993 est.); note - conversion of defense + expenditures into US dollars using the current exchange rate could produce + misleading results + +*Slovenia, Geography + +Location: + Southern Europe, bordering the Adriatic Sea, between Austria and Croatia +Map references: + Ethnic Groups in Eastern Europe, Europe, Standard Time Zones of the World +Area: + total area: + 20,296 km2 land area: + 20,296 km2 + comparative area: + slightly larger than New Jersey +Land boundaries: + total 999 km, Austria 262 km, Croatia 455 km, Italy 199 km, Hungary 83 km +Coastline: + 32 km +Maritime claims: + continental shelf: + 200 m depth or to depth of exploitation + territorial sea: + 12 nm +International disputes: + dispute with Croatia over fishing rights in the Adriatic and over some + border areas; the border issue is currently under negotiation; small + minority in northern Italy seeks the return of parts of southwestern + Slovenia +Climate: + Mediterranean climate on the coast, continental climate with mild to hot + summers and cold winters in the plateaus and valleys to the east +Terrain: + a short coastal strip on the Adriatic, an alpine mountain region adjacent to + Italy, mixed mountain and valleys with numerous rivers to the east +Natural resources: + lignite coal, lead, zinc, mercury, uranium, silver +Land use: + arable land: + 10% + permanent crops: + 2% + meadows and pastures: + 20% + forest and woodland: + 45% + other: + 23% +Irrigated land: + NA km2 +Environment: + Sava River polluted with domestic and industrial waste; heavy metals and + toxic chemicals along coastal waters; near Koper, forest damage from air + pollutants originating at metallurgical and chemical plants; subject to + flooding and earthquakes + +*Slovenia, People + +Population: + 1,967,655 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 0.23% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 11.93 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: 9.6 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 8.3 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 74 years + male: + 70.08 years + female: + 78.13 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 1.68 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Slovene(s) + adjective: + Slovenian +Ethnic divisions: + Slovene 91%, Croat 3%, Serb 2%, Muslim 1%, other 3% +Religions: + Roman Catholic 96% (including 2% Uniate), Muslim 1%, other 3% +Languages: + Slovenian 91%, Serbo-Croatian 7%, other 2% +Literacy: + total population: + NA% + male: + NA% + female: + NA% +Labor force: + 786,036 + by occupation: + agriculture 2%, manufacturing and mining 46% + +*Slovenia, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Republic of Slovenia + conventional short form: + Slovenia + local long form: + Republika Slovenije + local short form: + Slovenija +Digraph: + SI +Type: + emerging democracy +Capital: + Ljubljana +Administrative divisions: + 60 provinces (pokajine, singular - pokajina) Ajdovscina, Brezice, Celje, + Cerknica, Crnomelj, Dravograd, Gornja Radgona, Grosuplje, Hrastnik Lasko, + Idrija, Ilirska Bistrica, Izola, Jesenice, Kamnik, Kocevje, Koper, Kranj, + Krsko, Lenart, Lendava, Litija, Ljubljana-Bezigrad, Ljubljana-Center, + Ljubljana-Moste-Polje, Ljubljana-Siska, Ljubljana-Vic-Rudnik, Ljutomer, + Logatec, Maribor, Metlika, Mozirje, Murska Sobota, Nova Gorica, Novo Mesto, + Ormoz Pesnica, Piran, Postojna, Ptuj, Radlje Ob Dravi, Radovljica, Ravne Na + Koroskem, Ribnica, Ruse, Sentjur Pri Celju, Sevnica, Sezana, Skofja Loka, + Slovenj Gradec, Slovenska Bistrica, Slovenske Konjice, Smarje Pri Jelsah, + Tolmin, Trbovlje, Trebnje, Trzic, Velenje, Vrhnika, Zagorje Ob Savi, Zalec +Independence: + 25 June 1991 (from Yugoslavia) +Constitution: + adopted 23 December 1991, effective 23 December 1991 +Legal system: + based on civil law system +National holiday: + Statehood Day, 25 June +Political parties and leaders: + Slovene Christian Democratics (SKD), Lozje PETERLE, chairman; Liberal + Democratic (LDS), Janez DRNOVSEK, chairman; Social-Democratic Party of + Slovenia (SDSS), Joze PUCNIK, chairman; Socialist Party of Slovenia (SSS), + Viktor ZAKELJ, chairman; Greens of Slovenia (ZS), Dusan PLUT, chairman; + National Democratic, Rajko PIRNAT, chairman; Democratic Peoples Party, + Marjan PODOBNIK, chairman; Reformed Socialists (former Communist Party), + Ciril RIBICIC, chairman; United List (former Communists and allies); Slovene + National Party, leader NA; Democratic Party, Igor BAVCAR; Slovene People's + Party (SLS), Ivan OMAN + note: + parties have changed as of the December 1992 elections +Other political or pressure groups: + none +Suffrage: + 16 years of age, if employed; 18 years of age, universal +Elections: + President: + last held 6 December 1992 (next to be held NA 1996); results - Milan KUCAN + reelected by direct popular vote + State Assembly: + last held 6 December 1992 (next to be held NA 1996); results - percent of + vote by party NA; seats - (total 90) LDS 22, SKD 15, United List (former + Communists and allies) 14, Slovene National Party 12, SN 10, Democratic + Party 6, ZS 5, SDSS 4, Hungarian minority 1, Italian minority 1 + +*Slovenia, Government + + State Council: + will become operational after next election in 1996; in the election of 6 + December 1992 40 members were elected to represent local and socio-economic + interests +Executive branch: + president, prime minister, deputy prime ministers, cabinet +Legislative branch: bicameral National Assembly; consists of the State Assembly and the State + Council; note - State Council will become operational after next election +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court, Constitutional Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Milan KUCAN (since 22 April 1990) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Janez DRNOVSEK (since 14 May 1992) +Member of: + CE, CEI, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ILO, IOM (observer), UN, UNCTAD, + UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO +Diplomatic representation in US: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Ernest PETRIC + chancery: + (temporary) 1300 19th Street NW, Washington, DC 20036 + telephone: + (202) 828-1650 +US diplomatic representation: + chief of mission: + Ambassador E. Allen WENDT + embassy: + P.O. Box 254; Cankarjeva 11, 61000 Ljubljana + mailing address: + APO AE 09862 + telephone: + [38] (61) 301-427/472 + FAX: + [38] (61) 301-401 +Flag: + three equal horizontal bands of white (top), blue, and red with the + Slovenian seal (a shield with the image of Triglav in white against a blue + background at the center, beneath it are two wavy blue lines depicting seas + and rivers, and around it, there are three six-sided stars arranged in an + inverted triangle); the seal is located in the upper hoist side of the flag + centered in the white and blue bands + +*Slovenia, Economy + +Overview: + Slovenia was by far the most prosperous of the former Yugoslav republics, + with a per capita income more than twice the Yugoslav average, indeed not + far below the levels in neighboring Austria and Italy. Because of its strong + ties to Western Europe and the small scale of damage during its fight for + independence from Yugoslavia, Slovenia has the brightest prospects among the + former Yugoslav republics for economic recovery over the next few years. The + dissolution of Yugoslavia, however, has led to severe short-term + dislocations in production, employment, and trade ties. For example, overall + industrial production fell 10% in 1991; particularly hard hit were the iron + and steel, machine-building, chemical, and textile industries. Meanwhile, + the continued fighting in other former Yugoslavian republics has led to + further destruction of long-established trade channels and to an influx of + tens of thousands of Croatian and Bosnian refugees. The key program for + breaking up and privatizing major industrial firms was established in late + 1992. Bright spots for encouraging Western investors are Slovenia's + comparatively well-educated work force, its developed infrastructure, and + its Western business attitudes, but instability in Croatia is a deterrent. + Slovenia in absolute terms is a small economy, and a little Western + investment would go a long way. +National product: + GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $21 billion (1991 est.) +National product real growth rate: + -10% (1991 est.) +National product per capita: + $10,700 (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 2.7% (September 1992) +Unemployment rate: + 10% (April 1992) +Budget: + revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA +Exports: + $4.12 billion (f.o.b., 1990) + commodities: + machinery and transport equipment 38%, other manufactured goods 44%, + chemicals 9%, food and live animals 4.6%, raw materials 3%, beverages and + tobacco less than 1% + partners: + principally the other former Yugoslav republics, Austria, and Italy +Imports: + $4.679 billion (c.i.f., 1990) + commodities: + machinery and transport equipment 35%, other manufactured goods 26.7%, + chemicals 14.5%, raw materials 9.4%, fuels and lubricants 7%, food and live + animals 6% + partners: + principally the other former Yugoslav republics, Germany, successor states + of the former USSR, US, Hungary, Italy, and Austria +External debt: + $2.5 billion +Industrial production: + growth rate -1% per month (1991-92 est.) +Electricity: + 2,900,000 kW capacity; 10,000 million kWh produced, 5,090 kWh per capita + (1992) + +*Slovenia, Economy + +Industries: + ferrous metallurgy and rolling mill products, aluminum reduction and rolled + products, lead and zinc smelting, electronics (including military + electronics), trucks, electric power equipment, wood products, textiles, + chemicals, machine tools +Agriculture: + dominated by stock breeding (sheep and cattle) and dairy farming; main crops + - potatoes, hops, hemp, flax; an export surplus in these commodities; + Slovenia must import many other agricultural products and has a negative + overall trade balance in this sector +Illicit drugs: + NA +Economic aid: + NA +Currency: + 1 tolar (SIT) = 100 NA +Exchange rates: + tolars (SIT) per US$1 - 112 (June 1993), 28 (January 1992) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +*Slovenia, Communications + +Railroads: + 1,200 km, 1.435 m gauge (1991) +Highways: + 14,553 km total; 10,525 km paved, 4,028 km gravel +Inland waterways: + NA +Pipelines: + crude oil 290 km, natural gas 305 km +Ports: + coastal - Koper +Merchant marine: + 22 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 348,784 GRT/596,740 DWT; includes 15 + bulk, 7 cargo; all under the flag of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines except + for 1 bulk under Liberian flag +Airports: + total: + 13 + useable: + 13 + with permanent-surface runways: + 5 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 2 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 4 +Telecommunications: + 130,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 6 AM, 5 FM, 7 TV; 370,000 radios; + 330,000 TVs + +*Slovenia, Defense Forces + +Branches: + Slovene Defense Forces +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 512,186; fit for military service 410,594; reach military + age (19) annually 14,970 (1993 est.) +Defense expenditures: + 13.5 billion tolars, 4.5% of GDP (1993); note - conversion of the military + budget into US dollars using the current exchange rate could produce + misleading results + +*Solomon Islands, Geography + +Location: + Oceania, just east of Papua New Guinea in the South Pacific Ocean +Map references: + Oceania, Standard Time Zones of the World +Area: + total area: + 28,450 km2 + land area: + 27,540 km2 + comparative area: + slightly larger than Maryland +Land boundaries: + 0 km +Coastline: + 5,313 km +Maritime claims: + measured from claimed archipelagic baselines + exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + territorial sea: + 12 nm +International disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical monsoon; few extremes of temperature and weather +Terrain: + mostly rugged mountains with some low coral atolls +Natural resources: + fish, forests, gold, bauxite, phosphates +Land use: + arable land: + 1% + permanent crops: + 1% + meadows and pastures: + 1% + forest and woodland: + 93% + other: + 4% +Irrigated land: + NA km2 +Environment: + subject to typhoons, which are rarely destructive; geologically active + region with frequent earth tremors +Note: + located just east of Papua New Guinea in the South Pacific Ocean + +*Solomon Islands, People + +Population: + 372,746 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 3.46% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 39.37 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 4.76 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 29 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 70.13 years + male: + 67.73 years + female: + 72.65 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 5.88 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Solomon Islander(s) + adjective: + Solomon Islander +Ethnic divisions: + Melanesian 93%, Polynesian 4%, Micronesian 1.5%, European 0.8%, Chinese + 0.3%, other 0.4% +Religions: + Anglican 34%, Roman Catholic 19%, Baptist 17%, United + (Methodist/Presbyterian) 11%, Seventh-Day Adventist 10%, other Protestant 5% +Languages: + Melanesian pidgin in much of the country is lingua franca, English spoken by + 1-2% of population + note: + 120 indigenous languages +Literacy: + total population: + NA% + male: + NA% + female: + NA% +Labor force: + 23,448 economically active + by occupation: + agriculture, forestry, and fishing 32.4%, services 25%, construction, + manufacturing, and mining 7.0%, commerce, transport, and finance 4.7% (1984) + +*Solomon Islands, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + none + conventional short form: + Solomon Islands + former: + British Solomon Islands +Digraph: + BP +Type: + parliamentary democracy +Capital: + Honiara +Administrative divisions: + 7 provinces and 1 town*; Central, Guadalcanal, Honiara*, Isabel, Makira,, Malaita, Temotu, +Western +Independence: + 7 July 1978 (from UK) +Constitution: + 7 July 1978 +Legal system: + common law +National holiday: + Independence Day, 7 July (1978) +Political parties and leaders: + People's Alliance Party (PAP); United Party (UP), leader NA; Solomon Islands + Liberal Party (SILP), Bartholemew ULUFA'ALU; Nationalist Front for Progress + (NFP), Andrew NORI; Labor Party (LP), Joses TUHANUKU +Suffrage: + 21 years of age; universal +Elections: + National Parliament: + last held 22 February 1989 (next to be held 26 May 1993); results - percent + of vote by party NA; seats - (38 total) PAP 13, UP 6, NFP 4, SILP 4, LP 2, + independents 9 +Executive branch: + British monarch, governor general, prime minister, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + unicameral National Parliament +Judicial branch: + High Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General + Sir George LEPPING (since 27 June 1989, previously acted as governor general + since 7 July 1988) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Solomon MAMALONI (since 28 March 1989); Deputy Prime Minister + Sir Baddeley DEVESI (since NA October 1990) +Member of: + ACP, AsDB, C, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, + IOC, ITU, SPARTECA, SPC, SPF, UN, UNCTAD, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO +Diplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: + (vacant); ambassador traditionally resides in Honiara (Solomon Islands) +US diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Robert W. FARRAND + embassy: + Mud Alley, Honiara + +*Solomon Islands, Government + + mailing address: + American Embassy, P. O. Box 561, Honiara + telephone: + (677) 23890 + FAX: + (677) 23488 +Flag: + divided diagonally by a thin yellow stripe from the lower hoist-side corner; + the upper triangle (hoist side) is blue with five white five-pointed stars + arranged in an X pattern; the lower triangle is green + +*Solomon Islands, Economy + +Overview: + About 90% of the population depend on subsistence agriculture, fishing, and + forestry for at least part of their livelihood. Agriculture, fishing, and + forestry contribute about 70% to GDP, with the fishing and forestry sectors + being important export earners. The service sector contributes about 25% to + GDP. Most manufactured goods and petroleum products must be imported. The + islands are rich in undeveloped mineral resources such as lead, zinc, + nickel, and gold. The economy suffered from a severe cyclone in mid-1986 + that caused widespread damage to the infrastructure. +National product: + GDP - exchange rate conversion - $200 million (1990 est.) +National product real growth rate: + 6% (1990 est.) +National product per capita: + $600 (1990 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 14.3% (1991) +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $48 million; expenditures $107 million, including capital + expenditures of $45 million (1991 est.) +Exports: + $74.2 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.) + commodities: + fish 46%, timber 31%, copra 5%, palm oil 5% + partners: + Japan 51%, UK 12%, Thailand 9%, Netherlands 8%, Australia 2%, US 2% (1985) +Imports: + $87.1 million (c.i.f., 1991 est.) + commodities: + plant and machinery 30%, fuel 19%, food 16% + partners: + Japan 36%, US 23%, Singapore 9%, UK 9%, NZ 9%, Australia 4%, Hong Kong 4%, + China 3% (1985) +External debt: + $128 million (1988 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 0% (1987); accounts for 5% of GDP +Electricity: + 21,000 kW capacity; 39 million kWh produced, 115 kWh per capita (1990) +Industries: + copra, fish (tuna) +Agriculture: + including fishing and forestry, accounts for about 70% of GDP; mostly + subsistence farming; cash crops - cocoa, beans, coconuts, palm kernels, + timber; other products - rice, potatoes, vegetables, fruit, cattle, pigs; + not self-sufficient in food grains; 90% of the total fish catch of 44,500 + metric tons was exported (1988) +Economic aid: + Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1980-89), + $250 million +Currency: + 1 Solomon Islands dollar (SI$) = 100 cents +Exchange rates: + Solomon Islands dollars (SI$) per US$1 - 3.1211 (January 1993), 2.9281 + (1992), 2.7148 (1991), 2.5288 (1990), 2.2932 (1989), 2.0825 (1988) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +*Solomon Islands, Communications + +Highways: + about 2,100 km total (1982); 30 km paved, 290 km gravel, 980 km earth, 800 + private logging and plantation roads of varied construction +Ports: + Honiara, Ringi Cove +Airports: + total: + 30 + usable: + 29 + with permanent-surface runways: + 2 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 3 +Telecommunications: + 3,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 4 AM, no FM, no TV; 1 Pacific Ocean + INTELSAT earth station + +*Solomon Islands, Defense Forces + +Branches: + Police Force +Manpower availability: + NA +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP + +*Somalia, Geography + +Location: + Eastern Africa, bordering the northwestern Indian Ocean, south of the + Arabian Peninsula +Map references: + Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World +Area: + total area: + 637,660 km2 + land area: + 627,340 km2 + comparative area: + slightly smaller than Texas +Land boundaries: + total 2,366 km, Djibouti 58 km, Ethiopia 1,626 km, Kenya 682 km +Coastline: + 3,025 km +Maritime claims: + territorial sea: + 200 nm +International disputes: + southern half of boundary with Ethiopia is a Provisional Administrative + Line; territorial dispute with Ethiopia over the Ogaden; possible claims to + Djibouti and parts of Ethiopia and Kenya based on unification of ethnic + Somalis +Climate: + desert; northeast monsoon (December to February), cooler southwest monsoon + (May to October); irregular rainfall; hot, humid periods (tangambili) + between monsoons +Terrain: + mostly flat to undulating plateau rising to hills in north +Natural resources: + uranium and largely unexploited reserves of iron ore, tin, gypsum, bauxite, + copper, salt +Land use: + arable land: + 2% + permanent crops: + 0% + meadows and pastures: + 46% + forest and woodland: 14% + other: + 38% +Irrigated land: + 1,600 km2 (1989 est.) +Environment: + recurring droughts; frequent dust storms over eastern plains in summer; + deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification +Note: + strategic location on Horn of Africa along southern approaches to Bab el + Mandeb and route through Red Sea and Suez Canal + +*Somalia, People + +Population: + 6,514,629 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 1.35% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 41.95 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 28.41 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 162.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 32.91 years + male: + 32.86 years + female: + 32.95 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 6.4 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Somali(s) + adjective: + Somali +Ethnic divisions: + Somali 85%, Bantu, Arabs 30,000, Europeans 3,000, Asians 800 +Religions: + Sunni Muslim +Languages: + Somali (official), Arabic, Italian, English +Literacy: + age 15 and over can read and write (1990) + total population: + 24% + male: + 36% + female: + 14% +Labor force: + 2.2 million (very few are skilled laborers) + by occupation: + pastoral nomad 70%, agriculture, government, trading, fishing, handicrafts, + and other 30% + note: + 53% of population of working age (1985) + +*Somalia, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + none + conventional short form: + Somalia + former: + Somali Republic +Digraph: + SO +Type: + none +Capital: + Mogadishu +Administrative divisions: + 18 regions (plural - NA, singular - gobolka); Awdal, Bakool, Banaadir, Bari, + Bay, Galguduud, Gedo, Hiiraan, Jubbada Dhexe, Jubbada Hoose, Mudug, Nugaal, + Sanaag, Shabeellaha Dhexe, Shabeellaha Hoose, Sool, Togdheer, Woqooyi + Galbeed +Independence: + 1 July 1960 (from a merger of British Somaliland, which became independent + from the UK on 26 June 1960, and Italian Somaliland, which became + independent from the Italian-administered UN trusteeship on 1 July 1960, to + form the Somali Republic) +Constitution: + 25 August 1979, presidential approval 23 September 1979 +Legal system: + NA +National holiday: + NA +Political parties and leaders: + the United Somali Congress (USC) ousted the former regime on 27 January + 1991; formerly the only party was the Somali Revolutionary Socialist Party + (SRSP), headed by former President and Commander in Chief of the Army Maj. + Gen. Mohamed SIAD Barre +Other political or pressure groups: + numerous clan and subclan factions are currently vying for power +Suffrage: + 18 years of age; universal +Elections: + President: + last held 23 December 1986 (next to be held NA); results - President SIAD + was reelected without opposition + People's Assembly: + last held 31 December 1984 (next to be held NA); results - SRSP was the only + party; seats - (177 total, 171 elected) SRSP 171; note - the United Somali + Congress (USC) ousted the regime of Maj. Gen. Mohamed SIAD Barre on 27 + January 1991; the provisional government has promised that a democratically + elected government will be established +Executive branch: + president, two vice presidents, prime minister, Council of Ministers + (cabinet) +Legislative branch: + unicameral People's Assembly (Golaha Shacbiga); non-functioning +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court (non-functioning) +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Interim President ALI MAHDI Mohamed (since 27 January 1991) + +*Somalia, Government + + Head of Government: + Prime Minister OMAR Arteh Ghalib (since 27 January 1991) +Member of: + ACP, AfDB, AFESD, AL, AMF, CAEU, ECA, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, + IFC, IGADD, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ITU, + LORCS, NAM, OAU, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO +Diplomatic representation in US: + chief of mission: + (vacant) + chancery: + Suite 710, 600 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20037 + telephone: + (202) 342-1575 + consulate general: + New York + note: + Somalian Embassy ceased operations on 8 May 1991 +US diplomatic representation: + the US Embassy in Mogadishu was evacuated and closed indefinitely in January + 1991; United States Liaison Office (USLO) opened in December 1992 +Flag: + light blue with a large white five-pointed star in the center; design based + on the flag of the UN (Italian Somaliland was a UN trust territory) + +*Somalia, Economy + +Overview: + One of the world's poorest and least developed countries, Somalia has few + resources. Moreover, much of the economy has been devastated by the civil + war. Agriculture is the most important sector, with livestock accounting for + about 40% of GDP and about 65% of export earnings. Nomads and seminomads who + are dependent upon livestock for their livelihoods make up more than half of + the population. Crop production generates only 10% of GDP and employs about + 20% of the work force. The main export crop is bananas; sugar, sorghum, and + corn are grown for the domestic market. The small industrial sector is based + on the processing of agricultural products and accounts for less than 10% of + GDP. Greatly increased political turmoil in 1991-92 has resulted in a + substantial drop in output, with widespread famine. +National product: + $NA +National product real growth rate: + NA% +National product per capita: + $NA +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + NA% +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA +Exports: + $NA + commodities: + bananas, livestock, fish, hides, skins + partners: + Saudi Arabia, Italy, FRG (1986) +Imports: + $NA + commodities: + petroleum products, foodstuffs, construction materials + partners: + US 13%, Italy, FRG, Kenya, UK, Saudi Arabia (1986) +External debt: + $1.9 billion (1989) +Industrial production: + growth rate NA%, accounts for NA% of GDP +Electricity: + former public power capacity of 75,000 kW is completely shut down by the + destruction of the civil war; UN, relief organizations, and foreign military + units in Somalia use their own portable power systems +Industries: + a few small industries, including sugar refining, textiles, petroleum + refining; probably shut down by the widespread destruction during the civil + war +Agriculture: + dominant sector, led by livestock raising (cattle, sheep, goats); crops - + bananas, sorghum, corn, mangoes, sugarcane; not self-sufficient in food; + distribution of food disrupted by civil strife; fishing potential largely + unexploited +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $639 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $3.8 billion; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $1.1 billion; Communist countries (1970-89), $336 + million + +*Somalia, Economy + +Currency: + 1 Somali shilling (So. Sh.) = 100 centesimi +Exchange rates: + Somali shillings (So. Sh.) per US$1 - 4,200 (December 1992), 3,800.00 + (December 1990), 490.7 (1989), 170.45 (1988), 105.18 (1987), 72.00 (1986) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +*Somalia, Communications + +Highways: + 22,500 km total; including 2,700 km paved, 3,000 km gravel, and 16,800 km + improved earth or stabilized soil (1992) +Pipelines: + crude oil 15 km +Ports: + Mogadishu, Berbera, Chisimayu (Kismaayo), Bender Cassim (Boosaaso) +Merchant marine: + 3 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 6,913 GRT/8,718 DWT; includes 2 cargo, + 1 refrigerated cargo +Airports: + total: + 69 + usable: + 48 + with permanent-surface runways: + 8 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 2 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 6 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 20 +Telecommunications: + the public telecommunications system was completely destroyed or dismantled + by the civil war factions; all relief organizations depend on their own + private systems (1993) + +*Somalia, Defense Forces + +Branches: + NA +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 1,596,380; fit for military service 897,660 (1993 est.) +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP + +*South Africa, Geography + +Location: + Southern Africa, at the extreme southern tip of the continent +Map references: Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World +Area: + total area: + 1,221,040 km2 + land area: + 1,221,040 km2 + comparative area: + slightly less than twice the size of Texas + note: + includes Walvis Bay, Marion Island, and Prince Edward Island +Land boundaries: + total 4,973 km, Botswana 1,840 km, Lesotho 909 km, Mozambique 491 km, + Namibia 1,078 km, Swaziland 430 km, Zimbabwe 225 km +Coastline: + 2,881 km +Maritime claims: + continental shelf: + 200 m depth or to depth of exploitation + exclusive fishing zone: + 200 nm + territorial sea: + 12 nm +International disputes: + claim by Namibia to Walvis Bay exclave and 12 offshore islands administered + by South Africa; South Africa and Namibia have agreed to jointly administer + the area for an interim period; the terms and dates to be covered by joint + administration arrangements have not been established at this time; and + Namibia will continue to maintain a claim to sovereignty over the entire + area +Climate: + mostly semiarid; subtropical along coast; sunny days, cool nights +Terrain: + vast interior plateau rimmed by rugged hills and narrow coastal plain +Natural resources: + gold, chromium, antimony, coal, iron ore, manganese, nickel, phosphates, + tin, uranium, gem diamonds, platinum, copper, vanadium, salt, natural gas +Land use: + arable land: + 10% + permanent crops: + 1% + meadows and pastures: + 65% + forest and woodland: + 3% + other: + 21% +Irrigated land: + 11,280 km2 (1989 est.) +Environment: + lack of important arterial rivers or lakes requires extensive water + conservation and control measures +Note: + Walvis Bay is an exclave of South Africa in Namibia; South Africa completely + surrounds Lesotho and almost completely surrounds Swaziland + +*South Africa, People + +Population: + 42,792,804 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 2.63% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 33.77 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 7.65 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + 0.15 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 48.3 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 64.81 years + male: + 62.07 years + female: + 67.63 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 4.4 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + South African(s) + adjective: + South African +Ethnic divisions: + black 75.2%, white 13.6%, Colored 8.6%, Indian 2.6% +Religions: + Christian (most whites and Coloreds and about 60% of blacks), Hindu (60% of + Indians), Muslim 20% +Languages: + Afrikaans (official), English (official), Zulu, Xhosa, North Sotho, South + Sotho, Tswana, and many other vernacular languages +Literacy: + age 15 and over can read and write (1980) + total population: + 76% + male: + 78% + female: + 75% +Labor force: + 13.4 million economically active (1990) + by occupation: + services 55%, agriculture 10%, industry 20%, mining 9%, other 6% + +*South Africa, Government + +Names: conventional long form: + Republic of South Africa + conventional short form: + South Africa +Abbreviation: + RSA +Digraph: + SF +Type: + republic +Capital: + Pretoria (administrative); Cape Town (legislative); Bloemfontein (judicial) +Administrative divisions: + 4 provinces; Cape, Natal, Orange Free State, Transvaal; there are 10 + homelands not recognized by the US - 4 independent (Bophuthatswana, Ciskei, + Transkei, Venda) and 6 other (Gazankulu, Kangwane, KwaNdebele, KwaZulu, + Lebowa, QwaQwa) +Independence: + 31 May 1910 (from UK) +Constitution: + 3 September 1984 +Legal system: + based on Roman-Dutch law and English common law; accepts compulsory ICJ + jurisdiction, with reservations +National holiday: + Republic Day, 31 May (1910) +Political parties and leaders: + white political parties and leaders: + National Party (NP), Frederik W. DE KLERK (majority party); Conservative + Party (CP), leader NA (official opposition party); Democratic Party (DP), + Zach DE BEER; Afrikaner Volksunie (AVU), Andries BEYERS + Colored political parties and leaders (see Note): + Labor Party (LP), Allan HENDRICKSE (majority party); National Party (NP); + Democratic Party (DP); Freedom Party + Indian political parties and leaders: + Solidarity, J. N. REDDY (majority party); National People's Party (NPP), + Amichand RAJBANSI; Merit People's Party + note: + the Democratic Reform Party (DRP) and the United Democratic Party (UDP) were + disbanded in May 1991 +Other political or pressure groups: + African National Congress (ANC), Nelson MANDELA, president; Inkatha Freedom + Party (IFP), Mangosuthu BUTHELEZI, president; Pan-Africanist Congress (PAC), + Clarence MAKWETU, president +Suffrage: + 18 years of age; universal, but voting rights are racially based +Elections: + House of Assembly (whites): + last held 6 September 1989 (next to be held by NA March 1995); results - NP + 58%, CP 23%, DP 19%; seats - (178 total, 166 elected) NP 103, CP 41, DP 34; + note - by February 1992, because of byelections, splits, and defections, + changes in number of seats held by parties were as follows: NP 102, CP 36, + DP 28, AVU 5, independent 7 + +*South Africa, Government + + House of Representatives (Coloreds): + last held 6 September 1989 (next to be held no later than March 1995); + results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (85 total, 80 elected) LP 69, + DRP 5, UDP 3, Freedom Party 1, independents 2; note - by October 1992 many + representatives had changed their allegiance causing the following changes + in seating: NP 44, LP 27, DP 6, Freedom Party 1, independents 6, vacant 1 + House of Delegates (Indians): + last held 6 September 1989 (next to be held no later than March 1995); + results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (45 total, 40 elected) + Solidarity 16, NPP 9, Merit People's Party 3, independents 6, other 6; note + - due to delegates changing party affiliation, seating as of October 1992 + is as follows: Solidarity 25, NPP 7, Merit People's Party 2, other 8, + independents 3 + note: + tentative agreement to hold national election open to all races for a + 400-seat constitutient assembly on 27 April 1994 +Executive branch: + state president, Executive Council (cabinet), Ministers' Councils (from the + three houses of Parliament) +Legislative branch: + tricameral Parliament (Parlement) consists of the House of Assembly + (Volksraad; whites), House of Representatives (Raad van Verteenwoordigers; + Coloreds), and House of Delegates (Raad van Afgevaardigdes; Indians) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + State President Frederik Willem DE KLERK (since 13 September 1989) +Member of: + BIS, CCC, ECA, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO (suspended), ICC, IDA, IFC, IMF, + INTELSAT, ISO, ITU (suspended), LORCS, SACU, UN, UNCTAD, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, + WMO (suspended) +Diplomatic representation in US: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Harry SCHWARZ + chancery: + 3051 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 + telephone: + (202) 232-4400 + consulates general: + Beverly Hills (California), Chicago, Houston, and New York +US diplomatic representation: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Princeton N. LYMAN + embassy: + Thibault House, 225 Pretorius Street, Pretoria + telephone: + [27] (12) 28-4266 + FAX: + [27] (12) 21-9278 + consulates general: + Cape Town, Durban, Johannesburg +Flag: + actually four flags in one - three miniature flags reproduced in the center + of the white band of the former flag of the Netherlands, which has three + equal horizontal bands of orange (top), white, and blue; the miniature flags + are a vertically hanging flag of the old Orange Free State with a horizontal + flag of the UK adjoining on the hoist side and a horizontal flag of the old + Transvaal Republic adjoining on the other side + +*South Africa, Economy + +Overview: + Many of the white one-seventh of the South African population enjoy incomes, + material comforts, and health and educational standards equal to those of + Western Europe. In contrast, most of the remaining population suffers from + the poverty patterns of the Third World, including unemployment and lack of + job skills. The main strength of the economy lies in its rich mineral + resources, which provide two-thirds of exports. Economic developments in the + 1990s will be driven partly by the changing relations among the various + ethnic groups. The shrinking economy in recent years has absorbed less than + 10% of the more than 300,000 workers entering the labor force annually. + Local economists estimate that the economy must grow between 5% and 6% in + real terms annually to absorb all of the new entrants. +National product: + GDP - exchange rate conversion - $115 billion (1992) +National product real growth rate: + -2% (1992) +National product per capita: + $2,800 (1992) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 13.9% (1992) +Unemployment rate: + 45% (well over 50% in some homeland areas) (1992 est.) +Budget: + revenues $28 billion; expenditures $36 billion, including capital + expenditures of $3 billion (FY93 est.) +Exports: + $23.5 billion (f.o.b., 1992) + commodities: + gold 27%, other minerals and metals 20-25%, food 5%, chemicals 3% + partners: + Italy, Japan, US, Germany, UK, other EC countries, Hong Kong +Imports: + $18.2 billion (f.o.b., 1992) + commodities: + machinery 32%, transport equipment 15%, chemicals 11%, oil, textiles, + scientific instruments + partners: + Germany, Japan, UK, US, Italy +External debt: + $18 billion (1992 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate NA%; accounts for about 40% of GDP +Electricity: + 46,000,000 kW capacity; 180,000 million kWh produced, 4,100 kWh per capita + (1991) +Industries: mining (world's largest producer of platinum, gold, chromium), automobile + assembly, metalworking, machinery, textile, iron and steel, chemical, + fertilizer, foodstuffs +Agriculture: + accounts for about 5% of GDP and 30% of labor force; diversified + agriculture, with emphasis on livestock; products - cattle, poultry, sheep, + wool, milk, beef, corn, wheat, sugarcane, fruits, vegetables; + self-sufficient in food +Economic aid: + NA +Currency: + 1 rand (R) = 100 cents + +*South Africa, Economy + +Exchange rates: + rand (R) per US$1 - 3.1576 (May 1993), 2.8497 (1992), 2.7563 (1991), 2.5863 + (1990), 2.6166 (1989), 2.2611 (1988) +Fiscal year: + 1 April - 31 March + +*South Africa, Communications + +Railroads: + 20,638 km route distance total; 20,324 km of 1.067-meter gauge trackage + (counts double and multiple tracking as single track); 314 km of 610 mm + gauge; substantial electrification of 1.067 meter gauge +Highways: + 188,309 km total; 54,013 km paved, 134,296 km crushed stone, gravel, or + improved earth +Pipelines: + crude oil 931 km, petroleum products 1,748 km, natural gas 322 km +Ports: + Durban, Cape Town, Port Elizabeth, Richard's Bay, Saldanha, Mosselbaai, + Walvis Bay +Merchant marine: + 5 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 213,708 GRT/201,043 DWT; includes 4 + container, 1 vehicle carrier +Airports: + total: + 899 + usable: + 713 + with permanent-surface runways: + 136 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 5 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 10 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 221 +Telecommunications: the system is the best developed, most modern, and has the highest capacity + in Africa; it consists of carrier-equipped open-wire lines, coaxial cables, + radio relay links, fiber optic cable, and radiocommunication stations; key + centers are Bloemfontein, Cape Town, Durban, Johannesburg, Port Elizabeth, + and Pretoria; over 4,500,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 14 AM, 286 FM, + 67 TV; 1 submarine cable; satellite earth stations - 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT + and 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT + +*South Africa, Defense Forces + +Branches: + South African Defense Force (SADF; including Army, Navy, Air Force, Medical + Services), South African Police (SAP) +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 10,294,211; fit for military service 6,279,190; reach + military age (18) annually 425,477 (1993 est.); obligation for service in + Citizen Force or Commandos begins at 18; black and white volunteers for + service in permanent force must be 17; national service obligation for white + conscripts is one year; figures include the so-called homelands not + recognized by the US +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $2.9 billion, about 2.5% of GDP (FY93 budget) + +*South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, Header + +Affiliation: + (dependent territory of the UK) + +*South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, Geography + +Location: + in the South Atlantic Ocean, off the south Argentine coast, southeast of the + Falkland Islands +Map references: + Antarctic Region +Area: + total area: + 4,066 km2 + land area: + 4,066 km2 + comparative area: + slightly larger than Rhode Island + note: + includes Shag Rocks, Clerke Rocks, Bird Island +Land boundaries: + 0 km +Coastline: + NA km +Maritime claims: + territorial sea: 12 nm +International disputes: + administered by the UK, claimed by Argentina +Climate: + variable, with mostly westerly winds throughout the year, interspersed with + periods of calm; nearly all precipitation falls as snow +Terrain: + most of the islands, rising steeply from the sea, are rugged and + mountainous; South Georgia is largely barren and has steep, glacier-covered + mountains; the South Sandwich Islands are of volcanic origin with some + active volcanoes +Natural resources: + fish +Land use: + arable land: + 0% + permanent crops: + 0% + meadows and pastures: + 0% + forest and woodland: + 0% + other: + 100% (largely covered by permanent ice and snow with some sparse vegetation + consisting of grass, moss, and lichen) +Irrigated land: + 0 km2 +Environment: + reindeer, introduced early in this century, live on South Georgia; weather + conditions generally make it difficult to approach the South Sandwich + Islands; the South Sandwich Islands are subject to active volcanism +Note: + the north coast of South Georgia has several large bays, which provide good + anchorage + +*South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, People + +Population: + no indigenous population; there is a small military garrison on South + Georgia, and the British Antarctic Survey has a biological station on Bird + Island; the South Sandwich Islands are uninhabited + +*South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands + conventional short form: + none +Digraph: + SX +Type: dependent territory of the UK +Capital: + none; Grytviken on South Georgia is the garrison town +Administrative divisions: + none (dependent territory of the UK) +Independence: + none (dependent territory of the UK) +Constitution: + 3 October 1985 +Legal system: + English common law +National holiday: + Liberation Day, 14 June (1982) +Executive branch: + British monarch, commissioner +Legislative branch: + none +Judicial branch: + none +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Commissioner + David Everard TATHAM (since August 1992; resident at Stanley, Falkland + Islands) + +*South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, Economy + +Overview: + Some fishing takes place in adjacent waters. There is a potential source of + income from harvesting fin fish and krill. The islands receive income from + postage stamps produced in the UK. +Budget: + revenues $291,777; expenditures $451,011, including capital expenditures of + $NA (FY88 est.) +Electricity: + 900 kW capacity; 2 million kWh produced, NA kWh per capita (1992) + +*South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, Communications + +Highways: + NA +Ports: + Grytviken on South Georgia +Airports: + total: + 5 + usable: + 5 + with permanent-surface runways: + 2 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 1 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 0 +Telecommunications: + coastal radio station at Grytviken; no broadcast stations + +*South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, Defense Forces + +Note: + defense is the responsibility of the UK + +*Spain, Geography + +Location: + Southwestern Europe, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean and the + Mediterranean Sea, between Portugal and France +Map references: + Africa, Europe, Standard Time Zones of the World +Area: + total area: + 504,750 km2 + land area: + 499,400 km2 + comparative area: + slightly more than twice the size of Oregon + note: + includes Balearic Islands, Canary Islands, and five places of sovereignty + (plazas de soberania) on and off the coast of Morocco - Ceuta, Mellila, + Islas Chafarinas, Penon de Alhucemas, and Penon de Velez de la Gomera +Land boundaries: + total 1,903.2 km, Andorra 65 km, France 623 km, Gibraltar 1.2 km, Portugal + 1,214 km +Coastline: + 4,964 km +Maritime claims: + exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + territorial sea: + 12 nm +International disputes: + Gibraltar question with UK; Spain controls five places of sovereignty + (plazas de soberania) on and off the coast of Morocco - the coastal enclaves + of Ceuta and Melilla, which Morocco contests, as well as the islands of + Penon de Alhucemas, Penon de Velez de la Gomera, and Islas Chafarinas +Climate: + temperate; clear, hot summers in interior, more moderate and cloudy along + coast; cloudy, cold winters in interior, partly cloudy and cool along coast +Terrain: + large, flat to dissected plateau surrounded by rugged hills; Pyrenees in + north +Natural resources: coal, lignite, iron ore, uranium, mercury, pyrites, fluorspar, gypsum, zinc, + lead, tungsten, copper, kaolin, potash, hydropower +Land use: + arable land: + 31% + permanent crops: + 10% + meadows and pastures: + 21% + forest and woodland: + 31% + other: + 7% +Irrigated land: + 33,600 km2 (1989 est.) +Environment: + deforestation; air pollution +Note: + strategic location along approaches to Strait of Gibraltar + +*Spain, People + +Population: + 39,207,159 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 0.24% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 10.88 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 8.76 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + 0.24 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 7 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 77.51 years + male: + 74.22 years + female: + 81.04 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 1.38 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Spaniard(s) + adjective: + Spanish +Ethnic divisions: + composite of Mediterranean and Nordic types +Religions: + Roman Catholic 99%, other sects 1% +Languages: + Castilian Spanish, Catalan 17%, Galician 7%, Basque 2% +Literacy: + age 15 and over can read and write (1990) + total population: + 95% + male: + 97% + female: + 93% +Labor force: + 14.621 million + by occupation: + services 53%, industry 24%, agriculture 14%, construction 9% (1988) + +*Spain, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Kingdom of Spain + conventional short form: + Spain + local short form: + Espana +Digraph: + SP +Type: + parliamentary monarchy +Capital: + Madrid +Administrative divisions: + 17 autonomous communities (comunidades autonomas, singular - comunidad + autonoma); Andalucia, Aragon, Asturias, Canarias, Cantabria, Castilla-La + Mancha, Castilla y Leon, Cataluna, Communidad Valencia, Extremadura, + Galicia, Islas Baleares, La Rioja, Madrid, Murcia, Navarra, Pais Vasco + note: + there are five places of sovereignty on and off the coast of Morocco (Ceuta, + Mellila, Islas Chafarinas, Penon de Alhucemas, and Penon de Velez de la + Gomera) with administrative status unknown +Independence: + 1492 (expulsion of the Moors and unification) +Constitution: + 6 December 1978, effective 29 December 1978 +Legal system: + civil law system, with regional applications; does not accept compulsory ICJ + jurisdiction +National holiday: + National Day, 12 October +Political parties and leaders: + principal national parties, from right to left: + Popular Party (PP), Jose Maria AZNAR; Social Democratic Center (CDS), Rafael + Calvo ORTEGA; Spanish Socialist Workers Party (PSOE), Felipe GONZALEZ + Marquez, secretary general; Socialist Democracy Party (DS), Ricardo Garcia + DAMBORENEA; Spanish Communist Party (PCE), Julio ANGUITA; United Left (IU) a + coalition of parties including the PCE, a branch of the PSOE, and other + small parties, leader NA + chief regional parties: + Convergence and Unity (CiU), Jordi PUJOL Saley, in Catalonia; Basque + Nationalist Party (PNV), Xabier ARZALLUS; Basque Solidarity (EA), Carlos + GARAICOETXEA Urizza; Basque Popular Unity (HB), Jon IDIGORAS; Basque Left + (EE), Juan Maria BANDRES; Basque Socialist Party (PSE); coalition of the + PSE, EE, and PSOE, Jose Maria BANEGAS; Euskal Ezkerra (EUE), Xabier + GURRUTXAGA; Andalusian Party (PA), Pedro PACHECO; Independent Canary Group + (AIC), leader NA; Aragon Regional Party (PAR), leader NA; Valencian Union + (UV), leader NA +Other political or pressure groups: + on the extreme left, the Basque Fatherland and Liberty (ETA) and the First + of October Antifascist Resistance Group (GRAPO) use terrorism to oppose the + government; free labor unions (authorized in April 1977) include the + Communist-dominated Workers Commissions (CCOO); the Socialist General Union + of Workers (UGT), and the smaller independent Workers Syndical Union (USO); + the Catholic Church; business and landowning interests; Opus Dei; university + students +Suffrage: + 18 years of age; universal + +*Spain, Government + +Elections: + Senate: + last held 29 October 1989 (next to be held NA October 1993); results - + percent of vote by party NA; seats - (208 total) PSOE 106, PP 79, CiU 10, + PNV 4, HB 3, AIC 1, other 5 + Congress of Deputies: + last held 29 October 1989 (next to be held NA October 1993); results - PSOE + 39.6%, PP 25.8%, CDS 9%, IU 9%, CiU 5%, PNV 1.2%, HB 1%, PA 1%, other 8.4%; + seats - (350 total) PSOE 175, PP 106, CiU 18, IU 17, CDS 14, PNV 5, HB 4, + other 11 +Executive branch: + monarch, president of the government (prime minister), deputy prime + minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet), Council of State +Legislative branch: + bicameral The General Courts or National Assembly (Las Cortes Generales) + consists of an upper house or Senate (Senado) and a lower house or Congress + of Deputies (Congreso de los Diputados) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court (Tribunal Supremo) +Leaders: + Chief of State: + King JUAN CARLOS I (since 22 November 1975) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Felipe GONZALEZ Marquez (since 2 December 1982); Deputy Prime + Minister Narcis SERRA y Serra (since 13 March 1991) +Member of: + AG (observer), AsDB, Australian Group, BIS, CCC, CE, CERN, COCOM, CSCE, + EBRD, AfDB, EC, ECE, ECLAC, EIB, ESA, FAO, G-8, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, + ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, + INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, LAIA (observer), LORCS, MTRC, NACC, + NAM (guest), NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, ONUSAL, PCA, UN, UNAVEM + II, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNOMOZ, UPU, WCL, WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC +Diplomatic representation in US: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Jaime De OJEDA y Eiseley + chancery: + 2700 15th Street NW, Washington, DC 20009 + telephone: + (202) 265-0190 or 0191 + consulates general: + Boston, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New Orleans, New York, San + Francisco, and San Juan (Puerto Rico) +US diplomatic representation: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Richard G. CAPEN, Jr. + embassy: + Serrano 75, 28006 Madrid + mailing address: + PSC 61, APO AE 09642 + telephone: + [34] (1) 577-4000 + FAX: + [34] (1) 577-5735 + consulate general: + Barcelona + consulate: + Bilbao + +*Spain, Government + +Flag: + three horizontal bands of red (top), yellow (double width), and red with the + national coat of arms on the hoist side of the yellow band; the coat of arms + includes the royal seal framed by the Pillars of Hercules, which are the two + promontories (Gibraltar and Ceuta) on either side of the eastern end of the + Strait of Gibraltar + +*Spain, Economy + +Overview: + Spain has done well since joining the EC in 1986. Foreign and domestic + investments have spurred GDP growth at an annual average of more than 4% in + 1986-91. As of 1 January 1993, Spain has wholly liberalized its trade and + capital markets to EC standards, including integrating agriculture two years + ahead of schedule. Beginning in 1989, Madrid implemented a tight monetary + policy to fight 7% inflation. As a result of this action and the worldwide + decline in economic growth, Spain's growth rate declined to 1% in 1992. + Spain faces a likely recession in first half 1993. The government expects a + recovery in the second half, but this depends on stepped-up growth in + Germany and France. The slowdown in growth - along with displacements caused + by structural adjustments in preparation for the EC single market - has + pushed an already high unemployment rate up to 19%. However, many people + listed as unemployed work in the underground economy. If the government can + stick to its tough economic policies and push further structural reforms, + the economy will emerge stronger at the end of the 1990s. +National product: + GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $514.9 billion (1992) +National product real growth rate: + 1% (1992) +National product per capita: + $13,200 (1992) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 6% (1992 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 19% (yearend 1992) +Budget: + revenues $122.9 billion; expenditures $140.2 billion, including capital + expenditures of $NA (1992 est.) +Exports: + $62 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.) + commodities: + cars and trucks, semifinished manufactured goods, foodstuffs, machinery + partners: + EC 71.0%, US 4.9%, other developed countries 7.9% (1991) +Imports: + $100 billion (c.i.f., 1992 est.) + commodities: + machinery, transport equipment, fuels, semifinished goods, foodstuffs, + consumer goods, chemicals + partners: + EC 60.0%, US 8.0%, other developed countries 11.5%, Middle East 2.6% (1991) +External debt: + $67.5 billion (1992 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 0.6% (1992 est.) +Electricity: + 46,600,000 kW capacity; 157,000 million kWh produced, 4,000 kWh per capita + (1992) +Industries: + textiles and apparel (including footwear), food and beverages, metals and + metal manufactures, chemicals, shipbuilding, automobiles, machine tools, + tourism +Agriculture: + accounts for about 5% of GDP and 14% of labor force; major products - grain, + vegetables, olives, wine grapes, sugar beets, citrus fruit, beef, pork, + poultry, dairy; largely self-sufficient in food; fish catch of 1.4 million + metric tons is among top 20 nations + +*Spain, Economy + +Illicit drugs: + key European gateway country for Latin American cocaine entering the + European market +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-87), $1.9 billion; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-79), $545.0 million; not + currently a recipient +Currency: 1 peseta (Pta) = 100 centimos +Exchange rates: + pesetas (Ptas) per US$1 - 114.59 (January 1993), 102.38 (1992), 103.91 + (1991), 101.93 (1990), 118.38 (1989), 116.49 (1988) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +*Spain, Communications + +Railroads: + 15,430 km total; Spanish National Railways (RENFE) operates 12,691 km (all + 1.668-meter gauge, 6,184 km electrified, and 2,295 km double track); FEVE + (government-owned narrow-gauge railways) operates 1,821 km (predominantly + 1.000-meter gauge, 441 km electrified); privately owned railways operate 918 + km (predominantly 1.000-meter gauge, 512 km electrified, and 56 km double + track) +Highways: + 150,839 km total; 82,513 km national (includes 2,433 km limited-access + divided highway, 63,042 km bituminous treated, 17,038 km intermediate + bituminous, concrete, or stone block) and 68,326 km provincial or local + roads (bituminous treated, intermediate bituminous, or stone block) +Inland waterways: + 1,045 km, but of minor economic importance +Pipelines: + crude oil 265 km, petroleum products 1,794 km, natural gas 1,666 km +Ports: + Algeciras, Alicante, Almeria, Barcelona, Bilbao, Cadiz, Cartagena, Castellon + de la Plana, Ceuta, El Ferrol del Caudillo, Puerto de Gijon, Huelva, La + Coruna, Las Palmas (Canary Islands), Mahon, Malaga, Melilla, Rota, Santa + Cruz de Tenerife, Sagunto, Tarragona, Valencia, Vigo, and 175 minor ports +Merchant marine: + 242 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,394,175 GRT/4,262,868 DWT; includes + 2 passenger, 8 short-sea passenger, 71 cargo, 12 refrigerated cargo, 12 + container, 32 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 4 vehicle carrier, 41 oil tanker, 14 + chemical tanker, 7 liquefied gas, 3 specialized tanker, 36 bulk +Airports: + total: + 105 + usable: + 99 + with permanent-surface runways: + 60 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 4 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 22 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 26 +Telecommunications: + generally adequate, modern facilities; 15,350,464 telephones; broadcast + stations - 190 AM, 406 (134 repeaters) FM, 100 (1,297 repeaters) TV; 22 + coaxial submarine cables; 2 communications satellite earth stations + operating in INTELSAT (Atlantic Ocean and Indian Ocean); MARECS, INMARSAT, + and EUTELSAT systems; tropospheric links + +*Spain, Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy, Air Force, Marines, Civil Guard, National Police, Coastal Civil + Guard +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 10,299,960; fit for military service 8,341,046; reach + military age (20) annually 338,231 (1993 est.) +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $9.6 billion, 1.6% of GDP (1992) + +*Spratly Islands, Geography + +Location: + in the South China Sea, between Vietnam and the Philippines +Map references: + Asia, Southeast Asia +Area: + total area: + NA km2 but less than 5 km2 + land area: + less than 5 km2 + comparative area: + NA + note: + includes 100 or so islets, coral reefs, and sea mounts scattered over the + South China Sea +Land boundaries: + 0 km +Coastline: + 926 km +Maritime claims: + NA +International disputes: + all of the Spratly Islands are claimed by China, Taiwan, and Vietnam; parts + of them are claimed by Malaysia and the Philippines; in 1984, Brunei + established an exclusive economic zone, which encompasses Louisa Reef, but + has not publicly claimed the island +Climate: + tropical +Terrain: + flat +Natural resources: + fish, guano, undetermined oil and natural gas potential +Land use: + arable land: + 0% + permanent crops: + 0% + meadows and pastures: + 0% forest and woodland: + 0% + other: + 100% +Irrigated land: + 0 km2 +Environment: + subject to typhoons; includes numerous small islands, atolls, shoals, and + coral reefs +Note: + strategically located near several primary shipping lanes in the central + South China Sea; serious navigational hazard + +*Spratly Islands, People + +Population: + no indigenous inhabitants; note - there are scattered garrisons + +*Spratly Islands, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + none + conventional short form: + Spratly Islands +Digraph: + PG + +*Spratly Islands, Economy + +Overview: + Economic activity is limited to commercial fishing; proximity to nearby oil- + and gas-producing sedimentary basins suggests the potential for oil and gas + deposits, but the region is largely unexplored, and there are no reliable + estimates of potential reserves; commercial exploitation has yet to be + developed. +Industries: + none + +*Spratly Islands, Communications + +Ports: + no natural harbors +Airports: + total: + 4 + usable: + 4 with permanent-surfaced runways: + 1 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 0 + +*Spratly Islands, Defense Forces + +Note: + about 50 small islands or reefs are occupied by China, Malaysia, the + Philippines, Taiwan, and Vietnam + +*Sri Lanka, Geography + +Location: + South Asia, 29 km southeast of India across the Palk Strait in the Indian + Ocean +Map references: + Asia, Standard Time Zones of the World +Area: + total area: + 65,610 km2 + land area: + 64,740 km2 + comparative area: + slightly larger than West Virginia +Land boundaries: + 0 km +Coastline: + 1,340 km +Maritime claims: + contiguous zone: + 24 nm + continental shelf: + 200 nm or the edge of continental margin + exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + territorial sea: + 12 nm +International disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical monsoon; northeast monsoon (December to March); southwest monsoon + (June to October) +Terrain: + mostly low, flat to rolling plain; mountains in south-central interior +Natural resources: + limestone, graphite, mineral sands, gems, phosphates, clay +Land use: arable land: + 16% + permanent crops: + 17% + meadows and pastures: + 7% + forest and woodland: + 37% + other: + 23% +Irrigated land: + 5,600 km2 (1989 est.) +Environment: + occasional cyclones, tornados; deforestation; soil erosion +Note: + strategic location near major Indian Ocean sea lanes + +*Sri Lanka, People + +Population: + 17,838,190 (July 1993 est.) + note: + since the outbreak of hostilities between the government and armed Tamil + separatists in the mid 1980s, several hundred thousand Tamil civilians have + fled the island; as of late 1992, nearly 115,000 were housed in refugee + camps in south India, another 95,000 lived outside the Indian camps, and + more than 200,000 Tamils have sought political asylum in the West; fewer + than 10,000 Tamils have been successfully repatriated to Sri Lanka +Population growth rate: + 1.11% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 18.71 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 5.84 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + -1.81 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 22.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 71.51 years + male: + 68.94 years + female: + 74.21 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 2.13 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Sri Lankan(s) + adjective: + Sri Lankan +Ethnic divisions: + Sinhalese 74%, Tamil 18%, Moor 7%, Burgher, Malay, and Vedda 1% +Religions: + Buddhist 69%, Hindu 15%, Christian 8%, Muslim 8% +Languages: + Sinhala (official and national language) 74%, Tamil (national language) 18% + note: + English is commonly used in government and is spoken by about 10% of the + population +Literacy: + age 15 and over can read and write (1990) + total population: + 88% + male: + 93% + female: + 84% +Labor force: + 6.6 million + by occupation: + agriculture 45.9%, mining and manufacturing 13.3%, trade and transport + 12.4%, services and other 28.4% (1985 est.) + +*Sri Lanka, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka + conventional short form: + Sri Lanka + former: + Ceylon +Digraph: + CE +Type: + republic +Capital: + Colombo +Administrative divisions: + 8 provinces; Central, North Central, North Eastern, North Western, + Sabaragamuwa, Southern, Uva, Western +Independence: + 4 February 1948 (from UK) +Constitution: + 31 August 1978 +Legal system: + a highly complex mixture of English common law, Roman-Dutch, Muslim, + Sinhalese, and customary law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + Independence and National Day, 4 February (1948) +Political parties and leaders: + United National Party (UNP), Dingiri Banda WIJETUNGA; Sri Lanka Freedom + Party (SLFP), Sirimavo BANDARANAIKE; Sri Lanka Muslim Congress (SLMC), M. H. + M. ASHRAFF; All Ceylon Tamil Congress (ACTC), Kumar PONNAMBALAM; People's + United Front (MEP, or Mahajana Eksath Peramuna), Dinesh GUNAWARDENE; Eelam + Democratic Front (EDF), Edward SEBASTIAN PILLAI; Tamil United Liberation + Front (TULF), leader NA; Eelam Revolutionary Organization of Students + (EROS), Velupillai BALAKUMARAN; New Socialist Party (NSSP, or Nava Sama + Samaja Party), Vasudeva NANAYAKKARA; Lanka Socialist Party/Trotskyite (LSSP, + or Lanka Sama Samaja Party), Colin R. DE SILVA; Sri Lanka People's Party + (SLMP, or Sri Lanka Mahajana Party), Ossie ABEYGUNASEKERA; Communist Party, + K. P. SILVA; Communist Party/Beijing (CP/B), N. SHANMUGATHASAN; Democratic + United National Front (DUNF), Lalith ATHULATHMUDALI and Gamini DISSANAYAKE + note: + the United Socialist Alliance (USA) includes the NSSP, LSSP, SLMP, CP/M, and + CP/B +Other political or pressure groups: + Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) and other smaller Tamil separatist + groups; Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna (JVP or People's Liberation Front and + several other radical chauvinist Sinhalese groups); Buddhist clergy; + Sinhalese Buddhist lay groups; labor unions +Suffrage: + 18 years of age; universal +Elections: + President: + last held 19 December 1988 (next to be held NA December 1994); results - + Ranasinghe PREMADASA (UNP) 50%, Sirimavo BANDARANAIKE (SLFP) 45%, other 5%; + note - following the assassination of President PREMADASA on 1 May 1993, + Prime Minister WIJETUNGA became acting president; on 7 May 1993, he was + confirmed by a vote of Parliament to finish out the term of the assassinated + president + +*Sri Lanka, Government + + Parliament: + last held 15 February 1989 (next to be held by NA February 1995); results - + UNP 51%, SLFP 32%, SLMC 4%, TULF 3%, USA 3%, EROS 3%, MEP 1%, other 3%; + seats - (225 total) UNP 125, SLFP 67, other 33 +Executive branch: + president, prime minister, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + unicameral Parliament +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Dingiri Banda WIJETUNGA (since 7 May 1993) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Ranil WICKREMASINGHE (since 7 May 1993) +Member of: + AsDB, C, CCC, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-24, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, + ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, + IOM, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, PCA, SAARC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, + WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation in US: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Ananda GURUGE + chancery: + 2148 Wyoming Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 + telephone: (202) 483-4025 through 4028 + consulate general: + New York +US diplomatic representation: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Teresita C. SCHAFFER + embassy: + 210 Galle Road, Colombo 3 + mailing address: + P. O. Box 106, Colombo + telephone: + [94] (1) 44-80-07 + FAX: + [94] (1) 43-73-45 +Flag: + yellow with two panels; the smaller hoist-side panel has two equal vertical + bands of green (hoist side) and orange; the other panel is a large dark red + rectangle with a yellow lion holding a sword, and there is a yellow bo leaf + in each corner; the yellow field appears as a border that goes around the + entire flag and extends between the two panels + +*Sri Lanka, Economy + +Overview: + Agriculture, forestry, and fishing dominate the economy, employing half of + the labor force and accounting for one quarter of GDP. The plantation crops + of tea, rubber, and coconuts provide about one-third of export earnings. The + economy has been plagued by high rates of unemployment since the late 1970s. + Economic growth, which has been depressed by ethnic unrest, accelerated in + 1991-92 as domestic conditions began to improve and conditions for foreign + investment brightened. +National product: + GDP - exchange rate conversion - $7.75 billion (1992 est.) +National product real growth rate: + 4.5% (1992 est.) +National product per capita: + $440 (1992 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 10% (1992) +Unemployment rate: + 15% (1991 est.) +Budget: + revenues $2.0 billion; expenditures $3.7 billion, including capital + expenditures of $500 million (1992) +Exports: + $2.0 billion (f.o.b., 1991) + commodities: + textiles and garments, teas, petroleum products, coconuts, rubber, other + agricultural products, gems and jewelry, marine products, graphite + partners: + US 27.4%, Germany, Japan, UK, Belgium, Taiwan, Hong Kong, China +Imports: + $3.1 billion (c.i.f., 1991) + commodities: food and beverages, textiles and textile materials, petroleum and petroleum + products, machinery and equipment + partners: + Japan, Iran, US 5.7%, India, Taiwan, Singapore, Germany, UK +External debt: + $5.7 billion (1991 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 7% (1991 est.); accounts for 20% of GDP +Electricity: + 1,300,000 kW capacity; 3,600 million kWh produced, 200 kWh per capita (1992) +Industries: + processing of rubber, tea, coconuts, and other agricultural commodities; + cement, petroleum refining, textiles, tobacco, clothing +Agriculture: + accounts for 26% of GDP and nearly half of labor force; most important + staple crop is paddy rice; other field crops - sugarcane, grains, pulses, + oilseeds, roots, spices; cash crops - tea, rubber, coconuts; animal products + - milk, eggs, hides, meat; not self-sufficient in rice production +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $1.0 billion; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1980-89), $5.1 billion; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $169 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $369 + million +Currency: + 1 Sri Lankan rupee (SLRe) = 100 cents +Exchange rates: + Sri Lankan rupees (SLRes) per US$1 - 46.342 (January 1993), 43.687 (1992), + 41.372 (1991), 40.063 (1990), 36.047 (1989), 31.807 (1988) + +*Sri Lanka, Economy + +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +*Sri Lanka, Communications + +Railroads: + 1,948 km total (1990); all 1.868-meter broad gauge; 102 km double track; no + electrification; government owned +Highways: + 75,749 km total (1990); 27,637 km paved (mostly bituminous treated), 32,887 + km crushed stone or gravel, 14,739 km improved earth or unimproved earth; + several thousand km of mostly unmotorable tracks (1988 est.) +Inland waterways: + 430 km; navigable by shallow-draft craft +Pipelines: + crude oil and petroleum products 62 km (1987) +Ports: + Colombo, Trincomalee +Merchant marine: + 27 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 276,074 GRT/443,266 DWT; includes 12 + cargo, 6 refrigerated cargo, 3 container, 3 oil tanker, 3 bulk +Airports: + total: + 14 + usable: + 13 + with permanent-surface runways: + 12 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 1 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 8 +Telecommunications: + very inadequate domestic service, good international service; 114,000 + telephones (1982); broadcast stations - 12 AM, 5 FM, 5 TV; submarine cables + extend to Indonesia and Djibouti; 2 Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth stations + +*Sri Lanka, Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy, Air Force, Police Force +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 4,779,221; fit for military service 3,730,737; reach + military age (18) annually 178,032 (1993 est.) +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $365 million, 4.7% of GDP (1992) + +*Sudan, Geography + +Location: + Northern Africa, along the Red Sea, between Egypt and Ethiopia +Map references: + Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World +Area: + total area: + 2,505,810 km2 + land area: + 2.376 million km2 + comparative area: + slightly more than one-quarter the size of the US +Land boundaries: + total 7,697 km, Central African Republic 1,165 km, Chad 1,360 km, Egypt + 1,273 km, Ethiopia 2,221 km, Kenya 232 km, Libya 383 km, Uganda 435 km, + Zaire 628 km +Coastline: + 853 km +Maritime claims: + contiguous zone: + 18 nm + continental shelf: + 200 m depth or to depth of exploitation + territorial sea: + 12 nm +International disputes: + administrative boundary with Kenya does not coincide with international + boundary; administrative boundary with Egypt does not coincide with + international boundary creating the "Hala'ib Triangle," a barren area of + 20,580 km2, the dispute over this area escalated in 1993 +Climate: + tropical in south; arid desert in north; rainy season (April to October) +Terrain: + generally flat, featureless plain; mountains in east and west +Natural resources: + small reserves of petroleum, iron ore, copper, chromium ore, zinc, tungsten, + mica, silver +Land use: + arable land: + 5% + permanent crops: + 0% + meadows and pastures: + 24% + forest and woodland: + 20% + other: + 51% +Irrigated land: + 18,900 km2 (1989 est.) +Environment: + dominated by the Nile and its tributaries; dust storms; desertification +Note: + largest country in Africa + +*Sudan, People + +Population: + 28,730,381 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 2.38% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 42.65 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 12.45 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + -6.4 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 81.3 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 53.85 years + male: + 53 years + female: + 54.73 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: 6.19 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Sudanese (singular and plural) + adjective: + Sudanese +Ethnic divisions: + black 52%, Arab 39%, Beja 6%, foreigners 2%, other 1% +Religions: + Sunni Muslim 70% (in north), indigenous beliefs 25%, Christian 5% (mostly in + south and Khartoum) +Languages: + Arabic (official), Nubian, Ta Bedawie, diverse dialects of Nilotic, + Nilo-Hamitic, Sudanic languages, English + note: + program of Arabization in process +Literacy: + age 15 and over can read and write (1990) + total population: + 27% + male: + 43% + female: + 12% +Labor force: + 6.5 million + by occupation: + agriculture 80%, industry and commerce 10%, government 6% + note: + labor shortages for almost all categories of skilled employment (1983 est.); + 52% of population of working age (1985) + +*Sudan, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Republic of the Sudan + conventional short form: + Sudan + local long form: + Jumhuriyat as-Sudan + local short form: + As-Sudan + former: + Anglo-Egyptian Sudan +Digraph: + SU +Type: + military civilian government suspended and martial law imposed after 30 June + 1989 coup +Capital: + Khartoum +Administrative divisions: + 9 states (wilayat, singular - wilayat or wilayah*); A'ali an Nil, Al Wusta*,, Al Istiwa'iyah*,, +Al Khartum, Ash Shamaliyah*, Ash Sharqiyah*, Bahr al, Ghazal, Darfur, Kurdufan +Independence: + 1 January 1956 (from Egypt and UK) +Constitution: + 12 April 1973, suspended following coup of 6 April 1985; interim + constitution of 10 October 1985 suspended following coup of 30 June 1989 +Legal system: + based on English common law and Islamic law; as of 20 January 1991, the + Revolutionary Command Council imposed Islamic law in the six northern states + of Al Wusta, Al Khartum, Ash Shamaliyah, Ash Sharqiyah, Darfur, and + Kurdufan; the council is still studying criminal provisions under Islamic + law; Islamic law will apply to all residents of the six northern states + regardless of their religion; some separate religious courts; accepts + compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations +National holiday: + Independence Day, 1 January (1956) +Political parties and leaders: + none; banned following 30 June 1989 coup +Other political or pressure groups: + National Islamic Front, Hasan al-TURABI +Suffrage: + none +Elections: + none +Executive branch: + executive and legislative authority vested in a 10-member Revolutionary + Command Council (RCC); chairman of the RCC acts as prime minister; in July + 1989, RCC appointed a predominately civilian 22-member cabinet to function + as advisers + note: + Lt. Gen. BASHIR's military government is dominated by members of Sudan's + National Islamic Front, a fundamentalist political organization formed from + the Muslim Brotherhood in 1986; front leader Hasan al-TURABI controls + Khartoum's overall domestic and foreign policies + +*Sudan, Government + +Legislative branch: + appointed 300-member Transitional National Assembly; note - as announced 1 + January 1992 by RCC Chairman BASHIR, the Assembly assumes all legislative + authority for Sudan until the eventual, unspecified resumption of national + elections +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court, Special Revolutionary Courts +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + Revolutionary Command Council Chairman and Prime Minister Lt. Gen. Umar + Hasan Ahmad al-BASHIR (since 30 June 1989); Deputy Chairman of the Command + Council and Deputy Prime Minister Maj. Gen. al-Zubayr Muhammad SALIH Ahmed + (since 9 July 1989) +Member of: + ABEDA, ACP, AfDB, AFESD, AL, AMF, CAEU, CCC, ECA, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, + ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IGADD, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, + ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, OIC, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, + WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation in US: + chief of mission: + Ambassador 'Abdalla Ahmad 'ABDALLA + chancery: + 2210 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 + telephone: + (202) 338-8565 through 8570 + consulate general: + New York +US diplomatic representation: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Donald K. PETTERSON + embassy: + Shar'ia Ali Abdul Latif, Khartoum + mailing address: + P. O. Box 699, Khartoum, or APO AE 09829 + telephone: + 74700 or 74611 + FAX: + Telex 22619 +Flag: + three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black with a green + isosceles triangle based on the hoist side + +*Sudan, Economy + +Overview: + Sudan is buffeted by civil war, chronic political instability, adverse + weather, high inflation, a drop in remittances from abroad, and + counterproductive economic policies. The economy is dominated by + governmental entities that account for more than 70% of new investment. The + private sector's main areas of activity are agriculture and trading, with + most private industrial investment predating 1980. The economy's base is + agriculture, which employs 80% of the work force. Industry mainly processes + agricultural items. Sluggish economic performance over the past decade, + attributable largely to declining annual rainfall, has reduced levels of per + capita income and consumption. A large foreign debt and huge arrearages + continue to cause difficulties. In 1990 the International Monetary Fund took + the unusual step of declaring Sudan noncooperative because of its nonpayment + of arrearages to the Fund. Despite subsequent government efforts to + implement reforms urged by the IMF and the World Bank, the economy remained + stagnant in FY91 as entrepreneurs lack the incentive to take economic risks. + Growth in 1992 was featured by the recovery of agricultural production in + northern Sudan after two years of drought. +National product: + GDP - exchange rate conversion - $5.2 billion (FY92 est.) +National product real growth rate: + 9% (FY92 est.) +National product per capita: + $184 (FY92 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 150% (FY92 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 30% (FY92 est.) +Budget: + revenues $1.3 billion; expenditures $2.1 billion, including capital + expenditures of $505 million (FY91 est.) +Exports: + $315 million (f.o.b., FY92 est.) + commodities: + cotton 52%, sesame, gum arabic, peanuts + partners: + Western Europe 46%, Saudi Arabia 14%, Eastern Europe 9%, Japan 9%, US 3% + (FY88) +Imports: + $1.3 billion (c.i.f., FY92 est.) + commodities: + foodstuffs, petroleum products, manufactured goods, machinery and equipment, + medicines and chemicals, textiles + partners: + Western Europe 32%, Africa and Asia 15%, US 13%, Eastern Europe 3% (FY88) +External debt: + $15 billion (June 1992 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 4.8%; accounts for 11% of GDP (FY92) +Electricity: + 610,000 kW capacity; 905 million kWh produced, 40 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + cotton ginning, textiles, cement, edible oils, sugar, soap distilling, + shoes, petroleum refining +Agriculture: + accounts for 35% of GDP and 80% of labor force; water shortages; two-thirds + of land area suitable for raising crops and livestock; major products - + cotton, oilseeds, sorghum, millet, wheat, gum arabic, sheep; marginally + self-sufficient in most foods + +*Sudan, Economy + +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $1.5 billion; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $5.1 billion; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $3.1 billion; Communist countries (1970-89), $588 + million +Currency: + 1 Sudanese pound (#Sd) = 100 piasters +Exchange rates: + official rate - Sudanese pounds (#Sd) per US$1 - 124 (January 1993), 90.1 + (March 1992), 5.4288 (1991), 4.5004 (fixed rate since 1987), 2.8121 (1987); + note - free market rate 155 (January 1993) +Fiscal year: + 1 July - 30 June + +*Sudan, Communications + +Railroads: + 5,516 km total; 4,800 km 1.067-meter gauge, 716 km 1.6096-meter-gauge + plantation line +Highways: + 20,703 km total; 2,000 km bituminous treated, 4,000 km gravel, 2,304 km + improved earth, 12,399 km unimproved earth and track +Inland waterways: + 5,310 km navigable +Pipelines: + refined products 815 km +Ports: + Port Sudan, Sawakin +Merchant marine: + 5 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 42,277 GRT/59,588 DWT; includes 3 + cargo, 2 roll-on/roll-off +Airports: + total: + 68 + usable: + 56 + with permanent-surface runways: + 10 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 6 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 30 +Telecommunications: + large, well-equipped system by African standards, but barely adequate and + poorly maintained by modern standards; consists of microwave radio relay, + cable, radio communications, troposcatter, and a domestic satellite system + with 14 stations; broadcast stations - 11 AM, 3 TV; satellite earth stations + for international traffic - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 1 ARABSAT + +*Sudan, Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy, Air Force, Air Defense Force +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 6,488,864; fit for military service 3,986,084; reach + military age (18) annually 301,573 (1993 est.) +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $339 million, 2.2% of GDP (1989 est.) + +*Suriname, Geography + +Location: + Northern South America, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean between French + Guiana and Guyana +Map references: + South America, Standard Time Zones of the World +Area: + total area: + 163,270 km2 + land area: + 161,470 km2 + comparative area: + slightly larger than Georgia +Land boundaries: + total 1,707 km, Brazil 597 km, French Guiana 510 km, Guyana 600 km +Coastline: + 386 km +Maritime claims: + exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + territorial sea: + 12 nm +International disputes: + claims area in French Guiana between Litani Rivier and Riviere Marouini + (both headwaters of the Lawa); claims area in Guyana between New (Upper + Courantyne) and Courantyne/Koetari Rivers (all headwaters of the Courantyne) +Climate: + tropical; moderated by trade winds +Terrain: + mostly rolling hills; narrow coastal plain with swamps +Natural resources: + timber, hydropower potential, fish, shrimp, bauxite, iron ore, and small + amounts of nickel, copper, platinum, gold +Land use: + arable land: + 0% + permanent crops: + 0% + meadows and pastures: + 0% + forest and woodland: + 97% + other: + 3% +Irrigated land: + 590 km2 (1989 est.) +Environment: + mostly tropical rain forest + +*Suriname, People + +Population: + 416,321 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 1.54% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 25.85 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 6.1 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: -4.33 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 32.4 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 69.14 years + male: + 66.65 years + female: + 71.76 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 2.85 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Surinamer(s) + adjective: + Surinamese +Ethnic divisions: + Hindustani (East Indian) 37%, Creole (black and mixed) 31%, Javanese 15.3%, + Bush black 10.3%, Amerindian 2.6%, Chinese 1.7%, Europeans 1%, other 1.1% +Religions: + Hindu 27.4%, Muslim 19.6%, Roman Catholic 22.8%, Protestant 25.2% + (predominantly Moravian), indigenous beliefs 5% +Languages: + Dutch (official), English widely spoken, Sranan Tongo (Surinamese, sometimes + called Taki-Taki) is native language of Creoles and much of the younger + population and is lingua franca among others, Hindi Suriname Hindustani (a + variant of Bhoqpuri), Javanese +Literacy: + age 15 and over can read and write (1990) + total population: + 95% + male: + 95% + female: + 95% +Labor force: + 104,000 (1984) + by occupation: + NA + +*Suriname, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Republic of Suriname + conventional short form: + Suriname + local long form: + Republiek Suriname + local short form: + Suriname + former: + Netherlands Guiana Dutch Guiana +Digraph: + NS +Type: + republic +Capital: + Paramaribo +Administrative divisions: + 10 districts (distrikten, singular - distrikt); Brokopondo, Commewijne, + Coronie, Marowijne, Nickerie, Para, Paramaribo, Saramacca, Sipaliwini, + Wanica +Independence: + 25 November 1975 (from Netherlands) +Constitution: + ratified 30 September 1987 +Legal system: + NA +National holiday: + Independence Day, 25 November (1975) +Political parties and leaders: + The New Front (NF), leader NA, a coalition of four parties (NPS, VHP, KTPI, + SPA); Progressive Reform Party (VHP), Jaggernath LACHMON; National Party of + Suriname (NPS), Ronald VENETIAAN; Party of National Unity and Solidarity + (KTPI), Willy SOEMITA; Suriname Labor Party (SPA) Fred DARBY; Democratic + Alternative '91 (DA '91), Winston JESSURUN, a coalition of four parties (AF, + HPP, Pendawa Lima, BEP) formed in January 1991; Alternative Forum (AF), + Gerard BRUNINGS, Winston JESSURUN; Reformed Progressive Party (HPP), Panalal + PARMESSAR; Party for Brotherhood and Unity in Politics (BEP), Cipriano + ALLENDY; Pendawa Lima, Marsha JAMIN; National Democratic Party (NDP), Desire + BOUTERSE; Progressive Workers' and Farm Laborers' Union (PALU), Ir Iwan + KROLIS, chairman; National Republic Party (PNR), Robin RAVALES +Other political or pressure groups: + Surinamese Liberation Army (SLA), Ronnie BRUNSWIJK, Johan "Castro" WALLY; + Union for Liberation and Democracy, Kofi AFONGPONG; Saramaccaner Bosneger + Angula Movement, Carlos MAASSI; Mandela Bushnegro Liberation Movement, + Leendert ADAMS; Tucayana Amazonica, Alex JUBITANA, Thomas SABAJO +Suffrage: + 18 years of age; universal +Elections: + President: + last held 6 September 1991 (next to be held NA May 1996); results - elected + by the National Assembly - Ronald VENETIAAN (NF) 80% (645 votes), Jules + WIJDENBOSCH (NDP) 14% (115 votes), Hans PRADE (DA '91) 6% (49 votes) + National Assembly: + last held 25 May 1991 (next to be held NA May 1996); results - percent of + vote NA; seats - (51 total) NF 30, NDP 10, DA '91 9, Independent 2 + +*Suriname, Government + +Executive branch: + president, vice president and prime minister, Cabinet of Ministers, Council + of State; note - Commander in Chief of the National Army maintains + significant power +Legislative branch: + unicameral National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + President Ronald R. VENETIAAN (since 16 September 1991); Vice President and + Prime Minister Jules R. AJODHIA (since 16 September 1991) +Member of: + ACP, CARICOM (observer), ECLAC, FAO, GATT, G-77, IADB, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, + IFAD, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LAES, LORCS, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, UN, + UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO +Diplomatic representation in US: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Willem A. UDENHOUT + chancery: + Suite 108, 4301 Connecticut Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 + telephone: + (202) 244-7488 or 7490 through 7492 + consulate general: + Miami +US diplomatic representation: + chief of mission: + Ambassador John (Jack) P. LEONARD + embassy: + Dr. Sophie Redmonstraat 129, Paramaribo + mailing address: + P. O. Box 1821, Paramaribo + telephone: + [597] 472900, 477881, or 476459 + FAX: + [597] 410025 +Flag: + five horizontal bands of green (top, double width), white, red (quadruple + width), white, and green (double width); there is a large yellow + five-pointed star centered in the red band + +*Suriname, Economy + +Overview: + The economy is dominated by the bauxite industry, which accounts for 15% of + GDP and about 70% of export earnings. The economy has been in trouble since + the Dutch ended development aid in 1982. A drop in world bauxite prices + which started in the late 1970s and continued until late 1986 was followed + by the outbreak of a guerrilla insurgency in the interior that crippled the + important bauxite sector. Although the insurgency has since ebbed and the + bauxite sector recovered, a military coup in December 1990 reflected + continued political instability and deterred investment and economic reform. + High inflation, high unemployment, widespread black market activity, and + hard currency shortfalls continue to mark the economy. +National product: + GDP - exchange rate conversion - $1.35 billion (1991 est.) +National product real growth rate: + -2.5% (1991 est.) +National product per capita: + $3,300 (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 26% (1991) +Unemployment rate: + 16.5% (1990) +Budget: + revenues $466 million; expenditures $716 million, including capital + expenditures of $123 million (1989 est.) +Exports: + $417 million (f.o.b., 1992 est.) + commodities: + alumina, aluminum, shrimp and fish, rice, bananas + partners: + Norway 36%, Netherlands 28%, US 11%, Japan 7%, Brazil 5%, UK 5% (1989) +Imports: + $514 million (f.o.b., 1992 est.) + commodities: + capital equipment, petroleum, foodstuffs, cotton, consumer goods + partners: + US 41%, Netherlands 24%, Trinidad and Tobago 9%, Brazil 4% (1989) +External debt: + $138 million (1990 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate -5.0% (1991 est.); accounts for 27% of GDP +Electricity: + 458,000 kW capacity; 2,018 million kWh produced, 4,920 kWh per capita (1992) +Industries: + bauxite mining, alumina and aluminum production, lumbering, food processing, + fishing +Agriculture: + accounts for 10.4% of GDP and 25% of export earnings; paddy rice planted on + 85% of arable land and represents 60% of total farm output; other products - + bananas, palm kernels, coconuts, plantains, peanuts, beef, chicken; shrimp + and forestry products of increasing importance; self-sufficient in most + foods +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-83), $2.5 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1.5 billion +Currency: + 1 Surinamese guilder, gulden, or florin (Sf.) = 100 cents +Exchange rates: + Surinamese guilders, gulden, or florins (Sf.) per US$1 - 1.7850 (fixed rate + until October 1992), 25.04 (January 1992) + +*Suriname, Economy + +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +*Suriname, Communications + +Railroads: + 166 km total; 86 km 1.000-meter gauge, government owned, and 80 km + 1.435-meter standard gauge; all single track +Highways: + 8,300 km total; 500 km paved; 5,400 km bauxite gravel, crushed stone, or + improved earth; 2,400 km sand or clay +Inland waterways: + 1,200 km; most important means of transport; oceangoing vessels with drafts + ranging up to 7 m can navigate many of the principal waterways +Ports: + Paramaribo, Moengo, Nicuw Nickerie +Merchant marine: + 3 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 6,472 GRT/8,914 DWT; includes 2 cargo, + 1 container +Airports: + total: + 46 + usable: + 39 + with permanent-surface runways: + 6 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 1 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 3 +Telecommunications: + international facilities good; domestic microwave system; 27,500 telephones; + broadcast stations - 5 AM, 14 FM, 6 TV, 1 shortwave; 2 Atlantic Ocean + INTELSAT earth stations + +*Suriname, Defense Forces + +Branches: + National Army (including Navy which is company-size, small Air Force + element), Civil Police +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 111,716; fit for military service 66,429 (1993 est.) +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP + +*Svalbard, Header + +Affiliation: + (territory of Norway) + +*Svalbard, Geography + +Location: + in the Arctic Ocean where the Arctic Ocean, Barents Sea, Greenland Sea, and + Norwegian Sea meet, 445 km north of Norway +Map references: + Arctic Region, Asia, Standard Time Zones of the World +Area: + total area: + 62,049 km2 + land area: + 62,049 km2 + comparative area: + slightly smaller than West Virginia + note: + includes Spitsbergen and Bjornoya (Bear Island) +Land boundaries: + 0 km +Coastline: + 3,587 km +Maritime claims: + exclusive fishing zone: + 200 nm unilaterally claimed by Norway but not recognized by Russia + territorial sea: + 4 nm +International disputes: + focus of maritime boundary dispute in the Barents Sea between Norway and + Russia +Climate: + arctic, tempered by warm North Atlantic Current; cool summers, cold winters; + North Atlantic Current flows along west and north coasts of Spitsbergen, + keeping water open and navigable most of the year +Terrain: + wild, rugged mountains; much of high land ice covered; west coast clear of + ice about half the year; fjords along west and north coasts +Natural resources: + coal, copper, iron ore, phosphate, zinc, wildlife, fish +Land use: + arable land: + 0% + permanent crops: + 0% + meadows and pastures: + 0% + forest and woodland: + 0% + other: + 100% (no trees and the only bushes are crowberry and cloudberry) +Irrigated land: + NA km2 +Environment: + great calving glaciers descend to the sea +Note: + northernmost part of the Kingdom of Norway; consists of nine main islands; + glaciers and snowfields cover 60% of the total area + +*Svalbard, People + +Population: 3,209 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + -2.84% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + NA births/1,000 population +Death rate: + NA deaths/1,000 population +Net migration rate: + NA migrant(s)/1,000 population +Infant mortality rate: + NA deaths/1,000 live births +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + NA years + male: + NA years + female: + NA years +Total fertility rate: + NA children born/woman +Ethnic divisions: + Russian 64%, Norwegian 35%, other 1% (1981) +Languages: + Russian, Norwegian +Literacy: + total population: + NA% + male: + NA% + female: + NA% +Labor force: + NA + +*Svalbard, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + none + conventional short form: + Svalbard +Digraph: + SV +Type: + territory of Norway administered by the Ministry of Industry, Oslo, through + a governor (sysselmann) residing in Longyearbyen, Spitsbergen; by treaty (9 + February 1920) sovereignty was given to Norway +Capital: + Longyearbyen +Independence: + none (territory of Norway) +Legal system: + NA +National holiday: NA +Leaders: + Chief of State: + King HARALD V (since 17 January 1991) + Head of Government: + Governor (vacant) +Member of: + none +Flag: + the flag of Norway is used + +*Svalbard, Economy + +Overview: + Coal mining is the major economic activity on Svalbard. By treaty (9 + February 1920), the nationals of the treaty powers have equal rights to + exploit mineral deposits, subject to Norwegian regulation. Although US, UK, + Dutch, and Swedish coal companies have mined in the past, the only companies + still mining are Norwegian and Russian. The settlements on Svalbard are + essentially company towns. The Norwegian state-owned coal company employs + nearly 60% of the Norwegian population on the island, runs many of the local + services, and provides most of the local infrastructure. There is also some + trapping of seal, polar bear, fox, and walrus. +Budget: + revenues $13.3 million; expenditures $13.3 million, including capital + expenditures of $NA (1990) +Electricity: + 21,000 kW capacity; 45 million kWh produced, 13,860 kWh per capita (1992) +Currency: + 1 Norwegian krone (NKr) = 100 ore +Exchange rates: + Norwegian kroner (NKr) per US$1 - 6.8774 (January 1993), 6.2145 (1992), + 6.4829 (1991), 6.2597 (1990), 6.9045 (1989), 6.5170 (1988) + +*Svalbard, Communications + +Ports: + limited facilities - Ny-Alesund, Advent Bay +Airports: + total: + 4 + usable: + 4 + with permanent-surface runways: + 1 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 1 +Telecommunications: 5 meteorological/radio stations; local telephone service; broadcast stations + - 1 AM, 1 (2 repeaters) FM, 1 TV; satellite communication with Norwegian + mainland + +*Svalbard, Defense Forces + +Note: + demilitarized by treaty (9 February 1920) + +*Swaziland, Geography + +Location: + Southern Africa, between Mozambique and South Africa +Map references: + Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World +Area: + total area: + 17,360 km2 + land area: + 17,200 km2 + comparative area: + slightly smaller than New Jersey +Land boundaries: + total 535 km, Mozambique 105 km, South Africa 430 km +Coastline: + 0 km (landlocked) +Maritime claims: + none; landlocked +International disputes: + none +Climate: + varies from tropical to near temperate +Terrain: + mostly mountains and hills; some moderately sloping plains +Natural resources: + asbestos, coal, clay, cassiterite, hydropower, forests, small gold and + diamond deposits, quarry stone, and talc +Land use: + arable land: + 8% + permanent crops: + 0% + meadows and pastures: + 67% + forest and woodland: + 6% + other: + 19% +Irrigated land: + 620 km2 (1989 est.) +Environment: + overgrazing; soil degradation; soil erosion +Note: + landlocked; almost completely surrounded by South Africa + +*Swaziland, People + +Population: + 906,932 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 3.18% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 43.22 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 11.41 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 95.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 55.94 years + male: + 51.97 years + female: + 60.03 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 6.16 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Swazi(s) + adjective: + Swazi +Ethnic divisions: + African 97%, European 3% +Religions: + Christian 60%, indigenous beliefs 40% +Languages: + English (official; government business conducted in English), siSwati + (official) +Literacy: + age 15 and over can read and write (1976) + total population: + 55% + male: + 57% + female: + 54% +Labor force: + 195,000 (over 60,000 engaged in subsistence agriculture; about 92,000 wage + earners - many only intermittently) + by occupation: + agriculture and forestry 36%, community and social service 20%, + manufacturing 14%, construction 9%, other 21% + note: + 15,980 employed in South African gold and coal mines (1991) + +*Swaziland, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Kingdom of Swaziland + conventional short form: + Swaziland +Digraph: + WZ +Type: + monarchy independent member of Commonwealth +Capital: + Mbabane (administrative); Lobamba (legislative) +Administrative divisions: + 4 districts; Hhohho, Lubombo, Manzini, Shiselweni +Independence: + 6 September 1968 (from UK) +Constitution: + none; constitution of 6 September 1968 was suspended on 12 April 1973; a new + constitution was promulgated 13 October 1978, but has not been formally + presented to the people +Legal system: + based on South African Roman-Dutch law in statutory courts, Swazi + traditional law and custom in traditional courts; has not accepted + compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + Somhlolo (Independence) Day, 6 September (1968) +Political parties and leaders: + none; banned by the Constitution promulgated on 13 October 1978 +Suffrage: + none +Elections: + direct legislative elections rescheduled for June 1993 +Executive branch: + monarch, prime minister, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + bicameral Parliament is advisory and consists of an upper house or Senate + and a lower house or House of Assembly +Judicial branch: + High Court, Court of Appeal +Leaders: + Chief of State: + King MSWATI III (since 25 April 1986) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Obed Mfanyana DLAMINI (since 12 July 1989) +Member of: + ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, + IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, PCA, SACU, SADC, UN, + UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO +Diplomatic representation in US: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Absalom Vusani MAMBA + chancery: 3400 International Drive NW, Washington, DC 20008 + telephone: + (202) 362-6683 +US diplomatic representation: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Stephen H. ROGERS + embassy: + Central Bank Building, Warner Street, Mbabane + +*Swaziland, Government + + mailing address: + P. O. Box 199, Mbabane + telephone: + [268] 46441 through 46445 + FAX: + [268] 45959 +Flag: + three horizontal bands of blue (top), red (triple width), and blue; the red + band is edged in yellow; centered in the red band is a large black and white + shield covering two spears and a staff decorated with feather tassels, all + placed horizontally + +*Swaziland, Economy + +Overview: + The economy is based on subsistence agriculture, which occupies most of the + labor force and contributes nearly 25% to GDP. Manufacturing, which includes + a number of agroprocessing factories, accounts for another quarter of GDP. + Mining has declined in importance in recent years; high-grade iron ore + deposits were depleted in 1978, and health concerns cut world demand for + asbestos. Exports of sugar and forestry products are the main earners of + hard currency. Surrounded by South Africa, except for a short border with + Mozambique, Swaziland is heavily dependent on South Africa, from which it + receives 75% of its imports and to which it sends about half of its exports. +National product: + GDP - exchange rate conversion - $700 million (1991 est.) +National product real growth rate: + 2.5% (1991 est.) +National product per capita: + $800 (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 13% (1991 est.) +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $342 million; expenditures $410 million, including capital + expenditures of $130 million (FY94 est.) +Exports: + $575 million (f.o.b., 1991) + commodities: + soft drink concentrates, sugar, wood pulp, citrus, canned fruit + partners: + South Africa 50% (est.), EC countries, Canada +Imports: + $730 million (c.i.f., 1991) + commodities: + motor vehicles, machinery, transport equipment, petroleum products, + foodstuffs, chemicals + partners: + South Africa 75% (est.), Japan, Belgium, UK +External debt: + $290 million (1990) +Industrial production: + growth rate NA%; accounts for 26% of GDP (1989) +Electricity: + 60,000 kW capacity; 155 million kWh produced, 180 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + mining (coal and asbestos), wood pulp, sugar +Agriculture: + accounts for 23% of GDP and over 60% of labor force; mostly subsistence + agriculture; cash crops - sugarcane, cotton, maize, tobacco, rice, citrus + fruit, pineapples; other crops and livestock - corn, sorghum, peanuts, + cattle, goats, sheep; not self-sufficient in grain +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $142 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $518 million +Currency: + 1 lilangeni (E) = 100 cents +Exchange rates: + emalangeni (E) per US$1 -3.1576 (May 1993), 2.8497 (1992), 2.7563 (1991), + 2.5863 (1990), 2.6166 (1989), 2.2611 (1988); note - the Swazi emalangeni is + at par with the South African rand + +*Swaziland, Economy + +Fiscal year: + 1 April - 31 March + +*Swaziland, Communications + +Railroads: + 297 km (plus 71 km disused), 1.067-meter gauge, single track +Highways: + 2,853 km total; 510 km paved, 1,230 km crushed stone, gravel, or stabilized + soil, and 1,113 km improved earth +Airports: + total: + 23 + usable: + 21 + with permanent-surfaced runways: + 1 + with runways over 3,659 m: 0 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 1 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 1 +Telecommunications: + system consists of carrier-equipped open-wire lines and low-capacity + microwave links; 17,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 7 AM, 6 FM, 10 TV; + 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station + +*Swaziland, Defense Forces + +Branches: + Umbutfo Swaziland Defense Force, Royal Swaziland Police Force +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 197,214; fit for military service 114,097 (1993 est.) +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $22 million, NA% of GDP (FY93/94) + +*Sweden, Geography + +Location: + Northern Europe, bordering the Baltic Sea, between Norway and Finland +Map references: + Arctic Region, Asia, Europe, Standard Time Zones of the World +Area: + total area: + 449,964 km2 + land area: + 410,928 km2 + comparative area: + slightly smaller than California +Land boundaries: + total 2,205 km, Finland 586 km, Norway 1,619 km +Coastline: + 3,218 km +Maritime claims: + continental shelf: + 200 m depth or to depth of exploitation + exclusive fishing zone: + 200 nm + territorial sea: + 12 nm +International disputes: + none +Climate: + temperate in south with cold, cloudy winters and cool, partly cloudy + summers; subarctic in north +Terrain: + mostly flat or gently rolling lowlands; mountains in west +Natural resources: + zinc, iron ore, lead, copper, silver, timber, uranium, hydropower potential +Land use: + arable land: + 7% + permanent crops: + 0% + meadows and pastures: + 2% + forest and woodland: + 64% + other: + 27% +Irrigated land: + 1,120 km2 (1989 est.) +Environment: + water pollution; acid rain +Note: + strategic location along Danish Straits linking Baltic and North Seas + +*Sweden, People + +Population: + 8,730,286 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 0.58% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 13.78 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 10.96 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + 2.97 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 5.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 78.08 years + male: + 75.3 years + female: + 81.02 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 2.04 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Swede(s) + adjective: + Swedish +Ethnic divisions: + white, Lapp, foreign born or first-generation immigrants 12% (Finns, + Yugoslavs, Danes, Norwegians, Greeks, Turks) +Religions: + Evangelical Lutheran 94%, Roman Catholic 1.5%, Pentecostal 1%, other 3.5% + (1987) +Languages: + Swedish note: + small Lapp- and Finnish-speaking minorities; immigrants speak native + languages +Literacy: + age 15 and over can read and write (1979) + total population: + 99% + male: + NA% + female: + NA% +Labor force: + 4.552 million + by occupation: + community, social and personal services 38.3%, mining and manufacturing + 21.2%, commerce, hotels, and restaurants 14.1%, banking, insurance 9.0%, + communications 7.2%, construction 7.0%, agriculture, fishing, and forestry + 3.2% (1991) + +*Sweden, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Kingdom of Sweden + conventional short form: + Sweden + local long form: + Konungariket Sverige + local short form: + Sverige +Digraph: + SW +Type: + constitutional monarchy +Capital: + Stockholm +Administrative divisions: + 24 provinces (lan, singular and plural); Alvsborgs Lan, Blekinge Lan, + Gavleborgs Lan, Goteborgs och Bohus Lan, Gotlands Lan, Hallands Lan, + Jamtlands Lan, Jonkopings Lan, Kalmar Lan, Kopparbergs Lan, Kristianstads + Lan, Kronobergs Lan, Malmohus Lan, Norrbottens Lan, Orebro Lan, + Ostergotlands Lan, Skaraborgs Lan, Sodermanlands Lan, Stockholms Lan, + Uppsala Lan, Varmlands Lan, Vasterbottens Lan, Vasternorrlands Lan, + Vastmanlands Lan +Independence: + 6 June 1809 (constitutional monarchy established) +Constitution: + 1 January 1975 +Legal system: + civil law system influenced by customary law; accepts compulsory ICJ + jurisdiction, with reservations +National holiday: + Day of the Swedish Flag, 6 June +Political parties and leaders: ruling four-party coalition consists of Moderate Party +(conservative), Carl + BILDT; Liberal People's Party, Bengt WESTERBERG; Center Party, Olof + JOHANSSON; and the Christian Democratic Party, Alf SVENSSON; Social + Democratic Party, Ingvar CARLSSON; New Democracy Party, Count Ian + WACHTMEISTER; Left Party (VP; Communist), Gudrun SCHYMAN; Communist Workers' + Party, Rolf HAGEL; Green Party, no formal leader +Suffrage: + 18 years of age; universal +Elections: + Riksdag: + last held 15 September 1991 (next to be held NA September 1994); results - + Social Democratic Party 37.6%, Moderate Party (conservative) 21.9%, Liberal + People's Party 9.1%, Center Party 8.5%, Christian Democrats 7.1%, New + Democracy 6.7%, Left Party (Communist) 4.5%, Green Party 3.4%, other 1.2%; + seats - (349 total) Social Democratic 138, Moderate Party (conservative) 80, + Liberal People's Party 33, Center Party 31, Christian Democrats 26, New + Democracy 25, Left Party (Communist) 16; note - the Green Party has no seats + in the Riksdag because it received less than the required 4% of the vote +Executive branch: + monarch, prime minister, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + unicameral parliament (Riksdag) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court (Hogsta Domstolen) + +*Sweden, Government + +Leaders: + Chief of State: + King CARL XVI GUSTAF (since 19 September 1973); Heir Apparent Princess + VICTORIA Ingrid Alice Desiree, daughter of the King (born 14 July 1977) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Carl BILDT (since 3 October 1991); Deputy Prime Minister + Bengt WESTERBERG (since NA) +Member of: + AfDB, AG (observer), AsDB, Australian Group, BIS, CBSS, CCC, CE, CERN, COCOM + (cooperating country), CSCE, EBRD, ECE, EFTA, ESA, FAO, G-6, G-8, G-9, G-10, + GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, + IMO, INMARSAT, INTERPOL, INTELSAT, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LORCS, MTRC, NAM + (guest), NC, NEA, NIB, NSG, OECD, ONUSAL, PCA, UN, UNAVEM II, UNCTAD, + UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNIKOM, UNMOGIP, UNOMOZ, UNPROFOR, + UNTSO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, ZC +Diplomatic representation in US: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Carl Henrik LILJEGREN + chancery: + Suite 1200 and 715, 600 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20037 + telephone: + (202) 944-5600 + FAX: + (202) 342-1319 + consulates general: + Chicago, Los Angeles, and New York +US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: + (vacant) + embassy: + Strandvagen 101, S-115 89 Stockholm + mailing address: + use embassy street address + telephone: + [46] (8) 783-5300 + FAX: + [46] (8) 661-1964 +Flag: + blue with a yellow cross that extends to the edges of the flag; the vertical + part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side in the style of the Dannebrog + (Danish flag) + +*Sweden, Economy + +Overview: + Aided by a long period of peace and neutrality during World War I through + World War II, Sweden has achieved an enviable standard of living under a + mixed system of high-tech capitalism and extensive welfare benefits. It has + a modern distribution system, excellent internal and external + communications, and a skilled labor force. Timber, hydropower, and iron ore + constitute the resource base of an economy that is heavily oriented toward + foreign trade. Privately owned firms account for about 90% of industrial + output, of which the engineering sector accounts for 50% of output and + exports. In the last few years, however, this extraordinarily favorable + picture has been clouded by inflation, growing unemployment, and a gradual + loss of competitiveness in international markets. Although Prime Minister + BILDT'S center-right minority coalition had hoped to charge ahead with + free-market-oriented reforms, a skyrocketing budget deficit - almost 13% of + GDP in FY94 projections - and record unemployment have forestalled many of + the plans. Unemployment in 1993 is forecast at around 7% with another 5% in + job training. Continued heavy foreign exchange speculation forced the + government to cooperate in late 1992 with the opposition Social Democrats on + two crisis packages - one a severe austerity pact and the other a program to + spur industrial competitiveness - which basically set economic policy + through 1997. In November 1992, Sweden broke its tie to the EC's ECU, and + the krona has since depreciated around 2.5% against the dollar. The + government hopes the boost in export competitiveness from the depreciation + will help lift Sweden out of its 3-year recession. To curb the budget + deficit and bolster confidence in the economy, BILDT continues to propose + cuts in welfare benefits, subsidies, defense, and foreign aid. Sweden + continues to harmonize its economic policies with those of the EC in + preparation for concluding its EC membership bid by 1995. +National product: + GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $145.6 billion (1992) +National product real growth rate: + -1.7% (1992) +National product per capita: + $16,900 (1992) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 2.3% (1992) +Unemployment rate: 5.3% (1992) +Budget: + revenues $70.4 billion; expenditures $82.5 billion, including capital + expenditures of $NA (FY92) +Exports: + $56 billion (f.o.b., 1992) + commodities: + machinery, motor vehicles, paper products, pulp and wood, iron and steel + products, chemicals, petroleum and petroleum products + partners: + EC 55.8% (Germany 15%, UK 9.7%, Denmark 7.2%, France 5.8%), EFTA 17.4% + (Norway 8.4%, Finland 5.1%), US 8.2%, Central and Eastern Europe 2.5% (1992) +Imports: + $51.7 billion (c.i.f., 1992) + commodities: + machinery, petroleum and petroleum products, chemicals, motor vehicles, + foodstuffs, iron and steel, clothing + partners: + EC 53.6% (Germany 17.9%, UK 6.3%, Denmark 7.5%, France 4.9%), EFTA (Norway + 6.6%, Finland 6%), US 8.4%, Central and Eastern Europe 3% (1992) +External debt: + $19.5 billion (1992 est.) + +*Sweden, Economy + +Industrial production: + growth rate -3.0% (1992) +Electricity: + 39,716,000 kW capacity; 142,500 million kWh produced, 16,560 kWh per capita + (1992) +Industries: + iron and steel, precision equipment (bearings, radio and telephone parts, + armaments), wood pulp and paper products, processed foods, motor vehicles +Agriculture: + animal husbandry predominates, with milk and dairy products accounting for + 37% of farm income; main crops - grains, sugar beets, potatoes; 100% + self-sufficient in grains and potatoes; Sweden is about 50% self-sufficient + in most products; farming accounted for 1.2% of GDP and 1.9% of jobs in 1990 +Illicit drugs: + increasingly used as transshipment point for Latin American cocaine to + Europe and gateway for Asian heroin shipped via the CIS and Baltic states + for the European market +Economic aid: + donor - ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $10.3 billion +Currency: + 1 Swedish krona (SKr) = 100 ore +Exchange rates: + Swedish kronor (SKr) per US$1 - 6.8812 (December 1992), 5.8238 (1992), + 6.0475 (1991) 5.9188 (1990), 6.4469 (1989), 6.1272 (1988) +Fiscal year: + 1 July - 30 June + +*Sweden, Communications + +Railroads: + 12,000 km total; Swedish State Railways (SJ) - 10,819 km 1.435-meter + standard gauge, 6,955 km electrified and 1,152 km double track; 182 km + 0.891-meter gauge; 117 km rail ferry service; privately-owned railways - 511 + km 1.435-meter standard gauge (332 km electrified) and 371 km 0.891-meter + gauge (all electrified) +Highways: + 97,400 km total; 51,899 km paved, 20,659 km gravel, 24,842 km unimproved + earth +Inland waterways: + 2,052 km navigable for small steamers and barges +Pipelines: + natural gas 84 km +Ports: + Gavle, Goteborg, Halmstad, Helsingborg, Kalmar, Malmo, Stockholm; numerous + secondary and minor ports +Merchant marine: + 179 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,473,769 GRT/3,227,366 DWT; includes + 10 short-sea passenger, 29 cargo, 3 container, 43 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 13 + vehicle carrier, 2 railcar carrier, 32 oil tanker, 27 chemical tanker, 4 + specialized tanker, 2 liquefied gas, 2 combination ore/oil, 10 bulk, 1 + combination bulk, 1 refrigerated cargo +Airports: + total: + 253 + usable: + 250 + with permanent-surface runways: + 139 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 12 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 94 +Telecommunications: + excellent domestic and international facilities; 8,200,000 telephones; + mainly coaxial and multiconductor cables carry long-distance network; + parallel microwave network carries primarily radio, TV and some telephone + channels; automatic system; broadcast stations - 5 AM, 360 (mostly + repeaters) FM, 880 (mostly repeaters) TV; 5 submarine coaxial cables; + satellite earth stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 1 EUTELSAT + +*Sweden, Defense Forces + +Branches: + Swedish Army, Swedish Navy, Swedish Air Force +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 2,156,720; fit for military service 1,884,121; reach + military age (19) annually 57,383 (1993 est.) +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $6.7 billion, 3.8% of GDP (FY92/93) + +*Switzerland, Geography + +Location: + Western Europe, between France and Austria +Map references: + Europe, Standard Time Zones of the World +Area: + total area: + 41,290 km2 + land area: + 39,770 km2 + comparative area: + slightly more than twice the size of New Jersey +Land boundaries: + total 1,852 km, Austria 164 km, France 573 km, Italy 740 km, Liechtenstein + 41 km, Germany 334 km +Coastline: + 0 km (landlocked) +Maritime claims: + none; landlocked +International disputes: + none +Climate: + temperate, but varies with altitude; cold, cloudy, rainy/snowy winters; cool + to warm, cloudy, humid summers with occasional showers +Terrain: + mostly mountains (Alps in south, Jura in northwest) with a central plateau + of rolling hills, plains, and large lakes +Natural resources: + hydropower potential, timber, salt +Land use: + arable land: + 10% + permanent crops: + 1% + meadows and pastures: + 40% + forest and woodland: + 26% + other: + 23% +Irrigated land: + 250 km2 (1989) +Environment: + dominated by Alps +Note: + landlocked; crossroads of northern and southern Europe; along with + southeastern France and northern Italy, contains the highest elevations in + Europe + +*Switzerland, People + +Population: + 6,986,621 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 0.83% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 12.37 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 9.24 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + 5.13 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 6.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 77.99 years + male: + 74.6 years + female: + 81.54 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 1.6 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Swiss (singular and plural) + adjective: + Swiss +Ethnic divisions: + total population: + German 65% + French 18%, Italian 10%, Romansch 1%, other 6% + Swiss nationals: + German 74% + French 20%, Italian 4%, Romansch 1%, other 1% +Religions: + Roman Catholic 47.6%, Protestant 44.3%, other 8.1% (1980) +Languages: + German 65%, French 18%, Italian 12%, Romansch 1%, other 4% + note: + these are figures for Swiss nationals only - + German 74%, French 20%, Italian 4%, Romansch 1%, other 1% +Literacy: + age 15 and over can read and write (1980) + total population: + 99% + male: + NA% + female: + NA% +Labor force: + 3.31 million (904,095 foreign workers, mostly Italian) + by occupation: + services 50%, industry and crafts 33%, government 10%, agriculture and + forestry 6%, other 1% (1989) + +*Switzerland, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Swiss Confederation + conventional short form: + Switzerland + local long form: + Schweizerische Eidgenossenschaft (German) Confederation Suisse (French) + Confederazione Svizzera (Italian) + local short form: + Schweiz (German) Suisse (French) Svizzera (Italian) +Digraph: + SZ +Type: + federal republic +Capital: + Bern +Administrative divisions: + 26 cantons (cantons, singular - canton in French; cantoni, singular - + cantone in Italian; kantone, singular - kanton in German); Aargau, + Ausser-Rhoden, Basel-Landschaft, Basel-Stadt, Bern, Fribourg, Geneve, + Glarus, Graubunden, Inner-Rhoden, Jura, Luzern, Neuchatel, Nidwalden, + Obwalden, Sankt Gallen, Schaffhausen, Schwyz, Solothurn, Thurgau, Ticino, + Uri, Valais, Vaud, Zug, Zurich +Independence: + 1 August 1291 +Constitution: + 29 May 1874 +Legal system: + civil law system influenced by customary law; judicial review of legislative + acts, except with respect to federal decrees of general obligatory + character; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations +National holiday: + Anniversary of the Founding of the Swiss Confederation, 1 August (1291) +Political parties and leaders: + Free Democratic Party (FDP), Bruno HUNZIKER, president; Social Democratic + Party (SPS), Helmut HUBACHER, chairman; Christian Democratic People's Party + (CVP), Eva SEGMULLER-WEBER, chairman; Swiss People's Party (SVP), Hans + UHLMANN, president; Green Party (GPS), Peter SCHMID, president; Automobile + Party (AP), DREYER; Alliance of Independents' Party (LdU), Dr. Franz JAEGER, + president; Swiss Democratic Party (SD), NA; Evangelical People's Party + (EVP), Max DUNKI, president; Workers' Party (PdA; Communist), Jean + SPIELMANN, general secretary; Ticino League, leader NA; Liberal Party (LPS), + Gilbert COUTAU, president +Suffrage: + 18 years of age; universal +Elections: + Council of States: + last held throughout 1991 (next to be held NA 1995); results - percent of + vote by party NA; seats - (46 total) FDP 18, CVP 16, SVP 4, SPS 3, LPS 3, + LdU 1, Ticino League 1 + National Council: + last held 20 October 1991 (next to be held NA October 1995); results - + percent of vote by party NA; seats - (200 total) FDP 44, SPS 42, CVP 37, SVP + 25, GPS 14, LPS 10, AP 8, LdU 6, SD 5, EVP 3, PdA 2, Ticino League 2, other + 2 +Executive branch: + president, vice president, Federal Council (German - Bundesrat, French - + Conseil Federal, Italian - Consiglio Federale) + +*Switzerland, Government + +Legislative branch: + bicameral Federal Assembly (German - Bundesversammlung, French - Assemblee + Federale, Italian - Assemblea Federale) consists of an upper council or + Council of States (German - Standerat, French - Conseil des Etats, Italian - + Consiglio degli Stati) and a lower council or National Council (German - + Nationalrat, French - Conseil National, Italian - Consiglio Nazionale) +Judicial branch: + Federal Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + President Adolf OGI (1993 calendar year; presidency rotates annually); Vice + President Otto STICH (term runs concurrently with that of president) +Member of: + AfDB, AG (observer), AsDB, Australian Group, BIS, CCC, CE, CERN, COCOM + (coopeating country), CSCE, EBRD, ECE, EFTA, ESA, FAO, G-8, G-10, GATT, + IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, + INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LORCS, MINURSO, MTRC, NAM + (guest), NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, PCA, UN (observer), UNCTAD, UNESCO, + UNHCR, UNIDO, UNPROFOR, UNTSO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC +Diplomatic representation in US: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Edouard BRUNNER + chancery: + 2900 Cathedral Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 + telephone: + (202) 745-7900 + FAX: + (202) 387-2564 + consulates general: + Atlanta, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, New York, and San Francisco +US diplomatic representation: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Joseph B. GILDENHORN + embassy: + Jubilaeumstrasse 93, 3005 Bern + mailing address: + use embassy street address + telephone: + [41] (31) 437-011 + FAX: + [41] (31) 437-344 + branch office: + Geneva + consulate general: + Zurich +Flag: red square with a bold, equilateral white cross in the center that does not + extend to the edges of the flag + +*Switzerland, Economy + +Overview: + Switzerland's economy - one of the most prosperous and stable in the world - + is nonetheless undergoing a painful adjustment after both the inflationary + boom of the late-1980s and the electorate's rejection late last year of + membership in the European Economic Area. Stubborn inflation and a soft + economy have afflicted Switzerland. Despite slow growth in 1991-92, the + Swiss central bank had been unable to ease monetary policy in the past three + years because of the threat to the Swiss franc posed by high German interest + rates. As a result, unemployment is forecast to rise from 3% in 1992 to more + than 4% in 1993, with inflation moving down from 4% to 3%. The voters' + rejection in December 1992 of a referendum on membership in the EEA which + was supported by most political, business, and financial leaders has raised + doubts that the country can maintain its preeminent prosperity and + leadership in commercial banking in the 21st century. Despite these + problems, Swiss per capita output, general living standards, education and + science, health care, and diet remain unsurpassed in Europe. The country has + few natural resources except for the scenic natural beauty that has made it + a world leader in tourism. Management-labor relations remain generally + harmonious. +National product: + GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $152.3 billion (1992) +National product real growth rate: + -0.6% (1992) +National product per capita: + $22,300 (1992) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 4.1% (1992 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 3% (1992 est.) +Budget: + revenues $24.0 billion; expenditures $23.8 billion, including capital + expenditures of $NA (1990) +Exports: + $62.2 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.) + commodities: + machinery and equipment, precision instruments, metal products, foodstuffs, + textiles and clothing + partners: + Western Europe 64% (EC countries 56%, other 8%), US 9%, Japan 4% +Imports: + $68.5 billion (c.i.f., 1991 est.) + commodities: + agricultural products, machinery and transportation equipment, chemicals, + textiles, construction materials + partners: + Western Europe 78% (EC countries 71%, other 7%), US 6% +External debt: + $NA +Industrial production: growth rate 0.4% (1991 est.) +Electricity: + 17,710,000 kW capacity; 56,000 million kWh produced, 8,200 kWh per capita + (1992) +Industries: + machinery, chemicals, watches, textiles, precision instruments +Agriculture: + dairy farming predominates; less than 50% self-sufficient in food; must + import fish, refined sugar, fats and oils (other than butter), grains, eggs, + fruits, vegetables, meat + +*Switzerland, Economy + +Economic aid: + donor - ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $3.5 billion +Currency: + 1 Swiss franc, franken, or franco (SwF) = 100 centimes, rappen, or centesimi +Exchange rates: + Swiss francs, franken, or franchi (SwF) per US$1 - 1.4781 (January 1993), + 1.4062 (1992), 1.4340 (1991), 1.3892 (1990), 1.6359 (1989), 1.4633 (1988) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +*Switzerland, Communications + +Railroads: + 4,418 km total; 3,073 km are government owned and 1,345 km are nongovernment + owned; the government network consists of 2,999 km 1.435-meter standard + gauge and 74 km 1.000-meter narrow gauge track; 1,432 km double track, 99% + electrified; the nongovernment network consists of 510 km 1.435-meter + standard gauge, and 835 km 1.000-meter gauge, 100% electrified +Highways: + 62,145 km total (all paved); 18,620 km are canton, 1,057 km are national + highways (740 km autobahn), 42,468 km are communal roads +Inland waterways: + 65 km; Rhine (Basel to Rheinfelden, Schaffhausen to Bodensee); 12 navigable + lakes +Pipelines: + crude oil 314 km, natural gas 1,506 km +Ports: + Basel (river port) +Merchant marine: + 23 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 308,725 GRT/548,244 DWT; includes 5 + cargo, 2 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 5 chemical tanker, 2 specialized tanker, 8 + bulk, 1 oil tanker +Airports: + total: + 66 + usable: + 65 + with permanent-surface runways: + 42 with runways over 3,659 m: + 2 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 5 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 18 +Telecommunications: + excellent domestic, international, and broadcast services; 5,890,000 + telephones; extensive cable and microwave networks; broadcast stations - 7 + AM, 265 FM, 18 (1,322 repeaters) TV; communications satellite earth station + operating in the INTELSAT (Atlantic Ocean and Indian Ocean) system + +*Switzerland, Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army (Air Force is part of the Army), Frontier Guards, Fortification Guards +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 1,852,213; fit for military service 1,590,308; reach + military age (20) annually 44,124 (1993 est.) +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $3.5 billion, 1.7% of GDP (1993 est.) + +*Syria, Geography + +Location: + Middle East, along the Mediterranean Sea, between Turkey and Lebanon +Map references: + Africa, Middle East, Standard Time Zones of the World +Area: + total area: + 185,180 km2 + land area: + 184,050 km2 + comparative area: + slightly larger than North Dakota + note: + includes 1,295 km2 of Israeli-occupied territory +Land boundaries: + total 2,253 km, Iraq 605 km, Israel 76 km, Jordan 375 km, Lebanon 375 km, + Turkey 822 km +Coastline: + 193 km +Maritime claims: + contiguous zone: + 41 nm + territorial sea: + 35 nm +International disputes: + separated from Israel by the 1949 Armistice Line; Golan Heights is Israeli + occupied; Hatay question with Turkey; periodic disputes with Iraq over + Euphrates water rights; ongoing dispute over water development plans by + Turkey for the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers; Syrian troops in northern + Lebanon since October 1976 +Climate: + mostly desert; hot, dry, sunny summers (June to August) and mild, rainy + winters (December to February) along coast +Terrain: + primarily semiarid and desert plateau; narrow coastal plain; mountains in + west +Natural resources: + petroleum, phosphates, chrome and manganese ores, asphalt, iron ore, rock + salt, marble, gypsum +Land use: + arable land: + 28% + permanent crops: + 3% + meadows and pastures: + 46% + forest and woodland: + 3% + other: + 20% +Irrigated land: + 6,700 km2 (1989) +Environment: + deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification +Note: + there are 38 Jewish settlements in the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights + +*Syria, People + +Population: + 14,338,527 (July 1993 est.) + note: + in addition, there are at least 14,500 Druze and 14,000 Jewish settlers in + the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights (1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 3.76% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 44.08 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 6.44 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 43.9 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 66.12 years + male: + 65.07 years + female: + 67.22 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 6.75 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Syrian(s) + adjective: + Syrian +Ethnic divisions: + Arab 90.3%, Kurds, Armenians, and other 9.7% +Religions: + Sunni Muslim 74%, Alawite, Druze, and other Muslim sects 16%, Christian + (various sects) 10%, Jewish (tiny communities in Damascus, Al Qamishli, and + Aleppo) +Languages: + Arabic (official), Kurdish, Armenian, Aramaic, Circassian, French widely + understood +Literacy: + age 15 and over can read and write (1990) + total population: + 64% + male: + 78% + female: + 51% +Labor force: + 2.951 million (1989) + by occupation: + miscellaneous and government services 36%, agriculture 32%, industry and + construction 32%; note - shortage of skilled labor (1984) + +*Syria, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Syrian Arab Republic + conventional short form: + Syria + local long form: + Al Jumhuriyah al Arabiyah as Suriyah + local short form: + Suriyah + former: + United Arab Republic (with Egypt) +Digraph: + SY +Type: + republic under leftwing military regime since March 1963 +Capital: + Damascus +Administrative divisions: + 14 provinces (muhafazat, singular - muhafazah); Al Hasakah, Al Ladhiqiyah, + Al Qunaytirah, Ar Raqqah, As Suwayda', Dar'a, Dayr az Zawr, Dimashq, Halab, + Hamah, Hims, Idlib, Rif Dimashq, Tartus +Independence: + 17 April 1946 (from League of Nations mandate under French administration) +Constitution: 13 March 1973 +Legal system: + based on Islamic law and civil law system; special religious courts; has not + accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + National Day, 17 April (1946) +Political parties and leaders: + ruling party is the Arab Socialist Resurrectionist (Ba'th) Party; the + Progressive National is dominated by Ba'thists but includes independents and + members of the Syrian Arab Socialist Party (ASP); Arab Socialist Union + (ASU); Syrian Communist Party (SCP); Arab Socialist Unionist Movement; and + Democratic Socialist Union Party +Other political or pressure groups: + non-Ba'th parties have little effective political influence; Communist party + ineffective; conservative religious leaders; Muslim Brotherhood +Suffrage: + 18 years of age; universal +Elections: + President: + last held 2 December 1991 (next to be held December 1998); results - + President Hafiz al-ASAD was reelected for a fourth seven-year term with + 99.98% of the vote + People's Council: + last held 22-23 May 1990 (next to be held NA May 1994); results - Ba'th + 53.6%, ASU 3.2%, SCP 3.2%, Arab Socialist Unionist Movement 2.8%, ASP 2%, + Democratic Socialist Union Party 1.6%, independents 33.6%; seats - (250 + total) Ba'th 134, ASU 8, SCP 8, Arab Socialist Unionist Movement 7, ASP 5, + Democratic Socialist Union Party 4, independents 84; note - the People's + Council was expanded to 250 seats total prior to the May 1990 election +Executive branch: + president, three vice presidents, prime minister, three deputy prime + ministers, Council of Ministers (cabinet) +Legislative branch: + unicameral People's Council (Majlis al-Chaab) + +*Syria, Government + +Judicial branch: + Supreme Constitutional Court, High Judicial Council, Court of Cassation, + State Security Courts +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Hafiz al-ASAD (since 22 February 1971 see note); Vice Presidents + 'Abd al-Halim KHADDAM, Rif'at al-ASAD, and Muhammad Zuhayr MASHARIQA (since + 11 March 1984); note - President ASAD seized power in the November 1970 + coup, assumed presidential powers 22 February 1971, and was confirmed as + president in the 12 March 1971 national elections + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Mahmud ZU'BI (since 1 November 1987); Deputy Prime Minister + Lt. Gen. Mustafa TALAS (since 11 March 1984); Deputy Prime Minister Salim + YASIN (since NA December 1981); Deputy Prime Minister Rashid AKHTARINI + (since 4 July 1992) +Member of: + ABEDA, AFESD, AL, AMF, CAEU, CCC, ESCWA, FAO, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, + ICC, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, + LORCS, NAM, OAPEC, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNRWA, UPU, WFTU, WHO, + WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation in US: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Walid MOUALEM + chancery: + 2215 Wyoming Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 + telephone: + (202) 232-6313 +US diplomatic representation: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Christopher W. S. ROSS + embassy: + Abu Rumaneh, Al Mansur Street No. 2, Damascus + mailing address: + P. O. Box 29, Damascus + telephone: + [963] (11) 333052 or 332557, 330416, 332814, 332315, 714108, 337178, 333232 + FAX: + [963] (11) 718687 +Flag: + three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black with two small + green five-pointed stars in a horizontal line centered in the white band; + similar to the flag of Yemen, which has a plain white band and of Iraq, + which has three green stars (plus an Arabic inscription) in a horizontal + line centered in the white band; also similar to the flag of Egypt, which + has a symbolic eagle centered in the white band + +*Syria, Economy + +Overview: + Syria's state-dominated Ba'thist economy has benefited from the Gulf war, + increased oil production, good weather, and economic deregulation. Economic + growth averaged nearly 12% annually in 1990-91, buoyed by increased oil + production and improved agricultural performance. The Gulf war of early 1991 + provided Syria an aid windfall of nearly $5 billion dollars from Arab, + European, and Japanese donors. These inflows more than offset Damascus's + war-related costs and will help Syria cover some of its debt arrears, + restore suspended credit lines, and initiate selected military and civilian + purchases. In 1992 the government spurred economic development by loosening + controls on domestic and foreign investment while maintaining strict + political controls. For the long run, Syria's economy is still saddled with + a large number of poorly performing public sector firms and industrial and + agricultural productivity is poor. A major long-term concern is the + additional drain of upstream Euphrates water by Turkey when its vast dam and + irrigation projects are completed by mid-decade. +National product: + GDP - exchange rate conversion - $30 billion (1991 est.) +National product real growth rate: + 9% (1991 est.) +National product per capita: + $2,300 (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): 20% (1992 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 5.7% (1989) +Budget: + revenues $5.4 billion; expenditures $7.5 billion, including capital + expenditures of $2.9 billion (1991 est.) +Exports: + $3.5 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.) + commodities: + petroleum 45%, farm products 11%, textiles, phosphates 5% (1990) + partners: + USSR and Eastern Europe 44%, EC 34%, Arab countries 17%, US/Canada 1% (1990) +Imports: + $2.7 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.) + commodities: + foodstuffs and beverages 21%, machinery 15%, metal and metal products 15%, + textiles 7%, petroleum products (1990) + partners: + EC 42%, USSR and Eastern Europe 13%, other Europe 13%, US/Canada 11%, Arab + countries 6% (1990) +External debt: + $5.3 billion (1990 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 6% (1991 est.); accounts for 18% of GDP +Electricity: + 3,205,000 kW capacity; 11,900 million kWh produced, 830 kWh per capita + (1992) +Industries: + textiles, food processing, beverages, tobacco, phosphate rock mining, + petroleum +Agriculture: + accounts for 27% of GDP and one-third of labor force; all major crops + (wheat, barley, cotton, lentils, chickpeas) grown mainly on rain-watered + land causing wide swings in production; animal products - beef, lamb, eggs, + poultry, milk; not self-sufficient in grain or livestock products + +*Syria, Economy + +Illicit drugs: + a transit country for Lebanese and Turkish refined cocaine going to Europe + and heroin and hashish bound for the Persian Gulf area +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-81), $538 million; Western (non-US) + ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1.23 billion; OPEC bilateral + aid (1979-89), $12.3 billion; former Communist countries (1970-89), $3.3 + billion +Currency: + 1 Syrian pound (#S) = 100 piasters +Exchange rates: + Syrian pounds (#S) per US$1 - 22.0 (promotional rate since 1991), 22.0 + (official rate since 1991), 42.0 (official parallel rate since 1991), + 11.2250 (fixed rate 1987-90) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +*Syria, Communications + +Railroads: + 1,998 km total; 1,766 km standard gauge, 232 km 1.050-meter (narrow) gauge +Highways: + 29,000 km total; 670 km expressways; 5,000 km main or national roads; 23,330 + km secondary or regional roads (not including municipal roads); 22,680 km of + the total is paved (1988) +Inland waterways: + 870 km; minimal economic importance +Pipelines: + crude oil 1,304 km, petroleum products 515 km +Ports: + Tartus, Latakia, Baniyas, Jablah +Merchant marine: + 41 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 117,247 GRT/183,607 DWT; includes 36 + cargo, 2 vehicle carrier, 3 bulk +Airports: + total: + 104 + usable: + 100 + with permanent-surface runways: + 24 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 21 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 3 +Telecommunications: + fair system currently undergoing significant improvement and digital + upgrades, including fiber optic technology; 512,600 telephones (37 + telephones per 1,000 persons); broadcast stations - 9 AM, 1 FM, 17 TV; + satellite earth stations - 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Intersputnik; 1 + submarine cable; coaxial cable and microwave radio relay to Iraq, Jordan, + Lebanon, and Turkey + +*Syria, Defense Forces + +Branches: + Syrian Arab Army, Syrian Arab Navy, Syrian Arab Air Force, Syrian Arab Air + Defense Forces +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 3,168,429; fit for military service 1,777,413; reach + military age (19) annually 151,102 (1993 est.) +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $2.2 billion, 6% of GDP (1992) + +*Taiwan, Geography + +Location: + East Asia, off the southeastern coast of China, between Japan and the + Philippines +Map references: + Asia, Oceania, Southeast Asia +Area: + total area: + 35,980 km2 + land area: + 32,260 km2 + comparative area: + slightly larger than Maryland and Delaware combined + note: + includes the Pescadores, Matsu, and Quemoy +Land boundaries: + 0 km +Coastline: + 1,448 km +Maritime claims: + exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + territorial sea: + 12 nm +International disputes: + involved in complex dispute over the Spratly Islands with China, Malaysia, + Philippines, Vietnam, and possibly Brunei; Paracel Islands occupied by + China, but claimed by Vietnam and Taiwan; Japanese-administered + Senkaku-shoto (Senkaku Islands/Diaoyu Tai) claimed by China and Taiwan +Climate: + tropical; marine; rainy season during southwest monsoon (June to August); + cloudiness is persistent and extensive all year +Terrain: + eastern two-thirds mostly rugged mountains; flat to gently rolling plains in + west +Natural resources: + small deposits of coal, natural gas, limestone, marble, and asbestos +Land use: + arable land: + 24% + permanent crops: + 1% + meadows and pastures: + 5% + forest and woodland: + 55% + other: + 15% +Irrigated land: + NA km2 +Environment: + subject to earthquakes and typhoons + +*Taiwan, People + +Population: + 21,091,663 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 1% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 15.88 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 5.54 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + -0.38 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 5.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 75.04 years + male: + 71.84 years + female: + 78.39 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 1.81 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Chinese (singular and plural) + adjective: + Chinese +Ethnic divisions: + Taiwanese 84%, mainland Chinese 14%, aborigine 2% +Religions: + mixture of Buddhist, Confucian, and Taoist 93%, Christian 4.5%, other 2.5% +Languages: + Madarin Chinese (official), Taiwanese (Min), Hakka dialects +Literacy: + age 15 and over can read and write (1980) + total population: + 86% + male: + 93% + female: + 79% +Labor force: + 7.9 million + by occupation: + industry and commerce 53%, services 22%, agriculture 15.6%, civil + administration 7% (1989) + +*Taiwan, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + none + conventional short form: Taiwan + local long form: + none + local short form: + T'ai-wan +Digraph: + TW +Type: + multiparty democratic regime; opposition political parties legalized in + March, 1989 +Capital: + Taipei +Administrative divisions: + some of the ruling party in Taipei claim to be the government of all China; + in keeping with that claim, the central administrative divisions include 2 + provinces (sheng, singular and plural) and 2 municipalities* (shih, singular, and plural) - +Fu-chien (some 20 offshore islands of Fujian Province + including Quemoy and Matsu), Kao-hsiung*, T'ai-pei*, and Taiwan (the island, of Taiwan and the +Pescadores islands); the more commonly referenced + administrative divisions are those of Taiwan Province - 16 counties (hsien, + singular and plural), 5 municipalities* (shih, singular and plural), and 2, special +municipalities** (chuan-shih, singular and plural); Chang-hua,, Chia-i, Chia-i*, Chi-lung*,, +Hsin-chu, Hsin-chu*, Hua-lien, I-lan,, Kao-hsiung, Kao-hsiung**, Miao-li, Nan-t'ou, P'eng-hu,, +P'ing-tung, + T'ai-chung, T'ai-chung*, T'ai-nan, T'ai-nan*, T'ai-pei, T'ai-pei**,, T'ai-tung, T'ao-yuan, and +Yun-lin; the provincial capital is at + Chung-hsing-hsin-ts'un + note: + Taiwan uses the Wade-Giles system for romanization +Constitution: + 25 December 1947, presently undergoing revision +Legal system: + based on civil law system; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with + reservations +National holiday: + National Day, 10 October (1911) (Anniversary of the Revolution) +Political parties and leaders: + Kuomintang (KMT, Nationalist Party), LI Teng-hui, chairman; Democratic + Progressive Party (DPP); China Social Democratic Party (CSDP); Labor Party + (LP) +Other political or pressure groups: + Taiwan independence movement, various environmental groups + note: + debate on Taiwan independence has become acceptable within the mainstream of + domestic politics on Taiwan; political liberalization and the increased + representation of the opposition Democratic Progressive Party in Taiwan's + legislature have opened public debate on the island's national identity; + advocates of Taiwan independence, both within the DPP and the ruling + Kuomintang, oppose the ruling party's traditional stand that the island will + eventually unify with mainland China; the aims of the Taiwan independence + movement include establishing a sovereign nation on Taiwan and entering the + UN; other organizations supporting Taiwan independence include the World + United Formosans for Independence and the Organization for Taiwan Nation + Building + +*Taiwan, Government + +Suffrage: + 20 years of age; universal +Elections: + President: + last held 21 March 1990 (next to be held NA March 1996); results - President + LI Teng-hui was reelected by the National Assembly + Vice President: + last held 21 March 1990 (next to be held NA March 1996); results - LI + Yuan-zu was elected by the National Assembly + Legislative Yuan: + last held 19 December 1992 (next to be held near the end of 1995); results - + KMT 60%, DPP 31%, independents 9%; seats - (304 total, 161 elected) KMT 96, + DPP 50, independents 15 + National Assembly: + first National Assembly elected in November 1946 with a supplementary + election in December 1986; second and present National Assembly elected in + December 1991; seats - 403 total, KMT 318, DPP 75, other 10; (next election + to be held in 1997) +Executive branch: + president, vice president, premier of the Executive Yuan, vice premier of + the Executive Yuan, Executive Yuan +Legislative branch: + unicameral Legislative Yuan and unicameral National Assembly +Judicial branch: + Judicial Yuan +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President LI Teng-hui (since 13 January 1988); Vice President LI Yuan-zu + (since 20 May 1990) + Head of Government: + Premier (President of the Executive Yuan) LIEN Chan (since 23 February + 1993); Vice Premier (Vice President of the Executive Yuan) HSU Li-teh (since + 23 February 1993) +Member of: + expelled from UN General Assembly and Security Council on 25 October 1971 + and withdrew on same date from other charter-designated subsidiary organs; + expelled from IMF/World Bank group April/May 1980; seeking to join GATT; + attempting to retain membership in INTELSAT; suspended from IAEA in 1972, + but still allows IAEA controls over extensive atomic development, APEC, + AsDB, ICC, ICFTU, IOC +Diplomatic representation in US: + none; unofficial commercial and cultural relations with the people of the US + are maintained through a private instrumentality, the Coordination Council + for North American Affairs (CCNAA) with headquarters in Taipei and field + offices in Washington and 10 other US cities +US diplomatic representation: + unofficial commercial and cultural relations with the people of Taiwan are + maintained through a private institution, the American Institute in Taiwan + (AIT), which has offices in Taipei at #7, Lane 134, Hsiu Yi Road, Section 3, + telephone [886] (2) 709-2000, and in Kao-hsiung at #2 Chung Cheng 3d Road, + telephone [886] (7) 224-0154 through 0157, and the American Trade Center at + Room 3207 International Trade Building, Taipei World Trade Center, 333 + Keelung Road Section 1, Taipei 10548, telephone [886] (2) 720-1550 +Flag: + red with a dark blue rectangle in the upper hoist-side corner bearing a + white sun with 12 triangular rays + +*Taiwan, Economy + +Overview: + Taiwan has a dynamic capitalist economy with considerable government + guidance of investment and foreign trade and partial government ownership of + some large banks and industrial firms. Real growth in GNP has averaged about + 9% a year during the past three decades. Export growth has been even faster + and has provided the impetus for industrialization. Agriculture contributes + about 4% to GNP, down from 35% in 1952. Taiwan currently ranks as number 13 + among major trading countries. Traditional labor-intensive industries are + steadily being replaced with more capital- and technology-intensive + industries. Taiwan has become a major investor in China, Thailand, + Indonesia, the Philippines, and Malaysia. The tightening of labor markets + has led to an influx of foreign workers, both legal and illegal. +National product: + GNP - purchasing power equivalent - $209 billion (1992 est.) +National product real growth rate: + 6.7% (1992 est.) +National product per capita: + $10,000 (1992 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 4.4% (1992 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 1.6% (1992 est.) +Budget: + revenues $30.3 billion; expenditures $30.1 billion, including capital + expenditures of $NA (FY91 est.) +Exports: + $82.4 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.) + commodities: + electrical machinery 18.5%, textiles 14.7%, general machinery and equipment + 17.7%, footwear 4.5%, foodstuffs 1.1%, plywood and wood products 1.1% (1992 + est.) + partners: + US 29.1%, Hong Kong 18.7%, EC countries 17.1% (1992 est.) +Imports: + $72.1 billion (c.i.f., 1992 est.) + commodities: + machinery and equipment 15.8%, chemicals 10.0%, crude oil 4.2%, foodstuffs + 2.1% (1992 est.) + partners: + Japan 30.3%, US 21.9%, EC countries 17.1% (1992 est.) +External debt: + $620 million (1992 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 6.5% (1992 est.); accounts for more than 40% of GDP +Electricity: + 18,382,000 kW capacity; 98,500 million kWh produced, 4,718 kWh per capita + (1992) +Industries: electronics, textiles, chemicals, clothing, food processing, plywood, sugar + milling, cement, shipbuilding, petroleum refining +Agriculture: + accounts for 4% of GNP and 16% of labor force (includes part-time farmers); + heavily subsidized sector; major crops - vegetables, rice, fruit, tea; + livestock - hogs, poultry, beef, milk; not self-sufficient in wheat, + soybeans, corn; fish catch increasing, reached 1.4 million metric tons in + 1988 +Illicit drugs: + an important heroin transit point; also a major drug money laundering center + +*Taiwan, Economy + +Economic aid: + US, including Ex-Im (FY46-82), $4.6 billion; Western (non-US) countries, ODA + and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $500 million +Currency: + 1 New Taiwan dollar (NT$) = 100 cents +Exchange rates: + New Taiwan dollars per US$1 - 25.125 (1992 est.), 25.748 (1991), 27.108 + (1990), 26.407 (1989) 28.589 (1988), 31.845 (1987) +Fiscal year: + 1 July - 30 June + +*Taiwan, Communications + +Railroads: + about 4,600 km total track with 1,075 km common carrier lines and 3,525 km + industrial lines; common carrier lines consist of the 1.067-meter gauge 708 + km West Line and the 367 km East Line; a 98.25 km South Link Line connection + was completed in late 1991; common carrier lines owned by the government and + operated by the Railway Administration under Ministry of Communications; + industrial lines owned and operated by government enterprises +Highways: + 20,041 km total; 17,095 km bituminous or concrete pavement, 2,371 km crushed + stone or gravel, 575 km graded earth +Pipelines: + petroleum products 615 km, natural gas 97 km +Ports: + Kao-hsiung, Chi-lung (Keelung), Hua-lien, Su-ao, T'ai-tung +Merchant marine: + 223 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 6,761,609 GRT/9,375,677 DWT; includes + 1 passenger-cargo, 43 cargo, 11 refrigerated cargo, 85 container, 19 oil + tanker, 2 combination ore/oil, 1 specialized tanker, 57 bulk, 1 + roll-on/roll-off, 2 combination bulk, 1 chemical tanker +Airports: + total: + 40 + usable: + 38 + with permanent-surface runways: + 36 with runways over 3,659 m: + 3 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 16 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 7 +Telecommunications: + best developed system in Asia outside of Japan; 7,800,000 telephones; + extensive microwave radio relay links on east and west coasts; broadcast + stations - 91 AM, 23 FM, 15 TV (13 repeaters); 8,620,000 radios; 6,386,000 + TVs (5,680,000 color, 706,000 monochrome); satellite earth stations - 1 + Pacific Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT; submarine cable links to + Japan (Okinawa), the Philippines, Guam, Singapore, Hong Kong, Indonesia, + Australia, Middle East, and Western Europe + +*Taiwan, Defense Forces + +Branches: + General Staff, Ministry of National Defense, Army, Navy (including Marines), + Air Force, Coastal Patrol and Defense Command, Armed Forces Reserve Command, + Military Police Command +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 6,095,857; fit for military service 4,731,172 (1993 est.); + about 184,740 currently reach military age (19) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $10.9 billion, 5.4% of GNP (FY93/94 est.) + +*Tajikistan, Geography + +Location: + South Asia, between Uzbekistan and China +Map references: + Asia, Commonwealth of Independent States - Central Asian States, Standard + Time Zones of the World +Area: + total area: + 143,100 km2 + land area: + 142,700 km2 + comparative area: + slightly smaller than Wisconsin +Land boundaries: + total 3,651 km, Afghanistan 1,206 km, China 414 km, Kyrgyzstan 870 km, + Uzbekistan 1,161 km +Coastline: + 0 km (landlocked) +Maritime claims: + none; landlocked +International disputes: + boundary with China under dispute; territorial dispute with Kyrgyzstan on + northern boundary in Isfara Valley area; Afghanistan's support to Islamic + fighters in Tajikistan's civil war +Climate: + midlatitude; semiarid to polar in Pamir Mountains +Terrain: + Pamir and Altay Mountains dominate landscape; western Fergana Valley in + north, Kafirnigan and Vakhsh Valleys in south or southwest +Natural resources: + significant hydropower potential, petroleum, uranium, mercury, brown coal, + lead, zinc, antimony, tungsten +Land use: + arable land: + 6% + permanent crops: + 0% + meadows and pastures: + 23% + forest and woodland: + 0% + other: + 71% +Irrigated land: + 6,940 km2 (1990) +Environment: + NA +Note: + landlocked + +*Tajikistan, People + +Population: + 5,836,140 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 2.72% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 35.52 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 6.87 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + -1.42 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 63.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 68.5 years + male: + 65.66 years + female: + 71.48 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 4.7 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Tajik(s) + adjective: + Tajik +Ethnic divisions: + Tajik 64.9%, Uzbek 25%, Russian 3.5% (declining because of emigration), + other 6.6% +Religions: + Sunni Muslim 80%, Shi'a Muslim 5% +Languages: + Tajik (official) +Literacy: + age 9-49 can read and write (1970) + total population: + 100% + male: + 100% + female: + 99% +Labor force: + 1.938 million + by occupation: + agriculture and forestry 43%, industry and construction 22%, other 35% + (1990) + +*Tajikistan, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Republic of Tajikistan + conventional short form: + Tajikistan + local long form: + Respublika i Tojikiston + local short form: + none + former: + Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic +Digraph: + TI +Type: + republic +Capital: + Dushanbe +Administrative divisions: + 2 oblasts (oblastey, singular - oblast') and one autonomous oblast*;, Gorno-Badakhshan*;, +Khatlon, Leninabad (Khudzhand) + note: + the rayons around Dushanbe are under direct republic jurisdiction; an oblast + usually has the same name as its administrative center (exceptions have the + administrative center name following in parentheses) +Independence: + 9 September 1991 (from Soviet Union) +Constitution: + as of mid-1993, a new constitution had not been formally approved +Legal system: + based on civil law system; no judicial review of legislative acts +National holiday: NA +Political parties and leaders: + Tajik Democratic Party (TDP), Maksud IKRAMOV, Davia KOUDONAZAROV, Shodmon + YUSUPOV; Tajik Socialist Party (TSP), Rakhman NABIYEV, Kakhkhor MAKHKAMOV; + Islamic Revival Party (IRP), Mullah Mukhamedsharif KHIMATZODA, Daviat USMON +Other political or pressure groups: + Tajik People's Front +Suffrage: + 18 years of age; universal +Elections: + President: + last held 27 October 1991 (next to be held NA); results - Rakhman NABIYEV, + Communist Party 60%; Davlat KHUDONAZAROV, Democratic Party, Islamic Rebirth + Party and Rastokhoz Party 30% + Supreme Soviet: + last held 25 February 1990 (next to be held NA); results - Communist Party + 99%, other 1%; seats - (230 total) Communist Party 227, other 3 + note: + in May 1992, the Supreme Soviet was replaced by the transitional 80-member + Assembly (Majlis) and in November 1992 Emomili RAKHMANOV, chairman of the + Assembly, became Chief of State +Executive branch: + president, prime minister, cabinet +Legislative branch: + unicameral Assembly (Majlis) +Judicial branch: + NA + +*Tajikistan, Government + +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Acting President and Assembly Chairman Emomili RAKHMANOV (since NA November + 1992) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Abdumalik ABULAJANOV (since NA November 1992); First Deputy + Prime Minister Tukhtaboy GAFAROV (since NA November 1992) +Member of: + CIS, CSCE, EBRD, ECO, ESCAP, NACC, UN, UNCTAD, WHO +Diplomatic representation in US: + chief of mission: + NA + chancery: + NA + telephone: + NA +US diplomatic representation: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Stanley T. ESCUDERO + embassy: + (temporary) #39 Ainii Street, Dushanbe + mailing address: + APO AE 09862 + telephone: [7] (3772) 24-82-33 +Flag: + NA + +*Tajikistan, Economy + +Overview: + Tajikistan has had the lowest living standards of the CIS republics and now + faces the bleakest economic prospects. Agriculture (particularly cotton and + fruit growing) is the most important sector, accounting for 38% of + employment (1990). Industrial production includes aluminum reduction, + hydropower generation, machine tools, refrigerators, and freezers. + Throughout 1992 bloody civil disturbances disrupted food imports and several + regions became desperately short of basic needs. Hundreds of thousands of + people were made homeless by the strife. In late 1992, one-third of industry + was shut down and the cotton crop was only one-half of that of 1991. +National product: + GDP $NA +National product real growth rate: + -34% (1992 est.) +National product per capita: + $NA +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 35% per month (first quarter 1993) +Unemployment rate: + 0.4% includes only officially registered unemployed; also large numbers of + underemployed workers +Budget: + revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA +Exports: + $100 million to outside successor states of the former USSR (1992) + commodities: + aluminum, cotton, fruits, vegetable oil, textiles + partners: + Russia, Kazakhstan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan +Imports: + $100 million from outside the successor states of the former USSR (1992) + commodities: + chemicals, machinery and transport equipment, textiles, foodstuffs + partners: + NA +External debt: + $650 million (end of 1991 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate -25% (1992 est.) +Electricity: + 4,585,000 kW capacity; 16,800 million kWh produced, 2,879 kWh per capita + (1992) +Industries: + aluminum, zinc, lead, chemicals and fertilizers, cement, vegetable oil, + metal-cutting machine tools, refrigerators and freezers +Agriculture: + cotton, grain, fruits, grapes, vegetables; cattle, pigs, sheep and goats, + yaks +Illicit drugs: + illicit producer of cannabis and opium; mostly for CIS consumption; limited + government eradication programs; used as transshipment points for illicit + drugs from Southwest Asia to Western Europe +Economic aid: + $700 million offical and commitments by foreign donors (1992) +Currency: + retaining Russian ruble as currency (January 1993) +Exchange rates: + rubles per US$1 - 415 (24 December 1992) but subject to wide fluctuations + +*Tajikistan, Economy + +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +*Tajikistan, Communications + +Railroads: + 480 km; does not include industrial lines (1990) +Highways: + 29,900 km total (1990); 21,400 km hard surfaced, 8,500 km earth +Pipelines: + natural gas 400 km (1992) +Airports: + total: + 58 + useable: + 30 + with permanent-surface runways: + 12 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 4 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 13 +Telecommunications: + poorly developed and not well maintained; many towns are not reached by the + national network; telephone density in urban locations is about 100 per 1000 + persons; linked by cable and microwave to other CIS republics, and by leased + connections to the Moscow international gateway switch; satellite earth + stations - 1 orbita and 2 INTELSAT (TV receive-only; the second INTELSAT + earth station provides TV receive-only service from Turkey) + +*Tajikistan, Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army (being formed), National Guard, Security Forces (internal and border + troops) +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 1,313,676; fit for military service 1,079,935; reach + military age (18) annually 56,862 (1993 est.) +Defense expenditures: + $NA, NA% of GDP + +*Tanzania, Geography + +Location: + Eastern Africa, bordering the Indian Ocean between Kenya and Mozambique +Map references: + Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World +Area: + total area: + 945,090 km2 + land area: + 886,040 km2 + comparative area: + slightly larger than twice the size of California + note: + includes the islands of Mafia, Pemba, and Zanzibar +Land boundaries: + total 3,402 km, Burundi 451 km, Kenya 769 km, Malawi 475 km, Mozambique 756 + km, Rwanda 217 km, Uganda 396 km, Zambia 338 km +Coastline: + 1,424 km +Maritime claims: + exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + territorial sea: + 12 nm +International disputes: + boundary dispute with Malawi in Lake Nyasa; Tanzania-Zaire-Zambia tripoint + in Lake Tanganyika may no longer be indefinite since it is reported that the + indefinite section of the Zaire-Zambia boundary has been settled +Climate: + varies from tropical along coast to temperate in highlands +Terrain: + plains along coast; central plateau; highlands in north, south +Natural resources: + hydropower potential, tin, phosphates, iron ore, coal, diamonds, gemstones, + gold, natural gas, nickel +Land use: + arable land: + 5% + permanent crops: + 1% + meadows and pastures: + 40% + forest and woodland: + 47% + other: + 7% +Irrigated land: 1,530 km2 (1989 est.) +Environment: + lack of water and tsetse fly limit agriculture; recent droughts affected + marginal agriculture; Kilimanjaro is highest point in Africa + +*Tanzania, People + +Population: + 27,286,363 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 2.56% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 45.66 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 19.02 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + -1.06 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 110.4 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 44 years + male: + 42.19 years + female: + 45.87 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 6.25 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Tanzanian(s) + adjective: + Tanzanian +Ethnic divisions: + mainland: + native African 99% (consisting of well over 100 tribes) + Asian, European, and Arab 1% + Zanzibar: + NA +Religions: + mainland: + Christian 40%, Muslim 33%, indigenous beliefs 25% + Zanzibar: + Muslim +Languages: + Swahili (official; widely understood and generally used for communication + between ethnic groups and is used in primary education), English (official; + primary language of commerce, administration, and higher education) + note: + first language of most people is one of the local languages +Literacy: + age 15 and over can read and write (1978) + total population: + 46% male: + 62% + female: + 31% +Labor force: + 732,200 wage earners + by occupation: + agriculture 90%, industry and commerce 10% (1986 est.) + +*Tanzania, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + United Republic of Tanzania + conventional short form: + Tanzania + former: + United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar +Digraph: + TZ +Type: + republic +Capital: + Dar es Salaam + note: + some government offices have been transferred to Dodoma, which is planned as + the new national capital by the end of the 1990s +Administrative divisions: + 25 regions; Arusha, Dar es Salaam, Dodoma, Iringa, Kigoma, Kilimanjaro, + Lindi, Mara, Mbeya, Morogoro, Mtwara, Mwanza, Pemba North, Pemba South, + Pwani, Rukwa, Ruvuma, Shinyanga, Singida, Tabora, Tanga, Zanzibar + Central/South, Zanzibar North, Zanzibar Urban/West, Ziwa Magharibi +Independence: + 26 April 1964 Tanganyika became independent 9 December 1961 (from UN + trusteeship under British administration); Zanzibar became independent 19 + December 1963 (from UK); Tanganyika united with Zanzibar 26 April 1964 to + form the United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar; renamed United Republic + of Tanzania 29 October 1964 +Constitution: + 15 March 1984 (Zanzibar has its own constitution but remains subject to + provisions of the union constitution) +Legal system: + based on English common law; judicial review of legislative acts limited to + matters of interpretation; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + Union Day, 26 April (1964) +Political parties and leaders: + Chama Chr Mapinduzi (CCM or Revolutionary Party), Ali Hassan MWINYI; Civic + United Front (CUF), James MAPALALA; National Committee for Constitutional + Reform (NCCK), Mabere MARANDO; Union for Multiparty Democracy (UMD), + Abdullah FUNDIKIRA; Democratic Party (DP), Christopher Mtikila +Suffrage: + 18 years of age; universal +Elections: President: + last held 28 October 1990 (next to be held NA October 1995); results - Ali + Hassan MWINYI was elected without opposition + National Assembly: + last held 28 October 1990 (next to be held NA October 1995); results - CCM + was the only party; seats - (241 total, 168 elected) CCM 168 +Executive branch: + president, first vice president and prime minister of the union, second vice + president and president of Zanzibar, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + unicameral National Assembly (Bunge) +Judicial branch: + Court of Appeal, High Court + +*Tanzania, Government + +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Ali Hassan MWINYI (since 5 November 1985); First Vice President + John MALECELA (since 9 November 1990); Second Vice President Salmin AMOUR + (since 9 November 1990) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister John MALECELA (since 9 November 1990) +Member of: + ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, EADB, ECA, FAO, FLS, G-6, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, + IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, + NAM, OAU, SADC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, + WTO +Diplomatic representation in US: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Charles Musama NYIRABU + chancery: + 2139 R Street NW, Washington, DC 20008 + telephone: + (202) 939-6125 +US diplomatic representation: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Peter Jon DE VOS + embassy: + 36 Laibon Road (off Bagamoyo Road), Dar es Salaam + mailing address: + P. O. Box 9123, Dar es Salaam + telephone: + [255] (51) 66010/13 + FAX: + [255] (51) 66701 +Flag: + divided diagonally by a yellow-edged black band from the lower hoist-side + corner; the upper triangle (hoist side) is green and the lower triangle is + blue + +*Tanzania, Economy + +Overview: + Tanzania is one of the poorest countries in the world. The economy is + heavily dependent on agriculture, which accounts for about 58% of GDP, + provides 85% of exports, and employs 90% of the work force. Industry + accounts for 8% of GDP and is mainly limited to processing agricultural + products and light consumer goods. The economic recovery program announced + in mid-1986 has generated notable increases in agricultural production and + financial support for the program by bilateral donors. The World Bank, the + International Monetary Fund, and bilateral donors have provided funds to + rehabilitate Tanzania's deteriorated economic infrastructure. Growth in + 1991-92 featured a pickup in industrial production and a substantial + increase in output of minerals led by gold. +National product: + GDP - exchange rate conversion - $7.2 billion (1992 est.) +National product real growth rate: + 4.5% (1992 est.) +National product per capita: + $260 (1992 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 22% (1992 est.) +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $495 million; expenditures $631 million, including capital + expenditures of $118 million (FY90) +Exports: + $422 million (f.o.b., 1991) + commodities: + coffee, cotton, tobacco, tea, cashew nuts, sisal + partners: + FRG, UK, Japan, Netherlands, Kenya, Hong Kong, US +Imports: + $1.43 billion (c.i.f., 1991) + commodities: + manufactured goods, machinery and transportation equipment, cotton piece + goods, crude oil, foodstuffs + partners: + FRG, UK, US, Japan, Italy, Denmark +External debt: + $6.44 billion (1992) +Industrial production: + growth rate 9.3% (1990); accounts for 7% of GDP +Electricity: + 405,000 kW capacity; 600 million kWh produced, 20 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + primarily agricultural processing (sugar, beer, cigarettes, sisal twine), + diamond and gold mining, oil refinery, shoes, cement, textiles, wood + products, fertilizer +Agriculture: + accounts for over 58% of GDP; topography and climatic conditions limit + cultivated crops to only 5% of land area; cash crops - coffee, sisal, tea, + cotton, pyrethrum (insecticide made from chrysanthemums), cashews, tobacco, + cloves (Zanzibar); food crops - corn, wheat, cassava, bananas, fruits, + vegetables; small numbers of cattle, sheep, and goats; not self-sufficient + in food grain production + +*Tanzania, Economy + +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $400 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $9.8 billion; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $44 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $614 + million +Currency: + 1 Tanzanian shilling (TSh) = 100 cents +Exchange rates: + Tanzanian shillings (TSh) per US$1 - 325.00 (November 1992), 219.16 (1991), + 195.06 (1990), 143.38 (1989), 99.29 (1988), 64.26 (1987) +Fiscal year: + 1 July-30 June + +*Tanzania, Communications + +Railroads: + 3,555 km total; 960 km 1.067-meter gauge (including the 962 km Tazara + Railroad); 2,595 km 1.000-meter gauge, including 6.4 km double track; 115 km + of 1.000-meter gauge planned by end of decade +Highways: + 81,900 km total, 3,600 km paved; 5,600 km gravel or crushed stone; 72,700 km + improved and unimproved earth +Inland waterways: + Lake Tanganyika, Lake Victoria, Lake Nyasa +Pipelines: + crude oil 982 km +Ports: + Dar es Salaam, Mtwara, Tanga, and Zanzibar are ocean ports; Mwanza on Lake + Victoria and Kigoma on Lake Tanganyika are inland ports +Merchant marine: + 6 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 19,185 GRT/22,916 DWT; includes 2 + passenger-cargo, 2 cargo, 1 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 1 oil tanker +Airports: + total: + 103 + usable: + 92 + with permanent-surface runways: + 12 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 4 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 40 +Telecommunications: + fair system operating below capacity; open wire, radio relay, and + troposcatter; 103,800 telephones; broadcast stations - 12 AM, 4 FM, 2 TV; 1 + Indian Ocean and 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station + +*Tanzania, Defense Forces + +Branches: + Tanzanian People's Defense Force (TPDF; including Army, Navy, and Air + Force), paramilitary Police Field Force Unit, Militia +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 5,835,064; fit for military service 3,375,567 (1993 est.) +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP + +*Thailand, Geography + +Location: + Southeast Asia, bordering the Gulf of Thailand, between Burma and Cambodia +Map references: + Asia, Southeast Asia, Standard Time Zones of the World +Area: + total area: + 514,000 km2 + land area: + 511,770 km2 + comparative area: + slightly more than twice the size of Wyoming +Land boundaries: + total 4,863 km, Burma 1,800 km, Cambodia 803 km, Laos 1,754 km, Malaysia 506 + km +Coastline: + 3,219 km +Maritime claims: + exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + territorial sea: + 12 nm +International disputes: + boundary dispute with Laos; unresolved maritime boundary with Vietnam +Climate: + tropical; rainy, warm, cloudy southwest monsoon (mid-May to September); dry, + cool northeast monsoon (November to mid-March); southern isthmus always hot + and humid +Terrain: + central plain; eastern plateau (Khorat); mountains elsewhere +Natural resources: + tin, rubber, natural gas, tungsten, tantalum, timber, lead, fish, gypsum, + lignite, fluorite +Land use: + arable land: + 34% + permanent crops: + 4% + meadows and pastures: + 1% forest and woodland: + 30% + other: + 31% +Irrigated land: + 42,300 km2 (1989 est.) +Environment: + air and water pollution; land subsidence in Bangkok area +Note: + controls only land route from Asia to Malaysia and Singapore + +*Thailand, People + +Population: + 58,722,437 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 1.36% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 19.97 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 6.33 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 38.5 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 68.28 years + male: + 65.05 years + female: + 71.66 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 2.16 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Thai (singular and plural) + adjective: + Thai +Ethnic divisions: + Thai 75%, Chinese 14%, other 11% +Religions: + Buddhism 95%, Muslim 3.8%, Christianity 0.5%, Hinduism 0.1%, other 0.6% + (1991) +Languages: + Thai, English the secondary language of the elite, ethnic and regional + dialects +Literacy: + age 15 and over can read and write (1990) + total population: + 93% + male: + 96% + female: 90% +Labor force: + 30.87 million + by occupation: + agriculture 62%, industry 13%, commerce 11%, services (including government) + 14% (1989 est.) + +*Thailand, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Kingdom of Thailand + conventional short form: + Thailand +Digraph: + TH +Type: + constitutional monarchy +Capital: + Bangkok +Administrative divisions: + 73 provinces (changwat, singular and plural); Ang Thong, Buriram, + Chachoengsao, Chai Nat, Chaiyaphum, Changwat Mukdahan, Chanthaburi, Chiang + Mai, Chiang Rai, Chon Buri, Chumphon, Kalasin, Kamphaeng Phet, Kanchanaburi, + Khon Kaen, Krabi, Krung Thep Mahanakhon, Lampang, Lamphun, Loei, Lop Buri, + Mae Hong Son, Maha Sarakham, Nakhon Nayok, Nakhon Pathom, Nakhon Phanom, + Nakhon Ratchasima, Nakhon Sawan, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Nan, Narathiwat, Nong + Khai, Nonthaburi, Pathum Thani, Pattani, Phangnga, Phatthalung, Phayao, + Phetchabun, Phetchaburi, Phichit, Phitsanulok, Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya, + Phrae, Phuket, Prachin Buri, Prachuap Khiri Khan, Ranong, Ratchaburi, + Rayong, Roi Et, Sakon Nakhon, Samut Prakan, Samut Sakhon, Samut Songkhram, + Sara Buri, Satun, Sing Buri, Sisaket, Songkhla, Sukhothai, Suphan Buri, + Surat Thani, Surin, Tak, Trang, Trat, Ubon Ratchathani, Udon Thani, Uthai + Thani, Uttaradit, Yala, Yasothon +Independence: + 1238 (traditional founding date; never colonized) +Constitution: + 22 December 1978; new constitution approved 7 December 1991; amended 10 June + 1992 +Legal system: + based on civil law system, with influences of common law; has not accepted + compulsory ICJ jurisdiction; martial law in effect since 23 February 1991 + military coup +National holiday: + Birthday of His Majesty the King, 5 December (1927) +Political parties and leaders: + Democrat Party (DP), Chuan LIKPHAI; Thai Nation Pary (TNP or Chat Thai + Party), Praman ADIREKSAN; National Development Party (NDP or Chat Phattana), + Chatchai CHUNHAWAN; New Aspiration Party, Gen. Chawalit YONGCHAIYUT; Phalang + Tham (Palang Dharma), Bunchu ROTCHANASATIEN; Social Action Party (SAP), + Montri PHONGPHANIT; Liberal Democratic Party (LDP or Seri Tham), Athit + URAIRAT; Solidarity Party (SP), Uthai PHIMCHAICHON; Mass Party (Muanchon), + Pol. Cpt. Choem YUBAMRUNG; Thai Citizen's Party (Prachakon Thai), Samak + SUNTHONWET; People's Party (Ratsadon), Chaiphak SIRIWAT; People's Force + Party (Phalang Prachachon), Col. Sophon HANCHAREON +Suffrage: + 21 years of age; universal +Elections: + House of Representatives: + last held 13 September 1992 (next to be held by NA); results - percent of + vote by party NA; seats - (360 total) DP 79, TNP 77, NDP 60, NAP 51, Phalang + Tham 47, SAP 22, LDP 8, SP 8, Mass Party 4, Thai Citizen's Party 3, People's + Party 1, People's Force Party 0 +Executive branch: + monarch, prime minister, four deputy prime ministers, Council of Ministers + (cabinet), Privy Council + +*Thailand, Government + +Legislative branch: + bicameral National Assembly (Rathasatha) consists of an upper house or + Senate (Vuthisatha) and a lower house or House of Representatives + (Saphaphoothan-Rajsadhorn) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court (Sarndika) +Leaders: + Chief of State: + King PHUMIPHON Adunyadet (since 9 June 1946); Heir Apparent Crown Prince + WACHIRALONGKON (born 28 July 1952) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister CHUAN Likphai (since 23 September 1992) +Member of: + APEC, AsDB, ASEAN, CCC, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, + IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, + LORCS, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNTAC, UPU, WCL, WHO, + WIPO, WMO +Diplomatic representation in US: + chief of mission: + Ambassador-designate PHIRAPHONG Kasemsi + chancery: + 2300 Kalorama Road NW, Washington, DC 20008 + telephone: + (202) 483-7200 + consulates general: + Chicago, Los Angeles, and New York +US diplomatic representation: + chief of mission: + Ambassador David F. LAMBERTSON + embassy: + 95 Wireless Road, Bangkok + mailing address: + APO AP 96546 + telephone: + [66] (2) 252-5040 + FAX: + [66] (2) 254-2990 + consulate general: + Chiang Mai consulates: + Songkhla, Udorn +Flag: + five horizontal bands of red (top), white, blue (double width), white, and + red + +*Thailand, Economy + +Overview: + Thailand's economy recovered rapidly from the political unrest in May 1992 + to post an impressive 7% growth rate for the year. Thailand, one of the more + advanced developing countries in Asia, depends on exports of manufactures + and the development of the service sector to fuel the country's rapid + growth. The trade and current account deficits fell in 1992; much of + Thailand's recent imports have been for capital equipment suggesting that + the export sector is poised for further growth. With foreign investment + slowing, Bangkok is working to increase the generation of capital + domestically. Prime Minister CHUAN's government - Thailand's fifth + government in less than two years - is pledged to continue Bangkok's + probusiness policies, and the return of a democratically elected government + has improved business confidence. Nevertheless, CHUAN must overcome + divisions within his ruling coalition to complete much needed infrastructure + development programs if Thailand is to remain an attractive place for + business investment. Over the longer-term, Bangkok must produce more college + graduates with technical training and upgrade workers' skills to continue + its rapid economic development. +National product: + GDP - exchange rate conversion - $103 billion (1992 est.) +National product real growth rate: + 7% (1992 est.) +National product per capita: + $1,800 (1992 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 4.5% (1992 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 4.7% (1992 est.) +Budget: + revenues $21.36 billion; expenditures $22.40 billion, including capital + expenditures of $6.24 billion (FY93 est.) +Exports: + $32.9 billion (f.o.b., 1992) + commodities: + machinery and manufactures 76.9%, agricultural products 14.9%, fisheries + products 5.9% (1992) + partners: + US 21.6%, Japan 18.0%, Singapore 8.7%, Hong Kong 4.8%, Germany 4.4%, + Netherlands 4.2%, UK 3.4%, Malaysia, France, China (1992 est.) +Imports: + $41.5 billion (c.i.f., 1992) + commodities: + capital goods 41.4%, intermediate goods and raw materials 32.8%, consumer + goods 10.4%, oil 8.2% + partners: + Japan 29.3%, US 11.4%, Singapore 7.6%, Taiwan 5.5%, Germany 5.4%, South + Korea 4.6%, Malaysia 4.2%, China 3.3%, Hong Kong 3.3%, UK (1992 est.) +External debt: + $33.4 billion (1991) +Industrial production: + growth rate 18% (1990); accounts for about 26% of GDP +Electricity: + 10,000,000 kW capacity; 43,750 million kWh produced, 760 kWh per capita + (1992) + +*Thailand, Economy + +Industries: + tourism is the largest source of foreign exchange; textiles and garments, + agricultural processing, beverages, tobacco, cement, light manufacturing, + such as jewelry; electric appliances and components, integrated circuits, + furniture, plastics; world's second-largest tungsten producer and + third-largest tin producer +Agriculture: + accounts for 12% of GDP and 60% of labor force; leading producer and + exporter of rice and cassava (tapioca); other crops - rubber, corn, + sugarcane, coconuts, soybeans; except for wheat, self-sufficient in food +Illicit drugs: + a minor producer, major illicit trafficker of heroin, particularly from + Burma and Laos, and cannabis for the international drug market; eradication + efforts have reduced the area of cannabis cultivation and shifted some + production to neighboring countries; opium poppy cultivation has been + affected by eradication efforts; also a major drug money laundering center +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $870 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $8.6 billion; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $19 million +Currency: + 1 baht (B) = 100 satang +Exchange rates: + baht (B) per US$1 - 25.280 (April 1993), 25.400 (1992), 25.517 (1991), + 25.585 (1990), 25.702 (1989), 25.294 (1988) +Fiscal year: + 1 October-30 September + +*Thailand, Communications + +Railroads: + 3,940 km 1.000-meter gauge, 99 km double track +Highways: + 77,697 km total; 35,855 km paved (including 88 km expressways), 14,092 km + gravel or other stabilization, 27,750 km mostly dirt and other (1988) +Inland waterways: + 3,999 km principal waterways; 3,701 km with navigable depths of 0.9 m or + more throughout the year; numerous minor waterways navigable by + shallow-draft native craft +Pipelines: + natural gas 350 km, petroleum products 67 km +Ports: + Bangkok, Pattani, Phuket, Sattahip, Si Racha +Merchant marine: + 169 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 752,055 GRT/1,166,136 DWT; includes 1 + short-sea passenger, 91 cargo, 12 container, 40 oil tanker, 9 liquefied gas, + 2 chemical tanker, 5 bulk, 6 refrigerated cargo, 2 combination bulk, 1 + passenger +Airports: + total: + 106 + usable: + 95 + with permanent-surface runways: + 51 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 1 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 14 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 28 +Telecommunications: + service to general public inadequate; bulk of service to government + activities provided by multichannel cable and microwave radio relay network; + 739,500 telephones (1987); broadcast stations - over 200 AM, 100 FM, and 11 + TV in government-controlled networks; satellite earth stations - 1 Indian + Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT; domestic satellite system being + developed + +*Thailand, Defense Forces + +Branches: + Royal Thai Army, Royal Thai Navy (including Royal Thai Marine Corps), Royal + Thai Air Force, Paramilitary Forces +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 16,685,044; fit for military service 10,148,786; reach + military age (18) annually 616,042 (1993 est.) +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $2.6 billion, about 2% of GNP (FY92/93 est.) + +*Togo, Geography + +Location: + Western Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean beween Benin and Ghana +Map references: + Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World +Area: + total area: + 56,790 km2 + land area: + 54,390 km2 + comparative area: + slightly smaller than West Virginia +Land boundaries: + total 1,647 km, Benin 644 km, Burkina 126 km, Ghana 877 km +Coastline: + 56 km +Maritime claims: + exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + territorial sea: + 30 nm +International disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical; hot, humid in south; semiarid in north +Terrain: + gently rolling savanna in north; central hills; southern plateau; low + coastal plain with extensive lagoons and marshes +Natural resources: + phosphates, limestone, marble +Land use: + arable land: + 25% + permanent crops: + 1% + meadows and pastures: + 4% + forest and woodland: + 28% + other: + 42% +Irrigated land: + 70 km2 (1989 est.) +Environment: + hot, dry harmattan wind can reduce visibility in north during winter; recent + droughts affecting agriculture; deforestation + +*Togo, People + +Population: + 4,104,657 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 3.61% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 47.87 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 11.8 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 91.3 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 56.46 years + male: + 54.45 years female: + 58.53 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 6.96 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Togolese (singular and plural) + adjective: + Togolese +Ethnic divisions: + 37 tribes; largest and most important are Ewe, Mina, and Kabye, European and + Syrian-Lebanese under 1% +Religions: + indigenous beliefs 70%, Christian 20%, Muslim 10% +Languages: + French (official and the language of commerce), Ewe (one of the two major + African languages in the south), Mina (one of the two major African + languages in the south), Dagomba (one of the two major African languages in + the north), Kabye (one of the two major African languages in the north) +Literacy: + age 15 and over can read and write (1990) + total population: + 43% + male: + 56% + female: + 31% +Labor force: + NA + by occupation: + agriculture 78%, industry 22% + note: + about 88,600 wage earners, evenly divided between public and private + sectors; 50% of population of working age (1985) + +*Togo, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Republic of Togo + conventional short form: + Togo + local long form: + Republique Togolaise + local short form: + none + former: + French Togo +Digraph: + TO +Type: + republic under transition to multiparty democratic rule +Capital: + Lome +Administrative divisions: + 21 circumscriptions (circonscriptions, singular - circonscription); Amlame + (Amou), Aneho (Lacs), Atakpame (Ogou), Badou (Wawa), Bafilo (Assoli), Bassar + (Bassari), Dapango (Tone), Kande (Keran), Klouto (Kloto), Pagouda (Binah), + Lama-Kara (Kozah), Lome (Golfe), Mango (Oti), Niamtougou (Doufelgou), Notse + (Haho), Pagouda, Sotouboua, Tabligbo (Yoto), Tchamba, Nyala, Tchaoudjo, + Tsevie (Zio), Vogan (Vo) + note: + the 21 units may now be called prefectures (prefectures, singular - + prefecture) and reported name changes for individual units are included in + parentheses +Independence: + 27 April 1960 (from UN trusteeship under French administration) +Constitution: + 1980 constitution nullified during national reform conference; transition + constitution adopted 24 August 1991; multiparty draft constitution sent to + High Council of the Republic for approval in November 1991; adopted by + public referendum September 1992 +Legal system: + French-based court system +National holiday: + Independence Day, 27 April (1960) +Political parties and leaders: + Rally of the Togolese People (RPT) led by President EYADEMA was the only + party until the formation of multiple parties was legalized 12 April 1991; + transition regime in place since August 1991 +Suffrage: + universal adult at age NA +Elections: + President: + last held 21 December 1986 (next to be held 1993); results - Gen. EYADEMA + was reelected without opposition + National Assembly: + last held 4 March 1990; dissolved during national reform conference (next to + be held 1993); results - RPT was the only party; seats - (77 total) RPT 77; + interim legislative High Council of the Republic (HCR) in place since August + 1991 +Executive branch: + president, prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet) + +*Togo, Government + +Legislative branch: + National Assembly dissolved during national reform conference; 79-member + interim High Council for the Republic (HCR) formed to act as legislature + during transition to multiparty democracy; legislative elections scheduled + to be held in 1993 +Judicial branch: + Court of Appeal (Cour d'Appel), Supreme Court (Cour Supreme) +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Gen. Gnassingbe EYADEMA (since 14 April 1967) + Head of Government: + interim Prime Minister Joseph Kokou KOFFIGOH (since 28 August 1991) +Member of: + ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CCC, CEAO (observer), ECA, ECOWAS, Entente, FAO, FZ, G-77, + GATT, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, + IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WADB, WCL, WHO, + WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation in US: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Ellom-Kodjo SCHUPPIUS + chancery: + 2208 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 + telephone: + (202) 234-4212 or 4213 +US diplomatic representation: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Harmon E. KIRBY + embassy: + Rue Pelletier Caventou and Rue Vauban, Lome + mailing address: + B. P. 852, Lome + telephone: + [228] 21-29-91 through 94 and 21-77-17 + FAX: + [228] 21-79-52 +Flag: + five equal horizontal bands of green (top and bottom) alternating with + yellow; there is a white five-pointed star on a red square in the upper + hoist-side corner; uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia + +*Togo, Economy + +Overview: + The economy is heavily dependent on subsistence agriculture, which accounts + for about 33% of GDP and provides employment for 78% of the labor force. + Primary agricultural exports are cocoa, coffee, and cotton, which together + account for about 30% of total export earnings. Togo is self-sufficient in + basic foodstuffs when harvests are normal. In the industrial sector + phosphate mining is by far the most important activity, with phosphate + exports accounting for about 40% of total foreign exchange earnings. Togo + serves as a regional commercial and trade center. The government, over the + past decade, with IMF and World Bank support, has been implementing a number + of economic reform measures to encourage foreign investment and bring + revenues in line with expenditures. Political unrest, including private and + public sector strikes throughout 1991 and 1992, has jeopardized the reform + program and has disrupted vital economic activity. +National product: + GDP - exchange rate conversion - $1.5 billion (1991 est.) +National product real growth rate: + 0% (1991 est.) +National product per capita: + $400 (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 0.5% (1991 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 2% (1987) +Budget: + revenues $284.8 million; expenditures $407 million, including capital + expenditures of $NA (1991 est.) +Exports: + $512 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.) + commodities: + phosphates, cotton, cocoa, coffee + partners: + EC 40%, Africa 16%, US 1% (1990) +Imports: + $583 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.) + commodities: + machinery and equipment, consumer goods, food, chemical products + partners: + EC 57%, Africa 17%, US 5%, Japan 4% (1990) +External debt: + $1.3 billion (1991) +Industrial production: + growth rate 9.0% (1991 est.); accounts for 20% of GDP +Electricity: + 179,000 kW capacity; 209 million kWh produced, 60 kWh per capita (1990) +Industries: + phosphate mining, agricultural processing, cement, handicrafts, textiles, + beverages +Agriculture: + accounts for 33% of GDP; cash crops - coffee, cocoa, cotton; food crops - + yams, cassava, corn, beans, rice, millet, sorghum; livestock production not + significant; annual fish catch, 10,000-14,000 tons +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-90), $142 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-90), $2 billion; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $35 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $51 + million +Currency: + 1 CFA franc (CFAF) = 100 centimes + +*Togo, Economy + +Exchange rates: + Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF) per US$1 - 274.06 (January + 1993), 264.69 (1992), 282.11 (1991), 272.26 (1990), 319.01 (1989), 297.85 + (1988) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +*Togo, Communications + +Railroads: + 570 km 1.000-meter gauge, single track +Highways: + 6,462 km total; 1,762 km paved; 4,700 km unimproved roads +Inland waterways: 50 km Mono River +Ports: + Lome, Kpeme (phosphate port) +Merchant marine: + 2 roll-on/roll-off ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 11,118 GRT/20,529 DWT +Airports: + total: + 9 + usable: + 9 + with permanent-surface runways: + 2 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 2 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 0 +Telecommunications: + fair system based on network of radio relay routes supplemented by open wire + lines; broadcast stations - 2 AM, no FM, 3 (2 relays) TV; satellite earth + stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 1 SYMPHONIE + +*Togo, Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy, Air Force, Gendarmerie +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 862,427; fit for military service 452,974 (1993 est.); no + conscription +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $43 million, about 3% of GDP (1989) + +*Tokelau, Header + +Affiliation: + (territory of New Zealand) + +*Tokelau, Geography + +Location: + Oceania, 3,750 km southwest of Honolulu in the South Pacific Ocean, about + halfway between Hawaii and New Zealand +Map references: + Oceania +Area: + total area: + 10 km2 + land area: + 10 km2 comparative area: + about 17 times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + 0 km +Coastline: + 101 km +Maritime claims: + exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + territorial sea: + 12 nm +International disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical; moderated by trade winds (April to November) +Terrain: + coral atolls enclosing large lagoons +Natural resources: + negligible +Land use: + arable land: + 0% + permanent crops: + 0% + meadows and pastures: + 0% + forest and woodland: + 0% + other: + 100% +Irrigated land: + NA km2 +Environment: + lies in Pacific typhoon belt + +*Tokelau, People + +Population: + 1,544 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + -1.35% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + NA births/1,000 population +Death rate: + NA deaths/1,000 population +Net migration rate: + NA migrant(s)/1,000 population +Infant mortality rate: + NA deaths/1,000 live births +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + NA years + male: + NA years female: + NA years +Total fertility rate: + NA children born/woman +Nationality: + noun: + Tokelauan(s) + adjective: + Tokelauan +Ethnic divisions: + Polynesian +Religions: + Congregational Christian Church 70%, Roman Catholic 28%, other 2% + note: + on Atafu, all Congregational Christian Church of Samoa; on Nukunonu, all + Roman Catholic; on Fakaofo, both denominations, with the Congregational + Christian Church predominant +Languages: + Tokelauan (a Polynesian language), English +Literacy: + total population: + NA% + male: + NA% + female: + NA% +Labor force: + NA + +*Tokelau, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + none + conventional short form: + Tokelau +Digraph: + TL +Type: + territory of New Zealand +Capital: + none; each atoll has its own administrative center +Administrative divisions: + none (territory of New Zealand) +Independence: + none (territory of New Zealand) +Constitution: + administered under the Tokelau Islands Act of 1948, as amended in 1970 +Legal system: + British and local statutes +National holiday: + Waitangi Day, 6 February (1840) (Treaty of Waitangi established British + sovereignty over New Zealand) +Political parties and leaders: NA +Suffrage: + NA +Elections: + NA +Executive branch: + British monarch, administrator (appointed by the Minister of Foreign Affairs + in New Zealand), official secretary +Legislative branch: + unicameral Council of Elders (Taupulega) on each atoll +Judicial branch: + High Court in Niue, Supreme Court in New Zealand +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952) + Head of Government: + Administrator Graham ANSELL (since NA 1990); Official Secretary Casimilo J. + PEREZ (since NA), Office of Tokelau Affairs; Tokelau's governing Council + will elect its first head of government in 1993 +Member of: + SPC, WHO (associate) +Diplomatic representation in US: + none (territory of New Zealand) +US diplomatic representation: + none (territory of New Zealand) +Flag: + the flag of New Zealand is used + +*Tokelau, Economy + +Overview: + Tokelau's small size, isolation, and lack of resources greatly restrain + economic development and confine agriculture to the subsistence level. The + people must rely on aid from New Zealand to maintain public services, annual + aid being substantially greater than GDP. The principal sources of revenue + come from sales of copra, postage stamps, souvenir coins, and handicrafts. + Money is also remitted to families from relatives in New Zealand. +National product: + GDP - exchange rate conversion - $1.4 million (1988 est.) +National product real growth rate: + NA% +National product per capita: + $800 (1988 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + NA% +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $430,830; expenditures $2.8 million, including capital expenditures + of $37,300 (FY87) +Exports: + $98,000 (f.o.b., 1983) + commodities: + stamps, copra, handicrafts + partners: + NZ +Imports: + $323,400 (c.i.f., 1983) + commodities: + foodstuffs, building materials, fuel + partners: + NZ +External debt: + $0 +Industrial production: + growth rate NA% +Electricity: + 200 kW capacity; 300,000 kWh produced, 180 kWh per capita (1990) +Industries: + small-scale enterprises for copra production, wood work, plaited craft + goods; stamps, coins; fishing +Agriculture: + coconuts, copra; basic subsistence crops - breadfruit, papaya, bananas; + pigs, poultry, goats +Economic aid: + Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $24 + million +Currency: + 1 New Zealand dollar (NZ$) = 100 cents +Exchange rates: + New Zealand dollars (NZ$) per US$1 - 1.9486 (January 1993), 1.8584 (1992), + l.7265 (1991), 1.6750 (1990), 1.6708 (1989), 1.5244 (1988) +Fiscal year: + 1 April-31 March + +*Tokelau, Communications + +Ports: + none; offshore anchorage only +Airports: + none; lagoon landings by amphibious aircraft from Western Samoa +Telecommunications: + radiotelephone service between islands and to Western Samoa + +*Tokelau, Defense Forces + +Note: + defense is the responsibility of New Zealand + +*Tonga, Geography + +Location: + Oceania, 2,250 km north-northwest of New Zealand, about two-thirds of the + way between Hawaii and New Zealand +Map references: + Oceania, Standard Time Zones of the World +Area: + total area: + 748 km2 + land area: + 718 km2 + comparative area: + slightly more than four times the size of Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + 0 km +Coastline: + 419 km +Maritime claims: + continental shelf: + not specified + exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + territorial sea: + 12 nm +International disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical; modified by trade winds; warm season (December to May), cool + season (May to December) +Terrain: + most islands have limestone base formed from uplifted coral formation; + others have limestone overlying volcanic base +Natural resources: + fish, fertile soil +Land use: + arable land: + 25% + permanent crops: + 55% + meadows and pastures: + 6% + forest and woodland: + 12% + other: + 2% +Irrigated land: + NA km2 +Environment: + archipelago of 170 islands (36 inhabited); subject to cyclones (October to + April); deforestation + +*Tonga, People + +Population: + 103,949 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 0.8% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: 25.16 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 6.75 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + -10.4 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 21.38 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 67.79 years + male: + 65.5 years + female: + 70.24 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 3.68 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Tongan(s) + adjective: + Tongan +Ethnic divisions: + Polynesian, Europeans about 300 +Religions: + Christian (Free Wesleyan Church claims over 30,000 adherents) +Languages: + Tongan, English +Literacy: + age 15 and over can read and write (1976) + total population: + 57% + male: + 60% + female: + 60% +Labor force: + NA + by occupation: + agriculture 70%, mining (600 engaged in mining) + +*Tonga, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Kingdom of Tonga + conventional short form: + Tonga + former: + Friendly Islands +Digraph: + TN +Type: + hereditary constitutional monarchy +Capital: Nuku alofa +Administrative divisions: + three island groups; Ha'apai, Tongatapu, Vava'u +Independence: + 4 June 1970 (from UK) +Constitution: + 4 November 1875, revised 1 January 1967 +Legal system: + based on English law +National holiday: + Emancipation Day, 4 June (1970) +Political parties and leaders: + Democratic Reform Movement, 'Akilisi POHIVA; Christian Democratic Party, + leader NA +Suffrage: + all literate, tax-paying males and all literate females over 21 +Elections: + Legislative Assembly: + last held 14-15 February 1990 (next to be held 3-4 February 1993); results - + percent of vote NA; seats - (29 total, 9 elected) 6 proreform, 3 + traditionalist +Executive branch: + monarch, prime minister, deputy prime minister, Council of Ministers + (cabinet), Privy Council +Legislative branch: + unicameral Legislative Assembly (Fale Alea) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + King Taufa'ahau TUPOU IV (since 16 December 1965) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Baron VAEA (since 22 August 1991); Deputy Prime Minister S. + Langi KAVALIKU (since 22 August 1991) +Member of: + ACP, AsDB, C, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IMF, + INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, SPARTECA, SPC, SPF, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, + WHO +Diplomatic representation in US: + Ambassador Sione KITE, resides in London +US diplomatic representation: + the US has no offices in Tonga; the ambassador to Fiji is accredited to + Tonga and makes periodic visits +Flag: + red with a bold red cross on a white rectangle in the upper hoist-side + corner + +*Tonga, Economy + +Overview: + The economy's base is agriculture, which employs about 70% of the labor + force and contributes 40% to GDP. Coconuts, bananas, and vanilla beans are + the main crops and make up two-thirds of exports. The country must import a + high proportion of its food, mainly from New Zealand. The manufacturing + sector accounts for only 11% of GDP. Tourism is the primary source of hard + currency earnings, but the island remains dependent on sizable external aid + and remittances to offset its trade deficit. +National product: + GDP - exchange rate conversion - $92 million (FY90) +National product real growth rate: + 0.4% (FY92 est.) +National product per capita: + $900 (FY90) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 4% (FY92 est.) +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $36.4 million; expenditures $68.1 million, including capital + expenditures of $33.2 million (FY91 est.) +Exports: + $18.8 million (f.o.b., FY92 est.) + commodities: + coconut oil, desiccated coconut, copra, bananas, taro, vanilla beans, + fruits, vegetables, fish + partners: + Japan 34%, US 17%, Australia 13%, NZ 13% (FY91) +Imports: + $68.3 million (c.i.f., FY92 est.) + commodities: + food products, machinery and transport equipment, manufactures, fuels, + chemicals + partners: + NZ 33%, Australia 22%, US 8%, Japan 8% (FY91) +External debt: + $47.5 million (FY91) +Industrial production: + growth rate 1.7% (FY90); accounts for 11% of GDP +Electricity: + 6,000 kW capacity; 8 million kWh produced, 80 kWh per capita (1990) +Industries: + tourism, fishing +Agriculture: + accounts for 40% of GDP; dominated by coconut, copra, and banana production; + vanilla beans, cocoa, coffee, ginger, black pepper +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $16 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $258 million +Currency: + 1 pa'anga (T$) = 100 seniti +Exchange rates: + pa'anga (T$) per US$1 - 1.3996 (January 1993), 1.3471 (1992), 1.2961 (1991), + 1.2809 (1990), 1.2637 (1989), 1.2799 (1988) +Fiscal year: + 1 July-30 June + +*Tonga, Communications + +Highways: + 198 km sealed road (Tongatapu); 74 km (Vava'u); 94 km unsealed roads usable + only in dry weather +Ports: + Nukualofa, Neiafu, Pangai +Merchant marine: + 3 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 6,765 GRT/10,597 DWT; includes 1 cargo, + 1 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 1 liquefied gas +Airports: + total: + 6 + usable: + 6 + with permanent-surface runways: + 1 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 2,440-3,659: + 1 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 1 +Telecommunications: + 3,529 telephones; 66,000 radios; no TV sets; broadcast stations - 1 AM, no + FM, no TV; 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth station + +*Tonga, Defense Forces + +Branches: + Tonga Defense Force, Tonga Maritime Division, Royal Tongan Marines, Royal + Tongan Guard, Police +Manpower availability: + NA +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP + +*Trinidad and Tobago, Geography + +Location: + in the extreme southeastern Caribbean Sea, 11 km off the coast of Venezuela +Map references: + Central America and the Caribbean, South America, Standard Time Zones of the + World +Area: + total area: + 5,130 km2 + land area: + 5,130 km2 + comparative area: + slightly smaller than Delaware +Land boundaries: + 0 km +Coastline: 362 km +Maritime claims: + contiguous zone: + 24 nm + continental shelf: + 200 nm or the outer edge of continental margin + exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + territorial sea: + 12 nm +International disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical; rainy season (June to December) +Terrain: + mostly plains with some hills and low mountains +Natural resources: + petroleum, natural gas, asphalt +Land use: + arable land: + 14% + permanent crops: + 17% + meadows and pastures: + 2% + forest and woodland: + 44% + other: + 23% +Irrigated land: + 220 km2 (1989 est.) +Environment: + outside usual path of hurricanes and other tropical storms + +*Trinidad and Tobago, People + +Population: + 1,313,738 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 1.1% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 20.08 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 6.31 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + -2.74 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 16.9 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 70.53 years + male: + 67.91 years + female: 73.22 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 2.35 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Trinidadian(s), Tobagonian(s) + adjective: + Trinidadian, Tobagonian +Ethnic divisions: + black 43%, East Indian 40%, mixed 14%, white 1%, Chinese 1%, other 1% +Religions: + Roman Catholic 32.2%, Hindu 24.3%, Anglican 14.4%, other Protestant 14%, + Muslim 6%, none or unknown 9.1% +Languages: + English (official), Hindi, French, Spanish +Literacy: + age 15 and over can read and write (1980) + total population: + 95% + male: + 97% + female: + 93% +Labor force: + 463,900 + by occupation: + construction and utilities 18.1%, manufacturing, mining, and quarrying + 14.8%, agriculture 10.9%, other 56.2% (1985 est.) + +*Trinidad and Tobago, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Republic of Trinidad and Tobago + conventional short form: + Trinidad and Tobago +Digraph: + TD +Type: + parliamentary democracy +Capital: + Port-of-Spain +Administrative divisions: + 8 counties, 3 municipalities*, and 1 ward**; Arima*, Caroni, Mayaro, Nariva,, Port-of-Spain*,, +Saint Andrew, Saint David, Saint George, Saint Patrick, San + Fernando*, Tobago**, Victoria, Independence: + 31 August 1962 (from UK) +Constitution: + 31 August 1976 +Legal system: + based on English common law; judicial review of legislative acts in the + Supreme Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: Independence Day, 31 August (1962) +Political parties and leaders: + People's National Movement (PNM), Patrick MANNING; United National Congress + (UNC), Basdeo PANDAY; National Alliance for Reconstruction (NAR), Carson + CHARLES; Movement for Social Transformation (MOTION), David ABDULLAH; + National Joint Action Committee (NJAC), Makandal DAAGA +Suffrage: + 18 years of age; universal +Elections: + House of Representatives: + last held 16 December 1991 (next to be held by December 1996); results - PNM + 32%, UNC 13%, NAR 2%; seats - (36 total) PNM 21, UNC 13, NAR 2 +Executive branch: + president, prime minister, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + bicameral Parliament consists of an upper house or Senate and a lower house + or House of Representatives +Judicial branch: + Court of Appeal, Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Noor Mohammed HASSANALI (since 18 March 1987) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Patrick Augustus Mervyn MANNING (since 17 December 1991) +Member of: + ACP, C, CARICOM, CCC, CDB, ECLAC, FAO, G-24, G-77, GATT, IADB, IBRD, ICAO, + ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, + LAES, LORCS, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, + WIPO, WMO +Diplomatic representation in US: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Corinne BAPTISTE + chancery: + 1708 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036 + telephone: + (202) 467-6490 + +*Trinidad and Tobago, Government + + consulate general: + New York +US diplomatic representation: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Sally G. COWAL + embassy: + 15 Queen's Park West, Port-of-Spain + mailing address: + P. O. Box 752, Port-of-Spain + telephone: + (809) 622-6372 through 6376, 6176 + FAX: + (809) 628-5462 +Flag: + red with a white-edged black diagonal band from the upper hoist side + +*Trinidad and Tobago, Economy + +Overview: + Trinidad and Tobago's petroleum-based economy has begun to emerge from a + lengthy depression in the last few years. The economy fell sharply through + most of the 1980s, largely because of the decline in oil prices. This sector + accounts for 80% of export earnings and almost 20% of GDP. The government, + in response to the oil revenue loss, pursued a series of austerity measures + that pushed the unemployment rate as high as 22% in 1988. The economy showed + signs of recovery in 1990 and 1991, however, helped along by rising oil + prices. Agriculture employs only about 11% of the labor force and produces + about 3% of GDP. Since this sector is small, it has been unable to absorb + the large numbers of the unemployed. The government currently seeks to + diversify its export base. +National product: + GDP - exchange rate conversion - $5 billion (1991) +National product real growth rate: + 2.6% (1991) +National product per capita: + $3,800 (1991) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 3.8% (1991) +Unemployment rate: + 18.5% (1991) +Budget: + revenues $1.6 billion; expenditures $1.6 billion, including capital + expenditures of $158 million (1993 est.) +Exports: + $2.2 billion (f.o.b., 1991) + commodities: + includes reexports - petroleum and petroleum products 82%, steel products + 9%, fertilizer, sugar, cocoa, coffee, citrus (1988) + partners: + US 49%, CARICOM 12% +Imports: + $1.7 billion (c.i.f., 1991) + commodities: + raw materials and intermediate goods 48%, capital goods 29%, consumer goods + 23% (1991) + partners: + US 39%, Venezuela 14%, UK 7%, CARICOM 5% (1991) +External debt: + $2.4 billion (1991) +Industrial production: + growth rate 2.3%, excluding oil refining (1986); accounts for 40% of GDP, + including petroleum +Electricity: + 1,176,000 kW capacity; 3,480 million kWh produced, 2,680 kWh per capita + (1992) +Industries: + petroleum, chemicals, tourism, food processing, cement, beverage, cotton + textiles +Agriculture: accounts for 3% of GDP; highly subsidized sector; major crops - cocoa, + sugarcane; sugarcane acreage is being shifted into rice, citrus, coffee, + vegetables; poultry sector most important source of animal protein; must + import large share of food needs +Illicit drugs: + transshipment point for South American drugs destined for the US + +*Trinidad and Tobago, Economy + +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $373 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $518 million +Currency: + 1 Trinidad and Tobago dollar (TT$) = 100 cents +Exchange rates: + Trinidad and Tobago dollars (TT$) per US$1 - 4.2500 (fixed rate since 1989) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +*Trinidad and Tobago, Communications + +Railroads: + minimal agricultural railroad system near San Fernando +Highways: + 8,000 km total; 4,000 km paved, 1,000 km improved earth, 3,000 km unimproved + earth +Pipelines: + crude oil 1,032 km, petroleum products 19 km, natural gas 904 km +Ports: + Port-of-Spain, Pointe-a-Pierre, Scarborough +Merchant marine: + 2 cargo ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 12,507 GRT/21,923 DWT +Airports: + total: + 6 + usable: + 5 + with permanent-surface runways: + 2 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 2 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 1 +Telecommunications: + excellent international service via tropospheric scatter links to Barbados + and Guyana; good local service; 109,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 2 + AM, 4 FM, 5 TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station + +*Trinidad and Tobago, Defense Forces + +Branches: + Trinidad and Tobago Defense Force (including Ground Forces, Coast Guard, and + Air Wing), Trinidad and Tobago Police Service +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 351,183; fit for military service 253,084 (1993 est.) +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $59 million, 1-2% of GDP (1989 est.) + +*Tromelin Island, Header + +Affiliation: + (possession of France) + +*Tromelin Island, Geography + +Location: + in the western Indian Ocean, 350 km east of Madagascar and 600 km north of + Reunion +Map references: + World +Area: + total area: + 1 km2 + land area: + 1 km2 + comparative area: + about 1.7 times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + 0 km +Coastline: + 3.7 km +Maritime claims: + contiguous zone: + 12 nm + continental shelf: + 200 m depth or to depth of exploitation + exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + territorial sea: + 12 nm +International disputes: + claimed by Madagascar, Mauritius, and Seychelles +Climate: + tropical +Terrain: + sandy +Natural resources: + fish +Land use: + arable land: 0% + permanent crops: + 0% + meadows and pastures: + 0% + forest and woodland: + 0% + other: + 100% (scattered bushes) +Irrigated land: + 0 km2 +Environment: + wildlife sanctuary +Note: + climatologically important location for forecasting cyclones + +*Tromelin Island, People + +Population: + uninhabited + +*Tromelin Island, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + none + conventional short form: + Tromelin Island + local long form: + none + local short form: + Ile Tromelin +Digraph: + TE +Type: + French possession administered by Commissioner of the Republic, resident in + Reunion +Capital: + none; administered by France from Reunion +Independence: + none (possession of France) + +*Tromelin Island, Economy + +Overview: + no economic activity + +*Tromelin Island, Communications + +Ports: + none; offshore anchorage only +Airports: + total: + 1 + usable: + 1 + with permanent-surface runways: + 0 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 0 +Telecommunications: + important meteorological station + +*Tromelin Island, Defense Forces + +Note: + defense is the responsibility of France + +*Tunisia, Geography + +Location: + Northern Africa, 144 km from Italy across the Strait of Sicily, between + Algeria and Libya +Map references: + Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World +Area: + total area: + 163,610 km2 + land area: + 155,360 km2 + comparative area: + slightly larger than Georgia +Land boundaries: + total 1,424 km, Algeria 965 km, Libya 459 km +Coastline: + 1,148 km +Maritime claims: + territorial sea: + 12 nm +International disputes: + maritime boundary dispute with Libya; land boundary disputes with Algeria + under discussion +Climate: + temperate in north with mild, rainy winters and hot, dry summers; desert in + south +Terrain: mountains in north; hot, dry central plain; semiarid south merges into the + Sahara +Natural resources: + petroleum, phosphates, iron ore, lead, zinc, salt +Land use: + arable land: + 20% + permanent crops: + 10% + meadows and pastures: + 19% + forest and woodland: + 4% + other: + 47% +Irrigated land: + 2,750 km2 (1989) +Environment: + deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification +Note: + strategic location in central Mediterranean + +*Tunisia, People + +Population: + 8,570,868 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 1.84% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 24.24 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 5.04 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + -0.79 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 35.9 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 72.54 years + male: + 70.55 years + female: + 74.62 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 3.02 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Tunisian(s) + adjective: + Tunisian +Ethnic divisions: + Arab-Berber 98%, European 1%, Jewish less than 1% +Religions: + Muslim 98%, Christian 1%, Jewish 1% +Languages: + Arabic (official and one of the languages of commerce), French (commerce) +Literacy: + age 15 and over can read and write (1990) + total population: + 65% + male: + 74% + female: + 56% +Labor force: + 2.25 million + by occupation: + agriculture 32% + note: + shortage of skilled labor + +*Tunisia, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Republic of Tunisia + conventional short form: + Tunisia + local long form: + Al Jumhuriyah at Tunisiyah + local short form: + Tunis +Digraph: + TS +Type: + republic +Capital: + Tunis +Administrative divisions: + 23 governorates; Beja, Ben Arous, Bizerte, Gabes, Gafsa, Jendouba, Kairouan, + Kasserine, Kebili, L'Ariana, Le Kef, Mahdia, Medenine, Monastir, Nabeul, + Sfax, Sidi Bou Zid, Siliana, Sousse, Tataouine, Tozeur, Tunis, Zaghouan +Independence: + 20 March 1956 (from France) +Constitution: + 1 June 1959 +Legal system: + based on French civil law system and Islamic law; some judicial review of + legislative acts in the Supreme Court in joint session +National holiday: + National Day, 20 March (1956) +Political parties and leaders: + Constitutional Democratic Rally Party (RCD), President BEN ALI (official + ruling party); Movement of Democratic Socialists (MDS), Mohammed MOUAADA; + five other political parties are legal, including the Communist Party +Other political or pressure groups: + the Islamic fundamentalist party, An Nahda (Rebirth), is outlawed +Suffrage: 20 years of age; universal +Elections: + President: + last held 2 April 1989 (next to be held NA March 1994); results - Gen. Zine + el Abidine BEN ALI was reelected without opposition + Chamber of Deputies: + last held 2 April 1989 (next to be held NA April 1994); results - RCD 80.7%, + independents/Islamists 13.7%, MDS 3.2%, other 2.4%; seats - (141 total) RCD + 141 +Executive branch: + president, prime minister, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + unicameral Chamber of Deputies (Majlis al-Nuwaab) +Judicial branch: + Court of Cassation (Cour de Cassation) +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Gen. Zine el Abidine BEN ALI (since 7 November 1987) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Hamed KAROUI (since 26 September 1989) + +*Tunisia, Government + +Member of: + ABEDA, ACCT, AfDB, AFESD, AL, AMF, AMU, CCC, ECA, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, + IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, + INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, MINURSO, NAM, OAPEC (withdrew from + active membership in 1986), OAU, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, + UNPROFOR, UNTAC, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation in US: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Ismail KHELIL + chancery: + 1515 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20005 + telephone: + (202) 862-1850 +US diplomatic representation: + chief of mission: + Ambassador John T. McCARTHY + embassy: + 144 Avenue de la Liberte, 1002 Tunis-Belvedere + mailing address: + use embassy street address + telephone: + [216] (1) 782-566 + FAX: + [216] (1) 789-719 +Flag: + red with a white disk in the center bearing a red crescent nearly encircling + a red five-pointed star; the crescent and star are traditional symbols of + Islam + +*Tunisia, Economy + +Overview: + The economy depends primarily on petroleum, phosphates, tourism, and exports + of light manufactures. Following two years of drought-induced economic + decline, the economy came back strongly in 1990-92 as a result of good + harvests, continued export growth, and higher domestic investment. High + unemployment has eroded popular support for the government, however, and + forced Tunis to slow the pace of economic reform. Nonetheless, the + government appears committed to implementing its IMF-supported structural + adjustment program and to servicing its foreign debt. +National product: + GDP - exchange rate conversion - $13.6 billion (1992 est.) +National product real growth rate: + 8% (1992 est.) +National product per capita: + $1,650 (1992 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 6% (1992 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 15.7% (1992) +Budget: + revenues $4.3 billion; expenditures $5.5 billion, including capital + expenditures of $NA (1993 est.) +Exports: + $3.7 billion (f.o.b., 1992) + commodities: + hydrocarbons, agricultural products, phosphates and chemicals + partners: + EC countries 74%, Middle East 11%, US 2%, Turkey, former USSR republics +Imports: + $6.1 billion (c.i.f., 1992) + commodities: + industrial goods and equipment 57%, hydrocarbons 13%, food 12%, consumer + goods + partners: + EC countries 67%, US 6%, Canada, Japan, Switzerland, Turkey, Algeria +External debt: + $7.7 billion (1992 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 5% (1989); accounts for about 25% of GDP, including petroleum +Electricity: + 1,545,000 kW capacity; 5,096 million kWh produced, 600 kWh per capita (1992) +Industries: + petroleum, mining (particularly phosphate and iron ore), tourism, textiles, + footwear, food, beverages +Agriculture: + accounts for 15% of GDP and one-third of labor force; output subject to + severe fluctuations because of frequent droughts; export crops - olives, + dates, oranges, almonds; other products - grain, sugar beets, wine grapes, + poultry, beef, dairy; not self-sufficient in food; fish catch of 99,200 + metric tons (1987) +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $730 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $5.2 billion; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $684 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $410 + million +Currency: + 1 Tunisian dinar (TD) = 1,000 millimes + +*Tunisia, Economy + +Exchange rates: + Tunisian dinars (TD) per US$1 - 0.9931 (February 1993), 0.8844 (1992), + 0.9246 (1991), 0.8783 (1990), 0.9493 (1989), 0.8578 (1988) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +*Tunisia, Communications + +Railroads: + 2,115 km total; 465 km 1.435-meter (standard) gauge; 1,650 km 1.000-meter + gauge +Highways: + 17,700 km total; 9,100 km bituminous; 8,600 km improved and unimproved earth +Pipelines: + crude oil 797 km, petroleum products 86 km, natural gas 742 km +Ports: + Bizerte, Gabes, Sfax, Sousse, Tunis, La Goulette, Zarzis +Merchant marine: + 22 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 161,661 GRT/221,959 DWT; includes 1 + short-sea passenger, 4 cargo, 2 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 2 oil tanker, 6 + chemical tanker, 1 liquefied gas, 6 bulk +Airports: + total: + 29 + usable: + 26 + with permanent-surface runways: + 13 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 7 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 7 + note: + a new airport opened 6 May 1993, length and type of surface NA +Telecommunications: + the system is above the African average; facilities consist of open-wire + lines, coaxial cable, and microwave radio relay; key centers are Sfax, + Sousse, Bizerte, and Tunis; 233,000 telephones (28 telephones per 1,000 + persons); broadcast stations - 7 AM, 8 FM, 19 TV; 5 submarine cables; + satellite earth stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 1 ARABSAT with + back-up control station; coaxial cable and microwave radio relay to Algeria + and Libya + +*Tunisia, Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy, Air Force, paramilitary forces, National Guard +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 2,164,686; fit for military service 1,244,683; reach + military age (20) annually 90,349 (1993 est.) +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $618 million, 3.7% of GDP (1993 est.) + +*Turkey, Geography + +Location: + Southeastern Europe/Southwest Asia, bordering the Mediterranean Sea and + Black Sea, between Bulgaria and Iran +Map references: + Africa, Europe, Middle East, Standard Time Zones of the World +Area: + total area: + 780,580 km2 + land area: + 770,760 km2 + comparative area: + slightly larger than Texas +Land boundaries: + total 2,627 km, Armenia 268 km, Azerbaijan 9 km, Bulgaria 240 km, Georgia + 252 km, Greece 206 km, Iran 499 km, Iraq 331 km, Syria 822 km +Coastline: + 7,200 km +Maritime claims: + exclusive economic zone: + in Black Sea only - to the maritime boundary agreed upon with the former + USSR + territorial sea: + 6 nm in the Aegean Sea, + 12 nm in the Black Sea and in the Mediterranean Sea +International disputes: + complex maritime and air (but not territorial) disputes with Greece in + Aegean Sea; Cyprus question; Hatay question with Syria; ongoing dispute with + downstream riparians (Syria and Iraq) over water development plans for the + Tigris and Euphrates Rivers +Climate: + temperate; hot, dry summers with mild, wet winters; harsher in interior +Terrain: + mostly mountains; narrow coastal plain; high central plateau (Anatolia) +Natural resources: + antimony, coal, chromium, mercury, copper, borate, sulphur, iron ore +Land use: + arable land: + 30% + permanent crops: + 4% + meadows and pastures: 12% + forest and woodland: + 26% + other: + 28% +Irrigated land: + 22,200 km2 (1989 est.) +Environment: + subject to severe earthquakes, especially along major river valleys in west; + air pollution; desertification +Note: + strategic location controlling the Turkish straits (Bosporus, Sea of + Marmara, Dardanelles) that link Black and Aegean Seas + +*Turkey, People + +Population: + 60,897,841 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 2.07% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 26.62 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 5.97 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 52 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 70.41 years + male: + 68.11 years + female: + 72.82 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 3.3 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Turk(s) + adjective: + Turkish +Ethnic divisions: + Turkish 80%, Kurdish 20% (est.) +Religions: + Muslim 99.8% (mostly Sunni), other 0.2% (Christian and Jews) +Languages: + Turkish (official), Kurdish, Arabic +Literacy: + age 15 and over can read and write (1990) + total population: + 81% + male: + 90% female: + 71% +Labor force: + 20.7 million + by occupation: + agriculture 50%, services 35%, industry 15% + note: + about 1,800,000 Turks work abroad (1991) + +*Turkey, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Republic of Turkey + conventional short form: + Turkey + local long form: + Turkiye Cumhuriyeti + local short form: + Turkiye +Digraph: + TU +Type: + republican parliamentary democracy +Capital: + Ankara +Administrative divisions: + 73 provinces (iller, singular - il); Adana, Adiyaman, Afyon, Agri, Aksaray, + Amasya, Ankara, Antalya, Artvin, Aydin, Balikesir, Batman, Bayburt, Bilecik, + Bingol, Bitlis, Bolu, Burdur, Bursa, Canakkale, Cankiri, Corum, Denizli, + Diyarbakir, Edirne, Elazig, Erzincan, Erzurum, Eskisehir, Gaziantep, + Giresun, Gumushane, Hakkari, Hatay, Icel, Isparta, Istanbul, Izmir, Kahraman + Maras, Karaman, Kars, Kastamonu, Kayseri, Kirikkale, Kirklareli, Kirsehir, + Kocaeli, Konya, Kutahya, Malatya, Manisa, Mardin, Mugla, Mus, Nevsehir, + Nigde, Ordu, Rize, Sakarya, Samsun, Siirt, Sinop, Sirnak, Sivas, Tekirdag, + Tokat, Trabzon, Tunceli, Urfa, Usak, Van, Yozgat, Zonguldak +Independence: + 29 October 1923 (successor state to the Ottoman Empire) +Constitution: + 7 November 1982 +Legal system: + derived from various continental legal systems; accepts compulsory ICJ + jurisdiction, with reservations +National holiday: + Anniversary of the Declaration of the Republic, 29 October (1923) +Political parties and leaders: + Correct Way Party (DYP), Suleyman DEMIREL; Motherland Party (ANAP), Mesut + YILMAZ; Social Democratic Populist Party (SHP), Erdal INONU; Refah Party + (RP), Necmettin ERBAKAN; Democratic Left Party (DSP), Bulent ECEVIT; + Nationalist Labor Party (MCP), Alpaslan TURKES; People's Labor Party (HEP), + Ahmet TURK; Socialist Unity Party (SBP), Saden AREN; Democratic Center Party + (DSP), Bedrettin DALAN; Republican People's Party (CHP), Deniz BAYKAL; + Workers' Party (IP), Dogu PERINCEK; National Party (MP), Aykut EDIBALI +Other political or pressure groups: Turkish Confederation of Labor (TURK-IS), Sevket YILMAZ +Suffrage: + 21 years of age; universal +Elections: + Grand National Assembly: + last held 20 October 1991 (next to be held NA October 1996); results - DYP + 27.03%, ANAP 24.01%, SHP 20.75%, RP 16.88%, DSP 10.75%, SBP 0.44%, + independent 0.14%; seats - (450 total) DYP 178, ANAP 115, SHP 86, RP 40, MCP + 19, DSP 7, other 5 +Executive branch: + president, Presidential Council, prime minister, deputy prime minister, + Cabinet +Legislative branch: + unicameral Grand National Assembly (Buyuk Millet Meclisi) +Judicial branch: + Court of Cassation + +*Turkey, Government + +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Suleyman DEMIREL (since 16 May 1993) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Tansu CILLER (since NA June 1993) +Member of: + AsDB, BIS, BSEC, CCC, CE, CERN (observer), COCOM, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, ECO, FAO, + GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IDB, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, + INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, LORCS, NACC, + NATO, NEA, OECD, OIC, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNRWA, + UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation in US: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Nuzhet KANDEMIR + chancery: + 1714 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036 + telephone: + (202) 659-8200 + consulates general: + Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, and New York +US diplomatic representation: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Richard C. BARKLEY + embassy: + 110 Ataturk Boulevard, Ankara + mailing address: + PSC 88, Box 5000, Ankara, or APO AE 09823 + telephone: + [90] (4) 426 54 70 + FAX: + [90] (4) 467-0057 and 0019 + consulates general: + Istanbul and Izmir + consulate: + Adana +Flag: + red with a vertical white crescent (the closed portion is toward the hoist + side) and white five-pointed star centered just outside the crescent opening + +*Turkey, Economy + +Overview: + After an impressive economic performance through most of the 1980s, Turkey + has experienced erratic rates of economic growth since 1988 - ranging from a + high of 9.2% in 1990 to a low of 0.9% in 1991. Strong consumer demand and + increased public investment led the way to a strong 5.9% growth in 1992. + Chronic high inflation is Turkey's most serious economic problem, leading to + high interest rates and the rapid depreciation of the Turkish lira. The huge + public sector deficit - about 12% of GDP - and the Treasury's heavy reliance + on Central Bank financing of the deficit are the major causes of Turkish + inflation. Meanwhile, wage increases in both the public and private sector + have outpaced productivity gains, limited the government's ability to reduce + current expenditures, and hindered the return to profitability of many + private companies. Agriculture remains an important economic sector, + employing about half of the work force, contributing 18% to GDP, and + accounting for about 20% of exports. The government has launched a + multibillion-dollar development program in the southeastern region, which + includes the building of a dozen dams on the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers to + generate electric power and irrigate large tracts of farmland. The Turkish + economy will probably continue to grow faster than the West European average + in 1993, but the shaky coalition government of Prime Minister DEMIREL - + which has seen its parliamentary majority shrink from 36 to 11 seats during + its first year in power - is unlikely to risk further erosion of its support + by implementing the belt-tightening measures necessary to substantially + reduce inflation. +National product: + GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $219 billion (1992) +National product real growth rate: + 5.9% (1992) +National product per capita: + $3,670 (1992) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 70% (1992) +Unemployment rate: + 11.1% (1992 est.) +Budget: + revenues $40.5 billion; expenditures $46.8 billion, including capital + expenditures of $5.5 billion (1993) +Exports: + $13.7 billion (f.o.b., 1991) + commodities: + manufactured goods 69%, foodstuffs 22%, fuels 2% + partners: + EC countries 51%, US 7%, Iran 5%, former USSR 5% +Imports: + $21.1 billion (c.i.f., 1991) + commodities: + manufactured goods 61%, foodstuffs 8%, fuels 21% + partners: EC countries 44%, US 12%, former USSR 5% +External debt: + $48.7 billion (1991) +Industrial production: + growth rate 3.2% (1991 est.); accounts for 28% of GDP +Electricity: + 14,400,000 kW capacity; 44,000 million kWh produced, 750 kWh per capita + (1991) +Industries: + textiles, food processing, mining (coal, chromite, copper, boron minerals), + steel, petroleum, construction, lumber, paper + +*Turkey, Economy + +Agriculture: + accounts for 18% of GDP and employs about half of working force; products - + tobacco, cotton, grain, olives, sugar beets, pulses, citrus fruit, variety + of animal products; self-sufficient in food most years +Illicit drugs: + major transit route for Southwest Asian heroin and hashish to Western Europe + and the US via air, land, and sea routes; major Turkish, Iranian, and other + international trafficking organizations operate out of Istanbul; + laboratories to convert imported morphine base into heroin have sprung up in + remote regions of Turkey as well as near Istanbul; government maintains + strict controls over areas of legal opium poppy cultivation and output of + poppy straw concentrate +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $2.3 billion; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $10.1 billion; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $665 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $4.5 + billion; note - aid for Persian Gulf war efforts from coalition allies + (1991), $4.1 billion; aid pledged for Turkish Defense Fund, $2.5 billion +Currency: + 1 Turkish lira (TL) = 100 kurus +Exchange rates: + Turkish liras (TL) per US$1 - 8,814.3 (January 1993), 6,872.4 (1992), + 4,171.8 (1991), 2,608.6 (1990), 2,121.7 (1989), 1,422.3 (1988) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +*Turkey, Communications + +Railroads: + 8,429 km 1.435-meter gauge (including 795 km electrified) +Highways: + 320,611 km total; 138 km limited access expressways, 31,062 km national + (main) roads, 27,853 km regional (secondary) roads, 261,558 km local and + municipal roads; 45,526 km of hard surfaced roads (of which about 27,000 km + are paved and about 18,500 km are surfaced with gravel or crushed stone) + (1988 est.) +Inland waterways: + about 1,200 km +Pipelines: + crude oil 1,738 km, petroleum products 2,321 km, natural gas 708 km +Ports: + Iskenderun, Istanbul, Mersin, Izmir +Merchant marine: + 353 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 3,825,274 GRT/6,628,207 DWT; includes + 7 short-sea passenger, 1 passenger-cargo, 189 cargo, 1 container, 6 + roll-on/roll-off cargo, 2 refrigerated cargo, 1 livestock carrier, 39 oil + tanker, 10 chemical tanker, 3 liquefied gas, 9 combination ore/oil, 2 + specialized tanker, 80 bulk, 3 combination bulk +Airports: + total: + 110 + usable: + 102 + with permanent-surface runways: + 65 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 3 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 32 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 26 +Telecommunications: + fair domestic and international systems; trunk radio relay microwave + network; limited open wire network; 3,400,000 telephones; broadcast stations + - 15 AM; 94 FM; 357 TV; 1 satellite ground station operating in the INTELSAT + (2 Atlantic Ocean antennas) and EUTELSAT systems; 1 submarine cable + +*Turkey, Defense Forces + +Branches: + Land Forces, Navy (including Naval Air and Naval Infantry), Air Force, Coast + Guard, Gendarmerie +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 15,691,874; fit for military service 9,579,453; reach + military age (20) annually 604,816 (1993 est.) +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $5.6 billion, 3.9% of GDP (1992) + +*Turkmenistan, Geography + +Location: + South Asia, bordering the Caspian Sea, between Iran and Uzbekistan +Map references: + Asia, Commonwealth of Independent States - Central Asian States, Standard + Time Zones of the World +Area: + total area: + 488,100 km2 + land area: + 488,100 km2 comparative area: + slightly larger than California +Land boundaries: + total 3,736 km, Afghanistan 744 km, Iran 992 km, Kazakhstan 379 km, + Uzbekistan 1,621 km +Coastline: + 0 km + note: + Turkmenistan does border the Caspian Sea (1,768 km) +Maritime claims: + landlocked, but boundaries in the Caspian Sea with Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, + and Iran will have to be negotiated +International disputes: + none +Climate: + subtropical desert +Terrain: + flat-to-rolling sandy desert with dunes; borders Caspian Sea in west +Natural resources: + petroleum, natural gas, coal, sulphur, salt +Land use: + arable land: + 3% + permanent crops: + 0% + meadows and pastures: + 69% + forest and woodland: + 0% + other: + 28% +Irrigated land: + 12,450 km2 (1990) +Environment: + contamination of soil and groundwater with agricultural chemicals, + pesticides; salinization, water-logging of soil due to poor irrigation + methods +Note: + landlocked + +*Turkmenistan, People + +Population: + 3,914,997 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 2.04% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 30.91 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 7.6 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + -2.87 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 71.2 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 64.93 years + male: + 61.4 years + female: + 68.62 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 3.82 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Turkmen(s) + adjective: + Turkmen +Ethnic divisions: + Turkmen 73.3%, Russian 9.8%, Uzbek 9%, Kazakhs 2%, other 5.9% +Religions: + Muslim 87%, Eastern Orthodox 11%, unknown 2% +Languages: + Turkmen 72%, Russian 12%, Uzbek 9%, other 7% +Literacy: + age 9-49 can read and write (1970) + total population: + 100% + male: + 100% + female: + 100% +Labor force: + 1.542 million + by occupation: + agriculture and forestry 42%, industry and construction 21%, other 37% + (1990) + +*Turkmenistan, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Republic of Turkmenistan + conventional short form: + Turkmenistan + local long form: + Tiurkmenostan Respublikasy + local short form: + Turkmanistan + former: + Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic +Digraph: + TX +Type: + republic +Capital: + Ashgabat (Ashkhabad) +Administrative divisions: 5 velayets: Balkan (Nebit Dag), Doshkhovuz (formerly Tashauz), Lebap + (Charjev), Mary, Akhal (Ashgabat) + note: + all oblasts have the same name as their administrative center except Balkan + Oblast, centered at Nebit-Dag +Independence: + 27 October 1991 (from the Soviet Union) +Constitution: + adopted 18 May 1992 +Legal system: + based on civil law system +National holiday: + Independence Day, 27 October (1991) +Political parties and leaders: + ruling party: + Democratic Party (formerly Communist), chairman vacant + opposition: + Party for Democratic Development, Durdymurat HOJA-MUHAMMET, chairman + + + + + + + + + + + + + ; Agzybirlik, Nurberdy NURMAMEDOV, cochairman, Hubayberdi HALLIYEV, + cochairman +Suffrage: + 18 years of age; universal + +*Turkmenistan, Government + +Elections: + President: + last held 21 June 1992 (next to be held NA June 1997); results - Saparmurad + NIYAZOV 99.5% (ran unopposed) + Majlis: + last held 7 January 1990 (next to be held NA 1995); results - percent of + vote by party NA; seats - (175 total) elections not officially by party, but + Communist Party members won nearly 90% of seats; note - seats to be reduced + to 50 at next election +Executive branch: + president, prime minister, nine deputy prime ministers, Council of Ministers +Legislative branch: + under 1992 constitution there are two parliamentary bodies, a unicameral + People's Council (Halk Maslahaty - having more than 100 members and meeting + infrequently) and a 50-member unicameral Assembly (Majlis) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Saparmurad NIYAZOV (since NA October 1990) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister (vacant); Deputy Prime Ministers Valery G. OCHERTSOV, + Orazgeldi AYDOGDYEV, Yagmur OVEZOV, Jourakuli BABAKULIYEV, Matkarim RAJAPOV, + Rejep SAPAROV, Boris SHIKHMURADOV (since NA); Chairman of the People's + Council Sakhat MURADOV (since NA) +Member of: + CIS, CSCE, EBRD, ECO, ESCAP, IBRD, IMF, NACC, UN, UNCTAD +Diplomatic representation in US: + chief of mission: + NA + chancery: + NA + telephone: + NA +US diplomatic representation: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Joseph S. HULINGS III + embassy: + Yubilenaya Hotel, Ashgabat (Ashkhabad) + mailing address: + APO AE 09862 + telephone: + [7] 36320 24-49-08 +Flag: + green field, including a vertical stripe on the hoist side, with a claret + veritcal stripe in between containing five white, black, and orange carpet + guls (an assymetrical design used in producing rugs) associated with five + different tribes; a white crescent and five white stars in the upper left + corner to the right of the carpet guls + +*Turkmenistan, Economy + +Overview: + Like the other 15 former Soviet republics, Turkmenistan faces enormous + problems of economic adjustment - to move away from Moscow-based central + planning toward a system of decisionmaking by private entrepreneurs, local + government authorities, and, hopefully, foreign investors. This process + requires wholesale changes in supply sources, markets, property rights, and + monetary arrangements. Industry - with 10% of the labor force - is heavily + weighted toward the energy sector, which produced 11% of the ex-USSR's gas + and 1% of its oil. Turkmenistan ranked second among the former Soviet + republics in cotton production, mainly in the irrigated western region, + where the huge Karakumskiy Canal taps the Amu Darya. The general decline in + national product accelerated in 1992, principally because of inability to + obtain spare parts and disputes with customers over the price of natural + gas. +National product: + GDP $NA +National product real growth rate: + -10% (1992 est.) +National product per capita: + $NA +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 53% per month (first quarter 1993) +Unemployment rate: + 15%-20% (1992 est.) +Budget: + revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA +Exports: + $100 million to outside the successor states of the former USSR (1992) + commodities: + natural gas, oil, chemicals, cotton, textiles, carpets + partners: + Russia, Ukraine, Uzbekistan +Imports: + $100 million from outside the successor states of the former USSR (1992) + commodities: + machinery and parts, plastics and rubber, consumer durables, textiles + partners: + mostly other than former Soviet Union +External debt: + $650 million (end 1991 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate -17% (1992 est.) +Electricity: + 2,920,000 kW capacity; 13,100 million kWh produced, 3,079 kWh per capita + (1992) +Industries: + oil and gas, petrochemicals, fertilizers, food processing, textiles +Agriculture: + cotton, fruits, vegetables +Illicit drugs: + illicit producer of cannabis and opium; mostly for CIS consumption; limited + government eradication program; used as transshipment points for illicit + drugs from Southwest Asia to Western Europe +Economic aid: + $280 million offical aid commitments by foreign donors (1992) +Currency: + retaining Russian ruble as currency; planning to establish own currency, the + manat, but no date set (May 1993) + +*Turkmenistan, Economy + +Exchange rates: + rubles per US$1 - 415 (24 December 1992) but subject to wide fluctuations +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +*Turkmenistan, Communications + +Railroads: + 2,120 km; does not include industrial lines (1990) +Highways: + 23,000 km total; 18,300 km hard surfaced, 4,700 km earth (1990) +Pipelines: + crude oil 250 km, natural gas 4,400 km +Ports: + inland - Krasnovodsk (Caspian Sea) +Airports: + total: + 7 + useable: + 7 + with permanent-surface runways: + 4 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 4 +Telecommunications: + poorly developed; only 65 telephones per 1000 persons (1991); linked by + cable and microwave to other CIS republics and to other countries by leased + connections to the Moscow international gateway switch; a new direct + telephone link from Ashgabat (Ashkhabad) to Iran has been established; + satellite earth stations - 1 Orbita and 1 INTELSAT for TV receive-only + service; a newly installed satellite earth station provides TV receiver-only + capability for Turkish broadcasts + +*Turkmenistan, Defense Forces + +Branches: + National Guard, Republic Security Forces (internal and border troops), Joint + Command Turkmenistan/Russia (Ground, Navy or Caspian Sea Flotilla, Air, and + Air Defense) +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 933,285; fit for military service 765,824; reach military + age (18) annually 39,254 (1993 est.) +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP + +*Turks and Caicos Islands, Header + +Affiliation: + (dependent territory of the UK) + +*Turks and Caicos Islands, Geography + +Location: + in the western North Atlantic Ocean, 190 km north of the Dominican Republic + and southeast of The Bahamas +Map references: + Central America and the Caribbean +Area: + total area: + 430 km2 + land area: + 430 km2 + comparative area: + slightly less than 2.5 times the size of Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + 0 km +Coastline: + 389 km +Maritime claims: + exclusive fishing zone: + 200 nm + territorial sea: + 12 nm +International disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical; marine; moderated by trade winds; sunny and relatively dry +Terrain: + low, flat limestone; extensive marshes and mangrove swamps +Natural resources: + spiny lobster, conch +Land use: + arable land: + 2% + permanent crops: + 0% + meadows and pastures: + 0% + forest and woodland: + 0% + other: + 98% +Irrigated land: + NA km2 +Environment: + 30 islands (eight inhabited); subject to frequent hurricanes + +*Turks and Caicos Islands, People + +Population: + 13,137 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 2.97% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: 14.88 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 5.17 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + 20.01 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 12.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 75.34 years + male: + 73.41 years + female: + 77.02 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 2.17 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + none + adjective: + none +Ethnic divisions: + African +Religions: + Baptist 41.2%, Methodist 18.9%, Anglican 18.3%, Seventh-Day Adventist 1.7%, + other 19.9% (1980) +Languages: + English (official) +Literacy: + age 15 and over can read and write (1970) + total population: + 98% + male: + 99% + female: + 98% +Labor force: + NA + by occupation: + majority engaged in fishing and tourist industries; some subsistence + agriculture + +*Turks and Caicos Islands, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + none + conventional short form: + Turks and Caicos Islands +Digraph: + TK +Type: + dependent territory of the UK +Capital: Grand Turk +Administrative divisions: + none (dependent territory of the UK) +Independence: + none (dependent territory of the UK) +Constitution: + introduced 30 August 1976, suspended in 1986, and a Constitutional + Commission is currently reviewing its contents +Legal system: + based on laws of England and Wales with a small number adopted from Jamaica + and The Bahamas +National holiday: + Constitution Day, 30 August (1976) +Political parties and leaders: + Progressive National Party (PNP), Washington MISSIC; People's Democratic + Movement (PDM), Oswald SKIPPINGS; National Democratic Alliance (NDA), Ariel + MISSICK +Suffrage: + 18 years of age; universal +Elections: + Legislative Council: + last held on 3 April 1991 (next to be held NA); results - percent of vote by + party NA; seats - (20 total, 13 elected) PNP 8, PDM 5 +Executive branch: + British monarch, governor, Executive Council, chief minister +Legislative branch: + unicameral Legislative Council +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1953), represented by Governor Michael + J. BRADLEY (since NA 1987) + Head of Government: + Chief Minister Washington MISSIC (since NA 1991) +Member of: + CARICOM (associate), CDB +Diplomatic representation in US: + as a dependent territory of the UK, the interests of the Turks and Caicos + Islands are represented in the US by the UK +US diplomatic representation: + none +Flag: + blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the + colonial shield centered on the outer half of the flag; the shield is yellow + and contains a conch shell, lobster, and cactus + +*Turks and Caicos Islands, Economy + +Overview: + The economy is based on fishing, tourism, and offshore banking. Only + subsistence farming - corn, cassava, citrus, and beans - exists on the + Caicos Islands, so that most foods, as well as nonfood products, must be + imported. +National product: + GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $68.5 million (1989 est.) +National product real growth rate: + NA% +National product per capita: + $5,000 (1989 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + NA% +Unemployment rate: + 12% (1992) +Budget: + revenues $20.3 million; expenditures $44.0 million, including capital + expenditures of $23.9 million (1989) +Exports: + $4.1 million (f.o.b., 1987) + commodities: + lobster, dried and fresh conch, conch shells + partners: + US, UK +Imports: + $33.2 million (c.i.f., FY84) + commodities: + foodstuffs, drink, tobacco, clothing, manufactures, construction materials + partners: + US, UK +External debt: + $NA +Industrial production: + growth rate NA% +Electricity: + 9,050 kW capacity; 11.1 million kWh produced, 860 kWh per capita (1992) +Industries: + fishing, tourism, offshore financial services +Agriculture: + subsistence farming prevails, based on corn and beans; fishing more + important than farming; not self-sufficient in food +Economic aid: + Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), + $110 million +Currency: + US currency is used +Exchange rates: + US currency is used +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +*Turks and Caicos Islands, Communications + +Highways: + 121 km, including 24 km tarmac +Ports: + Grand Turk, Salt Cay, Providenciales, Cockburn Harbour +Airports: + total: 7 + usable: + 7 + with permanent-surface runways: + 4 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 2,440-3,659: + 0 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 4 +Telecommunications: + fair cable and radio services; 1,446 telephones; broadcast stations - 3 AM, + no FM, several TV; 2 submarine cables; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth + station + +*Turks and Caicos Islands, Defense Forces + +Note: + defense is the responsibility of the UK + +*Tuvalu, Geography + +Location: + Oceania, 3,000 km east of Papua New Guinea in the South Pacific Ocean +Map references: + Oceania, Standard Time Zones of the World +Area: + total area: + 26 km2 + land area: + 26 km2 + comparative area: + about 0.1 times the size of Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + 0 km +Coastline: + 24 km +Maritime claims: + contiguous zone: + 24 nm + exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + territorial sea: + 12 nm +International disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical; moderated by easterly trade winds (March to November); westerly + gales and heavy rain (November to March) +Terrain: + very low-lying and narrow coral atolls +Natural resources: + fish +Land use: + arable land: + 0% + permanent crops: + 0% + meadows and pastures: + 0% + forest and woodland: + 0% + other: + 100% +Irrigated land: + NA km2 +Environment: + severe tropical storms are rare + +*Tuvalu, People + +Population: + 9,666 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 1.74% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 26.79 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 9.41 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 26.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 62.64 years + male: + 61.27 years + female: + 63.82 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 3.11 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Tuvaluans(s) + adjective: + Tuvaluan +Ethnic divisions: + Polynesian 96% +Religions: + Church of Tuvalu (Congregationalist) 97%, Seventh-Day Adventist 1.4%, Baha'i + 1%, other 0.6% +Languages: + Tuvaluan, English +Literacy: total population: + NA% + male: + NA% + female: + NA% +Labor force: + NA + by occupation: + NA + +*Tuvalu, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + none + conventional short form: + Tuvalu + former: + Ellice Islands +Digraph: + TV +Type: + democracy; began debating republic status in 1992; referendum expected in + 1993 +Capital: + Funafuti +Administrative divisions: + none +Independence: + 1 October 1978 (from UK) +Constitution: + 1 October 1978 +Legal system: + NA +National holiday: + Independence Day, 1 October (1978) +Political parties and leaders: + none +Suffrage: + 18 years of age; universal +Elections: + Parliament: + last held 28 September 1989 (next to be held by NA September 1993); results + - percent of vote NA; seats - (12 total) +Executive branch: + British monarch, governor general, prime minister, deputy prime minister, + Cabinet +Legislative branch: + unicameral Parliament (Palamene) +Judicial branch: + High Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General + Toaripi LAUTI (since NA 1992) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Bikenibeu PAENIU (since 16 October 1989); Deputy Prime + Minister Dr. Alesana SELUKA (since October 1989) +Member of: + ACP, C (special), ESCAP, SPARTECA, SPC, SPF, UNESCO, UPU +Diplomatic representation in US: + chief of mission: + (vacant) +US diplomatic representation: + none +Flag: + light blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant; the + outer half of the flag represents a map of the country with nine yellow + five-pointed stars symbolizing the nine islands + +*Tuvalu, Economy + +Overview: + Tuvalu consists of a scattered group of nine coral atolls with poor soil. + The country has no known mineral resources and few exports. Subsistence + farming and fishing are the primary economic activities. The islands are too + small and too remote for development of a tourist industry. Government + revenues largely come from the sale of stamps and coins and worker + remittances. Substantial income is received annually from an international + trust fund established in 1987 by Australia, New Zealand, and the UK and + supported also by Japan and South Korea. +National product: + GNP - exchange rate conversion - $4.6 million (1989 est.) +National product real growth rate: + NA% +National product per capita: + $530 (1989 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 3.9% (1984) +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $4.3 million; expenditures $4.3 million, including capital + expenditures of $NA (1989) +Exports: + $1.0 million (f.o.b., 1983 est.) + commodities: + copra + partners: + Fiji, Australia, NZ +Imports: + $2.8 million (c.i.f., 1983 est.) + commodities: + food, animals, mineral fuels, machinery, manufactured goods + partners: + Fiji, Australia, NZ +External debt: $NA +Industrial production: + growth rate NA% +Electricity: + 2,600 kW capacity; 3 million kWh produced, 330 kWh per capita (1990) +Industries: + fishing, tourism, copra +Agriculture: + coconuts +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-87), $1 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $101 million +Currency: + 1 Tuvaluan dollar ($T) or 1 Australian dollar ($A) = 100 cents +Exchange rates: + Tuvaluan dollars ($T) or Australian dollars ($A) per US$1 - 1.4837 (January + 1993), 1.3600 (1992), 1.2835 (1991), 1.2799 (1990), 1.2618 (1989), 1.2752 + (1988) +Fiscal year: + NA + +*Tuvalu, Communications + +Highways: + 8 km gravel +Ports: + Funafuti, Nukufetau +Merchant marine: + 6 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 33,220 GRT/58,518 DWT; includes 1 + passenger-cargo, 1 oil tanker, 4 chemical tanker +Airports: + total: + 1 + useable: + 1 + with permanent-surface runways: + 0 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 1 +Telecommunications: + broadcast stations - 1 AM, no FM, no TV; 300 radiotelephones; 4,000 radios; + 108 telephones + +*Tuvalu, Defense Forces + +Branches: + Police Force +Manpower availability: NA +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GNP + +*Uganda, Geography + +Location: + Eastern Africa, between Kenya and Zaire +Map references: + Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World +Area: + total area: + 236,040 km2 + land area: + 199,710 km2 + comparative area: + slightly smaller than Oregon +Land boundaries: + total 2,698 km, Kenya 933 km, Rwanda 169 km, Sudan 435 km, Tanzania 396 km, + Zaire 765 km +Coastline: + 0 km (landlocked) +Maritime claims: + none; landlocked +International disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical; generally rainy with two dry seasons (December to February, June + to August); semiarid in northeast +Terrain: + mostly plateau with rim of mountains +Natural resources: + copper, cobalt, limestone, salt +Land use: + arable land: + 23% + permanent crops: + 9% + meadows and pastures: + 25% + forest and woodland: + 30% + other: + 13% +Irrigated land: + 90 km2 (1989 est.) +Environment: + straddles Equator; deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion +Note: + landlocked + +*Uganda, People + +Population: + 19,344,181 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 2.69% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 49.86 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 22.98 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 112.1 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 38.4 years + male: + 38.09 years + female: + 38.71 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 7.15 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Ugandan(s) + adjective: + Ugandan +Ethnic divisions: + African 99%, European, Asian, Arab 1% +Religions: + Roman Catholic 33%, Protestant 33%, Muslim 16%, indigenous beliefs 18% +Languages: + English (official), Luganda, Swahili, Bantu languages, Nilotic languages +Literacy: + age 15 and over can read and write (1990) + total population: + 48% + male: + 62% + female: + 35% +Labor force: + 4.5 million (est.) + by occupation: + agriculture over 80% + note: + 50% of population of working age (1983) + +*Uganda, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Republic of Uganda + conventional short form: Uganda +Digraph: + UG +Type: + republic +Capital: + Kampala +Administrative divisions: + 10 provinces; Busoga, Central, Eastern, Karamoja, Nile, North Buganda, + Northern, South Buganda, Southern, Western +Independence: + 9 October 1962 (from UK) +Constitution: + 8 September 1967, in process of constitutional revision +Legal system: + government plans to restore system based on English common law and customary + law and reinstitute a normal judicial system; accepts compulsory ICJ + jurisdiction, with reservations +National holiday: + Independence Day, 9 October (1962) +Political parties and leaders: + only party - National Resistance Movement (NRM), Yoweri MUSEVENI + note: + the Uganda Patriotic Movement (UPM); Ugandan People's Congress (UPC), Milton + OBOTE; Democratic Party (DP), Paul SSEMOGEERE; and Conservative Party (CP), + Jeshua NIKHGI continue to exist but are all proscribed from conducting + public political activities +Other political or pressure groups: + Uganda People's Front (UPF); Uganda People's Christian Democratic Army + (UPCDA); Ruwenzori Movement +Suffrage: + 18 years of age; universal +Elections: + National Resistance Council: + last held 11-28 February 1989 (next to be held by January 1995); results - + NRM was the only party; seats - (278 total, 210 indirectly elected) 210 + members elected without party affiliation +Executive branch: + president, vice president, prime minister, three deputy prime ministers, + Cabinet +Legislative branch: + unicameral National Resistance Council +Judicial branch: + Court of Appeal, High Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Lt. Gen. Yoweri Kaguta MUSEVENI (since 29 January 1986); Vice + President Samson Babi Mululu KISEKKA (since NA January 1991) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister George Cosmas ADYEBO (since NA January 1991) +Member of: + ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, EADB, ECA, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, + IDB, IFAD, IFC, IGADD, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ITU, LORCS, + NAM, OAU, OIC, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, + WTO + +*Uganda, Government + +Diplomatic representation in US: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Stephen Kapimpina KATENTA-APULI + chancery: + 5909 16th Street NW, Washington, DC 20011 + telephone: + (202) 726-7100 through 7102 +US diplomatic representation: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Johnnie CARSON + embassy: + Parliament Avenue, Kampala + mailing address: + P. O. Box 7007, Kampala + telephone: + [256] (41) 259792, 259793, 259795 +Flag: + six equal horizontal bands of black (top), yellow, red, black, yellow, and + red; a white disk is superimposed at the center and depicts a red-crested + crane (the national symbol) facing the staff side + +*Uganda, Economy + +Overview: + Uganda has substantial natural resources, including fertile soils, regular + rainfall, and sizable mineral deposits of copper and cobalt. The economy has + been devastated by widespread political instability, mismanagement, and + civil war since independence in 1962, keeping Uganda poor with a per capita + income of about $300. (GDP remains below the levels of the early 1970s, as + does industrial production.) Agriculture is the most important sector of the + economy, employing over 80% of the work force. Coffee is the major export + crop and accounts for the bulk of export revenues. Since 1986 the government + has acted to rehabilitate and stabilize the economy by undertaking currency + reform, raising producer prices on export crops, increasing prices of + petroleum products, and improving civil service wages. The policy changes + are especially aimed at dampening inflation, which was running at over 300% + in 1987, and boosting production and export earnings. In 1990-92, the + economy has turned in a solid performance based on continued investment in + the rehabilitation of infrastructure, improved incentives for production and + exports, and gradually improving domestic security. +National product: + GDP - exchange rate conversion - $6 billion (1992 est.) +National product real growth rate: + 4% (1992 est.) +National product per capita: + $300 (1992 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 41.5% (1992 est.) +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $365 million; expenditures $545 million, including capital + expenditures of $165 million (FY89 est.) +Exports: + $170 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.) + commodities: + coffee 97%, cotton, tea + partners: + US 25%, UK 18%, France 11%, Spain 10% +Imports: + $610 million (c.i.f., 1991 est.) + commodities: + petroleum products, machinery, cotton piece goods, metals, transportation + equipment, food + partners: + Kenya 25%, UK 14%, Italy 13% +External debt: + $1.9 billion (1991 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 7.0% (1990); accounts for 5% of GDP +Electricity: + 200,000 kW capacity; 610 million kWh produced, 30 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + sugar, brewing, tobacco, cotton textiles, cement +Agriculture: + mainly subsistence; accounts for 57% of GDP and over 80% of labor force; + cash crops - coffee, tea, cotton, tobacco; food crops - cassava, potatoes, + corn, millet, pulses; livestock products - beef, goat meat, milk, poultry; + self-sufficient in food + +*Uganda, Economy + +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (1970-89), $145 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1.4 billion; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $60 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $169 + million +Currency: + 1 Ugandan shilling (USh) = 100 cents +Exchange rates: + Ugandan shillings (USh) per US$1 - 1,217.1 (January 1993), 1.133.8 (1992), + 734.0 (1991), 428.85 (1990), 223.1 (1989), 106.1 (1988) +Fiscal year: + 1 July - 30 June + +*Uganda, Communications + +Railroads: + 1,300 km, 1.000-meter-gauge single track +Highways: + 26,200 km total; 1,970 km paved; 5,849 km crushed stone, gravel, and + laterite; remainder earth roads and tracks +Inland waterways: + Lake Victoria, Lake Albert, Lake Kyoga, Lake George, Lake Edward; Victoria + Nile, Albert Nile; principal inland water ports are at Jinja and Port Bell, + both on Lake Victoria +Merchant marine: + 3 roll-on/roll-off (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 15,091 GRT +Airports: + total: + 31 + usable: + 23 + with permanent-surface runways: + 5 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 1 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 3 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 11 +Telecommunications: + fair system with microwave and radio communications stations; broadcast + stations - 10 AM, no FM, 9 TV; satellite communications ground stations - 1 + Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT + +*Uganda, Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy, Air Force +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 4,137,983; fit for military service 2,250,793 (1993 est.) +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $NA, 15% of budget (FY89/90) + +*Ukraine, Geography + +Location: + Eastern Europe, bordering the Black Sea, between Poland and Russia +Map references: + Asia, Commonwealth of Independent States - European States, Europe, Standard + Time Zones of the World +Area: + total area: + 603,700 km2 + land area: + 603,700 km2 + comparative area: + slightly smaller than Texas +Land boundaries: + total 4,558 km, Belarus 891 km, Hungary 103 km, Moldova 939 km, Poland 428 + km, Romania (southwest) 169 km, Romania (west) 362 km, Russia 1,576 km, + Slovakia 90 km +Coastline: 2,782 km +Maritime claims: + NA +International disputes: + potential border disputes with Moldova and Romania in northern Bukovina and + southern Odes'ka Oblast'; potential dispute with Moldova over former + southern Bessarabian areas; has made no territorial claim in Antarctica (but + has reserved the right to do so) and does not recognize the claims of any + other nation +Climate: + temperate continental; subtropical only on the southern Crimean coast; + precipitation disproportionately distributed, highest in west and north, + lesser in east and southeast; winters vary from cool along the Black Sea to + cold farther inland; summers are warm across the greater part of the + country, hot in the south +Terrain: + most of Ukraine consists of fertile plains (steppes) and plateaux, mountains + being found only in the west (the Carpathians), and in the Crimean Peninsula + in the extreme south +Natural resources: + iron ore, coal, manganese, natural gas, oil, salt, sulphur, graphite, + titanium, magnesium, kaolin, nickel, mercury, timber +Land use: + arable land: + 56% + permanent crops: + 2% + meadows and pastures: + 12% + forest and woodland: + 0% + other: + 30% +Irrigated land: + 26,000 km2 (1990) +Environment: + air and water pollution, deforestation, radiation contamination around + Chornobyl' nuclear power plant +Note: + strategic position at the crossroads between Europe and Asia; second largest + country in Europe + +*Ukraine, People + +Population: + 51,821,230 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 0.06% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 12.38 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 12.53 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + 0.69 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 21 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 69.87 years + male: + 65.32 years + female: + 74.65 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 1.82 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Ukrainian(s) + adjective: + Ukrainian +Ethnic divisions: + Ukrainian 73%, Russian 22%, Jewish 1%, other 4% +Religions: + Ukrainian Orthodox - Moscow Patriarchate, Ukrainian Orthodox - Kiev + Patriarchate, Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox, Ukrainian Catholic (Uniate), + Protestant, Jewish +Languages: + Ukrainian, Russian, Romanian, Polish +Literacy: + age 9-49 can read and write (1970) + total population: + 100% + male: + 100% + female: + 100% +Labor force: + 25.277 million + by occupation: + industry and construction 41%, agriculture and forestry 19%, health, + education, and culture 18%, trade and distribution 8%, transport and + communication 7%, other 7% (1990) + +*Ukraine, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + none + conventional short form: + Ukraine + local long form: + none + local short form: + Ukrayina + former: + Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic +Digraph: + UP +Type: + republic +Capital: + Kiev (Kyyiv) +Administrative divisions: + 24 oblasts (oblastey, singular - oblast'), 1 autonomous republic* (avtomnaya, respublika), and 2 +municipalites (singular - misto) with oblast status**;, Chernihivs'ka, Cherkas'ka, Chernivets'ka, +Dnipropetrovs'ka, Donets'ka, + Ivano-Frankivs'ka, Kharkivs'ka, Khersons'ka, Khmel'nyts'ka, Kirovohrads'ka, + Kyyiv (Kiev)**, Kyyivs'ka (Kiev), Luhans'ka, L'vivs'ka, Mykolayivs'ka,, Odes'ka, Poltavs'ka, +Respublika Krym*, Rivnens'ka, Sevastopol'**,Sums'ka,, Ternopil's'ka, Vinnyts'ka, Volyns'ka, +Zakarpats'ka, Zaporiz'ka, Zhytomyrs'ka +Independence: + 1 December 1991 (from Soviet Union) +Constitution: + using 1978 pre-independence constitution; new consitution currently being + drafted +Legal system: + based on civil law system; no judicial review of legislative acts +National holiday: + Independence Day, 24 August (1991) +Political parties and leaders: + Green Party of Ukraine, Vitaliy KONONOV, leader; Liberal Party of Ukraine, + Ihor MERKULOV, chairman; Liberal Democratic Party of Ukraine, Volodymyr + KLYMCHUK, chairman; Democratic Party of Ukraine, Volodymyr Oleksandrovych + YAVORIVSKIY, chairman; People's Party of Ukraine, Leopol'd TABURYANSKYY, + chairman; Peasants' Party of Ukraine, Serhiy DOVGRAN', chairman; Party of + Democratic Rebirth of Ukraine, Volodymyr FILENKO, chairman; Social + Democratic Party of Ukraine, Yuriy ZBITNEV, chairman; Socialist Party of + Ukraine, Oleksandr MOROZ, chairman; Ukrainian Christian Democratic Party, + Vitaliy ZHURAVSKYY, chairman; Ukrainian Conservative Republican Party, + Stepan KHMARA, chairman; Ukrainian Labor Party, Valentyn LANDIK, chairman; + Ukrainian Party of Justice, Mykhaylo HRECHKO, chairman; Ukrainian Peasants' + Democratic Party, Serhiy PLACHINDA, chairman; Ukrainian Republican Party, + Mykhaylo HORYN', chairman; Ukrainian National Conservative Party, Viktor + RADIONOV, chairman +Other political or pressure groups: + Ukrainian People's Movement for Restructuring (Rukh); New Ukraine (Nova + Ukrayina); Congress of National Democratic Forces +Suffrage: + 18 years of age; universal + +*Ukraine, Government + +Elections: + President: + last held 1 December 1991 (next to be held NA 1996); results - Leonid + KRAVCHUK 61.59%, Vyacheslav CHERNOVIL 23.27%, Levko LUKYANENKO 4.49%, + Volodymyr HRYNYOV 4.17%, Iher YUKHNOVSKY 1.74%, Leopold TABURYANSKYY 0.57%, + other 4.17% + Supreme Council: + last held 4 March 1990 (next scheduled for 1995, may be held earlier in late + 1993); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (450 total) number of + seats by party NA +Executive branch: + president, prime minister, cabinet +Legislative branch: + unicameral Supreme Council +Judicial branch: + being organized +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Leonid Makarovych KRAVCHUK (since 5 December 1991) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Leonid Danilovych KUCHMA (since 13 October 1992); Acting + First Deputy Prime Minister Yukhym Leonidovych ZVYAHIL'SKYY (since 11 June + 1993) and five deputy prime ministers +Member of: + BSEC, CBSS (observer), CIS, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, IAEA, IBRD, ILO, IMF, INMARSAT, + IOC, ITU, NACC, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNPROFOR, UPU, WHO, WIPO, + WMO +Diplomatic representation in US: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Oleh Hryhorovych BILORUS + chancery: + 3350 M Street NW, Suite 200, Washington, DC 20007 + telephone: + (202) 333-0606 + FAX: + (202) 333-0817 +US diplomatic representation: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Roman POPADIUK + embassy: + 10 Vul. Yuria Kotsyubinskovo, 252053 Kiev 53 + mailing address: + APO AE 09862 + telephone: + [7] (044) 244-7349 + FAX: + [7] (044) 244-7350 +Flag: + two equal horizontal bands of azure (top) and golden yellow represent + grainfields under a blue sky + +*Ukraine, Economy + +Overview: + After Russia, the Ukrainian republic was far and away the most important + economic component of the former Soviet Union producing more than three + times the output of the next-ranking republic. Its fertile black soil + generated more than one fourth of Soviet agricultural output, and its farms + provided substantial quantities of meat, milk, grain and vegetables to other + republics. Likewise, its well-developed and diversified heavy industry + supplied equipment and raw materials to industrial and mining sites in other + regions of the former USSR. In 1992 the Ukrainian government liberalized + most prices and erected a legal framework for privatizing state enterprises + while retaining many central economic controls and continuing subsidies to + state production enterprises. In November 1992 the new Prime Minister KUCHMA + launched a new economic reform program promising more freedom to the + agricultural sector, faster privatization of small and medium enterprises, + and stricter control over state subsidies. Even so, the magnitude of the + problems and the slow pace in building new market-oriented institutions + preclude a near-term recovery of output to the 1990 level. +National product: + GDP $NA +National product real growth rate: + -13% (1992 est.) +National product per capita: + $NA +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 20%-30% per month (first quarter 1993) +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA +Exports: + $13.5 billion to outside of the successor states of the former USSR (1990) + commodities: + coal, electric power, ferrous and nonferrous metals, chemicals, machinery + and transport equipment, grain, meat + partners: + NA +Imports: + $16.7 billion from outside of the successor states of the former USSR (1990) + commodities: + machinery and parts, transportation equipment, chemicals, textiles + partners: + NA +External debt: + $12 billion (1992 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate -9% (1992) +Electricity: + 55,882,000 kW capacity; 281,000 million kWh produced, 5,410 kWh per capita + (1992) +Industries: + coal, electric power, ferrous and nonferrous metals, machinery and transport + equipment, chemicals, food-processing (especially sugar) +Agriculture: + grain, vegetables, meat, milk, sugar beets +Illicit drugs: + illicit producer of cannabis and opium; mostly for CIS consumption; limited + government eradication program; used as transshipment points for illicit + drugs to Western Europe + +*Ukraine, Economy + +Economic aid: + $NA +Currency: + Ukraine withdrew the Russian ruble from circulation on 12 November 1992 and + declared the karbovanets (plural karbovantsi) sole legal tender in Ukrainian + markets; Ukrainian officials claim this is an interim move toward + introducing a new currency - the hryvnya - possibly in late 1993 +Exchange rates: + Ukrainian karbovantsi per $US1 - 3,000 (1 April 1993) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +*Ukraine, Communications + +Railroads: + 22,800 km; does not include industrial lines (1990) +Highways: + 273,700 km total (1990); 236,400 km hard surfaced, 37,300 km earth +Inland waterways: + 1,672 km perennially navigable (Pripyat and Dnipro River) +Pipelines: + crude oil 2,010 km, petroleum products 1,920 km, natural gas 7,800 km (1992) +Ports: + coastal - Berdyans'k, Illichivs'k Kerch, Kherson, Mariupol' (formerly + Zhdanov), Mykolayiv, Odesa, Sevastopol', Pirdenne; inland - Kiev (Kyyiv) +Merchant marine: + 394 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 3,952,328 GRT/5,262,161 DWT; includes + 234 cargo, 18 container, 7 barge carriers, 55 bulk cargo, 10 oil tanker, 2 + chemical tanker, 1 liquefied gas, 12 passenger, 5 passenger cargo, 9 + short-sea passenger, 33 roll-on/roll-off, 2 railcar carrier, 1 + multi-function-large-load-carrier, 5 refrigerated cargo +Airports: + total: + 694 + useable: + 100 + with permanent-surface runways: + 111 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 3 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 81 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 78 +Telecommunications: + international electronic mail system established in Kiev; Ukraine has about + 7 million telephone lines (135 telephones for each 1000 persons); as of + mid-1992, 650 telephone lines per 1000 persons in Kiev with 15-20 digital + switches as of mid-1991; NMT-450 analog cellular network under construction + in Kiev; 3.56 million applications for telephones could not be satisfied as + of January 1990; international calls can be made via satellite, by landline + to other CIS countries, and through the Moscow international switching + center on 150 international lines; satellite earth stations employ INTELSAT, + INMARSAT, and Intersputnik; fiber optic cable installation (intercity) + remains incomplete; new international digital telephone exchange operational + in Kiev for direct communication with 167 countries + +*Ukraine, Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy, Airspace Defense Forces, Republic Security Forces (internal and + border troops), National Guard +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 12,070,775; fit for military service 9,521,697; reach + military age (18) annually 365,534 (1993 est.) +Defense expenditures: + 544,256 million karbovantsi, NA% of GDP (forecast for 1993); note - + conversion of the military budget into US dollars using the current exchange + rate could produce misleading results + +*United Arab Emirates, Geography + +Location: + Middle East, along the Persian Gulf, between Oman and Saudi Arabia +Map references: + Middle East, Standard Time Zones of the World +Area: + total area: + 75,581 km2 + land area: + 75,581 km2 + comparative area: + slightly smaller than Maine +Land boundaries: + total 867 km, Oman 410 km, Saudi Arabia 457 km +Coastline: + 1,318 km +Maritime claims: + continental shelf: + defined by bilateral boundaries or equidistant line + exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + territorial sea: + 3 nm assumed for most of country, + 12 nm for Ash Shariqah (Sharjah) +International disputes: + location and status of boundary with Saudi Arabia is not final; no defined + boundary with most of Oman, but Administrative Line in far north; claims two + islands in the Persian Gulf occupied by Iran (Jazireh-ye Tonb-e Bozorg or + Greater Tunb, and Jazireh-ye Tonb-e Kuchek or Lesser Tunb); claims island in + the Persian Gulf jointly administered with Iran (Jazireh-ye Abu Musa or Abu + Musa); in 1992, the dispute over Abu Musa and the Tumb islands became more + acute when Iran unilaterally tried to control the entry of third country + nationals into the UAE portion of Abu Musa island, Tehran subsequently + backed off in the face of significant diplomatic support for the UAE in the + region +Climate: + desert; cooler in eastern mountains +Terrain: + flat, barren coastal plain merging into rolling sand dunes of vast desert + wasteland; mountains in east +Natural resources: + petroleum, natural gas +Land use: + arable land: + 0% + permanent crops: + 0% + meadows and pastures: + 2% + forest and woodland: + 0% + other: + 98% +Irrigated land: + 50 km2 (1989 est.) +Environment: + frequent dust and sand storms; lack of natural freshwater resources being + overcome by desalination plants; desertification + +*United Arab Emirates, Geography + +Note: + strategic location along southern approaches to Strait of Hormuz, a vital + transit point for world crude oil + +*United Arab Emirates, People + +Population: + 2,657,013 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 5.06% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 28.4 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 3.07 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + 25.27 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 22.5 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 72 years + male: + 69.91 years + female: + 74.2 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 4.67 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Emirian(s) adjective: + Emirian +Ethnic divisions: + Emirian 19%, other Arab 23%, South Asian 50%, other expatriates (includes + Westerners and East Asians) 8% (1982) + note: + less than 20% are UAE citizens (1982) +Religions: + Muslim 96% (Shi'a 16%), Christian, Hindu, and other 4% +Languages: + Arabic (official), Persian, English, Hindi, Urdu +Literacy: + age 10 and over can read and write (1980) + total population: + 68% + male: + 70% + female: + 63% +Labor force: + 580,000 (1986 est.) + by occupation: + industry and commerce 85%, agriculture 5%, services 5%, government 5% + note: + 80% of labor force is foreign + +*United Arab Emirates, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + United Arab Emirates + conventional short form: + none + local long form: + Al Imarata al Arabiyah al Muttahidah + local short form: + none + former: + Trucial States +Abbreviation: + UAE +Digraph: + TC +Type: + federation with specified powers delegated to the UAE central government and + other powers reserved to member emirates +Capital: + Abu Dhabi +Administrative divisions: + 7 emirates (imarat, singular - imarah); Abu Zaby (Abu Dhabi), 'Ajman, Al + Fujayrah, Ash Shariqah (Sharjah), Dubayy, Ra's al Khaymah, Umm al Qaywayn +Independence: + 2 December 1971 (from UK) +Constitution: 2 December 1971 (provisional) +Legal system: + secular codes are being introduced by the UAE Government and in several + member emirates; Islamic law remains influential +National holiday: + National Day, 2 December (1971) +Political parties and leaders: + none +Other political or pressure groups: + a few small clandestine groups may be active +Suffrage: + none +Elections: + none +Executive branch: + president, vice president, Supreme Council of Rulers, prime minister, deputy + prime minister, Council of Ministers +Legislative branch: + unicameral Federal National Council (Majlis Watani Itihad) +Judicial branch: + Union Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Zayid bin Sultan Al NUHAYYAN, (since 2 December 1971), ruler of + Abu Dhabi; Vice President Shaykh Maktum bin Rashid al-MAKTUM (since 8 + October 1990), ruler of Dubayy + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Shaykh Maktum bin Rashid al-MAKTUM (since 8 October 1990), + ruler of Dubayy; Deputy Prime Minister Sultan bin Zayid Al NUHAYYAN (since + 20 November 1990) + +*United Arab Emirates, Government + +Member of: + ABEDA, AFESD, AL, AMF, CAEU, CCC, ESCWA, FAO, G-77, GCC, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, + IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO + (correspondent), ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAPEC, OIC, OPEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, + UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation in US: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Muhammad bin Husayn Al SHAALI + chancery: + Suite 740, 600 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20037 + telephone: + (202) 338-6500 +US diplomatic representation: + chief of mission: + Ambassador William RUGH + embassy: + Al-Sudan Street, Abu Dhabi + mailing address: + P. O. Box 4009, Abu Dhabi + telephone: + [971] (2) 336691, afterhours 338730 FAX: + [971] (2) 318441 + consulate general: + Dubayy (Dubai) +Flag: + three equal horizontal bands of green (top), white, and black with a thicker + vertical red band on the hoist side + +*United Arab Emirates, Economy + +Overview: + The UAE has an open economy with one of the world's highest incomes per + capita outside the OECD nations. This wealth is based on oil and gas, and + the fortunes of the economy fluctuate with the prices of those commodities. + Since 1973, the UAE has undergone a profound transformation from an + impoverished region of small desert principalities to a modern state with a + high standard of living. At present levels of production, crude oil reserves + should last for over 100 years. +National product: + GDP - exchange rate conversion - $34.9 billion (1992) +National product real growth rate: + NA% +National product per capita: + $13,800 (1992) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 1% (1990 est.) +Unemployment rate: + NEGL% (1988) +Budget: + revenues $4.3 billion; expenditures $4.8 billion, including capital + expenditures of $NA (1993) +Exports: + $21.2 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.) + commodities: + crude oil 66%, natural gas, reexports, dried fish, dates + partners: + Japan 39%, Singapore 5%, Korea 4%, Iran 4%, India +Imports: + $13.9 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.) + commodities: + capital goods, consumer goods, food + partners: + Japan 15%, US 10%, UK 9%, Germany 7%, Korea 4% +External debt: + $11 billion (December 1989 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 30% (1990 est.); accounts for 56% of GDP, including petroleum +Electricity: + 6,090,000 kW capacity; 17,850 million kWh produced, 6,718 kWh per capita + (1992) +Industries: + petroleum, fishing, petrochemicals, construction materials, some boat + building, handicrafts, pearling +Agriculture: accounts for 2% of GDP and 5% of labor force; cash crop - dates; food + products - vegetables, watermelons, poultry, eggs, dairy, fish; only 25% + self-sufficient in food +Economic aid: + donor - pledged $9.1 billion in bilateral aid to less developed countries + (1979-89) +Currency: + 1 Emirian dirham (Dh) = 100 fils +Exchange rates: + Emirian dirhams (Dh) per US$1 - 3.6710 (fixed rate) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +*United Arab Emirates, Communications + +Highways: + 2,000 km total; 1,800 km bituminous, 200 km gravel and graded earth +Pipelines: + crude oil 830 km, natural gas, including natural gas liquids, 870 km +Ports: + Al Fujayrah, Khawr Fakkan, Mina' Jabal 'Ali, Mina' Khalid, Mina' Rashid, + Mina' Saqr, Mina' Zayid +Merchant marine: + 56 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,197,306 GRT/2,153,673 DWT; includes + 15 cargo, 8 container, 3 roll-on/roll-off, 23 oil tanker, 4 bulk, 1 + refrigerated cargo, 1 liquified gas, 1 chemical tanker +Airports: + total: + 37 + usable: + 34 + with permanent-surface runways: + 20 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 7 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 5 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 5 +Telecommunications: + modern system consisting of microwave and coaxial cable; key centers are Abu + Dhabi and Dubayy; 386,600 telephones; satellite ground stations - 1 Atlantic + Ocean INTELSAT, 2 Indian Ocean INTELSAT and 1 ARABSAT; submarine cables to + Qatar, Bahrain, India, and Pakistan; tropospheric scatter to Bahrain; + microwave radio relay to Saudi Arabia; broadcast stations - 8 AM, 3 FM, 12 + TV + +*United Arab Emirates, Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy, Air Force, Federal Police Force +Manpower availability: males age 15-49 1,008,076; fit for military service 550,965; reach military + age (18) annually 15,499 (1993 est.) +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $1.47 billion, 5.3% of GDP (1989 est.) + +*United Kingdom, Geography + +Location: + Western Europe, bordering on the North Atlantic Ocean and the North Sea, + between Ireland and France +Map references: + Europe, Standard Time Zones of the World +Area: + total area: + 244,820 km2 + land area: + 241,590 km2 + comparative area: + slightly smaller than Oregon + note: + includes Rockall and Shetland Islands +Land boundaries: + total 360 km, Ireland 360 km +Coastline: + 12,429 km +Maritime claims: + continental shelf: + as defined in continental shelf orders or in accordance with agreed upon + boundaries + exclusive fishing zone: + 200 nm + territorial sea: + 12 nm +International disputes: + Northern Ireland question with Ireland; Gibraltar question with Spain; + Argentina claims Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas); Argentina claims South + Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands; Mauritius claims island of Diego + Garcia in British Indian Ocean Territory; Rockall continental shelf dispute + involving Denmark, Iceland, and Ireland (Ireland and the UK have signed a + boundary agreement in the Rockall area); territorial claim in Antarctica + (British Antarctic Territory) +Climate: + temperate; moderated by prevailing southwest winds over the North Atlantic + Current; more than half of the days are overcast +Terrain: + mostly rugged hills and low mountains; level to rolling plains in east and + southeast +Natural resources: + coal, petroleum, natural gas, tin, limestone, iron ore, salt, clay, chalk, + gypsum, lead, silica +Land use: + arable land: + 29% + permanent crops: 0% + meadows and pastures: + 48% + forest and woodland: + 9% + other: + 14% +Irrigated land: + 1,570 km2 (1989) + +*United Kingdom, Geography + +Environment: + pollution control measures improving air and water quality; because of + heavily indented coastline, no location is more than 125 km from tidal + waters +Note: + lies near vital North Atlantic sea lanes; only 35 km from France and now + being linked by tunnel under the English Channel + +*United Kingdom, People + +Population: + 57,970,200 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 0.29% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 13.58 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 10.87 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + 0.17 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 7.4 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 76.5 years + male: + 73.71 years + female: + 79.43 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 1.83 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Briton(s), British (collective pl.) + adjective: + British +Ethnic divisions: + English 81.5%, Scottish 9.6%, Irish 2.4%, Welsh 1.9%, Ulster 1.8%, West + Indian, Indian, Pakistani, and other 2.8% +Religions: Anglican 27 million, Roman Catholic 9 million, Muslim 1 million, + Presbyterian 800,000, Methodist 760,000, Sikh 400,000, Hindu 350,000, Jewish + 300,000 (1991 est.) + note: + the UK does not include a question on religion in its census +Languages: + English, Welsh (about 26% of the population of Wales), Scottish form of + Gaelic (about 60,000 in Scotland) +Literacy: + age 15 and over can read and write (1978) + total population: + 99% + male: + NA% + female: + NA% +Labor force: + 28.048 million + by occupation: + services 62.8%, manufacturing and construction 25.0%, government 9.1%, + energy 1.9%, agriculture 1.2% (June 1992) + +*United Kingdom, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland + conventional short form: + United Kingdom +Abbreviation: + UK +Digraph: + UK +Type: + constitutional monarchy +Capital: + London +Administrative divisions: + 47 counties, 7 metropolitan counties, 26 districts, 9 regions, and 3 islands + areas + England: + 39 counties, 7 metropolitan counties*; Avon, Bedford, Berkshire, Buckingham,, Cambridge, +Cheshire, Cleveland, Cornwall, Cumbria, Derby, Devon, Dorset, + Durham, East Sussex, Essex, Gloucester, Greater London*, Greater, Manchester*, Hampshire,, +Hereford and Worcester, Hertford, Humberside, Isle + of Wight, Kent, Lancashire, Leicester, Lincoln, Merseyside*, Norfolk,, Northampton, +Northumberland, North Yorkshire, Nottingham, Oxford, + Shropshire, Somerset, South Yorkshire*, Stafford, Suffolk, Surrey, Tyne and, Wear*, Warwick,, +West Midlands*, West Sussex, West Yorkshire*, Wiltshire, Northern Ireland: + 26 districts; Antrim, Ards, Armagh, Ballymena, Ballymoney, Banbridge, + Belfast, Carrickfergus, Castlereagh, Coleraine, Cookstown, Craigavon, Down, + Dungannon, Fermanagh, Larne, Limavady, Lisburn, Londonderry, Magherafelt, + Moyle, Newry and Mourne, Newtownabbey, North Down, Omagh, Strabane + Scotland: + 9 regions, 3 islands areas*; Borders, Central, Dumfries and Galloway, Fife,, Grampian, Highland, +Lothian, Orkney*, Shetland*, Strathclyde, Tayside,, Western Isles*, Wales: + 8 counties; Clwyd, Dyfed, Gwent, Gwynedd, Mid Glamorgan, Powys, South + Glamorgan, West Glamorgan +Dependent areas: + Anguilla, Bermuda, British Indian Ocean Territory, British Virgin Islands, + Cayman Islands, Falkland Islands, Gibraltar, Guernsey, Hong Kong (scheduled + to become a Special Administrative Region of China on 1 July 1997), Jersey, + Isle of Man, Montserrat, Pitcairn Islands, Saint Helena, South Georgia and + the South Sandwich Islands, Turks and Caicos Islands +Independence: + 1 January 1801 (United Kingdom established) +Constitution: + unwritten; partly statutes, partly common law and practice +Legal system: + common law tradition with early Roman and modern continental influences; no + judicial review of Acts of Parliament; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, + with reservations +National holiday: + Celebration of the Birthday of the Queen (second Saturday in June) + +*United Kingdom, Government + +Political parties and leaders: + Conservative and Unionist Party, John MAJOR; Labor Party, John SMITH; + Liberal Democrats (LD), Jeremy (Paddy) ASHDOWN; Scottish National Party, + Alex SALMOND; Welsh National Party (Plaid Cymru), Dafydd Iwan WIGLEY; Ulster + Unionist Party (Northern Ireland), James MOLYNEAUX; Democratic Unionist + Party (Northern Ireland), Rev. Ian PAISLEY; Ulster Popular Unionist Party + (Northern Ireland), James KILFEDDER; Social Democratic and Labor Party + (SDLP, Northern Ireland), John HUME; Sinn Fein (Northern Ireland), Gerry + ADAMS +Other political or pressure groups: + Trades Union Congress; Confederation of British Industry; National Farmers' + Union; Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament +Suffrage: + 18 years of age; universal +Elections: + House of Commons: + last held 9 April 1992 (next to be held by NA April 1997); results - + Conservative 41.9%, Labor 34.5%, Liberal Democratic 17.9%, other 5.7%; seats + - (651 total) Conservative 336, Labor 271, Liberal Democratic 20, other 24 +Executive branch: + monarch, prime minister, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + bicameral Parliament consists of an upper house or House of Lords and a + lower house or House of Commons +Judicial branch: + House of Lords +Leaders: + Chief of State: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); Heir Apparent Prince CHARLES + (son of the Queen, born 14 November 1948) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister John MAJOR (since 28 November 1990) +Member of: + AfDB, AG (observer), AsDB, Australian Group, BIS, C, CCC, CDB + (non-regional), CE, CERN, COCOM, CP, CSCE, EBRD, EC, ECA (associate), ECE, + ECLAC, EIB, ESCAP, ESA, FAO, G-5, G-7, G-10, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, + ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, + INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, LORCS, MINURSO, MTRC, NACC, NATO, + NEA, NSG, OECD, PCA, SPC, UN, UNCTAD, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIKOM, + UNPROFOR, UNRWA, UN Security Council, UNTAC, UN Trusteeship Council, UPU, + WCL, WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, ZC +Diplomatic representation in US: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Sir Robin RENWICK + chancery: + 3100 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 + telephone: + (202) 462-1340 + FAX: + (202) 898-4255 + consulates general: + Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Cleveland, Houston, Los Angeles, New York, and San + Francisco, + consulates: + Dallas, Miami, and Seattle +US diplomatic representation: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Raymond G. H. SEITZ + embassy: + 24/31 Grosvenor Square, London, W.1A1AE + +*United Kingdom, Government + + mailing address: + PSC 801, Box 40, FPO AE 09498-4040 + telephone: + [44] (71) 499-9000 + FAX: + [44] (71) 409-1637 + consulates general: + Belfast and Edinburgh +Flag: + blue with the red cross of Saint George (patron saint of England) edged in + white superimposed on the diagonal red cross of Saint Patrick (patron saint + of Ireland) which is superimposed on the diagonal white cross of Saint + Andrew (patron saint of Scotland); known as the Union Flag or Union Jack; + the design and colors (especially the Blue Ensign) have been the basis for a + number of other flags including dependencies, Commonwealth countries, and + others + +*United Kingdom, Economy + +Overview: + The UK is one of the world's great trading powers and financial centers, and + its economy ranks among the four largest in Europe. The economy is + essentially capitalistic; over the past thirteen years the ruling Tories + have greatly reduced public ownership and contained the growth of social + welfare programs. Agriculture is intensive, highly mechanized, and efficient + by European standards, producing about 60% of food needs with only 1% of the + labor force. The UK has large coal, natural gas, and oil reserves, and + primary energy production accounts for 12% of GDP, one of the highest shares + of any industrial nation. Services, particularly banking, insurance, and + business services, account by far for the largest proportion of GDP while + industry continues to decline in importance, now employing only 25% of the + work force and generating 21% of GDP. The economy is emerging out of its + 3-year recession with only weak recovery expected in 1993. Unemployment is + hovering around 10% of the labor force. The government in 1992 adopted a + pro-growth strategy, cutting interest rates sharply and removing the pound + from the European exchange rate mechanism. Excess industrial capacity + probably will moderate inflation which for the first time in a decade is + below the EC average. The major economic policy question for Britain in the + 1990s is the terms on which it participates in the financial and economic + integration of Europe. +National product: + GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $920.6 billion (1992) +National product real growth rate: + -0.6% (1992) +National product per capita: + $15,900 (1992) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 3.6% (1992) +Unemployment rate: + 9.8% (1992) +Budget: + revenues $367.6 billion; expenditures $439.3 billion, including capital + expenditures of $32.5 billion (FY92 est.) +Exports: + $187.4 billion (f.o.b., 1992) + commodities: + manufactured goods, machinery, fuels, chemicals, semifinished goods, + transport equipment + partners: + EC countries 56.7% (Germany 14.0%, France 11.1%, Netherlands 7.9%), US 10.9% +Imports: + $210.7 billion (c.i.f., 1992) + commodities: + manufactured goods, machinery, semifinished goods, foodstuffs, consumer + goods + partners: + EC countries 51.7% (Germany 14.9%, France 9.3%, Netherlands 8.4%), US 11.6% +External debt: + $16.2 billion (June 1992) +Industrial production: + growth rate 0.4% (1992 est.) +Electricity: + 99,000,000 kW capacity; 317,000 million kWh produced, 5,480 kWh per capita + (1992) + +*United Kingdom, Economy + +Industries: + production machinery including machine tools, electric power equipment, + equipment for the automation of production, railroad equipment, + shipbuilding, aircraft, motor vehicles and parts, electronics and + communications equipment, metals, chemicals, coal, petroleum, paper and + paper products, food processing, textiles, clothing, and other consumer + goods +Agriculture: + accounts for only 1.5% of GDP and 1% of labor force; highly mechanized and + efficient farms; wide variety of crops and livestock products produced; + about 60% self-sufficient in food and feed needs; fish catch of 665,000 + metric tons (1987) +Illicit drugs: + increasingly important gateway country for Latin American cocaine entering + the European market +Economic aid: + donor - ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $21.0 billion +Currency: + 1 British pound (#) = 100 pence +Exchange rates: + British pounds (#) per US$1 - 0.6527 (January 1993), 0.5664 (1992), 0.5652 + (1991), 0.5603 (1990), 0.6099 (1989), 0.5614 (1988) +Fiscal year: + 1 April-31 March + +*United Kingdom, Communications + +Railroads: + UK, 16,914 km total; Great Britain's British Railways (BR) operates 16,584 + km 1.435-meter (standard) gauge (including 4,545 km electrified and 12,591 + km double or multiple track), several additional small standard-gauge and + narrow-gauge lines are privately owned and operated; Northern Ireland + Railways (NIR) operates 330 km 1.600-meter gauge (including 190 km double + track) +Highways: + UK, 362,982 km total; Great Britain, 339,483 km paved (including 2,573 km + limited-access divided highway); Northern Ireland, 23,499 km (22,907 paved, + 592 km gravel) +Inland waterways: + 2,291 total; British Waterways Board, 606 km; Port Authorities, 706 km; + other, 979 km +Pipelines: + crude oil (almost all insignificant) 933 km, petroleum products 2,993 km, + natural gas 12,800 km +Ports: + London, Liverpool, Felixstowe, Tees and Hartlepool, Dover, Sullom Voe, + Southampton +Merchant marine: 204 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 3,819,719 GRT/4,941,785 DWT; includes + 7 passenger, 16 short-sea passenger, 37 cargo, 25 container, 14 + roll-on/roll-off, 5 refrigerated cargo, 1 vehicle carrier, 65 oil tanker, 1 + chemical tanker, 8 liquefied gas, 1 specialized tanker, 22 bulk, 1 + combination bulk, 1 passenger cargo +Airports: + total: + 496 + usable: + 385 + with permanent-surface runways: + 249 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 1 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 37 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 134 +Telecommunications: + technologically advanced domestic and international system; 30,200,000 + telephones; equal mix of buried cables, microwave and optical-fiber systems; + excellent countrywide broadcast systems; broadcast stations - 225 AM, 525 + (mostly repeaters) FM, 207 (3,210 repeaters) TV; 40 coaxial submarine + cables; 5 satellite ground stations operating in INTELSAT (7 Atlantic Ocean + and 3 Indian Ocean), INMARSAT, and EUTELSAT systems; at least 8 large + international switching centers + +*United Kingdom, Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Royal Navy (including Royal Marines), Royal Air Force +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 14,445,998; fit for military service 12,084,913 (1993 est.); + no conscription +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $42.5 billion, 3.8% of GDP (FY92/93) + +*United States, Geography + +Location: + North America, between Canada and Mexico +Map references: + North America, Standard Time Zones of the World +Area: + total area: + 9,372,610 km2 + land area: + 9,166,600 km2 + comparative area: + about half the size of Russia; about three-tenths the size of Africa; about + one-half the size of South America (or slightly larger than Brazil); + slightly smaller than China; about two and one-half times the size of + Western Europe + note: + includes only the 50 states and District of Columbia +Land boundaries: + total 12,248 km, Canada 8,893 km (including 2,477 km with Alaska), Cuba 29 + km (US naval base at Guantanamo), Mexico 3,326 km +Coastline: + 19,924 km +Maritime claims: + contiguous zone: + 24 nm + continental shelf: + 200 m or depth of exploitation + exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + territorial sea: + 12 nm +International disputes: + maritime boundary disputes with Canada (Dixon Entrance, Beaufort Sea, Strait + of Juan de Fuca); US Naval Base at Guantanamo is leased from Cuba and only + mutual agreement or US abandonment of the area can terminate the lease; + Haiti claims Navassa Island; US has made no territorial claim in Antarctica + (but has reserved the right to do so) and does not recognize the claims of + any other nation; Republic of Marshall Islands claims Wake Island +Climate: + mostly temperate, but tropical in Hawaii and Florida and arctic in Alaska, + semiarid in the great plains west of the Mississippi River and arid in the + Great Basin of the southwest; low winter temperatures in the northwest are + ameliorated occasionally in January and February by warm chinook winds from + the eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains +Terrain: + vast central plain, mountains in west, hills and low mountains in east; + rugged mountains and broad river valleys in Alaska; rugged, volcanic + topography in Hawaii +Natural resources: + coal, copper, lead, molybdenum, phosphates, uranium, bauxite, gold, iron, + mercury, nickel, potash, silver, tungsten, zinc, petroleum, natural gas, + timber +Land use: + arable land: + 20% + permanent crops: + 0% + meadows and pastures: + 26% + +*United States, Geography + + forest and woodland: + 29% + other: + 25% +Irrigated land: + 181,020 km2 (1989 est.) +Environment: + pollution control measures improving air and water quality; agricultural + fertilizer and pesticide pollution; management of sparse natural water + resources in west; desertification; tsunamis, volcanoes, and earthquake + activity around Pacific Basin; permafrost in northern Alaska is a major + impediment to development +Note: + world's fourth-largest country (after Russia, Canada, and China) + +*United States, People + +Population: + 258,103,721 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 1.02% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 15.48 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 8.67 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + 3.41 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 8.36 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 75.8 years + male: + 72.49 years + female: + 79.29 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 2.05 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + American(s) + adjective: + American +Ethnic divisions: + white 83.4%, black 12.4%, asian 3.3%, native american 0.8% (1992) +Religions: + Protestant 56%, Roman Catholic 28%, Jewish 2%, other 4%, none 10% (1989) +Languages: + English, Spanish (spoken by a sizable minority) +Literacy: + age 15 and over having completed 5 or more years of schooling (1991) + total population: + 97.9% + male: + 97.9% + female: + 97.9% +Labor force: + 128.548 million (includes armed forces and unemployed; civilian labor force + 126.982 million) (1992) + by occupation: + NA + +*United States, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + United States of America + conventional short form: + United States +Abbreviation: + US or USA +Digraph: + US +Type: + federal republic; strong democratic tradition +Capital: + Washington, DC +Administrative divisions: + 50 states and 1 district*; Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, California,, Colorado, +Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia*, Florida, Georgia,, Hawaii, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, +Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, + Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, + Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, + North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode + Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Vermont, + Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Wyoming +Dependent areas: + American Samoa, Baker Island, Guam, Howland Island, Jarvis Island, Johnston + Atoll, Kingman Reef, Midway Islands, Navassa Island, Northern Mariana + Islands, Palmyra Atoll, Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands, Wake Island + note: + since 18 July 1947, the US has administered the Trust Territory of the + Pacific Islands, but recently entered into a new political relationship with + three of the four political units; the Northern Mariana Islands is a + Commonwealth in political union with the US (effective 3 November 1986); + Palau concluded a Compact of Free Association with the US that was approved + by the US Congress but to date the Compact process has not been completed in + Palau, which continues to be administered by the US as the Trust Territory + of the Pacific Islands; the Federated States of Micronesia signed a Compact + of Free Association with the US (effective 3 November 1986); the Republic of + the Marshall Islands signed a Compact of Free Association with the US + (effective 21 October 1986) +Independence: + 4 July 1776 (from England) +Constitution: + 17 September 1787, effective 4 June 1789 +Legal system: + based on English common law; judicial review of legislative acts; accepts + compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations +National holiday: + Independence Day, 4 July (1776) +Political parties and leaders: + Republican Party, Haley BARBOUR, national committee chairman; Jeanie AUSTIN, + co-chairman; Democratic Party, David C. WILHELM, national committee + chairman; several other groups or parties of minor political significance +Suffrage: + 18 years of age; universal +Elections: + President: + last held 3 November 1992 (next to be held 5 November 1996); results - + William Jefferson CLINTON (Democratic Party) 43.2%, George BUSH (Republican + Party) 37.7%, Ross PEROT (Independent) 19.0%, other 0.1% + +*United States, Government + + Senate: + last held 3 November 1992 (next to be held 8 November 1994); results - + Democratic Party 53%, Republican Party 47%, other NEGL%; seats - (100 total) + Democratic Party 57, Republican Party 43 + House of Representatives: + last held 3 November 1992 (next to be held 8 November 1994); results - + Democratic Party 52%, Republican Party 46%, other 2%; seats - (435 total) + Democratic Party 258, Republican Party 176, Independent 1 +Executive branch: + president, vice president, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + bicameral Congress consists of an upper house or Senate and a lower house or + House of Representatives +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + President William Jefferson CLINTON (since 20 January 1993); Vice President + Albert GORE, Jr. (since 20 January 1993) +Member of: + AfDB, AG (observer), ANZUS, APEC, AsDB, Australian Group, BIS, CCC, COCOM, + CP, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, ECLAC, FAO, ESCAP, G-2, G-5, G-7, G-8, G-10, GATT, + IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, + INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LORCS, MINURSO, MTCR, + NACC, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS, OECD, PCA, SPC, UN, UNCTAD, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIKOM, + UNRWA, UN Security Council, UNTAC, UN Trusteeship Council, UNTSO, UPU, WCL, + WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC +Flag: + thirteen equal horizontal stripes of red (top and bottom) alternating with + white; there is a blue rectangle in the upper hoist-side corner bearing 50 + small white five-pointed stars arranged in nine offset horizontal rows of + six stars (top and bottom) alternating with rows of five stars; the 50 stars + represent the 50 states, the 13 stripes represent the 13 original colonies; + known as Old Glory; the design and colors have been the basis for a number + of other flags including Chile, Liberia, Malaysia, and Puerto Rico + +*United States, Economy + +Overview: + The US has the most powerful, diverse, and technologically advanced economy + in the world, with a per capita GDP of $23,400, the largest among major + industrial nations. The economy is market oriented with most decisions made + by private individuals and business firms and with government purchases of + goods and services made predominantly in the marketplace. In 1989 the + economy enjoyed its seventh successive year of substantial growth, the + longest in peacetime history. The expansion featured moderation in wage and + consumer price increases and a steady reduction in unemployment to 5.2% of + the labor force. In 1990, however, growth slowed to 1% because of a + combination of factors, such as the worldwide increase in interest rates, + Iraq's invasion of Kuwait in August, the subsequent spurt in oil prices, and + a general decline in business and consumer confidence. In 1991 output fell + by 1%, unemployment grew, and signs of recovery proved premature. Growth + picked up to 2.1% in 1992. Unemployment, however, remained at nine million, + the increase in GDP being mainly attributable to gains in output per worker. + Ongoing problems for the 1990s include inadequate investment in economic + infrastructure, rapidly rising medical costs, and sizable budget and trade + deficits. +National product: + GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $5.951 trillion (1992) +National product real growth rate: + 2.1% (1992) +National product per capita: + $23,400 (1992) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 3% (1992) +Unemployment rate: + 7% (April 1993) +Budget: + revenues $1,092 billion; expenditures $1,382 billion, including capital + expenditures of $NA (FY92) +Exports: + $442.3 billion (f.o.b., 1992) + commodities: + capital goods, automobiles, industrial supplies and raw materials, consumer + goods, agricultural products + partners: + Western Europe 27.3%, Canada 22.1%, Japan 12.1% (1989) +Imports: + $544.1 billion (c.i.f., 1992) + commodities: + crude oil and refined petroleum products, machinery, automobiles, consumer + goods, industrial raw materials, food and beverages + partners: + Western Europe 21.5%, Japan 19.7%, Canada 18.8% (1989) +External debt: + $NA +Industrial production: + growth rate 1.5% (1992 est.); accounts for NA% of GDP +Electricity: + 780,000,000 kW capacity; 3,230,000 million kWh produced, 12,690 kWh per + capita (1992) +Industries: + leading industrial power in the world, highly diversified; petroleum, steel, + motor vehicles, aerospace, telecommunications, chemicals, electronics, food + processing, consumer goods, lumber, mining + +*United States, Economy + +Agriculture: + accounts for 2% of GDP and 2.8% of labor force; favorable climate and soils + support a wide variety of crops and livestock production; world's second + largest producer and number one exporter of grain; surplus food producer; + fish catch of 4.4 million metric tons (1990) +Illicit drugs: + illicit producer of cannabis for domestic consumption with 1987 production + estimated at 3,500 metric tons or about 25% of the available marijuana; + ongoing eradication program aimed at small plots and greenhouses has not + reduced production +Economic aid: + donor - commitments, including ODA and OOF, (FY80-89), $115.7 billion +Currency: + 1 United States dollar (US$) = 100 cents +Exchange rates: + British pounds: + (#) per US$ - 0.6527 (January 1993), 0.5664 (1992), 0.5652 (1991), 0.5603 + (1990), 0.6099 (1989), 0.5614 (1988) + Canadian dollars: + (Can$) per US$ - 1.2776 (January 1993), 1.2087 (1992), 1.1457 (1991), 1.1668 + (1990), 1.1840 (1989), 1.2307 (1988) + French francs: + (F) per US$ - 5.4812 (January 1993), 5.2938 (1992), 5.6421 (1991), 5.4453 + (1990), 6.3801 (1989), 5.9569 (1988) + Italian lire: + (Lit) per US$ - 1,482.5 (January 1993), 1,232.4 (1992), 1,240.6 (1991), + 1,198.1 (1990), 1.372.1 (1989), 1,301.6 (1988) + Japanese yen: + (Y) per US$ - 125.01 (January 1993), 126.65 (1992), 134.71 (1991), 144.79 + (1990), 137.96 (1989), 128.15 (1988) + German deutsche marks: + (DM) per US$ - 1.6158 (January 1993), 1.5617 (1992), 1.6595 (1991), 1.6157 + (1990), 1.8800 (1989), 1.7562 (1988) +Fiscal year: + 1 October - 30 September + +*United States, Communications + +Railroads: + 240,000 km of mainline routes, all standard 1.435 meter track, no government + ownership (1989) +Highways: + 7,599,250 km total; 6,230,000 km state-financed roads; 1,369,250 km + federally-financed roads (including 71,825 km interstate limited access + freeways) (1988) +Inland waterways: + 41,009 km of navigable inland channels, exclusive of the Great Lakes (est.) +Pipelines: + petroleum 276,000 km (1991), natural gas 331,000 km (1991) +Ports: Anchorage, Baltimore, Beaumont, Boston, Charleston, Chicago, Cleveland, + Duluth, Freeport, Galveston, Hampton Roads, Honolulu, Houston, Jacksonville, + Long Beach, Los Angeles, Milwaukee, Mobile, New Orleans, New York, + Philadelphia, Portland (Oregon), Richmond (California), San Francisco, + Savannah, Seattle, Tampa, Wilmington +Merchant marine: + 385 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 12,567,000 GRT/19,511,000 DWT; + includes 3 passenger-cargo, 36 cargo, 23 bulk, 169 tanker, 13 tanker + tug-barge, 13 liquefied gas, 128 intermodal; in addition, there are 219 + government-owned vessels +Airports: + total: + 14,177 + usable: + 12,417 + with permanent-surface runways: + 4,820 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 63 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 325 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 2,524 +Telecommunications: + 126,000,000 telephone access lines; 7,557,000 cellular phone subscribers; + broadcast stations - 4,987 AM, 4,932 FM, 1,092 TV; about 9,000 TV cable + systems; 530,000,000 radio sets and 193,000,000 TV sets in use; 16 + satellites and 24 ocean cable systems in use; satellite ground stations - 45 + Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 16 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT (1990) + +*United States, Defense Forces + +Branches: + Department of the Army, Department of the Navy (including Marine Corps), + Department of the Air Force +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 66.826 million; fit for military service NA (1993 est.) +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $315.5 billion, 5.3% of GDP (1992) + +*Uruguay, Geography + +Location: + Eastern South America, bordering the South Atlantic Ocean between Argentina + and Brazil +Map references: + South America, Standard Time Zones of the World +Area: + total area: + 176,220 km2 + land area: + 173,620 km2 comparative area: + slightly smaller than Washington State +Land boundaries: + total 1,564 km, Argentina 579 km, Brazil 985 km +Coastline: + 660 km +Maritime claims: + continental shelf: + 200 m depth or to depth of exploitation + territorial sea: + 200 nm; overflight and navigation permitted beyond 12 nm +International disputes: + short section of boundary with Argentina is in dispute; two short sections + of the boundary with Brazil are in dispute - Arroyo de la Invernada (Arroio + Invernada) area of the Rio Quarai and the islands at the confluence of the + Rio Cuareim (Rio Quarai) and the Uruguay +Climate: + warm temperate; freezing temperatures almost unknown +Terrain: + mostly rolling plains and low hills; fertile coastal lowland +Natural resources: + soil, hydropower potential, minor minerals +Land use: + arable land: + 8% + permanent crops: + 0% + meadows and pastures: + 78% + forest and woodland: + 4% + other: + 10% +Irrigated land: + 1,100 km2 (1989 est.) +Environment: + subject to seasonally high winds, droughts, floods + +*Uruguay, People + +Population: + 3,175,050 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 0.75% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 17.82 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 9.52 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + -0.79 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 18 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: 73.74 years + male: + 70.52 years + female: + 77.11 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 2.46 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Uruguayan(s) + adjective: + Uruguayan +Ethnic divisions: + white 88%, mestizo 8%, black 4% +Religions: + Roman Catholic 66% (less than half adult population attends church + regularly), Protestant 2%, Jewish 2%, nonprofessing or other 30% +Languages: + Spanish +Literacy: + age 15 and over can read and write (1990) + total population: + 96% + male: + 97% + female: + 96% +Labor force: + 1.355 million (1991 est.) + by occupation: + government 25%, manufacturing 19%, agriculture 11%, commerce 12%, utilities, + construction, transport, and communications 12%, other services 21% (1988 + est.) + +*Uruguay, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Oriental Republic of Uruguay + conventional short form: + Uruguay + local long form: + Republica Oriental del Uruguay + local short form: + Uruguay +Digraph: + UY +Type: + republic +Capital: + Montevideo +Administrative divisions: + 19 departments (departamentos, singular - departamento); Artigas, Canelones, + Cerro Largo, Colonia, Durazno, Flores, Florida, Lavalleja, Maldonado, + Montevideo, Paysandu, Rio Negro, Rivera, Rocha, Salto, San Jose, Soriano, + Tacuarembo, Treinta y Tres +Independence: + 25 August 1828 (from Brazil) +Constitution: + 27 November 1966, effective February 1967, suspended 27 June 1973, new + constitution rejected by referendum 30 November 1980 +Legal system: + based on Spanish civil law system; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + Independence Day, 25 August (1828) +Political parties and leaders: + National (Blanco) Party, Carlos CAT; Colorado Party, Secretary General + (vacant); Broad Front Coalition, Liber SEREGNI Mosquera - includes PSU, PCU, + MLN, MRO, PVP; Uruguayan Socialist Party (PSU), Jose Pedro CARDOSO, and; + Communist Party (PCU), Marina ARISMENDI; National Liberation Movement (MLN) + or Tupamaros, Eleuterio FERNANDEZ Huidobro; Oriental Rvolutionary Movement + (MRO), Walter ARTOLA; Party for the Victory of the Poor (PVP), Hugo CORES; + New Space Coalition consists of PGP, PDC, and Civic Union, Hugo BATALLA; + People's Government Party (PGP), Hugo BATALLA, secretary general; Christian + Democratic Party (PDC), Carlos VASSALLO, secretary general; Civic Union, + Humberto CIGANDA +Suffrage: + 18 years of age; universal and compulsory +Elections: + President: + last held 26 November 1989 (next to be held NA November 1994); results - + Luis Alberto LACALLE Herrera (Blanco) 37%, Jorge BATLLE Ibanez (Colorado) + 29%, Liber SEREGNI Mosquera (Broad Front) 20% + Chamber of Senators: + last held 26 November 1989 (next to be held NA November 1994); results - + Blanco 40%, Colorado 30%, Broad Front 23% New Space 7%; seats - (30 total) + Blanco 12, Colorado 9, Broad Front 7, New Space 2 + Chamber of Representatives: + last held NA November 1989 (next to be held NA November 1994); results - + Blanco 39%, Colorado 30%, Broad Front 22%, New Space 8%, other 1%; seats - + (99 total) number of seats by party NA +Executive branch: + president, vice president, Council of Ministers (cabinet) + +*Uruguay, Government + +Legislative branch: + bicameral General Assembly (Asamblea General) consists of an upper chamber + or Chamber of Senators (Camara de Senadores) and a lower chamber or Chamber + of Representatives (Camera de Representantes) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + President Luis Alberto LACALLE (since 1 March 1990); Vice President Gonzalo + AGUIRRE Ramirez (since 1 March 1990) +Member of: + AG (observer), CCC, ECLAC, FAO, G-11, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, + ICC, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO + (correspondent), ITU, LAES, LAIA, LORCS, MERCOSUR, NAM (observer), OAS, + OPANAL, PCA, RG, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNMOGIP, UNOMOZ, UNTAC, + UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation in US: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Eduardo MACGILLYCUDDY + chancery: + 1918 F Street NW, Washington, DC 20006 + telephone: + telephone (202) 331-1313 through 1316 + consulates general: + Los Angeles, Miami, and New York, + consulate: + New Orleans +US diplomatic representation: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Richard C. BROWN + embassy: + Lauro Muller 1776, Montevideo + mailing address: + APO AA 34035 + telephone: + [598] (2) 23-60-61 or 48-77-77 + FAX: + [598] (2) 48-86-11 +Flag: + nine equal horizontal stripes of white (top and bottom) alternating with + blue; there is a white square in the upper hoist-side corner with a yellow + sun bearing a human face known as the Sun of May and 16 rays alternately + triangular and wavy + +*Uruguay, Economy + +Overview: + Uruguay is a small economy with favorable climate, good soils, and solid + hydropower potential. Economic development has been held back by excessive + government regulation of economic detail and 50% to 130% inflation. After + several years of sluggish growth, real GDP jumped by about 8% in 1992. The + rise is attributable mainly to an increase in Argentine demand for Uruguayan + exports, particularly agricultural products and electricity. In a major step + toward greater regional economic cooperation, Uruguay in 1991 had joined + Brazil, Argentina, and Paraguay in forming the Southern Cone Common Market + (Mercosur). A referendum in December 1992 overturned key portions of + landmark privatization legislation, dealing a serious blow to President + LACALLE's broad economic reform plan. +National product: + GDP - exchange rate conversion - $9.8 billion (1992 est.) +National product real growth rate: + 8% (1992 est.) +National product per capita: + $3,100 (1992 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 58% (1992 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 9% (1992 est.) +Budget: + revenues $2.9 billion; expenditures $3.0 billion, including capital + expenditures of $388 million (1991) +Exports: + $1.7 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.) + commodities: + hides and leather goods 17%, beef 10%, wool 9%, fish 7%, rice 4% + partners: + Argentina, Brazil, US, Germany +Imports: + $1.7 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.) + commodities: + crude oil, fuels, and lubricants, metals, machinery, transportation + equipment, industrial chemicals + partners: + Brazil 23%, Argentina 17%, US 10%, EC 27.1% (1990) +External debt: + $4.1 billion (1991) +Industrial production: + growth rate -1.4% (1990), accounts for almost 25% of GDP +Electricity: + 2,168,000 kW capacity; 5,960 million kWh produced, 1,900 kWh per capita + (1992) +Industries: + meat processing, wool and hides, sugar, textiles, footwear, leather apparel, + tires, cement, fishing, petroleum refining, wine +Agriculture: + large areas devoted to livestock grazing; wheat, rice, corn, sorghum; + self-sufficient in most basic foodstuffs +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $105 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $420 million; + Communist countries (1970-89), $69 million +Currency: + 1 new Uruguayan peso (N$Ur) = 100 centesimos + +*Uruguay, Economy + +Exchange rates: + new Uruguayan pesos (N$Ur) per US$1 - 3,457.5 (December 1992), 3,026.9 + (1992), 2,489 (1991), 1,594 (1990), 805 (1989), 451 (1988), 281 (1987) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +*Uruguay, Communications + +Railroads: + 3,000 km, all 1.435-meter (standard) gauge and government owned +Highways: + 49,900 km total; 6,700 km paved, 3,000 km gravel, 40,200 km earth +Inland waterways: + 1,600 km; used by coastal and shallow-draft river craft +Ports: + Montevideo, Punta del Este, Colonia +Merchant marine: + 4 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 84,797 GRT/132,296 DWT; includes 1 + cargo, 2 container, 1 oil tanker +Airports: + total: + 88 + usable: + 81 + with permanent-surface runways: + 16 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 2 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 14 +Telecommunications: + most modern facilities concentrated in Montevideo; new nationwide microwave + network; 337,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 99 AM, no FM, 26 TV, 9 + shortwave; 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth stations + +*Uruguay, Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy (including Naval Air Arm, Coast Guard, Marines), Air Force, + Grenadier Guards, Police +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 755,667; fit for military service 613,585 (1993 est.); no + conscription +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $216 million, 2.3% of GDP (1991 est.) + +*Uzbekistan, Geography + +Location: + Central Asia, bordering the Aral Sea, between Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan +Map references: + Asia, Commonwealth of Independent States - Central Asian States, Standard + Time Zones of the World +Area: + total area: + 447,400 km2 + land area: + 425,400 km2 + comparative area: + slightly larger than California +Land boundaries: + total 6,221 km, Afghanistan 137 km, Kazakhstan 2,203 km, Kyrgyzstan 1,099 + km, Tajikistan 1,161 km, Turkmenistan 1,621 km +Coastline: + 0 km + note: + Uzbekistan does border the Aral Sea (420 km) +Maritime claims: + none; landlocked +International disputes: + none +Climate: + mostly mid latitude desert; semiarid grassland in east +Terrain: + mostly flat-to-rolling sandy desert with dunes; Fergana Valley in east + surrounded by mountainous Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan; shrinking Aral Sea in + west +Natural resources: + natural gas, petroleum, coal, gold, uranium, silver, copper, lead and zinc, + tungsten, molybdenum +Land use: + arable land: + 10% + permanent crops: + 0% + meadows and pastures: + 47% + forest and woodland: + 0% + other: + 43% +Irrigated land: + 41,550 km2 (1990) +Environment: + drying up of the Aral Sea is resulting in growing concentrations of chemical + pesticides and natural salts +Note: + landlocked + +*Uzbekistan, People + +Population: + 22,127,946 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 2.17% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 30.57 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 6.63 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + -2.2 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 54.4 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 68.36 years male: + 65.05 years + female: + 71.84 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 3.78 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Uzbek(s) + adjective: + Uzbek +Ethnic divisions: + Uzbek 71.4%, Russian 8.3%, Tajik 4.7%, Kazakhs 4.1%, Tartars 2.4% (includes + 70% of Crimean Tatars deported during World War II), Karakalpaks 2.1%, other + 7% +Religions: + Muslim 88% (mostly Sunnis), Eastern Orthodox 9%, other 3% +Languages: + Uzbek 85%, Russian 5%, other 10% +Literacy: + age 9-49 can read and write (1970) + total population: + 100% + male: + 100% + female: + 100% +Labor force: + 7.941 million + by occupation: + agriculture and forestry 39%, industry and construction 24%, other 37% + (1990) + +*Uzbekistan, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Republic of Uzbekistan + conventional short form: + Uzbekistan + local long form: + Uzbekiston Respublikasi + local short form: + none + former: + Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic +Digraph: + UZ +Type: + republic +Capital: + Tashkent (Toshkent) +Administrative divisions: + 12 oblasts (oblastey, singular - oblast') and 1 autonomous republic*, (avtomnaya respublika); +Andizhan, Bukhara, Dzhizak, Fergana, Karakalpakstan*, (Nukus), Kashkadar'ya (Karshi), Khorezm +(Urgench), Namangan, Navoi, + Samarkand, Surkhandar'ya (Termez), Syrdar'ya (Gulistan), Tashkent + note: + an administrative division has the same name as its administrative center + (exceptions have the administrative center name following in parentheses) +Independence: + 31 August 1991 (from Soviet Union) +Constitution: + new constitution adopted 8 December 1992 +Legal system: + evolution of Soviet civil law +National holiday: + Independence Day, 1 September (1991) +Political parties and leaders: + People's Democratic Party (PDP; formerly Communist Party), Islam A. KARIMOV, + chairman; Erk (Freedom) Democratic Party (EDP), Muhammad SOLIKH, chairman +Other political or pressure groups: + Birlik (Unity) People's Movement (BPM), Abdul Rakhman PULATOV, chairman; + Islamic Rebirth Party (IRP), Abdullah UTAYEV, chairman +Suffrage: + 18 years of age; universal +Elections: + President: + last held 29 December 1991 (next to be held NA December 1996); results - + Islam KARIMOV 86%, Mukhammad SOLIKH 12%, other 2% + Supreme Soviet: + last held 18 February 1990 (next to be held NA); results - percent of vote + by party NA; seats - (500 total) Communist 450, ERK 10, other 40; note - + total number of seats will be reduced to 150 in next election +Executive branch: + president, prime minister, cabinet +Legislative branch: + unicameral Supreme Soviet +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Islam KARIMOV (since NA March 1990) + +*Uzbekistan, Government + + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Abdulkhashim MUTALOV (since 13 January 1992), First Deputy + Prime Minister Ismail Hakimovitch DJURABEKOV (since NA); Supreme Soviet + Chairman Shavkat Muhitdinovitch YULDASHEV (since NA June 1991) +Member of: + CIS, CSCE, EBRD, ECO, ESCAP, IBRD, IDA, IMF, NACC, UN, UNCTAD, WHO +Diplomatic representation in US: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Muhammed Babir MALIKOV + chancery: + 200 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20006 + telephone: (202) 778-0107 + FAX: + (202) 861-0472 +US diplomatic representation: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Henry L. CLARKE + embassy: + 55 Chelanzanskaya, Tashkent + mailing address: + APO AE 09862 + telephone: + [7] (3712) 77-14-07 +Flag: + three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, and green separated by + red fimbriations with a crescent moon and 12 stars in the upper hoist-side + quadrant + +*Uzbekistan, Economy + +Overview: + Although Uzbekistan accounted for only 3.4% of total Soviet output, it + produced two-thirds of the USSR's cotton and ranks as the fourth largest + global producer. Moscow's push for ever-increasing amounts of cotton had + included massive irrigation projects which caused extensive environmental + damage to the Aral Sea and rivers of the republic. Furthermore, the lavish + use of chemical fertilizers has caused extensive pollution and widespread + health problems. Recently the republic has sought to encourage food + production at the expense of cotton. The small industrial sector specializes + in such items as agricultural machinery, mineral fertilizers, vegetable oil, + and bridge cranes. Uzbekistan also has some important natural resources + including gold (about 30% of former Soviet production), uranium, and natural + gas. The Uzbek Government has encouraged some land reform but has shied away + from other aspects of economic reform. Output and living standards continued + to fall in 1992 largely because of the cumulative impact of disruptions in + supply that have followed the dismemberment of the USSR. +National product: + GDP $NA +National product real growth rate: + -10% (1992) +National product per capita: + $NA +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + at least 17% per month (first quarter 1993) +Unemployment rate: + 0.1% includes only officially registered unemployed; there are also large + numbers of underemployed workers +Budget: + revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA +Exports: + $900 million to outside the successor states of the former USSR (1992) + commodities: + cotton, gold, textiles, chemical and mineral fertilizers, vegetable oil + partners: + Russia, Ukraine, Eastern Europe +Imports: + $900 million from outside the successor states of the former USSR (1992) + commodities: + machinery and parts, consumer durables, grain, other foods + partners: + principally other former Soviet republics +External debt: + $2 billion (end 1991 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate -6% +Electricity: + 11,950,000 kW capacity; 50,900 million kWh produced, 2,300 kWh per capita + (1992) +Industries: + chemical and mineral fertilizers, vegetable oil, textiles +Agriculture: + cotton, with much smaller production of grain, fruits, vegetables, and + livestock +Illicit drugs: + illicit producers of cannabis and opium; mostly for CIS consumption; limited + government eradication programs; used as transshipment points for illicit + drugs to Western Europe +Economic aid: + $950 million official aid commitments by foreign donors (1992) + +*Uzbekistan, Economy + +Currency: + retaining Russian ruble as currency (January 1993) +Exchange rates: + rubles per US$1 - 415 (24 December 1992) but subject to wide fluctuations +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +*Uzbekistan, Communications + +Railroads: + 3,460 km; does not include industrial lines (1990) +Highways: + 78,400 km total; 67,000 km hard-surfaced, 11,400 km earth (1990) +Pipelines: + crude oil 250 km, petroleum products 40 km, natural gas 810 km (1992) +Ports: + none; landlocked +Airports: + totol: + 265 + useable: + 74 + with permanent-surface runways: + 30 + with runways over 3,659 m: 2 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 20 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 19 +Telecommunications: + poorly developed; NMT-450 analog cellular network established in Tashkent; + 1.4 million telephone lines with 7.2 lines per 100 persons (1992); linked by + landline or microwave with CIS member states and by leased connection via + the Moscow international gateway switch to other countries; satellite earth + stations - Orbita and INTELSAT (TV receive only); new intelsat earth station + provides TV receive only capability for Turkish broadcasts; new satellite + ground station also installed in Tashkent for direct linkage to Tokyo. + +*Uzbekistan, Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, National Guard, Republic Security Forces (internal and border troops) +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 5,214,075; fit for military service 4,272,398; reach + military age (18) annually 218,916 (1993 est.) +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP + +*Vanuatu, Geography + +Location: + Oceania, 5,750 km southwest of Honolulu in the South Pacific Ocean, about + three-quarters of the way between Hawaii and Australia +Map references: + Oceania, Standard Time Zones of the World +Area: + total area: + 14,760 km2 + land area: + 14,760 km2 + comparative area: + slightly larger than Connecticut + note: + includes more than 80 islands +Land boundaries: + 0 km +Coastline: + 2,528 km +Maritime claims: + measured from claimed archipelagic baselines + contiguous zone: + 24 nm + continental shelf: + 200 nm or the edge of continental margin + exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + territorial sea: + 12 nm +International disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical; moderated by southeast trade winds +Terrain: + mostly mountains of volcanic origin; narrow coastal plains +Natural resources: + manganese, hardwood forests, fish +Land use: + arable land: + 1% + permanent crops: + 5% + meadows and pastures: + 2% + forest and woodland: + 1% + other: + 91% +Irrigated land: + NA km2 +Environment: + subject to tropical cyclones or typhoons (January to April); volcanism + causes minor earthquakes + +*Vanuatu, People + +Population: + 165,876 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 2.36% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 33.16 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 9.57 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 69.9 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 58.8 years + male: + 57.11 years + female: + 60.58 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 4.47 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Ni-Vanuatu (singular and plural) + adjective: Ni-Vanuatu +Ethnic divisions: + indigenous Melanesian 94%, French 4%, Vietnamese, Chinese, Pacific Islanders +Religions: + Presbyterian 36.7%, Anglican 15%, Catholic 15%, indigenous beliefs 7.6%, + Seventh-Day Adventist 6.2%, Church of Christ 3.8%, other 15.7% +Languages: + English (official), French (official), pidgin (known as Bislama or + Bichelama) +Literacy: + age 15 and over can read and write (1979) + total population: + 53% + male: + 57% + female: + 48% +Labor force: + NA + by occupation: + NA + +*Vanuatu, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Republic of Vanuatu + conventional short form: + Vanuatu + former: + New Hebrides +Digraph: + NH +Type: + republic +Capital: + Port-Vila +Administrative divisions: + 11 island councils; Ambrym, Aoba/Maewo, Banks/Torres, Efate, Epi, Malakula, + Paama, Pentecote, Santo/Malo, Shepherd, Tafea +Independence: + 30 July 1980 (from France and UK) +Constitution: + 30 July 1980 +Legal system: + unified system being created from former dual French and British systems +National holiday: + Independence Day, 30 July (1980) +Political parties and leaders: + Vanuatu Party (VP), Donald KALPOKAS; Union of Moderate Parties (UMP), Serge + VOHOR; Melanesian Progressive Party (MPP), Barak SOPE; National United Party + (NUP), Walter LINI; Tan Union Party (TUP), Vincent BOULEKONE; Nagriamel + Party, Jimmy STEVENS; Friend Melanesian Party, leader NA +Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal +Elections: + Parliament: + last held 2 December 1991 (next to be held by November 1995); note - after + election, a coalition was formed by the Union of Moderate Parties and the + National United Party to form new government on 16 December 1991; seats - + (46 total) UMP 19; NUP 10; VP 10; MPP 4; TUP 1; Nagriamel 1; Friend 1 +Executive branch: + president, prime minister, deputy prime minister, Council of Ministers + (cabinet) +Legislative branch: + unicameral Parliament; note - the National Council of Chiefs advises on + matters of custom and land +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Frederick TIMAKATA (since 30 January 1989) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Maxime CARLOT KORMAN (since 16 December 1991); Deputy Prime + Minister Sethy REGENVANU (since 17 December 1991) +Member of: + ACCT, ACP, AsDB, C, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFC, IMF, IMO, IOC, + ITU, NAM, SPARTECA, SPC, SPF, UN, UNCTAD, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WMO +Diplomatic representation in US: + Vanuatu does not have a mission in Washington +US diplomatic representation: + the ambassador to Papua New Guinea is accredited to Vanuatu + +*Vanuatu, Government + +Flag: + two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and green with a black isosceles + triangle (based on the hoist side) all separated by a black-edged yellow + stripe in the shape of a horizontal Y (the two points of the Y face the + hoist side and enclose the triangle); centered in the triangle is a boar's + tusk encircling two crossed namele leaves, all in yellow + +*Vanuatu, Economy + +Overview: + The economy is based primarily on subsistence farming which provides a + living for about 80% of the population. Fishing and tourism are the other + mainstays of the economy. Mineral deposits are negligible; the country has + no known petroleum deposits. A small light industry sector caters to the + local market. Tax revenues come mainly from import duties. +National product: + GDP - exchange rate conversion - $142 million (1988 est.) +National product real growth rate: + 6% (1990) +National product per capita: + $900 (1988 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 5% (1990) +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $90 million; expenditures $103 million, including capital + expenditures of $45 million (1989 est.) +Exports: + $15.6 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.) + commodities: + copra 59%, cocoa 11%, meat 9%, fish 8%, timber 4% + partners: + Netherlands, Japan, France, New Caledonia, Belgium +Imports: + $60.4 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.) + commodities: + machines and vehicles 25%, food and beverages 23%, basic manufactures 18%, + raw materials and fuels 11%, chemicals 6% + partners: + Australia 36%, Japan 13%, NZ 10%, France 8%, Fiji 8% +External debt: + $30 million (1990 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate NA%; accounts for about 10% of GDP +Electricity: + 17,000 kW capacity; 30 million kWh produced, 180 kWh per capita (1990) +Industries: + food and fish freezing, wood processing, meat canning +Agriculture: + accounts for 40% of GDP; export crops - coconuts, cocoa, coffee, fish; + subsistence crops - taro, yams, coconuts, fruits, vegetables +Economic aid: + Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), + $606 million +Currency: + 1 vatu (VT) = 100 centimes +Exchange rates: + vatu (VT) per US$1 - 120.77 (January 1993), 113.39 (1992), 111.68 (1991), + 116.57 (1990), 116.04 (1989), 104.43 (1988) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +*Vanuatu, Communications + +Railroads: + none +Highways: + 1,027 km total; at least 240 km sealed or all-weather roads +Ports: + Port-Vila, Luganville, Palikoulo, Santu +Merchant marine: + 125 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,121,819 GRT/3,193,942 DWT; includes + 23 cargo, 16 refrigerated cargo, 6 container, 11 vehicle carrier, 1 + livestock carrier, 6 oil tanker, 2 chemical tanker, 3 liquefied gas, 54 + bulk, 1 combination bulk, 1 passenger, 1 short-sea passenger; note - a flag + of convenience registry +Airports: + total: + 31 + usable: + 31 + with permanent-surface runways: + 2 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 1 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 2 +Telecommunications: + broadcast stations - 2 AM, no FM, no TV; 3,000 telephones; 1 Pacific Ocean + INTELSAT ground station + +*Vanuatu, Defense Forces + +Branches: + Vanuatu Police Force (VPF), paramilitary Vanuatu Mobile Force (VMF) + note: + no military forces +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 NA; fit for military service NA +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP + +*Venezuela, Geography + +Location: + Northern South America, bordering the Caribbean Sea between Colombia and + Guyana +Map references: + South America, Standard Time Zones of the World +Area: + total area: + 912,050 km2 + land area: + 882,050 km2 + comparative area: + slightly more than twice the size of California +Land boundaries: + total 4,993 km, Brazil 2,200 km, Colombia 2,050 km, Guyana 743 km +Coastline: + 2,800 km +Maritime claims: + contiguous zone: + 15 nm + continental shelf: 200 m depth or to depth of exploitation + exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + territorial sea: + 12 nm +International disputes: + claims all of Guyana west of the Essequibo river; maritime boundary dispute + with Colombia in the Gulf of Venezuela +Climate: + tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands +Terrain: + Andes mountains and Maracaibo lowlands in northwest; central plains + (llanos); Guyana highlands in southeast +Natural resources: + petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, gold, bauxite, other minerals, hydropower, + diamonds +Land use: + arable land: + 3% + permanent crops: + 1% + meadows and pastures: + 20% + forest and woodland: + 39% + other: + 37% +Irrigated land: + 2,640 km2 (1989 est.) +Environment: + subject to floods, rockslides, mudslides; periodic droughts; increasing + industrial pollution in Caracas and Maracaibo +Note: + on major sea and air routes linking North and South America + +*Venezuela, People + +Population: + 20,117,687 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 2.22% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 26.37 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 4.69 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + 0.48 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 28.9 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 72.69 years + male: + 69.76 years female: + 75.77 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 3.14 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Venezuelan(s) + adjective: + Venezuelan +Ethnic divisions: + mestizo 67%, white 21%, black 10%, Indian 2% +Religions: + nominally Roman Catholic 96%, Protestant 2% +Languages: + Spanish (official), Indian dialects spoken by about 200,000 Amerindians in + the remote interior +Literacy: + age 15 and over can read and write (1990) + total population: + 88% + male: + 87% + female: + 90% +Labor force: + 5.8 million + by occupation: + services 56%, industry 28%, agriculture 16% (1985) + +*Venezuela, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Republic of Venezuela + conventional short form: + Venezuela + local long form: + Republica de Venezuela + local short form: + Venezuela +Digraph: + VE +Type: + republic +Capital: + Caracas +Administrative divisions: + 21 states (estados, singular - estado), 1 territory* ( territorio), 1, federal district**, +(distrito federal), and 1 federal dependence***, (dependencia federal); Amazonas*, Anzoategui,, +Apure, Aragua, Barinas, + Bolivar, Carabobo, Cojedes, Delta Amacuro, Dependencias Federales***,, Distrito Federal**,, +Falcon, Guarico, Lara, Merida, Miranda, Monagas, Nueva + Esparta, Portuguesa, Sucre, Tachira, Trujillo, Yaracuy, Zulia + note: the federal dependence consists of 11 federally controlled island groups + with a total of 72 individual islands +Independence: + 5 July 1811 (from Spain) +Constitution: + 23 January 1961 +Legal system: + based on Napoleonic code; judicial review of legislative acts in Cassation + Court only; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + Independence Day, 5 July (1811) +Political parties and leaders: + Social Christian Party (COPEI), Hilarion CARDOZO, president, and Jose + CURIEL, secretary general (acting); Democratic Action (AD), Humberto CELLI, + president, and Luis ALFARO Ucero, secretary general; Movement Toward + Socialism (MAS), Argelia LAYA, president, and Freddy MUNOZ, secretary + general; The Radical Cause ( La Causa R), Pablo Medina, secretary general +Other political or pressure groups: + FEDECAMARAS, a conservative business group; Venezuelan Confederation of + Workers (labor organization dominated by the Democratic Action); VECINOS + groups +Suffrage: + 18 years of age; universal +Elections: + President: + last held 4 December 1988 (next to be held 5 December 1993); results - + Carlos Andres PEREZ (AD) 54.6%, Eduardo FERNANDEZ (COPEI) 41.7%, other 3.7%; + note - President Carlos Andres PEREZ suspended pending trial on corruption + charges + Senate: + last held 4 December 1988 (next to be held 5 December 1993); results - + percent of vote by party NA; seats - (49 total) AD 23, COPEI 22, other 4; + note - 3 former presidents (1 from AD, 2 from COPEI) hold lifetime senate + seats + +*Venezuela, Government + + Chamber of Deputies: + last held 4 December 1992 (next to be held 5 December 1993); results - AD + 43.7%, COPEI 31.4%, MAS 10.3%, other 14.6%; seats - (201 total) AD 97, COPEI + 67, MAS 18, other 19 +Executive branch: + president, Council of Ministers (cabinet) +Legislative branch: + bicameral Congress of the Republic (Congreso de la Republica) consists of an + upper chamber or Senate (Senado) and a lower chamber or Chamber of Deputies + (Camara de Diputados) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court of Justice (Corte Suprema de Justicia) +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + Interim President Ramon Jose VELASQUEZ (since 5 June 1993); note - President + Carlos Andres PEREZ suspended pending trial on corruption charges +Member of: AG, CARICOM (observer), CDB, CG, ECLAC, FAO, G-3, G-11, G-15, G-19, G-24, + G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, + INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LAES, LAIA, LORCS, MINURSO, NAM, + OAS, ONUSAL, OPANAL, OPEC, PCA, RG, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, + UNIKOM, UNPROFOR, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation in US: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Simon Alberto CONSALVI Bottaro + chancery: + 1099 30th Street NW, Washington, DC 20007 + telephone: + (202) 342-2214 + consulates general: + Baltimore, Boston, Chicago, Houston, Miami, New Orleans, New York, + Philadelphia, San Francisco, and San Juan (Puerto Rico) +US diplomatic representation: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Michael Martin SKOL + embassy: + Avenida Francisco de Miranda and Avenida Principal de la Floresta, Caracas + mailing address: + P. O. Box 62291, Caracas 1060-A, or APO AA 34037 + telephone: + [58] (2) 285-2222 + FAX: + [58] (2) 285-0336 + consulate: + Maracaibo +Flag: + three equal horizontal bands of yellow (top), blue, and red with the coat of + arms on the hoist side of the yellow band and an arc of seven white + five-pointed stars centered in the blue band + +*Venezuela, Economy + +Overview: + Petroleum is the backbone of the economy, accounting for 23% of GDP, 70% of + central government revenues, and 82% of export earnings in 1992. President + PEREZ introduced an economic readjustment program when he assumed office in + February 1989. Lower tariffs and the removal of price controls, a free + market exchange rate, and market-linked interest rates threw the economy + into confusion, causing an 8% decline in GDP in 1989. However, the economy + recovered part way in 1990 and grew by 10.4% in 1991 and 7.3% in 1992, led + by the non-petroleum sector. +National product: + GDP - exchange rate conversion - $57.8 billion (1992 est.) +National product real growth rate: + 7.3% (1992 est.) +National product per capita: + $2,800 (1992 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 32% (1992 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 8.4% (1992 est.) +Budget: + revenues $13.2 billion; expenditures $13.1 billion, including capital + expenditures of $NA (1992) +Exports: + $14.0 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.) + commodities: + petroleum 82%, bauxite and aluminum, iron ore, agricultural products, basic + manufactures + partners: + US 50.7%, Europe 13.7%, Japan 4.0% (1989) +Imports: + $12.4 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.) + commodities: + foodstuffs, chemicals, manufactures, machinery and transport equipment + partners: + US 44%, FRG 8.0%, Japan 4%, Italy 7%, Canada 2% (1989) +External debt: + $27.1 billion (1992) +Industrial production: + growth rate 11.9% (1992 est.); accounts for 25% of GDP, including petroleum +Electricity: + 21,130,000 kW capacity; 58,541 million kWh produced, 2,830 kWh per capita + (1992) +Industries: + petroleum, iron-ore mining, construction materials, food processing, + textiles, steel, aluminum, motor vehicle assembly +Agriculture: + accounts for 6% of GDP and 16% of labor force; products - corn, sorghum, + sugarcane, rice, bananas, vegetables, coffee, beef, pork, milk, eggs, fish; + not self-sufficient in food other than meat +Illicit drugs: + illicit producer of cannabis and coca leaf for the international drug trade + on a small scale; however, large quantities of cocaine transit the country + from Colombia; important money-laundering hub +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-86), $488 million; Communist countries + (1970-89), $10 million +Currency: + 1 bolivar (Bs) = 100 centimos + +*Venezuela, Economy + +Exchange rates: + bolivares (Bs) per US$1 - 80.18 (January 1993), 68.38 (1992), 56.82 (1991), + 46.90 (1990), 34.68 (1989), 14.50 (fixed rate 1987-88) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +*Venezuela, Communications + +Railroads: + 542 km total; 363 km 1.435-meter standard gauge all single track, government + owned; 179 km 1.435-meter gauge, privately owned +Highways: + 77,785 km total; 22,780 km paved, 24,720 km gravel, 14,450 km earth roads, + and 15,835 km unimproved earth +Inland waterways: + 7,100 km; Rio Orinoco and Lago de Maracaibo accept oceangoing vessels +Pipelines: + crude oil 6,370 km; petroleum products 480 km; natural gas 4,010 km +Ports: + Amuay Bay, Bajo Grande, El Tablazo, La Guaira, Puerto Cabello, Puerto Ordaz +Merchant marine: + 56 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 837,375 GRT/1,344,795 DWT; includes 1 + short-sea passenger, 1 passenger cargo, 19 cargo, 2 container, 4 + roll-on/roll-off, 18 oil tanker, 1 chemical tanker, 2 liquefied gas, 6 bulk, + 1 vehicle carrier, 1 combination bulk +Airports: + total: + 360 + usable: + 331 + with permanent-surface runways: + 133 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 15 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 87 +Telecommunications: + modern and expanding; 1,440,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 181 AM, no + FM, 59 TV, 26 shortwave; 3 submarine coaxial cables; satellite ground + stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 3 domestic + +*Venezuela, Defense Forces + +Branches: + National Armed Forces (Fuerzas Armadas Nacionales, FAN) includes - Ground + Forces or Army (Fuerzas Terrestres or Ejercito), Naval Forces (Fuerzas + Navales or Armada), Air Forces (Fuerzas Aereas or Aviacion), Armed Forces of + Cooperation or National Guard (Fuerzas Armadas de Cooperation or Guardia + Nacional) +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 5,192,107; fit for military service 3,769,441; reach + military age (18) annually 221,043 (1993 est.) +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $1.95 billion, 4% of GDP (1991) + +*Vietnam, Geography + +Location: + Southeast Asia, bordering the South China Sea, between Laos and the + Philippines +Map references: + Asia, Southeast Asia, Standard Time Zones of the World +Area: + total area: + 329,560 km2 + land area: + 325,360 km2 + comparative area: + slightly larger than New Mexico +Land boundaries: + total 3,818 km, Cambodia 982 km, China 1,281 km, Laos 1,555 km +Coastline: + 3,444 km (excludes islands) +Maritime claims: + contiguous zone: + 24 nm + continental shelf: + 200 nm or the edge of continental margin + exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + territorial sea: + 12 nm +International disputes: + maritime boundary with Cambodia not defined; involved in a complex dispute + over the Spratly Islands with China, Malaysia, Philippines, Taiwan, and + possibly Brunei; unresolved maritime boundary with Thailand; maritime + boundary dispute with China in the Gulf of Tonkin; Paracel Islands occupied + by China but claimed by Vietnam and Taiwan +Climate: + tropical in south; monsoonal in north with hot, rainy season (mid-May to + mid-September) and warm, dry season (mid-October to mid-March) +Terrain: + low, flat delta in south and north; central highlands; hilly, mountainous in + far north and northwest +Natural resources: + phosphates, coal, manganese, bauxite, chromate, offshore oil deposits, + forests +Land use: + arable land: + 22% + permanent crops: + 2% + meadows and pastures: + 1% + forest and woodland: + 40% + other: + 35% +Irrigated land: + 18,300 km2 (1989 est.) +Environment: + occasional typhoons (May to January) with extensive flooding + +*Vietnam, People + +Population: + 71,787,608 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 1.85% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 27.99 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 7.92 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + -1.56 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 46.4 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 65.1 years + male: + 63.08 years + female: + 67.25 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 3.45 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Vietnamese (singular and plural) + adjective: + Vietnamese +Ethnic divisions: + Vietnamese 85-90%, Chinese 3%, Muong, Thai, Meo, Khmer, Man, Cham +Religions: + Buddhist, Taoist, Roman Catholic, indigenous beliefs, Islamic, Protestant +Languages: + Vietnamese (official), French, Chinese, English, Khmer, tribal languages + (Mon-Khmer and Malayo-Polynesian) +Literacy: + age 15 and over can read and write (1990) + total population: + 88% + male: + 92% + female: + 84% +Labor force: + 32.7 million + by occupation: + agricultural 65%, industrial and service 35% (1990 est.) + +*Vietnam, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Socialist Republic of Vietnam + conventional short form: + Vietnam local long form: + Cong Hoa Chu Nghia Viet Nam + local short form: + Viet Nam +Abbreviation: + SRV +Digraph: + VM +Type: + Communist state +Capital: + Hanoi +Administrative divisions: + 50 provinces (tinh, singular and plural), 3 municipalities* (thanh pho,, singular and plural); +An Giang, Ba Ria-Vung Tau, Bac Thai, Ben Tre, Binh + Dinh, Binh Thuan, Can Tho, Cao Bang, Dac Lac, Dong Nai, Dong Thap, Gia Lai, + Ha Bac, Ha Giang, Ha Noi*, Ha Tay, Ha Tinh, Hai Hung, Hai Phong*, Ho Chi, Minh*, Hoa Binh, +Khanh, Hoa, Kien Giang, Kon Tum, Lai Chau, Lam Dong, Lang + Son, Lao Cai, Long An, Minh Hai, Nam Ha, Nghe An, Ninh Binh, Ninh Thuan, Phu + Yen, Quang Binh, Quang Nam-Da Nang, Quang Ngai, Quang Ninh, Quang Tri, Soc + Trang, Son La, Song Be, Tay Ninh, Thai Binh, Thanh Hoa, Thua Thien, Tien + Giang, Tra Vinh, Tuyen Quang, Vinh Long, Vinh Phu, Yen Bai +Independence: + 2 September 1945 (from France) +Constitution: + NA April 1992 +Legal system: + based on Communist legal theory and French civil law system +National holiday: + Independence Day, 2 September (1945) +Political parties and leaders: + only party - Vietnam Communist Party (VCP), DO MUOI, general secretary +Suffrage: + 18 years of age; universal +Elections: + National Assembly: + last held 19 July 1992 (next to be held NA July 1997); results - VCP is the + only party; seats - (395 total) VCP or VCP-approved 395 +Executive branch: + president, prime minister, three deputy prime ministers +Legislative branch: + unicameral National Assembly (Quoc-Hoi) +Judicial branch: + Supreme People's Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Le Duc ANH (since 23 September 1992) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Vo Van KIET (since 9 August 1991); First Deputy Prime + Minister Phan Van KHAI (since 10 August 1991); Deputy Prime Minister Nguyen + KHANH (since NA February 1987); Deputy Prime Minister Tran Duc LUONG (since + NA February 1987) + +*Vietnam, Government + +Member of: + ACCT, AsDB, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, + IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, UN, + UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation in US: + none +US diplomatic representation: + none +Flag: + red with a large yellow five-pointed star in the center + +*Vietnam, Economy + +Overview: + Vietnam has made significant progress in recent years moving away from the + planned economic model and toward a more effective market-based economic + system. Most prices are now fully decontrolled and the Vietnamese currency + has been effectively devalued and floated at world market rates. In + addition, the scope for private sector activity has been expanded, primarily + through decollectivization of the agricultural sector and introduction of + laws giving legal recognition to private business. Despite such positive + indicators, the country's economic turnaround remains tenuous. Nearly + three-quarters of export earnings are generated by only two commodities, + rice and crude oil. Meanwhile, industrial production stagnates, burdened by + uncompetitive state-owned enterprises the government is unwilling or unable + to privatize. Unemployment looms as the most serious problem with over 25% + of the workforce without jobs and population growth swelling the ranks of + the unemployed yearly. +National product: + GNP - exchange rate conversion - $16 billion (1992 est.) +National product real growth rate: + 7.4% (1992 est.) +National product per capita: + $230 (1992 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 15%-20% (1992 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 25% (1992 est.) +Budget: + revenues $1.7 billion; expenditures $1.9 billion, including capital + expenditures of $NA (1990) +Exports: + $2.3 billion (f.o.b., 1992) + commodities: + agricultural and handicraft products, coal, minerals, crude oil, ores, + seafood + partners: + Japan, Singapore, Thailand, Hong Kong, Taiwan +Imports: + $1.9 billion (c.i.f., 1992) + commodities: + petroleum products, steel products, railroad equipment, chemicals, + medicines, raw cotton, fertilizer, grain + partners: + Japan, Singapore, Thailand +External debt: + $16.8 billion (1990 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 15% (1992); accounts for 30% of GNP +Electricity: + 3,300,000 kW capacity; 9,000 million kWh produced, 130 kWh per capita (1992) +Industries: + food processing, textiles, machine building, mining, cement, chemical + fertilizer, glass, tires, oil +Agriculture: + accounts for half of GNP; paddy rice, corn, potatoes make up 50% of farm + output; commercial crops (rubber, soybeans, coffee, tea, bananas) and animal + products 50%; since 1989 self-sufficient in food staple rice; fish catch of + 943,100 metric tons (1989 est.) + +*Vietnam, Economy + +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-74), $3.1 billion; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $2.9 billion; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $61 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $12.0 + billion +Currency: + 1 new dong (D) = 100 xu +Exchange rates: + new dong (D) per US$1 - 10,800 (November 1992), 8,100 (July 1991), 7,280 + (December 1990), 3,996 (March 1990), 2,047 (1988), 225 (1987); note - + 1985-89 figures are end of year +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +*Vietnam, Communications + +Railroads: + 3,059 km total; 2,454 1.000-meter gauge, 151 km 1.435-meter (standard) + gauge, 230 km dual gauge (three rails), and 224 km not restored to service + after war damage +Highways: + 85,000 km total; 9,400 km paved, 48,700 km gravel or improved earth, 26,900 + km unimproved earth (est.) +Inland waterways: + 17,702 km navigable; more than 5,149 km navigable at all times by vessels up + to 1.8 meter draft +Pipelines: + petroleum products 150 km +Ports: + Da Nang, Haiphong, Ho Chi Minh City +Merchant marine: + 99 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 460,712 GRT/739,246 DWT; includes 84 + cargo, 3 refrigerated cargo, 1 roll-on/roll-off, 8 oil tanker, 3 bulk +Airports: + total: + 100 + usable: + 100 + with permanent-surface runways: + 50 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 10 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 20 +Telecommunications: + the inadequacies of the obsolete switching equipment and cable system is a + serious constraint on the business sector and on economic growth, and + restricts access to the international links that Vietnam has established + with most major countries; the telephone system is not generally available + for private use (25 telephones for each 10,000 persons); 3 satellite earth + stations; broadcast stations - NA AM, 288 FM; 36 (77 repeaters) TV; about + 2,500,000 TV receivers and 7,000,000 radio receivers in use (1991) + +*Vietnam, Defense Forces + +Branches: + Ground, Navy (including Naval Infantry), Air Force +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 17,835,536; fit for military service 11,338,880; reach + military age (17) annually 771,792 (1993 est.) +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GNP + +*Virgin Islands, Header + +Affiliation: + (territory of the US) + +*Virgin Islands, Geography + +Location: + in the eastern Caribbean Sea, about 110 km east and southeast of Puerto Rico +Map references: + Central America and the Caribbean +Area: + total area: + 352 km2 + land area: + 349 km2 + comparative area: + slightly less than twice the size of Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + 0 km +Coastline: + 188 km +Maritime claims: + contiguous zone: + 24 nm + continental shelf: + 200 m or depth of exploitation + exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + territorial sea: + 12 nm +International disputes: + none +Climate: + subtropical, tempered by easterly tradewinds, relatively low humidity, + little seasonal temperature variation; rainy season May to November +Terrain: + mostly hilly to rugged and mountainous with little level land +Natural resources: + sun, sand, sea, surf +Land use: + arable land: + 15% + permanent crops: + 6% + meadows and pastures: + 26% + forest and woodland: + 6% + other: + 47% +Irrigated land: + NA km2 +Environment: + rarely affected by hurricanes; subject to frequent severe droughts, floods, + earthquakes; lack of natural freshwater resources +Note: + important location along the Anegada Passage - a key shipping lane for the + Panama Canal; Saint Thomas has one of the best natural, deepwater harbors in + the Caribbean + +*Virgin Islands, People + +Population: + 98,130 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + -0.76% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 20.26 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 5.2 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: -22.64 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 12.54 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 75.29 years + male: + 73.6 years + female: + 77.2 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 2.64 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Virgin Islander(s) + adjective: + Virgin Islander; US citizens +Ethnic divisions: + West Indian (45% born in the Virgin Islands and 29% born elsewhere in the + West Indies) 74%, US mainland 13%, Puerto Rican 5%, other 8%; black 80%, + white 15%, other 5%; Hispanic origin 14% +Religions: + Baptist 42%, Roman Catholic 34%, Episcopalian 17%, other 7% +Languages: + English (official), Spanish, Creole +Literacy: + total population: + NA% + male: + NA% + female: + NA% +Labor force: + 45,500 (1988) + by occupation: + tourism 70% + +*Virgin Islands, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Virgin Islands of the United States + conventional short form: + Virgin Islands +Digraph: + VQ +Type: + organized, unincorporated territory of the US administered by the Office of + Territorial and International Affairs, US Department of the Interior +Capital: + Charlotte Amalie +Administrative divisions: + none (territory of the US) +Constitution: Revised Organic Act of 22 July 1954 +Legal system: + based on US +National holiday: + Transfer Day, 31 March (1917) (from Denmark to US) +Political parties and leaders: + Democratic Party, Marilyn STAPLETON; Independent Citizens' Movement (ICM), + Virdin C. BROWN; Republican Party, Charlotte-Poole DAVIS +Suffrage: + 18 years of age; universal +Elections: + Governor: + last held 6 November 1990 (next to be held November 1994); results - + Governor Alexander FARRELLY (Democratic Party) 56.5% defeated Juan LUIS + (independent) 38.5% + Senate: + last held 3 November 1992 (next to be held 2 November 1994); results - + percent of vote by party NA; seats - (15 total) number of seats by party NA + US House of Representatives: + last held 3 November 1992 (next to be held 2 November 1994); results - Ron + DE LUGO reelected as delegate; seats - (1 total); seat by party NA; note - + the Virgin Islands elect one representative to the US House of + Representatives +Executive branch: + US president, popularly elected governor and lieutenant governor +Legislative branch: + unicameral Senate +Judicial branch: + US District Court: + handles civil matters over $50,000, felonies (persons 15 years of age and + over), and federal cases + Territorial Court: + handles civil matters up to $50,000, small claims, juvenile, domestic, + misdemeanors, and traffic cases +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President William Jefferson CLINTON (since 20 January 1993); Vice President + Albert GORE, Jr. (since 20 January 1993) + Head of Government: + Governor Alexander A. FARRELLY (since 5 January 1987); Lieutenant Governor + Derek M. HODGE (since 5 January 1987) +Member of: + ECLAC (associate), IOC + +*Virgin Islands, Government + +Diplomatic representation in US: + none (territory of the US) +Flag: + white with a modified US coat of arms in the center between the large blue + initials V and I; the coat of arms shows an eagle holding an olive branch in + one talon and three arrows in the other with a superimposed shield of + vertical red and white stripes below a blue panel + +*Virgin Islands, Economy + +Overview: + Tourism is the primary economic activity, accounting for more than 70% of + GDP and 70% of employment. The manufacturing sector consists of textile, + electronics, pharmaceutical, and watch assembly plants. The agricultural + sector is small, most food being imported. International business and + financial services are a small but growing component of the economy. One of + the world's largest petroleum refineries is at Saint Croix. +National product: + GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $1.2 billion (1987) +National product real growth rate: + NA% +National product per capita: + $11,000 (1987) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + NA% +Unemployment rate: + 3.7% (1992) +Budget: + revenues $364.4 million; expenditures $364.4 million, including capital + expenditures of $NA (FY90) +Exports: + $2.8 billion (f.o.b., 1990) + commodities: + refined petroleum products + partners: + US, Puerto Rico +Imports: + $3.3 billion (c.i.f., 1990) + commodities: + crude oil, foodstuffs, consumer goods, building materials + partners: + US, Puerto Rico +External debt: + $NA +Industrial production: + growth rate 12%; accounts for NA% of GDP +Electricity: + 380,000 kW capacity; 565 million kWh produced, 5,710 kWh per capita (1992) +Industries: + tourism, petroleum refining, watch assembly, rum distilling, construction, + pharmaceuticals, textiles, electronics +Agriculture: + truck gardens, food crops (small scale), fruit, sorghum, Senepol cattle +Economic aid: + Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $42 + million +Currency: + US currency is used +Fiscal year: + 1 October - 30 September + +*Virgin Islands, Communications + +Highways: + 856 km total +Ports: + Saint Croix - Christiansted, Frederiksted; Saint Thomas - Long Bay, Crown + Bay, Red Hook; Saint John - Cruz Bay +Airports: + total: + 2 + usable: + 2 + with permanent-surface runways : + 2 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 2 + note: + international airports on Saint Thomas and Saint Croix +Telecommunications: + modern telephone system using fiber-optic cable, submarine cable, microwave + radio, and satellite facilities; 58,931 telephones; 98,000 radios; 63,000 TV + sets in use; broadcast stations - 4 AM, 8 FM, 4 TV (1988) + +*Virgin Islands, Defense Forces + +Note: + defense is the responsibility of the US + +*Wake Island, Header + +Affiliation: + (territory of the US) + +*Wake Island, Geography + +Location: + in the North Pacific Ocean, 3,700 km west of Honolulu, about two-thirds of + the way between Hawaii and the Northern Mariana Islands +Map references: + Oceania +Area: + total area: + 6.5 km2 + land area: + 6.5 km2 comparative area: + about 11 times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + 0 km +Coastline: + 19.3 km +Maritime claims: + contiguous zone: + 24 nm + continental shelf: + 200 m or depth of exploitation + exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + territorial sea: + 12 nm +International disputes: + claimed by the Republic of the Marshall Islands +Climate: + tropical +Terrain: + atoll of three coral islands built up on an underwater volcano; central + lagoon is former crater, islands are part of the rim; average elevation less + than 4 meters +Natural resources: + none +Land use: + arable land: + 0% + permanent crops: + 0% + meadows and pastures: + 0% + forest and woodland: + 0% + other: + 100% +Irrigated land: + 0 km2 +Environment: + subject to occasional typhoons +Note: + strategic location in the North Pacific Ocean; emergency landing location + for transpacific flights + +*Wake Island, People + +Population: + no indigenous inhabitants; note - there are 302 US Air Force personnel, + civilian weather service personnel, and US and Thai contractors; population + peaked about 1970 with over 1,600 persons during the Vietnam conflict + +*Wake Island, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + none + conventional short form: + Wake Island +Digraph: + WQ +Type: + unincorporated territory of the US administered by the US Air Force (under + an agreement with the US Department of Interior) since 24 June 1972 +Capital: + none; administered from Washington, DC +Independence: + none (territory of the US) +Flag: + the US flag is used + +*Wake Island, Economy + +Overview: + Economic activity is limited to providing services to US military personnel + and contractors located on the island. All food and manufactured goods must + be imported. +Electricity: + supplied by US military + +*Wake Island, Communications + +Ports: + none; because of the reefs, there are only two offshore anchorages for large + ships +Airports: + total: + 1 + usable: + 1 + with permanent-surface runways: + 1 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 1 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 0 +Telecommunications: + underwater cables to Guam and through Midway to Honolulu; 1 Autovon circuit + off the Overseas Telephone System (OTS); Armed Forces Radio/Television + Service (AFRTS) radio and television service provided by satellite; + broadcast stations - 1 AM, no FM, no TV +Note: + formerly an important commercial aviation base, now used only by US military + and some commercial cargo planes + +*Wake Island, Defense Forces + + defense is the responsibility of the US + +*Wallis and Futuna, Header + +Affiliation: + (overseas territory of France) + +*Wallis and Futuna, Geography + +Location: + in the South Pacific Ocean, 4,600 km southwest of Honolulu, about two-thirds + of the way from Hawaii to New Zealand +Map references: + Oceania +Area: + total area: + 274 km2 + land area: + 274 km2 + comparative area: + slightly larger than Washington, DC + note: + includes Ile Uvea (Wallis Island), Ile Futuna (Futuna Island), Ile Alofi, + and 20 islets +Land boundaries: + 0 km +Coastline: + 129 km +Maritime claims: + exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + territorial sea: + 12 nm +International disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical; hot, rainy season (November to April); cool, dry season (May to + October) +Terrain: + volcanic origin; low hills +Natural resources: + negligible +Land use: + arable land: + 5% + permanent crops: 20% + meadows and pastures: + 0% + forest and woodland: + 0% + other: + 75% +Irrigated land: + NA km2 +Environment: + both island groups have fringing reefs + +*Wallis and Futuna, People + +Population: + 14,175 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 1.15% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 26.42 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 5.38 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + -9.5 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 27.59 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 71.2 years + male: + 70.54 years + female: + 71.9 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 3.34 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Wallisian(s), Futunan(s), or Wallis and Futuna Islanders + adjective: + Wallisian, Futunan, or Wallis and Futuna Islander +Ethnic divisions: + Polynesian +Religions: + Roman Catholic +Languages: + French, Wallisian (indigenous Polynesian language) +Literacy: + all ages can read and write (1969) + total population: + 50% + male: + 50% + female: + 51% +Labor force: + NA + by occupation: + agriculture, livestock, and fishing 80%, government 4% (est.) + +*Wallis and Futuna, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Territory of the Wallis and Futuna Islands + conventional short form: + Wallis and Futuna + local long form: + Territoire des Iles Wallis et Futuna + local short form: + Wallis et Futuna +Digraph: + WF +Type: + overseas territory of France +Capital: + Mata Utu (on Ile Uvea) +Administrative divisions: + none (overseas territory of France) +Independence: + none (overseas territory of France) +Constitution: + 28 September 1958 (French Constitution) +Legal system: + French legal system +Political parties and leaders: + Rally for the Republic (RPR); Union Populaire Locale (UPL); Union Pour la + Democratie Francaise (UDF); Lua kae tahi (Giscardians); Mouvement des + Radicaux de Gauche (MRG) +Suffrage: + 18 years of age; universal +Elections: + Territorial Assembly: + last held 15 March 1987 (next to be held NA March 1992); results - percent + of vote by party NA; seats - (20 total) RPR 7, UPL 5, UDF 4, UNF 4 + French Senate: + last held 24 September 1989 (next to be held by NA September 1998); results + - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (1 total) RPR 1 + French National Assembly: + last held 21 and 28 March 1992 (next to be held by NA September 1996); + results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (1 total) MRG 1 +Executive branch: + French president, chief administrator; note - there are three traditional + kings with limited powers +Legislative branch: + unicameral Territorial Assembly (Assemblee Territoriale) +Judicial branch: + none; justice generally administered under French law by the chief + administrator, but the three traditional kings administer customary law and + there is a magistrate in Mata Utu +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Francois MITTERRAND (since 21 May 1981) + Head of Government: + Chief Administrator Robert POMMIES (since 26 September 1990) +Member of: + FZ, SPC +Diplomatic representation in US: + as an overseas territory of France, local interests are represented in the + US by France + +*Wallis and Futuna, Government + +US diplomatic representation: + none (overseas territory of France) +Flag: + the flag of France is used + +*Wallis and Futuna, Economy + +Overview: + The economy is limited to traditional subsistence agriculture, with about + 80% of the labor force earning its livelihood from agriculture (coconuts and + vegetables), livestock (mostly pigs), and fishing. About 4% of the + population is employed in government. Revenues come from French Government + subsidies, licensing of fishing rights to Japan and South Korea, import + taxes, and remittances from expatriate workers in New Caledonia. Wallis and + Futuna imports food, fuel, clothing, machinery, and transport equipment, but + its exports are negligible, consisting of copra and handicrafts. +National product: + GDP - exchange rate conversion - $25 million (1991 est.) +National product real growth rate: + NA% +National product per capita: + $1,500 (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + NA% +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $2.7 million; expenditures $2.7 million, including capital + expenditures of $NA (1983) +Exports: + negligible + commodities: + copra, handicrafts + partners: + NA +Imports: + $13.3 million (c.i.f., 1984) + commodities: foodstuffs, manufactured goods, transportation equipment, fuel + partners: + France, Australia, New Zealand +External debt: + $NA +Industrial production: + growth rate NA% +Electricity: + 1,200 kW capacity; 1 million kWh produced, 70 kWh per capita (1990) +Industries: + copra, handicrafts, fishing, lumber +Agriculture: + dominated by coconut production, with subsistence crops of yams, taro, + bananas, and herds of pigs and goats +Economic aid: + Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), + $118 million +Currency: + 1 CFP franc (CFPF) = 100 centimes +Exchange rates: + Comptoirs Francais du Pacifique francs (CFPF) per US$1 - 99.65 (January + 1993), 96.24 (1992), 102.57 (1991), 99.0 (1990), 115.99 (1989), 108.30 + (1988); note - linked at the rate of 18.18 to the French franc +Fiscal year: + NA + +*Wallis and Futuna, Communications + +Highways: + 100 km on Ile Uvea, 16 km sealed; 20 km earth surface on Ile Futuna +Inland waterways: + none +Ports: + Mata-Utu, Leava +Airports: + total: + 2 + useable: + 2 + with permanent-surface runways: + 1 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 1 +Telecommunications: + 225 telephones; broadcast stations - 1 AM, no FM, no TV + +*Wallis and Futuna, Defense Forces + +Note: + defense is the responsibility of France + +*West Bank, Header + + The war between Israel and the Arab states in June 1967 ended with Israel in + control of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, the Sinai, and the Golan + Heights. As stated in the 1978 Camp David Accords and reaffirmed by + President Bush's post-Gulf crisis peace initiative, the final status of the + West Bank and the Gaza Strip, their relationship with their neighbors, and a + peace treaty between Israel and Jordan are to be negotiated among the + concerned parties. Camp David further specifies that these negotiations will + resolve the respective boundaries. Pending the completion of this process, + it is US policy that the final status of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip + has yet to be determined. In the view of the US, the term West Bank + describes all of the area west of the Jordan River under Jordanian + administration before the 1967 Arab-Israeli war. However, with respect to + negotiations envisaged in the framework agreement, it is US policy that a + distinction must be made between Jerusalem and the rest of the West Bank + because of the city's special status and circumstances. Therefore, a + negotiated solution for the final status of Jerusalem could be different in + character from that of the rest of the West Bank. + +*West Bank, Geography + +Location: + Middle East, between Jordan and Israel +Map references: + Middle East +Area: + total area: + 5,860 km2 + land area: + 5,640 km2 + comparative area: + slightly larger than Delaware + note: + includes West Bank, East Jerusalem, Latrun Salient, Jerusalem No Man's Land, + and the northwest quarter of the Dead Sea, but excludes Mt. Scopus +Land boundaries: + total 404 km, Israel 307 km, Jordan 97 km +Coastline: + 0 km (landlocked) +Maritime claims: + none; landlocked +International disputes: + Israeli occupied with status to be determined +Climate: + temperate, temperature and precipitation vary with altitude, warm to hot + summers, cool to mild winters +Terrain: + mostly rugged dissected upland, some vegetation in west, but barren in east +Natural resources: + negligible +Land use: + arable land: + 27% + permanent crops: + 0% + meadows and pastures: + 32% + forest and woodland: + 1% + other: + 40% +Irrigated land: + NA km2 +Environment: + highlands are main recharge area for Israel's coastal aquifers +Note: + landlocked; there are 175 Jewish settlements in the West Bank and 14 + Israeli-built Jewish neighborhoods in East Jerusalem + +*West Bank, People + +Population: + 1,404,114 (July 1993 est.) + note: + in addition, there are 102,000 Jewish settlers in the West Bank and 134,000 + in East Jerusalem (1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 2.9% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 33.78 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 5.32 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + 0.52 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 35.4 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 69.93 years + male: + 68.48 years + female: + 71.46 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 4.37 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + NA + adjective: + NA +Ethnic divisions: + Palestinian Arab and other 88%, Jewish 12% +Religions: + Muslim 80% (predominantly Sunni), Jewish 12%, Christian and other 8% +Languages: + Arabic, Hebrew spoken by Israeli settlers, English widely understood +Literacy: + total population: + NA% + male: + NA% + female: + NA% +Labor force: + NA + by occupation: + small industry, commerce, and business 29.8%, construction 24.2%, + agriculture 22.4%, service and other 23.6% (1984) + note: + excluding Israeli Jewish settlers + +*West Bank, Government + +Note: + The West Bank is currently governed by Israeli military authorities and + Israeli civil administration. It is US policy that the final status of the + West Bank will be determined by negotiations among the concerned parties. + These negotiations will determine how the area is to be governed. +Names: + conventional long form: + none + conventional short form: + West Bank +Digraph: + WG + +*West Bank, Economy + +Overview: + Economic progress in the West Bank has been hampered by Israeli military + administration and the effects of the Palestinian uprising (intifadah). + Industries using advanced technology or requiring sizable investment have + been discouraged by a lack of local capital and restrictive Israeli + policies. Capital investment consists largely of residential housing, not + productive assets that would enable local firms to compete with Israeli + industry. A major share of GNP is derived from remittances of workers + employed in Israel and Persian Gulf states, but such transfers from the Gulf + dropped dramatically after Iraq invaded Kuwait in August 1990. In the wake + of the Persian Gulf crisis, many Palestinians have returned to the West + Bank, increasing unemployment, and export revenues have plunged because of + the loss of markets in Jordan and the Gulf states. Israeli measures to + curtail the intifadah also have pushed unemployment up and lowered living + standards. The area's economic outlook remains bleak. +National product: GNP - exchange rate conversion - $1.3 billion (1990 est.) +National product real growth rate: + -10% (1990 est.) +National product per capita: + $1,200 (1990 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 11% (1991 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 15% (1990 est.) +Budget: + revenues $31.0 million; expenditures $36.1 million, including capital + expenditures of $NA (FY88) +Exports: + $150 million (f.o.b., 1988 est.) + commodities: + NA + partners: + Jordan, Israel +Imports: + $410 million (c.i.f., 1988 est.) + commodities: + NA + partners: + Jordan, Israel +External debt: + $NA +Industrial production: + growth rate 1% (1989); accounts for about 4% of GNP +Electricity: + power supplied by Israel +Industries: + generally small family businesses that produce cement, textiles, soap, + olive-wood carvings, and mother-of-pearl souvenirs; the Israelis have + established some small-scale modern industries in the settlements and + industrial centers +Agriculture: + accounts for about 15% of GNP; olives, citrus and other fruits, vegetables, + beef, and dairy products +Economic aid: + NA +Currency: + 1 new Israeli shekel (NIS) = 100 new agorot; 1 Jordanian dinar (JD) = 1,000 + fils + +*West Bank, Economy + +Exchange rates: + new Israeli shekels (NIS) per US$1 - 2.6480 (November 1992), 2.2791 (1991), + 2.0162 (1990), 1.9164 (1989), 1.5989 (1988), 1.5946 (1987); Jordanian dinars + (JD) per US$1 - 0.6890 (January 1993), 0.6797 (1992), 0.6808 (1991), 0.6636 + (1990), 0.5704 (1989), 0.3709 (1988) +Fiscal year: + calendar year (since 1 January 1992) + +*West Bank, Communications + +Highways: + small road network, Israelis developing east-west axial highways to service + new settlements +Airports: + total: + 2 + usable: + 2 + with permanent-surface runways: + 2 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 1 +Telecommunications: + open-wire telephone system currently being upgraded; broadcast stations - no + AM, no FM, no TV + +*West Bank, Defense Forces + +Branches: + NA +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 NA; fit for military service NA +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP + +*Western Sahara, Geography + +Location: + Northern Africa, along the Atlantic Ocean, between Morocco and Mauritania +Map references: + Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World +Area: + total area: + 266,000 km2 + land area: + 266,000 km2 + comparative area: + slightly smaller than Colorado +Land boundaries: + total 2,046 km, Algeria 42 km, Mauritania 1,561 km, Morocco 443 km +Coastline: + 1,110 km +Maritime claims: + contingent upon resolution of sovereignty issue +International disputes: + claimed and administered by Morocco, but sovereignty is unresolved and the + UN is attempting to hold a referendum on the issue; the UN-administered + cease-fire has been currently in effect since September 1991 +Climate: + hot, dry desert; rain is rare; cold offshore air currents produce fog and + heavy dew +Terrain: + mostly low, flat desert with large areas of rocky or sandy surfaces rising + to small mountains in south and northeast +Natural resources: + phosphates, iron ore +Land use: + arable land: + 0% + permanent crops: + 0% + meadows and pastures: + 19% + forest and woodland: + 0% + other: + 81% +Irrigated land: + NA km2 +Environment: + hot, dry, dust/sand-laden sirocco wind can occur during winter and spring; + widespread harmattan haze exists 60% of time, often severely restricting + visibility; sparse water and arable land + +*Western Sahara, People + +Population: + 206,629 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 2.52% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 47.54 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 19.57 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + -2.79 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 155.5 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 44.88 years + male: + 43.98 years + female: + 46.06 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 7.01 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: noun: + Sahrawi(s), Sahraoui(s) + adjective: + Sahrawian, Sahraouian +Ethnic divisions: + Arab, Berber +Religions: + Muslim +Languages: + Hassaniya Arabic, Moroccan Arabic +Literacy: + total population: + NA% + male: + NA% + female: + NA% +Labor force: + 12,000 + by occupation: + animal husbandry and subsistence farming 50% + +*Western Sahara, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + none + conventional short form: + Western Sahara +Digraph: + WI +Type: + legal status of territory and question of sovereignty unresolved; territory + contested by Morocco and Polisario Front (Popular Front for the Liberation + of the Saguia el Hamra and Rio de Oro), which in February 1976 formally + proclaimed a government in exile of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic + (SADR); territory partitioned between Morocco and Mauritania in April 1976, + with Morocco acquiring northern two-thirds; Mauritania, under pressure from + Polisario guerrillas, abandoned all claims to its portion in August 1979; + Morocco moved to occupy that sector shortly thereafter and has since + asserted administrative control; the Polisario's government in exile was + seated as an OAU member in 1984; guerrilla activities continued + sporadically, until a UN-monitored cease-fire was implemented 6 September + 1991 +Capital: + none +Administrative divisions: + none (under de facto control of Morocco) +Leaders: + none +Member of: + none +Diplomatic representation in US: + none +US diplomatic representation: + none + +*Western Sahara, Economy + +Overview: + Western Sahara, a territory poor in natural resources and having little + rainfall, has a per capita GDP of roughly $300. Pastoral nomadism, fishing, + and phosphate mining are the principal sources of income for the population. + Most of the food for the urban population must be imported. All trade and + other economic activities are controlled by the Moroccan Government. +National product: + GDP - exchange rate conversion - $60 million (1991 est.) +National product real growth rate: + NA% +National product per capita: + $300 (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + NA% +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA +Exports: + $8 million (f.o.b., 1982 est.) + commodities: + phosphates 62% + partners: + Morocco claims and administers Western Sahara, so trade partners are + included in overall Moroccan accounts +Imports: + $30 million (c.i.f., 1982 est.) + commodities: + fuel for fishing fleet, foodstuffs + partners: + Morocco claims and administers Western Sahara, so trade partners are + included in overall Moroccan accounts +External debt: + $NA +Industrial production: + growth rate NA% +Electricity: + 60,000 kW capacity; 79 million kWh produced, 425 kWh per capita (1989) +Industries: + phosphate mining, fishing, handicrafts +Agriculture: + limited largely to subsistence agriculture; some barley is grown in + nondrought years; fruit and vegetables are grown in the few oases; food + imports are essential; camels, sheep, and goats are kept by the nomadic + natives; cash economy exists largely for the garrison forces +Economic aid: + NA +Currency: + 1 Moroccan dirham (DH) = 100 centimes +Exchange rates: + Moroccan dirhams (DH) per US$1 - 9.034 (January 1993), 8.538 (1992), 8.707 + (1991), 8.242 (1990), 8.488 (1989), 8.209 (1988) +Fiscal year: + NA + +*Western Sahara, Communications + +Highways: + 6,200 km total; 1,450 km surfaced, 4,750 km improved and unimproved earth + roads and tracks +Ports: + El Aaiun, Ad Dakhla +Airports: + total: + 14 + usable: + 14 + with permanent-surface runways: + 3 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 3 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 5 +Telecommunications: + sparse and limited system; tied into Morocco's system by microwave radio + relay, troposcatter, and 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth stations linked to + Rabat, Morocco; 2,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 2 AM, no FM, 2 TV + +*Western Sahara, Defense Forces + +Branches: + NA +Manpower availability: + NA +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP + +*Western Samoa, Geography + +Location: + Oceania, 4,300 km southwest of Honolulu in the South Pacific Ocean, about + halfway between Hawaii and New Zealand +Map references: + Oceania, Standard Time Zones of the World +Area: + total area: + 2,860 km2 land area: + 2,850 km2 + comparative area: + slightly smaller than Rhode Island +Land boundaries: + 0 km +Coastline: + 403 km +Maritime claims: + exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + territorial sea: + 12 nm +International disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical; rainy season (October to March), dry season (May to October) +Terrain: + narrow coastal plain with volcanic, rocky, rugged mountains in interior +Natural resources: + hardwood forests, fish +Land use: + arable land: + 19% + permanent crops: + 24% + meadows and pastures: + 0% + forest and woodland: + 47% + other: + 10% +Irrigated land: + NA km2 +Environment: + subject to occasional typhoons; active volcanism + +*Western Samoa, People + +Population: + 199,652 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 2.37% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 33 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 6.17 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + -3.14 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 38.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 67.58 years male: + 65.19 years + female: + 70.08 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 4.28 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Western Samoan(s) + adjective: + Western Samoan +Ethnic divisions: + Samoan 92.6%, Euronesians 7% (persons of European and Polynesian blood), + Europeans 0.4% +Religions: + Christian 99.7% (about half of population associated with the London + Missionary Society; includes Congregational, Roman Catholic, Methodist, + Latter Day Saints, Seventh-Day Adventist) +Languages: + Samoan (Polynesian), English +Literacy: + age 15 and over can read and write (1971) + total population: + 97% + male: + 97% + female: + 97% +Labor force: + 38,000 + by occupation: + agriculture 22,000 (1987 est.) + +*Western Samoa, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Independent State of Western Samoa + conventional short form: + Western Samoa +Digraph: + WS +Type: + constitutional monarchy under native chief +Capital: + Apia +Administrative divisions: + 11 districts; A'ana, Aiga-i-le-Tai, Atua, Fa'asaleleaga, Gaga'emauga, + Gagaifomauga, Palauli, Satupa'itea, Tuamasaga, Va'a-o-Fonoti, Vaisigano +Independence: + 1 January 1962 (from UN trusteeship administered by New Zealand) +Constitution: + 1 January 1962 +Legal system: based on English common law and local customs; judicial review of + legislative acts with respect to fundamental rights of the citizen; has not + accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + National Day, 1 June +Political parties and leaders: + Human Rights Protection Party (HRPP), TOFILAU Eti, chairman; Samoan National + Development Party (SNDP), TAPUA Tamasese Efi, chairman +Suffrage: + 21 years of age; universal, but only matai (head of family) are able to run + for the Legislative Assembly +Elections: + Legislative Assembly: + last held 5 April 1991 (next to be held by NA 1996); results - percent of + vote by party NA; seats - (47 total) HRPP 28, SNDP 18, independents 1 +Executive branch: + chief, Executive Council, prime minister, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + unicameral Legislative Assembly (Fono) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court, Court of Appeal +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Chief Susuga Malietoa TANUMAFILI II (Co-Chief of State from 1 January 1962 + until becoming sole Chief of State on 5 April 1963) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister TOFILAU Eti Alesana (since 7 April 1988) +Member of: + ACP, AsDB, C, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IMF, IOC, ITU, + LORCS, SPARTECA, SPC, SPF, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WHO +Diplomatic representation in US: + chief of mission: + Ambassador-designate Neroni SLADE + chancery: + (temporary) suite 510, 1155 15th Street NW, Washington, DC 20005 + telephone: + (202) 833-1743 +US diplomatic representation: + chief of mission: + the ambassador to New Zealand is accredited to Western Samoa + +*Western Samoa, Government + + embassy: + address NA, Apia + mailing address: + P.O. Box 3430, Apia + telephone: + (685) 21-631 + FAX: + (685) 22-030 +Flag: + red with a blue rectangle in the upper hoist-side quadrant bearing five + white five-pointed stars representing the Southern Cross constellation + +*Western Samoa, Economy + +Overview: + Agriculture employs more than half of the labor force, contributes 50% to + GDP, and furnishes 90% of exports. The bulk of export earnings comes from + the sale of coconut oil and copra. The economy depends on emigrant + remittances and foreign aid to support a level of imports several times + export earnings. Tourism has become the most important growth industry, and + construction of the first international hotel is under way. +National product: + GDP - exchange rate conversion - $115 million (1990) +National product real growth rate: + -4.5% (1990 est.) +National product per capita: + $690 (1990) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 15% (1990) +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $95.3 million; expenditures $95.4 million, including capital + expenditures of $41 million (FY92) +Exports: + $9 million (f.o.b., 1990) + commodities: + coconut oil and cream 54%, taro 12%, copra 9%, cocoa 3% + partners: + NZ 28%, American Samoa 23%, Germany 22%, US 6% (1990) +Imports: + $75 million (c.i.f., 1990) + commodities: + intermediate goods 58%, food 17%, capital goods 12% + partners: + New Zealand 41%, Australia 18%, Japan 13%, UK 6%, US 6% +External debt: + $83 million (December 1990 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate -4% (1990 est.); accounts for 14% of GDP +Electricity: + 29,000 kW capacity; 45 million kWh produced, 240 kWh per capita (1990) +Industries: + timber, tourism, food processing, fishing +Agriculture: + accounts for 50% of GDP; coconuts, fruit (including bananas, taro, yams) +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $18 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $306 million; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $4 million +Currency: + 1 tala (WS$) = 100 sene +Exchange rates: + tala (WS$) per US$1 - 2.5681 (January 1993), 2.4655 (1992), 2.3975 (1991), + 2.3095 (1990), 2.2686 (1989), 2.0790 (1988) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +*Western Samoa, Communications + +Highways: + 2,042 km total; 375 km sealed; 1,667 km mostly gravel, crushed stone, or + earth +Ports: + Apia +Merchant marine: + 1 roll-on/roll-off ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 3,838 GRT/5,536 DWT +Airports: + total: + 3 + usable: + 3 + with permanent-surface runways: + 1 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 1 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 0 +Telecommunications: + 7,500 telephones; 70,000 radios; broadcast stations - 1 AM, no FM, no TV; 1 + Pacific Ocean INTELSAT ground station + +*Western Samoa, Defense Forces + +Branches: + Department of Police and Prisons +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 NA; fit for military service NA +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP + +*World, Geography + +Map references: + Standard Time Zones of the World +Area: + total area: + 510.072 million km2 + land area: + 148.94 million km2 + water area: + 361.132 million km2 + comparative area: land area about 16 times the size of the US + note: + 70.8% of the world is water, 29.2% is land +Land boundaries: + the land boundaries in the world total 250,883.64 km (not counting shared + boundaries twice) +Coastline: + 356,000 km +Maritime claims: + contiguous zone: + 24 nm claimed by most but can vary + continental shelf: + 200 m depth claimed by most or to the depth of exploitation, others claim + 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin + exclusive fishing zone: + 200 nm claimed by most but can vary + exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm claimed by most but can vary + territorial sea: + 12 nm claimed by most but can vary + note: + boundary situations with neighboring states prevent many countries from + extending their fishing or economic zones to a full 200 nm; 42 nations and + other areas that are landlocked include Afghanistan, Andorra, Armenia, + Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bhutan, Bolivia, Botswana, Burkina, Burundi, + Central African Republic, Chad, Czech Republic, Ethiopia, Holy See (Vatican + City), Hungary, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Lesotho, Liechtenstein, + Luxembourg, Macedonia, Malawi, Mali, Moldova, Mongolia, Nepal, Niger, + Paraguay, Rwanda, San Marino, Slovakia, Swaziland, Switzerland, Tajikistan, + Turkmenistan, Uganda, Uzbekistan, West Bank, Zambia, Zimbabwe +Climate: + two large areas of polar climates separated by two rather narrow temperate + zones from a wide equatorial band of tropical to subtropical climates +Terrain: + highest elevation is Mt. Everest at 8,848 meters and lowest depression is + the Dead Sea at 392 meters below sea level; greatest ocean depth is the + Marianas Trench at 10,924 meters +Natural resources: + the rapid using up of nonrenewable mineral resources, the depletion of + forest areas and wetlands, the extinction of animal and plant species, and + the deterioration in air and water quality (especially in Eastern Europe and + the former USSR) pose serious long-term problems that governments and + peoples are only beginning to address +Land use: + arable land: + 10% + permanent crops: + 1% + +*World, Geography + + meadows and pastures: + 24% + forest and woodland: 31% + other: + 34% +Irrigated land: + NA km2 +Environment: + large areas subject to severe weather (tropical cyclones), natural disasters + (earthquakes, landslides, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions), overpopulation, + industrial disasters, pollution (air, water, acid rain, toxic substances), + loss of vegetation (overgrazing, deforestation, desertification), loss of + wildlife resources, soil degradation, soil depletion, erosion + +*World, People + +Population: + 5,554,552,453 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 1.6% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 25 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 9 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 66 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 62 years + male: + 60 years + female: + 64 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 3.2 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Literacy: + age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) + combined: + 74% + male: + 81% + female: + 67% +Labor force: + 2.24 billion (1992) + by occupation: + NA + +*World, Government + +Digraph: + XX +Administrative divisions: + 265 sovereign nations, dependent areas, other, and miscellaneous entries +Legal system: + varies by individual country; 182 are parties to the United Nations + International Court of Justice (ICJ or World Court) + +*World, Economy + +Overview: + Real global output--gross world product (GWP)--rose one-half of 1% in 1992, + with results varying widely among regions and countries. Average growth of + 1.5% in the GDP of industrialized countries (62% of GWP in 1992) and average + growth of 5% in the GDP of less developed countries (30% of GWP) were offset + by a further 15-20% drop in the GDP of the former Soviet-East European area + (now only 8% of GWP). The United States accounted for 23% of GWP in 1992; + the 12-member European Community, which established a single internal market + on 1 January 1993, accounted for another 23%, and Japan accounted for 10%. + These are the three "economic superpowers" presumably destined to compete + for mastery in international markets on into the 21st century. In general, + growth in the industrialized countries was sluggish in 1992, with + unemployment typically at 7-11%. As for the less developed countries, China, + India, and the Four Dragons--South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and + Singapore--posted good records; however, many other countries, especially in + Africa, suffered bitterly from drought, rapid population growth, and civil + strife. The continued plunge in production in practically all the former + Warsaw Pact economies strained the political and social fabric of these + newly independent nations, in particular in Russia. The addition of nearly + 100 million people each year to an already overcrowded globe is exacerbating + the problems of pollution, desertification, underemployment, epidemics, and + famine. Because of their own internal problems, the industrialized countries + have inadequate resources to deal effectively with the poorer areas of the + world, which, at least from the economic point of view, are becoming further + marginalized. (For the specific economic problems of each country, see the + individual country entries in this volume.) +National product: + GWP (gross world product) - purchasing power equivalent - $25.6 trillion + (1992 est.) +National product real growth rate: + 0.5% (1992 est.) +National product per capita: + $4,600 (1992 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + developed countries: + 5% (1992 est.) + developing countries: + 50% (1992 est.) + note: + these figures vary widely in individual cases +Unemployment rate: + developed countries typically 7-11%; developing countries, extensive + unemployment and underemployment (1992) +Exports: + $3.64 trillion (f.o.b., 1992 est.) + commodities: + the whole range of industrial and agricultural goods and services + partners: in value, about 75% of exports from the developed countries +Imports: + $3.82 trillion (c.i.f., 1992 est.) + commodities: + the whole range of industrial and agricultural goods and services + partners: + in value, about 75% of imports by the developed countries +External debt: + $1 trillion for less developed countries (1992 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate -1% (1992 est.) + +*World, Economy + +Electricity: + 2,864,000,000 kW capacity; 11,450,000 million kWh produced, 2,150 kWh per + capita (1990) +Industries: + industry worldwide is dominated by the onrush of technology, especially in + computers, robotics, telecommunications, and medicines and medical + equipment; most of these advances take place in OECD nations; only a small + portion of non-OECD countries have succeeded in rapidly adjusting to these + technological forces, and the technological gap between the industrial + nations and the less-developed countries continues to widen; the rapid + development of new industrial (and agricultural) technology is complicating + already grim environmental problems +Agriculture: + the production of major food crops has increased substantially in the last + 20 years; the annual production of cereals, for instance, has risen by 50%, + from about 1.2 billion metric tons to about 1.8 billion metric tons; + production increases have resulted mainly from increased yields rather than + increases in planted areas; while global production is sufficient for + aggregate demand, about one-fifth of the world's population remains + malnourished, primarily because local production cannot adequately provide + for large and rapidly growing populations, which are too poor to pay for + food imports; conditions are especially bad in Africa where drought in + recent years has intensified the consequences of overpopulation +Economic aid: + NA + +*World, Communications + +Railroads: + 239,430 km of narrow gauge track; 710,754 km of standard gauge track; + 251,153 km of broad gauge track; includes about 190,000 to 195,000 km of + electrified routes of which 147,760 km are in Europe, 24,509 km in the Far + East, 11,050 km in Africa, 4,223 km in South America, and only 4,160 km in + North America; fastest speed in daily service is 300 km/hr attained by + France's SNCF TGV-Atlantique line +Ports: + Mina al Ahmadi (Kuwait), Chiba, Houston, Kawasaki, Kobe, Marseille, New + Orleans, New York, Rotterdam, Yokohama +Merchant marine: + 23,943 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 397,225,000 GRT/652,025,000 DWT; + includes 347 passenger-cargo, 12,581 freighters, 5,473 bulk carriers, and + 5,542 tankers (January 1992) + +*World, Defense Forces + +Branches: + ground, maritime, and air forces at all levels of technology +Defense expenditures: + $1.0 trillion, 4% of total world output; decline of 5-10% (1991 est.) + +*Yemen, Geography + +Location: + Middle East, along the Red Sea and the Arabian Sea, south of Saudi Arabia +Map references: + Africa, Middle East, Standard Time Zones of the World +Area: + total area: + 527,970 km2 + land area: + 527,970 km2 + comparative area: + slightly larger than twice the size of Wyoming + note: + includes Perim, Socotra, the former Yemen Arab Republic (YAR or North + Yemen), and the former People's Democratic Republic of Yemen (PDRY or South + Yemen) +Land boundaries: + total 1,746 km, Oman 288 km, Saudi Arabia 1,458 km +Coastline: + 1,906 km +Maritime claims: + contiguous zone: + 18 nm in the North + 24 nm in the South + continental shelf: + 200 m depth in the North + 200 nm in the South or to the edge of the continental margin + exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + territorial sea: + 12 nm +International disputes: + undefined section of boundary with Saudi Arabia; Administrative Line with + Oman; a treaty with Oman to settle the Yemeni-Omani boundary was ratified in + December 1992 +Climate: + mostly desert; hot and humid along west coast; temperate in western + mountains affected by seasonal monsoon; extraordinarily hot, dry, harsh + desert in east +Terrain: + narrow coastal plain backed by flat-topped hills and rugged mountains; + dissected upland desert plains in center slope into the desert interior of + the Arabian Peninsula +Natural resources: + petroleum, fish, rock salt, marble, small deposits of coal, gold, lead, + nickel, and copper, fertile soil in west +Land use: + arable land: + 6% + permanent crops: + 0% + meadows and pastures: + 30% + forest and woodland: + 7% + other: + 57% +Irrigated land: + 3,100 km2 (1989 est.) + +*Yemen, Geography + +Environment: + subject to sand and dust storms in summer; scarcity of natural freshwater + resources; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification +Note: + controls Bab el Mandeb, the strait linking the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden, + one of world's most active shipping lanes + +*Yemen, People + +Population: + 10,742,395 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 3.31% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 51 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 15.37 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + -2.56 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 115.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 50.94 years + male: + 49.83 years + female: + 52.11 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: 7.27 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Yemeni(s) + adjective: + Yemeni +Ethnic divisions: + predominantly Arab; Afro-Arab concentrations in coastal locations; South + Asians in southern regions; small European communities in major metropolitan + areas; 60,000 (est.) Somali refugees encamped near Aden +Religions: + Muslim (including Sha'fi, Sunni, and Zaydi Shi'a), Jewish, Christian, Hindu +Languages: + Arabic +Literacy: + age 15 and over can read and write (1990) + total population: + 38% + male: + 53% + female: + 26% +Labor force: + North: + NA + by occupation: + agriculture and herding 70%, expatriate laborers 30% (est.) + South: + 477,000 + by occupation: + agriculture 45.2%, services 21.2%, construction 13.4%, industry 10.6%, + commerce and other 9.6% (1983) + +*Yemen, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Republic of Yemen + conventional short form: + Yemen + local long form: + Al Jumhuriyah al Yamaniyah + local short form: + Al Yaman +Digraph: + YM +Type: + republic +Capital: + Sanaa +Administrative divisions: + 17 governorates (muhafazat, singular - muhafazah); Abyan, 'Adan, Al Bayda', + Al Hudaydah, Al Jawf, Al Mahrah, Al Mahwit, Dhamar, Hadramawt, Hajjah, Ibb, + Lahij, Ma'rib, Sa'dah, San'a', Shabwah, Ta'izz + note: + there may be a new capital district of San'a' +Independence: + 22 May 1990 Republic of Yemen was established on 22 May 1990 with the merger + of the Yemen Arab Republic {Yemen (Sanaa) or North Yemen} and the + Marxist-dominated People's Democratic Republic of Yemen {Yemen (Aden) or + South Yemen}; previously North Yemen had become independent on NA November + 1918 (from the Ottoman Empire) and South Yemen had become independent on 30 + November 1967 (from the UK) +Constitution: + 16 April 1991 +Legal system: + based on Islamic law, Turkish law, English common law, and local customary + law; does not accept compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + Proclamation of the Republic, 22 May (1990) +Political parties and leaders: + General People's Congress, 'Ali 'Abdallah SALIH; Yemeni Socialist Party + (YSP; formerly South Yemen's ruling party - a coalition of National Front, + Ba'th, and Communist Parties), Ali Salim al-BIDH; Yemen Grouping for Reform + or Islaah, Abdallah Husayn AHMAR +Other political or pressure groups: + conservative tribal groups; Muslim Brotherhood; Islamist parties; pro-Iraqi + Ba'thists; Nasirists +Suffrage: + 18 years of age; universal +Elections: + House of Representatives: + last held NA (next to be held 27 April 1993); results - percent of vote NA; + seats - (301); number of seats by party NA; note - the 301 members of the + new House of Representatives come from North Yemen's Consultative Assembly + (159 members), South Yemen's Supreme People's Council (111 members), and + appointments by the New Presidential Council (31 members) +Executive branch: + five-member Presidential Council (president, vice president, two members + from northern Yemen and one member from southern Yemen), prime minister +Legislative branch: + unicameral House of Representatives +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court + +*Yemen, Government + +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + President 'Ali 'Abdallah SALIH (since 22 May 1990, the former president of + North Yemen); Vice President Ali Salim al-BIDH (since 22 May 1990); + Presidential Council Member Salim Salih MUHAMMED; Presidential Council + Member Kadi Abdul-Karim al-ARASHI; Presidential Council Member Abdul-Aziz + ABDUL-GHANI; Prime Minister Haydar Abu Bakr al-'ATTAS (since 22 May 1990, + the former president of South Yemen) +Member of: + ACC, AFESD, AL, AMF, CAEU, ESCWA, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, + IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OIC, UN, + UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation in US: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Muhsin Ahmad al-AYNI + chancery: + Suite 840, 600 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20037 + telephone: + (202) 965-4760 or 4761 + consulate general: + Detroit + consulate: + San Francisco +US diplomatic representation: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Arthur H. HUGHES + embassy: + Dhahr Himyar Zone, Sheraton Hotel District, Sanaa + mailing address: + P. O. Box 22347 Sanaa or Sanaa, Department of State, Washington, DC + 20521-6330 + telephone: + [967] (2) 238-842 through 238-852 + FAX: + [967] (2) 251-563 +Flag: + three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black; similar to the + flag of Syria which has two green stars and of Iraq which has three green + stars (plus an Arabic inscription) in a horizontal line centered in the + white band; also similar to the flag of Egypt which has a symbolic eagle + centered in the white band + +*Yemen, Economy + +Overview: + Whereas the northern city Sanaa is the political capital of a united Yemen, + the southern city Aden, with its refinery and port facilities, is the + economic and commercial capital. Future economic development depends heavily + on Western-assisted development of promising oil resources. Former South + Yemen's willingness to merge stemmed partly from the steady decline in + Soviet economic support. The low level of domestic industry and agriculture + have made northern Yemen dependent on imports for virtually all of its + essential needs. Large trade deficits have been compensated for by + remittances from Yemenis working abroad and by foreign aid. Once + self-sufficient in food production, northern Yemen has become a major + importer. Land once used for export crops - cotton, fruit, and vegetables - + has been turned over to growing qat, a mildly narcotic shrub chewed by + Yemenis which has no significant export market. Oil export revenues started + flowing in late 1987 and boosted 1988 earnings by about $800 million. + Economic growth in former South Yemen has been constrained by a lack of + incentives, partly stemming from centralized control over production + decisions, investment allocation, and import choices. +National product: + GDP - exchange rate conversion - $8 billion (1992 est.) +National product real growth rate: NA% +National product per capita: + $775 (1992 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 100% (December 1992) +Unemployment rate: + 30% (December 1992) +Budget: + revenues $NA, expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA +Exports: + $908 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.) + commodities: + crude oil, cotton, coffee, hides, vegetables, dried and salted fish + partners: + US, EC countries, South Korea, Saudi Arabia +Imports: + $2.1 billion (f.o.b., 1990 est.) + commodities: + textiles and other manufactured consumer goods, petroleum products, sugar, + grain, flour, other foodstuffs, cement, machinery, chemicals + partners: + Japan, Saudi Arabia, Australia, EC countries, China, Russia, US +External debt: + $5.75 billion (December 1989 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate NA%, accounts for 18% of GDP +Electricity: + 714,000 kW capacity; 1,224 million kWh produced, 120 kWh per capita (1992) +Industries: + crude oil production and petroleum refining; small-scale production of + cotton textiles and leather goods; food processing; handicrafts; small + aluminum products factory; cement +Agriculture: + accounted for 26% of GDP; products - grain, fruits, vegetables, qat (mildly + narcotic shrub), coffee, cotton, dairy, poultry, meat, fish; not + self-sufficient in grain + +*Yemen, Economy + +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $389 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $2.0 billion; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $3.2 billion; Communist countries (1970-89), $2.4 + billion +Currency: + Yemeni rial (new currency); 1 North Yemeni riyal (YR) = 100 fils; 1 South + Yemeni dinar (YD) = 1,000 fils + note: + following the establishment of the Republic of Yemen on 22 May 1990, the + North Yemeni riyal and the South Yemeni dinar are to be replaced with a new + Yemeni rial +Exchange rates: + Yemeni rials per US$1 - 12.0 (official); 30-40 (unofficial) (est.); North + Yemeni riyals (YR) per US$1 - 12.1000 (June 1992), 12.0000 (1991), 9.7600 + (1990), 9.7600 (January 1989), 9.7717 (1988), 10.3417 (1987); South Yemeni + dinars (YD) per US$1 - 0.3454 (fixed rate) + note: + following the establishment of the Republic of Yemen on 22 May 1990, the + North Yemeni riyal and the South Yemeni dinar are to be replaced with a new + Yemeni rial +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +*Yemen, Communications + +Highways: + 15,500 km total; 4,000 km paved, 11,500 km natural surface (est.) +Pipelines: + crude oil 644 km, petroleum products 32 km +Ports: + Aden, Al Hudaydah, Al Khalf, Al Mukalla, Mocha, Nishtun, Ra's Kathib, Salif +Merchant marine: + 3 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 4,309 GRT/6,568 DWT; includes 2 cargo, + 1 oil tanker +Airports: + total: + 45 + usable: + 39 + with permanent-surface runways: + 10 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 0 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 18 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 11 +Telecommunications: + since unification in 1990, efforts are still being made to create a national + domestic civil telecommunications network; the network consists of microwave + radio relay, cable and troposcatter; 65,000 telephones (est.); broadcast + stations - 4 AM, 1 FM, 10 TV; satellite earth stations - 2 Indian Ocean + INTELSAT, 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 1 Intersputnik, 2 ARABSAT; microwave + radio relay to Saudi Arabia, and Djibouti + +*Yemen, Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy, Air Force, Police +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 2,060,124; fit for military service 1,172,633; reach + military age (14) annually 133,727 (1993 est.) +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $762 million, 10% of GDP (1992) + +*Zaire, Geography + +Location: + Central Africa, between Congo and Zambia +Map references: + Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World +Area: + total area: + 2,345,410 km2 + land area: + 2,267,600 km2 + comparative area: + slightly more than one-quarter the size of US +Land boundaries: + total 10,271 km, Angola 2,511 km, Burundi 233 km, Central African Republic + 1,577 km, Congo 2,410 km, Rwanda 217 km, Sudan 628 km, Uganda 765 km, Zambia + 1,930 km +Coastline: + 37 km +Maritime claims: + exclusive fishing zone: + 200 nm + territorial sea: + 12 nm +International disputes: + Tanzania-Zaire-Zambia tripoint in Lake Tanganyika may no longer be + indefinite since it is reported that the indefinite section of the + Zaire-Zambia boundary has been settled; long section with Congo along the + Congo River is indefinite (no division of the river or its islands has been + made) +Climate: + tropical; hot and humid in equatorial river basin; cooler and drier in + southern highlands; cooler and wetter in eastern highlands; north of Equator + - wet season April to October, dry season December to February; south of + Equator - wet season November to March, dry season April to October +Terrain: + vast central basin is a low-lying plateau; mountains in east +Natural resources: + cobalt, copper, cadmium, petroleum, industrial and gem diamonds, gold, + silver, zinc, manganese, tin, germanium, uranium, radium, bauxite, iron ore, + coal, hydropower potential +Land use: + arable land: + 3% + permanent crops: + 0% + meadows and pastures: + 4% + forest and woodland: + 78% + other: + 15% +Irrigated land: + 100 km2 (1989 est.) +Environment: dense tropical rain forest in central river basin and eastern highlands; + periodic droughts in south +Note: + straddles Equator; very narrow strip of land that controls the lower Congo + River and is only outlet to South Atlantic Ocean + +*Zaire, People + +Population: + 41,345,738 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 3.2% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 48.43 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 16.91 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + 0.52 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 113.2 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 47.26 years + male: + 45.45 years + female: + 49.12 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 6.7 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Zairian(s) + adjective: + Zairian +Ethnic divisions: + over 200 African ethnic groups, the majority are Bantu; four largest tribes + - Mongo, Luba, Kongo (all Bantu), and the Mangbetu-Azande (Hamitic) make up + about 45% of the population +Religions: + Roman Catholic 50%, Protestant 20%, Kimbanguist 10%, Muslim 10%, other + syncretic sects and traditional beliefs 10% +Languages: + French, Lingala, Swahili, Kingwana, Kikongo, Tshiluba +Literacy: + age 15 and over can read and write (1990) + total population: + 72% + male: + 84% + female: + 61% +Labor force: + 15 million (13% of the labor force is wage earners; 51% of the population is + of working age) + by occupation: + agriculture 75%, industry 13%, services 12% (1985) + +*Zaire, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Republic of Zaire + conventional short form: + Zaire + local long form: + Republique du Zaire + local short form: + Zaire + former: + Belgian Congo Congo/Leopoldville Congo/Kinshasa +Digraph: + CG +Type: + republic with a strong presidential system +Capital: + Kinshasa +Administrative divisions: + 10 regions (regions, singular - region) and 1 town* (ville); Bandundu,, Bas-Zaire, Equateur, +Haut-Zaire, Kasai-Occidental, Kasai-Oriental, + Kinshasa*, Maniema, Nord-Kivu, Shaba, Sud-Kivu, Independence: + 30 June 1960 (from Belgium) +Constitution: + 24 June 1967, amended August 1974, revised 15 February 1978; amended April + 1990; new constitution to be put to referendum in 1993 +Legal system: + based on Belgian civil law system and tribal law; has not accepted + compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + Anniversary of the Regime (Second Republic), 24 November (1965) +Political parties and leaders: + sole legal party until January 1991 - Popular Movement of the Revolution + (MPR); other parties include Union for Democracy and Social Progress (UDPS), + Etienne TSHISEKEDI wa Mulumba; Democratic Social Christian Party (PDSC), + Joseph ILEO; Union of Federalists and Independent Republicans (UFERI), NGUZ + a Karl-I-Bond; Unified Lumumbast Party (PALU), leader NA +Suffrage: + 18 years of age; universal and compulsory +Elections: + President: + last held 29 July 1984 (next to be scheduled by High Council, the + opposition-controlled transition legislature); results - President MOBUTU + was reelected without opposition + Legislative Council: + last held 6 September 1987 (next to be scheduled by High Council); results - + MPR was the only party; seats - (210 total) MPR 210; note - MPR still holds + majority of seats but some deputies have joined other parties +Executive branch: president, prime minister, Executive Council (cabinet) +Legislative branch: + unicameral National Parliament; anti-Mobutu opposition claims National + Parliament replaced by High Council +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court (Cour Supreme) +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Marshal MOBUTU Sese Seko Kuku Ngbendu wa Za Banga (since 24 + November 1965) + +*Zaire, Government + + Head of Government: + Interim Prime Minister Faustin BIRINDWA (since 18 March 1993) +Member of: + ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CCC, CEEAC, CEPGL, ECA, FAO, G-19, G-24, G-77, GATT, IAEA, + IBRD, ICAO, ICC, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, + ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, + WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation in US: + chief of mission: + Ambassador TATANENE Manata + chancery: + 1800 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20009 + telephone: + (202) 234-7690 or 7691 +US diplomatic representation: + chief of mission: + Deputy Chief of Mission John YATES + embassy: + 310 Avenue des Aviateurs, Kinshasa + mailing address: + APO AE 09828 + telephone: + [243] (12) 21532, 21628 + FAX: + [243] (12) 21232 + consulate general: + Lubumbashi (closed and evacuated in October 1991 because of the poor + security situation) +Flag: + light green with a yellow disk in the center bearing a black arm holding a + red flaming torch; the flames of the torch are blowing away from the hoist + side; uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia + +*Zaire, Economy + +Overview: + In 1992, Zaire's formal economy continued to disintegrate. While meaningful + economic figures are difficult to come by, Zaire's hyperinflation, the + largest government deficit ever, and plunging mineral production have made + the country one of the world's poorest. Most formal transactions are + conducted in hard currency as indigenous banknotes have lost almost all + value, and a barter economy now flourishes in all but the largest cities. + Most individuals and families hang on grimly through subsistence farming and + petty trade. The government has not been able to meet its financial + obligations to the International Momentary Fund or put in place the + financial measures advocated by the IMF. Although short-term prospects for + improvement are dim, improved political stability would boost Zaire's + long-term potential to effectively exploit its vast wealth of mineral and + agricultural resources. +National product: + GDP - exchange rate conversion - $9.2 billion (1992, at 1990 exchange rate) +National product real growth rate: + -6% (1992 est.) +National product per capita: + $235 (1992, at 1990 exchange rate) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 35-40% per month (1992 est.) +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $NA, expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA +Exports: + $1.5 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.) + commodities: + copper, coffee, diamonds, cobalt, crude oil + partners: + US, Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, UK, Japan, South Africa +Imports: + $1.2 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.) + commodities: + consumer goods, foodstuffs, mining and other machinery, transport equipment, + fuels + partners: + South Africa, US, Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, UK +External debt: + $9.2 billion (May 1992 est.) +Industrial production: + growth grate NA% +Electricity: + 2,580,000 kW capacity; 6,000 million kWh produced, 160 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + mining, mineral processing, consumer products (including textiles, footwear, + and cigarettes), processed foods and beverages, cement, diamonds +Agriculture: + cash crops - coffee, palm oil, rubber, quinine; food crops - cassava, + bananas, root crops, corn +Illicit drugs: + illicit producer of cannabis, mostly for domestic consumption +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $1.1 billion; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $6.9 billion; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $35 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $263 + million; except for humanitarian aid to private organizations, no US + assistance was given to Zaire in 1992 + +*Zaire, Economy + +Currency: + 1 zaire (Z) = 100 makuta +Exchange rates: + zaire (Z) per US$1 - 2,000,000 (January1993), 15,587 (1991), 719 (1990), 381 + (1989), 187 (1988), 112 (1987) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +*Zaire, Communications + +Railroads: + 5,254 km total; 3,968 km 1.067-meter gauge (851 km electrified); 125 km + 1.000-meter gauge; 136 km 0.615-meter gauge; 1,025 km 0.600-meter gauge; + limited trackage in use because of civil strife +Highways: + 146,500 km total; 2,800 km paved, 46,200 km gravel and improved earth; + 97,500 unimproved earth +Inland waterways: + 15,000 km including the Congo, its tributaries, and unconnected lakes +Pipelines: + petroleum products 390 km +Ports: + Matadi, Boma, Banana +Merchant marine: + 1 passenger cargo ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 15,489 GRT/13,481 DWT +Airports: + total: + 281 + usable: + 235 + with permanent-surface runways: + 25 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 1 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 6 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 73 +Telecommunications: + barely adequate wire and microwave service; broadcast stations - 10 AM, 4 + FM, 18 TV; satellite earth stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 14 domestic + +*Zaire, Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy, Air Force, paramilitary National Gendarmerie, Civil Guard, + Special Presidential Division +Manpower availability: males age 15-49 8,879,731; fit for military service 4,521,768 (1993 est.) +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $49 million, 0.8% of GDP (1988) + +*Zambia, Geography + +Location: + Southern Africa, between Zaire and Zimbabwe +Map references: + Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World +Area: + total area: + 752,610 km2 + land area: + 740,720 km2 + comparative area: + slightly larger than Texas +Land boundaries: + total 5,664 km, Angola 1,110 km, Malawi 837 km, Mozambique 419 km, Namibia + 233 km, Tanzania 338 km, Zaire 1,930 km, Zimbabwe 797 km +Coastline: + 0 km (landlocked) +Maritime claims: + none; landlocked +International disputes: + quadripoint with Botswana, Namibia, and Zimbabwe is in disagreement; + Tanzania-Zaire-Zambia tripoint in Lake Tanganyika may no longer be + indefinite since it is reported that the indefinite section of the + Zaire-Zambia boundary has been settled +Climate: + tropical; modified by altitude; rainy season (October to April) +Terrain: + mostly high plateau with some hills and mountains +Natural resources: + copper, cobalt, zinc, lead, coal, emeralds, gold, silver, uranium, + hydropower potential +Land use: + arable land: + 7% + permanent crops: + 0% + meadows and pastures: + 47% + forest and woodland: + 27% + other: + 19% +Irrigated land: + 320 km2 (1989 est.) +Environment: + deforestation; soil erosion; desertification +Note: + landlocked + +*Zambia, People + +Population: + 8,926,099 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 2.96% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 46.53 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 16.88 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + -0.05 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 83.9 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 45.56 years + male: + 44.97 years + female: + 46.16 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 6.75 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Zambian(s) + adjective: + Zambian +Ethnic divisions: + African 98.7%, European 1.1%, other 0.2% +Religions: + Christian 50-75%, Muslim and Hindu 24-49%, indigenous beliefs 1% +Languages: + English (official) + note: + about 70 indigenous languages +Literacy: + age 15 and over can read and write (1990) + total population: + 73% + male: + 81% + female: + 65% +Labor force: + 2.455 million + by occupation: + agriculture 85%, mining, manufacturing, and construction 6%, transport and + services 9% + +*Zambia, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Republic of Zambia + conventional short form: + Zambia + former: + Northern Rhodesia +Digraph: + ZA +Type: + republic +Capital: + Lusaka +Administrative divisions: + 9 provinces; Central, Copperbelt, Eastern, Luapula, Lusaka, Northern, + North-Western, Southern, Western +Independence: + 24 October 1964 (from UK) +Constitution: + NA August 1991 +Legal system: + based on English common law and customary law; judicial review of + legislative acts in an ad hoc constitutional council; has not accepted + compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + Independence Day, 24 October (1964) +Political parties and leaders: + Movement for Multiparty Democracy (MMD), Frederick CHILUBA; United National + Independence Party (UNIP), Kebby MUSOKATWANE; United Democratic Party, Enoch + KAVINDELE +Suffrage: + 18 years of age; universal +Elections: + President: + last held 31 October 1991 (next to be held mid-1995); results - Frederick + CHILUBA 84%, Kenneth KAUNDA 16% + National Assembly: + last held 31 October 1991 (next to be held mid-1995); results - percent of + vote by party NA; seats - (150 total) MMD 125, UNIP 25 +Executive branch: + president, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + unicameral National Assembly +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + President Frederick CHILUBA (since 31 October 1991) +Member of: + ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA, FAO, FLS, G-19, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, + IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, + SADC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNOMOZ, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation in US: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Dunstan KAMONA + chancery: 2419 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 + telephone: + (202) 265-9717 through 9721 + +*Zambia, Government + +US diplomatic representation: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Gordon L. STREEB + embassy: + corner of Independence Avenue and United Nations Avenue, Lusaka + mailing address: + P. O. Box 31617, Lusaka + telephone: + [260-1] 228-595, 228-601, 228-602, 228-603 + FAX: + [260-1] 251-578 +Flag: + green with a panel of three vertical bands of red (hoist side), black, and + orange below a soaring orange eagle, on the outer edge of the flag + +*Zambia, Economy + +Overview: + The economy has been in decline for more than a decade with falling imports + and growing foreign debt. Economic difficulties stem from a chronically + depressed level of copper production and ineffective economic policies. In + 1991 real GDP fell by 2% and in 1992 by 3% more. An annual population growth + of more than 3% has brought a decline in per capita GDP of 50% over the past + decade. A high inflation rate has also added to Zambia's economic woes in + recent years, as well as severe drought in the crop year 1991/92. +National product: + GDP - exchange rate conversion - $4.7 billion (1992 est.) +National product real growth rate: + -3% (1992 est.) +National product per capita: + $550 (1992 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 170% (1992 est.) +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $665 million; expenditures $767 million, including capital + expenditures of $300 million (1991 est.) +Exports: + $1.0 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.) + commodities: + copper, zinc, cobalt, lead, tobacco + partners: + EC countries, Japan, South Africa, US, India +Imports: + $1.2 billion (c.i.f., 1992 est.) + commodities: + machinery, transportation equipment, foodstuffs, fuels, manufactures + partners: + EC countries, Japan, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, US +External debt: + $7.6 billion (1991) +Industrial production: + growth rate -2% (1991); accounts for 50% of GDP +Electricity: + 2,775,000 kW capacity; 12,000 million kWh produced, 1,400 kWh per capita + (1991) +Industries: + copper mining and processing, construction, foodstuffs, beverages, + chemicals, textiles, and fertilizer +Agriculture: + accounts for 17% of GDP and 85% of labor force; crops - corn (food staple), + sorghum, rice, peanuts, sunflower, tobacco, cotton, sugarcane, cassava; + cattle, goats, beef, eggs +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (1970-89), $4.8 billion; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $4.8 billion; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $60 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $533 + million +Currency: + 1 Zambian kwacha (ZK) = 100 ngwee +Exchange rates: + Zambian kwacha (ZK) per US$1 - 178.5714 (August 1992), 61.7284 (1991), + 28.9855 (1990), 12.9032 (1989), 8.2237 (1988), 8.8889 (1987) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +*Zambia, Communications + +Railroads: + 1,266 km, all 1.067-meter gauge; 13 km double track +Highways: + 36,370 km total; 6,500 km paved, 7,000 km crushed stone, gravel, or + stabilized soil; 22,870 km improved and unimproved earth +Inland waterways: + 2,250 km, including Zambezi and Luapula Rivers, Lake Tanganyika +Pipelines: + crude oil 1,724 km +Ports: + Mpulungu (lake port) +Airports: + total: + 116 + usable: + 104 + with permanent-surface runways: + 13 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 1 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 4 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 22 +Telecommunications: + facilities are among the best in Sub-Saharan Africa; high-capacity microwave + connects most larger towns and cities; broadcast stations - 11 AM, 5 FM, 9 + TV; satellite earth stations - 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Atlantic Ocean + INTELSAT + +*Zambia, Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Air Force, Police, paramilitary +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 1,810,442; fit for military service 949,878 (1993 est.) +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $45 million, 1% of GDP (1992 est.) + +*Zimbabwe, Geography + +Location: + Southern Africa, between South Africa and Zambia +Map references: + Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World +Area: + total area: + 390,580 km2 + land area: + 386,670 km2 + comparative area: + slightly larger than Montana +Land boundaries: + total 3,066 km, Botswana 813 km, Mozambique 1,231 km, South Africa 225 km, + Zambia 797 km +Coastline: + 0 km (landlocked) +Maritime claims: + none; landlocked +International disputes: + quadripoint with Botswana, Namibia, and Zambia is in disagreement +Climate: + tropical; moderated by altitude; rainy season (November to March) +Terrain: + mostly high plateau with higher central plateau (high veld); mountains in + east +Natural resources: + coal, chromium ore, asbestos, gold, nickel, copper, iron ore, vanadium, + lithium, tin, platinum group metals +Land use: + arable land: + 7% + permanent crops: 0% + meadows and pastures: + 12% + forest and woodland: + 62% + other: + 19% +Irrigated land: + 2,200 km2 (1989 est.) +Environment: + recurring droughts; floods and severe storms are rare; deforestation; soil + erosion; air and water pollution +Note: + landlocked + +*Zimbabwe, People + +Population: + 10,837,772 (July 1993 est.) +Population growth rate: + 1.32% (1993 est.) +Birth rate: + 38.16 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Death rate: + 17.68 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Net migration rate: + -7.27 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) +Infant mortality rate: + 75.3 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) +Life expectancy at birth: + total population: + 42.82 years + male: + 41.2 years + female: + 44.49 years (1993 est.) +Total fertility rate: + 5.26 children born/woman (1993 est.) +Nationality: + noun: + Zimbabwean(s) + adjective: + Zimbabwean +Ethnic divisions: + African 98% (Shona 71%, Ndebele 16%, other 11%), white 1%, mixed and Asian + 1% +Religions: + syncretic (part Christian, part indigenous beliefs) 50%, Christian 25%, + indigenous beliefs 24%, Muslim and other 1% +Languages: + English (official), Shona, Sindebele +Literacy: + age 15 and over can read and write (1990) + total population: 67% + male: + 74% + female: + 60% +Labor force: + 3.1 million + by occupation: + agriculture 74%, transport and services 16%, mining, manufacturing, + construction 10% (1987) + +*Zimbabwe, Government + +Names: + conventional long form: + Republic of Zimbabwe + conventional short form: + Zimbabwe + former: + Southern Rhodesia +Digraph: + ZI +Type: + parliamentary democracy +Capital: + Harare +Administrative divisions: + 8 provinces; Manicaland, Mashonaland Central, Mashonaland East, Mashonaland + West, Masvingo (Victoria), Matabeleland North, Matabeleland South, Midlands +Independence: + 18 April 1980 (from UK) +Constitution: + 21 December 1979 +Legal system: + mixture of Roman-Dutch and English common law +National holiday: + Independence Day, 18 April (1980) +Political parties and leaders: + Zimbabwe African National Union-Patriotic Front (ZANU-PF), Robert MUGABE; + Zimbabwe African National Union-Sithole (ZANU-S), Ndabaningi SITHOLE; + Zimbabwe Unity Movement (ZUM), Edgar TEKERE; Democratic Party (DP), Emmanuel + MAGOCHE; Forum Party, Enock DUMBUTSHENA +Suffrage: + 18 years of age; universal +Elections: + Executive President: + last held 28-30 March 1990 (next to be held NA March 1996); results - Robert + MUGABE 78.3%, Edgar TEKERE 21.7% + Parliament: + last held 28-30 March 1990 (next to be held NA March 1995); results - + percent of vote by party NA; seats - (150 total, 120 elected) ZANU-PF 117, + ZUM 2, ZANU-S 1 +Executive branch: + executive president, 2 vice presidents, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + unicameral Parliament +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + Executive President Robert Gabriel MUGABE (since 31 December 1987); Co-Vice + President Simon Vengai MUZENDA (since 31 December 1987); Co-Vice President + Joshua M. NKOMO (since 6 August 1990) +Member of: + ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA, FAO, FLS, G-15, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, + IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ITU, LORCS, + NAM, OAU, PCA, SADC, UN, UNAVEM II, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNOSOM, UPU, WCL, + WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation in US: + chief of mission: + Counselor (Political Affairs), Head of Chancery, Ambassador-designate Amos + Bernard Muvengwa MIDZI + +*Zimbabwe, Government + + chancery: + 1608 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20009 + telephone: + (202) 332-7100 +US diplomatic representation: + chief of mission: + Ambassador Edward Gibson LANPHER + embassy: + 172 Herbert Chitapo Avenue, Harare + mailing address: + P. O. Box 3340, Harare + telephone: + [263] (4) 794-521 + FAX: + [263] (4) 796-488 +Flag: + seven equal horizontal bands of green, yellow, red, black, red, yellow, and + green with a white equilateral triangle edged in black based on the hoist + side; a yellow Zimbabwe bird is superimposed on a red five-pointed star in + the center of the triangle + +*Zimbabwe, Economy + +Overview: + Agriculture employs three-fourths of the labor force and supplies almost 40% + of exports. The manufacturing sector, based on agriculture and mining, + produces a variety of goods and contributes 35% to GDP. Mining accounts for + only 5% of both GDP and employment, but supplies of minerals and metals + account for about 40% of exports. Wide fluctuations in agricultural + production over the past six years have resulted in an uneven growth rate, + one that on average has matched the 3% annual increase in population. Helped + by an IMF/World Bank structural adjustment program, output rose 3.5% in + 1991. A severe drought in 1991/92 caused the economy to contract by about + 10% in 1992. +National product: + GDP - exchange rate conversion - $6.2 billion (1992 est.) +National product real growth rate: + -10% (1992 est.) +National product per capita: + $545 (1992 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 45% (1992 est.) +Unemployment rate: + at least 35% (1993 est.) +Budget: + revenues $2.7 billion; expenditures $3.3 billion, including capital + expenditures of $330 million (FY91) +Exports: + $1.5 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.) + commodities: + agricultural 35% (tobacco 20%, other 15%), manufactures 20%, gold 10%, + ferrochrome 10%, cotton 5% + partners: + UK 14%, Germany 11%, South Africa 10%, Japan 7%, US 5% (1991) +Imports: + $1.8 billion (c.i.f., 1992 est.) + commodities: + machinery and transportation equipment 37%, other manufactures 22%, + chemicals 16%, fuels 15% + partners: + UK 15%, Germany 9%, South Africa 5%, Botswana 5%, US 5%, Japan 5% (1991) +External debt: + $3.9 billion (March 1993 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 5% (1991 est.); accounts for 38% of GDP +Electricity: + 3,650,000 kW capacity; 8,920 million kWh produced, 830 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + mining, steel, clothing and footwear, chemicals, foodstuffs, fertilizer, + beverage, transportation equipment, wood products +Agriculture: + accounts for 13% of GDP and employs 74% of population; 40% of land area + divided into 4,500 large commercial farms and 42% in communal lands; crops - + corn (food staple), cotton, tobacco, wheat, coffee, sugarcane, peanuts; + livestock - cattle, sheep, goats, pigs; self-sufficient in food +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY80-89), $389 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $2.6 billion; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $36 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $134 + million +Currency: + 1 Zimbabwean dollar (Z$) = 100 cents + +*Zimbabwe, Economy + +Exchange rates: + Zimbabwean dollars (Z$) per US$1 - 6.3532 (February 1993), 5.1046 (1992), + 3.4282 (1991), 2.4480 (1990), 2.1133 (1989), 1.8018 (1988) +Fiscal year: + 1 July - 30 June + +*Zimbabwe, Communications + +Railroads: + 2,745 km 1.067-meter gauge (including 42 km double track, 355 km + electrified) +Highways: + 85,237 km total; 15,800 km paved, 39,090 km crushed stone, gravel, + stabilized soil: 23,097 km improved earth; 7,250 km unimproved earth +Inland waterways: + Lake Kariba is a potential line of communication +Pipelines: + petroleum products 212 km +Airports: + total: + 485 + usable: + 403 + with permanent-surface runways: + 22 + with runways over 3,659 m: + 2 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m: + 3 + with runways 1,220-2,439 m: + 29 +Telecommunications: + system was once one of the best in Africa, but now suffers from poor + maintenance; consists of microwave links, open-wire lines, and radio + communications stations; 247,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 8 AM, 18 + FM, 8 TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station + +*Zimbabwe, Defense Forces + +Branches: + Zimbabwe National Army, Air Force of Zimbabwe, Zimbabwe Republic Police + (including Police Support Unit, Paramilitary Police), People's Militia +Manpower availability: + males age 15-49 2,315,461; fit for military service 1,436,671 (1993 est.) +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $412.4 million, about 6% of GDP (FY91 est.) + +*** + +Appendix A: + +The United Nations System + + The UN is composed of six principal organs and numerous +subordinate agencies and bodies as follows: + +1) Secretariat + +2) General Assembly: + UNCHS United Nations Center for Human Settlements (Habitat) + UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and Development + UNDP United Nations Development Program + UNEP United Nations Environment Program + UNFPA United Nations Population Fund + UNHCR United Nations Office of High Commissioner for + Refugees + UNICEF United Nations Children's Fund + UN Institute for Training and Research + UNRWA United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine + Refugees in the Near East + UN Special Fund + UN University + WFC World Food Council + WFP World Food Program + +3) Security Council: + UNAVEM II United Nations Angola Verification Mission + UNDOF United Nations Disengagement Observer Force + UNFICYP United Nations Force in Cyprus + UNIFIL United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon + UNMOGIP United Nations Military Observer Group in India + and Pakistan + UNTSO United Nations Truce Supervision Organization + UNIKOM United Nations Iran-Kuwait Observation Mission + MINURSO United Nations Mission for the Referendum in + Western Sahara + ONUSAL United Nations Observer Mission in El Salvador + UNTAC United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia + UNPROFOR United Nations Protection Force + UNOSOM United Nations Operation in Somolia + UNOMOZ United Nations Operation in Mozambique + +4) Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC): + Specialized agencies + FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United + Nations + IBRD International Bank for Reconstruction and + Development + ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization + IDA International Development Association + IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development + IFC International Finance Corporation + ILO International Labor Organization + IMF International Monetary Fund + IMO International Maritime Organization + ITU International Telecommunication Union + UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific, and + Cultural Organization + UNIDO United Nations Industrial Development Organization + UPU Universal Postal Union + WHO World Health Organization + WIPO World Intellectual Property Organization + WMO World Meteorological Organization + + Related organizations + GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade + IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency + + Regional commissions + ECA Economic Commission for Africa + ECE Economic Commission for Europe + ECLAC Economic Commission for Latin America and the + Caribbean + ESCAP Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the + Pacific + ESCWA Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia + + Functional commissions + Commission on Human Rights + Commission on Narcotics Drugs + Commission for Social Development + Commission on the Status of Women + Population Commission + Statistical Commission + Commission on Science and Technology for Development + Commission on Sustainable Development + Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice + Commission on Transnational Corporations + +5) Trusteeship Council + +6) International Court of Justice (ICJ) + +*** + +Appendix B +Abbreviations for +International +Organizations and Groups +A ABEDA Arab Bank for Economic Development in Africa + ACC Arab Cooperation Council + ACCT Agence de Cooperation Culturelle et Technique; + see Agency for Cultural and Technical Cooperation + ACP African, Caribbean, and Pacific Countries + AfDB African Development Bank + AFESD Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development + AG Andean Group + AL Arab League + ALADI Asociacion Latinoamericana de Integracion; + see Latin American Integration Association (LAIA) + AMF Arab Monetary Fund + AMU Arab Maghreb Union + ANZUS Australia-New Zealand-United States Security Treaty + APEC Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation + AsDB Asian Development Bank + ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations +B BAD Banque Africaine de Developpement; + see African Development Bank (AfDB) + BADEA Banque Arabe de Developpement Economique en Afrique; + see Arab Bank for Economic Development in Africa (ABEDA) + BCIE Banco Centroamericano de Integracion Economico; + see Central American Bank for Economic Integration (BCIE) + BDEAC Banque de Developpment des Etats de l'Afrique Centrale; + see Central African States Development Bank (BDEAC) + Benelux Benelux Economic Union + BID Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo; + see Inter-American Development Bank (IADB) + BIS Bank for International Settlements + BOAD Banque Ouest-Africaine de Developpement; + see West African Development Bank (WADB) + BSEC Black Sea Economic Cooperation Zone +C C Commonwealth + CACM Central American Common Market + CAEU Council of Arab Economic Unity + CARICOM Caribbean Community and Common Market + CBSS Council of the Baltic Sea States + CCC Customs Cooperation Council + CDB Caribbean Development Bank + CE Council of Europe + CEAO Communaute Economique de l'Afrique de l'Ouest; + see West African Economic Community (CEAO) + CEEAC Communaute Economique des Etats de l'Afrique Centrale; + see Economic Community of Central African +States (CEEAC) + CEI Central European Initiative + CEMA Council for Mutual Economic Assistance; + also known as CMEA or Comecon; abolished 1 January 1991 + CEPGL Communaute Economique des Pays des Grands Lacs; + see Economic Community of the Great Lakes Countries +(CEPGL) + CERN Conseil Europeen pour la Recherche Nucleaire; + see European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) + CG Contadora Group + CIS Commonwealth of Independent States + CMEA Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CEMA); also known as +Comecon; abolished 1 January 1991 + COCOM Coordinating Committee on Export Controls +Comecon Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CEMA); also known as CMEA; +abolished 1 January 1991 + CP Colombo Plan + CSCE Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe +D DC developed country +E EADB East African Development Bank + EBRD European Bank for Reconstruction and Development + EC European Community + ECA Economic Commission for Africa + ECAFE Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East; + see Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific + (ESCAP) + ECE Economic Commission for Europe + ECLA Economic Commission for Latin America; + see Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean + (ECLAC) + ECLAC Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean + ECO Economic Cooperation Organization + ECOSOC Economic and Social Council + ECOWAS Economic Community of West African States + ECWA Economic Commission for Western Asia; + see Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA) + EFTA European Free Trade Association + EIB European Investment Bank + Entente Council of the Entente + ESA European Space Agency + ESCAP Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific + ESCWA Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia +F FAO Food and Agriculture Organization + FLS Front Line States + FZ Franc Zone +G G-2 Group of 2 + G-3 Group of 3 + G-5 Group of 5 + G-6 Group of 6 (not to be +confused with the Big Six) + G-7 Group of 7 + G-8 Group of 8 + G-9 Group of 9 + G-10 Group of 10 + G-11 Group of 11 + G-15 Group of 15 + G-19 Group of 19 + G-24 Group of 24 + G-30 Group of 30 + G-33 Group of 33 + G-77 Group of 77 + GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade + GCC Gulf Cooperation Council +H Habitat Commission on Human Settlements +I IADB Inter-American Development Bank + IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency + IBEC International Bank for Economic Cooperation + IBRD International Bank for Reconstruction and Development + ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization + ICC International Chamber of Commerce + ICEM Intergovernmental Committee for European Migration; + see International Organization for Migration (IOM) + ICFTU International Confederation of Free Trade Unions + ICJ International Court of Justice + ICM Intergovernmental Committee for Migration; + see International Organization for Migration (IOM) + ICRC International Committee of the Red Cross + IDA International Development Association + IDB Islamic Development Bank + IEA International Energy Agency + IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development + IFC International Finance Corporation + IGADD Inter-Governmental Authority on Drought and Development + IIB International Investment Bank + ILO International Labor Organization + IMCO Intergovernmental Maritime Consultative Organization; + see International Maritime Organization (IMO) + IMF International Monetary Fund + IMO International Maritime Organization + INMARSAT International Maritime Satellite Organization + INTELSAT International Telecommunications Satellite Organization + INTERPOL International Criminal Police Organization + IOC International Olympic Committee + IOM International Organization for Migration + ISO International Organization for Standardization + ITU International Telecommunication Union +L LAES Latin American Economic System + LAIA Latin American Integration Association + LAS League of Arab States; see Arab League (AL) + LDC less developed country + LLDC least developed country + LORCS League of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies +M MERCOSUR Mercado Comun del Cono Sur; + see Southern Cone Common Market + MINURSO United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara + MTCR Missile Technology Control Regime +N NACC North Atlantic Cooperation Council + NAM Nonaligned Movement + NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization + NC Nordic Council + NEA Nuclear Energy Agency + NIB Nordic Investment Bank + NIC newly industrializing country; + see newly industrializing economy (NIE) + NIE newly industrializing economy + NSG Nuclear Suppliers Group +O OAPEC Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries + OAS Organization of American States + OAU Organization of African Unity + OECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development + OECS Organization of Eastern Caribbean States + OIC Organization of the Islamic Conference + ONUSAL United Nations Observer Mission in El Salvador + OPANAL Organismo para la Proscripcion de las Armas Nucleares en la + America Latina y el Caribe; see Agency for the Prohibition of + Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and the Caribbean + OPEC Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries +P PCA Permanent Court of Arbitration +R RG Rio Group +S SAARC South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation + SACU Southern African Customs Union + SADC Southern African Development Community + SELA Sistema Economico Latinoamericana; + see Latin American Economic System (LAES) + SPARTECA South Pacific Regional Trade and Economic Cooperation Agreement + SPC South Pacific Commission + SPF South Pacific Forum +U UDEAC Union Douaniere et Economique de l'Afrique Centrale; + see Central African Customs and Economic Union (UDEAC) + UN United Nations + UNAVEM II United Nations Angola Verification Mission + UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and Development + UNDOF United Nations Disengagement Observer Force + UNDP United Nations Development Program + UNEP United Nations Environment Program + UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific, and +Cultural Organization + UNFICYP United Nations Force in Cyprus + UNFPA United Nations Fund for Population Activities; + see UN Population Fund (UNFPA) + UNHCR United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Refugees + UNICEF United Nations Children's Fund + UNIDO United Nations Industrial Development Organization + UNIFIL United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon + UNIKOM United Nations Iraq-Kuwait Observation Mission + UNMOGIP United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan + UNOMOZ United Nations Operation in Mozambique + UNOSOM United Nations Operation in Somalia + UNPROFOR United Nations ProtectionForce + UNRWA United Nations Relief and Works Agency for + Palestine Refugees in the Near East + UNTAC United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia + UNTSO United Nations Truce Supervision Organization + UPU Universal Postal Union + USSR/EE USSR/Eastern Europe +W WADB West African Development Bank + WCL World Confederation of Labor + WEU Western European Union + WFC World Food Council + WFP World Food Program + WFTU World Federation of Trade Unions + WHO World Health Organization + WIPO World Intellectual Property Organization + WMO World Meteorological Organization + WP Warsaw Pact (members met 1 July 1991 to + dissolve the alliance) + WTO World Tourism Organization +Z ZC Zangger Committee +Note: Not all international organizations and groups have +abbreviations + +*** + +Appendix C: +International Organizations +and Groups + +advanced developing countries +another term for those less +developed countries (LDCs) with particularly +rapid industrial development; see newly +industrializing economies (NIEs) African, +Caribbean, and Pacific Countries (ACP) + +established-1 April 1976 + +aim-members have a preferential +economic and aid relationship with the EC + +members-(69) Angola, Antigua and +Barbuda, The Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Benin, Botswana, +Burkina, Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African +Republic, Chad, Comoros, Congo, Cote d'Ivoire, Djibouti, +Dominica, Dominican Republic, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, +Fiji, Gabon, The Gambia, Ghana, Grenada, Guinea, Guinea- +Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, Kenya, Kiribati, Lesotho, +Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, +Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Papua New Guinea, +Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent +and the Grenadines, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, +Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Solomon Islands, Somalia, Sudan, +Suriname, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and +Tobago, Tuvalu, Uganda, Vanuatu, Western Samoa, Zaire, +Zambia, Zimbabwe + + +African Development Bank (AfDB), +also known as Banque Africaine de Developpement (BAD) + +established-4 August 1963 + +aim-to promote economic and social +development + +regional members-(50) +Algeria, Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina, Burundi, +Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, +Chad, Comoros, Congo, Cote d'Ivoire, Djibouti, +Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Gabon, +The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, +Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, +Mauritania, Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique, Niger, +Nigeria, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, +Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan, Swaziland, +Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe +nonregional members-(25) +Argentina, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, China, Denmark, +Finland, France, Germany, India, Italy, Japan, South Korea, +Kuwait, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Saudi Arabia, Spain, +Sweden, Switzerland, UK, US, Yugoslavia + + +Agence de Cooperation Culturelle et Technique (ACCT) +see Agency for Cultural and +Technical Cooperation (ACCT) + + +Agency for Cultural +and Technical Cooperation (ACCT) + +note-acronym from Agence de Cooperation +Culturelle et Technique + +established-21 March 1970 + +aim-to promote cultural and technical +cooperation among French-speaking countries + +members-(31) Belgium, Benin, Burkina, Burundi, +Canada, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, +Congo, Cote d'Ivoire, Djibouti, Dominica, Equatorial +Guinea, France, Gabon, Guinea, Haiti, Luxembourg, +Madagascar, Mali, Mauritius, Monaco, Niger, Rwanda, +Senegal, Seychelles, Togo, Tunisia, Vanuatu, Vietnam, Zaire + +associate members-(7) Cameroon, Egypt, Guinea-Bissau, Laos, Mauritania, +Morocco, Saint Lucia +participating governments-(2) New Brunswick (Canada), +Quebec (Canada) + + +Agency for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and the +Caribbean (OPANAL) + +note-acronym from Organismo para +la Proscripcion de las Armas Nucleares en la +America Latina y el Caribe (OPANAL) + +established-14 February 1967 + +aim-to encourage the peaceful uses +of atomic energy and prohibit nuclear weapons + +members-(26) Antigua and Barbuda, The Bahamas, Barbados, +Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominica, +Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Grenada, +Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, +Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, +Uruguay, Venezuela Andean Group (AG) + +established-26 May 1969 + +effective-16 October 1969 + +aim-to promote harmonious development +through economic integration + +members-(5) Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, +Peru, Venezuela +associate member-(1) Panama +observers-(26) Argentina, Australia, +Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Costa Rica, Denmark, +Egypt, Finland, France, Germany, India, Israel, Italy, +Japan, Mexico, Netherlands, Paraguay, Spain, Sweden, +Switzerland, UK, US, Uruguay, Yugoslavia +The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY) has +dissolved, and ceases to exist. None of the successor states of the +former Yugoslavia, including Serbia and Montenegro, have been permitted to +participate solely on the basis of the membership of the former Yugoslavia +in the United Nations General Assembly and Economic and Social Council and +their subsidiary bodies and in various United Nations Specialized Agencies. +The United Nations, however, permits the seat and nameplate of the SFRY to +remain, permits the SFRY mission to continue to function, and continues to +fly the flag of the former Yugoslavia. For a variety of reasons, a number +of other organizations have not yet taken action with regard to the membership +of the former Yugoslavia. The The World Factbook therefore continues to list +Yugoslavia under international organizations where the SFRY seat remains or +where no action has yet been taken. + + +Arab Bank for Economic +Development in Africa (ABEDA) + +note-also known as Banque Arabe de Developpement Economique en Afrique (BADEA) +established-18 February 1974 + +effective-16 September 1974 + +aim-to promote economic development + +members-(17 plus the Palestine Liberation +Organization) Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, +Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania, +Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Syria, +Tunisia, UAE, Palestine Liberation Organization; + +note-these are all the members of the Arab League +except Djibouti, Somalia, and Yemen + + +Arab Cooperation Council +(ACC) + +established-16 February 1989 + +aim-to promote economic cooperation and integration, +possibly leading to an Arab Common Market + +members-(4) Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Yemen + + +Arab Fund for Economic +and Social Development (AFESD) + +established-16 May 1968 + +aim-to promote economic and social +development + +members-(20 plus the Palestine Liberation +Organization) Algeria, Bahrain, Djibouti, Egypt +(suspended from 1979 to 1988), Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, +Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Saudi +Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, UAE, Yemen, +Palestine Liberation Organization + + +Arab League (AL) + +note-also known as League of Arab States (LAS) + +established-22 March 1945 + +aim-to promote economic, social, +political, and military cooperation + +members-(20 plus the Palestine Liberation +Organization) Algeria, Bahrain, Djibouti, Egypt, +Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania, +Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, +Syria, Tunisia, UAE, Yemen, Palestine Liberation +Organization + + +Arab Maghreb Union +(AMU) + +established-17 February 1989 + +aim-to promote cooperation and integration +among the Arab states of northern Africa + +members-(5) Algeria, Libya, +Mauritania, Morocco, Tunisia + + +Arab Monetary Fund (AMF) + +established-27 April 1976 + +effective-2 February 1977 + +aim-to promote Arab cooperation, +development, and integration in monetary and +economic affairs + +members-(19 plus the Palestine Liberation +Organization) Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, +Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Oman, +Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, +UAE, Yemen, Palestine Liberation Organization + + +Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) + +established-NA November 1989 + +aim-to promote trade and investment +in the Pacific basin + +members-(15) all ASEAN members (Brunei, +Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand) +plus Australia, Canada, China, Hong Kong, Japan, South +Korea, NZ, Taiwan, US + + +Asian Development Bank +(AsDB) + +established-19 December 1966 + +aim-to promote regional economic +cooperation + +regional members-(36) +Afghanistan, Australia, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Burma, +Cambodia, China, Cook Islands, Fiji, Hong Kong, India, +Indonesia, Japan, Kiribati, South Korea, Laos, +Malaysia, Maldives, Marshall Islands, +Federated States of Micronesia, Mongolia, Nauru, Nepal, +NZ, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Singapore, +Solomon Islands, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Tonga, +Vanuatu, Vietnam, Western Samoa nonregional members-(16) +Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, +Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden, +Switzerland, Turkey, UK, US + + +Asociacion Latinoamericana de Integracion (ALADI) +see Latin American +Integration Association (LAIA) + + +Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) + +established-9 August 1967 + +aim-to encourage regional economic, social, and +cultural cooperation among the non-Communist countries +of Southeast Asia + +members-(6) Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, +Philippines, Singapore, Thailand +observer-(1) Papua New Guinea + + +Australia Group + +established-1984 + +aim-to consult on and coordinate +export controls related to chemical and biological weapons + +members-(25) Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, +France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, +Netherlands, NZ, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, US +observer-(1) Singapore + + +Australia--New Zealand--United States Security Treaty (ANZUS) + +established-1 September 1951 + +effective-29 April 1952 + +aim-to implement a trilateral mutual security +agreement, although the US suspended security +obligations to NZ on 11 August 1986 +members-(3) Australia, NZ, US + + +Banco Centroamericano de Integracion Economico (BCIE) +see Central American Bank for Economic Integration (BCIE) + + +Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo (BID) +see Inter-American Development Bank (IADB) + + +Bank for International Settlements (BIS) + +established-20 January 1930 + +effective-17 March 1930 + +aim-to promote cooperation among +central banks in international financial settlements + +members-(30) Australia, Austria, +Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Czech Republic, Denmark, +Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, +Ireland, Italy, Japan, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, +Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, South Africa, Spain, +Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, UK, US, Yugoslavia + + +Banque Africaine de Developpement (BAD) +see African Development Bank (AfDB) + + +Banque Arabe de Developpement Economique en Afrique (BADEA) +see Arab Bank for Economic Development in Africa (ABEDA) + + +Banque de Developpement des Etats de l'Afrique +Centrale (BDEAC) see Central African States +Development Bank (BDEAC) + + +Banque Ouest-Africaine de Developpement (BOAD) +see West African Development Bank (WADB) + + +Benelux Economic Union (Benelux) + +note-acronym from Belgium, +Netherlands, and Luxembourg + +established-3 February 1958 + +effective-1 November 1960 + +aim-to develop closer economic cooperation and integration + +members-(3) Belgium, Luxembourg, Netherlands + + +Big Seven + +note-membership is the same as the Group of 7 + +established-NA + +aim-to discuss and coordinate major economic policies + +members-(7) Big Six (Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, +UK) plus the US Big Six + +note-not to be confused with the Group of 6 + +established-NA + +aim-to foster economic cooperation + +members-(6) Canada, France, Germany, +Italy, Japan, UK + + +Black Sea Economic Cooperation Zone (BSEC) + +established-25 June 1992 + +aim-to enhance regional stability through economic cooperation + +members-(11) Albania, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, Georgia, +Greece, Moldova, Romania, Russia, +Turkey, Ukraine + + +Caribbean Community and Common Market (CARICOM) + +established-4 July 1973 + +effective-1 August 1973 + +aim-to promote economic integration +and development, especially among the less developed +countries + +members-(13) Antigua and Barbuda, The Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Dominica, +Grenada, Guyana, Jamaica, Montserrat, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, +Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago +associate members-(2) +British Virgin Islands, Turks and Caicos Islands +observers-(10) Anguilla, Bermuda, +Cayman Islands, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Mexico, +Netherlands Antilles, Puerto Rico, Suriname, Venezuela + + +Caribbean Development Bank +(CDB) + +established-18 October 1969 + +effective-26 January 1970 + +aim-to promote economic development and cooperation + +regional members-(20) +Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, The Bahamas, Barbados, +Belize, British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, +Colombia, Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Jamaica, Mexico, +Montserrat, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint +Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, Turks +and Caicos Islands, Venezuela +nonregional members-(5) Canada, France, Germany, Italy, UK + + +Cartagena Group +see Group of 11 + + +Central African Customs and Economic Union (UDEAC) + +note-acronym from Union Douaniere +et Economique de l'Afrique Centrale + +established-8 December 1964 + +effective-1 January 1966 + +aim-to promote the establishment of a Central African Common +Market + +members-(6) Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, +Equatorial Guinea, Gabon + + +Central African States Development Bank (BDEAC) + +note-acronym from Banque de Developpement des Etats de +l'Afrique Centrale + +established-3 December 1975 + +aim-to provide loans for economic +development + +members-(9) Cameroon, Central African +Republic, Chad, Congo, Equatorial Guinea, France, +Gabon, Germany, Kuwait + + +Central American Bank for Economic Integration (BCIE) + +note-acronym from Banco Centroamericano +de Integracion Economico + +established-13 December 1960 + +aim-to promote economic integration +and development + +members-(5) Costa Rica, El Salvador, +Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua + + +Central American Common Market (CACM) + +established-13 December 1960 + +effective-3 June 1961 + +aim-to promote establishment of +a Central American Common Market + +members-(5) Costa Rica, El Salvador, +Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua + + +Central European Initiative (CEI) + +note-evolved from the Hexagonal Group +established-July 1991 + +aim-to form an economic and political +cooperation group for the region between the Adriatic and +the Baltic Seas + +members-(10) Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, +Czech Republic, Hungary, Italy, Poland, Slovakia, +Slovenia, Yugoslavia + + +centrally planned economies a term applied mainly to the +traditionally Communist states that looked to the +former USSR for leadership; most are now evolving +toward more democratic and market-oriented +systems; also known formerly as the Second World +or as the Communist countries; through the 1980s, +this group included +Albania, Bulgaria, Cambodia, China, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, GDR, Hungary, +North Korea, Laos, Mongolia, Poland, Romania, USSR, Vietnam, Yugoslavia + + +Colombo Plan (CP) + +established-1 July 1951 + +aim-to promote economic and social +development in Asia and the Pacific + +members-(26) Afghanistan, +Australia, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Burma, Cambodia, Canada, +Fiji, India, Indonesia, Iran, Japan, South Korea, Laos, +Malaysia, Maldives, Nepal, NZ, Pakistan, Papua New +Guinea, Philippines, Singapore, +Sri Lanka, Thailand, UK, US + + +Commission for Social Development + +established-21 June 1946 as the Social Commission, renamed 29 July 1966 + +aim-Economic and Social Council +organization dealing with social +development programs of UN + +members-(32) selected on a rotating +basis from all regions + + +Commission on Human Rights + +established-18 February 1946 + +aim-Economic and Social Council organization dealing +with human rights programs of UN + +members-(53) selected on a rotating basis from all regions + + +Commission on Human Settlements (Habitat) + +established-12 October 1978 + +aim-Economic and Social Council organization assisting in solving human +settlement problems of UN + +members-(58) selected on a rotating +basis from all regions + + +Commission on Narcotic Drugs + +established-16 February 1946 + +aim-Economic and Social Council organization dealing +with illicit drugs programs of UN + +members-(53) selected on a rotating basis from all regions +with emphasis on producing and processing countries + + +Commission on the Status of Women + +established-21 June 1946 + +aim-Economic and Social Council organization dealing with +women's rights goals of UN + +members-(32) selected on a rotating +basis from all regions + + +Commonwealth (C) + +established-31 December 1931 + +aim-voluntary association that evolved +from the British Empire and that seeks to foster +multinational cooperation and assistance + +members-(48) Antigua and Barbuda, Australia, The Bahamas, Bangladesh, Barbados, +Belize, Botswana, Brunei, Canada, Cyprus, Dominica, The Gambia, Ghana, Grenada, +Guyana, India, Jamaica, Kenya, Kiribati, Lesotho, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, +Malta, Mauritius, Namibia, NZ, Nigeria, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Saint Kitts +and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Seychelles, Sierra +Leone, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Sri Lanka, Swaziland, Tanzania, Tonga, +Trinidad and Tobago, Uganda, UK, Vanuatu, Western Samoa, Zambia, Zimbabwe +special members-(2) Nauru, Tuvalu + + +Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) + +established-8 December 1991 + +effective-21 December 1991 + +aim-to coordinate intercommonwealth relations and to provide a mechanism for +the orderly dissolution of the USSR + +members-(10) Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, +Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan + + +Communaute Economique de l'Afrique de l'Ouest (CEAO) +see West African Economic Community (CEAO) + + +Communaute Economique des +Etats de l'Afrique Centrale +(CEEAC) + +see Economic Community of Central +African States (CEEAC) + + +Communaute Economique des Pays des Grands Lacs +(CEPGL) + +see Economic Community of the Great Lakes Countries (CEPGL) + + +Communist countries +traditionally the Marxist-Leninist +states with authoritarian governments and command +economies based on the Soviet model; most of the +successor states are no longer Communist; see +centrally planned economies + + +Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe +(CSCE) + +established-NA November 1972 + +aim-discusses issues of mutual concern and reviews implementation of the +Helsinki Agreement + +members-(53) Albania, Armenia, Austria, +Azerbaijan, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, +Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, +Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, +Greece, Holy See, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, +Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Liechtenstein, +Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Moldova, Monaco, +Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, +San Marino, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, +Switzerland, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, +UK, US, Uzbekistan, Yugoslavia +observer-(1) Japan + + +Conseil Europeen pour la Recherche Nucleaire (CERN) + +see European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) + + +Contadora Group (CG) + +was established 5 January 1983 (on the Panamanian island of Contadora) to +reduce tensions and conflicts in Central America but evolved into the Rio Group +(RG); members included Colombia, Mexico, Panama, Venezuela + + +Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the +Gulf + +see Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) + + +Coordinating Committee on Export Controls (COCOM) + +established-NA 1949 + +aim-to control the export of strategic +products and technical data from member countries to +proscribed destinations + +members-(17) Australia, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, +Germany, Greece, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, +Spain, Turkey, UK, US +cooperating countries-(8) Austria, Finland, Ireland, +South Korea, NZ, Singapore, Sweden, Switzerland + + +Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CEMA) +also known as CMEA or Comecon, + +was established 25 January 1949 to promote the +development of socialist economies and was abolished +1 January 1991; members included Afghanistan (observer), +Albania (had not participated since 1961 break with +USSR), Angola (observer), Bulgaria, Cuba, +Czechoslovakia, Ethiopia (observer), GDR, Hungary, Laos +(observer), Mongolia, Mozambique (observer), Nicaragua +(observer), Poland, Romania, USSR, Vietnam, Yemen +(observer), Yugoslavia (associate) + + +Council of Arab Economic Unity (CAEU) + +established-3 June 1957 + +effective-30 May 1964 + +aim-to promote economic integration +among Arab nations + +members-(11 plus the Palestine Liberation +Organization) Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Libya, +Mauritania, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, UAE, Yemen, Palestine + + +Liberation Organization Council of the Baltic Sea States +(CBSS) + +established-5 March 1992 + +aim-to promote cooperation among the Baltic Sea states in +the areas of aid to new democratic institutions, economic +development, humanitarian aid, energy and the environment, +cultural and education, and transportation and communication +members-(10) Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Latvia, +Lithuania, Norway, Poland, Russia, Sweden +observers-(2) Belarus, Ukraine + + +Council of Europe (CE) + +established-5 May 1949 + +effective-3 August 1949 + +aim-to promote increased unity and +quality of life in Europe + +members-(29) Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, +Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, +Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, +Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, San Marino, +Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, UK + + +Council of the Entente (Entente) + +established-29 May 1959 + +aim-to promote economic, social,and political coordination + +members-(5) Benin, Burkina, Cote d'Ivoire, Niger, Togo + + +Customs Cooperation Council (CCC) + +established-15 December 1950 + +aim-to promote international cooperation +in customs matters + +members-(114) Algeria, Angola, Argentina, +Australia, Austria, The Bahamas, Bangladesh, Belgium, +Bermuda, Botswana, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina, Burma, +Burundi, Cameroon, Canada, Central African Republic, +Chile, China, Congo, Cote d'Ivoire, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech +Republic, Denmark, Egypt, Ethiopia, Finland, France, +Gabon, The Gambia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guatemala, +Guinea, Guyana, Haiti, Hong Kong, Hungary, Iceland, India, +Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, +Japan, Jordan, Kenya, South Korea, Lebanon, Lesotho, +Liberia, Libya, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, +Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Mongolia, +Morocco, Mozambique, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Niger, +Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, +Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Saudi +Arabia, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, South Africa, Spain, Sri +Lanka, Sudan, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, +Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay, Yugoslavia, +Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe + + +developed countries (DCs) + +the top group in the comprehensive +but mutually exclusive hierarchy of developed +countries (DCs), former USSR/Eastern Europe (former +USSR/EE), and less developed countries (LDCs); +includes the market-oriented economies of the +mainly democratic nations in the Organization for Economic +Cooperation and Development (OECD), Bermuda, Israel, South +Africa, and the European ministates; also known as the +First World, high-income countries, the North, industrial +countries; generally have a per capita GNP/GDP in excess of +$10,000 although some OECD countries and South Africa have +figures well under $10,000 and two of the excluded OPEC +countries have figures of more than $10,000; the 34 DCs are: +Andorra, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bermuda, +Canada, Denmark, Faroe Islands, Finland, France, Germany, +Greece, Holy See, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, +Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Malta, Monaco, Netherlands, NZ, +Norway, Portugal, San Marino, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, +Switzerland, Turkey, UK, US + +developing countries + +an imprecise term for the less developed countries with growing economies; see +less developed countries (LDCs) + + +East African Development Bank (EADB) + +established-6 June 1967 + +effective-1 December 1967 + +aim-to promote economic development + +members-(3) Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda + + +Economic and Social Commission for Asia and +the Pacific (ESCAP) + +established-28 March 1947 as Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East +(ECAFE) + +aim-to promote economic development +as a regional commission for the UN's Economic and +Social Council + +members-(46) Afghanistan, Australia, +Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Brunei, Burma, Cambodia, China, Fiji, France, +India, Indonesia, Iran, Japan, Kiribati, North Korea, South Korea, Kyrgyzstan, +Laos, Malaysia, Maldives, Marshall Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, +Mongolia, Nauru, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, +Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Russia, Singapore, +Solomon Islands, Sri Lanka, Tajikistan, Thailand, Tonga, +Turkmenistan, Tuvalu, UK,US, Vanuatu, Vietnam, Western Samoa +associate members-(10) American Samoa, Cook Islands, French +Polynesia, Guam, Hong Kong, Macau, New Caledonia, Niue, Northern Mariana +Islands, Trust Territory of the Pacific +Islands (Palau) + + +Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia +(ESCWA) + +established-9 August 1973 as Economic +Commission for Western Asia (ECWA) + +aim-to promote economic development +as a regional commission for the UN's Economic and +Social Council + +members-(12 and the Palestine Liberation +Organization) Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, +Lebanon, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, UAE, Yemen, +Palestine Liberation Organization + + +Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) + +established-26 June 1945 + +effective-24 October 1945 + +aim-to coordinate the economic and +social work of the UN; includes five regional +commissions (see Economic Commission for Africa, +Economic Commission for Europe, Economic Commission +for Latin America and the Caribbean, Economic and +Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, Economic +and Social Commission for Western Asia) and six +functional commissions +(see Commission for Social Development, Commission on +Human Rights, Commission on Narcotic Drugs, Commission +on the Status of Women, Population Commission, Statistical +Commission, Commission on Science and Technology for Development, Commission on +Sustainable Development, Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice, +and Commission on Transnational Corporations) + +members-(54) selected on a rotating basis from all regions + + +Economic Commission for Africa (ECA) + +established-29 April 1958 + +aim-to promote economic development +as a regional commission of the UN's Economic and +Social Council + +members-(52) Algeria, Angola, Benin, +Botswana, Burkina, Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde, +Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Congo, Cote +d'Ivoire, Djibouti, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, +Ethiopia, Gabon, The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea- +Bissau, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, +Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Morocco, +Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sao Tome +and Principe, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, +Somalia, South Africa (suspended), Sudan, Swaziland, +Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, Zaire, Zambia, +Zimbabwe associate members-(2) +France, UK + + +Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East +(ECAFE) +see Economic and Social Commission +for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP) + + +Economic Commission for Europe (ECE) + +established-28 March 1947 + +aim-to promote economic development +as a regional commission of the UN's Economic and Social Council + +members-(44) Albania, Austria, Belarus, +Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, +Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, +Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, +Latvia, Lichtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Moldova, +Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, San +Marino, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, UK, +US, Yugoslavia + + +Economic Commission for Latin America (ECLA) +see Economic Commission for +Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) + + +Economic Commission for Latin America and the +Caribbean (ECLAC) + +established-25 February 1948 as +Economic Commission for Latin America (ECLA) + +aim-to promote economic development +as a regional commission of the UN's Economic and +Social Council + +members-(41) Antigua and Barbuda, +Argentina, The Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Bolivia, +Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, +Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, +France, Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, +Italy, Jamaica, Mexico, Netherlands, Nicaragua, +Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Portugal, Saint Kitts and +Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, +Spain, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, UK, US, Uruguay, +Venezuela +associate members-(6) +Aruba, British Virgin Islands, Montserrat, Netherlands +Antilles, Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands + + +Economic Commission for Western Asia (ECWA) +see Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA) + + +Economic Community of Central African States (CEEAC)-acronym from Communaute +Economique des Etats de l'Afrique Centrale + +established-18 October 1983 + +aim-to promote regional economic +cooperation and establish a Central African Common +Market + +members-(10) Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, +Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Zaire +observer-(1) Angola + + +Economic Community of the Great Lakes Countries +(CEPGL) + +note-acronym from Communaute Economique +des Pays des Grands Lacs + +established-26 September 1976 + +aim-to promote regional economic +cooperation and integration + +members-(3) Burundi, Rwanda, Zaire +Economic Community of + + +West African States (ECOWAS) + +established-28 May 1975 + +aim-to promote regional economic +cooperation + +members-(17) Benin, Burkina, Cape +Verde, Cote d'Ivoire, Equatorial Guinea, The Gambia, Ghana, +Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, +Sierra Leone,Togo + + +Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO) + +established-1985 + +aim-to promote regional cooperation +in trade, transportation, communications, tourism, cultural +affairs,and economic development + +members-(10) Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, Iran, Kazakhstan, +Kyrgyzstan, Pakistan, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, +Uzbekistan + + +European Bank for Reconstruction and Development +(EBRD) + +established-15 April 1991 + +aim-to facilitate the transition +of seven centrally planned economies in Europe (Bulgaria, former +Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, Romania, former USSR, and former Yugoslavia) +to market economies by committing 60% of its loans to privatization + +members-(58) Albania, Armenia, Australia, +Austria, Azerbaijan, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Cyprus, Czech Republic, +Denmark, European Community (EC), Egypt, +European Investment Bank (EIB), Estonia, Finland, France, +Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, +Israel, Italy, Japan, Kazakhstan, South Korea, Kyrgyzstan, +Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Malta, Mexico, +Moldova, Morocco, Netherlands, NZ, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Romania, +Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Tajikistan, Turkey, +Turkmenistan, Ukraine, UK, US, Uzbekistan, +Yugoslavia; note-includes all 24 members of the OECD and the EC as an +institution + + +European Community (EC) + +established-8 April 1965 + +effective-1 July 1967 + +aim-to integrate the European Atomic + + +Energy Community (Euratom), the European Coal and Steel +Community (ESC), and the European Economic Community +(EEC or Common Market); the EC plans to establish a +completely integrated common market and an eventual +federation of Europe + +members-(12) Belgium, Denmark, France, +Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, +Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, UK + + +European Free Trade Association (EFTA) + +established-4 January 1960 + +effective-3 May 1960 + +aim-to promote expansion of free rade + +members-(7) Austria, Finland, Iceland, Leichtenstein, +Norway, Sweden, Switzerland + + +European Investment Bank EIB) + +established-25 March 1957 + +effective-1 January 1958 + +aim-to promote economic development +of the EC + +members-(12) Belgium, Denmark, France, +Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, +Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, UK + +European Organization for uclear Research (CERN) + +note-acronym retained from the predecessor +organization Conseil Europeen pour la +Recherche Nucleaire established-1 July 1953 + +effective-29 September 1954 + +aim-to foster nuclear research for +peaceful purposes only + +members-(19) Austria, Belgium, Czech +Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, +Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK +observers-(6) EC, Israel, Russia, Turkey, United Nations +Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), +Yugoslavia + + +European Space Agency ESA) + +established-31 July 1973 + +effective-1 May 1975 + +aim-to promote peaceful cooperation +in space research and technology + +members-(13) Austria, Belgium, Denmark, +France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, +Norway, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK +associate member-(1) Finland +cooperating state-(1) Canada + + +First World + +another term for countries ith advanced, industrialized +economies; this term is fading from use; see developed countries +(DCs) + + +Food and Agriculture rganization (FAO) + +established-16 October 1945 + +aim-UN specialized agency to raise +living standards and increase availability of +agricultural products + +members-(162) Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, +Argentina, Australia, Austria, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, +Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Brunei, Bulgaria, +Burkina, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, Central +African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Costa Rica, +Cote d'Ivoire, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, +Dominican Republic, Ecuador, EC, Egypt, El Salvador, +Equatorial Guinea, Estonia, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France, +Gabon, The Gambia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, +Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, +Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, +Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, +North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait, Laos, Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, +Libya, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, +Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, +Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, + Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, +Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Rwanda, Saint +Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Sao Tome and +Principe, Saudi +Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Slovakia, Solomon +Islands, Somalia, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swazi +land, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, +Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay, +Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Western Samoa, Yemen, Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia, +Zimbabwe associate member-(1) Puerto Rico + + +Former USSR/Eastern Europe former USSR/EE) + +the middle group in the comprehensive +but mutually exclusive hierarchy of developed +countries (DCs), former USSR/Eastern Europe (former +USSR/EE), and less developed countries (LDCs); these +countries are in political and economic transition and +may well be grouped differently in the near future; +this group of 27 countries includes Albania, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, +Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Georgia, +Hungary, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Macedonia. Moldova, oland, +Romania, Russia, Serbia and Montenegro, Slovakia, Slovenia, Tajikistan, +Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan + + +Four Dragons + +the four small Asian less developed +countries (LDCs) that have experienced unusually rapid economic +growth; also known as the Four Tigers; this group +includes Hong Kong, South Korea, Singapore, Taiwan + + +Four Tigers + +another term for the Four Dragons; +see Four Dragons + + +Franc Zone (FZ) + +established-NA + +aim-to form a monetary union among countries whose currencies are +linked to the French franc + +members-(15) Benin, Burkina, Cameroon, +Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Congo, Cote +d'Ivoire, Equatorial Guinea, France, Gabon, Mali, +Niger, Senegal, Togo; note-France includes +metropolitan France, the four overseas departments +of France (French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique, +Reunion), the two territorial collectivities of +France (Mayotte, Saint Pierre and Miquelon), and the +three overseas territories of France (French +Polynesia, New Caledonia, Wallis and Futuna) + +Front Line States (FLS) + +established-NA + +aim-to achieve black majority rule +in South Africa + +members-(7) Angola, Botswana, Mozambique, +Namibia, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe + + +General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) + +established-30 October 1947 + +effective-1 January 1948 + +aim-to promote the expansion of +international trade on a nondiscriminatory basis + +members-(104) Antigua and Barbuda, +Argentina, Australia, Austria, Bangladesh, Barbados, +Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, +Burkina, Burma, Burundi, Cameroon, Canada, Central +African Republic, Chad, Chile, Colombia, Congo, Costa +Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, +Denmark, Dominican Republic, Egypt, El Salvador, +Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia, Germany, Ghana, +Greece, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Hong Kong, Hungary, +Iceland, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Israel, Italy, +Jamaica, Japan, Kenya, South Korea, Kuwait, Lesotho, +Luxembourg, Macau, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, +Maldives, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, +Morocco, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, +Pakistan, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra +Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Suriname, Sweden, +Switzerland, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, +Uganda, UK, US, Uruguay, Venezuela, Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe + + +Group of 2 (G-2) + +established-informal term that came +into use about 1986 + +aim-bilateral economic cooperation +between the two most powerful economic giants + +members-(2) Japan, US + + +Group of 3 (G-3) + +established-NA October 1990 + +aim-mechanism for policy coordination + +members-(3) Colombia, Mexico, Venezuela + + +Group of 5 (G-5) + +established-22 September 1985 + +aim-the five major non-Communist economic powers + +members-(5) France, Germany, Japan, +UK, US + + +Group of 6 (G-6) + +note-not to be confused with theBig Six + +established-22 May 1984 + +aim-to achieve nuclear disarmament + +members-(6) Argentina, Greece, India, Mexico, +Sweden, Tanzania + + +Group of 7 (G-7) + +note-membership is the same as the Big Seven + +established-22 September 1985 + +aim-the seven major non-Communist economic powers + +members-(7) Group of 5 (France, Germany, Japan, UK, US) plus +Canada and Italy + + +Group of 8 (G-8) + +established-NA October 1975 + +aim-the developed countries (DCs) that participated in the +Conference on International Economic Cooperation (CIEC), held in several +sessions between NA December 1975 and 3 June 1977 + +members-(8) Australia, Canada, EC +(as one member), Japan, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, +US + + +Group of 9 (G-9) + +established-NA + +aim-informal group that meets occasionally +on matters of mutual interest + +members-(9) Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, +Denmark, Finland, Hungary, Romania, +Sweden, Yugoslavia + + +Group of 10 (G-10) + +note-also known as the Paris Club + +established-NA October 1962 + +aim-wealthiest members of the IMF who provide most of the money to be loaned +and act as the informal steering committee; name persists in spite of the +addition of Switzerland on NA April 1984 + +members-(11) Belgium, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, +Netherlands, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, US + + +Group of 11 (G-11) + +note-also known as the Cartagena Group + +established-22 June 1984, in Cartagena, +Colombia + +aim-forum for largest debtor nations +in Latin America + +members-(11) Argentina, Bolivia, +Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, +Mexico, Peru, Uruguay, Venezuela + + +Group of 15 (G-15) + +note-byproduct of the Non-Aligned +Movement + +established-1989 + +aim-to promote economic cooperation +among developing nations; to act as the main political +organ for the Non-Aligned Movement + +members-(15) Algeria, Argentina, +Brazil, Egypt, India, Indonesia, Jamaica, Malaysia, +Mexico, Nigeria, Peru, Senegal, Venezuela, Yugoslavia, +Zimbabwe + + +Group of 19 (G-19) + +established-NA October 1975 + +aim-the less developed countries (LDCs) that participated in the Conference on +International Economic Cooperation (CIEC) held in several sessions between NA +December 1975 and 3 June +1977 + +members-(19) Algeria, Argentina, Brazil, Cameroon, Egypt, India, Indonesia, +Iran, Iraq, Jamaica, Mexico, Nigeria, Pakistan, Peru, Saudi Arabia, Venezuela, +Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia + + +Group of 24 (G-24) + +established-NA January 1972 + +aim-to promote the interests of developing countries in Africa, Asia, +and Latin America within the IMF + +members-(24) Algeria, Argentina, +Brazil, Colombia, Cote d'Ivoire, Egypt, Ethiopia, +Gabon, Ghana, Guatemala, India, Iran, Lebanon, +Mexico, Nigeria, Pakistan, Peru, Philippines, Sri +Lanka, Syria, Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela, +Yugoslavia, Zaire + + +Group of 30 (G-30) + +established-NA 1979 + +aim-to discuss and propose solutions +to the world's economic problems + +members-(30) informal group of 30 +leading international bankers, economists, financial +experts, and businessmen organized by Johannes +Witteveen (former managing director of the IMF) + + +Group of 33 (G-33) + +established-NA 1987 + +aim-to promote solutions to international economic +problems + +members-(33) leading economists from 13 countries + + +Group of 77 (G-77) + +established-NA October 1967 + +aim-to promote economic cooperation among developing countries; +name persists in spite of increased membership + +members-(127 plus the Palestine +Liberation Organization) Afghanistan, Algeria, Angola, +Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, The Bahamas, Bahrain, +Bangladesh, Barbados, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, +Botswana, Brazil, Brunei, Burkina, Burma, Burundi, +Cambodia, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African +Republic, Chad, Chile, Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Costa +Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Cuba, Cyprus, Djibouti, Dominica, +Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, +Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Fiji, Gabon, The Gambia, +Ghana, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, +Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, +Jamaica, Jordan, Kenya, North Korea, South Korea, +Kuwait, Laos, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, +Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, +Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Mongolia, Morocco, +Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, +Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, +Peru, Philippines, Qatar, Romania, Rwanda, Saint Kitts +and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the +Grenadines, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, +Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Solomon +Islands, Somalia, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, +Syria, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and +Tobago, Tunisia, Uganda, UAE, Uruguay, Vanuatu, Venezuela, +Vietnam, Western Samoa, Yemen, Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia, +Zimbabwe, Palestine Liberation + + +Organization Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) + +note-also known as the Cooperation Council for the +Arab States of the Gulf + +established-25-26 May 1981 + +aim-to promote regional cooperation in economic, social, +political, and military affairs + +members-(6) Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, +Qatar, Saudi Arabia, UAE + + +Habitat + +Commission on Human Settlements + + +Hexagonal Group +see Central European Initiative (CEI) + + +high-income countries + +another term for the industrialized +countries with high per capita GNPs/GDPs; see +developed countries (DCs) + + +industrial countries + +another term for the developed countries; see developed +countries (DCs) + +Inter-American DevelopmentBank (IADB) +note-also known as Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo (BID) + +established-8 April 1959 + +effective-30 December 1959 + +aim-to promote economic and social development in Latin +America + +members-(44) Argentina, Austria, The Bahamas, Barbados, Belgium, Bolivia, +Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Denmark, Dominican Republic, +Ecuador, El Salvador, Finland, France, Germany, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, +Honduras, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Mexico, Netherlands, Nicaragua, +Norway, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Portugal, Spain, Suriname, Sweden, +Switzerland, Trinidad and Tobago, UK, US, Uruguay, Venezuela, Yugoslavia + + +Inter-Governmental Authority on Drought and Development +(IGADD) + +established-NA January 1986 + +aim-to promote cooperation on drought-related +matters + +members-(6) Djibouti, Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, Sudan, Uganda + + +International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) + +established-26 October 1956 + +effective-29 July 1957 + +aim-to promote peaceful uses of tomic energy + +members-(115) Afghanistan, Albania, +Algeria, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Bangladesh, +Belarus, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burma, +Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, +Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech +Republic, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, +Egypt, El Salvador, Estonia, Ethiopia, Finland, +France, Gabon, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guatemala, +Haiti, Holy See, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, +Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, +Jordan, Kenya, North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait, +Lebanon, Liberia, Libya, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, +Madagascar, alaysia, Mali, Mauritius, Mexico, Monaco, +Mongolia, Morocco, Namibia, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, +Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, +Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, +Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Singapore, +Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, +Sudan, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tanzania, Thailand, +Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, Ukraine, UAE, UK, US, +Uruguay, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yugoslavia, Zaire, +Zambia, Zimbabwe + + +International Bank for conomic Cooperation (IBEC) + +established in 22 October 1963; + +aim was to promote economic cooperation and development; + +members were Bulgaria, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, East +Germany, Hungary, Mongolia, Poland, Romania, USSR, +Vietnam; now it is a Russian bank with a new charter + + +International Bank for econstruction and Development +(IBRD) + +note-also known as the World Bank + +established-22 July 1944 + +effective-27 December 1945 + +aim-UN specialized agency that initially +promoted economic rebuilding after World War II and now +provides economic development loans + +members-(174) Afghanistan, Albania, +Algeria, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, +Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, The Bahamas, +Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Belize, +Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Bulgaria, +Burkina, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, +Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, +China, Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Costa Rica, Cote +d'Ivoire, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, +Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El +Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Estonia, Ethiopia, Fiji, +Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, +Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, +Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, +Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, +Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kiribati, South Korea, +Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, +Liberia, Libya, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi, +Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Marshall Islands, +Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Moldova, Mongolia, +Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal, Netherlands, New +Zealand, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, +Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, +Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, +Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent +and the Grenadines, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, +Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, + Solvenia, Solomon Islands, Somalia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, +Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, +Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, ganda, Ukraine, UAE, +UK, US, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Western Samoa, Yemen, +Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe + + +International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) + +established-NA 1919 + +aim-to promote free trade and private +enterprise and to represent business interests at +national and international levels + +members-(58 national councils) Argentina, +Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Burkina, +Cameroon, Canada, Colombia, Cote d'Ivoire, Cyprus, +Denmark, Ecuador, Egypt, Finland, France, Gabon, +Germany, Greece, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, +Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Jordan, South Korea, +Lebanon, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Mexico, Morocco, +Netherlands, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Portugal, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, +Singapore, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Taiwan, +Togo, Tunisia, Turkey, UK, US, Uruguay, Venezuela, Yugoslavia, Zaire + + +International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) + +established-7 December 1944 + +effective-4 April 1947 + +aim-UN specialized agency to promote international +cooperation in civil aviation + +members-(173) Afghanistan, Albania, +Algeria, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, +Armenia, Australia, Austria, The Bahamas, Bahrain, +Bangladesh, Barbados, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, +Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Brunei, Bulgaria, +Burkina, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Cape +Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, +Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Cook Islands, Costa Rica, Cote +d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, +Djibouti, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, +Equatorial Guinea, Estonia, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France, +Gabon, The Gambia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, +Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, +Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, Kiribati, +North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait, Laos, Latvia, Lebanon, +Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, +Madagacar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Marshall +Islands, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Federated States +of Micronesia, Moldova, Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco, +Mozambique, Namibia, Nauru, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, +Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, +Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, +Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, +Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, San +Marino, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, +Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, +Slovenia, Solomon Islands, Somalia, South Africa +(suspended), Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, +Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tanzania, +Thailand, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, +Turkey, Uganda, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay, Vanuatu, +Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia, +Zimbabwe + + +International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) + +established-NA 1863 + +aim-to provide humanitarian aid in wartime + +members-(25 individuals) all Swiss nationals + + +International Confederation of Free Trade Unions +(ICFTU) + +established-NA December 1949 + +aim-to promote the trade union movement + +members-(144 national organizations +in the following 104 areas) Antigua and Barbuda, +Argentina, Australia, Austria, The Bahamas, Bangladesh, +Barbados, Basque Country, Belgium, Bermuda, Botswana, +Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina, Canada, Central African +Republic, Chad, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Curacao, +Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Dominica, Dominican +Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Estonia, Falkland Islands, +Fiji, Finland, France, French Polynesia, The Gambia, +Germany, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana, Holy See, +Honduras, Hong Kong, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Israel, +Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Kiribati, South Korea, Lebanon, +Lesotho, Liberia, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi, +Malaysia, Malta, Mauritius, Mexico, Montserrat, Morocco, +Netherlands, New Caledonia, NZ, Nicaragua, Norway, +Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Philippines, +Poland, Portugal, Puerto Rico, Russia, Saint Helena, +Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, +San Marino, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Spain, +Sri Lanka, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, Thailand, +Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, UK, US, Venezuela, +Western Samoa + + +International Court of Justice (ICJ) + +note-also known as the World Court + +established-26 June 1945 + +effective-24 October 1945 + +aim-primary judicial organ of the UN + +members-(15 judges) elected by the +General Assembly and Security Council to represent +all principal legal systems + + +International Criminal Police Organization (INTERPOL) + +established-13 June 1956 + +aim-to promote international cooperation between criminal +police authorities + +members-(159) Albania, Algeria, Andorra, Angola, Antigua and +Barbuda, Argentina, Aruba, Australia, Austria, The Bahamas, +Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bolivia, Botswana, +Brazil, Brunei, Bulgaria, Burkina, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, +Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Congo, +Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, +Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, +Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, +France, Gabon, The Gambia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, +Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, +Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, Kiribati, South Korea, +Kuwait, Laos, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, +Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Marshall +Islands, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco, +Mozambique, Nauru, Nepal, Netherlands, Netherlands +Antilles, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, +Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, +Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, +Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, +Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, +Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, +Slovakia, Somalia, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, +Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, +Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, +Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay, +Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe + +subbureaus-(5) American Samoa, Bermuda, Cayman Islands, +Gibraltar, Hong Kong + + +International Development Association +(IDA) + +established-26 January 1960 + +effective-24 September 1960 + +aim-UN specialized agency and IBRD +affiliate that provides economic loans for low +income countries + +members-(147) Part I-(23 more economically advanced countries) Australia, +Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Iceland, Ireland, +Italy, Japan, Kuwait, Luxembourg, Netherlands, NZ, Norway, South Africa, +Sweden, Switzerland, UAE, UK, US + +members-Part II-(124 less developed nations) Afghanistan, +Albania, Algeria, Angola, Argentina, Bangladesh, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, +Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Burkina, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Cape +Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros, Congo, +Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Djibouti, Dominica, +Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, +Fiji, Gabon, The Gambia, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, +Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, +Israel, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kiribati, South Korea, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, +Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, +Maldives, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, +Nepal, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, +Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Russia, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, +Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the +Grenadines, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, +Sierra Leone, Slovakia, Solomon Islands, Somalia, Spain, +Sri Lanka, Sudan, Swaziland, Syria, Tanzania, Thailand, +Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, +Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Vietnam, Western Samoa, Yemen, +Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe + + +International Energy Agency (IEA) + +established-15 November 1974 + +aim-established by the OECD to promote +cooperation on energy matters, especially emergency +oil sharing and relations between oil consumers and +oil producers + +members-(21) Australia, Austria, +Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Germany, Greece, Ireland, +Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Netherlands, NZ, Norway, +Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, UK, US + + +International Finance Corporation (IFC) + +established-25 May 1955 + +effective-20 July 1956 + +aim-UN specialized agency and IBRD +affiliate that helps private enterprise sector in economic development + +members-(149) Afghanistan, Albania, +Algeria, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, +Australia, Austria, The Bahamas, Bangladesh, Barbados, +Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, +Bulgaria, Burkina, Burma, Burundi, Cameroon, Canada, Cape +Verde, Central African Republic, Chile, China, Colombia, +Comoros, Congo, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Cyprus, Czech +Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, +Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Fiji, +Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia, Germany, Ghana, +Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, +Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, +Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, +Japan, Jordan, Kenya, Kiribati, South Korea, Kuwait, +Laos, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Luxembourg, +Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Marshall +Islands, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Mongolia, +Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, +Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, +Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, +Poland, Portugal, Romania, Rwanda, Saint Lucia, Saudi +Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, +Slovakia, Solomon Islands, Somalia, South Africa, +Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Swaziland, Sweden, +Switzerland, Syria, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tonga, +Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, UAE, UK, +US, Uruguay, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Western +Samoa, Yemen, Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe + + +International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) + +established-NA November 1974 + +aim-UN specialized agency that promotes +agricultural development + +members-(147) Category I-(21 +industrialized aid contributors) Australia, Austria, +Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, +Greece, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Netherlands, NZ, +Norway, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, US + +members-Category II-(12 petroleum-exporting +aid contributors) Algeria, Gabon, Indonesia, Iran, +Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, +UAE, Venezuela +members-Category III-(114 aid recipients) Afghanistan, +Albania, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Bangladesh, +Barbados, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, +Burkina, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, +Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, +Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, +Cuba, Cyprus, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, +Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, +Fiji, The Gambia, Ghana, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, +Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, India, Israel, +Jamaica, Jordan, Kenya, North Korea, South Korea, Laos, +Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, +Maldives, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, +Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal, Nicaragua, Niger, +Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, +Philippines, Portugal, Romania, Rwanda, Saint +Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the +Grenadines, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Seychelles, +Sierra Leone, Solomon Islands, Somalia, Sri Lanka, +Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Syria, Tanzania, Thailand, +Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, +Uganda, Uruguay, Vietnam, Western Samoa, Yemen, +Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe + + +International Investment Bank (IIB) + +established on 7 July 1970; +to promote economic development; members were +Bulgaria, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, +Hungary, Mongolia, Poland, Romania, USSR, Vietnam; +now it is a Russian bank with a new charter + + +International Labor Organization (ILO) + +established-11 April 1919 (affiliated +with the UN 14 December 1946) + +aim-UN specialized agency concerned +with world labor issues + +members-(158) Afghanistan, Algeria, +Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Australia, Austria, +Azerbaijan, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, +Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, +Bulgaria, Burkina, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, +Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, +China, Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Costa Rica, Cote +d'Ivoire, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, +Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, +El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Estonia, Ethiopia, Fiji, +Finland, France, Gabon, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, +Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, +Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, +Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, South Korea, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Latvia, +Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi, +Malaysia, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Moldova, Mongolia, +Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, +Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Panama, +Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, +Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Saint Lucia, +San Marino, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, +Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, +Solomon Islands, Somalia, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, +Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, +Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, +Turkey, Uganda, Ukraine, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay, Venezuela, +Vietnam, Yemen, Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe + + +International Maritime Organization (IMO) + +note-name changed from Intergovernmental +Maritime Consultative Organization (IMCO) on 22 May 1982 + +established-17 March 1958 + +aim-UN specialized agency concerned +with world maritime affairs + +members-(138) Algeria, Angola, Antigua +and Barbuda, Argentina, Australia, Austria, The Bahamas, +Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belgium, Belize, Benin, +Bolivia, Brazil, Brunei, Bulgaria, Burma, Cambodia, +Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, Chile, China, Colombia, +Congo, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, +Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican +Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial +Guinea, Estonia, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, +The Gambia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guatemala, Guinea, +Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, +Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, +Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, North Korea, South +Korea, Kuwait, Lebanon, Liberia, Libya, Luxembourg, +Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Malta, +Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Monaco, Morocco, +Mozambique, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Nigeria, +Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Peru, +Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, +Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Sao Tome +and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, +Slovakia, Solomon Islands, Somalia, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Sweden, +Switzerland, Syria, +Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad +and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay, +Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, Yugoslavia, Zaire +associate members-(2) Hong Kong, Macau + + +International Maritime Satellite Organization (INMARSAT) + +established-3 September 1976 + +effective-26 July 1979 + +aim-to provide worldwide communications +for maritime and other applications + +members-(66) Algeria, Argentina, +Australia, Bahrain, Belarus, Belgium, Brazil, +Bulgaria, Cameroon, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, +Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Egypt, Finland, +France, Gabon, Germany, Greece, Iceland, India, +Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Italy, Japan, South +Korea, Kuwait, Liberia, Malaysia, Malta, Monaco, +Mozambique, Netherlands, NZ, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, +Pakistan, Panama, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, +Qatar, Romania, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, +Slovakia, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sweden, Switzerland, +Tunisia, Turkey, Ukraine, UAE, UK, US, Yugoslavia + + +International Monetary Fund (IMF) + +established-22 July 1944 + +effective-27 December 1945 + +aim-UN specialized agency concerned +with world monetary stability and economic development + +members-(175) Afghanistan, Albania, +Algeria, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, +Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, The Bahamas, +Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Belize, +Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Bulgaria, +Burkina, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, +Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, +China, Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Costa Rica, Cote +d'Ivoire, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, +Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El +Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Estonia, Ethiopia, Fiji, +Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, +Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, +Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, +Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, +Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kiribati, South Korea, +Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, +Libya, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Madagascar, Malawi, +Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Marshall Islands, Mauritania, Mauritius, +Mexico, Moldova, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal, Netherlands, +NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New +Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, +Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, +San Marino, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, +Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Solomon Islands, +Somalia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, +Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, +Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, +Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uganda, Ukraine, UAE, +UK, US, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Venezuela, +Vietnam, Western Samoa, Yemen, Yugoslavia, Zaire, +Zambia, Zimbabwe +observers-(3) Holy See, North Korea, Monaco + + +International Olympic Committee (IOC) + +established-23 June 1894 + +aim-to promote the Olympic ideals +and administer the Olympic games: 1992 Winter Olympics in +Albertville, France (8-23 February); 1992 Summer Olympics +in Barcelona, Spain (25 July-9 August); 1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer; +Norway (12-27 February); 1996 Summer +Olympics in Atlanta, United States (20 July-4 +August); 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano, Japan (date +NA) + +members-(168) Afghanistan, Albania, +Algeria, American Samoa, Andorra, Angola, Antigua +and Barbuda, Argentina, Aruba, Australia, Austria, The Bahamas, Bahrain, +Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bermuda, Bhutan, +Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, British Virgin Islands, Brunei, Bulgaria, Burkina, +Burma, Cameroon, Canada, Cayman Islands, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, +China, Colombia, Congo, Cook Islands, Costa Rica,Cote d'Ivoire, Cuba, Cyprus, +Czech Republic, Denmark, +Djibouti, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El +Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, +France, Gabon, The Gambia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, +Grenada, Guam, Guatemala, Guinea, Guyana, Haiti, +Honduras, Hong Kong, Hungary, Iceland, India, +Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, +Japan, Jordan, Kenya, North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait, Laos, Lebanon, Lesotho, +Liberia, Libya, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, +Maldives, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Monaco, Mongolia, +Morocco, Mozambique, Nepal, Netherlands, Netherlands +Antilles, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, +Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, +Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Puerto Rico, Qatar, +Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Saint Vincent and the +Grenadines, San Marino, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, +Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Solomon +Islands, Somalia, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, +Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Taiwan, +Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, +Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, Ukraine, UAE, UK, US, +Uruguay, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Virgin Islands, +Western Samoa, Yemen, Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia, +Zimbabwe + + +International Organization for Migration (IOM)-established +as Provisional Intergovernmental Committee for the +Movement of Migrants from Europe; renamed +Intergovernmental Committee for European Migration (ICEM) on 15 +November 1952; renamed Intergovernmental Committee for Migration (ICM) in +November 1980; current name adopted 14 November 1989 + +established-5 December 1951 + +aim-to facilitate orderly international +emigration and immigration + +members-(46) Angola, Argentina, +Australia, Austria, Bangladesh, Belgium, Bolivia, +Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cyprus, Denmark, +Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, +Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Guatemala, Honduras, +Hungary, Israel, Italy, Kenya, South Korea, Luxembourg, +Netherlands, Nicaragua, Norway, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, +Philippines, Portugal, Sri Lanka, Sweden, Switzerland, +Thailand, Uganda, US, Uruguay, Venezuela, Zambia +observers-(41) Albania, Belize, Brazil, Bulgaria, Cape Verde, Croatia, +Czech Republic, Federation of Ethnic Communities' Council of Australia Inc., +Ghana, Guinea-Bissau, Holy See, India, Indonesia, Japan, Japan International +Friendship and Welfare Foundation, Jordan, Latvia, Malta, Mexico, Morocco, +Namibia, NZ, Niwano Peace Foundation, Pakistan, Partnership with the Children +of the Third World, Poland, Presiding Bishop's Fund for World Relief/Episcopal +Church Refuge Council of Australia, Romania, Russia, San Marino, Sao Tome and +Principe, Senegal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Somalia, Spain, Turkey, UK, Vietnam, +Yugoslavia, Zimbabwe + + +International Organization for Standardization (ISO) + +established-NA February 1947 + +aim-to promote the development of international standards + +members-(73 national standards organizations) +Albania, Algeria, Argentina, Australia, Austria, +Bangladesh, Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, +China, Colombia, Cote d'Ivoire, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech +Republic, Denmark, Egypt, Ethiopia, Finland, France, +Germany, Ghana, Greece, Hungary, India, Indonesia, +Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, +Kenya, North Korea, South Korea, Malaysia, Mexico, Mongolia, +Morocco, Netherlands, NZ, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, +Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, +Slovakia,South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Sweden, Switzerland, +Syria, Tanzania, Thailand, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, UK, +US, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yugoslavia +correspondent members-(14) Bahrain, Barbados, Brunei, Guinea, Hong Kong, +Iceland, Jordan, Kuwait, Malawi, Mauritius, Oman, Senegal, UAE, Uruguay +International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement + +established-NA 1928 + +aim-to promote worldwide humanitarian +aid through the International Committee of the Red +Cross (ICRC) in wartime, and League of Red Cross +and Red Crescent Societies (LORCS) in peacetime + +members-(9) 2 representatives from +ICRC, 2 from LORCS, and 5 from national societies +elected by the international conference of the +International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement + + +International Telecommunication Union (ITU) + +established-9 December 1932 + +effective-1 January 1934 affiliated +with the UN-15 November 1947 + +aim-UN specialized agency concerned +with world telecommunications + +members-(168) Afghanistan, Albania, +Algeria, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, +Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, The Bahamas, Bahrain, +Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Benin, +Bhutan, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Brunei, Bulgaria, +Burkina, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, +Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, +China, Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Costa Rica, Cote +d'Ivoire, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, +Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial +Guinea, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia, +Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, +Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Holy See, Honduras, +Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, +Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, +Kiribati, North Korea, South Korea, +Kuwait, Laos, Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, +Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi, +Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Monaco, +Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nauru, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, +Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, +Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, +Russia, Rwanda, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, San +Marino, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, +Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Solomon Islands, +Somalia, South Africa (suspended), Spain, Sri Lanka, +Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, +Syria, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad +and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, Ukraine, UAE, UK, +US, Uruguay, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Western +Samoa, Yemen, Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe + + +International Telecommunications Satellite Organization +(INTELSAT) + +established-20 August 1971 + +effective-12 February 1973 + +aim-to develop and operate a global +commercial telecommunications satellite system + +members-(125) Afghanistan, Algeria, +Angola, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, +The Bahamas, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belgium, Benin, +Bhutan, Bolivia, Brazil, Burkina, Cameroon, Canada, +Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, +China, Colombia, Congo, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, +Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Dominican Republic, +Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, Germany, +Ghana, Greece, Guatemala, Guinea, Haiti, Holy See, Honduras, Iceland, India, +Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, +Kenya, South Korea, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, +Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, +Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Monaco, Morocco, +Mozambique, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, +Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New +Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Portugal, Qatar, +Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, +Singapore, Slovakia, Somalia, South Africa, Spain, Sri +Lanka, Sudan, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, +Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, +Turkey, Uganda, UAE, UK,US, Uruguay, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, +Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe + + +Islamic Development Bank (IDB) + +established-15 December 1973 + +aim-to promote Islamic economic +aid and social development + +members-(44 plus the Palestine Liberation +Organization) Afghanistan (suspended), Algeria, +Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Benin, Brunei, Burkina, +Cameroon, Chad, Comoros, Djibouti, Egypt, Gabon, The +Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, +Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, +Mauritania, Morocco, Niger, Oman, Pakistan, Qatar, Saudi +Arabia, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, +Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, UAE, Yemen, Palestine Liberation +Organization + + +Latin American Economic System (LAES) + +note-also known as Sistema +Economico Latinoamericana (SELA) + +established-17 October 1975 + +aim-to promote economic and +social development through +regional cooperation + +members-(26) Argentina, Barbados, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, +Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El +Salvador, Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, +Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, Uruguay, +Venezuela + +Latin American Integration Association (LAIA) +note-also known as Asociacion +Latinoamericana de Integracion (ALADI) + +established-12 August 1980 + +effective-18 March 1981 + +aim-to promote freer regional trade + +members-(11) Argentina, Bolivia, +Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Mexico, Paraguay, +Peru, Uruguay, Venezuela +observers-(16) Commission of the European Communities, Costa +Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, +Inter-American Development Bank, Italy, Nicaragua, +Organization of American States, Panama, Portugal, +Spain, United Nations Development Program, United +Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the +Caribbean + + +League of Arab States (LAS) +see Arab League (AL) + + +League of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies +(LORCS) + +established-5 May 1919 + +aim-to provide humanitarian aid in peacetime + +members-(148) Afghanistan, Albania, +Algeria, Angola, Argentina, Australia, Austria, The +Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belgium, +Belize, Benin, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Bulgaria, +Burkina, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, +Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, +China, Colombia, Congo, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, +Cuba, Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, +Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, +Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France, The Gambia, +Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, +Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, +Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, +Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, North Korea, +South Korea, Kuwait, Laos, Lebanon, Lesotho, +Liberia, Libya, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, +Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Mali, Mauritania, +Mauritius, Mexico, Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco, +Mozambique, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, +Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New +Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, +Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, +Rwanda, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, +San Marino, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Sierra Leone, +Singapore, Slovakia, Somalia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, +Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tanzania, Thailand, +Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, UAE, UK, +US, Uruguay, Venezuela, Vietnam, Western Samoa, Yemen, +Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe +associate members-(2) Equatorial Guinea, Gabon + + +least developed countries (LLDCs) +that subgroup of the less developed +countries (LDCs) initially identified by the UN +General Assembly in 1971 as having no significant +economic growth, per capita GNPs/GDPs normally less +than $500, and low literacy rates; also known as the +undeveloped countries. The 42 LLDCs are: Afghanistan, +Bangladesh, Benin, Bhutan, Botswana, Burkina, Burma, +Burundi, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, +Comoros, Djibouti, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, +The Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Haiti, Kiribati, Laos, Lesotho, +Malawi, Maldives, Mali, Mauritania, Mozambique, Nepal, Niger, Rwanda, +Sao Tome and Principe, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan, Tanzania, +Togo, Tuvalu, Uganda, Vanuatu, Western Samoa, Yemen + + +less developed countries (LDCs) +the bottom group in the comprehensive +but mutually exclusive hierarchy of developed +countries (DCs), former USSR/Eastern Europe (former +USSR/EE), and less developed countries (LDCs); +mainly countries with low levels of output, +living standards, and technology; per capita GNPs/GDPs +are generally below $5,000 and often less than $1,000; +however, the group also includes a number of countries +with high per capita incomes, areas of advanced technology, and rapid rates of +growth; includes the advanced developing +countries, developing countries, Four Dragons (Four Tigers), +least developed countries (LLDCs), low-income countries, middle-income +countries, newly industrializing economies +(NIEs), the South, Third World, underdeveloped countries, +undeveloped countries; the 175 LDCs are: Afghanistan, +Algeria, American Samoa, Angola, Anguilla, Antigua and +Barbuda, Argentina, Aruba, The Bahamas, Bahrain, +Bangladesh, Barbados, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, +Botswana, Brazil, British Virgin Islands, Brunei, +Burkina, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Cape Verde, +Cayman Islands, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, +China, Christmas Island, Cocos Islands, Colombia, +Comoros, Congo, Cook Islands, Costa +Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Cuba, Cyprus, Djibouti, +Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, +Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Falkland Islands, +Fiji, French Guiana, French Polynesia, Gabon, The Gambia, +Gaza Strip, Ghana, Gibraltar, Greenland, Grenada, +Guadeloupe, Guam, Guatemala, Guernsey, Guinea, Guinea- +Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hong Kong, India, +Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Jamaica, Jersey, Jordan, Kenya, +Kiribati, North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait, Laos, Lebanon, +Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Macau, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, +Isle of Man, Marshall Islands, Martinique, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mayotte, +Mexico, Federated States of Micronesia, Mongolia, Montserrat, Morocco, +Mozambique, Namibia, Nauru, Nepal, Netherlands Antilles, New Caledonia, +Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Niue, Norfolk Island, Northern Mariana Islands, +Oman, Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands (Palau), Pakistan, Panama, Papua +New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Pitcairn +Islands, Puerto Rico, Qatar, Reunion, Rwanda, Saint +Helena, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Pierre +and Miquelon, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Sao Tome +and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra +Leone, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Somalia, Sri Lanka, +Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Syria, Taiwan, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tokelau, +Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turks and Caicos Islands, Tuvalu, UAE, +Uganda, Uruguay, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Virgin Islands, Wallis +and Futuna, West Bank, Western Sahara, Western Samoa, +Yemen, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe + + +low-income countries +another term for those less +developed countries with below-average per capita +GNPs/GDPs; see less developed countries (LDCs) + + +London Suppliers Group +see Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG) + + +Mercado Comun del Cono Sur (MERCOSUR) +see Southern Cone Common Market + + +middle-income countries +another term for those less +developed countries with above-average per capita GNPs/GDPs; +see less developed countries (LDCs) + + +Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR) + +established-April 1987 + +aim-to arrest missile proliferation +by controlling the export of key missile technologies and +equipment + +members-(24) Australia, Austria, +Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, +Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Netherlands, NZ, Norway, +Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, US + + +newly industrializing countries (NICs) +former term for the newly industrializing +economies; see newly industrializing economies (NIEs) + + +newly industrializing economies (NIEs) +that subgroup of the less developed +countries (LDCs) that has experienced particularly rapid +industrialization of their economies; formerly known as the +newly industrializing countries (NICs); also known as advanced developing +countries; usually includes the Four Dragons (Hong Kong, South Korea, +Singapore, Taiwan) plus Brazil and Mexico + + +Nonaligned Movement (NAM) + +established-1-6 September 1961 + +aim-to establish political and military +cooperation apart from the traditional +East or West blocs + +members-(102 plus the Palestine Liberation Organization) +Afghanistan, Algeria, Angola, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, +Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Botswana, Burkina, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, +CapeVerde, Central African Republic, Chad, Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Cote +d'Ivoire, Cuba, Cyprus, Djibouti, Ecuador, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, +Gabon, The Gambia, Ghana, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea- +Bissau, Guyana, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Jamaica, +Jordan, Kenya, North Korea, Kuwait, Laos, Lebanon, +Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, +Maldives, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mongolia, +Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal, Nicaragua, Niger, +Nigeria, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Peru, +Qatar, Rawada, Saint Lucia, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, +Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Somalia, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, +Swaziland, Syria, Tanzania, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Uganda, UAE, +Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe, +Palestine Liberation Organization +observers-(19) African National Congress, Afro-Asian Solidarity Organization, +Antigua and Barbuda, Arab League, Brazil, China, Costa Rica, Dominica, El +Salvador, Islamic Conference, Kanaka Socialist National Liberation Front (New +Caledonia), Mexico, Mongolia, Organization of African Unity, Pan Africanist +Congress of Azania, Philippines, +Socialist Party of Puerto Rico, UN, Uruguay +guests-(21) Australia, Austria, Bulgaria, Canada, Czech +Republic, Dominican Republic, Finland, Germany, +Greece, Hungary, Netherlands, NZ, Norway, Poland, +Portugal, Romania, San Marino, Slovakia, Spain, +Sweden, Switzerland + + +Nordic Council (NC) + +established-16 March 1952 + +effective-12 February 1953 + +aim-to promote regional economic, cultural, and +environmental cooperation + +members-(5) Denmark, Finland, Iceland, +Norway, Sweden; note-Denmark includes Faroe +Islands and Greenland + + +Nordic Investment Bank (NIB) + +established-4 December 1975 + +effective-1 June 1976 + +aim-to promote economic cooperation and development + +members-(5) Denmark, Finland, Iceland, +Norway, Sweden + + +North +a popular term for the rich +industrialized countries generally located in the +northern portion of the Northern Hemisphere; the +counterpart of the South; see developed countries +(DCs) + + +North Atlantic Cooperation Council (NACC)-an extension of NATO + +established-8 November 1991 + +effective-20 December 1991 + +aim-to form a forum to discuss cooperation +concerning mutual political and security issues + +members-(38) Albania, Armenia, Azerbaijan, +Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Czech +Republic, Denmark, Estonia, France, Georgia, +Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, +Italy, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, +Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, +Slovakia, Spain, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, +UK, US, Uzbekistan, Yugoslavia + +North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) + +established-17 September 1949 + +aim-to promote mutual defense and cooperation + +members-(16) Belgium, Canada, Denmark, +France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, +Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Turkey, UK, US + + +Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA) + +established-NA 1958 + +aim-associated with OECD, seeks +to promote the peaceful uses of nuclear energy + +members-(23) Australia, Austria, +Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, +Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, +Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, +Switzerland, Turkey, UK, US + + +Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG) +note-also known as the London Suppliers Group + +established-1974 + +aim-to establish guidelines on exports +of enrichment and processing plant assistance and +nuclear exports to countries of proliferation concern +and regions of conflict and instability + +members-(28) Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Czech Republic, +Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Japan, +Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, +Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, US + +Organismo para la Proscripcion de las Armas +Nucleares en la AmericaLatina y el Caribe (OPANAL) +see Agency for the Prohibition +of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and the +Caribbean (OPANAL) + + +Organization for Economic +Cooperation and Development (OECD) + +established-14 December 1960, effective +30 September 1961 + +aim-to promote economic cooperation +and development + +members-(24) Australia, Austria, +Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, +Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, +Netherlands, NZ, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, +Switzerland, Turkey, UK, US special members-(2) EC, Yugoslavia + + +Organization of African Unity (OAU) + +established-25 May 1963 + +aim-to promote unity and cooperation among African states + +members-(52) Algeria, Angola, Benin, +Botswana, Burkina, Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central +African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Congo, Cote d'Ivoire, +Djibouti, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, +Gabon, The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, +Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, +Mauritania, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, +Rwanda, Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic, Sao Tome and +Principe, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, +Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, Zaire, +Zambia, Zimbabwe + + +Organization of American States (OAS) + +established-30 April 1948 + +effective-13 December 1951 + +aim-to promote peace and security +as well as economic and social development + +members-(35) Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, The Bahamas, +Barbados, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba +(excluded from formal participation since 1962), Dominica, Dominican Republic, +Ecuador, El Salvador, Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, +Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, +Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, US, Uruguay, +Venezuela +observers-(24) Algeria, Austria, +Belgium, Cyprus, EC, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Finland, France, Germany, +Greece, Holy See, Israel, Italy, Japan, South Korea, Morocco, Netherlands, +Pakistan, Portugal, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Spain, Switzerland, ? + + +Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAPEC) + +established-9 January 1968 + +aim-to promote cooperation in the petroleum industry + +members-(11) Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, +Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Tunisia +(withdrew from active membership in 1986), + + +UAE Organization of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS) + +established-18 June 1981 + +effective-4 July 1981 + +aim-to promote political, economic, and defense cooperation + +members-(7) Antigua and Barbuda, Dominica, Grenada, Montserrat, +Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines +associate member-(1) British Virgin Islands + + +Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) + +established-14 September 1960 + +aim-to coordinate petroleum policies + +members-(12) Algeria, Gabon, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, +Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, UAE, Venezuela + + +Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC) + +established-22-25 September 1969 + +aim-to promote Islamic solidarity +and cooperation in economic, social, cultural, and +political affairs + +members-(47 plus the Palestine Liberation +Organization) Afghanistan (suspended), Albania, Algeria, +Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Benin, Brunei, Burkina, +Cameroon, Chad, Comoros, Djibouti, Egypt, Gabon, The +Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, +Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Malaysia, +Maldives, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Niger, Nigeria, +Oman, Pakistan, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Sierra +Leone, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, +UAE, Yemen, Palestine Liberation Organization +observer-(1) Turkish-Cypriot administered area of Cyprus + + +Paris Club +see Group of 10 + + +Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) + +established-NA 1899 + +aim-to facilitate the settlement +of international disputes + +members-(78) Argentina, Australia, +Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Bulgaria, +Burkina, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Chile, China, +Colombia, Cuba, Czech Republic, Denmark, Dominican +Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Fiji, Finland, +France, Germany, Greece, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, +Hungary, Iceland, India, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Italy, +Japan, Jordan, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Lebanon, Luxembourg, +Malta, Mauritius, Mexico, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, +Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, +Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Senegal, Slovakia, +Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, +Thailand, Turkey, Uganda, Ukraine, UK, US, Uruguay, +Venezuela, Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zimbabwe + + +Population Commission + +established-3 October 1946 + +aim-Economic and Social Council organization dealing +with population matters of importance to the UN + +members-(27) selected on a rotating +basis from all regions + + +Rio Group (RG) + +established-NA 1988 + +aim-a consultation mechanism on regional Latin American issues +members-(11) Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Mexico, +Paraguay, Peru (suspended), Uruguay, Venezuela; note-Panama was expelled in +1988; Peru was suspended after April 1992 coup + +Second World another term for the traditionally Marxist-Leninist states with +authoritarian governments and command economies based on the Soviet model; +the term is fading from use; see centrally planned economies socialist +countries in general, countries in which the government owns and plans +the use of the major factors of production; note-the term is sometimes +used incorrectly as a synonym for Communist countries + +South a popular term for the poorer, less industrialized +countries generally located south of the developed countries; +the counterpart of the North; see less developed countries (LDCs) + + +South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) + +established-8 December 1985 + +aim-to promote economic, social, and cultural cooperation + +members-(7) Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, +Pakistan, Sri Lanka + + +South Pacific Commission (SPC) + +established-6 February 1947 + +effective-29 July 1948 + +aim-to promote regional +cooperation n economic and social matters + +members-(27) American Samoa, Australia, +Cook Islands, Fiji, France, French Polynesia, +Guam, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Federated States +of Micronesia, Nauru, New Caledonia, NZ, Niue, +Northern Mariana Islands, Trust Territory +of the Pacific Islands (Palau), Papua New Guinea, +Pitcairn Islands, Solomon Islands, Tokelau, Tonga, +Tuvalu, UK, US, Vanuatu, Wallis and Futuna, Western Samoa + + +South Pacific Forum (SPF) + +established-5 August 1971 + +aim-to promote regional cooperation +in political matters + +members-(15) Australia, Cook Islands, +Fiji, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Federated States of +Micronesia, Nauru, NZ, Niue, Papua New Guinea, Solomon +Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu, Western Samoa +observer-(1) Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands (Palau) + + +South Pacific Regional Trade and Economic Cooperation Agreement +(SPARTECA) + +established-NA 1981 + +aim-to redress unequal trade relationship of Australia and New +Zealand with small island economies in Pacific region + +members-(15) Australia, Cook Islands, Fiji, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, +Federated States of Micronesia, Nauru, NZ, Niue, Papua New Guinea, +Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu, Western Samoa + + +Southern African Customs Union (SACU) + +established-11 December 1969 + +aim-to promote free trade and cooperation +in customs matters + +members-(9) Bophuthatswana, Botswana, +Ciskei, Lesotho, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland, Transkei, Venda + + +Southern African Development Community (SADC) + +note-evolved from the Southern African Development Coordination +Conference (SADCC) established-17 August 1992 + +aim-to promote regional economic +development and integration + +members-(10) Angola, Botswana, Lesotho, +Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Swaziland, Tanzania, +Zambia, Zimbabwe + + +Southern Cone Common Market (MERCOSUR) + +established-26 March 1991 + +aim-regional economic cooperation + +members-(4) Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, +Uruguay + +Statistical Commission + +established-21 June 1946 + +aim-Economic and Social Council organization dealing +with development and standardization of national statistics of +interest to the UN + +members-(25) selected on a rotating basis from all regions +Third World another term for the less developed +countries; the term is fading from use; see less developed +countries (LDCs) + + +underdeveloped countries +refers to those less developed +countries with the potential for above-average economic growth; +see less developed countries (LDCs) + + +undeveloped countries +refers to those extremely poor +less developed countries (LDCs) with little prospect for economic growth; +see least developed countries (LLDCs) + + +Union Douaniere et Economique de l'Afrique Centrale +(UDEAC) +see Central African Customs and Economic Union (UDEAC) +United Nations (UN) + +established-26 June 1945 + +effective-24 October 1945 + +aim-to maintain international peace +and security and to promote cooperation involving +economic, social, cultural and humanitarian problems + +members-(182 excluding Yugoslavia) Afghanistan, Albania, +Algeria, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, +Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, The Bahamas, +Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Belize, +Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, +Botswana, Brazil, Brunei, Bulgaria, Burkina, Burma, +Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, Central +African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Costa Rica, +Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, +Dominica, Dominican +Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, +Eritrea, Estonia, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, +The Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, +Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, +Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, +Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, +Kazakhstan, Kenya, North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait, +Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, +Libya, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, +Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Marshall Islands, +Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Federated States of Micronesia, Moldova, Monaco, +Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, +Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua +New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, +Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Saint Kitts +and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the +Grenadines, San Marino, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi +Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, +Slovakia, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, Somalia, South +Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, +Sweden, Syria, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, +Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, +Uganda, Ukraine, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, +Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Western Samoa, Yemen, Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia, +Zimbabwe; note-all UN members are represented in the General Assembly +observers-(2 and the Palestine Liberation +Organization) Holy See, Switzerland, Palestine Liberation +Organization + + +United Nations Angola Verification Mission (UNAVEM II) + +note-successor to original UNAVEM + +established-20 December 1988 + +aim-established by the UN Security +Council to verify the withdrawal of Cuban troops from +Angola + +members-(25) Algeria, Argentina, +Brazil, Canada, Congo, Czech Republic, Egypt, Guinea- +Bissau, Hungary, India, Ireland, Jordan, Malaysia, +Morocco, Netherlands, NZ, Nigeria, Norway, Senegal, +Singapore, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Yugoslavia, +Zimbabwe + + +United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) + +note-acronym retained from the predecessor +organization UN International Children's Emergency +Fund established-11 December 1946 + +aim-to help establish child health and welfare services + +members-(41) selected on a rotating basis from all regions + + +United Nations Conference on Trade and Development +(UNCTAD) + +established-30 December 1964 + +aim-to promote international trade + +members-(186) all UN members plus Holy See, Switzerland, Tonga + + +United Nations Development Program (UNDP) + +established-22 November 1965 + +aim-to provide technical assistance to stimulate economic and social +development + +members-(48) selected on a rotating +basis from all regions + +United Nations Disengagement Observer Force (UNDOF) + +established-31 May 1974 + +aim-established by the UN Security Council to observe the 1973 Arab-Israeli +ceasefire + +members-(4) Austria, Canada, Finland,Poland + + +United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) + +established-16 November 1945 + +effective-4 November 1946 + +aim-to promote cooperation in education, +science, and culture + +members-(172) Afghanistan, Albania, +Algeria, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, +Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, The Bahamas, +Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Belize, +Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Bulgaria, +Burkina, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, +Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, +China, Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Cook Islands, Costa +Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech +Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican +Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial +Guinea, Estonia, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, +The Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, +Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, +Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, +Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, +Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kiribati, North Korea, South Korea, +Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, +Libya, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, +Maldives, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Moldova, Monaco, +Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, +Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, +Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Saint +Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, San Marino, +Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, +Slovakia, Slovenia, Somalia, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, +Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tonga, +Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Tuvalu, Uganda, Ukraine, +UAE, Uruguay, Venezuela, Vietnam, Western Samoa, Yemen, Yugoslavia, +Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe +associate members-(3) Aruba, British Virgin Islands, Netherlands Antilles + + +United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) + +established-15 December 1972 + +aim-to promote international cooperation +on all environmental matters + +members-(58) selected on a rotating basis from all regions + + +United Nations Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP) + +established-4 March 1964 + +aim-established by the UN Security Council to serve as a +peacekeeping force beween Greek Cypriots and Turkish Cypriots in Cyprus + +members-(7) Austria,Canada, Denmark, Finland, Ireland, Sweden, UK + + +United Nations General Assembly + +established-26 June 1945 + +effective-24 October 1945 + +aim-primary deliberative organ in the UN + +members-(183) all UN members are represented in the + + +General Assembly United Nations Industrial +Development Organization (UNIDO) + +established-17 November 1966 + +effective-1 January 1967 + +aim-UN specialized agency that promotes +industrial development especially among the members + +members-(160) Afghanistan, Albania, +Algeria, Angola, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, +Austria, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, +Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, +Botswana, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina, Burma, Burundi, +Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, Central African +Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros, +Congo, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, +Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican +Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial +Guinea, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, The +Gambia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, +Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, India, +Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, +North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait, Laos, Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, +Libya, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, +Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, +Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, +Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, +Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and +the Grenadines, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, +Sierra Leone, Slovakia, Slovenia, Somalia, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, +Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, +Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, +Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, Ukraine, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay, +Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, Yugoslavia, Zaire, +Zambia, Zimbabwe + + +United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) + +established-19 March 1978 + +aim-established by the UN Security +Council to confirm the withdrawal of Israeli +forces, restore peace, and reestablish Lebanese +authority in southern Lebanon + +members-(10) Fiji, Finland, France, +Ghana, Ireland, Italy, Nepal, Norway, Poland, Sweden + + +United Nations Iraq-Kuwait Observation Mission (UNIKOM) + +established-NA 1991 + +aim-established by the UN Security +Council to observe and monitor the demilitarized zone +established between Iraq and Kuwait + +members-(34) Argentina, Austria, +Bangladesh, Canada, Chile, China, Denmark, Fiji, Finland, +France, Ghana, Greece, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Ireland, +Italy, Kenya, Malaysia, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Poland, +Romania, Russia, Senegal, Singapore, Sweden, Thailand, Turkey, UK, US, Uruguay, +Venezuela + + +United Nations Military Observer Group in India +and Pakistan (UNMOGIP) + +established-13 August 1948 + +aim-established by the UN Security Council to observe the 1949 +India-Pakistan ceasefire + +members-(8) Belgium, Chile, Denmark, +Finland, Italy, Norway, Sweden, Uruguay + + +United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara +(MINURSO) + +established-NA 1990 + +aim-established by the UN Security Council to supervise the +referendum in Western Sahara + +members-(25) Argentina, Australia, Austria, Bangladesh, Canada, China, Egypt, +France, Ghana, Greece, Guinea, Ireland, Italy, Kenya, Malaysia, Nigeria, +Pakistan, Peru, Poland, Russia, Switzerland, Tunisia, UK, US, Venezuela + + +United Nations Observer Mission in El Salvador (ONUSAL) + +established-NA 1991 + +aim-established by the UN Security Council to verify ceasefire arrangments and +to monitor the maintenance of public order pending the organization of a new +National Civil Police + +members-(9) Brazil, Canada, Colombia, Ecuador, India, Ireland, Spain, Sweden, +Venezuela + + +United Nations Office of the High Commissioner +for Refugees (UNHCR) + +established-3 December 1949 + +effective-1 January 1951 + +aim-to try to ensure the humanitarian treatment of refugees and find permanent +solutions to refugee problems +members-(46) Algeria, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, +China, Colombia,Denmark, Ethiopia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Holy See, +Hungary, Iran, Israel, Italy, Japan, Lebanon, Lesotho, Madagascar, Morocco, +Namibia, Netherlands, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Philippines, +Somalia, Sudan, Sweden, Switzerland, Tanzania, Thailand, Tunisia, Turkey, +Uganda,UK, US, Venezuela, Yugoslavia, Zaire + + +United Nations Operation in Mozambique (UNOMOZ) + +established-NA 1992 + +aim-established by the UN Security Council to supervise the +ceasefire + +members-(18) Argentina, Bangladesh, Botswana, Brazil, Canada, Cape Verde, +Egypt, Guinea-Bissau, Hungary, India, Italy, Japan, Malaysia, Portugal, Spain, +Sweden, + + +Uruguay, Zambia United Nations Operation in Somalia (UNOSOM) + +established-NA 1992 + +aim-established by the UN Security Council to facilitate an +immediate cessation of hostilities, to maintain a ceasefire to +promote a political settlement, and to provide urgent +humanitarian assistance + +members-(17) Australia, Austria, Bangladesh, Belgium, Canada, Czech Republic, +Egypt, Fiji, Finland, Indonesia, Jordan, Morocco, NZ, Norway, Pakistan, +Slovakia, Zimbabwe + + +United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) + +note-acronym retained from predecessor +organization UN Fund for Population Activities + +established-NA July 1967 + +aim-to promote assistance in dealing with population problems + +members-(51) selected on a rotating basis from all regions + + +United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR) + +established-NA 1992 + +aim-established by the UN Security Council to create conditions for peace +and security required for the negotiation of an overall settlement of the +"Yugoslav" crisis + +members-(31) Argentina, Bangladesh, Belgium, +Brazil, Canada, Colombia, Czech Republic, Denmark, +Egypt, Finland, France, Ghana, Ireland, Jordan, +Kenya, Luxembourg, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, +Nigeria, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, +Switzerland, Tunisia, Ukraine, UK, Venezuela + + +United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East +(UNRWA) + +established-8 December 1949 + +aim-to provide assistance to Palestinian refugees + +members-(10) Belgium, Egypt, France, Japan, Jordan, Lebanon, +Syria, Turkey, UK, US + + +United Nations Secretariat + +established-26 June 1945 + +effective-24 October 1945 + +aim-primary administrative organ +of the UN + +member-Secretary General appointed +for a five-year term by the General Assembly on the +recommendation of the Security Council + + +United Nations Security Council + +established-26 June 1945 + +effective-24 October 1945 + +aim-to maintain international peace and security + +permanent members-(5) +China, France, Russia, UK, US +nonpermanent members-(10) +elected for two-year terms by the UN General Assembly; +Austria (1991-92), Belgium (1991-92), Cape Verde (1992- +93), Ecuador (1991-92), Hungary (1992-93), India (1991- +92), Japan (1992-93), Morocco (1992-93), Venezuela (1992- +93), Zimbabwe (1991-92) + + +United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia (UNTAC) + +established-NA 1992 + +aim-established by the UN Security Council to contribute to the restoration +and maintenance of peace and to the holding of free elections + +members-(31) Algeria, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Bangladesh, Belgium, +Bulgaria, Cameroon,Canada, Chile, China, Congo, France, Germany, Ghana, India, +Indonesia, Ireland, Malaysia, Netherlands, NZ, Pakistan, Philippines, Poland, +Russia, Senegal, Thailand, Tunisia, UK, US, Uruguay + + +United Nations Truce Supervision Organization (UNTSO) + +established-NA May 1948 + +aim-initially established by the UN Security Council to supervise the 1948 +Arab-Israeli ceasefire and subsequently extended to work in the Sinai, Lebanon, +Jordan, Afghanistan, and Pakistan + +members-(19) Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, +Chile, China, Denmark, Finland, France, +Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, NZ, Norway, Russia, Sweden, +Switzerland, US + + +United Nations Trusteeship Council + +established-26 June 1945 + +effective-24 October 1945 + +aim-to supervise the administration +of the UN trust territories; only one of the original 11 +trusteeships remains-the Trust Territory of the Pacific +Islands (Palau) + +members-(5) China, France, Russia, UK, US + + +Universal Postal Union (UPU) + +established-9 October 1874, affiliated +with the UN 15 November 1947 + +effective-1 July 1948 + +aim-UN specialized agency that promotes +international postal cooperation + +members-(178) Afghanistan, Albania, +Algeria, Angola, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, +The Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, +Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Botswana, +Brazil, Brunei, Bulgaria, Burkina, Burma, Burundi, +Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, Central African +Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros, Congo, +Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech +Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican +Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial +Guinea, Estonia, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, +France, Gabon, The Gambia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, +Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, +Holy See, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, +Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, +Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kiribati, +North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait, Laos, Latvia, +Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Liechtenstein, +Lithuania, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, +Maldives, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, +Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, +Nauru, Nepal, Netherlands, Netherlands Antilles, NZ, +Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Overseas +Territories of the UK, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New +Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, +Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Saint Kitts +and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the +Grenadines, San Marino, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi +Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, +Slovakia, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, Somalia, Spain, +Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, +Switzerland, Syria, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tonga, +Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Tuvalu, Uganda, +Ukraine, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay, Vanuatu, Venezuela, +Vietnam, Western Samoa, Yemen, Yugoslavia, Zaire, +Zambia, Zimbabwe + + +Warsaw Pact (WP) + +was established 14 May 1955 to promote mutual defense; members met 1 July 1991 +to dissolve the alliance; member states at the time of dissolution were +Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, Romania, and the USSR; earlier +members included East Germany and Albania + + +West African Development Bank (WADB) +note-also known as Banque Ouest-Africaine de Developpement (BOAD) + +established-14 November 1973 + +aim-to promote economic development and integration + +members-(7) Benin, Burkina, Cote d'Ivoire, Mali, Niger, Senegal, Togo + + +West African Economic Community (CEAO) + +note-acronym from Communaute Economique +de l'Afrique de l'Ouest + +established-3 June 1972 + +aim-to promote regional economic development + +members-(7) Benin, Burkina, Cote d'Ivoire, Mali, Mauritania, +Niger, Senegal +observers-(2) Guinea, Togo + + +Western European Union (WEU) + +established-23 October 1954 + +effective-6 May 1955 + +aim-mutual defense and progressive political unification + +members-(9) Belgium, France, Germany, +Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, UK +associate member-(1) Iceland +observer-(1) Greece + + +World Bank + +see International Bank for +Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) + + +World Bank Group +includes International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), +International Development Association (IDA), and International Finance +Corporation (IFC) + + +World Confederation of Labor (WCL) + +established-19 June 1920 as the +International Federation of Christian Trade Unions +(IFCTU), renamed 4 October 1968 + +aim-to promote the trade union movement + +members-(94 national organizations) +Algeria, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Aruba, +Austria, Bangladesh, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bolivia, +Bonaire Island, Botswana, Brazil, Burkina, Cameroon, +Canada, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, +Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Cuba, +Curacao, Cyprus, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, +El Salvador, France, French Guiana, Gabon, The Gambia, +Ghana, Grenada, Guadaloupe, Guatemala, Guinea, Guyana, +Haiti, Honduras, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Italy, Jamaica, +Kenya, Lesotho, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Madagascar, +Malaysia, Mali, Martinique, Mauritius, Mexico, +Montserrat, Namibia, Netherlands, Nicaragua, Niger, +Nigeria, Pakistan, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, +Poland, Portugal, Puerto Rico, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and +Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Martin, Saint Vincent and the +Grenadines, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Spain, +Sri Lanka, Suriname, Switzerland, Tanzania, Thailand, +Togo, UK, US, Uruguay, Venezuela, Vietnam, Zaire, +Zambia, Zimbabwe + + +World Court +see International Court of +Justice (ICJ) + + +World Federation of Trade Unions (WFTU) + +established-NA 1945 + +aim-to promote the trade union movement + +members-(67) Afghanistan, Angola, +Argentina, Australia, Austria, Bahrain, Bangladesh, +Bolivia, Brazil, Burkina, Cambodia, Chile, Colombia, +Congo, Costa Rica, Cuba, Cyprus, Dominican Republic, +Ecuador, El Salvador, Ethiopia, France, The Gambia, +Guatemala, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, +India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, +North Korea, Kuwait, Laos, Lebanon, Madagascar, +Mauritius, Mongolia, Namibia, Nepal, Nicaragua, Oman, +Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Philippines, +Puerto Rico, Russia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Saudi Arabia, +Senegal, Solomon Islands, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Syria, +Trinidad and Tobago, Uruguay, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, Zaire + + +World Food Council (WFC) + +established-17 December 1974 + +aim-ECOSOC organization that studies world food problems and +recommends solutions + +members-(36) selected on a rotating basis from all regions + + +World Food Program (WFP) + +established-24 November 1961 + +aim-ECOSOC organization that provides food aid to assist in +development or disaster relief + +members-(42) selected on a rotating basis from all regions + + +World Health Organization (WHO) + +established-22 July 1946 + +effective-7 April 1948 + +aim-UN specialized agency concerned with health matters + +members-(180) Afghanistan, Albania, +Algeria, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, +Armenia, Australia, Austria, The Bahamas, Bahrain, +Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Benin, +Bhutan, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, +Brazil, Brunei, Bulgaria, Burkina, Burma, Burundi, +Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, Central African +Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros, Congo, +Cook Islands, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, +Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, +Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, +Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France, +Gabon, The Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, +Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, +Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, +Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, +Jordan, Kenya, Kiribati, North Korea, South Korea, +Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, +Libya, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi, +Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Marshall Islands, Mauritania, +Mauritius, Mexico, Federated States of Micronesia, +Moldova, Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, +Namibia, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, +Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, +Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, +Russia, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, +Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, San Marino, Sao Tome +and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra +Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, +Somalia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, +Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, +Tajikistan, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad +and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, Ukraine, UAE, UK, +US, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, +Western Samoa, Yemen, Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia, +Zimbabwe +associate members-(2) Puerto Rico, Tokelau + + +World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) + +established-14 July 1967 + +effective-26 April 1970 + +aim-UN specialized agency concerned +with the protection of literary, artistic, and +scientific works + +members-(133) Albania, Algeria, +Angola, Argentina, Australia, Austria, The Bahamas, +Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Benin, +Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina, Burundi, Cameroon, Canada, +Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, +Colombia, Congo, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Cuba, +Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El +Salvador, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, +Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Haiti, Holy See, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, +India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, +Kenya, North Korea, South Korea, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, +Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Mali, +Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco, Namibia, +Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Panama, Paraguay, +Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Saudi +Arabia, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Somalia, South Africa, +Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, +Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, +Ukraine, +UAE, UK, US, Uruguay, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, +Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe + + +World Meteorological Organization (WMO) + +established-11 October 1947 + +effective-4 April 1951 + +aim-specialized UN agency concerned +with meteorological cooperation + +members-(162) Afghanistan, Albania, +Algeria, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, +Australia, Austria, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, +Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, British +Caribbean Territories, Brunei, Bulgaria, Burkina, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, +Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, +Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech +Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El +Salvador, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France, French Polynesia, Gabon, The Gambia, +Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, +Honduras, Hong Kong, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, +Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait, +Laos, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Madagascar, +Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, +Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, +Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal, Netherlands, +Netherlands Antilles, New Caledonia, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, +Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, +Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, +Saint Lucia, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra +Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Solomon Islands, Somalia, South Africa (suspended), +Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, +Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, +Ukraine, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, +Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe + + +World Tourism Organization (WTO) + +established-2 January 1975 + +aim-promote tourism as a means of contributing to economic +development, international understanding, and peace +members-(110) Afghanistan, Algeria, Angola, Argentina, Austria, Bangladesh, +Belgium, Benin, Bolivia, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina, Burundi, Cambodia, +Cameroon, Canada, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Congo, Cote d'Ivoire, Cuba, +Cyprus, Czech Republic, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, Ethiopia, Finland, +France, Gabon, The Gambia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guinea, +Guinea-Bissau, Haiti, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Italy, +Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait, Laos, Lebanon, +Lesotho, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, +Mauritania, +Mauritius, Mexico, Mongolia, Morocco, Nepal, Netherlands, +Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Pakistan, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, +Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, San +Marino, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Slovakia, +Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Switzerland, Syria, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Turkey, +Uganda, UAE, US, Uruguay, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia, +Zimbabwe +associate members-(4) Aruba, Macau, Netherlands Antilles, Puerto Rico +observer-(1) Holy See + + +Zangger Committee (ZC) + +established-early 1970s + +aim-to establish guidelines for the export control provisions of the nuclear +Non-Proliferation Treaty + +members-(28) Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Czech Republic, +Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Japan, +Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, +Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, US + +*** + +Appendix D: +Weights and Measures +Mathmatical Notation +Mathmatical Power Name +10^18 or 1,000,000,000,000,000,000 one quintillion +10^15 or 1,000,000,000,000,000 one quadrillion +10^12 or 1,000,000,000,000 one trillion +10^9 or 1,000,000,000 one billion +10^6 or 1,000,000 one million +10^3 or 1,000 one thousand +10^2 or 100 one hundred +10^1 or 10 ten +10^0 or 1 one +10-^1 or 0.1 one tenth +10-^2 or 0.01 one hundredth +10-^3 or 0.001 one thousandth +10-^6 or 0.000 001 one millionth +10-^9 or 0.000 000 001 one billionth +10-^12 or0.000 000 000 001 one trillionth +10-^15 or 0.000 000 000 000 001 one quadrillionth +10-^18 or 0.000 000 000 000 000 00 one quintillionth + +Metric Interrelationships + +Conversions from a multiple or submultiple to the basic units of meters, +liters, or grams can be done using the table. For example, to convert from +kilometers to meters, multiply by 1,000 (9.26 kilometers equals 9,260 meters) +or to convert from meters to kilometers, multiply by 0.001 (9,260 meters equals +9.26 kilometers). + +Prefix Symbol Length, weight, or capacity Area Volume +exa E 0^18 10^36 10^54 +peta P 10^15 10^30 10^45 +tera T 10^12 10^24 10^36 +giga G 10^9 10^18 10^27 +mega M 10^6 10^12 10^18 +hectokilo hk 10^5 10^10 10^15 +myria ma 10^4 10^8 10^12 +kilo k 10^3 10^6 10^9 +hecto h 10^2 10^4 10^6 +basic unit - 1 meter 1 meter^2 1 meter^3 + 1 gram, + 1 liter +deci d 10-^1 10-^2 10-^3 +centi c 10-^2 10-^4 10-^6 +milli m 10-^3 10-^6 10-^9 +decimilli dm 10-^4 10-^8 10-^12 +centimilli cm 10-^5 10-^10 10^15 +micro u 10-^6 10-^12 10-^18 +nano n 10-^9 10-^18 10-^27 +pico p 10-^12 10-^24 10-^36 +femto f 10-^15 10-^30 10-^45 +atto a 10-^18 10-^36 10-^54 + +Equivalents +Units Metric Equivalent US Equivalent +acre 0.404 685 64 hectares 43,560 feet^2 +acre 4,046,856 4 meters^2 4,840 yards^ 2 +acre 0.004 046 856 4 kilometers^2 0.001 562 miles^2,statute +are 100 meters^2 119.599 yards^2 +barrel + (petroleum, US) 158.987 29 liters 42 gallons + (proof spirits, US) 151.416 47 liters 40 gallons + (beer, US) 117.347 77 liters 31 gallons +bushel 35.239 07 liters 4 pecks +cable 219.456 meters 120 fathoms +chain (surveyor's) 20.116 8 meters 66 feet +cord (wood) 3.624 556 meters^3 128 feet^3 +cup 0.236 588 2 liters 8 ounces, liquid (US) +degrees, celsius + water boils at 100 degrees C, freezes at 0 degrees C) + multiply by 1.8 and add 32 to obtain degrees F +degrees, fahrenheit + subtract 32 and divide by 1.8 to obtain degrees C + (water boils at 212 degrees F, freezes at 32 degrees F) +dram, avdp. 1.771 845 2 grams 0.0625 5 ounces, avdp +dram, troy 3.887 934 6 grams 0.125 ounces, troy +dram, liquid (US) 3.696 69 milliliters 0.125 ounces, liquid +fathom 1.828 8 meters 6 feet +foot 30.48 centimeters 12 inches +foot 0.304 8 meters 0.333 333 3 yards +foot 0.000 304 8 kilometers 0.000 189 39 miles, statute +foot^2 929.030 4 centimeters^2 144 inches^2 +foot 2 0.092 903 04 meters^2 0.111 111 1 yards^2 +foot^3 28.316 846 592 liters 7.480 519 gallons +foot^3 0.028 316 847 meters^3 1,728 inches^3 +furlong 201.168 meters 220 yards +gallon, liquid (US) 3.785 411 784 liters 4 quarts, liquid +gill (US) 118.294 118 milliliters 4 ounces, liquid +grain 64.798 91 milligrams 0.002 285 71 ounces, advp. +gram 1,000 milligrams 0.035 273 96 ounces, advp. +hand (height of horse) 10.16 centimeters 4 inches +hectare 10,000 meters^2 2.471 053 8 acres +hundredweight, long 50.802 345 kilograms 112 pounds, avdp +hundredweight, short 45.359 237 kilograms 100 pounds, avdp +inch 2.54 centimeters 0.083 333 33 feet +inch^2 6.451 6 centimeters^2 0.006 944 44 feet^2 +inch^3 16.387 064 centimeters^3 0.000 578 7 feet^3 +inch^3 16.387 064 milliliters 0.029 761 6 pints, dry +inch^3 16.387 064 milliliters 0.034 632 0 pints, liquid +kilogram 0.001 tons, metric 2.204 623 pounds, avdp +kilometer 1,000 meters 0.621 371 19 miles, statute +kilometer^2 100 hectares 247.105 38 acres +kilometer^2 1,000,000 meters^2 0.386 102 16 miles^2,statute +knot (1 nautical mi/hr) 1.852 kilometers/hour 1.151 statute + miles/hour +league, nautical 5.559 552 kilometers 3 miles, nautical +league, statute 4.828.032 kilometers 3 miles, statute +link (surveyor's) 20.116 8 centimeters 7.92 inches +liter 0.001 meters^3 61.023 74 inches^3 +liter 0.1 dekaliter 0.908 083 quarts, dry +liter 1,000 milliliters 1.056 688 quarts, liquid +meter 100 centimeters 1.093 613 yards +meter^2 10,000 centimeters^2 1.195 990 yards^2 +meter^3 1,000 liters 1.307 951 yards^3 +micron 0.000 001 meter 0.000 039 4 inches +mil 0.025 4 millimeters 0.001 inch +mile, nautical 1.852 kilometers 1.150 779 4 miles, statute +mile^2, nautical 3.429 904 kilometers^2 1.325 miles^2, statute +mile, statute 1.609 344 kilometers 5,280 feet or 8 furlongs +mile^2 statute 258.998 811 hectares 640 acres or 1 section +mile^2, statute 2.589 988 11 kilometers^2 0.755 miles2, nautical +minim (US) 0.061 611 52 milliliters 0.002 083 33 ounces, liquid +ounce,avoirdupois 28.349 523 125 grams 437.5 grains +ounce, liquid (US) 29.573 53 milliliters 0.062 5 pints, liquid +ounce, troy 31.103 476 8 grams 480 grains +pace 76.2 centimeters 30 inches +peck 8.809 767 5 liters 8 quarts, dry +pennyweight 1.555 173 84 grams 24 grains +pint, dry (US) 0.550 610 47 liters 0.5 quarts, dry +pint, liquid (US) 0.473 176 473 liters 0.5 quarts, liquid +point (typographical) 0.351 459 8 millimeters 0.013 837 inches +pound, avdp 453.592 37 grams 16 ounces, avdp +pound, troy 373.241 721 6 grams 12 ounces, troy +quart, dry (US) 1.101 221 liters 2 pints, dry +quart, liquid (US) 0.946 352 946 liters 2 pints, liquid +quintal 100 kilograms 220.462 26 pounds, avdp. +rod 5.029 2 meters 5.5 yards +scruple 1.295 978 2 grams 20 grains +section (US) 2.589 988 1 kilometers^2 1 mile^2, statute + or 640 acres +span 22.86 centimeters 9 inches +stere 1 meter^3 1.307 95 yards^3 +tablespoon 14.786 76 milliliters 3 teaspoons +teaspoon 4.928 922 milliliters 0.333 333 tablespoons +ton, long or deadweight + 1,016.046 909 kilograms 2,240 pounds, avdp. +ton, metric 1,000 kilograms 2,204.623 pounds, avdp. +ton, metric 1,000 kilograms 32,150.75 ounces, troy +ton, register 2.831 684 7 meters^3 100 feet^3 +ton, short 907.184 74 kilograms 2,000 pounds, avdp. +township (US) 93.239 572 kilometers^2 36 miles^2, statute +yard 0.914 4 meters 3 feet +yard^2 0.836 127 36 meters^2 9 feet^2 +yard^3 0.764 554 86 meters^3 27 feet^3 +yard^3 764.554 857 984 liters 201.974 gallons + +*** + +Appendix E +Cross-Reference List of Geographic Names +This list indicates where various names including all United States Foreign +Service Posts, alternate names, former names, and political or geographical +portions of larger entities can be found in The World Fact-book. Spellings +are not necessarily those approved by the United States Board on Geographic +Names (BGN). Alternate names are included in parentheses; +additional information is included in brackets. + + +Name Entry in The World Factbook + +A +Abidjan [US Embassy] +Cote d'Ivoire + +Abu Dhabi [US Embassy] +United Arab Emirates + +Abuja [US Embassy Branch Office] +Nigeria + +Acapulco [US Consular Agency] +Mexico + +Accra [US Embassy] +Ghana + +Adamstown +Pitcairn Islands + +Adana [US Consulate] +Turkey + +Addis Ababa [US Embassy] +Ethiopia + +Adelaide [US Consular Agency] +Australia + +Adelie Land (Terre Adelie) [claimed by France] +Antarctica + +Aden +Yemen + +Aden, Gulf of +Indian Ocean + +Admiralty Islands +Papua New Guinea + +Adriatic Sea +Atlantic Ocean + +Aegean Islands +Greece + +Aegean Sea +Atlantic Ocean + +Afars and Issas, French Territory of the (F.T.A.I.) +Djibouti + +Agalega Islands +Mauritius + +Agana +Guam + +Aland Islands +Finland + +Alaska +United States + +Alaska, Gulf of +Pacific Ocean + +Aldabra Islands +Seychelles + +Alderney +Guernsey + +Aleutian Islands +United States + +Alexander Island +Antarctica + +Alexandria [US Consulate General] +Egypt + +Algiers [US Embassy] +Algeria + +Alhucemas, Penon de +Spain + +Alma-Ata (Almaty) +Kazakhstan + +Almaty (Alma-Ata) [US Embassy] +Kazakhstan + +Alofi +Niue + +Alphonse Island +Seychelles + +Amami Strait +Pacific Ocean + +Amindivi Islands +India + +Amirante Isles +Seychelles + +Amman [US Embassy] +Jordan + +Amsterdam [US Consulate General] +Netherlands + +Amsterdam Island (Ile Amsterdam) +French Southern and Antarctic Lands + +Amundsen Sea +Pacific Ocean + +Amur +China; Russia + +Andaman Islands +India + +Andaman Sea +Indian Ocean + +Andorra la Vella +Andorra + +Anegada Passage +Atlantic Ocean + +Anglo-Egyptian Sudan +Sudan + +Anjouan +Comoros + +Ankara [US Embassy] +Turkey + +Annobon +Equatorial Guinea + +Antananarivo [US Embassy] +Madagascar + +Antipodes Islands +New Zealand + +Antwerp [US Consulate General] +Belgium + +Aozou Strip [claimed by Libya] +Chad + +Apia [US Embassy] +Western Samoa + +Aqaba, Gulf of +Indian Ocean + +Arabian Sea +Indian Ocean + +Arafura Sea +Pacific Ocean + +Argun +China; Russia + +Ascension Island +Saint Helena + +Ashgabat (Ashkhabad) +Turkmenistan + +Ashkhabad [US Embassy] +Turkmenistan + +Asmara [US Embassy] +Eritrea + +Asmera (see Asmara) +Eritrea + +Assumption Island +Seychelles + +Asuncion [US Embassy] +Paraguay + +Asuncion Island +Northern Mariana Islands + +Atacama +Chile + +Athens [US Embassy] +Greece + +Attu +United States + +Auckland [US Consulate General] +New Zealand + +Auckland Islands +New Zealand + +Australes Iles (Iles Tubuai) +French Polynesia + +Avarua +Cook Islands + +Axel Heiberg Island +Canada + +Azores +Portugal + +Azov, Sea of +Atlantic Ocean + +B +Bab el Mandeb +Indian Ocean + +Babuyan Channel +Pacific Ocean + +Babuyan Islands +Philippines + +Baffin Bay +Arctic Ocean + +Baffin Island +Canada + +Baghdad +[US Embassy temporarily suspended; US Interests Section located in +Poland's embassy in Baghdad] +Iraq + +Baku [US Embassy] +Azerbaijan + +Baky (Baku) +Azerbaijan + +Balabac Strait +Pacific Ocean + +Balearic Islands +Spain + +Balearic Sea (Iberian Sea) +Atlantic Ocean + +Bali [US Consular Agency] +Indonesia + +Bali Sea +Indian Ocean + +Balintang Channel +Pacific Ocean + +Balintang Islands +Philippines + +Balleny Islands +Antarctica + +Balochistan +Pakistan + +Baltic Sea +Atlantic Ocean + + +Bamako [US Embassy] +Mali + +Banaba (Ocean Island) +Kiribati + +Bandar Seri Begawan [US Embassy] +Brunei + +Banda Sea +Pacific Ocean + +Bangkok [US Embassy] +Thailand + +Bangui [US Embassy] +Central African Republic + +Banjul [US Embassy] +Gambia, The + +Banks Island +Canada + +Banks Islands (Iles Banks) +Vanuatu + +Barcelona [US Consulate General] +Spain + +Barents Sea +Arctic Ocean + +Barranquilla [US Consulate] +Colombia + +Bashi Channel +Pacific Ocean + +Basilan Strait +Pacific Ocean + +Bass Strait +Indian Ocean + +Basse-Terre +Gaudeloupe + +Basseterre +Saint Kitts and Nevis + +Batan Islands +Philippines + +Basutoland +Lesotho + +Bavaria (Bayern) +Germany + +Beagle Channel +Atlantic Ocean + +Bear Island (Bjornoya) +Svalbard + +Beaufort Sea +Arctic Ocean + +Bechuanaland +Botswana + +Beijing [US Embassy] +China + +Beirut [US Embassy] +Lebanon + +Belau +Pacific Islands, Trust Territory of the + +Belem [US Consular Agency] +Brazil + +Belep Islands (Iles Belep) +New Caledonia + +Belfast [US Consulate General] +United Kingdom + +Belgian Congo +Zaire + +Belgrade [US Embassy; US does not maintain full diplomatic relations with + Serbia and Montenegro] +Serbia and Montenegro + +Belize City [US Embassy] +Belize + +Belle Isle, Strait of +Atlantic Ocean + +Bellingshausen Sea +Pacific Ocean + +Belmopan +Belize + +Belorussia +Belarus + +Bengal, Bay of +Indian Ocean + +Bering Sea +Pacific Ocean + +Bering Strait +Pacific Ocean + +Berkner Island +Antarctica + +Berlin [US Branch Office] +Germany + +Berlin, East +Germany + +Berlin, West +Germany + +Bern [US Embassy] +Switzerland + +Bessarabia +Romania; Moldova + +Bijagos, Arquipelago dos +Guinea-Bissau + +Bikini Atoll +Marshall Islands + +Bilbao [US Consulate] +Spain + +Bioko +Equatorial Guinea + +Biscay, Bay of +Atlantic Ocean + +Bishkek [Interim Chancery] +Kyrgyzstan + +Bishop Rock +United Kingdom + +Bismarck Archipelago +Papua New Guinea + +Bismarck Sea +Pacific Ocean + +Bissau [US Embassy] +Guinea-Bissau + +Bjornoya (Bear Island) +Svalbard + +Black Rock +Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) + +Black Sea +Atlantic Ocean + +Bloemfontein +South Africa + +Boa Vista +Cape Verde + +Bogota [US Embassy] +Colombia + +Bombay [US Consulate General] +India + +Bonaire +Netherlands Antilles + +Bonifacio, Strait of +Atlantic Ocean + +Bonin Islands +Japan + +Bonn [US Embassy] +Germany + +Bophuthatswana +South Africa + +Bora-Bora +French Polynesia + +Bordeaux [US Consulate General] +France + +Borneo +Brunei; Indonesia; Malaysia + +Bornholm +Denmark + +Bosporus +Atlantic Ocean + +Bothnia, Gulf of +Atlantic Ocean + +Bougainville Island +Papua New Guinea + +Bougainville Strait +Pacific Ocean + +Bounty Islands +New Zealand + +Brasilia [US Embassy] +Brazil + +Bratislava [US Embassy] +Slovakia + +Brazzaville [US Embassy] +Congo + +Bridgetown [US Embassy] +Barbados + +Brisbane [US Consulate] +Australia + + +British East Africa +Kenya + +British Guiana +Guyana + +British Honduras +Belize + +British Solomon Islands +Solomon Islands + +British Somaliland +Somalia + +Brussels [US Embassy, US Mission to European Communities, +US Mission to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (USNATO)] +Belgium + +Bucharest [US Embassy] +Romania + +Budapest [US Embassy] +Hungary + +Buenos Aires [US Embassy] +Argentina + +Bujumbura [US Embassy] +Burundi + +Burnt Pine +Norfolk Island + +Byelorussia +Belarus + +C +Cabinda +Angola + +Cabot Strait +Atlantic Ocean + +Caicos Islands +Turks and Caicos Islands + +Cairo [US Embassy] +Egypt + +Calcutta [US Consulate General] +India + +Calgary [US Consulate General] +Canada + +California, Gulf of +Pacific Ocean + +Campbell Island +New Zealand + +Canal Zone +Panama + +Canary Islands +Spain + +Canberra [US Embassy] +Australia + +Cancun [US Consular Agency] +Mexico + +Canton (Guangzhou) +China + +Canton Island +Kiribati + +Cape Town [US Consulate General] +South Africa + +Caracas [US Embassy] +Venezuela + +Cargados Carajos Shoals +Mauritius + +Caroline Islands +Micronesia, Federated States of; Pacific Islands, Trust Territory of the + +Caribbean Sea +Atlantic Ocean + +Carpentaria, Gulf of +Pacific Ocean + +Casablanca [US Consulate General] +Morocco + +Castries +Saint Lucia + +Cato Island +Australia + +Cayenne +French Guiana + +Cebu [US Consulate General] +Philippines + +Celebes +Indonesia + +Celebes Sea +Pacific Ocean + +Celtic Sea +Atlantic Ocean + +Central African Empire +Central African Republic + +Ceuta +Spain + +Ceylon +Sri Lanka + +Chafarinas, Islas +Spain + +Chagos Archipelago (Oil Islands) +British Indian Ocean Territory + +Channel Islands +Guernsey; Jersey + +Charlotte Amalie +Virgin Islands + +Chatham Islands +New Zealand + +Cheju-do +Korea, South + +Cheju Strait +Pacific Ocean + +Chengdu [US Consulate General] +China + +Chesterfield Islands (Iles Chesterfield) +New Caledonia + +Chiang Mai [US Consulate General] +Thailand + +Chihli, Gulf of (Bo Hai) +Pacific Ocean + +China, People's Republic of +China + +China, Republic of +Taiwan + +Chisinau [US Embassy] +Moldova + +Choiseul +Solomon Islands + +Christchurch [US Consular Agency] +New Zealand + +Christmas Island [Indian Ocean] +Australia + +Christmas Island [Pacific Ocean] (Kiritimati) +Kiribati + +Chukchi Sea +Arctic Ocean + +Ciskei +South Africa + +Ciudad Juarez [US Consulate General] +Mexico + +Cochabamba [US Consular Agency] +Bolivia + +Coco, Isla del +Costa Rica + +Cocos Islands +Cocos (Keeling) Islands + +Colombo [US Embassy] +Sri Lanka + +Colon [US Consular Agency] +Panama + +Colon, Archipielago de (Galapagos Islands) +Ecuador + +Commander Islands (Komandorskiye Ostrova) +Russia + +Conakry [US Embassy] +Guinea + +Congo (Brazzaville) +Congo + +Congo (Kinshasa) +Zaire + +Congo (Leopoldville) +Zaire + +Con Son Islands +Vietnam + +Cook Strait +Pacific Ocean + +Copenhagen [US Embassy] +Denmark + +Coral Sea +Pacific Ocean + +Corn Islands (Islas del Maiz) +Nicaragua + +Corsica +France + +Cosmoledo Group +Seychelles + +Cotonou [US Embassy] +Benin + +Crete +Greece + +Crooked Island Passage +Atlantic Ocean + +Crozet Islands (Iles Crozet) +French Southern and Antarctic Lands + +Curacao [US Consulate General] +Netherlands Antilles + +Cusco [US Consular Agency] +Peru + +Czechoslovakia +Czech Republic; Slovakia + +D +Dahomey +Benin + +Daito Islands +Japan + +Dakar [US Embassy] +Senegal + +Daman (Damao) +India + +Damascus [US Embassy] +Syria + +Danger Atoll +Cook Islands + +Danish Straits +Atlantic Ocean + +Danzig (Gdansk) +Poland + +Dao Bach Long Vi +Vietnam + +Dardanelles +Atlantic Ocean + +Dar es Salaam [US Embassy] +Tanzania + +Davis Strait +Atlantic Ocean + +Deception Island +Antarctica + +Denmark Strait +Atlantic Ocean + 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[US Embassy] +Ukraine + +Kigali [US Embassy] +Rwanda + +Kingston [US Embassy] +Jamaica + +Kingston +Norfolk Island + +Kingston +Saint Vincent and the Grenadines + +Kinshasa [US Embassy] +Zaire + +Kirghiziya +Kyrgyzstan + +Kiritimati (Christmas Island) +Kiribati + +Kishinev (Chisinau) +Moldova + +Kithira Strait +Atlantic Ocean + +Kodiak Island +United States + +Kola Peninsula (Kol'skiy Poluostrov) +Russia + +Kolonia [US Embassy] +Micronesia, Federated States of + +Korea Bay +Pacific Ocean + +Korea, Democratic People's Republic of +Korea, North + +Korea, Republic of +Korea, South + +Korea Strait +Pacific Ocean + +Koror [US Liaison Office] +Pacific Islands, Trust Territory of + +Kosovo +Serbia and Montenegro + +Kowloon +Hong Kong + +Krakow [US Consulate General] +Poland + +Kuala Lumpur [US Embassy] +Malaysia + +Kunashiri (Kunashir) +Russia [de facto] + +Kuril Islands +Russia [de facto] + +Kuwait [US Embassy] +Kuwait + +Kwajalein Atoll +Marshall Islands + +Kyushu +Japan + +Kyyiv (Kiev) 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Consular Agency] +Spain + +Shag Island +Heard Island and McDonald Islands + +Shag Rocks +Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) + +Shanghai [US Consulate General] +China + +Shenyang [US Consulate General] +China + +Shetland Islands +United Kingdom + +Shikoku +Japan + +Shikotan (Shikotan-to) +Japan + +Siam +Thailand + +Sibutu Passage +Pacific Ocean + +Sicily +Italy + +Sicily, Strait of +Atlantic Ocean + +Sikkim +India + +Sinai +Egypt + +Singapore [US Embassy] +Singapore + +Singapore Strait +Pacific Ocean + +Sinkiang (Xinjiang) +China + +Sint Eustatius +Netherlands Antilles + +Sint Maarten (Saint Martin) +Netherlands Antilles + +Skagerrak +Atlantic Ocean + +Skopje +Macedonia + +Society Islands (Iles de la Societe) +French Polynesia + +Socotra +Yemen + +Sofia [US Embassy] +Bulgaria + +Solomon Islands, northern +Papua New Guinea + +Solomon Islands, southern +Solomon Islands + +Soloman Sea +Pacific Ocean + +Songkhla [US Consulate] +Thailand + +Sound, The (Oresund) +Atlantic Ocean + +South Atlantic Ocean +Atlantic Ocean + +South China Sea +Pacific Ocean + +Southern Grenadines +Grenada + +Southern Rhodesia +Zimbabwe + +South Georgia +South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands + +South Island +New Zealand + +South Korea +Korea, South + +South Orkney Islands +Antarctica + +South Pacific Ocean +Pacific Ocean + +South Sandwich Islands +South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands + +South Shetland Islands +Antarctica + +South Tyrol +Italy + +South Vietnam +Vietnam + +South-West Africa +Namibia + +South Yemen (People's Democratic Republic of Yemen) +Yemen + +Soviet Union +Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, +Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, +Ukraine, Uzbekistan + +Spanish Guinea +Equatorial Guinea + +Spanish Sahara +Western Sahara + +Spitsbergen +Svalbard + +Stanley +Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) + +Stockholm [US Embassy] +Sweden + +Strasbourg [US Consulate General] +France + +Stuttgart [US Consulate General] +Germany + +Suez, Gulf of +Indian Ocean + +Sulu Archipelago +Philippines + +Sulu Sea +Pacific Ocean + +Sumatra +Indonesia + +Sumba +Indonesia + +Sunda Islands (Soenda Isles) +Indonesia; Malaysia + +Sunda Strait +Indian Ocean + +Surabaya [US Consulate] +Indonesia + +Surigao Strait +Pacific Ocean + +Surinam +Suriname + +Suva [US Embassy] +Fiji + +Swains Island +American Samoa + +Swan Islands +Honduras + +Sydney [US Consulate General] Australia + +T +Tahiti +French Polynesia + +Taipei +Taiwan + +Taiwan Strait +Pacific Ocean + +Tallin [US Embassy] +Estonia + +Tampico [US Consular Agency] +Mexico + +Tanganyika +Tanzania + +Tangier +Morocco + +Tarawa +Kiribati + +Tartar Strait +Pacific Ocean + +Tashkent [US Embassy] +Uzbekistan + +Tasmania +Australia + +Tasman Sea +Pacific Ocean + +Taymyr Peninsula (Poluostrov Taymyra) +Russia + +Tegucigalpa [US Embassy] +Honduras + +Tehran [US post not maintained, representation by Swiss Embassy] +Iran + +Tel Aviv [US Embassy] +Israel + +Terre Adelie (Adelie Land) [claimed by France] +Antarctica + +Thailand, Gulf of +Pacific Ocean + +Thessaloniki [US Consulate General] +Greece + +Thimphu +Bhutan + +Thurston Island +Antarctica + +Tibet (Xizang) +China + +Tibilisi (Tbilisi) [US Embassy] +Georgia + +Tierra del Fuego +Argentina; Chile + +Tijuana [US Consulate General] +Mexico + +Timor +Indonesia + +Timor Sea +Indian Ocean + +Tinian +Northern Mariana Islands + +Tiran, Strait of +Indian Ocean + +Tirane [US Embassy] +Albania + +Tobago +Trinidad and Tobago + +Tokyo [US Embassy] +Japan + +Tonkin, Gulf of +Pacific Ocean + +Toronto [US Consulate General] +Canada + +Torres Strait +Pacific Ocean + +Torshavn +Faroe Islands + +Toshkent (Tashkent) +Uzbekistan + +Transjordan +Jordan + +Transkei +South Africa + +Transylvania +Romania + +Trieste [US Consular Agency] +Italy + +Trindade, Ilha de +Brazil + +Tripoli [US post not maintained, representation by Belgian Embassy] +Libya + +Tristan da Cunha Group +Saint Helena + +Trobriand Islands +Papua New Guinea + +Trucial States +United Arab Emirates + +Truk Islands +Micronesia + +Tsugaru Strait +Pacific Ocean + +Tuamotu Islands (Iles Tuamotu) +French Polynesia + +Tubuai Islands (Iles Tubuai) +French Polynesia + +Tunis [US Embassy] +Tunisia + +Turin +Italy + +Turkish Straits +Atlantic Ocean + +Turkmeniya +Turkmenistan + +Turks Island Passage +Atlantic Ocean + +Tyrol, South +Italy + +Tyrrhenian Sea +Atlantic Ocean + +U +Udorn [US Consulate] +Thailand + +Ulaanbaatar [US Embassy] +Mongolia + +Ullung-do +Korea, South + +Unimak Pass [strait] +Pacific Ocean + +Union of Soviet Socialist Republics +Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, +Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, +Ukraine, Uzbekistan + +United Arab Republic +Egypt; Syria + +Upper Volta +Burkina + +USSR +Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, +Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, +Ukraine, Uzbekistan + +V +Vaduz [US post not maintained, representation from Zurich, +Switzerland] +Liechtenstein + +Vakhan Corridor (Wakhan) +Afghanistan + +Valencia [US Consular Agency] +Spain + +Valletta [US Embassy] +Malta + +Valley, The +Anguilla + +Vancouver [US Consulate General] +Canada + +Vancouver Island +Canada + +Van Diemen Strait +Pacific Ocean + +Vatican City [US Embassy] +Holy See + +Velez de la Gomera, Penon de +Spain + +Venda +South Africa + +Veracruz [US Consular Agency] +Mexico + +Verde Island Passage +Pacific Ocean + +Victoria [US Embassy] +Seychelles + +Vienna [US Embassy, US Mission to International Organizations in Vienna +(UNVIE)] +Austria + +Vientiane [US Embassy] +Laos + +Vilnius [US Embassy] +Lithuania + +Vladivostok [US Consulate] +Russia + +Volcano Islands +Japan + +Vostok Island +Kiribati + +Vrangelya, Ostrov (Wrangel Island) +Russia + +W +Wakhan Corridor (now Vakhan Corridor) +Afghanistan + +Wales +United Kingdom + +Walvis Bay +South Africa + +Warsaw [US Embassy] +Poland + +Washington, DC [The Permanent Mission of the USA to the Organization of +American States (OAS)] +United States + +Weddell Sea +Atlantic Ocean + +Wellington [US Embassy] +New Zealand + +Western Channel (West Korea Strait) +Pacific Ocean + +West Germany (Federal Republic of Germany) +Germany + +West Island +Cocos (Keeling) Islands + +West Korea Strait (Western Channel) +Pacific Ocean + +West Pakistan +Pakistan + +Wetar Strait +Pacific Ocean + +White Sea +Arctic Ocean + +Willemstad +Netherlands Antilles + +Windhoek [US Embassy] +Namibia + +Windward Passage +Atlantic Ocean + +Winnipeg [US Consular Agency] +Canada + +Wrangel Island (Ostrov Vrangelya) +Russia [de facto] + +Y +Yamoussoukro +Cote d'Ivoire + +Yaounde [US Embassy] +Cameroon + +Yap Islands +Micronesia + +Yellow Sea +Pacific Ocean + +Yemen (Aden) [People's Democratic Republic of Yemen] +Yemen + +Yemen Arab Republic +Yemen + +Yemen, North [Yemen Arab Republic] +Yemen + +Yemen (Sanaa) [Yemen Arab Republic] +Yemen + +Yemen, People's Democratic Republic of +Yemen + +Yemen, South [People's Democratic Republic of Yemen] +Yemen + +Yerevan [US Embassy] +Armenia + +Youth, Isle of (Isla de la Juventud) +Cuba + +Yucatan Channel +Atlantic Ocean + +Yugoslavia +Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Serbia and Montenegro, Slovenia + +Z +Zagreb [US Embassy] +Croatia + +Zanzibar +Tanzania + +Zurich [US Consulate General] +Switzerland + + +*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 87 *** |